Question: How does YouTube know what videos are related to the one I'm watching?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does YouTube know what videos are related to the one I'm watching?

There are many approaches how to achieve such feature in websites, there is even a whole research area in machine learning (artificial intelligence) called "recommender systems" that makes huge effort to devise better and better approaches for this purpose. Mostly, it is based on an analysis of your behaviour and the behaviour of other people. It works on a very simple assumption that if people agree on some topic, they would agree on other topics too. The more topics you agree on with somebody, the more you are *similar* to them. In real life, the topics are also interests and this *similarity* is what makes you be friends with certain people. Don't you have similar opinions and interests with your friends? Let's say that you watch a sequence of 5 videos on Youtube, this sequence is called a *session*. A bit later, your friend or some other human that has *similar* interests to your interests, opens Youtube and watches 3 videos that are included in your *session*. A system generating a list of related videos has following to consider: the user that has *similar* interests to yours just watched the same 3 videos that you watched a few moments ago. So the system recommends them the rest of the videos you watched before since there is a high probability that they will like the 2 videos from your *session*. This is an approach based on user interactions with items. Some approaches utilise qualities of items, e.g. similarly looking videos (if you watch a video of a cute kitten, let's recommend you more of kittens), or semantically similar videos (you watching a DIY video? might be interested in more). Then obviously, algorithms that combine both approaches exist. Actually, most of the items (Youtube videos, Instagram photos, FB posts, Netflix movies...) you interact with are delivered you via such recommendation algorithms. It is invented to make you spent more time on the website. It is kind of reciprocity, you easily can see more content you like and companies have higher revenues. Have you ever seen an advertisement that convinced you that your microphone on the phone is listening to your conversations? Yeah, the algorithms analysing your online behaviour are that good :) And that is why certain regulations (e.g. GDPR in Europe) are important for the protection of your privacy. You can tell a hell lot about a person only by using data traces they leave online. It can tell what are your hobbies, what you like, what kind of places you visit and also who you will vote for in the next presidential elections. Everything derived purely from what you click or tap on.


Question: What is distilling vodka / Why is “quadruple distilled” impressive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is distilling vodka / Why is “quadruple distilled” impressive?

Distillation is when you have a solution of two or more substances with different boiling/melting points, so that when you boil the substance, some of it will evaporate off first. The evaporate is then cooled, so you can separate the two substances from each other. Distillation in alcohol is because you have the fermented bits, water and alcohol all together. You want to distil the alcohol out of the other stuff so you're left with just the alcohol. Double distillation is doing it twice, triple is thrice, etc. There's not much reason doing it more than 2-3 times because there's diminishing returns on doing it repeatedly.


Question: how are glory holes made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are glory holes made?

Just drill a hole in a toilet wall. Oh. Are you talking about glassblowing glory holes?


Question: when some one hurts their finger, why is their first reaction to quickly shake their hand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when some one hurts their finger, why is their first reaction to quickly shake their hand?

Your brain is receiving pain signals from your finger. If you shake your hand the pain is dulled because your brain is focusing on shaking your hand instead of the pain.


Question: Why '5 year survival rates' for cancer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why '5 year survival rates' for cancer?

> Why do doctors use 5 year survival rates for cancer? Is it because cancer rarely re-occurs after 5 years? Is it because cancer often comes back after 5 years? It gives a good indication of if the treatment will effectively extend the patient's life. Something like a year would be too short and a decade too long. Using 5 years as the reference point indicates if whatever the treatment was worked in keeping them alive.


Question: How can bond prices still go up in the future if current interest rates are close to zero?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can bond prices still go up in the future if current interest rates are close to zero?

Something most people don't really appreciate is the idea of bonds as just a safe place to keep money. When you have a huge amount of money, one of your challenges is quite literally what to do with it all and how to simply keep it safe instead of worrying about really investing it for a return. Banks and investment firms usually have insurance up to some limit, $100,000 or $1 million but if you've got $5 billion to allocate, that doesn't do you a lot of good. It hits a point where leaving the money in cash in a bank is really betting on that bank not going bankrupt, which contains a certain amount of risk you're not really being compensated for. If you instead buy bonds from the US or Germany or something, you're now associated with the risk of those countries failing and defaulting instead of some individual banks failing. So instead of betting on JPMorgan being stable, you just have to count on the UYS government not collapsing, which is probably at best a 30% chance.


Question: - Why do things like accidents and dropping items go in slow motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why do things like accidents and dropping items go in slow motion?

I think it’s the adrenaline that makes your brain remember in super detail and when you play it back in your head it seems slo-mo? Just a guess...


Question: Why is there 360 degrees in a circle, not something like 500?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there 360 degrees in a circle, not something like 500?

There are 360 degrees in a circle because the Assyrians were the first ones to do geometry and write it down. The used the base-6 (senary) system. They are also responsible for 24 hours in a day, 60 seconds in a min., and 60 minutes in an hour. And supposedly the only word we get in English from that long ago people is the word abyss, which still has its original meaning.


Question: Why is a vacuuman empty space when it's also just space below the atmospheric pressure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a vacuuman empty space when it's also just space below the atmospheric pressure?

