Question: What is the difference between melanoma and carcinoma?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between melanoma and carcinoma?

Cancers are named after what kind of cell they come from. Melanoma is a cancer cell of which the original cell was a melanocyte, a melanin producing cell within your skin. A carcinoma is a cancer cell of which the original cell was an epithelial cell, which means a cell that lines or covers something. The skin is an epithelium and skin cells are epithelial cells, so you can get cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas or basal cell carcinomas, equal of which are derived from different types of skin cells. But secretory cells are also epithelial cells so you can get adenocarcinomas (of the lung, of the prostate, of the colon, etc). Melanomas are fairly common and they often can metastasise and invade into distant organs, so early detection is important. Squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas are extremely common but they are generally locally invasive, meaning a dermatologist can just cut them off. They're not too dangerous. All three are because of a mix of UV damage and some level of locally suppressed immune system (most important in squamous cell carcinomas).


Question: How do QR codes work, and why can my phone recognize one before I get the entire thing in view of the camera?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do QR codes work, and why can my phone recognize one before I get the entire thing in view of the camera?

QR codes work in quite a complicated way, but the short answer is that they're designed to continue working even if damaged. You can cover something like 1/3 of the code and it'll still read, which is how the QR codes with logos and things in the centre still work - they aren't cleveley generated, they're just slapping the image in there and trusting to maths that it'll still work. That's why the phone can read it before seeing the whole thing - it's using the redundancy built into the code.


Question: Why aren't bedbugs endemic (...at least in the UK)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't bedbugs endemic (...at least in the UK)?

Bedbugs are a more prominent issue in warmer climates rather then colder climates. For example New York tends to have less bed bugs then Atlanta. It is not necessarily that they do not handle the cold but they do not spread as fast in the cold as in the heat. Bedbugs are a problem in the entire world though as humans have adapted their indoor climates. And especially in hotels they can be a big issue.


Question: Why is it we generally tend to want certain foods at certain times during the day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it we generally tend to want certain foods at certain times during the day?

Part of it has to do with you specifically; people grow up and get used to certain things, and so the body starts to expect those things along with your brain. The rest has to do with what your body needs at that moment. If you’re craving milk really really bad, you may be low on calcium, or if steak seems like the best idea it might be iron. Your body uses a lot of nutrients and calories throughout the day, and cravings are usually how the body and brain tells you what you need.


Question: How do sticky materials (like glue/tape etc) work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sticky materials (like glue/tape etc) work?

No one knows (*ghost noise*) [This guy explains it ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do brain surgeries require patients to be doing something like playing a guitar, singing etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do brain surgeries require patients to be doing something like playing a guitar, singing etc?

It shows that fine motor skills are still working and that they haven't caused brain damage by cutting something they shouldn't


Question: Whar is actually happening in your body when your stomach grumbles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whar is actually happening in your body when your stomach grumbles?

It could be two things. It could be coming from intestins which could be your waste moving through your body (also leads to farting eventually when the methane gas is pushed out iwht pressure) and if it's coming directly from the stomach, it's your stomach contracting in order to confirm the last amount of food is pushed into your intestinal track. This happens when your body needs nutrients and is looking in a empty fridge over and over to see if food might appear. The muscles contract and push air through to make the sound.


Question: How does Newton's third law of motion apply to an object (like a bullet) travelling into another object (like a concrete wall), breaking through it, and continuing to travel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Newton's third law of motion apply to an object (like a bullet) travelling into another object (like a concrete wall), breaking through it, and continuing to travel?

Even though the bullet keeps going, it still took the force of the interaction, the force was just not enough stop the bullet. The bullet does lose velocity, and takes on some deformation, just too little for us to see with the naked eye


Question: How are the "reconstructions" of extinct species actually come to be?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are the "reconstructions" of extinct species actually come to be?

We can study bones to determine how muscles and ligaments attached. Models of these bones are made and we can add layers (often done in clay) to fill in and add skin. We look at modern animals and their bones to determine how things fit together and work. Mistakes have been made. When Iguanodon was first assembled it was put together as a four legged lumbering beast. It had a horn on it's nose. Even statues of it were made to look this way, but now we know it walked on two legs and the thing we thought was it's horn was in fact a tip on it's thumb. This last mistake was corrected when people realized there were twice as many "horns" as there were heads!


Question: The UK government spends 800 billion of their 3 trillion GDP. Where does the other 2 trillion go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The UK government spends 800 billion of their 3 trillion GDP. Where does the other 2 trillion go?

