Question: Elon Musk's venture, Neuralink. How and why?

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 Elon Musk's venture, Neuralink. How and why?

First, I'd say don't think about practical applications now, think about what the world might be like in 20 or 50 years, and what the practical applications will be like *then*. With the [inevitable march of technological progress]( URL_1 ) eventually almost everything a human can do that's 'productive' is going to be automated. Our machines will do these jobs faster and better than we can, and for a lot of people who have spent their entire lives thinking of their job as a key part of their identity, that can be very scary. So, there's two ways we can approach this: * The "jobs are important" way - Humans interacting with technology through things like typing or talking is incredibly slow, if we want to be able to "compete" with AI we're going to have to be able to interact a lot faster than that. If we can there's even a chance that human intelligence and machine intelligence will compliment each other and we can work together. * The "jobs aren't important" way - Think of yourself not as your body, and not even as your brain (which uses a lot of capacity just to move your body around and keep it alive), [but as your conscious mind]( URL_0 ). The world that we've evolved in and built for ourselves is great for the bodies we have, but we're also building entirely digital worlds where our biological bodies don't really fit in, but our conscious selves might fit right in. We just need to make that connection be our "true selves" and this new world we're building without letting all the slow messy bits of our body get in the way.


Question: Why is Carbon-12 the standard isotope that everything else is compared with?

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 Why is Carbon-12 the standard isotope that everything else is compared with?

It's all about averages and statistics. After lots of measurements, they found out that the value for the mass (in grams) of C-12 / 12 was a better average than the generic (mass (in grams) of proton + mass of neutron) / 2 value. This is because some of the mass of the neutrons and protons is used as energy to bind them inside the nucleus.


Question: how does moving your legs on a swing make you go faster?

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 how does moving your legs on a swing make you go faster?

It's not just your legs, but your hands as well. You are basically shifting your center of mass to be on one side of the swing's chain/rope or the other. This causes the chain/rope to accelerate in one direction or the other according to Newton's law.


Question: How does 3-in-1 body wash, shampoo, and conditioner work? Wouldn't that seen like a bad idea?

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 How does 3-in-1 body wash, shampoo, and conditioner work? Wouldn't that seen like a bad idea?

I had a high school chemistry teacher put it simply for my classmates and I long ago. Shampoo strips dirt and OIL. Where as conditioner replenishes that oil and other nutrients. So a true all in one cannot chemically exist. I've held to that and used separate products ever since. You may get close results possibly with today's stuff but I haven't checked into the "snake oil" factors ever either.


Question: Why and how you need to clean out your ears?

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 Why and how you need to clean out your ears?

Everyone is different, so some may never have to clean out their ears and some have to regularly. I get large buildups in my ears of I do not clean them regularly. I used to think it was normal until I met my former SO. She never had to clean out her ears ever and her 'wax' looked different from mine. The oils my body produces mix with the wax in my ears and makes it thicker. My doctor would usually have to flush out my ears every so often because my ears would get infected every year or so. I never used Q-tips because I knew it could impact the wax and make it worse. I ended up getting a simple cleaning kit from the store with drops and a bulb syringe. A few drops in the ear then flush out with warm water. Haven't had any problems since then and it seems to work great!


Question: How do we know that a very old painting such as the Mona Lisa is genuine?

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 How do we know that a very old painting such as the Mona Lisa is genuine?

Well with famous paintings usually a continuous chain of custody is known about. Multiple people write about who originally bought or commissioned or displayd a painting, and the history can be tracked. The whole history of a painting and how it can be verified is called it's provenance, and museums keep catalogs of these documents.. It's a bit more involved with paintings that disappear for a while and then reappear in some attic or similar. And for lesser known works by famous artists. In cases like this lots of different forensic analysis is used to match the painting with other works by the same artist that do have a known chain of custody. This includes things like artistic style, age, materials used, etc. In at least one case one of DaVinci's works was identified by his fingerprint. There's a very famous pair of forgers John Drewe and John Myatt. One would forge the paintings, and the other snuck into and edited various museums catalogs to fake the provenance.


Question: Since Earth rotates around the sun due to gravitation which occurs due to masses of both bodies, isn't the rotation of Earth perpetual motion (As mass doesn't change)?

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 Since Earth rotates around the sun due to gravitation which occurs due to masses of both bodies, isn't the rotation of Earth perpetual motion (As mass doesn't change)?

No. The Earth is, very very slowly, slowing down. Same as the moon. It’s just so slow that it’s not really noticeable to us or impactful in our daily life.


Question: Why can't we "solve" music- just generate a complex algorithm to calculate all the potential permutations and combinations of sound in time that are pleasing to the ear?

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 Why can't we "solve" music- just generate a complex algorithm to calculate all the potential permutations and combinations of sound in time that are pleasing to the ear?

There is a whole field of research devoted to this, generative music! Check out Francois Pachet’s “Flow Machines” or the stuff that comes out of the yearly Musical Metacreation workshop. It’s part of the larger discipline of a Computational Creativity or Creative AI. (Spoiler alert: hard problem is hard)


Question: Why do we laugh more when we are around people witnessing something funny as opposed to being alone?

