Question: What are the 0.01% of germs that hand sanitizers can’t kill?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the 0.01% of germs that hand sanitizers can’t kill?

I don't think they are inferring that there are particular germs that are immune to disinfectants. Instead, i think that is the success rate if applied to a surface following the directions for use. Basically, some random germs will make it and survive.


Question: How were 80's-90's rappers not thrown in jail for rapping about all the illegal stuff they did?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were 80's-90's rappers not thrown in jail for rapping about all the illegal stuff they did?

No they weren't confessing. If an author wrote a book from a first person perspective you wouldn't assume the author had actually done everything in the book, nor would the book be admissible as evidence. The same is true of music. Songwriters, whether rap or otherwise, are storytellers.


Question: Why is it easier to drink from a paper cup than from a glass mug when moving in a car?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to drink from a paper cup than from a glass mug when moving in a car?

The paper cup is flexible. Accommodation to bumpy going can be unconsciously accommodated by small movements of the teeth, lips and container.


Question: Why is graphene so much more resistant and everything better than graphite if graphite looks like a bunch of graphene stacked? Also, never thought about it until I searched for the structures, where are the 4 carbon bonds on both graphene and graphite structures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is graphene so much more resistant and everything better than graphite if graphite looks like a bunch of graphene stacked? Also, never thought about it until I searched for the structures, where are the 4 carbon bonds on both graphene and graphite structures?

(to answer/u/ImmortalityMadeFLesh question): Carbon atoms have several ways to form a molecule, and among them are graphene and graphite. (They are quite a lot actually) [on this picture]( URL_0 ) is represented four of them: graphene (up left) - graphite (up right) - carbon nanotubes (down left) - and fullerene (down right) (those are only the one derived from graphene) As you can see on the picture, graphene is like a 2D plan of carbon, and graphite is similar to a bunch of graphene stacked. For graphene, 3 of the carbon bonds are between each other, and are extremely strong. The fourth bond is kind of a free electron, giving graphene its electronic properties. For graphite, you still have the 3 strong bond between carbon on the same plan, and the fourth is now the one binding the sheets of graphene together. However, this bond is very weak in comparison to the other, so it's very easy to break it, making graphite less resistant.


Question: Why does toasting bread harden it but microwaving bread softens it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does toasting bread harden it but microwaving bread softens it?

Toasting bread heats it, making moisture in the bread evaporate, making it dryer and therefore harder. Microwaving stuff actually vibrates the water molecules in the food to create heat, so you are essentially steaming stuff. The steam is what makes the bread soft. If you were to microwave it for a long time all the water would evaporate out is would get tough (but not really crispy like toast).


Question: How do laser pointers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do laser pointers work?

There's some more complicated physics going on (which is also why all the light is the same wavelength - thus color) but basically some photons bounce around hyperactively in mirrored zone, get a bunch of other photos hyper, then all exit through the same tiny opening. Picture a normal light being a wide spray nozzle on a spray bottle, and a laser being where you turn it so it's a tiny, powerful stream.


Question: Why can't plastics be more efficiently recycled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't plastics be more efficiently recycled?

Glass and Aluminum are quite different from plastic. Aluminum is made of matching atoms, its pretty much pure. Melt it down, cook off any impurities and you've got yourself fresh aluminum which is indistinguishable from the original. Making fresh aluminum is also ludicrously energy intensive so there's a lot of incentive to collect and recycle previously used aluminum Plastic is tricky because not all plastics are created equal. In general, plastics are long spaghetti strands that all stick together to give you the nice plastic you want, they're polymers which means they're made from long strings of monomers that are connected together. When you recycle your plastics you break your spaghetti strands, after a couple rounds of recycling you have couscous instead of spaghetti which doesn't work at all. Making it even harder, "plastic" encompasses a broad variety of materials and if you don't separate your #1 plastic from your #2 or #6 you don't get plastic you can reuse at the end, you just get mush with uncertain properties, and since there isn't a great way to separate plastics by material quickly it greatly adds to the cost of plastic recycling because you need a manual sorting stage early on.


Question: Why did we assign AM and PM to the 12th hour in the way that we did?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did we assign AM and PM to the 12th hour in the way that we did?

AM and PM stand for *ante meridiem* and *post meridiem*, meaning before noon and after noon, respectively. 12 AM is before the noon of that day, and 12 PM is after the noon of that day.


Question: Wouldn't passwords be exponentially more secure if websites let us select them without restriction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Wouldn't passwords be exponentially more secure if websites let us select them without restriction?

> nobody would ever guess at that point that my password was 4 letters and nothing else special. It takes any laptop made in the last 10 years under 5 seconds to run trough all passwords of length 4 or lower. That password was your weakest password by a large margin. The point of having password requirements is because if you don't people will pick supid passwords like "password" or "Steve123" or "abc12345", passwords that will appear on every password dictionary ever created and will be the first things hackers trying to sniff out your password will try. Remember, hackers aren't trying to guess your password one attempt at a time. They employ programs that can guess a couple million passwords every second. The "Starting point" advantage is not as large as you think it is. Sure, having a set starting point allows you to ignore a million passwords, but there are still billions of passwords that just barely pass the requirements. The more requirements you makes it exponentially harder to guess even the 'simplest' passwords. edit: rewording.


