Question: How interruptive are the effects of Wireless and Electromagnetic waves on living organisms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How interruptive are the effects of Wireless and Electromagnetic waves on living organisms?

It's important to realize even without gadgets, powerlines, and wi-fi, you are *still* and *always* being bombarded by electromagnetic waves. Essentially every object in the universe is emitting electromagnetic radiation, including you, rocks, televisions, air molecules, toilets, corn (both harvested and unharvested), and Rex, your dog. 'Wireless' is simply a part of this spectrum, not some other thing. This radiation is the non-ionizing kind. It can cause heating when absorbed, and if an organism absorbs enough (like grabbing hold of a radar or putting yourself in a microwave) cause burn damage.


Question: Why does the exact same product vary in price so much between countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the exact same product vary in price so much between countries?

This could be the combination of a variety of things that are all country specific: - import duties: these are put into place to protect or indirectly support the local industry; make similar imported products more expensive, makes local similar products more affordable. - taxes: some countries might tax a particular product category, while others might not or to differing amounts. For example, Canada taxes cigarettes at a much higher rate than most US states: right now a pack of 25 is $14 Cdn, which is $11 USD. Average price of a pack in US is ~$6-8 USD. Money from the increased tobacco taxes in Canada is rolled into our public healthcare system. - exchange rate: If the price of a book is printed on the cover, it could be $10 US. But taking into account exchange rate, that would be $12.58 CDN. Since it fluctuates, they usually leave it like "Or higher in Canada".


Question: Why are there so many testosterone supplements advertised for men but no estrogen supplements advertised for women?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there so many testosterone supplements advertised for men but no estrogen supplements advertised for women?

None of the "testosterone supplements" that you see advertised actually contain testosterone. Instead they contain a variety of inert ingredients that are implied to boost testosterone production (though they never explicitly claim to boost testosterone production as they're not legally allowed to). As to why those supplements are marketed but fake estrogen supplements aren't? Testosterone is classified as a performance enhancing drug by the World Anti-Doping Agency because it boosts athletic performance. Casual bodybuilders get tricked, just like you did, into thinking those supplements are some legal form of testosterone and take it because they think it will increase their testosterone levels and muscle mass. Estrogen is not a performance enhancing drug - it does just the opposite and so there isn't any demand for it among casual athletes. There are pills that contain actual testosterone, but you can only get those with a prescription and you're not going to get a prescription if your only need for them is to help you workout.


Question: How do people capture these breathtaking pictures of galaxies after (x) hours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people capture these breathtaking pictures of galaxies after (x) hours?

The telescope is mounted on a multi-axis motor so it can follow the target as the Earth rotates. Then it's just a matter of trying to pick a time and place where light pollution isn't obnoxious. The final photos are then often processed a little to enhance contrast and dull the effects of local light pollution.


Question: Why is it that in some places sea water is crystal clear but elsewhere seeing through it is a harder task?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that in some places sea water is crystal clear but elsewhere seeing through it is a harder task?

Turbidity of the water, salinity of the water, mineral content of the water, microorganism content of the water, distance to the bottom, composition of the bottom, to name a few reasons


Question: How can Avis make any money from renting me a Ford Escape (or similar) for 11 days with zero excess and unlimited miles for $115?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can Avis make any money from renting me a Ford Escape (or similar) for 11 days with zero excess and unlimited miles for $115?

A ha! There’s a secret to this. A rental car agency will almost always rent a car for almost nothing. Of course they’d be stoked if you were stupid enough to use their full insurance, but you have your own so they don’t make anything. The trick is, the more often they cycle cars in and out, the better chance that local franchise will be allotted more high end cars. It’s the same reasons dealerships will sell you a car for a $50 profit. The more VOLUME they move, the more access they have to premium stock. Source: worked at Enterprise EDIT: Additionally the overall company looks good for their filings when they show lots of rentals happening. Movement = Success. They’re making most of their money back with depreciation and then selling the car at auction when it hits 5,000 miles. Remember they buy these cars in bulk too. It has very little to do with the $110 you’re paying, and everything to do with turnover. However, like I said, they’re supposed to give you the hard sell for the insurance.


