Question: If muscles are what allow us to exert force, why is it that ligament tears severely reduce performance even after recovery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If muscles are what allow us to exert force, why is it that ligament tears severely reduce performance even after recovery?

Bones are connected to other bones by ligaments. They help stabilize the joints in our body. If you tear a ligament, the joint is not stable and thus cannot work like its supposed to. Its kind of like a door hinge. If you break one of the hinges, or it becomes loose, the door can't open and close properly. With muscles, ligament tears can affect performance because since you can't continue to move the joint effectively, and your muscles aren't being used like they are supposed to. A muscle that isn't being used effectively gets weaker over time, and thus may not be able to keep the joint stable even after the ligament heals. This is why it takes so much physical therapy to get back to where you used to be. Finally, broken things (especially our bodies) tend to never operate at the exact same level as before being fixed. With the door hinge for example, repairing it is possible, but it may not be as strong as it once was since its overall structural integrity has been damaged. This is the same with the body. You can fix damage, but it typically won't be "as good as new" in most cases. There are some exceptions with our body however, like muscles and bones, which are designed to grow back stronger from damage. Our tendons and ligaments (as well as other, more vital organs) aren't designed this way.


Question: How can one feel that they're being observed or followed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can one feel that they're being observed or followed?

From what I'm seeing, the scientific consensus as to whether or not this is a real "sixth sense" is still inconclusive, but has been leaning toward "debunked" since the early experiments by Edward B. Titchener in 1898. As AlishaV mentioned, there has been [research]( URL_0 ) that suggests that we might be subconsciously more aware of our surroundings than we perceive (known as blindsight), however, we should also beware of [potential bias]( URL_1 ). For people we can see, gaze detection or peripheral vision can come into play, but for those we cannot, evidence is not strong that the detection is more than chance.


Question: Why are submarines so hard to track with modern technology?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are submarines so hard to track with modern technology?

It is mostly just a factor of how damn big the ocean is. Even a surface boat is likely to avoid detection simply because there is so much ocean that it can be hard to find it. Also, submarines have a lot of the same sensor equipment that other ships do, and other ships generally aren't trying to be as stealthy as submarines are. which means that a submarine can very often detect and avoid the ship that would otherwise detect it.


Question: Why are industrial power generators 3-phased? Why not 1 or 2 phases, what's so special about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are industrial power generators 3-phased? Why not 1 or 2 phases, what's so special about it?

It's like riding a bike. Two-phase power is equivalent to a two-pedal bicycle, and there are moments & mdash;when one pedal is all the way up and the other is all the way down & mdash;when pedalling is really hard and inefficient. If you had three-pedals (and three legs :-) this problem would go away.


Question: With the oil price dropping from $100 to $40 over the last few years, why didn't the price of petrol follow suit with a 60% drop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With the oil price dropping from $100 to $40 over the last few years, why didn't the price of petrol follow suit with a 60% drop?

The oil price is the price of the raw oil as pumped from the oil wells. In order to make petrol from it you have to pay for transportation, storage and refining as well as taxes and fees. How much of the petrol price is buying the raw oil is a bit complex to calculate as a gallon of raw oil does not result in a gallon of petrol. But if it were then a drop in price from $100 to $40 would have reduced the price of petrol by about $1.50.


Question: How is GDP of a country calculated? Why is it in small percentages, like 2.5% maybe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is GDP of a country calculated? Why is it in small percentages, like 2.5% maybe?

The GDP is the total amount of money spent in a country (or amount gained in income, as they are hypothetically equal). It equates to government spending + consumer spending + investment spending + net exports (i.e. exports - imports). So if you buy a car it counts as consumer spending, and if the car company buys a new manufacturing machine it counts as investment. However if the car comapny buys steel to make a car its not counted, as its considered to be counted as part of the car. GDP is measured as currency (e.g. the US's GDP is roughly $19.4tn). Now what you see as small percentages isn't actually the GDP, but "growth" which is the rate of change of a countries GDP. So if a countries GDP was £100bn last year and £102bn this year GDP growth would be 2%*. Its normally a small number because GDP growth in advanced economies is typically constrained by technology, which can't advance and be applied that quickly. Also it is exponential, so even small GDP growth rapidly compounds into big changes (2% growth over 35 years doubles the size of the economy). *To add to this, what we typically measure is called "real growth" and is equal to growth minus inflation, which is essentially the increase in spending that is not caused by an increase in prices, and thus is probably due to an increase in production.


Question: Why do you have to pay penalities for not having health insurance that is not wanted nor needed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you have to pay penalities for not having health insurance that is not wanted nor needed?

It incentives people to buy into health insurance when they are healthy. The more people that buy into health insurances the more the cost of premium is driven down. The hope is that if everyone has health insurance then it will be cheap for people that do need it. Then one day when you need your health insurance and you cant work do to your medical issue you can still pay for it.