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 Why do we laugh more when we are around people witnessing something funny as opposed to being alone?

Laughing is primarily a team building social activity so there's no real reason to laugh if no one else is in the room. It's similar to yawning in that when you laugh, others are more likely to feel good and laugh, and vice versa which makes group laughter a self reinforcing process. As I recall there are actually religious cults built around getting everyone out into giggle fits - it's a pretty powerful interaction when you think about it.


Question: How do we know that there wasn't an intelligent species living here on earth before humans?

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 How do we know that there wasn't an intelligent species living here on earth before humans?

We don't know. Like we don't "know" anything in science. Science never "knows" anything, but rather builds models upon the most rigirious research and the available data. The extend to which we know there wasn't an intelligent species here before us is that we don't have any evidence that would point in that direction. And if you don't have any evidence suggesting anything, its pointless to consider.


Question: How do YouTubers still make money off of their shows when YouTube Red exists?

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 How do YouTubers still make money off of their shows when YouTube Red exists?

YouTubers get paid by ads. For every 10 dollars in ad revenue, they get $5.50. YouTube gets $4.50. Ads pay for every click, or prolonged view.


Question: Why do candles only smoke when they're put out?

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 Why do candles only smoke when they're put out?

In addition what others have said, you can demonstrate that that smoke is leftover flammable material. If you’re fast enough, you can relight the candle by touching a flame to that smoke trail. URL_0


Question: What does it mean that Europe has run out of IP addresses?

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 What does it mean that Europe has run out of IP addresses?

> Is there a fixed number of physical ports or something? Not physical, logical. IPv4 uses 32 bit addresses. This means that only a total of 2^32 (approximately 4.2 billion) IP addresses can ever exist. Each ISP gets a subset of these addresses (known as as subnet), so it is limited to the addresses in that subnet. RIPE is the organization that hands out subnets to ISP in Europe.


Question: How do sports odds work?

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 How do sports odds work?

So let's say Alice, Bob and Charlie are going to run a race. I notice that some of my friends are gamblers and though I have no interest in gambling myself I decide to mange their bets for them fully intending to make a little money myself on the operation. I don't know exactly who's going to win the race. I have some rough ideas - I know a thing or two about Alice, Bob, and Charlie - but honestly they're all good athletes and I can't say with certainty that one will win. The first thing I need to do as a bookie is *quantify my own uncertainty* using probability. I might decide that Alice is about twice as likely to win the race as Bob, and Bob in turn is about twice as likely to win the race as Charlie. So I say Alice has a \~57% chance to win the race, Bob a \~28% chance, and Charlie a \~14% chance. To make money, I can't offer bets that match up with these probabilities. That will just result in me breaking even. I decide that I'll work as if I think Alice has a 60% chance to win, Bob has a 30% chance to win, and Charlie has a 15% chance to win. I'm still claiming that Alice is twice as likely to win as Bob, and Bob twice as likely to win as Charlie... but notice that those percentages add up to 105%. That extra 5% is my **overround** and it means that I'll be making 5$ for every 105$ laid in bets (kind of - that's a long run average under the assumption that I'm correct about my original probabilities). So now I write my book. I offer a bet which represents my "belief" (my actual opinion + the overround effect) that Alice has a 60% chance to win. I imagine 10 races run in parallel universes of which I expect Alice to win 6 and lose 4 so I write Alice's *odds against* as 4:6. In lowest terms that 2:3. If someone bets 3$ on Alice and Alice wins I'll pay them 2$ (on top of the 3$ they get back). I offer a bet which represents my "belief" that Bob has a 30% chance to win. I imagine 10 races run in parallel universes of which I expect Bob to win 3 and lose 7 so I write Alice's *odds against* as 7:3. If someone bets 3$ on Bob and wins I'll pay them 7$ (on top of the 3$ they get back). I offer a bet which represents my "belief" that Charlie has a 15% chance to win. I imagine 20 races run in parallel universes of which I expect Charlie to win 3 and lose 17 so I write Charlie's *odds against* as 17:3. If someone bets 3$ on Charlie and Charlie wins I'll pay them 17$ (on top of the 3$ they get back). Now for complicated reason which I could get into if you want, this only works out for me if I can make books for a *lot* of races and only if I'm usually right about the actual chances each competitor has. In general this puts me in a catch-22: I need to closely study each race to get a good idea of the chances of each competitor but the more time I spend studying a race the fewer races I can study and so the fewer books I can write and so the rockier my road to profit. Yuck. One solution is update my book, moment to moment, with each piece of information I get. Whenever someone bets on Alice, I make the price of the next bet on her just a litttttle bit worse. This will do two things. First it will discourage a giant mass of people from betting on Alice and push things closer towards my ideal ratio of bets. Second it will allow me to rely on the wisdom of crowds. If many, many people insist on betting on Alice in spite of increasing price then they probably know something I don't and I can infer that my initial quantification of Alice's chances was poor. \--- Now you've arrived at the system which powers most modern books. The odds you see posted on the board at the track represent three things - the bookmaker's original informed opinion as to the chances of each horse in the race, the overround that modified those opinions so that the bookie could make money, and the influence of the crowd on those odds through previous bets.