Question: How does our body get used to not bedwetting as we grow out of that stage of our childhood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our body get used to not bedwetting as we grow out of that stage of our childhood?

First a muscle develops and gets strong enough to hold your pee in all night then a hormone develops to tell your body you don't want to pee.


Question: What does animacy mean (linguistics/language)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does animacy mean (linguistics/language)?

It just means how "alive" the noun you are talking about is. & #x200B; The biggest example of English is pronouns. *He*, *She,* and *They* are used to refer to people and animals we connect with. But *It* is used to refer to things that are not alive or many animals you really don't like. You probably wouldn't call a person "it" but you definitely would call a table "it"


Question: If any distance can be halved, at what point do you stop touching something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If any distance can be halved, at what point do you stop touching something?

You're never touching anything - you are just as close as possible to it. The sensation you feel is effectively the force of the atoms "pushing back" against your fingers (and your fingers' atoms "pushing back" against the atoms in whatever you are touching). Think of it a bit like how two magnets push against each other, but much much stronger.


Question: During an extreme sitatuation (Country dissolves while on seas) What happens if a Vessel’s flag nation becomes invalid? Is there a merchant flag used in these types of sitatuations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 During an extreme sitatuation (Country dissolves while on seas) What happens if a Vessel’s flag nation becomes invalid? Is there a merchant flag used in these types of sitatuations?

If your country of registry ceases to exist while you are at sea, you are now a stateless vessel until you register with another country As a stateless vessel you are subject to all countries laws and can be boarded by any country.


Question: - With governments pouring so much money into economies right now, why is no-one talking about hyperinflation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - With governments pouring so much money into economies right now, why is no-one talking about hyperinflation?

No, hyper inflation generally only occurs when a country is trying to print money to buy a lot of something on another currency, the Weimar Republic was trying to buy Francs, Venuzuela imports the majority of its food. That's not something we've seen happening so far.


Question: Why can't our inner voice shut up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't our inner voice shut up?

It can. Try mindfulness meditation. It takes a lot of practice but you can turn down the inner dialogue. This may or may not be called for in a given situation, but it's nice to have the choice if only for a few moments. As to why the inner voice always seems to be going by default, I am afraid I have no idea.


Question: How come on certain cloudy days it looks like the sky just looks gray but on other cloudy days you can see the layers of different clouds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come on certain cloudy days it looks like the sky just looks gray but on other cloudy days you can see the layers of different clouds?

Some days it basically *is* one big cloud covering the entire sky. Other days there is more variation in the cloud cover, and you can see areas of different density. The "one big cloud" phenomenon is pretty typical of a slow-moving warm front. Variation indicates faster winds or less moisture in the air.


Question: How can your body so easily and rapidly tell that something that you just ate was rotten/bad in general and immediately regurgitates it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can your body so easily and rapidly tell that something that you just ate was rotten/bad in general and immediately regurgitates it?

It can't always, but some kinds of bacteria (example: [*Staphylococcus aureus*]( URL_0 )) produce toxic substances that irritate the surface of your digestive tract right away. Other types of bacteria that cause food poisoning may take many hours to affect you.


Question: How does stuff like sugar and salt dissolve into water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does stuff like sugar and salt dissolve into water?

First, stuff can't evaporate with water if at that temperature it would be solid. Now, basically, water is a "polar" liquid. This means that its particles have a difference in charge, resulting in attraction to other particles that are polar. Actually, water "splits" the dissolved stuff, and creates things that you stop seeing as their structure has broken.


Question: Why you can put in the recycling bin same files with the same name but you cannot do that in any other folder ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why you can put in the recycling bin same files with the same name but you cannot do that in any other folder ?

The recycling bin is a "virtual" folder that shows a list of deleted files that can be undeleted. Deleted files aren't actually *moved* in to a different folder: they stay where they were, they're just *marked* as deleted. The recycling bin is a "view" that lets you see all the deleted files in one place.


Question: If planned parenthood is simply refunded the funds from the government for the services that they perform under Medicaid and Title IX, why is planned parenthood required?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If planned parenthood is simply refunded the funds from the government for the services that they perform under Medicaid and Title IX, why is planned parenthood required?

