Question: How is there a higher chance of being killed by a meteor than winning the lottery if one happens frequently and the other has never happened in recorded history?

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 How is there a higher chance of being killed by a meteor than winning the lottery if one happens frequently and the other has never happened in recorded history?

A little googling seems to show the 1 in 700,000 number comes from this article: URL_0 I couldn't find an actual paper. You might be able to find it in the book. The tldr: Most of the odds aren't just 1 person being hit by a meteor. It's that a giant meteor strike (think dinosaurs) would be an exinction level event. > There are over 7 billion people on the Earth and nobody has ever died from being hit by a meteor as far as we know. So how did we even come up with this numbe Take the surface area of the earth divided by how much you cover. If meteors hit randomly, that will give you the odds you will get hit per meteor. Multiply by the number of meteor strikes per year If you want to be more accurate, start tallying up how often a large extinction level meteor hits (which kills everybody). Add those together, those are your odds to die. Just because it hasn't happened, doesn't mean we can't calculate probabilities. as long as you know the odds of the event happening, and how often , you can calculate it. You can calculate the odds of getting a heads on a coin without flipping, it for example. In this case, instead of knowing beforehand a coin is 50/50, you need to know how often meteors hit.


Question: How do gas planets have any kind of objects orbiting them and/or gravity when they are just a big ball of gas, no rocks and stuff?

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 How do gas planets have any kind of objects orbiting them and/or gravity when they are just a big ball of gas, no rocks and stuff?

Gas is the same stuff as solid matter, just all spread out. Every particle of matter has its own gravity; the gravity of a planet is the combined gravity of each of its particles. Also, gas giants are only mostly made of gas - they're believed to have solid cores and oceans of liquid.


Question: What’s the difference between Nadh, Fadh and ATP?

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 What’s the difference between Nadh, Fadh and ATP?

Not quite. All three provide energy but are not 'made of it' themselves. NADH and FADH are molecules that are easy to oxidise and reduce again, so 'carry' the H- a proton- to different areas of the chemical reactions in your cells to be used as drivers of the proton gradients that create ATP. ATP similiarly, is broken down from a small ion into ADP and a simple Phosphate ion- P, and this breaK down of bonds releases the energy contained within the bond, to be used in reactions as the bodies energy.


Question: How do so many of Americans veterans end up homeless?

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 How do so many of Americans veterans end up homeless?

Plenty of people join because they'd be homeless otherwise. If you've got no real skills, live in an economically depressed area & have a shitty family that doesn't want to support you, joining the military doesn't seem like such a bad idea. If you don't learn any useful skills while you're inside, things aren't going to be any better when you get out. Couple that with injuries, psychiatric problems & the rampant alcohol abuse in the military and you've got a problem. The fact that US has done everything possible to dismantle social services over the last 30+ years and things are particularly grim.


Question: What causes some adults to be attracted to children?

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 What causes some adults to be attracted to children?

> What causes some adults to be attracted to children? We haven't figured that out yet. > Is paedophilia normal or a psychological disorder and why? *Long semi-tangential stuff* To answer that we really need to lay down what exactly these mean. What exactly does it mean for something to be normal? Usually it means that it occurs frequently enough that we accept it as part of life. It does not mean unavoidable. What about a disorder? What does that mean? A psychological disorder is a pretty broad concept. It's any psychological issue that is problematic. That leads to who decides what is problematic? In general it's the person themselves. However, there is a big caveat for when there is risk to either the individual or others. You can imagine a situation where somebody is having voices telling them to murder people: that's a clear risk to society so they would be considered to be ill even if the individual can't see it and will be institutionalised involuntarily. Lastly, we need to define paedophilia. There is a technical meaning and a lay meaning. The technical meaning is somebody sexually attracted to prepubescent children. The lay meaning is more or less child sexual abuse. I'm only talking about the technical definition of attraction. Back to the questions. Is it 'normal'? No, it's considered rare enough that we do not consider it normal. However, it is unavoidable. Much like homosexuality it does not appear to be chosen. You could also frame it as being analogous to murder, another abnormal thing that will never be eliminated and thus, unavoidable. Is it a disorder? The technical definition is considered a mental disorder **if** it causes problems: either personal distress or if they have acted upon the desires. (note: this is contentious, however it's the current diagnostic standard in the [dsm5]( URL_0 )). I mentioned homosexuality as another sexual preference that is not chosen. Why isn't that considered a disorder too? The difference is in the risk of harm.


Question: How do these color change bath books work? Need to explain to my child.

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 How do these color change bath books work? Need to explain to my child.

[Here]( URL_0 ) is an excellent explanation by you tuber Steve Mould. In essence, water helps light get through an outer white layer better (instead of reflecting back off the white layer) to penetrate down to a deeper colored layer.


Question: How do telescopes work so well? How can the placement of a few lenses in a particular order help us see celestial objects light years away?

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 How do telescopes work so well? How can the placement of a few lenses in a particular order help us see celestial objects light years away?

