Question: Why are nut allergys so much more common than other food allergies such as egg and stuff?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are nut allergys so much more common than other food allergies such as egg and stuff?

In short - nobody really knows - but there is ongoing research. An allergic reaction is simply a bodies way of "not being able to handle" a certain protein in something, nuts (but usualyl more specifically peanuts) have a protein that more and more people are becoming allergic to. **There are only theories at this stage, and they really are only theories at best. Some say:** * It's due to our increased consumption of these food items * It's due to not consuming enough of these food items at times during pregnancy or development * Large shift to processed foods ruining our dietary needs. * People protecting their kids from bacteria / dirty environments to excess. etc. But there definitely is nothing solid as of yet.


Question: What does it actually mean when one declares bankruptcy? What happens after bankruptcy is declared?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it actually mean when one declares bankruptcy? What happens after bankruptcy is declared?

This depends on the jurisdiction. However, broadly speaking, bankruptcy is a declaration that a company or individual can no longer meet their financial obligations. Another words, they've run out of cash and will no longer be able to pay their debts. In the case of a company, an administrator is appointed by the courts, who will assess the damage and begin the process of repaying the creditors. They will liquidate everything if that's what's needed to ensure the creditors are repaid. If there isn't enough to do that, then... tough. If there's evidence of fraud, the administrator will investigate this as well and, if necessary, criminal proceedings will be initiated. Declaring bankruptcy is the nuclear option. It's the end-game. But it is a way to wipe the slate clean.


Question: Why are carbohydrates edible but hydrocarbons are toxic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are carbohydrates edible but hydrocarbons are toxic?

It is about the connectivibility of the molecules. The Oxygen means that Carbohydrates are stable, large molecules that only bond with difficulties, so they safely can be processed by your body in a slow and controlled manner. Hydrocarbons are small and reactive molecules that like to bond with a lot of stuff, in that process ripping oxygen and other things out of your cells in an uncontrolled manner, damaging you.


Question: How exactly does alcohol damage the liver?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does alcohol damage the liver?

in long term, Alcohol (ethanol), which naturally through the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and then by aldehyde dehydrogenase will be metabolized (or you could say; converted) into acetic acid, which is basic kitchen vinegar. Acetic acid is then converted into CO2 \+ H2O (acetic acid itself is rather more non\-toxic compared to aldehyde) the enzyme which converts this ethanol to acetaldehyde and then acetic acid, uses NAD\+ in the process and its byproducts are NADH This of course would increase the number of NADH while depleting NAD\+ right? this imbalance of higher NADH causes your liver to start producing fatty acids, which after awhile accumulates and form glycerol, which also accumulate and then forms Triglycerides. And... where does this triglycerides stored? the liver of course. Having too much triglycerides inside your liver aren't good (similar with any substance, too much of something is never good), as it could cause inflammation in the liver tissue, as well with acetaldehyde which is hepato\-toxic (toxic to the liver) and NADH itself could leads to oxidative stress. Hence, damage to the liver cells, resulting in hepatitis. Similar to other hepatitis, it could progress to cirrhosis of the liver (or as the inflammation become chronic, the liver is scarred). And like many cirrhosis, there's a higher risk of progressing to liver cancer.


Question: Why do some drugs such as Trazodone/Gabapentin calm or put you to sleep at lower doses yet have opposite effects at higher doses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some drugs such as Trazodone/Gabapentin calm or put you to sleep at lower doses yet have opposite effects at higher doses?

Edit: I thought I was in the r/askscience sub lmfao sorry I am not a scientist but I have wondered the same thing before so I did a little research. Take anything I say with a grain of salt; just trying my hand at this. > Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, the main pharmacological action of trazodone is blockade of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (1mg of trazodone roughly blocked half of brain 5-HT2A receptors). Increasing trazodone dose (50mg) causes antagonism on histamine H1 and α1-adrenergic receptors. The blocking of the 5-HT2A, histamine H1, and alpha receptors is thought to produce the hypnotic effect reported for low doses of trazodone (25–100mg).11 At these low doses, trazodone induces and maintains sleep without causing daytime drowsiness or tolerance, mainly because of its short half-life (3–6 hours). [Source]( URL_0 ) I found this info on trazadone but haven’t looked into the other substances you mentioned yet. So what I took away from this is that while the exact mechanism of action of trazadone is still unknown, we DO know that only as little as 1mg of it can produce the hypnotic effects that combat insomnia. Also, at higher doses trazadone will act as an antagonist to the histamine H1 and a1 adrenic receptors. This is where it goes over my head but I think that the interference of one or both of these receptors could produce an effect on your body that makes the hypnotic effect less viable. I believe agonism of the histamine receptor causes hypotension so the antagonist response could be hypertension which in turn would make it harder to fall asleep. I have no idea what antagonism of the adrenic receptor would constitute. Another substance that works better at lower doses is Melatonin btw. I hope someone more qualified than myself comes along to answer your questions! :)


Question: why are rainbows only curved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are rainbows only curved?