Question: What keeps other countries from "bringing the war" to US soil?

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 What keeps other countries from "bringing the war" to US soil?

"Force projection", or being able to attack targets a long way from your own country, is not easy. If you want to attack by air military aircraft don't tend to have very long range, especially fighters. The options are to have a conveniently located airbase, have an aircraft carrier, or run a complicated air-to-air refuelling operation. Most countries can't do any of those. Oh, and you also have to get past the US Air Force. If you want to attack with missiles, most missiles don't have long enough range, and the ones that do are considered reserved for nukes and ALSO not many countries have them. You don't want the USA thinking you're launching a nuke when you aren't. If you want to attack by sea, you need a warship or a submarine capable of crossing oceans and operating for a long time. It's yet another thing a lot of countries don't have - such warships are more expensive and harder to make than a ship that just stays close to your own shoreline. Oh, and you also have to get past the US Navy. And if you want to attack by land, you've got to be Canada or Mexico. Most countries aren't Canada or Mexico.


Question: People get less embarrassed the older they get. Why?

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 People get less embarrassed the older they get. Why?

Social dynamics. People tend to realize that others never think about them, and that only a select few's opinions matter.


Question: Why the Bulgarian lev (national currency) is allways 1 lev = 0,5 euro? Isn't the same thing as having the euro?

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 Why the Bulgarian lev (national currency) is allways 1 lev = 0,5 euro? Isn't the same thing as having the euro?

Yes, it effectively is. Bulgaria has applied to be part of the Eurozone, but has yet to be accepted. Pegging their currency to the Euro is one of the preliminary steps they have to take to complete the process.


Question: Why is vibrato in music so pleasing to listen to?

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 Why is vibrato in music so pleasing to listen to?

The appeal of vibrato is very subjective and often tied to expectations that exist within certain genres, styles or related to the sound of various instruments. Consider these three cases; an opera singer, your favourite 70s rock guitarist and a classical orchestra. The opera singer has been taught a vocal style which heavily encourages vibrato, perhaps most due to tradition and expectation. This style of singing doesn't necessarily sound any better than that of more modern musicals (which practically is the successor genre of classical opera). While we expect that the people singing Figaro use heavy vibrato, we place no such demands to jesus christ superstar. Practically, in this case vibrato is primarily used because that is how it was performed originally, up to many hundred years ago. It belongs to the style. The 70s guitarist might use vibrato to create an unique sound, which allows a listener to identify the performer if used consistently. Call it a signature of some sorts, a seasoned listener can hear whether it is David Gilmour, Slash or Jeff Beck playing just through the use of such musical embellishments. Vibrato is perhaps the simplest embellishment to produce for such an instrument, after all. At any rate, it impossible to say which degree of vibrato is objectively better as it is just a matter of taste. Also, tradition kicks in once again as a young budding guitarist today will listen to Gilmour and try to mimic his style, incorporating it into his/her own playing, furthering this use of vibrato into the next generation. To play guitar completely without vibrato might be totally valid in certain cases, but will then require other techniques to add flair or "personality" to it. Finally is perhaps the main reason why it became a thing in the first place. In a classical orchestra, most instruments are string instruments, and these are quite difficult to play collectively in tune. Violins, violas, cellos, etc. don't have frets like a guitar and the performer needs to be incredibly precise to play exactly in tune, both with themselves and eachother. This issue multiplies with the number of musicians, as the human ear is incredibly good at hearing minor differences in pitch on steady notes played together. Listen to a typical childrens amateur orchestra and you will probably notice disharmonies immediately, even if everyone plays roughly similarly. Compare this to a professional philharmonic orchestra where every musician is relatively precise as well as playing with vibrato. The constant change in pitch in every instrument melds together and masks imperfections due to none of them resting in a disharmonic relation for long enough for us to notice. The result is a sound where "the average collective pitch" is centered around the correct, clean note. Ofcourse, this applies to every instrument without fixed pitches and is probably the main reason why the opera singers and guitarists adopted the technique as well. But in this day and age where we can digitally create 100% guaranteed "clean" music, vibrato is mostly used due to tradition, expectation, subjective taste or to introduce some uniqueness or personality to the music. TL;DR: Vibrato masks and camoflauges minor pitch imperfections between notes and was heavily utilised in classical music such that the performers could minimise or avoid "sour" notes. Soon it became tradition, and is expected today within many genres and styles, especially older ones. In newer music, vibrato can be touch and go, and is used to add flair and personality. At any rate, I don't think vibrato is universally better sounding than clean notes (the imperfect, but relatively steady, sounds that an instrument makes by default) and can certainly be heavily overdone. It's subjective and situational beyond hiding disharmonies. Edit: needless to say, it also plays a significant part in the dynamics and progression of a piece, but this comes down to the composers or performers vision of the music. Vibrato creates the illusion of movement where there is none.