You can see objects light years away with the naked eye. Every star in the sky (except the Sun) is light years away. Light travels forever until it hits something, so there is no range limit. All a telescope does is magnify an image that is already there. Basically, it takes the light that hits it from a very very narrow angle, and bends the light to spread it out to create an image you can see more clearly. Since all you are doing is bending light, lenses and/or mirrors are all that is needed to accomplish this.


Question: Why has MH370 not been found?

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 Why has MH370 not been found?

The area that the plane could be is enormously large. There are lots of reasons for this, but the fundamental problem is just finding a relatively small object in an extremely large ocean. It's hard to conceptualize the size, but a Boeing 777 is about 500 m^2 in area, and the area of the sea searched for the plane was about 4.6 million km^2, or 4,600,000,000,000 m^2. So this is approximately the same as trying to find a single grain of sand (about 1 mm^2) in two White Houses (each about 5000 m^2) when the floor of the White House is several thousand meters under water.


Question: What is a ring in the context of abstract algebra?

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 What is a ring in the context of abstract algebra?

A ring is a set of things that you can add and multiply together, according to the following laws: for any `a`, `b`, and `c` in the ring, * `a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c = a+b+c` (associative addition) * `a + b = b + a` (commutative addition) * `a * (b + c) = a * b + a*c` (left-distributivity, right-distributivity is similar) * `a + 0 = 0 + a = a` (additive identity) * `a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c = a*b*c` (associative multiplication) * `a*1 = 1*a = a` (multiplicative identity) Note that multiplication is not assumed to be commutative. Some authors don't require that rings contain a multiplicative identity. Notable examples of rings are Z (the integers) and quotients of Z, namely Z/nZ, where the result of every operation is taken modulo n i.e. take the remainder after dividing by n.


Question: how come we all have different taste buds?

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 how come we all have different taste buds?

Fun fact: most of the things that we call flavors are actually aromas that have floated up our throat and into our nasal cavity.


Question: How do scientists search for stars and galaxies millions of light years away?

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 How do scientists search for stars and galaxies millions of light years away?

You must have heard of the HUBBLE Space Telescope. Launched in 1990, orbiting Earth at around 560 km altitude, with it's 2.4 meter objective, it's four main instruments can observe in the near Ultraviolet, visible and near infrared spectra. Hubble can see the dimmest and faintest objects out there of any telescope we’ve ever built, and can do so to wavelengths entering the near infrared. In theory, it could pick up traces of once-ultraviolet light from objects from when the Universe was just 400 million years old. But Hubble can not verify precisely just how far the observed galaxies are. For this purpose, astronomers need to measure the precise wavelengths that the emission and absorption features from a galaxy are, and for this, they use ground-based spectroscopy. And that in turn means that they turn to the largest telescopes ever built, such as the 10-meter Keck telescopes in Hawaii, which houses the newly-installed MOSFIRE spectrometer, perfected for infrared observations. Talking about distances, the latest find - galaxy EGS8p7, observed and measured by Hubble just a few months ago, was confirmed to have a red shift of 8.63 - the highest redshift of any galaxy ever, meaning that its emission lines are a factor of 863% longer in wavelength today than when they were emitted. The light from this object comes from when the Universe was just 588 million years old, or just 4% of its age. [When galaxies are moving away from us at high speeds, it causes the light to redshift, by stretching its wavelength. The energy of a photon is defined by its wavelength, so if the wavelength is stretched due to the doppler effect, it drops to a lower energy and hence becomes red in color. For a galaxy whose light was emitted more than 13 billion years ago, that redshift is so severe that the ultraviolet light emitted by its atoms gets shifted all the way past the visible light portion and into the infrared. Shift that light some more, and even the Hubble Space Telescope won’t be able to detect it.] All records are meant to be broken. The above record won’t stand for long! Another newer, bigger telescope is being built. Known as the James Webb Space Telescope due to be launched in 2018. This has a 6.50 meter objective offering un-precedented resolution and sensitivity. it should not only dwarf the light-gathering power of Hubble, it is designed to probe farther infrared wavelengths than Hubble has ever dreamt of. Unlike Hubble, which can reach wavelengths of about 1.5 microns, James Webb can go all the way out past ten microns, meaning it can see all the way back to the first galaxies and potentially beyond, even all the way back to the first stars. [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: No wrong answer penalty on SAT?

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 No wrong answer penalty on SAT?

Before the guessing penalty was modified/removed, every wrong answer carried a 0.25 (or similar) point penalty (in addition to not earning points on a wrong/blank response). Because questions had 5 answer choices, random guessing would yield no net benefit versus not answering a question where no choices could be eliminated. With the new changes, a wrong answer and a blank response are scored the same, so random guessing any unanswered question is advantageous.


Question: How are companies like amazon able to allocate so much hardware for cloud storage?

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 How are companies like amazon able to allocate so much hardware for cloud storage?