Rainbows are actually circular but because we see them from the ground we typically only see half of them. If you view a rainbow from an airplane you can see the whole circle. But why? Light spreads out a bit, and it does so consistently and evenly. Consider a flashlight shining on a wall ten feet away: the small circle of light spreads out into a large circle of light. That's sort of what we're seeing in a rainbow, that expanded circle of light as it passes through airborne water.


Question: How do scientists know that the different layers (e.g. the mantle or the core) of the Earth exist, and how do they know what can be found in the layers if humans haven’t dug that far yet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists know that the different layers (e.g. the mantle or the core) of the Earth exist, and how do they know what can be found in the layers if humans haven’t dug that far yet?

Earthquakes and seismographs. By having labs set up all over the planet that record and study how shockwaves travel through the planet, you can use that info to calculate the density of the various layers and how they change. Different materials have different densities, so you can work backwards to that.


Question: Why are so many 'Official' youtube music videos from 2000-2010 in 360p or 240p?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are so many 'Official' youtube music videos from 2000-2010 in 360p or 240p?

Because that's the best the average person's internet connection could muster back in the day.


Question: How can prosthetic limbs be controlled with our brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can prosthetic limbs be controlled with our brain?

Same way your actual limbs function really. You're able to control your body through electrical signs sent from your brain throughout your nervous system, a functioning/responsive prosthetic arm will act according to those electrical currents. Needless to say, it wasn't exactly a simple/easy invention and took quite a lot of studying & breakthroughs on our knowledge of the nervous system. E: This is getting disliked? oO Guys I know this is "explain like I'm five" but... You're not actually five right? Not all things can be explain that simply lol.


Question: What's the thing in berry juices (specifically cranberry) that make your tongue feel dry as an aftertaste sorta effect?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the thing in berry juices (specifically cranberry) that make your tongue feel dry as an aftertaste sorta effect?

Proanthocyanidin is a bitter chemical found in cranberry juice. It’s also thought to be the reason in which we use CJ as a solution for urinary tract infections. Because of its bitter and acidic taste, it was believed that it provided an acidic environment in the urine, which didn’t allow for bacterial growth. It wasn’t until recently that we know it actually causes the bacteria to lose grip on the side wall of the tract, causing them to be expelled in the urine more easily. In the end, it’s bitter because it’s filled with proanthocyanidins.


Question: How do cultures without electricity store their crops to prevent winter starvation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do cultures without electricity store their crops to prevent winter starvation?

Grains and legumes (beans, peas, lentils etc) can be stored for years in a dry place. They just need to be turned over occasionally. In a wet climate, they would use rooms or vessels that were raised up from the floor, so that moisture can't get up. Vegetables were often salted, or fermented to turn sugar into acid like sauerkraut and kimchi. Some vegetables such as onions and carrots can also simply be left out in the field during winter. There are also some which simply last for a long time without spoiling, for example red cabbage. In warm climates, it was also common to dry some fruit until they became so acidic or sweet that they didn't spoil. For example dates, figs and persimmons. And once sugar became abundant, they could be preserved with sugar. Meat and fish meanwhile were often salted and dried. If the weather wasn't warm enough for that, they could hang the meat under the roof, where the warm air from the fire pit dried and smoked it. They could also use more salt instead of heat, which was used a lot by scandinavian fishers, who exported their catch all across Europe.


Question: how is this possible or where is the math wrong?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is this possible or where is the math wrong?

1/3 does not equal 0.33333, it equals 0.3333333333... forever. Same deal with 2/3. It equals 0.666666666666... forever. And 0.9999999999... forever really does equal 1.


Question: would sodium chloride gas conduct electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 would sodium chloride gas conduct electricity?

As far as I remember, sodium chloride gas does not exist as Na^+ and Cl^- ions, but rather a mix of a monomer (NaCl) and a dimer (Na*_2_*Cl*_2_*), and therefor the elctrons aren't free to move like they are in a Na^+ Cl^- solution


Question: How do child/young teen actors in shows like Game of Thrones get to view their work with all the nudity and killing in the episodes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do child/young teen actors in shows like Game of Thrones get to view their work with all the nudity and killing in the episodes?

It's pretty much at the parent's discretion just like anything else. Source: Knew a child actor


Question: What happend to the 78% Nitrogen in the air that we breathe in? Does it get into our blood via diffusion the same way Oxygen does?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happend to the 78% Nitrogen in the air that we breathe in? Does it get into our blood via diffusion the same way Oxygen does?

There is nothing like hemoglobin to specifically carry nitrogen in blood, so what little of it dissolves in blood plasma has no effect. It only becomes significant when diving because the pressure is much higher and more of it dissolves in blood - nitrogen causes drunkness-like effect and could form bubbles in blood vessels when pressure is reduced too quickly.