Most of the health services that PP provides to women and men can be obtained elsewhere. Abortion services however are few and far between in some areas. Some states only have one abortion clinic (might not be a PP clinic). The other cool thing about PP is that sometimes, thanks to donations, they are able to cover the cost of services for people who can't afford it. So while it's not "required" as you've put it, it is a great, well-known, trusted organization that helps many people with a range of health topics. The only reason it gets so much negative attention is the abortion services, which are not even govt. funded as you stated. Some states have been trying to pass legislation blocking the govt. funding to the PP locations in their state (unless they discontinue their abortion services), which obviously would make it very difficult for PP to keep the clinics open at that point.


Question: Why do solar calculators that have been in low light display random characters on the screen, rather than go blank, or zero, and are unresponsive till a "Clear" is pressed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do solar calculators that have been in low light display random characters on the screen, rather than go blank, or zero, and are unresponsive till a "Clear" is pressed?

first, let's talk memory. calculators have a bit of internal memory made up of what are essentially fancy switches that are configured to trap electrons (physical form of electricity). most simple calculators use an old, cheap type of memory called volatile memory. this type requires a constant source of power. if it looses power, the electrons are set free and the memory blocks forget everything. (this is why most calculators and old game cartridges have batteries.) now, solar panels are not simple on-off devices. the output power is based on the light level. so in low light, it may not put out enough power to keep the memory energized. but (and here's the fun bit) it may generate enough to *almost* power the memory. some of those electron traps lose power while others remain energized. the memory then degrades into a corrupted state. so what you are seeing is the calculator trying to make sense of this corrupted memory. the calculator doesn't know that the memory is corrupted so it needs you to clear it manually to restore functionality.


Question: What happens when you file for bankruptcy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when you file for bankruptcy?

There are various kinds of bankruptcies, depending on the type and degree of debt. Some (credit cards) are relatively easily discharged while others are nearly impossible (student loans) or require a loss of assets (car loans). People do it when the debt payments become unmanageable or pointless. During filing you have to declare your assets and the creditors may file a claim against them if they can. If you owed money on a car or furniture or something tangible, it may be repossessed. Houses are sometimes protected from repossession depending on the bankruptcy type, but not always. If the house is underwater there may not be much incentive to protect it anyway. Many people opted to let the house go after the 2009 crash since the loan was for way more than the home was worth and restructuring the loan was useless. Either way, your credit score is obliterated and nobody wil lend you money for a decade. Simply having more debt than assets isn't enough to declare bankruptcy, since most people have large home loans. You need to show that you can't reasonably continue to make payments before your debts can be discharged.


Question: Why is the Nasdaq at record highs if we are in a recession?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Nasdaq at record highs if we are in a recession?

The "investors" need to put their money somewhere and, yes, there are areas that are swimming in profit or potential profit. The medical industry, the pharmaceutical industry, etc., are very profitable right now.


Question: How many of the same stars do I see in Alberta, Canada that my brother sees in Minnesota, USA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How many of the same stars do I see in Alberta, Canada that my brother sees in Minnesota, USA?

Most of them. You see a slice of the sky based on your latitude at any given time of year, and the difference in latitudes between the two is not large. The stars you see are stars up to 90 degrees equatorward of you on the [celestial sphere]( URL_1 ): if you live at 30 degrees North, you can see stars up to 60 degrees *South* (that is, 90 degrees south of your position at 30 N) of the celestial equator. Assume your brother lives in one of the major population centers of Minnesota (~45 degrees North) and you live near Edmonton, Alberta (~53 degrees North). You would then see the same stars except for an 8-degree-wide [spherical lune]( URL_0 ) that is visible in Minnesota but not in Alberta: your brother can see stars between 45 degrees south and 37 degrees south that you can't. These stars would be near the horizon in your brother's southern sky for a short time each night. On the other hand, you would see a very different sky from someone in Santiago, Chile (33 degrees South). You'd only share the stars between 57 N (the northerly limit of Santiago's sky) and 37 S (the southern limit of your sky), which is a little less than half the sky. The other half (your northern sky and Santiago's southern sky) would be unique to each of you. The only two skies with no overlap at all (barring some very small effects like atmospheric refraction and the wobble of the Earth's axis) are at the north pole (which can see only stars north of the celestial equator) and the south pole (which can only see stars south of it). Every other point on Earth can see stars near the celestial equator on the horizon.