Amazon can afford it because of their scale. Amazon gets massive discounts on everything HDD CPU's ect because they don't order 100 HDD they order 100,000,000. Also look at the costs of S3. S3 is 0.023 GB a month. Lets assume Amazon used WD Gold 14TB HDDs. You can pick one up for about 460$ I'm not sure what Amazon pays bout I would say 400$ is totally reasonable it's probably even lower. Including raid 6 on a 8 disk array lets you use 75% of the disk or 10.5TB. At the s3 rate this is 241$ a month. The WD Gold has a 5 year warranty so assuming it dies at exactly 5 years Amazon can make 14,490$ on a disk that cost them 400$. That is a profit of 234$ a month, for every HDD! This doesn't even count your read wright costs. This is where scale comes in. The other costs like the data centers and IT people can be spread out over all the Amazon cloud products so that maybe only 10 or 12 dollars of that HDD profit are spent on IT people and another 8-10 are spent on the data center it's self.


Question: why is time counted by 60 and not 100?

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 why is time counted by 60 and not 100?

> THE DIVISION of the hour into 60 minutes and of the minute into 60 seconds comes from the Babylonians who used a sexagesimal (counting in 60s) system for mathematics and astronomy. They derived their number system from the Sumerians who were using it as early as 3500 BC. The use of 12 subdivisions for day and night, with 60 for hours and minutes, turns out to be much more useful than (say) 10 and 100 if you want to avoid having to use complicated notations for parts of a day. Twelve is divisible by two, three, four, six and 12 itself - whereas 10 has only three divisers - whole numbers that divide it a whole number of times. Sixty has 12 divisers and because 60 = 5 x 12 it combines the advantages of both 10 and 12. In fact both 12 and 60 share the property that they have more divisers than any number smaller than themselves. This doesn't, of course, explain how this system spread throughout the world. Meaning basically that in ancient times it was done thus. And we kept going with it because it works.


Question: How dose the house always win? Are they simply cheating?

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 How dose the house always win? Are they simply cheating?

Every game is designed to give the house an edge. It’s not cheating it’s in the game rules. Gamblers are stupid enough to see that the house is making money off of you and yet they still try.


Question: How do Mountains affect the weather?

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 How do Mountains affect the weather?

Air that used to be at sea level changes its thermodynamic properties at the top of the mountain. This changes, pressure, temperature and its speed. All have a factor on how much water the air contains or can hold. That is why it snows on top of mountains, because the water in the air comes out of solution and remains cold all year at high mountains because the air is colder intrinsically because of its elevation rise due to lower pressure. The pressure is lower because there is less weight of air pushing down above the air on the top of the mountain.


Question: How do you know when a letter or word ends and a new starts when using Morse Code?

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 How do you know when a letter or word ends and a new starts when using Morse Code?

The length of the pause makes the difference. Between letters the pause is three dits, between words the pause is 7 dits.


Question: how exactly is pi calculated?

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 how exactly is pi calculated?

The old method that Archimedes used was to find upper and lower bounds based on polygons. You can inscribe, say, a decagon in a circle and calculate its perimeter. Then you can circumscribe a decagon outside a circle and calculate its perimeter. The circle’s circumference falls somewhere in between. You can increase the number of sides of the polygon and still calculate the perimeter but have it be closer to the circle.


Question: Why do photos from space show sunsets across a region that would make sense from the ground-eye perspective?

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 Why do photos from space show sunsets across a region that would make sense from the ground-eye perspective?

You see from the space the same clouds you can see from the ground. They are painted red because the light is filtered by atmosphere and the sun position for this point is low. Clouds reflect this red light in all directions and you see it from space.


Question: Why computer scanners have to "scan" the page? Why there is no scanner that works like a camera, you place the page on the glass bed, close the lid, snaps the image like a camera and done. Isn't that much faster?

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 Why computer scanners have to "scan" the page? Why there is no scanner that works like a camera, you place the page on the glass bed, close the lid, snaps the image like a camera and done. Isn't that much faster?

There are ones like you described. Your phone can even do it. But the reason for using scanners with a bed of glass is to get the best quality. It ensures even light and completely flat with perfect 90 degree angle. Capturing the highest resolution by going slowly illuminating the whole page evenly.


Question: Why do silent letters exist?

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 Why do silent letters exist?

Spelling in English is a mess, is why that happens. Not only was there a massive change in English pronunciation a few hundred years ago (the Great Vowel Shift) without a corresponding change in the spelling of words, but English has tended to pick up words from other languages and, rather than re-spelling them to match English norms, left the spelling the same and kept the original pronunciation. Note that the example you give is a bit of a weird one--the word "island" derives from Old English "iland" (note no S), but they added the S to make it look more similar to the word "isle" (which comes from a different root, hence the different spelling).


Question: Can the earth begin to weigh too much?

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 Can the earth begin to weigh too much?

Not realistically, no. Let's take Ceres as an example. It has an estimated total mass of over 1/3 of all asteroids at 2.3 * 10^21 kg That mass is about 0.04% of Earths mass. The Moon has the mass of 1.2% of Earth. So even if we mined the Moon and ALL the asteroids for EVERYTHING, we'd add less than 1.5% of mass on the Earth.


