Question: Why is Ukraine poor despite fertile land and abundant mineral resources ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Ukraine poor despite fertile land and abundant mineral resources ?

What makes countries rich in these days is industry. Industrial developement needs investment, and to attract investment you need stability. It's sadly a positive feedback because to keep up stability you need wealth. Just like most other ex-soviet countries they still struggle with the aftermath of the economic collapse in the late 80s.


Question: In a medium-sized company with computerized accounting systems, why does it take so long to prepare W-2s and get them out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In a medium-sized company with computerized accounting systems, why does it take so long to prepare W-2s and get them out?

the deadline is Jan 31st. there's no reason to send them out early. so if it's a mature payroll department, and they know it takes them 2 weeks to do it, there's no reason to start them Jan 1st because they got other things to do.


Question: How does DNA matching work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does DNA matching work?

In addition to the more old-fashioned analog method of testing the length of particular bits of the genome through gel electrophoresis, more modern methods that actually sequence the sample DNA *do* actually yield a (massive) string of letters. These letters, A, T, C and G, represent the four nucleobases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine) that encode information in DNA. The chemistry behind how a bunch of small molecules can encode huge amounts of information is something for a different post, which I'm sure has been asked and answered on this sub before. All you need to know is that similarly to how a computer can store information as a long string of zeroes and ones, DNA does something very similar but with 4 possibilities per place along the string instead. And just like you could have a computer compare two strings of binary information and calculate a % match, you can do the same with sequenced DNA.


Question: How is Pi programmed into calculators?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Pi programmed into calculators?

They don't need to put in the whole number. They just have to put it in to the point where the next digit won't change much at all. After the tenth digit of pi for example not much will change in your calculation.


Question: How does radon accumulate (in a basement or in bedrock/soil) when the naturally-occurring radon isotope only has a half-life of 4 days?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does radon accumulate (in a basement or in bedrock/soil) when the naturally-occurring radon isotope only has a half-life of 4 days?

Basically there's always some Radon floating around, but generally not very much Radon is primary created by the decay of Radium in the ground which turns into gaseous Radon. If you happen to have cracks in your foundation and live in an area with elevated Radium levels then Radon from the surrounding soil can enter the basement, and since basements tend to have poor air flow it will "accumulate" there, basically this means that your basement is always sitting at a reasonably high level of radon, not that it will keep increasing over time. It'll strike a balance between the production/leakage into the basement, and the decay of the Radon in the basement


Question: How do phone apps that pay you to play work? Are they any safe? My guess is no, but I'm still curious.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do phone apps that pay you to play work? Are they any safe? My guess is no, but I'm still curious.

Usually by paying out really low amounts per play and inundating you with ads. So for example you get a $5 amazon gift card for 5,000,000 points, and each ad you watch gets you 50 points. Yes they pay, but by that point you've watched so the same ad so many times (they only seem to have about five that rotate through) that you can feel your brain oozing out of your ears when you get that gift card


Question: Why do we find Elisa Lam's elevator video unsettling?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we find Elisa Lam's elevator video unsettling?

I worked in the mental health system for 10 years. I don't find this unsettling at all. The reason is because I see that she is clearly responding to internal stimulate. If a real person was following her with intent to do harm, we wouldn't have a 4 minute video of hide and seek from inside an elevator. What we are witnessing in the video is someone who has significant difficulty in discerning reality from hallucination. Hence the the long, childlike hide-n-go-seek weirdness rather than fight or flight behavior.


Question: Why does a hot shower make a hangover feel more bearable, and why does it kick right back in when you step out of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a hot shower make a hangover feel more bearable, and why does it kick right back in when you step out of it?

Hot water causes your blood vessels to dialate (open) which decreases the blood pressure which makes your hangover less. Most of a hangover is the dehydration and withdrawal symptoms, one of which is a constricting of blood vessels. So the two cancel out. When you step out of the shower you are no longer getting the heat to cause your blood vessels to relax and they constrict back and bam.... hangover.


Question: Mathematically, what actually is the difference between ordered systems and chaotic systems? And how do you deduce the behavior of a system at all?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Mathematically, what actually is the difference between ordered systems and chaotic systems? And how do you deduce the behavior of a system at all?

There's no hard limit; a chaotic system is just one where it's sensitive to small changes in the initial conditions. What "sensitive" and "small changes" mean is highly dependent on the problem in question.


Question: Why do some words start to look weird if you look at them long enough?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some words start to look weird if you look at them long enough?