Question: When it rains, is there a point that you could go to that the rain would fully stop? Could you stand a few yards away from an area covered in rain and watch it? How does that sort of thing work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When it rains, is there a point that you could go to that the rain would fully stop? Could you stand a few yards away from an area covered in rain and watch it? How does that sort of thing work?

Yes, the wind might carry it a bit from the cloud edge but there is a cut off, otherwise when it rains somewhere it would be raining everywhere across the world at the same time. Rain basically falls straight down from the cloud so wherever isn't under cloud won't be getting rain until the cloud moves there (again, barring wind factors) One time it was cloudy and raining in my backyard but my front yard was still sunny and dry as that's just where the clouds happened to be. It didn't last long as the clouds moved over and covered it all but it was a good 5 minutes.


Question: What Causes the "Fingernails on a Chalkboard" feeling, and why is it Metal on Metal for some?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What Causes the "Fingernails on a Chalkboard" feeling, and why is it Metal on Metal for some?

Am I the only one for whom styrofoam on sterofoam makes that feeling?


Question: What determines the boiling/freezing point of elements and why are some so extreme?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines the boiling/freezing point of elements and why are some so extreme?

There are different types of “intermolecular forces” which are the forces that hold similar molecules together. Some include: covalent network, hydrogen, dipole-dipole, and so on. Different molecules are held together by different forces. Some forces, like hydrogen bonding, are wayyyy stronger than other forces. This results in the molecules being held together super tight, making their boiling point super high because it requires lots of energy to separate them. Boiling point also varries based on atomic mass of the elements and size of elements which causes more variance in boiling point of molecules.


Question: - When your body burns fat, where does it all go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - When your body burns fat, where does it all go?

The carbon is exhaled as CO2, the rest is excreted as water.


Question: What prevents us from seeing source code in closed source software?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What prevents us from seeing source code in closed source software?

No, the source code is more like a recipe which *creates* the app code which is needed for the program to function. The source code is all laid out in a logical, human-designed and human-readable format, and then a compiler turns that into a much tighter, optimized, machine-readable version of the algorithm which is described by the source code. This machine readable version is called, appropriately, machine code. There do exist programs called decompilers, which can go the other direction and give you source code from a piece of machine code. But a decompiler isn't just like "Give me *the* source code this was compiled from." It's more like "Give me *a* source code which, if compiled, would produce this machine code." What comes out is likely to be ugly, unreadable, and look like nonsense to a human, even if it compiles and runs just fine.


Question: How do smaller online flight travel agents work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do smaller online flight travel agents work?

They act as a reseller for tickets via a centralised database for them. Since they can determine their own profit, higher volume (relative to them) allows them to discount. This makes filling planes a surer thing, and many people (rightfully so), still drift direct carrier to buy. They never work with all the airlines, and I had a long haul flight that was a bit lower than the standard price but I had near 50% luggage allowance and a couple of additional minor benefits.


Question: when you get surgery or any other kind of major cut on your skin, how do the blood vessels and nerves know how to line themselves back up when its healing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when you get surgery or any other kind of major cut on your skin, how do the blood vessels and nerves know how to line themselves back up when its healing?

They don't really. There is some angiogenesis, where new blood vessels are built. They may or may not cross back across and connect with other blood vessels. If they do, it's just them growing until they bump into other vessels. It's not like a bunch of hoses that have to get reattached to all their other halves. And nerves don't always grow back. Lots of of lacerations remain sort of numb after the scar forms. Sometimes peripheral nerves will grow back, through a process called Wallerian degeneration. It's pretty cool, and there are some good youtube videos about it. Your blood vessels aren't just a loop that can be cut and have to be repaired. It's more of a vast network that has general direction of flow through it.


Question: Why are stimulants like adderall only therapeutic to people with ADHD, and not recommended for normal people improve performance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are stimulants like adderall only therapeutic to people with ADHD, and not recommended for normal people improve performance?

They’re not prescribed for performance reasons because of the risk of addiction (and other negative health effects). Those downsides are only considered “worthwhile” if there’s a significant problem that they would solve. This is the whole point of *prescribing* certain medicines rather than making them freely available, and stimulants aren’t the only example of medicines restricted in this way. The benefits may also be smaller for people without ADHD. Stimulants improve focus and energy, and are used illegally to improve performance (especially with academics). But if a person is *able* to focus on a task consistently/long-term without the drugs, the possible improvement is smaller than somebody who can’t do that at all. With ADHD, consistent use is part of a treatment plan that intends to develop good *habits* as well as methods like organization to support better productivity, focus etc. Without the need to address those issues or maintain structure/consistency as part of the treatment plan, consistent use may have more downsides (tolerance etc) and occasional use would be better.