In an atmospheric sense, a vacuum is any absence or lack of pressure. A pure vacuum would contain no molecules of any gas (even outer space isn’t a truly pure vacuum but it’s pretty close). By definition an ‘empty space’ would be a vacuum because there is nothing in it to provide pressure. In space, SPACE is a vacuum, because it exerts near-zero atmospheric pressure on anything. Things inside outer space can have their own atmospheres (and therefore atmospheric pressure) but outer space itself is a vacuum. Vacuum is a relative term, a low pressure system on earth can be called a vacuum, but if you took that into outer space, it would have immense pressure relative to space and not be considered a vacuum. Things ‘float’ in outer space because of weak or no gravity. If you were on the International Space Station and threw a wrench behind you it would fall to earth. If you were light years from anything with large gravity things would appear to float because any gravity acting on it is very weak. It has nothing to do with the vacuum itself. true ELI5: when there is less air than somewhere else we call that a ‘vacuum’. Outer space has very little air so we call that a vacuum too. A perfect vacuum has no air (an empty space) but they are really hard to make. There are things in space that have enough gravity to hold more air than outer space, but space itself still has very little air. Things float in space because they are too far away to be pulled by gravity.


Question: Why don’t we feel the earth spinning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don’t we feel the earth spinning?

Actually, it's because of multiple things. Firstly, as others have already said, you don't feel velocity but only acceleration. Now as you might know, in a rotating frame of reference, there is a force pushing outwards like when you drive with a car around a curve, you get pushed in the opposite direction as you're driving. This also happens on earth, so there is a force pushing you towards the sky because of the rotation of earth, but this force is very weak compared to the gravitational force that pulls you down. This means that you can indirectly "feel" the rotation of earth simply because you are not as heavy as you'd be if earth didn't spin. The difference is very small though and since you don't have any experience of how it would feel on a non-rotating earth, it just seems normal to you and you don't feel anything special.


Question: why are some of the Waybackmachine snapshots links broken/missing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are some of the Waybackmachine snapshots links broken/missing?

There are many possible reasons. Maybe it was missed in the copy, or lost along the way to archiving. Some things have been removed through court orders or other legal actions. Maybe it was hosted on a different site, and that site had different robots instructions which led to it not being archived. There is no way to know which.


Question: what happens when your brain draws a blank?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens when your brain draws a blank?

The leading theory is that our brain stores information in a categorical way; when the neurons fail to specify past a particular category, the memory remains hazy. A little more specifically, if you have an object (we'll use an apple), your brain will store information about every little part of it from your Occipital lobe to your temporal-limbic connection. As it travels from the occipital to the temporal (with limbic connections) all of the associated traits of that apple are stored into your memory. You remember that apples shape, its texture, its behaviors, and everything along with it - this is also why you know how to identify that an object that looks very similar to a red apple, but is green, is still probably an apple. So, what we have is a refinement pathway. As the signal moves through your brain, the quality of your interpretation increases quite quickly. This works similarly for memories, as your brain still needs to first identify the stimulus, then refine the idea until its exactly the one you wanted it to be. A good analogy is when you see a camera unfocused, then it focuses on a particular object... next thing you know, its as clear as day. Forgetting would be like the cameras auto-adjust is misbehaving. If there is an obstruction, a misfire or maybe your brain doesn't think the information is useful (and doesn't refine it past stage 1), then you won't remember. Since it is tied to the limbic system, you will have feelings associated to that forgotten object, which usually manifests as a "oh oh"-type moment.


Question: If the economist predicts a growth of 3% but it comes to be 4% in reality, was the economist off by 25% or 33%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the economist predicts a growth of 3% but it comes to be 4% in reality, was the economist off by 25% or 33%?

The prediction was off by 25% (it was 25% short). Growth came in at 33% over prediction. So it depends on how you phrase it.


Question: What is it called when you want something you cannot get, but if you end up having it, you no longer want it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is it called when you want something you cannot get, but if you end up having it, you no longer want it?

Be careful what you wish for (or to address the other post, the grass is always greener on the other side \[of the fence\])


Question: How do sites like Reddit, Twitter and Tinder take off, as there are no other users yet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sites like Reddit, Twitter and Tinder take off, as there are no other users yet?

Soft openings and open beta tests. Before you release your service to the public, you recruit a small amount of people to use it ahead of time so others have people to interact with when they sign up. I'm sure the Reddit creators grabbed some people from Digg to test the site first, as well as friends from any other message boards they were on, fixed flaws these people pointed out, and then opened for the public at large.


Question: Why does adding up decimals in traditional multiplication get the right answer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does adding up decimals in traditional multiplication get the right answer?

Because what you are really doing is multiplying the one of the number by whatever it would take to make it a whole number, then multiplying it with just the decimal, then dividing it again by the same amount you multiplied it. Dividing and multiplying a number by the same number does not change it, so that means this shortcut work just fine. And if your math teaching can't understand this then he quite frankly should be fired for incompetance. It's not that difficult.


Question: why does it become so much harder to fall asleep when you’re thinking of falling asleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does it become so much harder to fall asleep when you’re thinking of falling asleep?