Question: What makes something an organization and not just an idea?

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes something an organization and not just an idea?

Organizations are comprised of people that have specific roles to carry out a mission that supports an idea. People work together openly to achieve said mission. The idea drives their mission. An idea by itself is just that, an idea.


Question: Where did all the old glass bottles go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where did all the old glass bottles go?

Most of the glass bottles at that time were deposit bottles that were returned to the shop for a refund, the bottles were then reused by the manufacturer or if damaged recycled back into new bottle.


Question: Why can blank CD's hold the same length of music at different bitrates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can blank CD's hold the same length of music at different bitrates?

If you record a CD as an audio CD, it *always* writes the music as 44.1kHz, 16-bit **uncompressed** audio. If the source was a low-quality MP3, you just end up with low-quality audio recorded at 44.1kHz, 16-bit. If you write it as a *data* CD, you can fit different amounts of audio on there. Many modern CD players can handle MP3s.


Question: How will the upcoming Russia/US space station remain in lunar orbit without being captured by Earth's gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How will the upcoming Russia/US space station remain in lunar orbit without being captured by Earth's gravity?

The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the distance squared between the two things. By having something much closer to the moon than the Earth, the moon will have a greater pull in spite of being less massive. Much like why satellites can orbit the Earth in spite of the sun being significantly more massive.


Question: How do companies know EXACTLY the percentages of alcohol in their bottled drinks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies know EXACTLY the percentages of alcohol in their bottled drinks?

They test the alcohol and know what they are doing in the brewing process so that they always are spot on.


Question: Why are advertisers allowed to show their products on a lot better light compared to the actual product?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are advertisers allowed to show their products on a lot better light compared to the actual product?

It’s white light, often it’s also about the arrangement and placement. McDonalds for example uses the same ingredients as the advertised food, it’s just prepared by an artist and’s looks good in only the angle of the camera. URL_0


Question: Why is it uncomfortable to drink cold water after brushing one’s teeth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it uncomfortable to drink cold water after brushing one’s teeth?

It’s probably the mint toothpaste you’re using. Mint contains a substance that works almost identically to capsaicin, the stuff that makes peppers spicy. They both fool your nerves into thinking something’s happening that’s not: in the case of capsaicin, heat, and in the case of mint, cold. So anything cold you ingest while still having mint present in your mouth will feel much, much colder than it actually is.


Question: Why do moving air feels colder than stationary air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do moving air feels colder than stationary air?

Because it is. Air is sticky. It clings to your skin and gets heated up by it. When that layer of sticky clingy heated air gets pushed away and replaced by moving air, that heat is lost to you and you become colder.


Question: If the purpose of cooking meat is to kill bacteria, how come it's still not safe to cook and eat once it's off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the purpose of cooking meat is to kill bacteria, how come it's still not safe to cook and eat once it's off?

> If the purpose of cooking meat is to kill bacteria, how come it's still not safe to cook and eat once it's off? That's not the purpose of cooking meat, it's a welcome side effect. Cooking meat results in denaturing most of its proteins, making it more digestible. Killing all living organisms in food that has "gone off" will not necessarily get rid of all the waste products they produced in the meantime. The food may have acquired an unpleasant taste or even be toxic for consumption as a result.


Question: I have been petrified of heights my entire life i.e. I get severe anxiety when walking through the second level of a shopping mall and I am scared of climbing a 4 foot ladder, however I really enjoy flying in a planes and helicopters, why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I have been petrified of heights my entire life i.e. I get severe anxiety when walking through the second level of a shopping mall and I am scared of climbing a 4 foot ladder, however I really enjoy flying in a planes and helicopters, why?

Heights that are beyond our comprehension no longer seem high. It's beyond what we can perceive as a risk. Flying is relatively new to our species and it's not in us to register flying as a height risk. Some people have a fear of flying but are fine standing on a 10-story balcony; some people are the opposite, like you; and some can be afraid of heights AND flying although they are two different phobias.


Question: When does a hill become a mountain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When does a hill become a mountain?

Many geographers state that a mountain is greater than 300 metres (1,000 feet) above sea level. Other definitions, such as the one in the Oxford English Dictionary, put the hill limit at twice that. Still others make distinctions about the degree of slope (including two degrees or five degrees). In Scotland, meanwhile, landforms with distinct summits are called ‘hills’ no matter what their height. But in America, there are several ‘mounts’ that are less than 300 metres (1,000 feet) tall. So, essentially, a hill becomes a mountain when someone names it as such. Source: URL_0 Edit: Source


Question: Why do computers become slower over time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do computers become slower over time?