I will just assume that these numbers are correct, I didn't check. GDP is all the value created within the economy, it's not the sum of taxes. So the economy created 3 trillion, out of which 800 billion were taken in taxes and spent by the government.


Question: Why are some Atoms "Easier" to become Ions than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some Atoms "Easier" to become Ions than others?

Because of their Electronegativity (hope thats the right translation) and their size. The Electronegativity basically is a force (Noted in the Periodic table) which defines how strong they are able to "suck" other electrons to themselves.


Question: If U.S regulations forbid cars that don't meet the requirements to be sold in the U.S, how come older cars that don't meet said requirements anymore are allowed to be driven?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If U.S regulations forbid cars that don't meet the requirements to be sold in the U.S, how come older cars that don't meet said requirements anymore are allowed to be driven?

This is called "grandfathering", and is pretty common practice with most laws. It's relatively easy to pass a new regulation if you grandfather in old stuff because people aren't immediately affected, so they don't really care/fight it too much. If you outlaw gasoline powered cars today, you've got tens of millions of Americans that now have to buy expensive new electric cars, and you'll have a revolt on your hand. Outlaw "new" gasoline cars though, and no one is impacted today. People can drag their heals and put it off. Then when their car finally goes belly up and they have to move on, they'll feel like it's just getting a new car instead of a forced government regulation.


Question: How do doctors predict or gauge how long more a person with terminal illness has to live?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do doctors predict or gauge how long more a person with terminal illness has to live?

This is based on the doctors own clinical experience and their reading of studies conducted by others. It mostly comes down to: for previous patients with these symptoms, who are this old /frail, on average how long do they last? Good doctors usually indicate that this is just an estimation, and you could live longer or shorter. However it gives the patient some idea of whether they need to start saying goodbye to loved ones.


Question: When you're feeling unwell, why does 'fresh air' always make you feel better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you're feeling unwell, why does 'fresh air' always make you feel better?

Because when you are stressed, your body changes your body rithm for your own sake to make you more alert or prepared for the reason whatever stresses you it doesn't know. This change is obviously bad for you it makes you feel even worse but as I stated your body is just trying to keep you safe in short term. Some of the changes are about your breathing and body heat. That is why taking some fresh air may help to recover also the change in environment makes your body think that you are avoiding the danger which can also help.


Question: Why Venezuela is collapsing since they're an oil rich nation; what went wrong?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Venezuela is collapsing since they're an oil rich nation; what went wrong?

A couple of reasons. Firstly, they relied far too heavily on oil. Before the collapse, oil made up 95% of exports. When oil prices came tumbling down due to US shale, the foundation for their economy was eroded away. Another problem was the appropriating of private assets by the government. Entire businesses were seized, and a government puppet was put in charge. Needless to say, they had no idea how to run a competitive company but could rely on government wealth to keep them running. Yet another problem was the government’s response to these problems. When their income from oil started running dry, they doubled down and threw more subsidies at the oil industry. In fact at the current prices, a single US dollar is enough to fill up your car 700 times. That is obviously absurd. In order to pay for these subsidies, the government had to print more money since they couldn’t afford it in the budget. This led to hyperinflation and the huge crisis we have today. To combat hyperinflation, the government decided to use price controls. While it technically succeeded since no shops could sell goods at increased prices, it had the obvious side effect that shops had to make a massive loss for every sale and thus closed, leading to mass shortages of every item.


Question: when math was being invented, how did they know they were getting the right answers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when math was being invented, how did they know they were getting the right answers?

We can roughly divide math into two groups: abstract and applied. Applied mathematics is mathematics as applied to issues of the real world. This was how and why math came to be a thing in the first place: to solve real-world problems. And we know we get the right answers by those answers actually solving those real-world problems. I know 2 + 3 = 5 because when I have two sheep and I buy three more sheep, I end up with 5 sheep. As we developed math to solve real-world problems, people began to think about math as a thing in its own right, developing math for the sake of developing math. This is abstract math, math that might not have anything to do with any real world situations. In the case of abstract maths, where we can't "check" it by comparing it to real world answers, we check it by comparing it with itself. That is, does this answer, if true, contradict anything else that we know to be true. If there are no contradictions, the new answer is accepted as true. In this sense you can think of math as a game whose rules we get to invent. We define what those rules are, then play the game to see all the different states the game can be in. Every rule is well defined and so we can trace all the steps taken to play the game, from its initial state to any current state, and check to see if the rules were followed. If all the rules were followed, then it's a legal game state.