Question: Why is exercise healthy for you when your body is screaming not to do it, ie if you feel like crap and are depressed and exhausted, isn't then massive amounts of sedentary rest better - listening to your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is exercise healthy for you when your body is screaming not to do it, ie if you feel like crap and are depressed and exhausted, isn't then massive amounts of sedentary rest better - listening to your body?

Your body doesn't "know" what is good and what is healthy, it has just simply evolved some rudimentary methods of getting what it needs to keep going in the short term. But if you have a disorder or condition, such as clinical depression, then by definition your body (on the whole) isn't working correctly.


Question: Why is brown sugar always "wet"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is brown sugar always "wet"?

Brown sugar is just regular white sugar with molasses in it, molasses is just really refined cane sugar syrup, and when added together it makes the mixture damp, not necessarily “wet”. You want brown sugar to stay damp for different baking needs and that’s why they are always added in with the eggs and wet ingredients.


Question: When a woman cries, why does it have a powerful effect on men?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a woman cries, why does it have a powerful effect on men?

Human instinct makes us alert when we hear a high-pitched sound such as a woman crying, kids screaming or cries of a dying animal. It's similar to the "fight or flight" instinct and takes advantage of our muscle memory. The ears let the brain know something dangerous is afoot. The shot of adenaline makes us more perceptive, more engaged with our environment. When that excitement is coupled with compassion for another person, the resulting energy is naturally redirected into making that person feel better. You might try to console that person by letting them "vent", or cheer them up with laughter or encouragement. At the end of the day, you could say it's simply a matter of human empathy.


Question: What causes wind? What determines how strong or weak wind is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes wind? What determines how strong or weak wind is?

A difference in the earth warning So the earth, when hit by the sun, doesn’t warm at the same speed. So say you’re on the coast on a sunny day, once the sun comes up the land and the water start warming up, and in turn warming up the air above it. The land heats up faster, and warms up the air above land faster. This causes this air to rise up, because hot gases rise, this rising air has to be replaced, so air that isn’t as hot from over the water flows in to replace the rising air, because it hasn’t heated up as much over the water. This air flow is wind. This is obviously a general example. But that is the gist of how all winds work, a difference in air temperature and pressure that causes some air to rise and other air to flow in and replace it.


Question: how does grass(and plants in general) come back year after year after dying? And also, where does grass seed come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does grass(and plants in general) come back year after year after dying? And also, where does grass seed come from?

I live in “the grass seed capitol of the world!” (Oregon) and there are hundreds of thousands of acres devoted to growing grass. It’s harvested for seed and hay. But the grass doesn’t “die” it just goes dormant.


Question: Why do pop rocks pop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do pop rocks pop?

They're carbonated, just like soda. While they're being manufactured, pressurized carbon dioxide is forced into the molten candy syrup. When you eat pop rocks, each bubble rapidly depressurizes and makes a popping sound as it does so.


Question: what is the difference between a jungle and a rainforest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between a jungle and a rainforest?

A jungle is a general description of an area (normally warm with high rainfall) that has dense vegetation and is therefore hard to make your way through. It's not a description of an actual ecosystem, though. A rainforest is an actual ecosystem. Like a jungle, it is often warm with high rainfall, but it has a canopy of very high trees which blocks out most of the sun. Therefore, there's not a lot of vegetation on the ground in a rainforest. Basically - a jungle has a lot of stuff happening at the bottom and a rainforest has a lot of stuff happening in its canopy of trees.


Question: Why some websites don't work without www.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why some websites don't work without www.?

www. Is just a sub domain to your main domain. So while Google has URL_0 , they can also have www. URL_0 , maps. URL_0 or anything. URL_0 . The problem is in the earlier days, people would stick www in front of their domain to represent their public World Wide Web presence. It because standard practice even though it was technically unnecessary. These days, most websites skip the www and go for the cleaner, shorter, non-www website url and just redirect www requests to their non-www website. Some websites do the redirect wrong or simply forget. And that is how you end up with websites that work with only www or non-www. Hope that explains it enough. Still working on my coffee here :-)


Question: why does predicting things in space (outside the planet) seem to be a lot easier than predicting weather on Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does predicting things in space (outside the planet) seem to be a lot easier than predicting weather on Earth?

There aren’t that many variables in deep space. There’s only a few nearby objects massive enough to exert meaningful gravitational influence and so things move very much like clockwork. Eclipses and transits can be predicted with extreme accuracy many years in advance. Weather is a much more complicated system driven by fluid dynamics and thermodynamics in gases and liquids on a planetary scale. It’s not a dozen cosmic billiard balls moving in circles, it’s a nearly infinite number of molecules sloshing around unpredictably.


Question: How are we able to predict the weather ahead of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to predict the weather ahead of time?

Past observation of similar weather patterns and convergence extrapolated into future forms based on known measures (e.g. rising or dropping pressure, speed of movement of high/low weather patterns) etc.


Question: What causes dandruff and what can cure it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes dandruff and what can cure it?