Several things. On an installation level, each program you install adds 'weight' to the operating system by giving it more tasks. These aren't always removed cleanly when you uninstall, which makes it important to reimage your computer about every year. Additionally, if you use a standard hard disk drive, the drive fills up and files are 'fragmented' in pieces across the drive, requiring extra time to access. More generally, technology is always advancing, so the target of what is a powerful computer is moving. What was "Good" or "Great" last year is merely "average" this year, and might be "Mediocre" next year. Developers write software in mind with a general idea of what hardware is on the market and how fast the slowest computers are, and so as time goes on, the programs become more complicated with more features, aimed at newer computers than yours, and while the weight of the program is increasing, your computer's processing capacity is static without upgrades.


Question: When it is unplugged or the power goes out, how does the cold air in a refrigerator fade away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When it is unplugged or the power goes out, how does the cold air in a refrigerator fade away?

The insulation and air seal isn't perfect. The interior will slowly but surely warm up to match the temperature of the outside of the refrigerator. Hopefully the power is not out for so long that it becomes a big deal, and if it got unplugged I assume whoever did so knows what they're doing. Some people keep ice packs in their freezer for such an occasion. Transfer the ice packs from the freezer to the refrigerator to cool the inside further and buy yourself more time. I suspect not as many people do that any more.


Question: what has the large Hadron Collider discovered exactly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what has the large Hadron Collider discovered exactly?

Many things. Too many to list and explain individually (many are very technical and incapable of being eli5'd), but the biggest thing, and in many ways the thing the LHC was built to discover, was is the [Higgs boson]( URL_0 ). At the time of the construction of the LHC, the Higgs boson was a theorized and predicted yet undiscovered elementary particle that was a big missing piece in quantum physics. The confirmed discovery of the Higgs boson was hugely significant and answered a ton of questions in particle physics while also creating new questions for us to answer.


Question: How does buying a stock and holding it for let’s say 10+ years help make you more money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does buying a stock and holding it for let’s say 10+ years help make you more money?

Two ways: The company the stock is from can pay you dividends (a percentage of its value for having the stock and thus a part of the company) and the second is that it can increase in value over time, based on valuation of the overall market.


Question: When and how did gold teeth become used in dental work? Arent there more practical things that could be used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When and how did gold teeth become used in dental work? Arent there more practical things that could be used?

Gold is unreactive. The last thing you want is your tooth to rust or dissolve. Gold is so unreactive it doesn't even have a flavour. It's also valuable so can be seen as a display of wealth. There are more practical things, and they're generally what your dentist will use today. Silver amalgams, plastic, ceramic or special types of glass are used today for fillings and dentures.


Question: Why are so many documentary makers stretching out 2 hours of content into a 6 episode series?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are so many documentary makers stretching out 2 hours of content into a 6 episode series?

The filmmakers typically have to take way more film than fit in a normal documentary format. but that normal documentary format was truncated due to attention span that movie theater goers set as standard. Now that the media formats like DVD etc don't constrain the movie length limit. Now that broadcasters don't have to block out 1 and 2 hour time slots. Now that people can stream. The documentaries are hitting a more natural length. Plus with advertising and all that, a longer show pays better. So it's not so much there stretching out the content as it is they are no longer condensing the content.


Question: What ecological role do nocturnal urban critters like skunks, raccoons and opposums have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What ecological role do nocturnal urban critters like skunks, raccoons and opposums have?

All three of them have pretty similar roles as small browsing omnivores. In the wild, they would eat choice plant material like berries, along with insects and small animals they might be able to catch. It's not that much different in the city, except for most of the potential plant food sources aren't around, but there are a lot more types of human leftovers tossed all over the place.


Question: Why do multiple crossword publishers have similar clues/answers on the same day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do multiple crossword publishers have similar clues/answers on the same day?

There are a combination of factors here: 1. Some puzzles are syndicated to more than one newspaper. The Chicago Tribune and the LA Times run the same puzzle, I believe. 2. There are words known as "crosswordese" that show up in puzzles very frequently. Usually they're short words with lots of vowels - things like ROE v. Wade, Yoko ONO, or summer in French - ETE. Puzzle constructors use these to get themselves out of jams where words are intersecting weirdly. 3. Depending on the difficulty of the puzzle, sometimes you just need to go for the more basic clue, and those cases are more likely to have multiple constructors come up with similar clue text.


Question: Why is it that when you have a hypothetical argument in your head you can think of great points and come up with awesome rebuttals but irl your arguments are shaky at best?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when you have a hypothetical argument in your head you can think of great points and come up with awesome rebuttals but irl your arguments are shaky at best?

Because in your head you get to form the argument to which you're replying, which is not how conversations with other people work.


Question: In the morning, why is the side of my car that faces the street covered in dew, while the side that faces the grass completely dry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the morning, why is the side of my car that faces the street covered in dew, while the side that faces the grass completely dry?

I assume you it is not the grass or street that is changing the dew but probably the sun. Look at which side of the car the sun is hitting. It is probably the side that faces the grass since that dew has evaporated.


Question: Is accepting a bribe legal if it doesn't affect your behavior?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is accepting a bribe legal if it doesn't affect your behavior?