Question: If soap like Seventh Generation, or Dr. Bronner's is supposed to be non-toxic to humans/animals, and safe for the environment, why do animal rescuers & vetrinarians use Dawn to clean dirty animals when they rescue them, or during oil spills etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If soap like Seventh Generation, or Dr. Bronner's is supposed to be non-toxic to humans/animals, and safe for the environment, why do animal rescuers & vetrinarians use Dawn to clean dirty animals when they rescue them, or during oil spills etc?

Dawn is super good at removing oil and doesn’t damage any of the natural fur/hair/feathers. They made their brand off of making a soap that’s good at removing cooking oil from surfaces, so it just happens that it’s great for fossil fuels too.


Question: How does government spending and accommodative monetary policy supposedly lower unemployment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does government spending and accommodative monetary policy supposedly lower unemployment?

By lowering interest rates, we make it cheaper for companies to borrow. The cheaper it is for a company to borrow, the more investing (via borrowing, buying hardware, hiring people, and paying back the debt in the long term) the company can do, and the more widgets the company can make and sell. Cheap *short-term* borrowing is really important for big businesses, because it’s usually easier and cheaper to borrow overnight than to keep oodles of cash lying around. Ask me about the 2008 recession and GE Credit if you want a horror story. Again, cheaper loans = more investment = more jobs. Meanwhile, if I want to buy a house or a car, it’s cheaper for me when interest rates are lower. The cheaper it is for me to borrow money, the more likely I am to buy a car/house. This also applies to credit card purchases of luxury goods (laptops, TVs, etc.). In turn, when I buy lore stuff, I increase demand for stuff, and that causes suppliers to increase output or allow the price to rise (more profits, in theory). I’m not sure about bonds.


Question: Why does hot water sound different than cold water when poured?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot water sound different than cold water when poured?

Hot water has lower viscocity then cold water (think heated honey vs. cold honey, just less extreme) and because it is hotter the water molecules are moving faster, which increased the speed of sound through the water. These two things mean that poured water flows different when hot vs. cold and the sounds made by pouring it will not only be slightly different due to the lower viscocity, but be shifted up in frequency, sounding higher pitched. It is enough of a difference to be readily noticeable.


Question: are there any practical applications of non-Euclidean geometry other than navigation via boat or plane?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 are there any practical applications of non-Euclidean geometry other than navigation via boat or plane?

Absolutely. One example which I can quickly make up: AC electric current tends to flow around the surface of an object, rather than through its volume. This is called the 'skin effect'. If you have an object with a curved surface, and you have an electrical current flowing over/through it, then finding the path of least resistance across that object becomes equivalent to finding a geodesic on a non-euclidean space. And that's just for measuring real-world objects, which is the most literal way of using geometry. If you consider more abstract problems too, there's *tons* of domains which feature non-euclidean geometries.


Question: Converting decimal to binary in octets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Converting decimal to binary in octets?

I think what you are asking is, how to deal with a decimal that converts to a binary less than a full 8 digits. If this isn't what you are asking I'm sorry. Binary is counted from the right. Each 1 represents you adding that place's value to the total, and each 0 does not. So for example: 1100001 = 97 But you are right, in IP addresses, you have octets or group of 8's. So you just pad it with a 0. 01100001 = 97 because the padded position is a zero, so you don't add that number to the total.


Question: How does taxes work for international companies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does taxes work for international companies?

ELI5: So it's like homework, you give it to the teacher in which class you're in. ELI10: So you pay taxes on the money earned in that country. ELI15: A multinational company can exploit some tax loopholes, but in theory, if they have a company in a country, whatever they sell in that country (goods or services), are revenue in that country, and taxed accordingly. This is ELI5, so I won't expand :)


Question: What is the difference between a classical liberal and a neo-liberal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a classical liberal and a neo-liberal?

They are in fact very different terms. Classical liberalism is primarily Philosophy. In general terms, it is more about a strong belief in personal liberties (freedom of speech, democracy, human rights, etc) as well as the freedoms to treated equally on the market. Key thinkers are Locke, Jefferson (two of the most important influences on the US Constitution), as well as Adam Smith. Neoliberalism is primarily about economics. It is a very specific school of economic thought that believes in deregulation, privatization, globalization, lower taxes, trickle-down economics and a domination of business in all aspects of life. Reagan, Thatcher and Pinochet were typical neo-liberals. A key thinker is Milton Friedman.


Question: Why is the sea rising selectively in various parts of the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the sea rising selectively in various parts of the world?

The article says "less than 9 inches". The document the article linked to said it was rising at about 3.4mm/yr. I found other sources reporting around 3mm/yr in both India and China. Specific regional differences could be due to vertical land motion and the different gravitational pulls of the surrounding land on the coast. But there is noticable sea level rise elsewhere.