Question: Why does ink dry on a paper but not on a pen's tip?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does ink dry on a paper but not on a pen's tip?

It 'does' dry on the tip. However the tip in a ball point pin, is a ball. Only the exposed area of the very tip will dry, while the rest is technically sealed off until it rolls against the paper. Google ball point pen under microscope and you'll see what I mean.


Question: Since temperature is about how much atoms are moving around, and nothing "moves" without a frame of reference. If you imagine one atom "floating" around in a perfect vacuum, can it have a temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since temperature is about how much atoms are moving around, and nothing "moves" without a frame of reference. If you imagine one atom "floating" around in a perfect vacuum, can it have a temperature?

Temperature is usually defined/measured on a group of atoms/molecules and is often a statistical measure or averaging of kinetic energy across them. It is not really defined with respect to a single atom.


Question: Does the closest number to 10 exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the closest number to 10 exist?

The number doesn't exist. You can always find a number than lies between any two numbers you pick (just add them and divide by 2). So if you think you've found a solution, you can also find a number between your solution and 10. But that means that your solution must have been wrong. There are ideas like the hyperreal numbers which do include a closest number to 10. However, they're not part of "standard" mathematics. They're more the result of mathematicians thinking "I know no solution exists, but what would math be like if we just assume that one does exist?"


Question: For example, you read that the movie cost 50 million dollars, a that it made 100 million in domestic theatre and another 100 worldwide. Usually, who spend the money, and who earned the money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 For example, you read that the movie cost 50 million dollars, a that it made 100 million in domestic theatre and another 100 worldwide. Usually, who spend the money, and who earned the money?

Movie studios make it very difficult to find out exactly who is spending what and who is getting paid, it's called 'Hollywood Accounting'. Studios want to hide how profitable their movies are because if they made a deal with the actors or the writer to give them a share of the profits, you want to make it look like the movie didn't profit very much so that you don't have to pay anyone but yourself. It'll also effect how much you pay in taxes so it's better to say that of the $150 million dollars you profited, $70 million went to the marketing company (which you own) and another $50 million went to repaying your investors making the 'actual' profit of the film something like $30 million.


Question: Do we perceive bad smells (i.e rotten food) as bad smells because they are potentially harmful to us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do we perceive bad smells (i.e rotten food) as bad smells because they are potentially harmful to us?

Generally yes. Chemicals that we find particularly noxious are rarely present randomly on their own, they’re sulfurous compounds that decomposing bacteria release as waste. The various sulfides aren’t necessarily toxic on their own, but their presence indicates a high likelihood of nearby decay - or active volcanoes. Animals that actively seek out decomposition like flies find the horrific scent of hydrogen sulfide quite attractive.


Question: what is logarithmic in math?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is logarithmic in math?

We are used to counting in "plus plus" steps. 1 plus 1 is 2, plus 1 is 3, plus 1 is 4. It's what we are accustomed to and what intuitively makes sense. But not everything in nature counts "plus plus". Sometimes, things count "times times". Population is a perfect example. Every X number of years, a population will double. The thing is though, that number X is the same for each doubling. So for example, our population doubles every year. Year 1: 1 Year 2: 2 Year 3: 4 Year 4: 8 Year 5: 16 On our 5th year, we gained 8 new people, even though on year 1 we only gained 1 new person. This type of behavior is "exponential" growth or decay. It does not grow by adding some constant value, instead it grows by multiplying by some constant value. But lets look at that population growth from a different angle. Rather than looking at how many people there are each year, lets look at what year it is for each new person. Person 1: Year 1 Person 2: Year 2 Person 3: Year 2 Person 4: Year 3 Person 5: Year 3 Person 6: Year 3 Person 7: Year 3 Person 8: Year 4 ... Person 15: Year 4 Person 16: Year 5 It only takes 1 new person to go from Year 1 to Year 2 It takes twice as many people to go from Year 2 to Year 3 Getting to Year 4 takes yet twice as many as Year 3 did. When you count by years, the rate of new people speeds up, But when you count by people, the rate of new years slows down. This opposite/reverse way of looking at exponential growth is what is referred to as "logarithmic" growth.


Question: - Why does stepping on Lego hurt so bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why does stepping on Lego hurt so bad?

It's smaller, so the pressure doesn't get distributed across your skin. Smaller, sharper objects tend to hurt more. It doesn't help that LEGOs are almost completely edges.


Question: Why does water go gluglugglug when we pour it too fast? Will it take a shorter time to empty the container if we pour a bit slower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water go gluglugglug when we pour it too fast? Will it take a shorter time to empty the container if we pour a bit slower?