If I’m not mistaken dandruff is a fungal infection on your scalp that feeds on the oils your hair/scalp produces. Head and shoulders has a medication that strips the oil out of your scalp effectively taking away their food supply.


Question: How did the Vikings and other seafarers of yore manage to sail to specific locations (ports, beaches) when the compasses they had only indicated direction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the Vikings and other seafarers of yore manage to sail to specific locations (ports, beaches) when the compasses they had only indicated direction?

Most "seafarers of yore" overwhelmingly tried to keep within sight of a coastline whenever they could. In situations where this wasn't possible, they referred to the stars, ocean currents, and (when available) compasses. Vikings were pretty good at this, Polynesians were *great*. It is hard to overstate just how important the invention of reliable timekeeping was to navigation. Once you know the math, you can reckon your latitude pretty easily from the sun and stars, but calculating longitude without time or landmarks is **really hard**. Shortly before naval chronometers really took off, one competing plan was to set up beacon stations which set off fireworks, every hour, **across the entire ocean**. Fortunately (unfortunately?), this plan was never implemented.


Question: Air weighs 14 pounds per square inch, yet we don't feel it crushing us. The notion that internal pressure somehow acts as a counterbalance just seems to mean that we're being crushed in both directions. Shouldn't we feel this massive weight on us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Air weighs 14 pounds per square inch, yet we don't feel it crushing us. The notion that internal pressure somehow acts as a counterbalance just seems to mean that we're being crushed in both directions. Shouldn't we feel this massive weight on us?

If it helps, we're already "crushed." Our species evolved on this planet; we evolved "resistance to crushing of 14.7 psi_a" as part of the process, because otherwise our ancestors would've died. With regard to the physics, most of our body is water, which is relatively incompressible, so that's not a hazard. What the barometric/atmosphere pressure *does* push on is the pockets of air in our lungs. Coincidentally, those pockets of air are *also* at about 14.7 psi_a (except we're actively breathing in/out), so the net force of the atmosphere on our lungs is basically zero. This means that there's no crushing at all; both sides being pushed the same means no net force to collapse our lungs. And our bodily structures, as mentioned above, evolved to survive that pressure, so they won't be damaged. Hence, we are crushed into a ball by outside pressure because we have internal pressure to resist it, and our individual cells/parts don't get crushed because they are individually strong enough to resist this pressure.


Question: What is Graham's number, and what's its use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Graham's number, and what's its use?

Graham's Number was, at the time, the largest finite number ever used in a mathematics proof. The problem it attempted to address was a branch of Ramsey Theory, which deals largely with when "order" happens. A simple analogy might be the beginning stages of Facebook. How big could a school and its userbase be such that it is guaranteed that, for instance, any two people have 5 mutual friends? Things of this nature. When does an arbitrary system develop order? The number itself came about as an extension of a toe of notation that focused on exponents. In much the same way adding 3+3+3 is 3*3, Graham used a similar method for something called "Arrow Notation" which is a shorthand for exponents raised to exponents. After using this notation, he created a sequence whereby each new value in the sequence had the previous value of arrows in its notation. This leads to fundamentally absurd values far larger than anything that could exist now. Graham's number is, I think, the 64th number in that sequence. It is considered the upper bound to the problem he was trying to solve; interestingly, the lower bound was 6. To understand how massive this number is, here's some perspective: Irrational numbers, like pi, are written as 3.14.... and so on, for as many digits as we care to specify. Graham's number works in reverse. It's notated as .....7 because we know for sure it ends in 7. We don't know what it starts with, and there's no real way to know, because if we were to try and write this number in a font so small a character is the Planck Length high, we would run out of room in the observable universe. It's hilariously big, but has some kind of provable application. Thus its infamy.


Question: If a country is at war and another government blows up your property, what is your remedy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a country is at war and another government blows up your property, what is your remedy?

There is war insurance, yes, and it's the kind of thing you'd want if you have big-ticket assets. There is also terrorism insurance (now).


Question: Why are American children not taught anything about finances, stocks, or money management in grade/middle/high school?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are American children not taught anything about finances, stocks, or money management in grade/middle/high school?

Some of these factors change, regularly. Spending a lot of time talking about the specific products used to finance a retirement, is going to go over the head of many of the students, and by the time they reach an age where they will actually start making plans the products available may have changed. Some concepts such as compound interest, which is the fundamental piece in talking about investment gains and the risk of debt is taught in most math classes. In addition depending on the options you take you may take business or accounting classes that go into depth on some of these topics. Bottom line is that most people remember very little of what they are taught in high school. That isn't the point of school, it is to learn how to learn. If you learn those skills at an appropriate level, learning personal finance concepts on your own at appropriate times is quite easy.


Question: How do computer frames work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do computer frames work?