Question: What exactly is a "mode" in the context of music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a "mode" in the context of music?

Ok the modes are all the same scale , but starting on different notes within the key It’s useful to know for lots of different reasons and applications A lot of the people I play/communicate/talk chords with have condensed the terminology down to numbers like it’s a I (one) chord or a ii (two) It helps not only to understand what notes are in the scale of the chord you are on but also all the relative chords within the key you are in It’s also very useful when communicating chord progressions to other people like in jazz you’d say “ a two five one” or “a one six two five” So it’s not only extremely useful to know but also makes you a better player being able to quickly know all the chords and scales within a key


Question: On a chromaticity diagram why is green so different than the other colours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On a chromaticity diagram why is green so different than the other colours?

So here is xy chromaticity diagram: URL_1 It is a diagram that contains all the different chromaticities that human can see. The problem is that it is displayed on a monitor. Monitors can't show all the colors taht human can see. Here is xy chromaticity diagram where only the colors that a standard PC display can show: URL_0 The gray area cointains colors taht your PC display can't show. The colors are scaled to gray so it looks a bit dull. But it gets the point across: Most of the colors in the full color diagram are not correct on PC display. So the diagrams that show all colors also have to weirdly scale the colors that the monitor can't show.


Question: What is it about sleep that provides us with energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is it about sleep that provides us with energy?

[Sleep is literal brain washing.]( URL_0 ) When you're awake, cells in your brain, called glial cells (which make up about 90% of the brain), are enlarged, and serve to protect and insulate the neurons. When you sleep, the glial cells shrink. This allows your body to move more cerebrospinal fluid through the brain, which in turn removes concentration of beta amyloid proteins that build up during the day as your body naturally produces them. These beta amyloid proteins, when they are too prevelant, lead to conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease, and cause memory loss or poor cognitive function. With the shrunken glial cells, your cerebrospinal fluid washes through the brain, removes the potentially harmful proteins, and so you wake up feeling refreshed. Your body also performs other functions as you sleep, but the brain washing effects are some of the most important.


Question: What is a recession and why does it happen and how can it be prevented?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a recession and why does it happen and how can it be prevented?

Normally, the economy grows continuously, at roughly 3% per year. A recession is when this growth stops/reverses. It's caused by people spending less money. Many things can cause this, in the late 2000s, there were massive layoffs due to financial mismanagement by large banks, causing unemployment. Unemployed people spend less money, so.... recession. Wars can also be a cause, can't really spend much money if you're hiding in your home hoping you don't get shot. Ironically, once wars end, they're often followed by massive growth, due to all the spending to fix everything. You can't really prevent them without being able to see the future, because they're caused by the cumulative actions of millions of people, and you just can't control that many people. Governments try to mitigate them by reducing interest rates for loans during recessions, the idea being that if loans are easier to get, then more people will take out loans to start businesses and buy large consumer goods like cars, things like that.


Question: Are taste preferences determined by the physical/chemical make-up of your taste buds or your brain telling them what it likes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are taste preferences determined by the physical/chemical make-up of your taste buds or your brain telling them what it likes?

I think preferences come from your environment growing up. Actual tasting of the taste buds though - that almost has to be genetic. I learned, not long ago, the exact reason why some folks don't like cilantro. To them, it tastes like soap! To everyone else, it tastes like cilantro. I confirmed this with the handful of people I know that don't like cilantro - all confirm it tastes like soap. It's not a double-blind study or anything, but based on what I've learned over the years, your taste preferences are a learned behavior, and what your taste buds tell your brain is genetic. So, to answer your question, if you swapped taste buds with someone, your preferences would likely stay the same, unless you have an aversion to something, such as those select few with soapy cilantro.


Question: why different types of alcoholic drinks make me feel in different ways?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why different types of alcoholic drinks make me feel in different ways?

The only physiological difference is in how fast you consume alcohol and how much you consume. Everything else is just environment, placebo, confirmation bias, etc.


Question: Is 'Oxygenated' water a hoax? Water is H20, so doesn't that mean there is one Oxygen atom for every two Hydrogen atoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is 'Oxygenated' water a hoax? Water is H20, so doesn't that mean there is one Oxygen atom for every two Hydrogen atoms?