If you're a public official in the US? No. It's really hard to prove or disprove "I was going to do that anyways" in court. Anti-bribery laws flat out restrict any & all gifts of any significant size **and** require you to report them. This way, there's zero confusion or argument to be had. As a general rule, if you think you've found a simple & obvious loophole to a law, somebody else has tried it & the law has been modified to make that illegal.


Question: What makes you lose the "sleepiness" when you have to get up to get some water or turn off the lights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes you lose the "sleepiness" when you have to get up to get some water or turn off the lights?

When you wake up, your body goes through several physiological changes, mostly due to hormone secretions. When you sleep, melatonin levels are high (between 12 and 8am in most people) and makes you sleepy. Melatonin is inhibited by exposure to light, which is why limiting my screen time before bed helps you fall asleep better. Typically, shortly before you wake up, your anterior pituitary gland secretes a hormone called ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone. This travels to your adrenal glands near your kidneys, and makes them secrete hormones like cortisol that brings your body from a sleeping state to a more alert state by increasing your metabolism. Another hormone change is aldosterone, which plays a role in how your body handles sodium and potassium, and by extension causes water retention. This is what allows you to normally not need to pee at night. If the levels of aldosterone are too low at night, you will produce more urine and your bladder will fill, making you wake up. The levels of aldosterone drop when you wake up to allow water to leave your blood stream again and be made into urine. When you wake up at night to go to the bathroom, your body secretes hormones to help you be awake enough to function. Those hormones must now be eliminated from your bloodstream before you can sleep again. Luckily there is some leftover melatonin after you go to the bathroom which allows you to go back to sleep once the cortisol has gone. Edit: you go to the bathroom, not the bloodstream Second edit: pituitary not pineal


Question: How do phone apps that pay you to play work? Are they any safe? My guess is no, but I'm still curious.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do phone apps that pay you to play work? Are they any safe? My guess is no, but I'm still curious.

Usually by paying out really low amounts per play and inundating you with ads. So for example you get a $5 amazon gift card for 5,000,000 points, and each ad you watch gets you 50 points. Yes they pay, but by that point you've watched so the same ad so many times (they only seem to have about five that rotate through) that you can feel your brain oozing out of your ears when you get that gift card


Question: How does Russia manage to antagonize much of the West when its economy is not much bigger than Australia or Spain???

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Russia manage to antagonize much of the West when its economy is not much bigger than Australia or Spain???

Russia - unlike Australia and Spain - takes actions to antagonize the west is the principle reasons. Both those other countries probably could cause issues for the west if they were so inclined, but they are both friendly nations with a similar core values. Russia is a historical enemy for the west, a legacy of the Cold War that has never truly healed. Some of the blame there can be attributed to the west, and to western assumptions made at the end of the Cold War. But Russia, or rather the Russian leadership, deserves the vast majority of the blame. Russia may be a democracy on paper, but in the chaos of the aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union, much of the countries wealth and power was sucked up by a tiny number of individuals – the oligarchs. These individuals have massive personal power. If you think social stratification is a big thing in the west (and it is!) then take a look at Russia to see the end game. Corruption is endemic, with public works projects being incredibly expensive as each person along the process shaves of a little extra. Life expectancy has plummeted amongst Russians. Add to this, a lot of the countries that Russia regards as being within its sphere of influence, especially in eastern Europe, happily jumped ship into the arms of the EU and NATO. Russia again bears a lot of the blame here, and its hard not to see them as something of an abusive boyfriend shocked when their girl leaves them for someone else. But there was a failure on the part of Western politicians to think on how Russia would react to this perceived encroachment. Russian leaders fear the west, and westernism. They have [personally]( URL_0 ) profited [greatly]( URL_1 ), and the last thing they want is domestic Russians getting ideas about wealth redistribution (its notable that the 100 year anniversary of the Communist revolution in Russia passed with very little fanfare, despite a governmental willingness to make a big deal about Soviet leaders). To maintain this control, they continued the state tools of media control that had been developed during the Cold War. It’s very easy to control TV, Printed media, and Radio. The internet however, is a bit harder. That requires more effort to control, and you can see this with the way that Russian Social Media sites such as VK were snapped up by buyers linked to Kremlin leadership – something akin to the US government buying up Facebook. This mechanism of controlling online discourse was developed defensively – but a tool of defence can also be used offensively. Meanwhile, two other events occurred. The Russian invasion of Georgia, which made other small nations, particularly Baltic nations, nervous and drove them further into NATO/EU hands, and more importantly, Ukraine. The Russian invasion of Ukraine would probably have passed with only a few minor waves of sanctions if not for the shootdown of MH-17 in 2014, with the loss of hundreds of EU citizens. Suddenly the pressure on Russia ramps up, the sanctions get serious and relations between the Russia and the west go off a cliff, not helped by the Russian denial of the facts in the face of overwhelming evidence. These sanctions are biting, especially with the dive in Oil prices. Russia is being stonewalled by European nations and the US. They don’t have the economy to challenge the united west in the way that China might be able to. They don’t have the military either, and a military action against the West would be massively counter-productive as it would inevitably cost more than it would gain. So, they need a new way to fight back. It had long been the Russian view that while the West was basically unchallengeable in a direct confrontation, Russia could use its soft power apparatus to undermine the cohesion of the western alliance. Information was a vital weapon here, fanning the pre-existing flames of discontent and division. Those cracks in western society already exist, and to a certain extent they were pushing on an open door. People talk about fabricated Russian stories a lot, but as was seen with the MH-17 shootdown, it’s not that successful there. Its when it takes the real gaps in western society and works on those that it has success. Money was the other great weapon. While Russia lacks the vast economies of the West (sometimes being called a “mafia gas station” posing as a state) it does have more than enough wealth to fund division within the west. Russia hasn’t played the game perfectly – the Skripal case was botched (both the intended victims surviving) and the unity displayed by the West post Skripal did surprise them, and the sanctions remain. Putin is without a clear heir, aging, and the Russian elite are not loyal to him through love. He’s got a tough hand to play with. But how they do it? Its very simple. When you are fighting an enemy, you don't fight them where they are strong, but where they are weak. Modern day globalism allows for foreign states to have great access to populations. That gives access, and access can be leveraged.