Because air has to fill the empty space the water leaves behind it. If you have a container with another hole large enough to suck air in behind the water (while the contain is pouring), it'll pour faster and not have the mentioned issue. Alternatively if you can spin the container for form a vortex as the water pours out, it'll also pour faster because air can go through the middle of the vortex instead of the water having to temporarily stop so air can flow through.


Question: How is titanium so light, while remaining so strong?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is titanium so light, while remaining so strong?

When we talk about strength, what we mean is that the material is very hard to deform. For a metal, that means that the atoms are very rigid and unlikely to move. This can be achieved by several methods. Firstly, Titanium alpha alloy has a hexagonal crystal structure compared to iron’s cubic shape. Imagine a beehive structure vs chessboard. The hexagonal hive structure has no 1 line which bypasses all the “cells” of the hive unlike the square chessboard. That concept is scaled up to 3D in metals. This makes it hard for the atoms in titanium alpha to “slide” when pushed and the metal becomes harder to deform. Secondly, the grain size of titanium is significantly smaller (1-3microns vs 10-100microns). The grain size refers to the area of the metal which is uniform. You can treat it as if they were tiny crystals which make up the metal. Since the grain size is smaller, there are more grains per unit volume and the “surface area” between them is greater and there is more “friction”. Again this makes the metal harder to deform. Finally, the atomic size of titanium is larger. The spaces between atoms is therefore also larger. This means that you can stuff more dopant atoms of smaller sizes into the region between the titanium atoms, again making it harder for the atoms to “slide”. This doping technique is what makes alloys like bronze much stronger than their component metals (copper + tin).


Question: how do astronauts navigate in space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do astronauts navigate in space?

Well first, the magnetic field of the Earth extends far out into space, but that's just an aside. There are many more ways to navigate than just using a compass. Most spacecraft navigate using some combination of inertial guidance, star sighting, tracking from grounds stations, and or global positioning satellites like GPS. Astronauts also are almost never actually flying the spacecraft. It's not like driving a car. The entire launch and ascent is per-programmed and executed by the computer. Docking with the station can be done manually but it can also be performed automatically, and all other on-orbit and de-orbit maneuvers are done by the computer.


Question: How American Olympic gymnasts (Simone Biles, Aly Raisman, Gabby Douglas, etc) compete as teens over college-aged, NCAA gymnasts. Are they, as teens, that much better than college athletes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How American Olympic gymnasts (Simone Biles, Aly Raisman, Gabby Douglas, etc) compete as teens over college-aged, NCAA gymnasts. Are they, as teens, that much better than college athletes?

Strength to weight ratio maxes at about 10yo in girls. Add a few years for advanced training and poise. Strength to weight ratio in girls nosedives toward and after puberty, absent extreme training and/or eating disorders. However, if grace and poise are more prized, as in ballet, maturity becomes a plus.


Question: How do they "up-scale" animated films?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they "up-scale" animated films?

even animated films were still filmed on film. film is already upscale. the downscaled version is what you know of in VHS or DVD form


Question: With the new phones and induction charging my battery level is rarely if ever below 80%, does this affect battery longevity overall? What is the best way to maximise long term battery longevity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With the new phones and induction charging my battery level is rarely if ever below 80%, does this affect battery longevity overall? What is the best way to maximise long term battery longevity?

The battery level rarely going below 80% is actually good for battery longevity, as batteries no longer have a “memory”. However, new studies are finding that induction charging does shorten battery life. The electricity has to overcome an air gap, which creates heat. Heat is bad for batteries.


Question: How is it that men outnumber women 101.8 to 100(according to google) in the present day even though millions of men died at wars throughout the history?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that men outnumber women 101.8 to 100(according to google) in the present day even though millions of men died at wars throughout the history?

The sex ratio as birth isn't exactly 1:1 - there's a slightly higher chance for a baby to be born a boy than a girl, something between 103:100 and 108:100. This offsets men's lower lifespan compared to women's.


Question: How come lighters give higher flames when they were out in the sun all day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come lighters give higher flames when they were out in the sun all day?

If they've been out in the sun, the lighter itself is hotter. Hotter lighter = hotter gas inside the lighter. Hotter gas = higher pressure gas = flames pushing out of the lighter further. Same reason they don't work well when they're cold. The gas pressure inside the lighter is much lower.


Question: Can anyone dumb the Beal Conjecture down to me? Is it false?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can anyone dumb the Beal Conjecture down to me? Is it false?

The conjecture is very simple: For any six positive integer numbers A, B, C, x, y, z, **if** x, y and z are greater than 2 **and** A^x + B^y = C^z **then** there is a prime number that divides A, B and C. And so far, nobody knows whether it is true or false, but it seems more likely to be true. That's basically what "conjecture" means.


Question: Why do ppl get arrested for leaving the military ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do ppl get arrested for leaving the military ?