I think there's 2 plausible explanations here; 1. You start to worry which gets your blood pumping and pulls you out of a relaxed state ("Oh no, i've got to get up at 6:00 i need to sleep now or i'll be exhausted) Or my second guess, you might be linking it backwards. Perhaps it doesn't get difficult to fall asleep when you think about falling asleep but instead you think about falling asleep when already have difficulty falling asleep? Could also be that you think about it so intensively that you focus too hard to let your mind wander off and away


Question: Why does copyright last so long if companys dont make money from their old products anymore since they're most likely discontinued?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does copyright last so long if companys dont make money from their old products anymore since they're most likely discontinued?

Because the companies that push to make copyrights last forever are the companies that continue to profit from their works from long ago. Why would Disney want Mickie Mouse to be public domain?


Question: What determines the speed and rotational rate of objects orbiting each other in space, and how are smaller objects such as our moon affected by much larger objects such as our sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines the speed and rotational rate of objects orbiting each other in space, and how are smaller objects such as our moon affected by much larger objects such as our sun?

A couple things to unpack here. Think of planets and moons orbiting as a pendulum. With a pendulum, the only thing that effects its frequency is the length of the string, or in this case, the distance of orbiting bodies. An objects distance from whatever its orbiting is what determines its orbital velocity. The moon and the earth technically orbit each other around the center of gravity of the objects combined. This point is somewhere near but under the surface of the earth, so the earth wobbles a little bit too relative to its otherwise near-perfect elliptical orbit of the sun. The earth-moon center of gravity point also orbits the sun-[earth-moon] center of gravity. All objects in the solar system orbit around the center of gravity of the entire solar system. This point is not always actually in the sun - sometimes it's right outside of it in its large atmosphere. The distance from the earth to the moon is much smaller than the distance from the earth to the sun. Moons and planets orbit each other in a system, and the center of gravity of this system orbits the sun. Edit: got a distance wrong


Question: Why do certain bugs and glitches appear on seemingly random occations in some programs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain bugs and glitches appear on seemingly random occations in some programs?

The dont appear at random, but after a series of events / when the game is brought inr a certain state that triggers the bug. Games and programs are made so complex these days, that its nearly impossible to test each and every permutation / state the game can be in


Question: How does a “power nap” give you more energy than waking up slightly later?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a “power nap” give you more energy than waking up slightly later?

I think a lot of people forgot the ELI5 here. I'll try my best to make this understandable: When you go to sleep you go through different stages of sleep. The first ones clean out your brain a tad bit, making you have less of the hormones (emotion regulants) which makes you sleepy. The next stage makes you fall In a deeper sleep, where you get more of these sleep hormones. If you're awoken in this part, you'll likely fall asleep a couple of seconds after waking up, like if you fall down from your bed in the middle of the night and you go back up into your bed and forgets about it. If you sleep for an entire cycle, your brain will have gotten in and out of these cycles a couple of times, and It will have cleaned up all the trash which isn't cleaned away during day time. If you just take 30 minute naps, you will not be in the second state, and you will feel less tired. It's important to sleep through the entire sleep cycle, as your brain needs cleaning. You usually wake up naturally after a cycle, but you can wake up earlier and still feel good as new if you use sun light to make the sleep go faster (try sleeping in a totally dark room and then right next to a window, and not put an alarm) So in short: power naps removes what makes you tired, but doesn't make you well rested!


Question: Constant growth vs. steady state economics. What’s the difference in the long run?

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 Constant growth vs. steady state economics. What’s the difference in the long run?

These are pretty straightforward terms. An economy experiences constant growth when the value of the stuff produced in a given amount of time continuously increases. An economy in a steady state does not see the overall value of stuff produced change very much. Economies grow principally due to two factors: * An increase in people - More people can make more things out of more raw materials * Innovation - People can think of new ways to use existing materials that are more valuable and productive than the old ways of doing them An economy can stop growing for a lot of reasons. If I were going to boil them down to two very broad ideas they would be: * Existing resources can be used inefficiently or be underutilized. * The stock of resources used to produce things can decrease.


Question: Why is 0,99999... equal to 1?

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 Why is 0,99999... equal to 1?


Question: How is quicksand naturally formed and is it really that dangerous?

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 How is quicksand naturally formed and is it really that dangerous?

Quicksand is basically really wet sandy soil. But there needs to be the right mixture of water and sand. If there's too much water it's just sandy water. And if there's too much sand it's just wet sand. It usually forms when there is an underground water spring pumping water into a sandy area but it also forms during earthquakes. And those two things contibute the other element required which is some kind of movement to mix the sand and water just right so that the sand particles are fully coated by the water and sliding or slipping across and around each other. It's that mixture and movement that makes quicksand dangerous. It's always changing between almost liquid and actually liquid. And when a person or animal falls into it they can push against it one second and fall further into it the next second. But it's not like what you see in cartoons. It's not impossible to escape from it. Like the other comment says, struggling makes things worse and that's because you're allowing more water to coat the sand and make it more liquid. Less movement is better and more surface area (by laying on your back) is best.


Question: Why do house pipes get clogged with oil/grease when soap is supposed to destroy oil? Shouldn't soap in the water clean the pipes out?

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 Why do house pipes get clogged with oil/grease when soap is supposed to destroy oil? Shouldn't soap in the water clean the pipes out?

To be clear, mixing soap and water with oils and grease “dissolves” the grease. In many of your examples, you are missing an important part - mixing energy. We all know how much better we can mix when we can put it into a bottle and shake it well. Well, running soapy water over grease has almost no mixing energy. Plus, the water goes down the pipe and you had like only 10 seconds of contact . Nothing happens.