Because we tend to take in the word as a whole rather than letter by letter. That's why you can mingle the spoiling qwite markredly wile stall redmayning udderstandable as long as you keep the start and end of the words correct. Once you start to deconstruct them you loose the pattern recognition.


Question: how does Amazon go from 2 day shipping to 1 day shipping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does Amazon go from 2 day shipping to 1 day shipping?

It really comes down to where they have warehouses . Storing the items close to where people are so that when something gets ordered it's really just gonna ship from somewhere close by. Amazon has been devloping their network of warehouses aka the fulfillment centers specifically for this purpose.


Question: Why is it that even Americans that do have health insurance end up with 6 figure bills for cancer treatment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that even Americans that do have health insurance end up with 6 figure bills for cancer treatment?

honestly I'm anticipating downvoting into oblivion or removal of comment but the health care industry in the states is corrupted beyond means. the reason it's 6 figures or higher is because the majority of big medical entities place a value on treatment and medicine and never on the human life. yea, they'd love for you to live but not because they care about your life but they want you to continue living to pay. sick practice here in the states, no pun


Question: Why do coffee makers suggest you start with cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do coffee makers suggest you start with cold water?

Hot water is more likely to pick up minerals from your pipes. It will have a higher metal concentration than cold water, so cold water is "cleaner". Not sure how it impacts the taste of coffee but it is fully reasonable that it could, they are just recommending cleaner water.


Question: How do businesses justify the cost to buy perfectly fine buildings, only to tear them down and build another, slightly different, perfectly fine building?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do businesses justify the cost to buy perfectly fine buildings, only to tear them down and build another, slightly different, perfectly fine building?

In the specific instance of malls there are a lot of decisions around the economics of operating it. One company will expect to have a couple very large 'anchor' tenants with smaller stores for whoever can afford them. A different company could then come in and decide that the economics are different and either can't support that many large spaces, or that there needs to be more large spaces to rent out and make the money they need. For commercial buildings, techniques and materials continue improving. A company expecting to move into a space and put down an 'open concept' office may be stifled by an older building that has too many supports inside. That would require the building to be torn down and replaced. There's a large initial outlay for rebuilding, but often the cost of putting people and operating the building over the course of its life is far larger than the purchase cost. In the case of the commercial building a company might be able to fit 50% more people into the building after rebuilding compared to the old layout. Rebuilding and keeping everyone in the same office could amount to a huge savings over the 20 years that company plans to own the building.


Question: In football (soccer), when a player gets hurt, sometimes you see medics spray something on the area that is hurt. What is that stuff and how does it help?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In football (soccer), when a player gets hurt, sometimes you see medics spray something on the area that is hurt. What is that stuff and how does it help?

I know it as the brand we used in school sports (deep heat spray). It helps relieve pain by increasing blood supply up the affected areas (not sure how that works exactly) URL_0


Question: How do password managers sync passwords between devices without compromising security?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do password managers sync passwords between devices without compromising security?

They sync an encrypted file with the passwords. You still need to decrypt it with your master password in each device.


Question: Why are sweet fruits so inconsistent in quality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are sweet fruits so inconsistent in quality?

Sugars often take a longer time to form in a plant meaning it is important to let them ripen properly. Unfortunatley the realities of distribution and fruit spoilage means that fruits are picked early or stored in coolrooms for large periods of time before reaching us. This can have a large impact on flavour and texture. There would certainly be other factors too. Its hard to completley standardise nature.


Question: How are we able to hear multiple frequencies at once?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to hear multiple frequencies at once?

[This figure should help explain it.]( URL_0 ) A shows 4 waves each with different frequencies and C shows what you get when you combine those waves together. (Ignore B and D). A combination of different sound waves creates a single wave with a unique pattern. So instead of a speaker moving in and out by same amount (wave amplitude) at a steady rate (wave frequency) it does a mixture of varying amplitude and frequency to create one sound wave that sounds like what you get when you combine lots of different sounds. Imagine you ear as the reverse of the speaker. Just like a single speaker can make the combined wave (like shown in C), when a combination of sounds hits your eardrum it will move in and out in a complicated pattern that matches the single wave you get when you add those sounds together. Your eardrum is just a speaker in reverse. Edit: Forgot to mention ears.


Question: Is it a bad idea to buy cheap stocks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it a bad idea to buy cheap stocks?

> If a stock costs $1 and it goes up 10 cents isn’t it the same as a $100 stock going up by $10? I don’t understand why you wouldn’t just buy a ton of cheap stock. Thx Because it can go down and you lose all your money.


Question: What legal authority do private security companies have to hold a person until police arrive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What legal authority do private security companies have to hold a person until police arrive?