Question: if i'm flying a toy helicopter in a train, where the helicopter is stationary in the air, but train is moving. What will happen and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if i'm flying a toy helicopter in a train, where the helicopter is stationary in the air, but train is moving. What will happen and why?

The helicopter isn't stationary, it is moving at the same relative speed as the train the air in the train and everything else in the train. It is what is known as a closed system.


Question: What actually happens when you “restart” a machine - does it switch off? If so how does it start itself again?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually happens when you “restart” a machine - does it switch off? If so how does it start itself again?

Yes, it cycles off and back on, and just like a computer. The power button isn't like a light switch, it has a circuit it connects to that's on full-time waiting for a power button signal to turn other stuff on. That same circuit can be made to handle turning off and then making its own start signal without a button press


Question: Why can’t a helicopter just hover in one place for 12 hours and end up on the other side of the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t a helicopter just hover in one place for 12 hours and end up on the other side of the world?

They can. But "hover in one place", as you mean it, would effectively mean "fly to the west at hundreds of miles per hour". The problem is that the atmosphere is rotating along with the Earth's surface. And so is the helicopter, initially. All three are moving eastward at the same speed, which depends on latitude but is very fast at any latitude where most people live. What looks like "hovering" to you is in fact moving along with the flow of the atmosphere moving rapidly to the east. If Earth had no atmosphere, you could take off (still moving with the Earth's rotation), accelerate westward for a while (until you're stationary with respect to an observer that isn't rotating with the Earth), and then hover and watch the Earth turn below you.


Question: - Why is it that we can feel our own heartbeat in random parts of our body when sitting still?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why is it that we can feel our own heartbeat in random parts of our body when sitting still?

You’re likely just feeling the pulsation in the arteries. Our bodies become tolerant to the sounds and smells our body normally produces, so the sensation is likely ignored. But when you’re pulse is bounding, it’s easier to feel. You have points in your neck, abdomen, above the elbow, wrist, inner thigh, back of the knee, ankle, and top of the foot. It’s a closed circuit but there are places that are more superficial that allow us to feel them easier.


Question: Why is it that downloading through Steam slows my internet, but watching YouTube doesn't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that downloading through Steam slows my internet, but watching YouTube doesn't?

When you watch a video it only needs to send the video as fast as it needs to in order to play it back. When you download a large file from Steam it attempts to get you the file as quickly as possible.


Question: Why does anything to the power zero always equal 1?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does anything to the power zero always equal 1?


Question: Why can’t we eat junk all day and then just take a multivitamin for what we’re lacking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we eat junk all day and then just take a multivitamin for what we’re lacking?

Vitamins, by definition, are chemicals that you need only very small amounts of but that are essential for your body to work. They're called "micronutrients" for that reason--you just need a tiny amount. For example, the recommended daily dose of vitamin A is something like 800 millionths of a gram per day, or 0.0008 grams. By contrast, "macronutrients" are things like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins--you need relatively large amounts of them, something like 50 grams of protein (for example). That's more than 60,000 times the amount of vitamin A you need. Having a poor diet can lead to vitamin deficiencies, and it's true that taking a multivitamin could theoretically help with that. But that's not the only problem with a poor diet. Eating too much sugar can put you at risk for developing diabetes, for example, and taking a multivitamin won't erase that sugar from your diet.


Question: What would happen to the Earth's climate, if all the ice melted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen to the Earth's climate, if all the ice melted?