Question: How do solar panels work?

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[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do solar panels work?

A solar panel consists of a grid of Photovoltaic cells. [Photovoltaic]( URL_2 .) simply refers to the process of converting sunlight into electric currents. The photovoltaic effect was first discovered in 1839 by [French physicist Edmond Becquere]( URL_4 ). Photovoltaic cells consist of two layers. The top layer is called the N-Type, which is negatively charged, and the bottom is the P-Type, which has a positive charge. When particles of light called [photons]( URL_1 ) hit the cell, electrons in the N-type layer get dislodged and want to travel to the [P-type layer]( URL_3 ). This is because opposite charges attract, and the electrons have a negative charge. Due to a buildup of charge between the two layers, the electrons aren’t able to simply cross over. Instead, they travel by wire from the top layer to the bottom layer. This creates a current of electrons, which is a form of [electricity]( URL_0 ), and can be harnessed in all sorts of ways. Another way to look at it is to think of the electrons as skiers traveling down a mountain. Their movement down the mountain and back to ground level is like the electron’s movement from the N-type to the P-type. Now think of the ski lift as the photons. They take the skiers back to the top of the hill, where they have nowhere to go except back to ground zero. The electrons don’t leave the system, they are simply recycled.


Question: Why is it so hard to make flawless collision detection in video games?

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 Why is it so hard to make flawless collision detection in video games?

Video games need to run the simulation very very fast. Typically they only have a few **milliseconds** to compute the physics for everything that's moving. To do this at all, they need to use coarse approximations, which sometimes fail to replicate real world physics correctly. > do developer's simply don't care enough A lot of games use third party physics engines. These are build by experienced devs using state of the art techniques and sold to game or engine developpers. Dark souls uses [Havok]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why are some batteries rechargable while others are not?

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 Why are some batteries rechargable while others are not?

You can actually recharge non-rechargeable batteries such as alkaline batteries. However, they perform very poorly and take a very long time to recharge (Up to one day). They will also only last a handful of cycles before completely dying. I highly advise against trying this as your normal battery charger will likely cause the battery to overheat and catch on fire. Essentially what recharging a battery does is reverse the flow of electrons, pushing all of the electrons from one side to the other. Nearly all batteries can do this, but only ones such as NiCad, NiMh, Lead-Acid, and Li-Ion/Po can do this efficiently. The only reason that alkaline batteries still exist is that they're cheap, durable and relatively safe.


Question: when water boils, its bubbles are round, but when it freezes, its crystals are 6-sided. Why isn’t frozen water round or boiling water hexagonally shaped? Aren’t H2O molecules the same in either state?

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 when water boils, its bubbles are round, but when it freezes, its crystals are 6-sided. Why isn’t frozen water round or boiling water hexagonally shaped? Aren’t H2O molecules the same in either state?

Bubbles are round because gaseous pressure is equally distributed outward. Ice crystals are shaped in such a way because of the bent molecular shape and the hydrogen forces that come together in a regular pattern. The water molecules are much slower and aren't bouncing all over the place. Gaseous H2O is much higher energy and further apart so that the regular pattern of ice doesn't come into effect.


Question: Why are almost all things ancient, discovered underground? For example, archeologists have to dig up ancient cities and homes. Are we always gaining layers of land through the years?

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<answer>
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 Why are almost all things ancient, discovered underground? For example, archeologists have to dig up ancient cities and homes. Are we always gaining layers of land through the years?

Sort of. Depends on where you are. Mostly mountains are constantly rising (cause of plate tectonics or volcanoes) and erosion brings bits of mountains down to cover stuff. So while some places are getting buried, other places are getting ground down. Mostly depends on the geography of the area and weather patterns. But the main reason we find old stuff underground is because buried stuff gets shielded from erosion. Stuff that isn't buried tends to wear down over long periods. Technical term is survivorship bias. You only see the survivors, so you tend to think that the things that survived are the norm, because you never see the stuff that disappeared.


Question: How does baby powder remove beach sand?

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 How does baby powder remove beach sand?

The baby powder (usually scented talc) absorbs moisture - I would think if it sucks up water so that the skin and the sand end up dry, then the sand would lose adhesion and become easy to brush off.


Question: Why does the left side of the brain control the right side of the body, and vice versa? Why shouldn't each side of the brain control its respective side of the body?

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 Why does the left side of the brain control the right side of the body, and vice versa? Why shouldn't each side of the brain control its respective side of the body?

Answering "why" questions is always difficult in cases like this because evolution doesn't have a "why" or "should". Often there is an obvious benefit to a characteristic, so it's easy to reason out "why", for example, our stomachs are acidic, but in cases like this it's far more difficult because there's no obvious benefit to things being this way. Which is an arsey way of saying "we don't know". There's a characteristic of vertebrates (animals with an enclosed spinal cord) called 'decussation', which describes the way nerves "cross over" as they exit the brain. The result of this is that the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa. All vertebrates exhibit decussation, but the same is not true for invertebrates. So it's assumed that, at some point in the early evolutional pathway of the spine, it twisted 180°. We don't really know why this happened or why it was beneficial enough to be a universal characteristic of vertebrates, and while there are a few theories, they are very difficult to prove conclusively.