Yup. The mac address is mostly for the sender and receiver to identify each other, and is needed for doing things like NAT which is what allows 20 computers in a house to share one up address. But the ip address is what important for routing, so routers have to be able to read and interpret ip headers. They also do a small bit of math to calculate the frame check, but it's simple math that doesn't use much more processing power than just receiving data on one port and transmitting it in another. Most routers are also capable of limited interpretation of the ip packets data as well, at least identifying things like port number or http requests for quality of service and filtering.


Question: Are arcs made by projectiles always symmetrical?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are arcs made by projectiles always symmetrical?

If you're in an entry physics course then yes they absolutely are, but this only holds true for spherical chickens in a vacuum. In your physics class if you solved for the optimum angle to send the projectile the furthest it would come out to be 45 degrees. For real projectiles though they'll lose speed(mostly horizontal) as time goes on so the firing arc is long and flatter until it reaches the peak and then the projectile will fall "faster" than it rose initially as it has lost a lot of horizontal speed. If you throw something relatively light at a high angle you'll see it move forward for a while, but eventually it begins to fall almost straight down because it has lost most of its horizontal speed to air resistance. If you throw something small and dense like a ball of iron you'll see that its path closely matches what you see in physics class because the impact of air resistance on a small heavy object is negligible


Question: Currencies of smaller nations vs $, €, £, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Currencies of smaller nations vs $, €, £, etc?

In the context of Scotland it matters having your own currency as it effects your economy greatly. Ok so say Scotland went with it's own currency the *?* let's say. And on day one it's decided "well we will set the exchange rate to *?*1 = £1. So that's ok everything in Scotland costs the same, if every day you buy a drink from the shop that is imported from England before scotex it cost you £1, now cost you *?*1. But then oil prices plummet and the exchange rate changes so now *?*1 = £0.50. It still costs the shop £1 to buy. But it costs you *?*2 as that's how many *?* it takes to buy something for £1. Your wages haven't gone up so suddenly your buying power is diminished. Multiply this by the 1000's of imported products and you see how costs go up for everyone in Scotland. This in turn means for people to have a decent wage they employers need to pay more. But that pushes the cost of scottish goods up at home. This devalued the currency further. And the cycles continues. This can lead to economy's spiralling downward out of control with imports getting ever more expensive. I'm not saying this would happen but it's what people fear. The opposite could happen and the *?* soars upward but then the cost of exporting goods upward and can cause problems as now Scotland cannot sell goods and can cause the economy to crash from unemployment. It's a bit of a mine field really.


Question: What is the difference between digital and analog audio?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between digital and analog audio?

OK, here's a really ELI5: Sound travels in waves. Tie a jump rope to a fence and wave it up and down; the shape of the rope will resemble a sound wave. Now imagine you could freeze time, and you wanted to build a copy of the rope's shape, but you only had bricks. So, you take your bricks, and start to stack them up under the rope. Some times you'll only need a couple of bricks; sometimes you may need to pile them up 10 or 12 high to touch the rope. After a while, if you step back a bit from your work, you can see how the piles of bricks look *very much*, but not exactly, the shape of the rope. The rope is the "analog" wave form, while the bricks are the "digital representation". The analog wave is *continuous* - the rope's height above the ground can have any value between, say 2 inches and 4 feet. The digital representation is *discrete* - it can only be 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. number of bricks. It can't be 3.867 bricks. Analog systems capture the continuous wave. The groove in a record - do 5 year olds even know what those are anymore? - is a long continuous wiggle that copies the original sound wave. This is actually fairly simple to do - the first records were made of wax, with the platter rotating while a needle, driven by a microphone, made the groove on the surface. This is an analog to analog process. Digital systems try to recreate the original wave by using standard sized pieces to fill in the space beneath the wave, just as we did with the rope. But how wide, and how tall, should each of these pieces be? This is beyond ELI5, but there was a smart guy named Nyquist who figured out that to completely capture all the information in the original wave, it needs to be sampled at twice its highest frequency. This tells us how "wide" the bricks need to be. For example, if the highest frequency in the wave was 4000 cycles per second, then we would need 8000 samples, so our 'bricks' have to be 1/8000 of a second wide. The height of the bricks are is a function of how many digital bits in each brick. If you use 8 bits, you can get 2^8 = 256 levels. If you use 16, you get 2^16 = 65,336 levels. If you use more bits, it makes the bricks less high, so you can squeeze the brick piles closer to the actual wave, and so sound more like the original. Note the digital process requires an analog-to-digital conversion at the input, and then a digital-to-~~audio~~analog conversion at the output. There are some - Neil Young comes to mind - who believe that this distorts and ruins the original recording; others don't notice it. finally, and this is way beyond ELI5, digital techniques like Adaptive-predictive Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM), use clever math and engineering tricks to get the sound even closer to the original, while using less bandwidth. EDIT: Thanks for all the kind comments and awards. Thanks also to those who corrected the minor errors, and expanded on some of the stuff I left out. EDIT EDIT: To all the longitudinal wave fans. yes, you're right. So am I. A sound wave can be represented as a two-dimensional signal on an oscilloscope, and it was that representation I was referring to. I elided the silly scope reference because it's ELI5.