Oxygenated water means that it has oxygen gas dissolved within the water in the same way that carbonated soda has CO2 gas dissolved within the liquid. Oxygenated water is important for fish and other aquatic animals as they pull the oxygen that they need out of the water, if there is no oxygen gas dissolved in the water then there is no oxygen they can use(they can't split the H2O, it takes too much energy) Oxygenated water is useless for people as we breath through our lungs and put water into our stomach. You don't breath through your water holder(stomach) so you aren't going to be oxygenating your blood with your oxygenated water. Your lungs get orders of magnitude more oxygen into your blood stream than your digestive tract could ever hope to so even if you did absorb all the oxygen they dissolved in that water, it would have a negligible effect on blood oxygen level


Question: Why do stone and marble counters feel cold to the touch? They have been in the same temperature as the rest of our house for hours, and yet they are significantly colder.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do stone and marble counters feel cold to the touch? They have been in the same temperature as the rest of our house for hours, and yet they are significantly colder.

The marble has a higher thermal conductivity than the other objects at the same temperature. This means when you’re in contact with the marble you lose your heat at a faster rate than you would if you were in contact with a material with a lower thermal conductivity.


Question: Why do pancakes/pop tarts smoke in the microwave after only 1 minute?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do pancakes/pop tarts smoke in the microwave after only 1 minute?

Pop tarts don't belong in there for a minute. At most, 15 seconds. You are delivering too much energy into something that can't take it and will start igniting bits of the food.


Question: how do shopping cart anti-theft wheel locks work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do shopping cart anti-theft wheel locks work?

There is a braking device inside the wheels which contains a radio receiver. Around the boundary of the store grounds is a transmitter loop, much like an invisible dog fence, putting out a signal. When the cart crosses the invisible fence, it receives the signal from the transmitter and triggers the brakes inside the wheel, locking it up.


Question: How does inflation really work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does inflation really work?

Imagine you're shipwrecked on a deserted island. After figuring out the initial survival details, eventually you and the other survivors build a simple economy, using a bunch of monopoly money from a board game that washed ashore. As the coconut collector, you find and sell coconuts for a hundred dollars apiece. One day, a cargo container washes ashore. Your small group of survivors opens it to find a whole shipment of monopoly boards. "Amazing!" you all cry. "We're rich!!!". You gleefully hand out a billion monopoly dollars to everyone in your small community. Tomorrow, someone comes up to you and asks to buy a coconut for $100. You've got a billion dollars, are you really going to spend hours looking for coconuts for a measly $100 now? So you tell them no. They go shopping around trying to find someone else to buy a coconut from, but no one cares about $100 now that they're rich. So, the desperate and hungry person starts begging to pay more. He'll give you $500 for a coconut. $1,000. $100,000. $10,000,000. Finally, someone agrees to find a coconut for $100,000,000. Coconuts used to cost $100, but now they cost $100,000,000. Why? Simple -- because coconuts didn't get any easier to find, you all just got a bunch more monopoly dollars to pay each other with. In the end, the same thing happens in the real world. If you create more money (e.g. by printing US dollars) without creating more value (by finding more coconuts, or baking more bread, or building more cars, etc.), you get inflation.


Question: How are metals like sodium, potassium and calcium flammable in water but are so critical in our body? How do they differ when they're in our body to when they're catching on fire in water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are metals like sodium, potassium and calcium flammable in water but are so critical in our body? How do they differ when they're in our body to when they're catching on fire in water?

They exist in nature as ions. In their neutral form, they are very prone to giving up electrons, which is precisely why they are so reactive in water. But once those electrons are removed and they are in their charged forms, they take on a number of different properties that are vital for how our body functions


Question: Is there a reason to why our body temperature is 37°C?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a reason to why our body temperature is 37°C?

Your body functions as a series of chemical reactions. Digestion is a chemical reaction which breaks down food into useful components, your nervous system uses chemical reactions to send information, your muscles rely on chemical reactions to move. Chemical reactions have an efficiency; most of the ones in your body are very very slow. We use a special type of protein called enzymes to speed things up. Our enzymes are most effective at 37°C. Enzymes start to break down around 40°C, which is why a high fever can be so dangerous. Other animals use different enzymes adapted to their habitat's temperature; arctic and sea creatures use enzymes which operate well near 0°C, for instance.


Question: How come when fire ants make their living raft from each other, the ants on the bottom don’t drown? Saw on BBC recently.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when fire ants make their living raft from each other, the ants on the bottom don’t drown? Saw on BBC recently.

For things our size water is like water. For things the size of an ant water is more like Jell-O so many insects can basically walk over it. Also, the exoskeleton of many bugs is hydrophobic, which helps them to repel water.


Question: why are trucks and larger vehicles often slower even on a downhill?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are trucks and larger vehicles often slower even on a downhill?