Question: How is it possible that once we measure the momentum of a particle we can't know its position and viceversa?

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 How is it possible that once we measure the momentum of a particle we can't know its position and viceversa?

Because a particle can't have perfectly defined momentum and position at the same time. This isn't something to do with the measurement, it's a fundamental property of the fact that particles are waves. The energy of a particle is related to its wavelength/frequency. If a particle had some perfectly absolutely defined momentum/energy, it would look like a sin wave from -infinity to +infinity [like this]( URL_2 ). The position is where the wave is. If a particle had a perfectly defined position, its wave would be 0 everywhere with an infinitely thin spike up at that position [like this]( URL_0 ). First picture we know the momentum, but where is the wave? It's anywhere in that sin wave. Second picture we know where it is, but what's the momentum? We can't tell because there's no troughs and crests in the wave to measure its wavelength. In reality, particles have wave functions that look more [like this]( URL_1 ). The position is kind of defined (somewhere in that wave) and the momentum is kind of defined (somewhere between the largest and smallest distance between the waves). There's always a limit to how much a wave can be scrunched or stretched before one of those two things is lost. EDIT: Image tags


Question: why do diamonds look colorful when you take a picture of them?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 why do diamonds look colorful when you take a picture of them?

A lot of the color you see in gemstones is actually a lot of different flares of color that come through at different angles as you move. When you take a picture, it's not moving so you usually don't get a lot of those flares.


Question: How do cereal makers decide which vitamins and minerals to fortify a certain cereal with?

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 How do cereal makers decide which vitamins and minerals to fortify a certain cereal with?

The reason I'm asking is because I was looking at the back of random cereal boxes at the store, and thought it was weird how much of a huge spectrum of vitamins and minerals there are. They have very different choices in different cereals, even by the same makers! It even just varies greatly with kid cereals from the same company. Do they choose by flavor or the texture of the cereal or something? Also, why is this common anyway? I'm guessing for marketing to look like some of the kids cereals aren't junk food or something. Thanks!


Question: What is the greenish crud that builds up on the tips of my metal liquid soap dispensers?

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 What is the greenish crud that builds up on the tips of my metal liquid soap dispensers?

Patina? Try scrubbing with a paste of baking soda. You can't really prevent it unless you stop it from getting wet, which isn't likely.


Question: Why did Ecuador terminate Assange diplomatic asylum?

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 Why did Ecuador terminate Assange diplomatic asylum?

Ecuador’s president, Lenin Moreno, has issued a video explaining his decision to withdraw Julian Assange’s asylum status after seven years. Moreno complained about Assange’s behaviour and accused him of being involved in “interfering in internal affairs of other states” while in the embassy. He said the asylum of Assange “is unsustainable and no longer viable” because he had repeatedly violated “clear cut provisions of the conventions of diplomatic asylum”, citing the recent leak of Vatican documents by Wikileaks. The statement continued: The patience of Ecuador has reached its limit on the behaviour of Mr Assange. He installed electronic and distortion equipment not allowed. He blocked the security cameras of the Ecuadorian mission in London. He has confronted and mistreated guards. He had accessed the security files of our embassy without permission. He claimed to be isolated and rejected the internet connection offered by the embassy, and yet he had a mobile phone with which he communicated with the outside world. While Ecuador upheld the generous conditions of his asylum, Mr Assange legally challenged in three difference instances the legality of the protocol. In all cases, the relevant judicial authorities have validated Ecuador’s position. In line with our strong commitment to human rights and international law, I requested Great Britain to guarantee that Mr Assange would not be extradited to a country where he could face torture or the death penalty. The British government has confirmed it in writing, in accordance with its own rules. Finally, two days ago, WikiLeaks, Mr Assange’s allied organisation, threatened the government of Ecuador. My government has nothing to fear and does not act under threats. Ecuador is guided by the principles of law, complies with international law and protects the interests of Ecuadorians. URL_0


Question: Why does arak turn cloudy white when water is added to it?

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 Why does arak turn cloudy white when water is added to it?

It's a solubility effect. There are lots oil-like materials in the spirit that give it the flavour. These are only just soluble in a 40% alcohol/water mixture (or what ever the actual value is). Adding more water drops the alcohol concentration beyond the point that some of the oil fraction is soluble, even though the total volume has increased. So it comes out of solution as microscopic droplets.


Question: How does one profit from something that costs $1/€1 considering all the production, maintenance, transportation and other costs?

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 How does one profit from something that costs $1/€1 considering all the production, maintenance, transportation and other costs?

Wholesale purchase and sales. Buy it at 100 pieces for $0.05 then sell for a dollar and it’s one heck of a profit margin.


Question: Why do power plants still boil water?

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 Why do power plants still boil water?

You need a way of transforming the heat produced in a reactor or power plant into electricity. Whether you're burning coal, oil, or using nuclear fusion or fission you are really just producing heat. Boiling water and using steam to turn a turbine is currently the most safe and efficient means we have of turning heat into electricity. In time though this will change. With nuclear fusion you have the ability to use things like magneto hydrodynamics. A fusion reaction produces a super heated plasma which is highly magnetic. Theoretically speaking you can use a closed loop of plasma to excite electrons in a wire directly to produce electricity. However since you still have to cool the reactor, you can still boil water to reclaim the heat from the reaction to produce even more electricity, thus making the reactor even more efficient. To go one step further if you could generate electricity from the light produced by a fusion reactor you could make it even more efficient.