I believe it's called a Citizen Arrest. I believe it is legal in most states to hold a suspected criminal until police arrive, but I'm not 100% sure. I know my friend and I captured the people who tried to mug us and kept them until police arrived and it was perfectly fine.


Question: why do birds, like pigeons or crows, bob their heads when they walk? Why is that trait beneficial for them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do birds, like pigeons or crows, bob their heads when they walk? Why is that trait beneficial for them?

well, chickens seem to bob their heads because they can't move their eyes like us so in order to prevent blurred vision from motion they must keep their head steady. while walking their body moves up and down but relatively you see their heads moving up and down. i assume its the same for pigeons/crows


Question: When writing a tip on a receipt at a restaurant, how do they charge you if you already paid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When writing a tip on a receipt at a restaurant, how do they charge you if you already paid?

Charges are usually processed all at once at the end of the night. So you haven't actually "paid" until after closing time in most restaurants.


Question: How do we actually know that electrons don't move but teleport?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we actually know that electrons don't move but teleport?

You have to be at least 10 to understand quantum teleportation, not 5 :p Quickly, they CAN teleport according to the schrodinger wave equation but they do also move as particles. Aka wave-particle duality. Theres also different scenarios: electrons flying around the nucleus, jumping between orbitals, or flying through space. This is also hotly debated still as to whats actually happening. I hope someone else can answer it better.


Question: How can mail in voting be secure when the mail can be intercepted and possibly destroyed? (I am all for mail in voting, I just don’t understand how it is secure)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can mail in voting be secure when the mail can be intercepted and possibly destroyed? (I am all for mail in voting, I just don’t understand how it is secure)

That is just as secure as paper ballets, which get handled by volunteers/lower rung staffers. Those can also easily get lost or destroyed, but we have trusted those for a long time. The argument isn’t that Mail In ball outs are impervious to tampering, but that they aren’t any more susceptible that traditional ones, and shouldn’t be discriminated against. Plus some would argue that the cordinatuon required to mess with enough of the physical ballots to throw an election would require so many people that someone somewhere would slip up/rat, and the scheme would get caught. While people argue that not many people really know how the digital voting machines work, and what kind of access the companies that made them have, and what they could possibly do.


Question: why does the shuffle feature on spotify still seem to group artists together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the shuffle feature on spotify still seem to group artists together?

The Spotify shuffle playlist actually is not fully random by design; people didn't like the fully random way before, I think because the situation you describe happens more often, statistically, then you would feel is right. Something like that. Let me find the article.


Question: What happens if you never repay your loans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if you never repay your loans?

There are two types of loans: secured, and unsecured. A secured loan is a loan for an object that has value, like a house or a car. If you stop making your car payments, the lender takes back the car. Legally, when you took out the loan to buy your car you gave them the right to do that. An unsecured loan is just cash, there's no specific object. An example of that would be credit card debt. If you fail to pay your loan, they can try to collect the money, if it's a lot - by getting a court order to garnish your wages or take money directly from your bank account. But if the amount isn't worth it, they'll just ruin your credit rating, making it impossible for you to get any future loans for the next ~7 years. If you didn't actually commit fraud, then you won't go to jail. Failing to pay back a loan is civil, not criminal, and there are no debtor's prisons. If you owe so much money that there's no way you could ever pay it back, you can declare bankruptcy. The way this works is that the court takes your remaining money, divides it among everyone you owe, then declares all loans paid off. You start over from scratch. You're left with items you need to survive like a car and a basic apartment, but if they're extravagant you may be forced to sell those and get something more modest. Fun fact: prior to the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), the #1 cause of personal bankruptcy was medical bills. Obamacare may not be perfect, but it definitely helped this situation a lot - far fewer people are bankrupted by medical bills today.


Question: Why can we turn our face red consciously but can't control the blood flow in other areas of our bodies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we turn our face red consciously but can't control the blood flow in other areas of our bodies?

Assuming you do it the same way I do, it's because you're using air pressure. Your head is the only part of your body connected to your lungs and therefore able to create pressure using your mouth as the chamber. It's directly linked to your ability to breathe.


Question: What is the difference between different soaps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between different soaps?