Question: why sometimes when we sleep for 10 minutes it feels like we slept for hours but other times it feels like 10 seconds?

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 why sometimes when we sleep for 10 minutes it feels like we slept for hours but other times it feels like 10 seconds?

Depends on which stage of sleep you reached. If you got to deep REM (Rapid Eye Movement, when one generally dreams), then it's more restful. If you don't, you're in the shallower part, and it feels like a short time. There's a sleep pattern that is something like three hours awake, a 20 minute nap, alternating constantly. The idea is that you'll be tired as hell for a while, but once your body gets the idea that this is all the sleep you're going to get at once, it will pound right down to REM, not screwing around with the light 'am I awake? Or asleep? Or thinking I'm asleep but I'm awake?' nonsense. You get a total of two hours sleep in 24, giving you extra awake time. Is the theory, anyway. This infographic has some information on alternates. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do intrusive thoughts occur?

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 Why do intrusive thoughts occur?

Thoughts are literally only limited by your imagination; if you can think it there’s a good chance you will think it at some point. In that way thoughts can be meaningful, meaningless, useful, benign and painful and every iteration in between. Sometimes we are really good at letting random thoughts come and go through our head without thinking too much about it, but other times thoughts can be perceived as threatening. When a thought is unintentional and perceived to be threatening (even strongly unwanted), we call it an intrusive thought. We’ve all had the experience of an upsetting thought enter our head. Take for instance the thought “if I step in front of this train I will die”, now just because I have had this thought doesn’t mean it represents my intention (it doesn’t btw). Thoughts aren’t facts. However, it is an upsetting thought. Now when these thoughts don’t represent our intentions, most of the time we can just let them come and go without being too bothered by them. Occasionally though, the thought can be so bothersome as to be perceived as threatening, subconsciously I might think “this thought is dangerous, if I keep thinking it I might actually step in front of a train. Therefore I cannot think it anymore.” The brain has now identified the thought as threatening, and does what it always does with threatening things- vigilantly keeps an eye out for them. But a brain being a brain, it doesn’t have to look far to find the threatening thought: “I must not think about stepping in front of a train... oh no I just thought about stepping in front of a train... I did it again, I must stop thinking about stepping in front of a train...argh!” You see the problem right? If I tell you not to think of a pink elephant, what are you going to think of? If you try not to think about something, you’re going to think about it, that can feel threatening to us; the perceived lack of control of intrusive thoughts can amplify the level of threat that is perceived. When people feel very threatened by thoughts they are having, it is likely they will feel very anxious too. Eventually, you can come to associate the intrusive thought with all these things; the attempts to not think about the thought, the feeling of being out of control, the anxious feelings. So guess what, now it works in the other direction and each of these experiences can become triggers for the intrusive thought. The good news is that we often can make intrusive thoughts less bothersome. It involves reminding yourself that thoughts aren’t facts. It involves accepting that upsetting thoughts will come and go, and that you don’t need to do anything with them. When we truly embrace the idea that these thoughts will happen and that they are not inherently dangerous, the irony is that we are likely to have fewer of them, and be less bothered by them when they do occur.


Question: How do tax havens work?

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 How do tax havens work?

Usually these places are self- sufficient, meaning that the government is making enough money by themselves that taxing of the general people is not needed. Tax havens are what these are. Typically small, sovereign countries with a small population. Monaco, for example, is a tax haven for the rich and famous. The Monte-Carlo Casino, a famous casino in Monaco, generates so much traffic and revenue that the government only needs to take little or nothing from its 38,000 people (in form of tax, of course)


Question: what are imaginary physics? What is imaginary time?

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 what are imaginary physics? What is imaginary time?

Just as we use the "regular" numbers of everyday life, i.e. the set of the reals, in physics, we don't have to be trapped to that. It is often useful to extend our mathematical toolbox by introducing numbers that operate under different rules than what we're used to. Imaginary numbers are just that extension for us. Typically, they allow us to work between time and frequency domains, as well as spatial and "spatial frequency" domains. These are very useful because they allow us to handle some tedious algebra if we stuck to only the reals, and also keep track of things like phase information, e.g. how quantities may be related to each other in time or spatial delays/advances. If you are interested, good examples of physics that makes clear use of imaginary/complex numbers are circuit analysis (e.g. LRC circuits), and wave propagation (e.g. Schrodinger's equation, Maxwell equations). tl;dr: imaginary numbers help us do physics through easier math. Some quantities are also easily represented in complex space, so we like it.


Question: What will happen if we pass electricity through a magnet?

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 What will happen if we pass electricity through a magnet?

You mean a permanent magnet? Then you induce a weak magnetic field following the Hall effect, it adds to the existing field but at the end it is irrelevant magnetically. So nothing more than passing electricity through a piece of metal.


Question: why do some medicines hurt your stomach if not taken with food?

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 why do some medicines hurt your stomach if not taken with food?