Question: Can psychoactive drugs trigger schizophrenia in people who are at a genetic disposition to the disease already? If so, how high is the risk for different family members that have it?

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<answer>
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</answer>
 Can psychoactive drugs trigger schizophrenia in people who are at a genetic disposition to the disease already? If so, how high is the risk for different family members that have it?

Yes, psychoactive drugs can accelerate and/or exaggerate the onset of schizophrenia in individuals with a genetic disposition. This link provides info on the genetics. Schizophrenia, like many things involving the brain are still quite mysterious to us as we don’t have all the answers. We don’t know what exactly causes it or how to cure it, but we know that certain genes are linked to it. Like a similar disease in terms of genetics, diabetes, there are many internal and external factors leading to the development of the disease. These genes may contribute to causing the disease but don’t cause it outright. This also shows the relationship between relatives who had the disease and the risk factor. URL_0


Question: Why are the currencies of English speaking countries and the Euro in generally very similar in relative value, whereas many other currencies are vastly different?

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 Why are the currencies of English speaking countries and the Euro in generally very similar in relative value, whereas many other currencies are vastly different?

A big part of that was the Euro itself. Back in the day, European currency was as crazy as any other. 1,000 Lira to a dollar, 17 Drachma to a Franc, all that good stuff.


Question: If brains use electricity to send and recieve messages, why do EMPs not shut down brains?

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 If brains use electricity to send and recieve messages, why do EMPs not shut down brains?

The answer has two parts: 1. EMP's have an effect on metals. The EM pulse is a pulse - a rapidly-changing electric and magnetic field, and because of [induction]( URL_0 ), it causes mirrored electric and magnetic currents in metals in the vicinity. Electronic chips have a lot of thin metal wires in them, and even a little bit of static electricity (1 volt going the wrong way) can fry these sensitive wires / chips. That's what the EMP does. 2. The brain (neurons) don't have metals and don't use electricity in the way you imagine (electrons moving through metals). If you look at a [basic explanation]( URL_1 ) of a neuron firing, the neuron cell creates a moving wave of extra sodium^+ ions, followed by potassium^+ ions; it's more of a chemistry pulse than an electrical pulse. But, technically, you do have "charged particles" (the ions) moving down the length of the cell, so technically you do have an "electrical current". But it's really a chemistry pulse, and once it reaches the end (the dendrites), it activates neurotransmitters, which are purely chemical and not electrical at all, to actually signal into the next neuron cell. So, TLDR, neuron transmission is chemical. This is why human [reaction time]( URL_2 ) is a quarter of a second (1/4th of a second), rather than speed of light (electricity would move at the speed of light, and speed of light from your head to your toes would be 1/100,000,000th of a second).


Question: How exactly do you get a prion disease by eating brains, the spinal cord, and/or major nerves?

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 How exactly do you get a prion disease by eating brains, the spinal cord, and/or major nerves?