Because you can’t let a large and heavy vehicle get too much momentum or you’re going to lose control and crash. They purposely stay very slow and controlled by downshifting to lower gears. Brakes generate heat and you can’t ride the brakes downhill or they’ll overheat and fail.


Question: Bandwidth speed tests (ie speedtestdotnet)--how do they work? Does it measure total bandwidth including what's being used or only the free bandwidth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Bandwidth speed tests (ie speedtestdotnet)--how do they work? Does it measure total bandwidth including what's being used or only the free bandwidth?

They just download (and uploads files as fast as they can and measures how long it takes on a millisecond-by-millisecond basis, wait for the speeds to settle in, and report what they're seeing. Generally the bottleneck will be your modem but ISPs with problems may see overall slowness during busy times caused by problems within their infrastructure. If your internet is in use while running such a test, the results will likely be inaccurate and whoever else is using the internet while you run the test will whine and complain about "the internet going down again". :)


Question: Why doesn’t light, TV, etc. flicker or get switched off and on if AC current is used for domestic purposes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why doesn’t light, TV, etc. flicker or get switched off and on if AC current is used for domestic purposes?

The outlets are charged with alternating current, but most electronic devices run on direct current. Many of these devices will have an AC Adapter for a cord, which converts the AC power to DC, or they'll just have a transformer included into the body of the device. Because the energy is converted, it doesn't create a flicker in the workings of the device.


Question: why do artists draw on canvas to cover it up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do artists draw on canvas to cover it up?

Usually you can still see the lines through the background color. At least enough to use it as a guide


Question: Where does bailout money come from and what role do taxpayers play in the bailout process?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does bailout money come from and what role do taxpayers play in the bailout process?

The US Government does not make profit on much of anything. They either go in more debt, print more money and devaluate all dollars or increase taxes to pay for the money they are spending. With the liquidity money going to the market, the Fed buys assets for cash, fair trade, but the Fed takes on the risk. With checks going to the people for stimulus, that goes against the deficit. Best case scenario would probably be some level of inflation where extra dollars devaluate everything. Your home value goes up, rent goes up, pay goes up....BUT all the cash hoarded becomes worth less creating more net income equality.


Question: How do you explain average to My 5 year old kid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you explain average to My 5 year old kid?

Let’s say you had three friends come over, and you knew they were all bringing you some sweets for your birthday. Your first friend gives you 3 sweets. Your second friend gives you 5 sweets. How many sweets might you expect to get from your third friend? An ‘average’ is the expected value for an event, in this case ‘giving sweets.’ Since you saw one person give 3, and one person give 5. You can calculate the expected value by adding them all up (8), and dividing by the number of people (2), to say the average is 4. You now know you expect 4 sweets ... but it doesn’t mean you will get that many. After you find out how many you do get, you could calculate the new average from three people to get a better idea of what to expect if a forth friend turned up with sweets to give you.


Question: Why wouldn’t militaries give soldiers performance enhancing drugs to gain an advantage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why wouldn’t militaries give soldiers performance enhancing drugs to gain an advantage?

* They do. * Some pilots are given "go" pills when it's time to fly and are then given "stop" pills when they get back so they can sleep.


Question: How does a thought of something make you feel like throwing up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a thought of something make you feel like throwing up?

Depends on if your thought is something gross like a rotting animal or something that makes you emotionally unwell. For the rotting thing, we have a cephalic digestive phase that gets us ready to eat. Its why we start to salivate when we smell something good. In like manner this can also prevent us from eating if we sense that it will make us sick, or in cases where we’ve ready eaten, throw it up. If you think of something gross that cephalic, or mental aspect of digestion, can make you vomit. In terms of nervousness, you get a spike in something called the sympathetic nervous system which shuts down your GI tract to conserve blood for muscles and brain. Sometimes this effect can result in feeling unwell and even a need to vomit


Question: What Is the Federal Funds Rate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What Is the Federal Funds Rate?

The federal funds rate is the interest rate that banks charge each other to borrow or lend excess reserves overnight. Law requires that banks must have a minimum reserve level (held by the Fed) in proportion to their deposits, so if they are below this minimum reserve, they can short-term borrow from other banks that have excessive reserves. The rate matters because an overnight loan between banks is probably one of the _safest_ loans one can make (beaten only by US government bonds, but those are for longer duration). When evaluating whether or not to make _other_ loans to non-banks, the bank does a risk/return analysis - does the amount of money that I will make from the loan offset the risk the lendee won't pay me back, and how does that amount of money compare to my other loan options? Since bank to bank loans are low risk, banks would only want to loan to others if the rate of those loans is _higher_ than the interest rate the banks would pay for the overnight loans. The higher the funds rate, the higher the interest rate for other loans has to be in order to compensate for that risk. In practice, this means that when the Fed Funds Rate changes, every other interest rate is going to change in accordance.