If you'll forgive me the conceit of quoting myself: > Because removing dirt, grime, and oil isn't the only characteristic you want, depending on what you're cleaning. Various kinds of detergents/soaps have secondary characteristics, and which one is good for which task is largely dependent on those secondary characteristics. > Just for dishwashing, compare dish detergent to diswasher detergent. The latter is better at stripping fats off surfaces than the former - not least because it's pretty aggressively caustic (in comparison to other household chemicals, at least). It actively dissolves fats, rather than just helping hot water emulsify them. This makes it materially harder on your skin (which is covered in and made of fats), and much more dangerous than dish detergent if ingested (dishwasher detergent will burn your mouth and throat, dish detergent will give you diarrhea). > Meanwhile, dish detergent includes foaming agents, because people like suds when they wash dishes. Your dishwasher, however, does not at all like suds - put dish detergent in your dishwasher, and you will come home to a foam party. Which is fun, unless you're the one who has to clean it up. > Which brings us to a reason not to use dish detergent for other household cleaning - cleanup. Because dish detergent is designed to wash dishes, it designed with the assumption that the things it's cleaning will be rinsed off in plenty of water. Very little effort is spent trying to make sure that no film is left on something if you don't rinse it. > This is poor design for washing - say - windows, where you typically do not run a lot of water over the glass after cleaning it. So for windows, you use a cleaner which isn't as good at stripping dirt, but is very good at drying without leaving a film behind. > The problem is worse for things like bodywash, which frequently are designed to leave a residue on your skin (to moisturize). That's not a residue you want on your dishes, floors, or windows. (You probably also don't want your dishes to smell like they and a mountain are in a band together) > Bodywash is also designed to be much less aggressive at removing fats - most of the stuff you want to wash off in a typical shower is either particulate or water soluble. And again, you're covered in and made of fats; you don't want to attack them too hard. Which is why if your hands are covered in grease (say from working on a car), you're best served by using Goop or similar to clean them off. > Laundry detergent has its own set of design goals, which also don't align very well with various other cleaners. Laundry detergent needs to not aggressively attack the dyes or fabrics it washes, but it also needs to work for removing soils that are fat-based. But it has the advantage that it both gets a relatively long period to work (the whole wash cycle, including "soak" time), and there is friction being applied (through agitation), rather than just hot water. So the better laundry detergents incorporate enzymes to attack fats, instead of being particularly caustic. > All that said, you probably could use dish detergent for most of your cleaning needs, it just wouldn't be as good as the various other cleaning agents we typically use. You can (obviously) hand wash your dishes in it. And assuming you don't have a high efficiency washing machine, the foaming likely wouldn't get too out of hand - though you'd have more stains that wouldn't go away, and you would need to be more careful about separating clothes by color family. If you used it in the shower, you'd need to be a bit more careful dosing it out (it's more concentrated than bodywash), and your skin would be pretty dry, but you'd be clean. If you did a good enough job wiping down all the other surfaces in your house with a clean, damp rag after washing them and then meticulously wiped them dry, you could avoid having a film on everything. > So if the goal was to reduce your detergent/soap inventory to just one product, I would recommend dish detergent. Specifically, blue Dawn. It's probably the best all-rounder in the average household.


Question: How does consumer ownership of digital media work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does consumer ownership of digital media work?

In all likelihood, you dont own the videos, you're purchasing the right to view them. Much like how you don't own what you "purchased" from iTunes.


Question: how did water first form on earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did water first form on earth?

I am no expert, but it was released from rocks during volcanic action. The previous theory that it was deposited by falling asteroids and comets is no longer current. There is currently an interesting TV series from PBS called "H2O, the Molecule that made us". They explain things much better than me.


Question: What is credit card apr and which is the right one for me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is credit card apr and which is the right one for me?

If you absolutely can trust yourself to always pay in full on time the rate doesn’t matter. Get a card that yields nice perks you’d like such as an amazon card or similar. If you don’t think you can pay off in full each month then don’t get any card.


Question: How is the fact that cockroaches can survive a nuclear holocaust true??? How can that happen???

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the fact that cockroaches can survive a nuclear holocaust true??? How can that happen???

Its just one of those things people say a lot but has no real meaning to it. In a nuclear war, most humans would survive too. It would probably kill less than 1 billion people directly. That having been said, the idea is based on cockroaches being much more resistant to gamma radiation and that living underground would also improve the chances. But in the end, any nuclear event strong enough to kill everyone would also kill cockroaches. Fruit Flies are much more likely to survive.


Question: If our bodies run on ATP and we can "replenish" that ATP from eating alone, why do we need to sleep to feel refreshed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If our bodies run on ATP and we can "replenish" that ATP from eating alone, why do we need to sleep to feel refreshed?

sleep isn't for collecting energy, it's for cleaning up chemical buildup in your brain (which is why you can't think right) and your muscles (which is why you feel fatigued)


Question: Why our brains do not intuitively grasp probability?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why our brains do not intuitively grasp probability?