Questions regarding prions surface on this sub every few days, which is quite interesting given how rare prion diseases are. So I will provide the usual comment I post where I explain what prion diseases are and how they work: Prions are proteins. We all have them. It's actually very conserved across countless species. It comes from the gene PRNP, which is expressed mostly in the central nervous system but in other tissues too. This prion protein is called PrPC (Prion Protein Cellular), it has some functions that we know like metal ion homeostasis (regulation of heavy metal ions in our body), regulation of circadian rhythm (sleep), peripheral myelination (the fatty insulating layer around neurons in the periphery that allows them to do saltatory conduction or high speed signal transmission), etc. This protein has a shape comprised of combination of alpha helices and beta sheets (just structures you can look them up). However, sometimes this protein may misfold, either due to a genetic defect or spontaneously while it's being produced or.. By being infected, I'll get to that. Once it's misfolded, it has a beta sheet rich structure, and it is incredibly stable. This misfolded protein termed PrPSc (Prion Protein Scrapie) is interesting in that once it comes in contact with other properly folded PrP (PrPC), it can impose its conformation or shape making the healthy PrP misfold too and then aggregate or clump with it. PrPSc is extremely stable meaning if you get a sample of it and boil it, put it in extreme acid, combust it, expose it to gamma radiation, etc then inject the result in the brain of a host, the host will show signs of infection. Fun fact: it is called scrapie because when the diseases was initially characterized in sheep, the infected ones were compulsively scraping their fleeces against the fences and such. How does it enter the body? this is still being studied, but at least in the context of mad cow disease (eating infected sample), research shows PrPSc can bind to another protein that is abundant in red meat called ferritin (its function is to carry iron), then the two proteins get shuttled through the epithelial cells lining your stomach, prions escape practically completely unharmed by acid and digestive enzymes because of how stable it is, but ferritin may get destroyed. Then PrPSc can exit the other side of these cells where blood vessels are, and then it enters circulation going to your brain. It may also come across a neuron here or there and then enter it and infect PrPC in a dominos fashion all the way to the brain (some neurons are really long, up to 1 m for instance from your spinal cord to your toe). Of course other research also shows PrPSc doesn't necessarily need a carrier, sometimes it can pass through epithelial cells (specifically M cells), completely unaided. Both of these methods, carried or not, are not entirely elucidated, but they likely involve a receptor or transporter that carries the proteins to cross the cell membrane. The thing about prions though is that all it takes is a handful to get you infected, I don't have the figure off the top of my head, but really just a few proteins are enough. So that's at least partially why it's very "scary." Once PrPSc nucleates an aggregate (a congregation of prion proteins) in neurons, the fibril (basically a microscopic fiber) grows. At some point the fibril can break and some chunk will spread elsewhere wreaking havoc there. Eventually you have aggregates all over the brain and even elsewhere and you develop one of the many transmissible spongiform encephalopathies also termed prion diseases (spongiform because brain resembles a sponge when the diseases progresses). These are invariably lethal diseases, no one ever survived them in the history of documented medicine. How does it kill you? Many hypotheses were put forth. Some argued that PrPC has important functions, and once it's destroyed by recruitment into aggregates, it stops doing its job and you get sick and die. This is largely proven wrong. Others proposed the aggregates grow big and start to physically disrupt neuronal architecture leading neurons to commit suicide and so you get sick and die. This is remain controversial because of many papers showing PrPSc actually directly signals to the neurons to kill themselves. So it's a biochemical as opposed to biophysical effect. Some decades back we had the mad cow disease issue. Some cows started having prion disease and it spread to humans because we ate them (remember, PrPSc is resistant to stomach acid), we call their disease mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy. So even though the cow prions are slightly different than ours, they could still impose their structure on ours and cause disease. There are maaaany other prion diseases (TSEs) in other animals transmissible mink encephalopathy, feline spongiform encephalopathy, exotic ungulate spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease of cervids, etc. I'm not sure if eating those animals when infected will infect us too but I can look it up. In humans we have also many TSEs like cruetzdeldt Jakob disease (variant, sporadic, etc), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, Kuru, fatal familial insomnia, etc. Some are genetic, some are due to infection, some are iatrogenic (infection in hospital), some are spontaneous. On the bright side, TSEs in humans are incredibly rare (genetic and spontaneous). So the only thing you should worry about is being infected. The good thing is that the majority of infection is usually due to eating an infected brain/nervous tissue (like in Kuru, a form of prion disease where people eat their dead in Papa new Guinea) or infected animal like mad cows. Infected cows have been completely eradicated, so you don't have to worry about that. The prions don't just jump out of an infected person and get inside you like via coughing (as is the case with COVID-19), I mean it's been tested in the lab whether prions can be aeroaolized or infect when touching the skin, and you won't like the results, but in nature prions don't get to such places anyway. Source: did my master's on prion disease. I never thought the knowledge would come in handy, so I'm always happy to explain when someone asks.


Question: How do imaginary numbers work?

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 How do imaginary numbers work?

You can't really directly count with i, but then again you can't really directly count with -1 either. We count with the natural numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, ...; anything other than that is a useful abstraction. 1. The integers add on negative values to represent things like debt, and allow subtraction to be well-defined for all pairs of numbers. * The rational numbers allow us to deal with the intuitive idea of dividing numbers into portions. If you divide 2 into 3 portions you have 2/3, etc. This allows division to be well-defined for all pairs of numbers, except division by 0. * The real numbers "fill in the holes" where the set of rational numbers has gaps. 𝜋 does not exist in the set of rational numbers, but it's between 3 and 4, between 3.1 and 3.2, between 3.14 and 3.15, etc. This turns out to be crucially important for things like calculus. * The complex numbers extend the real numbers, making it so that every polynomial equation (except trivial cases like c = 0 for some nonzero constant c) has at least one solution. For example, 36 + x^2 = 0 has no solutions in the real numbers, but in the complex numbers has two solutions: 6i and -6i. Just as there are infinitely many integers that are not natural numbers, and infinitely many rational numbers that are not integers, and infinitely many real numbers that are not rational numbers, there are infinitely many complex numbers that are not real numbers. The complex numbers that are multiples of i are called "imaginary". The complex numbers are useful for modeling certain physical phenomena, and are also interesting because they can provide insight on the more familiar real numbers. They aren't the only way we can extend the real numbers. For example, in step 2 above we mentioned division being well-defined except division by 0. Instead of the complex numbers, we could try to extend the real numbers in a different way so that division by 0 is well-defined. These are abstractions, so as long as we're internally consistent there's no problem. However, it turns out that the complex numbers are, by far, the most useful and interesting of the extensions of the real numbers, so this is the one you're most likely to hear about.


Question: How do doctors calculate percent/chance of survival for any particular surgery?

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 How do doctors calculate percent/chance of survival for any particular surgery?

Pretty much. Often it's more of just an educated guess based on how complicated the surgery will be and the number of things that could potentially go wrong.


Question: Why shouldn't people log into personal accounts on public computers?

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 Why shouldn't people log into personal accounts on public computers?

If you forget to sign out, someone else could gain access to your account. Or if someone installed malware on the computer, they may be able to access your account.


Question: It once took me 6 hours to create a single 3D screw. How do video game designers create thousands of intricate worlds, objects, and animations so quickly?

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 It once took me 6 hours to create a single 3D screw. How do video game designers create thousands of intricate worlds, objects, and animations so quickly?