Question: How come so many stores uses plastic bags, when it can't be recycled? Why aren't they forced to use paper bags instead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come so many stores uses plastic bags, when it can't be recycled? Why aren't they forced to use paper bags instead?

Paper bags are thicker and heavier for the same size bag, which means it takes more trucks to deliver them to the shop, so banning plastic bags might not be any better for the environment. And plastic bags can be recycled, although recycling rates are usually rather low.


Question: what is group theory and why is it useful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is group theory and why is it useful?

Everyone knows a bowl of soup when they see it. It can be clam chowder or borscht or French onion soup. All of these soups have their own unique traits, but at the heart, they share common features that let us recognize it as a bowl of soup. Everyone know a mathematical operation when they see it. I can be addition or subtraction or division. All of these operations have their own unique traits, but at the heart, they share common features that let us recognize them as mathematical operations. Group theory provides a way to explain what the similar features are. It is possible to doubt if something is really a bowl of soup: is Chunky a soup or a stew? But group theory gives concrete requirements for something to be a mathematical operation. If it satisfies these requirements, we call it a group. The requirements are called the group axioms. When we stop looking at specific mathematical operations and begin to look at the abstract idea of an operation many beautiful ideas can be discovered. As one delves deeper, they begin to see symmetry at every turn. Everything begins to look the same and concepts once believed to be unconnected become intertwined and identical. Yes, this is a very simplified explanation with lots of parts missing but it should give a decent idea of what the purpose of group theory is. There is a wonderful book called Fearful Symmetry: Is God a Geometer, which I would recommend reading if you are truly interested in learning a bit more. Happy mathing, I'm off to find an inverse to clam chowder to complete my Soup Theory.


Question: Why is the quotient of dividing by 0 undefined, whereas, dividing 0 by a number results in the answer being 0?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the quotient of dividing by 0 undefined, whereas, dividing 0 by a number results in the answer being 0?

If you have 0 cookies and give them to 8 people, how many cookies does each person get? If you have 8 cookies and give them to 0 people, how much does each person get? This doesn't even make sense because there are no people to give cookies to and someone must have the cookies.


Question: What is π and how do people find the numbers to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is π and how do people find the numbers to it?

Pi is the relationship between a circle's circumference (length around the circle) and its diameter (length through the circle) you find that this turns out to be ~3. If you measure more precisely, it gets to be 3.14, and if you get even more precise, you see that it's 3.14159265... There are ways using infinite summations to get an arbitrarily large number of decimal places, but the Crux of the issue is that you just have to look really closely.


Question: why did going outside with a Game Boy (not backlit) make it easier to see the screen, but going outside with a phone make it harder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why did going outside with a Game Boy (not backlit) make it easier to see the screen, but going outside with a phone make it harder?

Gameboy and calculator screens reflect light, just like how every other normal object works. Thus, just like any object, the more light you have shining on it, the better you can see it. Just like shining a light on a book makes it easier to read at night. Phone screens, on the other hand, *generate* light. Having outside light shining onto the phone screen kinda overpowers the phone's lights a bit, making it harder to see. Just like how having a ton of lights in the city overpowers the incoming starlight, making city nighttimes look black and starless. Edit; holy shit thanks for the updoots


Question: Why haven't flat earthers just sailed/flew/walked to the "edge" yet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why haven't flat earthers just sailed/flew/walked to the "edge" yet?

They tried, there is a documentary, every "experiment" they tried ended with them having further proof the world in round, because it's round.


Question: Why do we care about the national debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we care about the national debt?