Because we didn't evolve in circumstances requiring highly accurate instinctive need for judging probabilities. We evolved in ciscumstances where guesstimates are good enough to keep us alive and where spotting patterns is a survival trait. The trouble with getting good at spotting patterns is that you tend to get confirmation bias which is bad for estimating probabilities. Our brains try to work out things like is there some edible food growing somewhere nearby, or is this the sort of place where I can catch a tasty animal? Pattern finding also leads to looking for cause and effect - which again is bad for trying to accurately estimate pure probability. i.e. you toss a coin 10 times and it comes up heads 10 times. Pure probability says that the next toss should be 50% chance of coming up heads again but *your brain* tells you either: a) It *must* be due to come up tails by now; or b) There must be something imbalanced about the coin that makes it keep coming up heads. Both decent explanations when trying to make a reasonable guess about something, both completely useless when trying to accurately estimate something. Add to that the fact that we see so many things happening that we see the statistically improbable frequently - I can't remember who but I read about a scientist who calculated that we each see million-to-one occurrences about once per month - and that's another reason why our view of probabilities might be skewed.


Question: Why do bourbons that have been aged for less time have a higher proof than those aged for longer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do bourbons that have been aged for less time have a higher proof than those aged for longer?

Alcohol evaporates over time, and is also absorbed into the wood of the barrels. This is referred to as the angel's and devil's share respectively.


Question: Why is isolationism bad for the United States?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is isolationism bad for the United States?

Assuming you mean isolation with respect to trade, two points come to mind. 1. Comparitave Advantage- Some countries are better at certain things than other things. To keep it simple, let's say the French are really good at making wine, while the Japanese are really good at making flat screen televisions. With isolationism, the French get good wine and crappy/expensive televisions, and vice versa. If the French traded some of their wine with Japan for televisions, everyone gets good wine and good television. Now imagine this with every product imaginable. Everyone gets the best of everything. 2. Interdependency- If a country is isolated, it has nothing to lose by being a dick to other countries. Because North Korea doesn't trade with the US, they can be as bothersome as they like. China, on the other hand, trades a great deal with the US. If the US and China were to become actively aggressive with each other, both countries would be hurt economically. In short, since the US makes a lot of money trading with China and Russia, we'd rather not attack them. This could probably be formatted better, but I'm on mobile.


Question: How did Germany recover their economy and become an economic powerhouse, after losing 2 world wars, paying millions of Euros of reparations and being annexed by 4 nations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Germany recover their economy and become an economic powerhouse, after losing 2 world wars, paying millions of Euros of reparations and being annexed by 4 nations?

1. Most of the reparations for WWI were forgiven after WWII. 2. A lot of money was pumped into Germany after WWII to rebuild it because the US didn't want them to fall to communism. 3. Germany has always been one of the major economies in Europe, so it is really a reversion to the mean. 4. Annexed by 4 nations? It was occupied by 4 nations, it had complete political autonomy in the west after not too long and the east became a USSR puppet state. 5. Google miracle West Germany


Question: How is generic insulin different from prescription insulin, and what difference does it make?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is generic insulin different from prescription insulin, and what difference does it make?

Insulin has been on the market for sale since the 1920s. At first, they used animal insulin. But by the 1970s, they were able to synthesize human insulin. But taking insulin isn't as good as your body making its own insulin. So while your own body is very responsive to the amount of insulin you need at any given moment based on your energy requirements and what you're eating or not eating, injectible insulin just can't be that responsive. It can cause dangerous swings in your blood sugar. Too high, and you can cause permanent damage, a little bit at a time. Too low, and you could also cause permanent damage, and you can also pass out, go into a coma, and die quite quickly. So there's a lucrative market out there for better insulin. And there are different types of insulin you can get--some cause a quick response in the body some cause a slow response in the body. Ideally, you won't get huge, potentially deadly swings in your blood sugar with this better insulin. Drugs created by drug companies can only be patented for a certain limited number of years. So drug companies are always trying to create new, better insulins, or at least an insulin that's slightly different from other insulins and that they can market as better than other insulins. All type 1 diabetics and many type 2 diabetics need insulin to live. And if they don't have the right amounts and types of insulin, their body will slowly become damaged. Little by little, year after year, until they start having major problems, such as kidney failure, blindness, and limb amputations. Some people simply can't take just any insulin, because for some reason their body can't tolerate it and they end up with bad, potentially fatal reactions or side effects. So they NEED to have one particular expensive type of insulin. That's why it's so important to get your insulin right. The newest name brand, prescription insulin is often the best--it might be the quickest acting, or the slowest acting, or just better at preventing complications in some way. In any case, there are multiple types so it gives a person multiple options to find what's right for them. I believe most type 1 diabetics take more than one type of insulin--some slow acting, some fast acting, depending on the time of day. They might have a fast acting one just before dinner when they're about to consume a lot of calories. They might take a slow acting one before they go to sleep, since they're going to go 8 hours without eating and also without using insulin and they need something that will keep blood sugar even for the whole night--your body's energy needs change throughout the night and insulin production in a non-diabetic changes throughout the night, but someone with diabetes can't be getting up throughout the night to check their insulin. If your blood sugar decreases too much while you're asleep, you'll literally never wake up. These newer insulins deal with these issues best but they're also the most expensive, and getting more and more expensive--these top of the line types have increased many times in price over the past 20 years, putting some types outside of the budgets of many people. The generic insulin that's available (I've heard it's sold at WalMart for about $25 per vial, and you don't need a prescription), isn't right for everyone for the reasons stated above Like I said, it's not the best that's available--some people might not be able to tolerate it, while others might experience blood sugar swings that endanger their lives and health.