Question: How do long ago healed piercings get infected when the hole is no longer an open wound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do long ago healed piercings get infected when the hole is no longer an open wound?

When you have a piercing, you have basically made a cozy, warm, hard to clean area of the skin that's in constant contact with the piercing. Oils from your skin get on the piercing giving the bacteria that cause infections food to grow too. So it's just more prone to getting infected like any area of the skin potentially can, unless you practice good hygiene in that area, regularly cleaning it and the piercing itself.


Question: What is disassociation and how would you know that it is happening to you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is disassociation and how would you know that it is happening to you?

Im going to pressume this is in regard to mental health... Disassociation is thought to be a preventative measure the brain takes to ease the effect of serious trauma. This is called peritraumatic disassociation. Think of a time when something is really horrible and you don't want to pay attention to it, but you do because your human. When you disassociate your brain basically says "This is WAYYYYYY too much to handle. I don't care, let's slow down time a bit, please try again later"


Question: How is China able to own (buy?) so much of the rest of the world's debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is China able to own (buy?) so much of the rest of the world's debt?

From the almost crazy economic growth they had more money than they knew what to do with so they put their money in buying up bonds


Question: How do we waste Water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we waste Water?

It's more that the water cycle doesn't always put water in places where it is easily accessible or usable by humans. The water exists, but if it goes back to the ocean, it becomes much harder for humans to use. Likewise, it takes a lot of energy to clean and purify water to be drinkable by humans, so allowing that water to evaporate and go back into the oceans means that all that effort to clean the water was wasted.


Question: Why is there so much more food in cold oceans than warm oceans? Aren't warm oceans more favorable for plant and animal growth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there so much more food in cold oceans than warm oceans? Aren't warm oceans more favorable for plant and animal growth?

Cold water can hold on to more oxygen than warm water so more life can grow and thrive in colder waters.


Question: Why cant My dad use his propane heater indoors? But we can use a natural gas stove?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why cant My dad use his propane heater indoors? But we can use a natural gas stove?

imperfect combustion creates carbon monoxide. that stuff kills you if you inhaled enough of it. gas stoves also produce carbon monoxide. but most people don't turn their stoves on for hours at a time. so the concentration is much lower.


Question: Why did Apple get rid of "Swipe to Unlock" in place of Touch ID?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did Apple get rid of "Swipe to Unlock" in place of Touch ID?

I am 99% sure that you dont need to store any fingerprints, and thus not have to use TouchID. Either way, hitting home after on the finterprint screen should bring up the password prompt


Question: water filtration methods/services. What do they really filter and leave behind to be safe to drink?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 water filtration methods/services. What do they really filter and leave behind to be safe to drink?

First, the question requires clarification. Are we talking about industrial water filtration plant, or about kitchen water filter? Anyway, there are basically three or four things to filter: * mechanical, insoluble waste (sand and such) * biological waste (bacterial) * heavy metals (in form of dissolved ions) * hardness (ions of calcium and magnesium) Common methods are: * mechanical filtering — from passing water through simple fine mesh to various chemical and mechanical assisted methods, for example, [flotation process]( URL_0 ). * various antibacterial treatment, from adding chlorine to using UV light. * using adsorbents, materials with many little pores, that effectively bind large molecules. * ion exchange resins, that adsorb ions of heavy metals and chemically bind them, releasing instead harmless sodium ions. * reverse osmosis, forcing water through special membrane that remove ions and molecules. * for the sake of complete list — distillation, boiling water and collecting pure vapour.


Question: Why does a sore throat hurt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a sore throat hurt?

Your throat is going through inflammation, part of the process of fighting off an infection. some of the chemicals involved in this process stimulate nerves or cause swelling, which compresses nerves. Both cause a pain response, same as it would with an injury. Since you use your throat constantly the nerves are always getting agitated. So even minor inflammation feels absolutely miserable


Question: How does aloe vera help sunburns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does aloe vera help sunburns?

It probably doesn't. It seems that it's no more effective than a placebo. "The results showed that the aloe vera cream has no sunburn or suntan protection and no efficacy in sunburn treatment when compared to placebo." URL_0 A few more examples in this NY Times article. URL_1


Question: If infinity is considered as an abstract concept rather than a number, why is zero a number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If infinity is considered as an abstract concept rather than a number, why is zero a number?

Might sound silly but it's a good question. In fact there was a time when 0 was an 'abstract concept' in the sense that it didn't really exist in it's own right as a number (a couple of millenia ago). To answer this question, it's best to understand that maths is axiomatic, in other words it's based on a few fundamental rules on which all the other rules are built upon. For example one of the rules for addition is that a + b = b + a. This might seem trivial but this along with a few other basic rules entirely define the rules of arithmetic and allow us to build theorems and understand numbers at a deeper level. The very first of Peano's axioms (which are still mostly used today) is that 0 is the first natural number. This might not be a satisfying answer, but it's this definition which has allowed the many fields of mathematics to be consistent. The definition of infinity on the other hand, while still rigorous is a lot less clear because it can take nuanced differences depending on which field of maths you are talking about. Furthermore not all infinities are the same size! As we can't put any number value on it, it remains a more 'abstract concept'.