Question: What is actually happening to an electron inside of an atom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is actually happening to an electron inside of an atom?

Short answer: ¯\\\_(ツ)\_/¯ Slightly longer answer: There's an ongoing debate in physics as to what exactly a "wave function" is in real-world terms. I think the usual explanation is that an electron's orbital is the sum of all of the statistical probabilities of where it might be at any given moment; but that's not precisely true because it still suggests that the electron is a single, discrete point that moves from place to place. And it's probably not that. We know that electrons exhibit behaviors characteristic of both waves and particles in particular circumstances, and we know which to expect in some of those circumstances. But there's a whole lot about them we still can't explain.


Question: Why is it often advised to unplug an electronic device for a few minutes to resolve an issue? How does unplugging it (instead of restarting it) make a difference? E.g. Smart TVs

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it often advised to unplug an electronic device for a few minutes to resolve an issue? How does unplugging it (instead of restarting it) make a difference? E.g. Smart TVs

Every electronic device with a microprocessor, will have a memory cache. This cache is constantly sending and receiving data to and from the processor, and acts as a buffer for the data as it cannot be processed all at once. The data in these memory caches is subject to malformation and corruption, often resulting in operational errors of the device. The only way of clearing these caches, is to stop the flow of power / electricity to them.


Question: What happens biologically in our brains that makes repetition stick ideas in our minds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens biologically in our brains that makes repetition stick ideas in our minds?

Information is stored in the brain through connections between neurons. A connection between two neurons becomes stronger when one neuron consistently activates another (such as by doing something multiple times). On a chemical level, this “connection” is the sharing of signaling chemicals. A stronger connection means the signaling path between those specific neurons is easier/faster and thus we remember it better. Muscle memory works the same way, but also involves connections with neurons that attach to muscles.


Question: Why do(Non social) hamsters immediately launch themselves at other hamsters aggressively on sight, but are okay with human hands coming near them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do(Non social) hamsters immediately launch themselves at other hamsters aggressively on sight, but are okay with human hands coming near them?

Imagine you live in a place where you have to fight to survive. You have to scare/maim/kill other people to get food. That's the hamster vs hamster. Now if a giant 300x your size comes along and starts reaching for you, you're gonna freeze up and hope it hasn't seen you because you don't have a snowball's chance in hell of doing anything to it. That's hamster vs human.


Question: Why does an applause eventually synchronize?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does an applause eventually synchronize?

Pressure. If I see one person clapping, I might think, "meh" and sit. Someone is going to start clapping with that person most likely (in certain places). Now, I have the pressure of two people subliminally telling me to clap. The reason it takes a long time is because the number of people clapping increases in a somewhat exponential way. 1, 2, 4, 8, etc.


Question: how does illegal Indian bookmakers and match fixing in Cricket work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does illegal Indian bookmakers and match fixing in Cricket work?

A bookmaker doesn't necessarily place bets, they put out odds and receive bets from other people. If they receive a large number of bets on one side of the 'line' as it's called they can benefit by fixing the results so they make a lot more money than they pay out. Legitimate bookmakers make money on the payout margins. For instance two equal teams will have lines that look like -110 ML which means you'll make \~$0.91 per dollar bet if your team wins. If the bookmaker puts out 'fair' odds you can reasonably expect half of betters to bet for either team which means they make money regardless of who wins. Match fixers will put out lines that 'encourage' people to bet more heavily on one side of the line so that the fixed result will earn them more.


Question: Why does a referee whistle sound louder with a pea than without?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a referee whistle sound louder with a pea than without?

The pea causes pulses of whistle. Notice how the pea causes a wharbled tone rather than a constant tone? Each pulse gets a little time to build pressure before the tone is emmited.


Question: Why do fish die after short periods of immobility?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do fish die after short periods of immobility?