You only get arrested if you go AWOL, meaning you were not released from service whether voluntary or involuntary, you just ditch and go on the lamb.


Question: if UV light and infrared lights are invisible to eye, why we see blue light in uv light torch or red light in infrared lamps used in certain physiotherapy??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if UV light and infrared lights are invisible to eye, why we see blue light in uv light torch or red light in infrared lamps used in certain physiotherapy??

Sources of light rarely, if ever spit out a single pure wavelength. LEDs get the closest and have the narrowest output, and using special equipment you can filter out light you don't want to get a very narrow band. But for the most part, all lights are going to give off *some* extra photons in frequencies outside of the range that you want. For example, all lights designed for perfectly normal visible light also put out infrared at the very least. Fluorescent lights actually start with putting out mostly UV that is absorbed by a phosphor inside the tube, which absorbs the UV and converts it down to visible wavelengths. In any case, the point is that a UV bulb doesn't *only* put out UV, it also puts out a tiny bit of very high frequency blue light, and most infrared lamps put out a fair amount of low frequency visible red light. There's no need to filter that visible light out so they don't, so it's visible.


Question: What is the difference between a "Creative Commons" license and a "All Rights Reserved" license?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a "Creative Commons" license and a "All Rights Reserved" license?

[All Rights Reserved]( URL_1 ) means that the copyright holder is giving notice that at any time they may decide to enforce copyright on the property. The designation is defunct, as of the ending of the Buenos Aires Convention and the full enactment of the Berne Convention, and is replaced with the standard and automatic copyright system. Basically, if the material is under copyright, it can not be used without permission of the copyright holder or under limited exceptions (like fair use) [Creative Commons]( URL_0 ) is a class of copyright notices which automatically release copyrighted material into the wild for general use. There are different CC licenses that can be created, for example if you want your work to be freely used for non-commercial derivative works (fan fiction or cosplay) but not for commercial use (like making a new TV series for a major corporation). The material is under copyright still, but you are immediately relinquishing into the public domain those limited aspects of the work. If you choose a Creative Commons license, you generally can not rescind that permission, like you can when you contract with another person.


Question: How exactly do banks make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly do banks make money?

Traditionally... 1. Let people put their savings in your vault and pay them 5% interest. 2. Loan that money to people for houses and businesses, charge them 10% interest. Of course, things have gotten much more complicated nowadays.


Question: How does a car detect it is in a collision to activate the airbags?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a car detect it is in a collision to activate the airbags?

Older cars used pressure pads behind the bumpers. Newer cars use g-force sensor chips mounted in the cab to detect force, angle, and extreme changes in speed and direction.


Question: How do carbohydrates (excluding sugars) affect your insulin levels? Is a gram of non-sugar carbohydrates the same as a gram of sugar on the body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do carbohydrates (excluding sugars) affect your insulin levels? Is a gram of non-sugar carbohydrates the same as a gram of sugar on the body?

Carbs get converted to sugar in the body so... they are sort of the same thing. 5 grams of carbs goes to about 4 grams of sugar.


Question: Why were olde time punishments for relatively minor crimes so severe? Was death for crimes such as stealing not considered to be a tad harsh?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were olde time punishments for relatively minor crimes so severe? Was death for crimes such as stealing not considered to be a tad harsh?

Your question is very general over a myraid of cultures and societies, but, in general, people had much less than they have today, and the things they had, they relied on to stay alive or directly provide for their families. They didn't have WalMarts, Amazon, motor vehicles, and the internet, etc. You couldn't just go get another one... in a couple days or maybe even a couple months... so if you lost something to theft, for example, it was a really big deal... (not that it still isn't a big deal, but you get my point)


Question: Why do we need to be in the dark to get to sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need to be in the dark to get to sleep?

Certain Light produces hormones to stay awake. Darkness produces other hormones which help the body slow down and get ready for sleep. That’s my simple understanding.


Question: Why are personality disorders incurable ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are personality disorders incurable ?

They are not incurable. This is a dangerous myth. They are not cured with a pill, but psychological techniques can be very beneficial.


Question: What causes an oil fire and why does water make it worse? Can a flammable item be used to suffocate it and put it out.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes an oil fire and why does water make it worse? Can a flammable item be used to suffocate it and put it out.

Fire requires three things: fuel, heat, and oxygen. Now oil and water don't mix, and when water is vaporized it can cause the hot oil to separate creating enough surface are that the hot oil now has enough oxygen for a combustion reaction. Placing a flammable blanket over the flame can smother it if it is removed from the heat source but you should generally smother it with something like salt or a lid. When the oil burns away it will naturally peter out.


Question: how do artillerymen know how to dish out accurate counter artillery fire? How do they figure out where the hostile fire is coming from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do artillerymen know how to dish out accurate counter artillery fire? How do they figure out where the hostile fire is coming from?