Question: How do drinks (sodas, canned coffee, etc.) stay mixed together and not separate into their ingredients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do drinks (sodas, canned coffee, etc.) stay mixed together and not separate into their ingredients?

Some stuff does separate a bit, like Yoohoo. Things that don't separate are because the ingredients are either completely in solution (like sugar dissolved in milk or water) or because the ingredients make a stable suspension when you get them evenly mixed (homogenized milk is stable because they stir the crap out of it). Dissolving works because it's energetically favorable. Things like sugar and salt have parts of their molecules that have a slight charge imbalance. Water does too, so they like to stick to each other, kind of like little bar magnets. They'd rather hang out with the water than clump together on their own. In the case of suspensions (colloids) you have things that don't want to mix, but you get them to because the thorough mixing breaks clumps. For the fat in milk, you stir until the fat ends up in tiny little spheres with water around them. The little clumps of fat want to stay together, and the water wants to stay together. To get the clumps of fat near to each other and start combining back into bigger clumps is a higher energy state, and in general, things want to stay at the lowest energy. It basically takes more energy to get the water (like little sticky magnets) out of the way that's keeping the fat separate. EDIT: Someone mentioned emulsifiers, which I totally spaced on. That's another thing that may keep a mixture together. Emulsifiers are ingredients that allows mixtures of polar and non-polar ingredients to stay together. An example would be water (polar) and oil (non-polar). Emulsifiers have one end that sticks to polar molecules and another end that sticks to non-polar molecules, so they sort of play matchmaker. Common examples for foods and beverages are egg yolk, mustard, soy lecithin, and various esters. EDIT2: In my enthusiam for ELI5'ing it I described homogenization as just 'stirring'. While some stuff can remain pretty stable by stirring hard (with like a blender or something), in practice, it works better if you go super saiyan on breaking up the clumps you want to remain in suspension with a more specialized device. As other commentors pointed out, milk is homogenized by forcing it through a small opening under high pressure.


Question: Why is it common practice to bury our dead in the ground?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it common practice to bury our dead in the ground?

We bury bodies because dead bodies are horrible disease spreaders. The idea is to get a rid of the body where it won't infect the rest of us.


Question: How does a high-risk investor predict if a certain company is going to generate profits? Does one have to be an expert in the field the company works in or understand the products it offers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a high-risk investor predict if a certain company is going to generate profits? Does one have to be an expert in the field the company works in or understand the products it offers?

Well, first we need to define what a "high-risk" investment is. Usually this will mean one of two items: 1. A young company that has created something uniquely valuable 2. A company in financial distress Let's start with number 1: a young company. This is the type of company you'll usually see in Shark Tank/Dragon's Den. Essentially someone thought up a product or idea, and started a business around it. **SOME** sources of risk here are as follows (by no means is this exhaustive): 1. Management. Usually someone at this stage of business is a first-time entrepreneur (or maybe it isn't their first time, but the other attempts did not realize success). They are going to make mistakes, mistakes cost money. 2. The Underlying Product or Service. So the entrepreneur has an idea. Okay. How *big* is the idea *really*? Is this just a gag gift? Is it the next major trend? How big is the market for this idea, and how much would they be willing to pay for it? 3. The Company's Short History. It's very hard to tell if you're improving or not if you've only got a year or two of financial records (which, in many cases, could be incorrect!). 4. Management's Expectations. Usually founders of small businesses are **very** optimistic about what they're going to do and how successful it will be. Everything they say needs to be taken with a grain of salt. 5. **TIME** This one is a big one. An investment in a small start up isn't like putting money in the bank or even investing in the stock market. **You will not be able to access that money for at least a few years, and usually more.** That can be very problematic. 6. Profitability. In order to succeed, your company must generate more cash than it spends. Many start ups **do not generate more cash than spent for several years.** They usually need a lot of capital from investors like you just to survive until they're big enough to gain a profit. If the company isn't structured very well, it could be a long time before profit is recognized. (Also some industries, like a whisky distillery, by the nature of their business take a long time to have a product ready to sell). Why invest amidst all these risks? **Because you're able to get a large portion of the ownership of the company for *relatively* cheap so that if it DOES take off, you can make a TON of money.** Now let's look at Distressed Companies. A distressed company is one that has been operating for a bit, but suddenly now finds itself near or in bankruptcy. Why on Earth would someone want to invest in that? Well, sometimes the company's underlying, normal performance is perfectly fine, but they took on too much debt, or some very unusual thing happened that caused them to get in the mess they're now in. Other times, the way they do business isn't the best, and so they're missing out on great growth opportunities. So, you can either loan them cash or invest in them so they survive, get back on their feet, and then realize a good return (both the company overall and you personally). It all comes down to something called your *risk appetite.* That is, how willing are you to lose for the chance to win? Obviously if you'd lose $100 maximum and gain $1,000,000 maximum, you'd be more likely to take that bet. If the reverse were the case (bettering $1,000,000 for the chance to win $100), you'd avoid that. It comes down to where you draw the line, how negotiations play out, and how the overall deal ends up going before and after.