The thing is that there's absolutely no reason to not be in debt. We constantly pay it back and get more. When people talk about raising the debt ceiling, that means paying back what we borrowed. So that's not an issue, we do it every year just fine. But another reason is because except for about a year in the 1800s, the US has continuously held a debt since its founding. (We had to pay back countries that helped finance the revolution.) So everything in this country's history has been done while in debt. Clearly, it's not an issue, or that would not be the case.


Question: What in particular makes getting hit in the nuts such a unique pain, when all other pain seems to be consistent across the body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What in particular makes getting hit in the nuts such a unique pain, when all other pain seems to be consistent across the body?

Context, I have a nerve condition that effects my pelvic nerves, so I’ve had my left Nut removed but still feel it as if it’s there, and it feels like I am being kicked in the balls every 10secs for the past 8yrs.


Question: How are all humans one species?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are all humans one species?

This is because the definition of a species has got nothing to do with the appearance, physical traits, skin complexion or bone structure. There is one solid criterion for denoting a species, and that is the ability to produce a fertile offspring. No matter how different one human is from another, keeping abnormalities aside, any human female can give birth to a fertile offspring using the sperm from any human male.


Question: When streaming YouTube with poor Internet connection, why does the advertisement stream smoothly but the actual video is laggy AF?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When streaming YouTube with poor Internet connection, why does the advertisement stream smoothly but the actual video is laggy AF?

The way big systems like YouTube are set up is that they have a few massive warehouses stuffed with servers (primary datacenters) where it's cheap, and then lots of much smaller servers all around the world (edges). They push the most popular and frequently-used content to the edges, so that the most frequently-used stuff can come from a fast server near to you and serving only other people near to you. Less-popular stuff has to be requested from the primary datacenters, which can be thousands of miles away, serving lots of people at once. YouTube's ads are almost always coming from your local edge server because most users are watching the same small set of ads. So they're always available, always reliable, always fast. Depending on what video you're watching after, it's likely streaming from some place far away, off a more heavily-used machine that might be under unpredictable load, so they can be slower, less available, less reliable. In some cases, for the most popular services, those local/edge servers might actually be *in your ISP's headquarters*, making them really fast and bulletproof. Next time you're noticing this, try streaming the #1 current music video (it should be nearly as fast) and then something really obscure (like your grandmother's 408th video of her cat snoring) and you should notice a similar discrepancy. Of course, ads will always likely be faster even then, because serving ads is YouTube's #1 priority so they'll get prioritised over everything else.


Question: Why is damage in videogames (mostly RPGs) always spread a little instead of a set amount? E.g. fireball- 10-12 damage instead of set 11

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is damage in videogames (mostly RPGs) always spread a little instead of a set amount? E.g. fireball- 10-12 damage instead of set 11

It comes from the origins of video game RPGS: role-playing tabletop games, which often used dice to calculate damage, defense, etc. It's meant to incorporate a little bit of randomness and a little bit of luck into the adventure to keep the player guessing. And, of course, it's meant to help tell a story that the abstract game system can't. In your example above, a fireball hitting for 10 damage might tell me that my character evaded or resisted a bit of the spell, while a 12-damage hit might mean that he took it full in the chest. The dice (or random number generator) make everything a little less robotic, and a little bit closer to a "real" story.


Question: How the hell do our eyes move? Like they sort of just look in different places seemingly on their own

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How the hell do our eyes move? Like they sort of just look in different places seemingly on their own

Muscles attach them to the skull from various directions. To look right, you tense the muscle on the right side while relaxing the one on the left. Since we (obviously) can't see these muscles, we never really become aware of moving them, but if you stay up for a long time (I'm talking well over 24 hours) while focusing on something close to you, they will get noticeably tired.


Question: How do flat currencies and currencies backed by gold/silver work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do flat currencies and currencies backed by gold/silver work?

"Fiat", with an 'i' not flat. The only reason anything has any value is because it's rare. You can't just go get more of it whenever you want. Gold is more rare than silver, so it's worth more. Gold and silver also have "utility", reasons to want it beyond it being rare. A currency backed by gold or silver can theoretically be exchanged for the actual gold or silver. The paper or coin or number in a server is just a convenient way of trading it about. Fiat currency is backed up by nothing. You can't exchange it for anything other than what someone think's it's worth. But as long as the people controlling the supply of money keep it rare, it'll continue to hold it's value. (In the USA, that's [The Federal Reserve]( URL_0 ), shockingly not part of the federal government). Nations demand taxes in their currency, and so people have a reason to want the currency. But it mostly has value simple because people believe it has value.