Fish blood needs to contain oxygen, and water contains oxygen. The concentration at which oxygen exists inside blood and water varies. Fish use oxygen and convert it into water as a result of various processes, so they need to get more oxygen from the water. Concentrations tend to stabilise to create an average. If you were to fill a semi-permeable membrane with fish blood and put it in a jar of water, the blood would start off low oxygen and the water would start off high oxygen, but eventually the levels of oxygen within the blood and water would become the same. This is how fish get oxygen - they rely on there being more oxygen in the water than in their blood, so that oxygen moves into the blood across the gills. However, this process also reduces the amount of oxygen in the water. Since levels always stabilise, the less oxygen that is in the water, the less oxygen the fish can absorb from it. Fish use an interesting mechanism called counter-current that allows them to absorb even more oxygen from the water, and this relies on the direction the fish is moving. Blood is pumped through the gills backwards, and water enters them forwards. This means that the very low oxygen blood entering the gills at the beginning is meeting the low oxygen water about to exit the gills. A little bit of oxygen enters the blood. As the blood flows through, it moves forwards and comes into contact with newer and newer water - and newer water contains more oxygen - so that each stage it takes a little bit of oxygen out of the water until it has lots of oxygen. When a fish isn't moving, this counter-current can't occur, so the amount of oxygen they can take in reduces dramatically. The water can also become stagnant, so that new, high-oxygen water isn't reaching the gills as frequently. To demonstrate, I'm going to use some numbers. Lets say that when fish blood enters the gills, it has 2 points of oxygen, and when water enters the gills, it has 22 points of oxygen. In a stagnant environment, the oxygen moves so that the blood and water both have 12 points of oxygen. Then, the fish uses the oxygen in the blood for various things, and the blood comes back to the gills with 2 points of oxygen. The water only has 12 oxygen this time, so it stabilises to 7 points of oxygen in the blood and 7 in the water (14 total units, and it equalises to half in each). Then it goes round again and comes in with 2 oxygen, which stabilises to just 4.5 oxygen. And this process continues until the water has 2 oxygen and the fish can't take any oxygen in at all. All the while, the amount of oxygen it's gaining is lowering over time, so its ability to do cellular processes that use oxygen is also decreasing. In counter-current, you have lets say 5 different columns of blood/water. Column 1 is where the blood enters and column 5 is where the water enters. Column 0 is the water that leaves the fish, and column 6 is the blood circulating back into the fish: Labels | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 ---|---|----|----|----|----|----|---- Blood Oxygen | - | 2 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 20 Water Oxygen | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 22 | - Net Oxygen Intake | - | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 18 Probably a bit hard to read, but the first line shows that the blood as it goes through the gills constantly gains oxygen, while the second line shows that the water going out of the gills constantly loses oxygen. Overall, thanks to counter-current, the blood ends up gaining 18 points of oxygen. If the water didn't flow through the gill (for example because the fish is stationary), then this counter-current wouldn't occur and the fish would only gain 10 points of oxygen (because there's 24 points total and 12 end up in the blood instead of 18). TL;DR: A fish that doesn't move doesn't get enough oxygen.


Question: What are free radicals and how do they harm us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are free radicals and how do they harm us?

Chemical bonds (typically) need two electrons. These are often called an electron pair. A free radical is an atom or molecule that has an unpaired electron. The can be made is many ways, UV light is one way, it is very high energy and can break a bond in half leaving free radicals. Oxidants are another way, they are very reactive and can break bonds too, leaving a radical behind. Hydrogen peroxide is a common example. Free radicals really want to pair up their free electron, so they react with other atoms and molecules, but often leave behind a new radical in their place. They are harmful to us when they breakdown DNA or proteins - causing cancer. Antioxidants also called reductants can help. There are natural antioxidant molecules in our cells. Vitamin E is a common example. Though it is unclear how much taking supplements helps us.


Question: Does exercising in a hot room burn more calories? Are they "real" calories burned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does exercising in a hot room burn more calories? Are they "real" calories burned?

Yes it does because your body has to work harder to get rid of the heat (which actually takes a lot more than you think it would take). However studies have shown that heat also makes people think they are working harder than they actually are, so they don't "push the limit" as much and often end up burning *less* calories overall due to easing up in intensity. As other posters have noted, most weight lost by things like "hot yoga" actually is water loss through sweat and comes back once you rehydrate.


Question: why is charcoal better then just normal wood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is charcoal better then just normal wood?

Charcoal is wood that is burnt with insufficient oxygen to burn it completely. This has two effects: 1. There is a loss of moisture from the wood because the heat releases it. 2. Many substances in the wood, especially wood fibers break down into substances that burn hotter and quicker. You should realise that charcoal is lighter than wood. 1 kg of wood will produce only about 0.5 kg of charcoal...it's like you've concentrated the wood to some extent. Because of all this, charcoal is a much better fuel per kilogram than wood is.


Question: Why do we sometimes sweat when we aren't hot or exercising?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we sometimes sweat when we aren't hot or exercising?

Heat is continually lost from the body by evaporation from the skins surface even when there is no sweating and sweating is effective only as long as the sweat is evaporating. Evaporation is dependant on a few things such as the pressure gradient between the liquid and the environment. If the pressure difference doesn't allow for the sweat to be evaporated then it begins to build up on the skins surface which is the point where it becomes noticeably uncomfortable.


Question: Why do grizzly bears leave humans alone if they pretend to be dead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do grizzly bears leave humans alone if they pretend to be dead?

I've never had "the pleasure" but have read stories and heard one first hand account of playing dead. They will likely not see you as a threat but they don't EXACTLY leave you alone either. They will sniff, swat and push on you and your life may well depend on your ability to not react to any investigative injuries you might endure. A 600 lb. bear claw can do some damage even if not intended. My friend said he almost gagged and barfed at the bear's breath as it was smelling around his face.


Question: Why do large amounts of clear water look blue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do large amounts of clear water look blue?