Question: What changes happen to our body as we age that, we have an old person’s silhouette and body built? (regardless of how much exercise one does) (I mean body-wise, not skin-wise)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What changes happen to our body as we age that, we have an old person’s silhouette and body built? (regardless of how much exercise one does) (I mean body-wise, not skin-wise)

So "silhouette" results from 1) posture and 2) age-related shrinking. Posture is simple enough you bend a certain way, stick your neck out you eventually do get "stuck". Maintaining proper posture and certain exercises can fix this pretty well. Shrinking is a result of 1) water loss- you hear that humans are 70% water, that percentage decreases as you age for not entirely clear reasons. 2) bone loss, old people are also more fragile because after your mid-20s you lose more bone than you make. 3) your joints have less "cushion" as they slowly get worn away its why people get joint replacement. This can all be mitigated but not completely stopped with a healthy diet and exercise.


Question: Why does the more you sleep the more tired you get?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the more you sleep the more tired you get?

Have you ever heard about phases of dreaming? When you are woken up in some phases you are tired no matter what. When you sleep longer sleep phases change. The beggining sleeping goes like this ~REM, light sleep, deep sleep. light sleep. REM.... After two or three cycles there is no deep sleep. Cycles are a bit shorter. Your brain is less active during REM.Sleeping goes like this: ~REM, Lightsleep, REM After eight hours of sleep difference between brain activity in Rem and Lightsleep is smaller and smaller. To be woken up fresh and energetic you must: 1. Wake up in the REM phase. The best phases for it are first three ones. 2. Not be tired. Eg. You felt asleep after tiring day. Your stamina would not be fully regenerated after two cycles, so you would probably wake up tired anyway. 3. Your sleep cycles must be normal eg. alcohol and coffeine can alter depht and lenght of sleep phases. Whn you sleep more than 8 hours you're more likely to wake up in light sleep phase and during REM phases activity of your braing isn't enough for you to make you feel refreshed after sleep.


Question: Advocates of communism say that Soviet Russia wasn't a real communist government. What's separated it from a true communist style of government?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Advocates of communism say that Soviet Russia wasn't a real communist government. What's separated it from a true communist style of government?

The confusion here arises because there are two common uses of the word 'communist.' A communist *society* is, per [Wikipedia's definition of Marxism]( URL_0 ), > a classless, stateless, humane society erected on common ownership The key word there is 'stateless'. There is no state/national government in a communist society. The Soviet Union had a state: therefore by definition it was not a communist society. The second use of the word is to simply indicate someone who *believes in* communism. This is what the term means applied to the USSR. The country was run by a party who believed in pursuing communism as a long term goal (at one point they famously promised "Communism by 1980"). Imagine that if you were in, say, England in the year 1400, and you formed a group called the Democracy Gang, and your goal was to create a democratic society where instead of kings and lords, you had government agencies appointed by elected officials. You topple the king. Is England now a democratic society? No, not yet. But you say you'll start the process of setting up election laws, getting rid of all the lords, forming new agencies, figuring out how they'll all work, organising things, etc etc over the next years so it *will be*. That's basically what the USSR was, or claimed to be. And there were many people who called themselves communists but objected to the USSR's ideas and plans. See also [this thread on /r/AskHistorians]( URL_1 ).


Question: If we are trying to get rid of carbon, why is it worse to put plastic in landfill than recycle it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we are trying to get rid of carbon, why is it worse to put plastic in landfill than recycle it?

There are two different concepts going on. One is carbon sequestration, where we're trying to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it away to it doesn't contribute to global warming/climate change. This is important to protect our current population/civilization from the side effects of climate change. The other concept is sustainability/reuse; if we're constantly draining our oil reserves to make new products and then burning/burying our old products, we will run out of oil to make new products. Reducing the amount of products used or finding ways to recycle/reuse them is important in trying to make sure that the resources we have can last for longer. This is a more long-term goal, so that we can continue living on the planet for longer, at least until we can colonize another planet. If we use most of the resources we have, there might be wars fought over the remaining resources, or we might run out and die off.


Question: How can scientists tell the differences in atomic mass for the same element?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can scientists tell the differences in atomic mass for the same element?