Question: What is the vanishing gradient problem in deep learning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the vanishing gradient problem in deep learning?

If you put a ball on the top of the mountain, it'll roll downhill - until it hits a valley. In optimization, this concept is called a "gradient descent": You pick a point and then move in the direction of the steepest slope (gradient) until you find a valley. The valley is, ideally, the best way to do something. So for example, if your goal is to train an image recognition algorithm, you change a bunch of parameters and then calculate the accuracy of recognizing some example images. Then you select the change that gives you the best result (the gradient), discard the rest and do this again, until you can no longer get any better results. The vanishing gradient problem means that tweaking the parameters doesn't change anything. In our example with the ball rolling down a hill, it would be the ball getting stuck on a frozen lake instead of a valley. This is problematic because you don't know if there's a hole somewhere in the frozen lake, or if it's really as good as it's ever going to be. This is related to another problem with gradient descent: The local optimum. This is what happens if the ball comes to a stop in a valley on top of the mountain, rather than getting all the way to the lowest point. For example if you have an image recognition algorithm, it corresponds to a "model" (meaning: a bunch of numbers that are used to recognize things in images) which gives you the most accurate image recognition.


Question: Why are watches worn on the non-dominant hand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are watches worn on the non-dominant hand?

You use your dominant hand more and that means there is more opportunity for the watch to bang into stuff. Any watch also slightly reduces mobility and clearance which would be more annoying if on the dominant hand. Finally since you are using the dominant hand to do thing it is more likely that when you want to reference your watch it is on an occupied hand, complicating matters.


Question: Does anyone have a good analogy to help explain why people in space age slower than people on earth? It's a hard concept to grasp for me and would appreciate some help!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does anyone have a good analogy to help explain why people in space age slower than people on earth? It's a hard concept to grasp for me and would appreciate some help!

It's not being in space but rather traveling at high velocity. There are good ELI5 posts on why this happens such as [this one]( URL_1 ) It's near impossible for people to reach such high speeds on Earth because the air itself resists movement, but by leaving the atmosphere, astronauts can reach orbital velocity [which is extremely fast by terrestrial standards]( URL_0 ) and start seeing actual relativistic effects.


Question: If heart is a muscle that never rests why other muscles need rest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If heart is a muscle that never rests why other muscles need rest?

The heart actually does need rest. Every time your heart beats it goes through “Systole” which is contraction of the muscle, and “diastole” which is a resting period in which it refills with blood. Systole lasts about 0.3 seconds and diastole lasts about 0.5 second. So even though it seems like it’s constantly working it is actually resting more than it is working.


Question: why we want something when we can't have it, but don't want something when we can?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why we want something when we can't have it, but don't want something when we can?

You attach a special value to something you can't have. You have something to look forward to, to strive for something. The fantasy you build up in your head is greater than reality. As soon as you have it, this special value diminishes.


Question: when you spray a can of air duster upside down why does it spray a liquid colder than my ex's heart?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when you spray a can of air duster upside down why does it spray a liquid colder than my ex's heart?

Pressured gaz is liquid. Liquid is more dense than air, so it goes at the bottom. If you you spray upside down, the liquid will then exit the can. Liquid wants to vaporize because surrounding pressure is now low Vaporising a liquid takes energy, which will be taken from wherever available, freezing your flesh if required, just like everybody's exs


Question: why do wires always get tangled so easily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do wires always get tangled so easily?

Entropy. There are more ways for wires to exist in a tangled state than there are in neat orderly states. Every movement the wires do, even small ones, are more likely to put the wire into a knotted position than they are to untie or neaten the wire.


Question: The Australian Reserve Bank just lowered our interest rate to 1%. If it goes negative wouldn't that mean it'd be better to store your money under your mattress? Hence, creating a massive panic from people emptying their savings accounts

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Australian Reserve Bank just lowered our interest rate to 1%. If it goes negative wouldn't that mean it'd be better to store your money under your mattress? Hence, creating a massive panic from people emptying their savings accounts

At 1% it's already negative if you count in inflation. Yes it's still better at a bank compared to your matress, but if you want to keep a bigger amount of money from losing its value you need to Invest into something. That is the goal of the bank


Question: How does your body 'feel' or perceive wind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your body 'feel' or perceive wind?