While the reason why varies from medicine to medicine, the most common reason is the medicine being acidic and affecting your stomach acid's pH level. When the medicine is diluted by water or especially food, the symptoms disappear because they bring your stomach's pH level to a more normal ...level.


Question: If you opened a carton of milk in outerspace, would the environment ensure it never spoils, and could it be safely consumed afterwards?

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 If you opened a carton of milk in outerspace, would the environment ensure it never spoils, and could it be safely consumed afterwards?

I'm not an expert but the carton would inflate and split before you could touch it in a vacuum. The water component would boil off in a rapidly expanding cloud leaving disparate vacuum-dried compounds.


Question: why do kids hate vegetables?

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 why do kids hate vegetables?

My mom used to say that the reason I didn't like my Aunt's veggies was because she thought that little kids should have raw and untouched products with the "nature" intact. My mother then simply washed, blanched/flash steamed and lightly seasoned with a salt-red pepper-garlic-onion blend. It was absolutely amazing! I TOTALLY fucking love vegetables because I've learned how to cook them correctly, thanks to my mother.


Question: How acid rain becomes acidic?

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 How acid rain becomes acidic?

As rain falls through the air, it dissolves small amounts of gases in the surrounding air. Some gases, like sulfur trioxide or nitrogen dioxide, produce acids (sulfuric acid and nitric acid respectively) when they dissolve in water. Since these gases are common by-products of human activity (both are emitted in car exhaust, for example), human pollution contributes to acid rain.


Question: How do iodine tablets purify water in a safe way for people to drink?

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 How do iodine tablets purify water in a safe way for people to drink?

Iodine, chlorine dioxide and bleach is strong oxidizing agents. If you add them to water they increase the pH and will dissolve the cell walls of any bacteria , parasites and virus. Your cells will be attacked in the same way but while the bacteria in the water is exposed for theirty minutes your cells will only get exposed for a few seconds before the solution gets neutralized by your stomach acid. And you have a lot more cells then there are bacteria in the water and are able to replace your cells. Adding to this you have a layer of dead cells which protects the live cells underneath. All in all you can handle the high pH much better then any bacteria in the water. However you can also dissolve an acid, for example vitamin-c, into the water once the iodine have done its job to neutralize the water again to make it more plesent to drink. The iodine and vitamin-c will react and form a powder that settles at the bottom of the container.


Question: P(Event A) happening to be 0.5%, if I attempt 100 tries, the probability of it happening at least once would be (1-0.995^100)= ~0.6. However, say if I attempt 100 tries, and I stop half way through at 60 tries, with none of the previous 60 attempts successful, will it affect my probability?

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 P(Event A) happening to be 0.5%, if I attempt 100 tries, the probability of it happening at least once would be (1-0.995^100)= ~0.6. However, say if I attempt 100 tries, and I stop half way through at 60 tries, with none of the previous 60 attempts successful, will it affect my probability?

Randomness has no memory. Each coin toss has 50% chance of landing toss. Doesn't matter how often you threw it and how often you got a certain result. The result is independant from previous AND future results - otherwise it's not truly randomness. What you're calculating is the probabilty of one success within 100 tries. Those tries don't need to be consecutive. If you try 1000 times then randomly pick 100 tries the probabilty that one of those is a success will be those 60 percent.


Question: If there is the ph value for aqueous solutions, what is the equivalent to determine acidity of fats?

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 If there is the ph value for aqueous solutions, what is the equivalent to determine acidity of fats?

This seems like a question a bit too complex for eli5. Are there skin care subreddits? Maybe even someone on r/teens knows about this?


Question: When you purchase a piece of land, how deep does your property go? Are you buying a tiny piece of the earth's core, too?

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 When you purchase a piece of land, how deep does your property go? Are you buying a tiny piece of the earth's core, too?

It depends on the country and even within countries there are different types of ownership. It isn't very meaningful to discuss "ownership to the core" since no human endeavor even gets close to getting through the earth's crust. In some cases, one would "own" the land and mineral resources underneath it. In other cases, not. Some countries allow only a time limited "lease" on land - even though they may call it a purchase. Nearly every country has a rule allowing for "eminent domain" which means the government can, at their will, seize land and property (sometimes with compensation).


Question: How does humidity work relative to temperature? How much water would be in the air at 50% humidity at 90°f as opposed to the same humidity at 30°f or even -40°?

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 How does humidity work relative to temperature? How much water would be in the air at 50% humidity at 90°f as opposed to the same humidity at 30°f or even -40°?

I can help you with this! The first concept to understand is that the wormer air becomes the more water it can hold. It's like a balloon expanding. 90F air can hold more water than 50F air, and 50F air can hold more water than 20F air. The next concept is that humidity (Relative Humidity if we are being technical) is the amount of moisture currently in the air *as compared to the maximum amount of water the air could hold at that temperature*. So 50% humidity means the air is half "full" of water. The final concept is we need to look at how much *actual water* is in the air. There are two names for this measurement: Specific Humidity and Grains Per Pound (GPP). These terms are used to measures how much water you would get if you wrung all of it from the air. We take all three of these concepts and put them into an easy to read page, called the Psychrometric chart. By easy to read... I mean actually kind of [complicated]( URL_0 ). However, if we know how to use this chart, we can answer your questions. At 90F and 50% humidity there would 106 GPP of water in the air. if you reduced the temperature to 30F you would have a problem because 30F can only hold a maximum of 24 GPP. There remaining water in the air (82 GPP worth of water) would fall the ground as condensation and the humidity would be 100%.