Question: How do genes tell a baby turtle to follow the moon to the ocean after birth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do genes tell a baby turtle to follow the moon to the ocean after birth?

I see a little gap in what people are saying, so I'll try to explain the process of "hard-wiring" others are mentioning in a simple way: When the embryo is just a couple of cells, the DNA is being read by a long process that eventually works as like an instruction manual on how to build all sorts of different proteins. Proteins do everything and anything kinda, so they can act as signal molecules that tell all the cells how to develop and such ie there are cells that give off more of a certain protein that tell the cells around them to start making arms, legs etc. In the process of building a body from scratch, these proteins also dictate how the brain works, and what chemical stimuli the brain should respond to. One of those signals is the light from the moon, or tragically, light posts, flashlights, etc. The light hits their eyes and sends chemical/electrical signals to the brain which is primed to send the turtle in that direction (whether or not that's the ocean) at that early(ish) stage in the brain's development. Edit: For those asking for more details and/or a more authoritative or generalized explanation of some of this, u/PotatoBasedRobot shared [this]( URL_0 ) link to another reddit comment I found to be informative and clearly written.


Question: Why do clouds turn gray/black when it’s stormy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do clouds turn gray/black when it’s stormy?

Ok, all of the water makes it turn grey, like when you put water on a sidewalk or something


Question: How is temperature defined in an environment where atoms are broken down into their components, like in a fusion reactor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is temperature defined in an environment where atoms are broken down into their components, like in a fusion reactor?

In a fusion reactor you still have the nuclei and electrons they are just not bound to each other. Temperature is the combination of potential and kinetic energy of a closed system.


Question: What's the difference between countable and uncountable infinity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between countable and uncountable infinity?

That's not quite right. So one idea in mathematics is that different sets have different numbers of elements. For example, the set {1,2,3} has MORE elements than the set {3,4}. But what about sets of infinity? Well, as it turns out, some infinite sets are larger than others. As an example, let us take the set of ALL integers. This is clearly an infinite set. Now, let us compare the size of that infinity to the size of a different infinite set-- the set of all EVEN integers. Which is bigger? Well, if two sets are the same size, then it stands to reason that everything in set A should be able to be matched 1 to 1 with something in set B. So, for example, lets take every integer, our set A. Can I match every single integer with a unique even integer? As it turns out, I can. As an example -3 --- > -6 -2 --- > -4 -1 --- > -2 0 ---- > 0 1 --- > 2 2 --- > 4 3 --- > 6 As I hope you can see, EVERY element in our original set can be matched 1 to 1 with an element from my set of even integers. That means the set containing all integers is the same "size" as the set containing all even integers. These two infinities are the same size, and they are "countably infinite". A countably infinite set can be matched 1 to 1 with the infinite set of all integers. An unaccountably infinite set cannot be matched 1 to 1 with the infinite set of all integers. However, it's worth noting here that any infinite subset of the rational numbers is countably infinite. In other words, the set of ALL rational numbers (despite an infinite amount of them lying between any two integers) is ALSO countably infinite. An example of an uncountably infinite set is, for example, the real numbers.


Question: - How does a bug happen in programming and how do people debug it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How does a bug happen in programming and how do people debug it?

Somewhere in the programming there is a mistake - it could be something like a simple line of code saying that 1+1= 3, that would make every answer that uses that little bit of code would be wrong. Did you know that the term for a "bug" was because real bugs would get inside the original computers and get fried by one of the circuits! That was real fun trying to find a dead fly somewhere in a computer the size of your school gym.