Counter-battery radar. The radar detects and tracks artillery shells and rockets, and a computer then locates the enemy battery by tracing the projectile's path back to its source. Before radar artillery directors used sound, intelligence reports, aerial surveillance, and reports from scouts to locate enemy guns.


Question: How do small animals not get hurt by rain drops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do small animals not get hurt by rain drops?

[This was actually posted on r/askscience a few years ago. Here was the top reply:]( URL_0 ) Have you ever wondered what happens to mosquitoes in the rain? A raindrop is, like, 50 times heavier than those little suckers. So getting hit by one has gotta hurt, right? Well, not so much. Because researchers at Georgia Tech have found that the bugs are so light, speeding water drops simply brush them aside, without imparting much force. The results appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Andrew K. Dickerson et al., "Mosquitoes survive raindrop collisions by virtue of their low mass"] Previous studies have shown that precipitation can be a real pain for lots of winged critters. Bats expend twice as much energy flying through a storm as in clear skies. But what about bugs no bigger than the raindrops themselves? Researchers used high-speed video to watch mosquitoes wingin’ in the rain—well, through a spray of mist in the lab. They saw that when a skeeter and a water droplet meet, the insect basically hitches a ride for a bit before peeling away off unharmed. So the bugs go with the flow and offer little resistance. And the drop slows only slightly, keeping its kinetic energy rather than blasting the bug. So for storm-trooping skeeters, resistance is not only futile. It’s all wet. --Karen Hopkin


Question: Generation Z appears to be, on average, so much poorer than those of their parents. For most, ever owning a house seems unlikely, and even car ownership is much less common. What exactly happened to cause this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Generation Z appears to be, on average, so much poorer than those of their parents. For most, ever owning a house seems unlikely, and even car ownership is much less common. What exactly happened to cause this?

A few things. Since this is ELI5 I'll keep them to short bullet points: 1. Previous generations had an america centric economy where every other power was playing catch up, poor, or recovering from WWII. This is no longer the case. A lot of the jobs done in the west are now done elsewhere. 2. Because there's higher competition for those jobs, employers can get away with paying less. Because if you won't take it someone else will because we're all fighting for a smaller number of jobs. 3. Minimum wage hasn't kept up with inflation in a long, long time. A minimum wage worker in 1978 was making the equivalent of $14.71 at minimum wage, but their actual pay in 2019 is $7.25, or less than half as much. So the minimum is worth far less. 4. Cost of living has also gone up so those fewer dollars won't go as far. Big ticket items like cars and homes are increasing in price faster than the cost of living. A car was about $4,645.00, which would be a bit over ten thousand dollars in 2019 money, in 1978. A modern car costs a little under forty thousand on average now. 5. This is also true of basic day to day items. Milk and bread have increased in price far beyond inflation. Gas has increased even more dramatically. So the fewer dollars you're getting are getting eaten up just getting by. 6. College tuition's have gone up to an even greater degree. More colleges are rebranding and remodeling to take in increasing tuitions that can only be paid for by student loans. College funds were common for a lot of households but even if they could hold on to that money it was basically irrelevant since an education costs as much as a new car. Which means you pay for a career you haven't started by taking on loans you hope you can afford later. Which, as we see for the first three points, is contingent on you getting a job that may not even exist when you graduate. 7. Gen Z came of age during and after the housing crisis of 2007. Even by those standards the economy was bad. Calling what happened a recession essentially underplays that it was essentially a second great depression that made all of the above worse. 8. As a result of all this heavy economic insecurity a lot of people just aren't marrying or having kids. You don't exactly need a house for one or two people and if someone is judging potential partners based on lifestyle(and implicitly or explicitly income) they're going to be screening out the people most affected by this. The amount of young people who aren't even sexually active, let alone in a relationship or planning for a family, has gone up dramatically in the last decade. If you don't have more people you also don't exactly need a newer safer car even if you're one of the ones who can afford it.


Question: for breastfed infants who initially receive antibodies from their mom, how are those antibodies replicated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 for breastfed infants who initially receive antibodies from their mom, how are those antibodies replicated?

Short answer: they aren't. Think of mom's antibodies as a free trial of an adult immune system. Once that trial is up (typically around 3 months) then the kid is on their own and needs to develop their own antibodies, which they most likely have already begun to do. However, this is why early childhood vaccinations are important. Yes your child may essentially share an immune system with their mother for a time, but eventually they have to sink or swim on their own. Vaccinations are like swimming lessons for your immune system.


Question: How do large area WLAN networks work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do large area WLAN networks work?

exactly like you suggested. There are a lot of Access Points (not routers) that broadcast the same network (ESSID), with the same security settings. Every Access Point has a unique ID (BSSID), which a client also sees. So your PC or phone or whatever notices that the same network is broadcasts by different devices. It then choses the one with the best signal. Your phone constantly checks whether it sees a different access point with a better signal. It then switches the acces points it connects to without you noticing.


Question: Is love a chemical reaction in the human brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is love a chemical reaction in the human brain?