I think you are confusing atomic number and mass number. The chemical properties of an atom is determined by the number of protons it has (the atomic number), which in turns determines the number of electrons an element has in its neutral state. Both Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 still only have 6 protons in their nucleus. Whereas, Silicon-28 has 14 *protons* in its nucleus. So the major difference between Carbon-14 and Silicon-28 is the number of protons, which in turns determines the chemical properties of the element. Generalyl speaking the number of neutron in a nucleus has a much smaller influence in how an element will behave chemically. The difference is small enough, that we don't consider atoms that only differ in the number of neutrons as different chemical elements. ###Mass spectrometry How can you detect how much of a sample is Carbon-12 and how much is Carbon-14? Mass spectrometry is one way to differentiate between isotopes. We use the fact taht while Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 have the same *chemical* property, they still differ in their atomic mass because of the different number of neutrons. You ionize your atoms so they gain a charge. Since both isotopes have the same number of protons, they will gain the same charge. Then you pass the ions through an magnetic or electric field. The ions are deflected because of the fields because the ions are charged particles. The amount each ion is deflected by depends on its mass (Remember F = ma). Heavier isotopes will be deflected less than lighter ones. Eventually the deflected ions will hit some sort of detector, and you can measure how much Carbon-12 and how much Carbon-14 was in the original sample.


Question: Why is financially supporting oneself and saving so difficult for people in the 20-30 year old range?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is financially supporting oneself and saving so difficult for people in the 20-30 year old range?

Once upon a time, people retired at a certain age. They got a watch and a party at the office, and went home to collect their pension. That freed up space in the company to promote people up the chain, eventually opening up a space at the bottom for someone to start. That doesn't happen anymore. People die at work rather than retire because their retirement savings got wiped out by the investment banking industry, which has terminally clogged mid-and-higher level employment, forcing university graduates with years of practical experience to compete for entry-level positions against rich kids who can afford to take unpaid "internships", positions which have zero upward mobility, because when a space up top opens up, nobody gets a promotion, management just fills the one space from outside.


Question: Why are white people called "white people" when many Asians (mainly Korean, Japanese and Chinese) have pretty much the same skin color?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are white people called "white people" when many Asians (mainly Korean, Japanese and Chinese) have pretty much the same skin color?

Because being "white" in the US is a social construct (there's no biological basis for it--it is what society deems it to be). It wasn't too long ago that many people that are now considered "white," weren't (Irish, Italians, Polish, Jewish, etc).


Question: How does salt raise the freezing and boiling temperatures of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does salt raise the freezing and boiling temperatures of water?

Title is incorrect - Salt lowers the freezing temperature of water. This is why when you add salt, the water no longer freezes until temperatures drop significantly further.


Question: What about Denver’s air/altitude is different than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What about Denver’s air/altitude is different than others?

As you go up in altitude, the air gets thinner and thinner until, at about 100 miles up, you're basically in space and the air pressure goes to zero. Denver isn't anywhere near that high, but it's high enough that the air is noticeably thinner, especially if you're used to sea level. (The Denver Broncos play at Mile High Stadium, and yes, that is its elevation.) So when you're playing there you get out of breath easier. The oxygen just doesn't transfer into your blood as readily. Mexico City is almost *two* miles up, and when they host soccer tournaments or UFC events, people come and train a month or two ahead of time to try and get acclimated to the thin air. Cain Velasquez, a UFC heavyweight champion, was feared for his awesome cardio but lost his title in Mexico City after getting badly gassed out. If you live (and train) at high elevation, your body compensates after a while by making extra red blood cells. That doesn't totally fix the thin-air problem but it helps. Some athletes train at high elevation on purpose because you keep that extra cardio for a week or two after you leave.


Question: Why is volcanic soil so fertile? What's so good about it that sets it apart from 'regular' soil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is volcanic soil so fertile? What's so good about it that sets it apart from 'regular' soil?

The soil is rich in important minerals like magnesium, phosphorus and iron. Also, the ash in the soil holds on to water very well. All of these things are good for plant life.


Question: How do foods/drinks contain "natural flavors" as an ingredient without containing the actual ingredient itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do foods/drinks contain "natural flavors" as an ingredient without containing the actual ingredient itself?

natural flavors are derived from a plant or animal while artificial flavors are made in a lab. The exact same chemical but one was made in a lab and one was extracted from a plant or animal part.


Question: Why does rocket exhaust appear to ‘pulse’ in little spheres?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does rocket exhaust appear to ‘pulse’ in little spheres?