Question: What does Tupper’s Self-Referential Formula prove or realistically achieve?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does Tupper’s Self-Referential Formula prove or realistically achieve?

What does it prove? That Jeff Tupper is awesome. What does it achieve? Nothing, by itself. Tupper's formula is strongly related to the concept of a [Quine]( URL_1 (a program that produces its own source code as output), which is itself strongly related to the concept of [fixed point]( URL_0 (roughly, a fixed point of function f is a value of x such that f(x) = x. As a consequence, f(f(x)) = f(x) = x, and f(f(f(x))) = f(f(x)) = f(x) = x, and so on and so forth), which are very very important concept in computer science (specifically in the context of lambda calculus, which deals a lot with recursion). Building quines is not particularly useful, but it takes a fair bit of skill, so you tend to learn a lot of potentially useful tricks in the process of building one yourself. You can think of building this formula as an advanced learning exercise.


Question: Why companies like Boeing and Airbus prefer to build the wings, the fusolage...in different facilities and then ship everything to one facility to assemble the aircraft? Wouldn't be cheaper to do the whole process in just the same facility?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why companies like Boeing and Airbus prefer to build the wings, the fusolage...in different facilities and then ship everything to one facility to assemble the aircraft? Wouldn't be cheaper to do the whole process in just the same facility?

Boeing sort of "outsources" it's part manufacturing to hundreds of different companies because it's cheaper to do it that way than it is to build your own mega-factory in order to do it all in house. They pride themselves in understanding that they can't be experts in every single part; from the complex electronics all the way to the rubber on the wheels. So they instead have other companies do the manufacturing, and then they have it shipped to one of their assembly plants where Boeing employees put it all together.


Question: Why does saltwater damage metal stuff more than fresh water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does saltwater damage metal stuff more than fresh water?

Salt water is a conductor. Rusting of metal is an electrochemical reaction. Fresh water is a conductor but less than salt water. Distilled water is not a conductor and metals don't rust in it.


Question: How does calculator know and use pi if even super computers can't know all the digits. Does it use like first 100 digits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does calculator know and use pi if even super computers can't know all the digits. Does it use like first 100 digits?

Probably way less than that. For any real-world application, even a few decimal places are totally sufficient. Use 6 digits, and the circumference of a kilometer-wide circle is less than a centimeter off the true value. That's already better than most measurement methods. And additionally to that, computers in general can't handle infinitely precise numbers. If you do the right calculations, the error could stack up, but in this case you rather use mathematical tricks to simplify the calculations first, before using any hard-coded numbers.


Question: Why is 360 the highest number that we measure angles with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 360 the highest number that we measure angles with?

If you’re asking why there’s 360 degrees in a circle, mostly convenience. It’s close to the amount of days in a year and it divides really well. Mathematicians generally use radians.


Question: How to people turn animal skin like from a cow to leather?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How to people turn animal skin like from a cow to leather?

I may be wrong, and it's definitely more complicated than this, but here it goes... You take the skin off the animal and remove the hair/fur so it's just the skin. You then treat it with an assortment of chemicals (in olden times I believe they actually used urine) and then they stretch out the skin and set it in the sun to dry. Once it's completely dried out you have leather.


Question: How do fish eat in the ocean without getting full from swallowing water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do fish eat in the ocean without getting full from swallowing water?

How do you eat without getting full of air? Your throat closes around the food.


Question: How does the weird "horror text" work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the weird "horror text" work?

They are just normal characters with diacritic marks added to them. Diacritics are basically like accents or glyphs added to a character—typically above or below the character. Usually they are used to signal a slight change in pronunciation but can also be used for other purposes. If you apply multiple diacritics to the same character, then they may extend quite far above or below the base character.


Question: Why are TV screens measured diagonally and not horizontally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are TV screens measured diagonally and not horizontally?

It would make more sense to have actual dimensions, but the goal is to sell a bigger and better product, not to be sensible. Since the diagonal measurement is the longest straight line on the screen, the companies use it as the standard to make their TV seem better.


Question: Why does it take a computer a bit of time to shut down? What else does it have to do before it cuts power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take a computer a bit of time to shut down? What else does it have to do before it cuts power?

First the operating system sends signals to all the running programs telling them to close. This gives them time to gracefully close. That means saving data, closing file handles and cleaning up. The operating system waits for the programs to close. After a short while it gives up and shoots them in the head, any data they had in memory is lost. Then the OS does the same thing itself. You can see this in action, open notepad and type some stuff then shutdown the computer. Windows signals notepad to close but notepad reacts by asking you if you want to save and waits for a response, meanwhile the shutdown is blocked. After a while windows just kills notepad.