Everything you feel is chemical reactions in the brain and across the nervous system. From terror to love.


Question: How does faking confidence, "fake it til you make it" actually help?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does faking confidence, "fake it til you make it" actually help?

Confidence is a state of mind. Faking it just means intentionally changing your state of mind. That change actually spills over into the real world. It was fake confidence that got Connor into the ring with Mayweather. He got his ass pounded, but he also got many millions of dollars that otherwise he would not have.


Question: How do worker's co-ops actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do worker's co-ops actually work?

A normal company is owned by shareholders. If a company has 10 shares, those shares are divided between people, and they can sell their share to other people. The shareholders elect a CEO and approve major decisions at stockholder meetings, often held once a year. The CEO runs the basics of the company, makes major appointments and so on, determines wages, etc. The excess profits the company makes which are not put into maintainence or expansion, are then divided by the shareholders. So if after everyone is paid, the bills are paid, and after the new factory has been built and paid for, the company has an extra 10 million dollars lying around, each share receives 1 million dollars. (In reality, it's more likely a company has thousands of shares.). Usually things like building the new factory have to be approved by shareholders, as it's "Their" excess money you are tapping into. One person could own 6 of the 10 shares. This is called being a "Majority shareholder", it means they make all the decisions and the only reason for others to own shares is to get a slice of the profits after each year. In a worker cooperative there are no shareholders of this kind. Instead, working at the company (Sometimes, working there for a length of time like 3 years) gets you one share, and you cannot sell it. You can then elect the CEO, who will set wages, make major appointments, and so on. You can also receive your share of the companies profits at the end of each year. (Most cooperatives will differentiate here however, and say that while everyone gets one vote, some jobs earn more share of the profit than others. Mondragon uses 3 shares for unskilled labour, 5 for skilled labour, 7 for experts and managers.). & #x200B; The workers, like shareholders, can decide to call an emergency meeting to fire the CEO if they get up to shenanigans. They can propose things at the annual meetings like "Wages must be set to X" and vote on them. & #x200B; Imagine everything at the company was the same, but the workers and shareholders are the same people. Since they aren't doing the same job at the same time, nothing would actually change about your job and how you do it, beyond the fact that the people who own your company would be you and your co-workers. 9-5 your job remains the same and with the same stuff going on. It's just that once a year you go to the shareholder meeting and make decisions. So basically, a workers cooperative are where Workers are like Batman. But instead of secretly being Batman, occasionally they become Bruce Wayne for a day. You wouldn't know it unless you happened to observe them changing out of their overalls into suits and ties to go to the stockholder meeting, though you might suspect something is amiss by the way their bosses seem not to be assholes to them, their work seems comfortable and well paid, and their CEO pops in to say hi and ask if they need anything. This has a wide range of effects which are bit more complicated.


Question: How did humanity survive in nature for over 100,000 years in nature with such helpless, useless babies that work as beacons for predators with the amount of noise they make?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did humanity survive in nature for over 100,000 years in nature with such helpless, useless babies that work as beacons for predators with the amount of noise they make?

Short summary of human evolution to this day. Because we out-thought them. Many human babies, as weak and helpless as they are for so many years, definitely did die by tooth and claw. But, on average, their parents were smarter than the things that wanted to eat them. So they were able to defend them for years with basic logic, planned ahead to have enough food to feed their useless mouths in winter, and grew and prospered. Over time those brains became even bigger and more useful. Crude clubs were fashioned to equal any tooth or claw, and battles were won. Dirt walls were piled up and men with clubs were posted to keep watch, and no mere animal could approach without detection. Gradually we learned about our environment, and due to evolution of our vocal chords we were able to form language to pass down tales. Tales that told that if you spit out the fruit seed and pressed it into the earth it would be fruit for your children to eat. And so we had more fruit than any other animal could ever hope for. We won so many battles and killed so many lions and tigers and bears, oh my, that they eventally evolved to fear us. A bear will not come after a human child unless it is starving to death (which isn't that uncommon). Better to eat poison than to have your entire genetic line hunted to extinction in an orgy of vengeance. Lacking any animal that could stop us we quickly colonized the entire Earth. In some cases wiping out smarter (at the time) rival homonid species that didn't breed as fast (Neanderthals). Eventally there was no one to turn on but ourselves. We quickly adapted to war with even bigger brains and specialized bodies. Northern European men have massively enlarged upper bodies, full of muscle, able to swing a sword and carry heavy metal armor (on average). Now we are adapting to peace. No longer does the mighty arm win the argument. You have to remain calm and talk things through. You don't want trouble with the government. Eventually, over hundreds of years, that will too breed itself into our bones. And we are losing the ability to operate as a biological organism without technology. Brains are so incredabily useful that women can now give birth to babies with brains two sizes to big for their hips. Surgical c-section has enabled a new era of expansion in brain sizes, with 30% more women since 1950 in America birthing babies with brains too large to survive without knife and antibiotics.