It is called [shock\_diamond or mach diamond]( URL_0 ) and happens in the jet engine too. It happens when the pressure of the exhaust is lower than the pressure of the surrounding air The air will compress the exhaust and the result in a pattern of areas with compression and expansion of the exhaust gases. Yes, the pressure of the exhaust of a rocket or jet engine can be lower than the atmosphere at sea level. You have a throat with a lower diameter after the combustion chamber that covert the high pressure to high speed in one direction. If all particles move in one direction the pressure drops. Hold a paper below your mouth and blow ower it and the paper rises as the air you blow have lower pressure than the air around it. I have to say I have no idea of the exact mechanism but it is an interaction between where the exhaust gets compressed and where it expands. You can see that it happen quite cleary [in this image]( URL_0 #/media/File:South_Carolina_F-16_taking_off_in_Afghanistan.jpg) a jet or rocket engine has the highest efficiency if the pressure of the exhaust it the same as the surrounding air pressure. To high or to low pressure both decrease performance. Because pressure drop with altitude you have a nozzle sized to have the best performance at the altitude you require it most for aircraft. The nozzle can usually shrink and expand but not enough to get optimal pressure at ground level. For a rocket, your size to get the best performance for the complete launch. You can have to low pressure as air from the atmosphere then leak in around the edge and it can cause vibration that destroys the nozzle. So engines for atmospheric use have smaller nozzles than the one for use in the vacuum of space where you like as wide nozzle as possible. There is also size limitations because you often have multiple engines. If you look at at Falon 9 you have 9 engines on the first stage and the engine can be gimbaled ( swiveled on two axes) so you need some space between them. This limits nozzle size. The second stage that is used in a vacuum has a single engine with a nozzle that is almost as wide as the rocket. The engines are the same it is just the nozzle that is larger. In a vacuum the larger nozzle you have a higher efficiency but is need to fit in the rocket.


Question: Why is 'Generic Brand' packaging so -- generic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 'Generic Brand' packaging so -- generic?

They're aiming for a different demographic. If you're buying the generic brand, then your primary concern is price - so if you want to sell generic merchandise, then it should look like the cheapest thing on the shelves.


Question: how we can see back to the big bang?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how we can see back to the big bang?

The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is everywhere. That's why we can detect it. And it's everywhere because the "Big Bang" happened everywhere. It wasn't that the big bang originated from some point that expanded outwards, but that every point in the universe as infinitely dense, and every point started expanding away from every other point. As it did so, the radiation from this time period cooled and spread out until it became the background radiation we detect today, which is everywhere.


Question: . Why do many people feel more sympathy towards animals than other people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Why do many people feel more sympathy towards animals than other people?

Because we assume a lot more innocence on animals' part. We can understand and ascribe motives to a person's actions because we understand that they are sentient


Question: What Are The Principles Of Chicago School Economics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What Are The Principles Of Chicago School Economics?

The core principles include favor of free markets and supply-side economics as opposed to Keynesian economics. It prefers monetary policy as opposed to fiscal policy. Probably the most influential scholar was Milton Friedman, who may be the most influential economist in modern day. It continues to have strong influence among a significant faction of the GOP in U.S politics. This faction would be best described as neoliberal, libertarian, or classical liberal. The demographics tend to be the most affluent and influential. I can't tell you its pros or cons because that is subjective and political.


Question: What’s happening when you have the feeling you have to pee, but when you go to the bathroom, nothing comes out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s happening when you have the feeling you have to pee, but when you go to the bathroom, nothing comes out?

It could be a UTI (urinary tract infection). This is the main or only symptom that I get when I have a UTI, and I've had a lot. Best to ask your doctor.


Question: Why do permanent magnets need to be made of iron, as opposed to some other element?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do permanent magnets need to be made of iron, as opposed to some other element?

There are less than a handful of naturally occurring elements that exhibit functional magnetic properties. Iron, cobalt and nickel are the most common and useful examples.


Question: Why do our menstrual cycles last so long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our menstrual cycles last so long?

First of all, what you are talking about is not the menstrual cycle, but about the menstruation. When you talk about a menstrual cycle you are talking about the whole 28 ish day process for a female body to prepare for a possible pregnancy. With that out of the way, menstrual blood is not just bleed, its endometrial cells that are being "shed" from the uterine walls. This is actually a gradual process as hormone levels drop, and that is one of the reasons it lasts for some days, because the hormone drop is not really that uniform. Evolution could have developed a way to do it in one day quickly if it saw the need to, but if you think about it, that would cause you a great deal of pain as the muscle around your uterus contracts to expell the endometrial cells. So it rather does it slowly and delicately.


Question: With full electric vehicles needing to be charged for 1-1.5 hours every few hundred miles, why can't exertion of force and/or energy produced by the vehicle in motion be used to charge the batteries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With full electric vehicles needing to be charged for 1-1.5 hours every few hundred miles, why can't exertion of force and/or energy produced by the vehicle in motion be used to charge the batteries?