Question: Why does Venus rotate in the opposite direction to Earth?

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 Why does Venus rotate in the opposite direction to Earth?

The most commonly floated theory started in the 60s, and has since grown into the most accepted and mathematically plausible situation. Its known as [Atmospheric Tidal Torque]( URL_0 ) Venus spins on its axis incredibly slow. Taking 243 earth days to complete one full rotation, a day on Venus last longer than its year. The argument, and math, say that as Venus’s green house gases built up in the atmosphere, forming dense clouds with tangible mass, the gravitational pull from the sun and other planets on the atmosphere of Venus slowly caused the gases to put enough atmospheric torque to shift the way outside gravitational forces pull on the plant, causing atmospheric mass to throw itself against centrifugal orbital mass, in turn causing rotation to slow. Eventually it stopped, and the rotation began counter clockwise as the combination of gravitational pulls from different angles and strengths caused the planets winds and air and clouds to begin rotating backwards. The planet inched just enough that it sparked enough gravitational momentum to slowly generate its own rotational force, and enough boost from glancing passes with its neighbors it gets a little help each rotation As time goes on, we should see its spin speed up, the days growing shorter as momentum continues, until it reaches the fastest it can possibly rotate given the conditions its experiencing. Edit: correction


Question: Why this shoal of tiny fish surrounded and followed me while I was diving?

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 Why this shoal of tiny fish surrounded and followed me while I was diving?

Likely they were looking to school around you as protection from predators. By being around a larger creature they may disguise the shoal as one big creature, or at least prevent a predator from swooping up and eating a small fish for fear of involving the larger animal. There may have been a big shark or similar fish lurking around which you didn't see.


Question: Why are internet cookies called cookies?

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 Why are internet cookies called cookies?

Cookie comes from Magic Cookie, which comes from Fortune Cookie. The idea of a cookie with a hidden message inside.


Question: If a person recieves a huge sum of money, and never works another day or recieves any other income ever. Does that person have to comtinue to pay taxes?

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</answer>
 If a person recieves a huge sum of money, and never works another day or recieves any other income ever. Does that person have to comtinue to pay taxes?

Let's say it is January 1st, 2018, and you woke up one day with ~~a gift of~~ $100 million dollars (I'm using 100 because it is easy to multiple and divide), that the IRS knows about. Then you decide to quit your job and never work another day. In a questionable decision, you decide to keep all that money in a large safe in your basement. At the end of 2018, you would need to file your taxes. Let's call it income. You would OWE the IRS $40million dollars. This means, you would $60million left over. Now, if you were wise you could stretch that $60 million dollars into more money by investing it. For the sake of being simple. Let's say you had a 5% average yearly return. That would mean, in the first year, you would have 3 million dollars extra added to your investment accounts. Once you decide to take that money out of your investment account and put it into your bank account so you can spend it, then you would have to pay taxes on the money you moved to your bank account. You would have to pay "capital gains tax". This is cheaper than "income tax". After you pay your capital gains taxes for that year, you'd be left with about 2.25 Million dollars to spend for the whole year. That's not bad for not having to do anything. In addition, your original 60000000 is still there.


Question: In a law and order episode, they confiscated a guys computer but he had strong electromagnets in the door frame that wiped his HD when they walked out of the room with it. Is something like this even possible or is it just on TV?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In a law and order episode, they confiscated a guys computer but he had strong electromagnets in the door frame that wiped his HD when they walked out of the room with it. Is something like this even possible or is it just on TV?

In principle yes, a strong oscillating magnetic field could scramble the bits in a hard drive. However magnetic field strength drops off sharply with distance so in a practical sense trying to wipe everything going through a doorway would require an absolute monster of an electromagnet. People are likely to wonder why your doorway looks like an MRI machine.


Question: What is Modern Macroeconomic Theory and why do none of the top economists support it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Modern Macroeconomic Theory and why do none of the top economists support it?

At a simple level, it posits a disconnect between spending and taxes. That is, the amount government spends is unrelated to the amount it collects as tax revenue. Instead, this discrepancy is merely an exercise in monetary policy. Imagine for a moment that the U.S. government decided to just stop collecting taxes. Would it also have to stop spending? The answer is no. It could simply produce currency to pay its bills. Because the government has a monopoly over currency, everyone else is forced to accept it. The reason you don't find economists supporting it is that it tends to fall into the category of overly simplistic models. While virtually any modern economist will agree with the basic notion that revenue and taxation are de-coupled in a way that my salary and my spending aren't, exploiting this fact in the way the MMT proponents describe normally leads to disaster.