Question: How did a block of TV sets in the 80s pieced together form only one moving image?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did a block of TV sets in the 80s pieced together form only one moving image?

Using a splitter. The incoming signal would be fed to a box that would handle how to divide the signal then give each tv it's portion of the whole image. The splitters were bulky from what I remember and caused a slight lag.


Question: If nothing can travel faster than light, how is the radius of the universe (In light years) larger than the age of the universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If nothing can travel faster than light, how is the radius of the universe (In light years) larger than the age of the universe?

Nothing can move through space faster than light. But the fabric of space itself is also expanding. It’s like driving a car on an aircraft carrier, while the aircraft carrier is also moving forwards. Repeat that with another aircraft carrier and car in the opposite direction. Even though the cars could have moved at 90km/h, the distance between them is greater than just the car’s movement speed. You have to add the aircraft carrier’s speed moving away from each other too.


Question: Can an intense enough sound generate heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can an intense enough sound generate heat?

Yes, sound can generate heat. Actually, sound waves almost always generate a little bit of heat as they travel and almost always end up as heat when they are absorbed. Sound and heat are both macroscopic descriptions of the movement of atoms and molecules. Now by intense enough, I'm assuming you mean volume. The DB level will increase the heat factor by a very small amount in comparison to the volume increase. It would also depend on the material that the sound is passing on/over/through and multiple factors of that material: absorptions coefficient, reflective coefficient, molecular density, heat dissipation etc. Hope that helps.


Question: How does the Mandela Effect work?? There are so many examples of this, it's actually freaky.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Mandela Effect work?? There are so many examples of this, it's actually freaky.

The ELI5 version is: human memory is notoriously unreliable, and our shared experiences in society cause people to independently develop the same false memory. For a more detailed explanation, I'd recommend /r/askscience


Question: How do Covalent Bonds work, if Electrons are negatively charged and hate being near each-other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Covalent Bonds work, if Electrons are negatively charged and hate being near each-other?

Oh man this takes me back to secondary school! You already know that a covalent bond is where pairs of electrons are shared together. It's all to do with something called electronegativity. Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom or a molecule to attract electrons and form a bond. Some elements are more electronegative than others and so we denote them as (delta negative), some elements are not so electronegative and when compared to a much high electronegative atom the least negative one is denoted (delta positive). It depends on the element and the compound you are trying to create, some elements have a much stronger "pull" than others due to its structure. After a certain electronegative value (i forgot the number now) the bond then becomes ionic since it's way too electronegative to just share. I doubt someone wants to go in depth regarding orbitals and bonding theory since that's way too advanced for this sub. & #x200B; Hopefully I didn't make any mistakes since it has been donkeys years since I did chemistry.


Question: why are all colors together considered white and absence of color considered black, and not the other way around?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are all colors together considered white and absence of color considered black, and not the other way around?

Not a physicist at all, but there was something I remember from a physics class (way back when) about that a color shows when an object reflects a certain wavelength of light. Something looks blue because it's reflecting blue light, red because it reflects red light, etc. When all visible colors are reflected, you get white. And things are black when they reflect **no** color. URL_0


Question: When you make an entire bucket of water boil, why doesnt the water vaporize at the same time ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you make an entire bucket of water boil, why doesnt the water vaporize at the same time ?

So for water to turn from liquid to gas it needs to be at a certain temperature (usually 100C) and then it needs to absorb enough energy to transition from liquid to gas, this is called Latent Engergy of Vaporization. This is why water "boils", because the pot of water may be at 100C but as some of the water absorbs enough energy to turn to gas it bubbles up through the rest of the water. The amount of energy for water at 100C to turn from liquid to gas is about 100 time more energy than to heat the water from room temperature to 100C. This is why only small parts of the water turn into gas at a time. You can "flash boil" water, where it would all vaporize at once. To do this you would have to heat the water under enough pressure to raise the boiling point high enough that you could get enough energy into the water that once the pressure is released and the boiling point drops it all instantly boils. Though this would be extremely dangerous, because that would essentially be a bomb. A better example is "flash freezing". Where water is super-cooled then with a single tap it all turns to ice in a second. Look up videos of that.


Question: Why are people more likely to yawn when they see someone else yawn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people more likely to yawn when they see someone else yawn?

It's called a mirror effect, when a member of a species observes a stimulus from a member of the same species mirror neurons fire off causing to impulsively mirror the response. It synchronizes the mood of herd.