They work in teams, not alone, and they have lots of practice behind them. Your screw may have take 6 hours, and is no small feat, but if you're making tons and tons of these sorts of objects you do get creation of them with practice.


Question: How do horses know a hit on the flank means "walk" ?

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 How do horses know a hit on the flank means "walk" ?

Training a horse (properly) is a very long process They should learn to move forward as youngsters, with a soft head collar and lead rope. Gentle forward pressure is used to encourage them to walk on, and this is usually combined with a vocal command such as a click, whistle or simply saying "walk on". Same goes for slowing or stopping and saying "whoah". As you move towards backing a horse (having weight/a rider on its back for the first time), you should be able to use these vocal commands on their own with little to no physical command in order to start/stop, or speed up/slow down. Next step once they're used to the weight and shift in balance that comes with carrying a rider (usually done with a second person in the ground to guide and reassure the horse), you then start to associate a touch on the side with the foot with the vocal command to go forwards, and the same with gentle rein pressure along with a "whoah" command. It takes a while, ideally vocal training should be done consistently from when foals are halter-trained until they're back at 3/4 years of age.


Question: What makes some whiskey/bourbon/scotch "smooth" and others "harsh?" Price is not the answer I'm looking for. There are affordable examples of each that are smooth, and others in the same price range that are harsh. Food science based answers would be the most helpful.

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 What makes some whiskey/bourbon/scotch "smooth" and others "harsh?" Price is not the answer I'm looking for. There are affordable examples of each that are smooth, and others in the same price range that are harsh. Food science based answers would be the most helpful.

The taste can be influenced well before aging by the shape and height of the destillery and the destillation temperature. Different alcohols have sometimes very slightly different evaporation points and they carry different aromas. With a high destillery you can more easily adjust for a favorable mix since some non-favorable alcohols and aromas fall down again before reaching the cooling spiral. Since English isn't my first language you might want to look at the explanation in r/scotch: URL_0


Question: why does your brain give you a (usually accurate) “feeling” that you’re forgetting something but not exactly what it is?

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 why does your brain give you a (usually accurate) “feeling” that you’re forgetting something but not exactly what it is?

One way to imagine the way that your brain stores memories is to picture it as a large puzzle. Individual memories are the pieces, and they are connected to other pieces. If you look at a puzzle with a missing piece, you can tell that there is a piece missing. You can clearly see the piece shaped hole. However, you don't know what was on that missing piece. You know you're forgetting something, but you don't know what it is. You can often use the context of the adjacent pieces to deduce what the missing piece probably contains. That's why thinking about related things can help you figure out what you are forgetting.


Question: Why is the number 'e' so important?

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 Why is the number 'e' so important?

Take y=2^x, the gradient along this line is always less than 2^x at the point x. Take y=3^x, the gradient along this line is always greater than 3^x at the point x. This implies there is a number between these two where the gradient of this line is always equal to that number to the power x at the point x. This line is called 'the exponential' and the value is quantified as e. At this point it is worth mentioning that logarithms can be taken with base 'e', this is called the natural logarithm or ln, or log*_e_*. Assuming you have covered basic calculus you will understand that if y=x*'n'* then dy/dx=n.x*'n-1'*. This is a very useful formula, and can be used for the basics of integration. If dy/dx=x*'n'* then y=(1/(n+1)).x*'n+1'* + c(integrating constant). This is also very useful, however you may have wondered what's the integral of x*'-1'*. By our formula it would be 1 divided by the sum of n(-1 in our case) plus one. Dividing by zero is undefined and hence we need a different tool to define this. This is where e and ln become useful. If y=lnf(x) then dy/dx=f'(x)/f(x) since x*'-1'* is the same as 1/x you can see that as 1 is the differential of x therefore the integral of x*'-1'* is ln(x). As ln is useful in integration e is useful in differentiation. From our definition of e^x=gradient of e^x which in a more meaningful form can show: y=e*'f(x)'* dy/dx=f'(x).e*'f(x)'* Compare this to: y=2*'x'* (to find the differential take log base e both sides) ln(y)=ln2*'x'* (ln2^x is the same as xln2 differentiate) 1/y dy/dx = ln2 dy/dx = y.ln2 dy/dx = 2*'x'*ln2 You see how much simpler e makes a simple equation, this is but one of it's aweosme properties. Power series of e*'x'*: e*'x'* = 1 + x + x*'2'*/2! +x*'3'*/3! +...+ x*'n'*/n! (Differentiates to itself!) It is also useful for explaining complex numbers by combining sin and cos power series to show a famous formula: e*'i*pi'* +1 = 0 or half a circle (pi radians) of the unit circle (radius 1 centre (0,0) plus one gets you back to zero. EDIT: If you see a number with 'number' around it imagine it as to the power of, I messed up the formatting and won't change it now.


Question: why is default bad to banks even though they will still own the house?

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 why is default bad to banks even though they will still own the house?

Banks want to be banks, not realtors or landlords. They want to lend money, and get paid back *with interest.* If they have to take a defaulted house, they probably can't sell it for as much as the mortgage is worth, or the owner would have done that. So the bank is losing money.


Question: i saw lightning go from left to right. How is that possible?

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 i saw lightning go from left to right. How is that possible?

Why wouldn't it be possible? Electricity flows whenever there's a voltage differential--and two points can have a voltage differential no matter where they are in relation to each other.