Question: How come touch screens only work when they come in contact with skin and not other things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How come touch screens only work when they come in contact with skin and not other things?

Most touch screen sense the increase in capacitance when something conductive gets very close to the screen. Metal or conductive rubber can also affect touch screens. Edit: Capacitance is a property of capacitors. Capacitors are made of two conductors separated by some insulating material. The screen has two independent transparent layers of horizontal and vertical lines. A finger adds to the capacitance on the lines. The position is determined by measuring the capacitance and finding the lines with the highest values.


Question: How does a mail person, delivery person, etc. gain access to locked apartment buildings and locked mailboxes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does a mail person, delivery person, etc. gain access to locked apartment buildings and locked mailboxes?

Couriers usually can't get into secured apartment buildings. Some people give them codes to get in and some apartments have an office that packages get delivered to. If they can't get in, can't get a hold of the recipient, or the office won't take the package, they leave a door tag and try again the next day. The mailman also has a key to the mailboxes.


Question: Why does cancer come back? I have heard about the threat of cancer returning from people who have been cured, but if the cancer is fully removed how can it come back?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does cancer come back? I have heard about the threat of cancer returning from people who have been cured, but if the cancer is fully removed how can it come back?

Cancer like any disease has a threshold or detection number, below that number it goes unnoticed, or cured. The disease has no ill effects at this level. It may still be there but we don't see or feel it. Like being wet, a single drop on your clothing may not be noticed, and you would say "I'm dry"; but a oz, a qt, a gallon will be noticed and at a certain threshold you will say "I'm wet".


Question: Who pays for damages if the person responsible can not pay?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Who pays for damages if the person responsible can not pay?

They might be fined, but they are unlikely to have any money to take. Same goes for any lawsuit - and why lawyers typically only sue big companies on contingency, because they know very well that most people have no money to take (and will probably give away their money before they lose the case). You can get insurance on someone damaging your car and not being able to pay, it's called 'uninsured motorist' coverage and it may cover a break-in. Something similar happened when OJ released his "I did it" book. His victim's families had already won a huge judgment against him but he had given away most of his money, and they had already taken what was left. Rather than writing the book then having to give them all the money he went into debt with the book publisher (spending the money before he got it) then getting paid in debt value for the book - so there was nothing to take.


Question: Why do electric charges tend to accumulate on the sharp points of a conductor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do electric charges tend to accumulate on the sharp points of a conductor?

They don't accumulate there. They do have a greater chance of forming an arc or a corona there. That is due to the increased electric field (potential gradient) around a small point vs a plane. It is sort of like how a needle or knife can cut you, but a plate won't.


Question: If gravity can bend space, can "nothing" (or a state of nothingness) ever exist? Because if space can bend, then it's not actually empty/nothing, but something substantive and material?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If gravity can bend space, can "nothing" (or a state of nothingness) ever exist? Because if space can bend, then it's not actually empty/nothing, but something substantive and material?

Gravity doesn't bend space. Mass is what bends space. Gravity *is* bent space - at least in Einstein's mathematical model of General Relativity, which is the model we use right now because we've got nothing better yet. Things only appear to be "pulled towards" mass because they're travelling in straight lines in curved space. Whether "nothingness" can exist is actually quite an active area of research. With what we know so far, it appears that even the vacuum isn't actually empty, but instead [seething with activity]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why is it that Oreos get soggy in regular milk but not chocolate milk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that Oreos get soggy in regular milk but not chocolate milk?

chocolate milk has emulsifiers to keep it mixed that prevents the oreo from soaking up the milk in the same way. If you use nesquick, it does not have emulsifiers, and should not have a similar milk absorbance to store-bought chocky milk EDIT: I'm gonna add a few more notes after seeing the comments below. note - I'm from the US so if milk is different in different countries than I apologize, but this is true for the US. **1: Why doesn't regular milk need emulsified?** when you buy milk from the store its pasteurized and homogenized. The pasteurization kills bacteria to keep the milk safe to drink. The homogenization takes the milk fat globules and reduces them in size and to be uniformly dispersed through the rest of the milk. Without this process, the milk would separate. **2: Why and what are emulsifers** Chocolate milk has emulsifiers. These are chemicals that keep the chocolate in the milk evenly mixed and prevent settling of be chocolate. This is why store bought chocolate milk taste better because emulsifiers are fatty and delicious but not healthy so people would rather mix healthier chocolate powder The emulsifiers will combine with the milk particles to make bigger combinations of molecules. This is not a chemical reaction, but caused by the polarities of molecules bringing them together and keeping them mixed up well. This bigger molecules will not go into the oreo, as the milk is not easy to get away from its surrounded molecules, and the emulsifiers to do permeate the cookie. These emulsifiers will also raise surface tension which makes it harder for the milk to permeate the cookie. The egg used when baking is an emulsifer to get everything to mix together when they normally wouldn't want to. I don't know how to type it on reddit but this is where you would have like Fe2S03 DOT 6H20, where the molecule has 6 water molecules around it, but they aren't chemically combined. **3: Why is store bought chocolate milk emulsified when homemade chocolate milk is not** Premade chocolate milk needs to be emulsified because its shipped, kept in stores, and not drank all at once at your house. Regular milk doesn't need emulsified because its homogenized which is a different chemical process that keeps the milk particles suspended. Homemade chocolate milk will settle if it sits on your counter for a long time. This doesn't matter that much since you just make one cup at a time. **4: Explain this to a five year old** Chocolate milk from the store is milk with chocolate. Chocolate and milk are different so if they sit in the same container for a long time, the chocolate will fall to the bottom. That's why homemade chocolate milk will separate into a layer of chocolate at the bottom and milk at the top if you let it sit out for a long time. Store bought chocolate milk needs to stay mixed because people don't want to buy chocolate milk if its separated. Since storebought chocolate milk is manufactured, shipped to a store, held there, purchased, brought home, and drank later, it needs to stay mixed for days or weeks. This can be done using chemicals that keep the chocolate mixed evenly in the milk. These chemicals are tasty, but not healthy, and called emulsifiers. These will keep the chocolate mixed up for a long time. Regular milk doesn't need this because homogenization is an action done to milk to keep it mixed evenly. Homogenization means making the whole gallon uniform.