It's the same way you can feel your computer mouse + keyboard. Wind is just air that's moving around. That moving air creates a force, which slightly compresses your skin. Your skin senses this compression and interprets it as the feeling of wind.


Question: How do cam girls/girls getting money off snapchat report their earnings? Or rather, how are they able to transfer all that money to the bank?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do cam girls/girls getting money off snapchat report their earnings? Or rather, how are they able to transfer all that money to the bank?

They are typically self-employed, and if they work through another company, they do so as independent contractors. In the US, the self-employed still have to pay taxes, they just don't have that money withheld from their paycheck, it is up to them to report their income and pay the appropriate tax. It is not uncommon for the people in that situation to underreport or fail to report their income and evade taxes, and it is pretty unlikely they will get caught.


Question: What are the similarites and differences of the various rates dV/dr, dV/dh, dr/dV, dr/dh, dh/dV, dh/dr, dV/dt, dh/dt, dr/dt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the similarites and differences of the various rates dV/dr, dV/dh, dr/dV, dr/dh, dh/dV, dh/dr, dV/dt, dh/dt, dr/dt?

It’s just notationnn Okay, so just think of “d” as meaning “really small change in” (infinitely small). So, remember how y=f(x) (technically, f is a function of x and y is f(x). y(x) is when y is a function of x but whatever)? This means *y is a function of x* meaning that it acts on only x The slope of two points on this function is given by: The *change in* y/ the *change in* x Or... delta y/delta x Now... let’s make that change infinitely small. So remember how “d” was infinitely small? The slope now becomes: dy/dx That’s derivative notation, it means infinitely small change in y over infinitely small change in x... or, take the derivative of the function y with respect to x and treat all other variables as constants, OR find the instantaneous slope of y which is a *function of x*, it ONLY acts on x so you regard everything else as a constant because they are not changing from y. Like, y doesn’t do anything to them (later if you do multi variable calc, you’ll see y(x,z) which now shows y as acting on both x and z) So if you have dV/dr, or V’(r), take the derivative of the volume function with respect to the radius and treat all other variables like constants. dV/dh, take the derivative of volume with respect to height. dCupcake/dLove, take the derivative of cupcakes with respect to love because cupcakes only act on love (¿¿ this was unintentionally deep) And so on I hope I helped! :) Edit: and all the examples I gave are not rates with respect to time. dV/dt is a rare with respect to time. dC/dt, dr/dt, these are rates with respect to time... notice a similarity?


Question: what makes sunlight different for other types of light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what makes sunlight different for other types of light?

Sunlight has many interesting properties. It is extremely intense, much brighter than the light from lamps in indoor spaces. It is extremely broad spectrum, made of almost all the frequencies of visible light. It is also highly collimated, the rays are highly parallel to each other.


Question: How did Americans lose their British accent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Americans lose their British accent?

I actually read somewhere that the American accent never changed. The British accent is the one that changed.


Question: Why didn't Europe start with the euro on a smaller scale first?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why didn't Europe start with the euro on a smaller scale first?

What do you mean “on a smaller scale”? Also, it’s not like they just switched it one day. In the years leading up to official Euro adoption, the different European countries worked to keep a fixed exchange rate between their currencies (having a fixed exchange rate is basically the same thing as sharing a currency). Countries joined this program one by one and at their own pace. It really was a gradual adoption


Question: What powers do the "One Ring" and the Rings of Power give ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What powers do the "One Ring" and the Rings of Power give ?

The Rings power is not exactly explained in full, that was kind of the point of Tolkein's magic system - magic does really subtle things, and is very "story" driven rather than mechanical like a Vancian system (think DnD). In general, the Rings of Power responded to their wielder granting them what they truly desired. For Men this meant extending their lives beyond the norm... though at the cost of spreading their souls so thin they became Wraiths. For Dwarfs it meant aiding them in expanding their hoards of wealth to enourmous degrees... which then attracted Dragons. Elves were able to craft three more powerful versions which helped them preserve their realms and magic, Lothlorien and Rivendell are both products of the Rings, and they don't have an inherent defect. The One Ring exibits this power as well, giving Hobbits (who just wanna be ignored) the power to turn invisible... though this comes at the price of shining like a beacon in the unseen realm where Wraiths and Sauron can see you. The big secret was that all of the Rings made their users vulnerable to mental manipulation which was basically Sauron's main trick. He created the One Ring to focus all of his considerable power into controlling the minds of the ringbearers. Men were corrupted, dwarfs proved immune by being basically clockwork creatures mentally, and the Elves were just too mentally powerful