Energy has to come from somewhere. The energy used to make the car move comes from the batteries, so if you diverted some of that energy back into the batteries the car would just go slower. It would make more sense to just drive slower in the first place. However it is possible to get some of that energy back when the car brakes. The brakes can be a sort of electric generator which takes kinetic energy from the car's motion and charges the battery. In this case it is useful because you actually want to remove that energy from the car anyway, so you might as well do something with it. Some cars do actually do this, but the amount of energy you can get from it is very small in comparison to the energy put into the car to make it move in the first place.


Question: What causes the brown parts of a banana and should I eat it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the brown parts of a banana and should I eat it?

It's fine to eat, it's just because of a natural process caused by ethylene which is a natural compound released by almost all fruit during the ripening process. High amounts of ethylene cause the yellow pigments in bananas to decay into those characteristic brown spots in a process called enzymatic browning.


Question: Why do movies have different release dates in different countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do movies have different release dates in different countries?

because some countries have other blockbuster movies on the same weekend as yours. and you don't want to compete against that. so you schedule your movie when there isn't that much competition


Question: Why do diesel engines seem to outlast gasoline engines? Shouldn't they be built with the same stress safety factors built in and fail at around the same rate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do diesel engines seem to outlast gasoline engines? Shouldn't they be built with the same stress safety factors built in and fail at around the same rate?

Gasoline engines usually operate at 25-50% higher RPM and have longer piston strokes further increasing piston speed which causes increased wear on pistons and cylinders as well as stress on the connecting rods. Both rods and pistons also have to be lighter to accommodate the higher speed. Diesel engines on the other hand have to be built stronger to allow higher compression ratios that can auto-ignite the fuel. That being said I doubt you will see very significant differences in lifespans of modern engines that are properly maintained. Maintenance is probably the biggest factor that increases lifespan of commercial vehicles that have to regularly undergo it while passenger vehicles don't necessarily do so. And this is probably where the greater robustness of diesel engines might allow them to better cope with lousy maintenance.


Question: How does the College Board enforce all the contract stuff students sign when many are under 18 and cannot enter into contracts? What is the purpose of the signature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the College Board enforce all the contract stuff students sign when many are under 18 and cannot enter into contracts? What is the purpose of the signature?

This is a common misconception about the law. Minors are fully capable of entering into contracts. They do it all the time. But in the majority of cases the contract can be voided by the minor if they so choose, which is why they won't let you get a loan or something - because you can just void it later. Some contracts are legally enforceable on minors. I'm of the opinion that the stuff you sign when you take the SAT is *probably* not legally enforceable, but if you really want to fight it, it will come down to who has more money for the lawyers. That's another pesky little thing about the law - there are a lot of gray areas and a lot of people try to push the boundaries and it ends up going to court.... where it becomes a battle of who can buy the most Mercedes-Benzes for their lawyers in a short period of time.


Question: Why can’t we divide by zero?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we divide by zero?

Replace numbers with people and pretend you’re trying to feed them. You have 10 meals and zero people to feed them to. So how are you going to divide them equally...? You just can’t.


Question: How is the answer to this question not 84?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the answer to this question not 84?

Your calculation is definitely right. I'd say they made a mistake there. On the other hand I know people and some are devilish misanthropes. Therefore you should consider that this could either be part of your test or they provided some additional information within the test (or not, in this case they are absolute berserks and you should reconsider your choice of employer). For instance: Grades are considered integers (like 1, 2, 3 and 4). Which would mean there's nothing in between the "grades" 70, 80, 90 and 100. The result in this case would be 80.


Question: why does gum fall apart after I chew it for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does gum fall apart after I chew it for a while?

If you are referring to the gum becoming a messy mush instead of a wad you can chew on, its because that particular gum used less... gum. The gum bace is what is used to give it its chewyness. The reason they use less is because it saves money and prevents any issues of you swallow the gum.


Question: Why do the unobtainable seem more attractive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the unobtainable seem more attractive?

I also think there's an element of power in it. It feels very powerful to "make" someone who's not interested in you become interested in you. You feel like you have control, and hold over them. YOU did it. From what I've observed, it doesn't make for better or worse relationships.


Question: Why is it hard to cut something from the outside, but if you punch a hole it's suddenly much easier?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it hard to cut something from the outside, but if you punch a hole it's suddenly much easier?

You're taking the same force that was once low pressure on a large area, and turning it into high pressure on a low area. That gets you into the tube. Then, you already have a material failure, and things hold together better when there's no failure points.


Question: If we know how much damage we’re doing to the environment, why are there not more laws to prevent things like non biodegradable products, and more infrastructure to assist in renewable energy sources?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we know how much damage we’re doing to the environment, why are there not more laws to prevent things like non biodegradable products, and more infrastructure to assist in renewable energy sources?

Because companies dont want those regulations that would cost them money; so those companies lobby politicians to not make those laws