Question: Why are polarised sunglasses so nice to look through?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are polarised sunglasses so nice to look through?

They reduce glare. Lots of things have reflected light when you’re outside — glass, cars, even new asphalt is reflective. The reflected light is tiring to your eyes, and good polarized sunglasses allow your eyes to relax more than sunglasses that have non-polarized lenses.


Question: Why cant "offshore shell corporation" tax avoidance methods used by the wealthy be used by the working class? Is it just because it's cost prohibitive to set up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why cant "offshore shell corporation" tax avoidance methods used by the wealthy be used by the working class? Is it just because it's cost prohibitive to set up?

1. It isn't cost prohibitive but it isn't inexpensive. The cost might run into the thousands per year at the lowest level so if you're not saving that much in taxes, it makes no sense. 2. The right kind of income. Domestic wages and salaries cannot be hidden. So if that is where you're earning most of the income, no luck there - rich or otherwise. On the other hand, holding foreign investment assets and properties, then maybe. Domestic investments and trading income - harder to avoid. 3. Know your end game. Lot of these arrangements are about avoiding estate taxes and such which is relevant if your idea is to pass down a lot of assets. If your end game is living off your investments domestically, these arrangements might be less beneficial. 4. Your own sophistication level and resources. Scammers, fraud etc abound. You do lose protection of domestic laws as well. So there are risks involved and ongoing maintenance. Not for the ignorant - you'll need lawyers and accountants, trustees etc. Bottom line though, generally speaking this sort of makes sense if there are tens of millions of dollars of assets in play.


Question: If hot air rises, why does it get colder as you increase altitude on earth?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If hot air rises, why does it get colder as you increase altitude on earth?

As hot air rises, it expands. As air (or most other fluids) expands, it cools down. So air that was hot at ground level will expand an gradually cool as it rises through the atmosphere.


Question: How are "jumbo" sunflower seeds made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 How are "jumbo" sunflower seeds made?

It could be either, and you wouldn’t need to genetically modify the plants. Ignoring the taboo around GMOs, we’ve been selectively breeding plants to reduce the size of their seeds for decades, maybe centuries at this point. Watermelons, bananas, grapes: They all used to have large seeds, but now you can easily buy seedless varieties. It wouldn’t be very hard to do the same, just in reverse: Plant the largest seeds, and eventually the average will go up


Question: Why does hot water clean better than cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot water clean better than cold water?

Water cleans things in two ways. It can carry away large pieces of dirt and dissolve smaller ones. In the case of carrying pieces of dirt away, the temperature doesn't matter. When it comes to dissolving smaller pieces of dirt, it comes down to two things: 1) how much material can be dissolved 2) how fast material can be dissolved The temperature of the water affects the amount of dirt water can dissolve before it gets "full" and can't dissolve any more dirt. Warmer water can dissolve more dirt and therefore tends to dissolve more than cold water. Water consists of particles moving around. The warmer the water is, the more those particles move around. Therefore particles in warmer water collide more often with the dirt particles and make it dissolve faster. I'm pretty sure you already have an intuition about what I'm saying here. If you put sugar in cold water, it's really hard to dissolve. But when you put it in hot water (tea, coffee) it dissolves a lot faster.


Question: What is a payday loan and why are they such scams?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a payday loan and why are they such scams?

the APR is a calculation that if you took the loan out for a whole year without paying off any of the debt how much would you have to pay in interest so an APR of 1000% on a loan of $1 means that you would have to pay $10 in interest if you only paid the loan off at the end of the year. Pay day loans have exceedingly high interest rates because they are only meant to be loans for a day or two, but the people who take them out tend to be people with very low incomes and end up with loans for extended periods at very high rates. For more on APR - URL_0