Question: Why are most older music videos on YouTube uploaded all around the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most older music videos on YouTube uploaded all around the same time?

Most of them are under VEVO so my educated guess would be that VEVO was created around this time, and acquired the rights to upload the videos then. Don't forget that YouTube wasn't the behemoth that is today before the 2010. Right at the 2010-mark was when YouTube exploded. Music videos were still played in music tv-channels like MTV, VH1, and random local channels with the live-chat bar on the bottom. TL;DR: 2009-2010 was probably when music videos made the jump from TV to Internet thanks to VEVO. It was an outstanding move on their part.


Question: Why isn’t the sum of all integers 0?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn’t the sum of all integers 0?

How do you sum all integers? That's not a rhetorical question. If you do it like this: 0 + (1 + -1) + (2 + -2) + ... + (n + -n), you get 0. But if you do it like this: (0 + 1) + (-1 + 2) + (-2 + 3) + ... + (-n + (n+1)), you get infinity. And you can do it other ways to get other results. So, there is no answer, because "the sum of all integers" doesn't have a well-defined meaning.


Question: How do rivers of molten rock flow without melting their banks? Presumably they're flowing through the same type of rock: wouldn't it have the same melting point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do rivers of molten rock flow without melting their banks? Presumably they're flowing through the same type of rock: wouldn't it have the same melting point?

It's about energy transfer. Let's use a house on a hot day as our first example. Outside is really really hot, let's say 40C/104F but you had the AC running earlier (not right now, but recently) so the inside of the house is 25C/77F. If you touch the wall inside the house it's roughly the same as the air inside the house. If you touch the wall on the outside of the house it's roughly the outside air temperature. That one wall has a range of 15C/27F across it. That's because it takes time for energy to move through an object and a solid object can be a whole range of temperatures. Additionally before the center of the wall reaches 40/104 the inside of the wall would have increased in temperature as well, so the energy isn't just transferred to the edge of the solid material. Now let's think about the energy required to cause that change. If I want to raise 1kg of water from 20C to 21C it's 4200 J. However if I want to take a kg of 100C/212F water and turn it into a gas (still at 100C/212F) it takes 2,300,000 J. There's a massive amount of energy required to change the phase of a material from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas. So, if I have liquid rock flowing over solid rock, the energy that transfers has to be massive. During that time the liquid rock closest to the solid rock is losing energy and the solid rock is transferring some of the energy from close to the liquid to further away. There's then also the question of how quickly the material can transfer energy. When I place an ice cube in warm water, all that energy in the water doesn't immediately melt the entire cube. It takes time because there's a limit on how quickly each material can transfer energy. This limit exists for transferring within itself and also to other materials. It's not really a limit because the larger the temperature difference the faster the energy will transfer but it means different materials transfer energy at different speeds and for the point of this topic the key is that all energy doesn't transfer at one time. So, in our example of the melted and solid rock, there's also a finite amount of energy that can be transferred. So now we have a finite amount of energy that can be transferred, a really large amount of energy needed to melt it, energy transferring away from that really hot edge into other solid rock, and the energy in the liquid edge decreasing as it transfers to the solid material. All of these find a balance and the end result is that most of the solid rock won't melt.


Question: why do banks not process your payments on the weekends? For example, if I make a rent payment on Friday, the money isn’t withdrawn from my account until Monday. If it’s all electronic, why can’t they process it the next day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do banks not process your payments on the weekends? For example, if I make a rent payment on Friday, the money isn’t withdrawn from my account until Monday. If it’s all electronic, why can’t they process it the next day?

In the U.S., the Federal Reserve is responsible for exchanging money between banks. They don't work weekends.


Question: Why do you need to boil water before you are cooking noodles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you need to boil water before you are cooking noodles?

You can soften noodles with water of pretty much any temperature. But because of how boiling works, boiling water is always at the same temperature (assuming the pressure is the same). So it's very easy to tell someone to put the noodles in boiling water and leave them there for X minutes, because that means that everyone will be *guaranteed* to be using water that is the same temperature as everyone else, and thus all of your customers will get the same results.


Question: Why do smokers not cough while smoking daily but cough after quitting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do smokers not cough while smoking daily but cough after quitting?

Smoking causes death and paralysis of the cilia in your lungs. These are tiny hairs that move things up and out of your respiratory tracts. Smoking is also an irritant and produces a lot of mucous. When you stop, these cilia come back online and begin to propel that mucous upward along with the dead tissue and other smoking products trapped in the lung. Coughing is how we clear these things from the airway.


Question: What exactly is "hacking"? How do people even learn the basics or get into it in the first place?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is "hacking"? How do people even learn the basics or get into it in the first place?