The biggest thing that would happen: Water absorbs heat better than soil and ice, water also holds onto heat longer than soil and ice. So the less ice and soil, the more water surface area, the more heat stored, the faster the planet continues to heat up. It's like when you start a fire in the trash can, but then the curtains catch on fire and because the curtains are on fire the walls, roof, desk and bed also catch on fire. > Let's say all the ice melted, all the coastal cities are gone Secondly it's possible the ocean won't rise at all. Ice is less dense than water. It takes up more volume. But the mass of the ice doesn't change when it becomes water. Only its volume and density, meaning that water will not likely rise very much if at all, since the water is already supporting the mass of the ice. The reason water would rise is if the polar ice caps are land at the bottom with massive stores of Ice on top of them *Edit: Instead of just giant floating islands of ice.* The biggest threat of global warming is just a change of weather from the status quo. It doesn't sound like that big of a deal, but the problem is that ecosystems around the world will be forced to change much faster than normal, meaning Evolution may not have the time to keep up. It will likely be very uncomfortable for a large percentage of the population, possibly even causing many plagues/famines/wars/etc but for the most part, people would likely be able to adapt, even if it knocks out 99% of the population, humans will likely survive global warming just based on how far spread we are and the ingenuity of humans. We're the only species in the known universe to be able to live anywhere on our planet (and off our planet as well).


Question: The Combined Federal Campaign and what they do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Combined Federal Campaign and what they do?

It's the federal government's charity fund raiser (it's also the world's largest and most successful annual workplace charity campaign). They combined all the agencies separate charity fundraisers into one combined effort. Federal employees designate to have charitable donations removed from their next year's paychecks (in the past they could donate directly, too). Many agencies have some fun attention and fundraisers (like a talent show, or casual Fridays if you make a donation).


Question: If electricity travels so fast, why does it take so long to charge a battery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If electricity travels so fast, why does it take so long to charge a battery?

You are thinking of charging a *capacitor,* which simply stores electric charge. It's incredibly fast, but doesn't hold a lot of energy per gram of equipment. By contrast, a *battery* doesn't directly store electricity. Instead, it uses a chemical reaction to deliver electricity, and when recharging it runs this reaction in reverse (using energy to undo the chemical reaction). It's the movement of these chemicals that takes more time -- they don't move at the speed of electricity in a wire.


Question: how do you calculate a use-by date?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do you calculate a use-by date?

Use by is a mark of safety - and is used to show what the point in time to food will no longer be safe to eat would be. To test for it, manufacturers will do a shelf life study, where they analyse both bacteria in the product, and how the product looks/tastes over time (depending on the food), and determine the length based on the last non-failed date. For checking the bacteria, they’ll look at what possible organisms could grow based on the food and it’s packaging. Milk will have a different set of target microorganisms than orange juice. So first off, a food is made. The manufacturer will then store it, possibly temperature abuse it (to replicate you buying it in the shop and taking it home), and then keeping cold. The food will be tested then every day, for various microorganisms, and when they find levels that are concerning to human health, that’s when the use by is set.


Question: When so burn a candle the wax turns into liquid, but then back to a solid, so when a candle gets "used up", where does all the candle wax go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When so burn a candle the wax turns into liquid, but then back to a solid, so when a candle gets "used up", where does all the candle wax go?

The candle wax becomes a liquid and then gets absorbed by the wick where it turns to a gas and burns. The wick doesn't actually burn much - it just serves to allow the wax to burn.


Question: Why do systems in the universe operate as flat plains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do systems in the universe operate as flat plains?

Clumps of objects, like solar systems or galaxies, have a whole heap of motion. Each object within that system will have its own motion, but as a whole the system will have an overall average rotational motion. This rotational motion is effectively made up of the combined linear motion of the objects in two of the three dimensions, a 2D plane. As the system formed, objects within the system (eg rocks, dust, early planets etc), collide with each other, effectively cancelling out all the motion in the direction not encompassed by the overall rotation. This means that all the objects eventually end up constrained to the 2D plane of rotation, making it flat. Minutephysics has a great video talking about this far better than I can URL_0


Question: Why is pausing a video represented by two vertical bars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is pausing a video represented by two vertical bars?

It's probably derived from ceasura, a notation on music and poetry to pause. It's represented by double bars (||)


Question: “: what is the difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 “: what is the difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion?

Tax avoidance is using the legal means within the tax codes to pay less money in taxes. As a simple example, if I took $2,000 and donated it to charity today, I would not have to pay taxes on that $2,000 on next year's taxes. I'm paying less in taxes than I would have if I'd kept that money, or if I'd spent it on a nice shiny TV. There's nothing wrong with this sort of thing in normal circumstances, because the system is set up to encourage stuff like that. Though of course because of the enormity of the tax codes and all of the ways that it's possible to reduce a person or company's tax burden, it's possible for enormous companies with huge incomes to pay very little in taxes - which isn't always what's intended. Tax evasion is finding other, illegal ways to hide money or otherwise evade paying taxes on it. If I took $2,000 for doing a contract job and then didn't report it on my insurance forms at the end of the year, I'm committing tax evasion, because there's no fair reason I shouldn't be paying taxes on that, I'm just cheating and hiding my income. That's actually a crime, and if the IRS finds out, I'll be in trouble.