The water is blue as red, yellow and orange wavelengths of light are absorbed much more than blue wavelength by water. So, the blue wavelength of light is mostly reflected back, and this light reaches our eyes, giving the sensation of clear blue water. Hope I could help ;)


Question: How exactly does a prism separate the different wavelengths of white light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does a prism separate the different wavelengths of white light?

A prism simply bends the light (refraction). A normal white light consists of all colours of the rainbow each colour of light has a different wavelength and each wavelength of light bends at a different angle than the other. Hence the different wavelength come out at different angles out of the prism glass and land at different positions on the screen or your eye making you see the colours separately


Question: What is a generator in electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a generator in electricity?

It's like an *electron pump* that pushes electrons away from one end and toward the other end. This creates a *voltage* (electric pressure) which is then used to power the flow of electricity through wires and other things.


Question: Who gets money for streaming dead artists like Chopin on Spotify/Tidal etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who gets money for streaming dead artists like Chopin on Spotify/Tidal etc.?

The people who played/recorded it. And a certain amount goes to the heirs, if the composer is deceased less then 70(?) years ago.


Question: Why is Cannabis still illegal in most places?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Cannabis still illegal in most places?

Essentially because of the stigma against it that Boomers still uphold as well as inconsistencies surrounding how to tax it. That, plus here in the US it would take money away from police forces due to the decreased efforts regarding the war on drugs.


Question: Why do cars no longer need the giant antenna on the front to pick up signals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cars no longer need the giant antenna on the front to pick up signals?

Trucks still have them. In passenger cars with plastic bodies the antenna can be hidden. So too in window glass. Additionally receivers are "better" now days because discrete electronics are more sensitive than in the fifties and sixties, so it takes less input signal strength for a digital tuner to operate, meaning some of the antennas can be physically smaller (like 1/4 wave instead of 1/2 wave in length). Plus we don't care abut AM reception much in the U.S. any more and so FM reception is the bigger drive. So the technology has just made the process less intrusive at every level. Even your cell phone has (or can have) an FM radio in it, though it's usually disabled in the U.S. for business reasons (selling you data plans). So really the FM radio antenna has gotten quite small over the years.


Question: How does a mouthwash work and how does it protect the teeth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a mouthwash work and how does it protect the teeth?

The way a mouthwash would protect teeth is by being anti gingival. Yes, preserving the enamel is important, but killing the _anaerobic_ bacteria that cause gum disease is the most effective way of preserving teeth in the long run. Simply killing the 'air breathing' (aerobic) bacteria around the teeth will help oral odor but won't kill the 'air hating' (anaerobic) bacteria (living under the gumline)that cause gum disease and heart disease as well. I am not endorsing any product, yet what has worked well for me is Therabreath Periodontal mouthwash(non prescription), just use any search engine. There may be others that I'm not aware of. If you have the symptoms of gum disease a dentist can write a prescription for a mouthwash containing Chlorohexadine but for only limited use.


Question: how dows Pepsi agree to be joked about in Coke's commercials/product placement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how dows Pepsi agree to be joked about in Coke's commercials/product placement?

Simply referring to a product by its trademarked name is not a violation of that trademark. Indeed, it is what a trademark is there for. So, whether or not Coca-Cola paid for references in that movie, trademark law does not provide PepsiCo (or Coke, for that matter) a right to object to it. It may have been a different matter of the packaging or logos are used, because those are also copyrighted - that is more of a grey area in the law.


Question: Where do deleted files on phones and game consoles go? Does the data completely dissipate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do deleted files on phones and game consoles go? Does the data completely dissipate?

There are programs that can completely scrub data from a hard drive (basically, it goes to the area on the disk where the file was stored and sets everything to 0), but in general, this is not how deleting files work (especially since truly deleting data takes time and effort that the computer could be spending doing the things you actually want it to do). Instead, most files have a header with some amount of metadata (such as file name, how big the file is, etc.). When split up among multiple places on the hard drive, it also contains links to the next part of the file. But, there's also a flag value that, if set to true, means the file's good and usable, while if set to false, marks the file as "deleted." If, while saving a file, a computer comes across a chunk of memory marked as deleted, it will just start writing on top of whatever was there.


Question: Why are games from Japanese developers notoriously difficult/or include a difficulty setting higher than most games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are games from Japanese developers notoriously difficult/or include a difficulty setting higher than most games?

I can't say with certainty, but I would conjecture that it ties into Japanese culture similarly to some of their ridiculously hard game shows. If you've ever seen Ninja Warrior or some of the more obscure Japanese game shows, their difficulty is all kinds of insane.


Question: Why do certain train cars make scratching sounds on train tracks and other train cars don’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain train cars make scratching sounds on train tracks and other train cars don’t?

If each pair of wheels on a train are attached to a single rigid axle and the train goes around the corner, one has to pass over more train track than the other which means one of them has to slide at some point (or an important moving part of the train will break). If each wheel is able to turn independently, there's no need for any of them to slide under normal operation.