First you need to understand how everything works. Networking, computers in general. You need to be good in some programming languages. There are many ways to do it. 1. The easiest one is you using a keylogger which is a program that "listens" to your keypresses. Then you open a file that program has stored keypresses to and just read it manually and voila. 2. It is by being "the man in the middle". Listen to communication between the victim and others. 3. By making victim accept a malware that is doing some thing in the background. For example you send a verification mail from 'instagram'. You make a temporary site and make it look like a real instagram notification. Most people are not picky to see every detail they get in the mail. By putting their password direct to that verification you get it.[example]( URL_0 ) This is more social but you get the point. 4. Social engineering. This is the 90%. The weakest part in ANY system are humans. For example you make the support service think you are wife or husband of the victim and thar you lost the password and there are important things but he isn't there atm and he/she needs it NOW. [example]( URL_1 ) You need to understand a particular thing how it works in order to find holes in it. Tldr: Usually you attack human's naiveness. Or make them give you unknowingly by accepting "verification" for xy and re-entering their password, ie. Giving you directly.


Question: Does the wealth from rich countries have to flow to poor countries to have economical equilibrium among all countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the wealth from rich countries have to flow to poor countries to have economical equilibrium among all countries?

Not necessarily. In many cases raising a particular countries economic status can be achieved by that country embracing a certain technology or natural resource that they have. Education is massively influential in the economic status of any country. A country that can clarify it's water to fight disease. Teach it's people cultivation techniques that allow them the best use of their natural resources. And provide protection from those who would rather take by force what they want, than work for the greater good. all help to equalize economically. Of course, Education alone is not going to bridge the gaps. trade helps, But the best thing that can happen is for a country to discover it's inherent wealth and capitalize on that whatever it is.


Question: how do particle accelerators work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do particle accelerators work?

You are right: they use magnets. And you are also right that they cannot move particles with no charge. Electrons and protons have negative and positive charges, respectively, so they can be zoomed along, but neutrons, no charge, no move. If you want to smash things into neutrons you just make the neutrons a stationary target. Or you can use ~~Beta~~ alpha particles, which consist of two protons and two neutrons (and yes, that's a helium nucleus) so the protons have a charge and the particle can be zoomed. As far as making the particles hit each other, they don't just zoom one particle and try to hit another single particle. They zoom a whole stream of particles and then spray the stream at the target, or spray two streams at each other, and watch for collisions. How they see the smashes is another whole deal, but you didn't ask about that! 8p


Question: . What does adding sugar to gas tank do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . What does adding sugar to gas tank do?

Nothing special, there's no chemical reaction, it just clogs up the filters. Sugar doesn't dissolve in gasoline so it's about the same as addng dirt.


Question: What is a “think tank” and how do they make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a “think tank” and how do they make money?

Think tank is not a precise term, but generally they are incorporated as not for profits. So they only need to cover their expenses and set aside something for the future. Unlike a for profit corporation, there are no investors or shareholders to be paid. Some think tanks are essentially fronts for political parties or advocacy groups. These exist to put out policy papers that support the position of their key benefactor. Others, however, do substantive research and are independent. These groups get revenues from grants and from consulting contracts. So let’s say some major foundation wants to improve healthcare in the US. They may hire a think tank to research a specific topic and develop recommendations. Source: I hired a think tank to help us with a local problem.


Question: How is NASA sending commends to a probe that is 13 billion miles away from the Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is NASA sending commends to a probe that is 13 billion miles away from the Earth?

Radio and other electro magnetic waves can travel pretty much forever in space. We can see stars that are billions of light years away for example. There is the problem of getting the signal to to escape the interference of Earth's magnetic field, but we have the technology to do that for decades, the first radio signal that left the atmosphere was the part of the 1936 Olympics. and to receive data we need an antenna sensitive enough to pick the signal up from background noise, which again has existed for decades. The real engineering problem with the distances involved is that the signal will take time to reach the probe, and the probes signal will take time to reach us, this problem is solved by designing a probe to need as little input from the ground as possible for normal operation.


Question: How can a plant seed sprout life after being stored for years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a plant seed sprout life after being stored for years?

When a seed is stored it doesn't have everything it needs to start growing (germinate). When it gets the rest of the things it needs, water being one of them, then it starts growing. Think of it like plugging batteries into a toy that has no off switch. Without the batteries it just sits there. Once you plug the batteries in it turns on and doesn't stop.


Question: Why do saltwater fish need salt in the water and freshwater fish the opposite?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do saltwater fish need salt in the water and freshwater fish the opposite?

It's due to (you guessed it) [the salt]( URL_0 ). Fish need to regulate how much salt is in their bodies, and fish that live in freshwater have adapted to keep salt in while fish in salt water have adapted to keep salt out. If you switch this up on them, their salt balances are out of whack in ways they haven't evolved to fix, resulting in health complications.


Question: Why do some farmers plant crops in big circles, rather than sticking with squares or rectangles? Aren't they losing ~21.5% of crop area?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some farmers plant crops in big circles, rather than sticking with squares or rectangles? Aren't they losing ~21.5% of crop area?

area isn't the limiting factor in places they use center pivot irrigation. It may be water, it may be labor, it may be transportation.