Question: In winter, why are nights much colder if the sky is clear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In winter, why are nights much colder if the sky is clear?

_radiational cooling_ As we lose solar heating at night, surfaces cool rapidly as outgoing radiation is released. This radiational cooling is optimized when skies are clear and heat is allowed to escape freely into the atmosphere. A layer of clouds, on the other hand, help to reflect some of the radiation back down to the surface, keeping temperatures a bit warmer.


Question: What happens when you shoot non- Newtonian fluid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when you shoot non- Newtonian fluid?

It breaks up into lots of little pieces like a solid would, which fly in all directions. Then, wherever the bits end up, the flow like a liquid. Oobleck might act like a solid under force, but it is a very weak solid. Apply more than a little force, and it easily tears and fractures.


Question: When the world population stabilizes or starts to decline as predicted by the scientific community, how will the world economy continue to grow and not his a permanent recession?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When the world population stabilizes or starts to decline as predicted by the scientific community, how will the world economy continue to grow and not his a permanent recession?

Mostly through automation. The number of workers can actually go up, even as the number of human workers goes down. Productivity *per human worker* is skyrocketing, because each worker is supplemented by machines.


Question: Why is 1 not considered a prime number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 1 not considered a prime number?

Here’s a longer explanation. Prime numbers are any number other than one that are only divisible by one and themselves. Note that “other than one” - one is intentionally excluded, not because it just doesn’t work. Why? The Fundamental Theorem Of Arithmetic, which states that every number has a unique and singular prime factorisation - i.e. that there is a unique set of prime numbers that multiply together to produce every individual number. For 21, this would be 3x7. For 88, this would be 2x2x2x11. If 1 was a prime number, then 21 could be 3x7, or 1x3x7, or 1x1x3x7, or so on. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic would not be correct and thus maths as we know it could not work properly. So that’s the actual reason.


Question: How does a hailstorm in 80F weather work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a hailstorm in 80F weather work?

Temperature at sea level is different than the temperature at cloud level. As long as the trip from the clouds to ground level isn’t flash boiling the rain or hail the storms can form properly


Question: What is the royal family’s job?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the royal family’s job?

The Queen is the official head of the government and the ultimate authority by which it is operated. What good does any monarch provide for their country? In a practical sense she doesn't make many decisions but she can fire the Prime Minister if she wants and install someone else.


Question: What are the obligations of local and state law enforcement regarding the protection of the POTUS?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the obligations of local and state law enforcement regarding the protection of the POTUS?

It's generally considered a big deal to have POTUS come visit your town, and therefore the local officials generally are inclined to bend their budgets a bit in order to help provide adequate security and traffic management. You also don't want your town to become infamous for being "the place where POTUS got shot" because you weren't willing to help with security. However, if the local government really refused to help with security I don't believe that they are legally required to. The difference here is that POTUS is visiting the same relatively small town week after week, causing their security costs to skyrocket out of control. By contrast, LBJ and George W Bush both had properties in Texas they visited often, but they were fairly isolated and didn't create as much of a disturbance for the locals.


Question: Why exactly is it that latent psychoses can be triggered by THC/marijuana use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why exactly is it that latent psychoses can be triggered by THC/marijuana use?

This is something of a myth. THC won't precipitate clinical psychosis in otherwise normal people with no history of such problems. Excessive doses of TCH can cause anxiety and paranoia as side effects and in people who already have anxiety issues, this can cause panic attacks. Anxiety as a side effect is fairly well documented, as far as I know. In people who already have issues with delusional thinking this can't be a good thing. But I wouldn't recommend such people to use any kind of psychoactive substances recreationally, period.


Question: Why do squares have 360 degrees, as well as why do triangles have 180?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do squares have 360 degrees, as well as why do triangles have 180?

You can't make a polygon with only 2 lines. You need 3+ edges to make a polygon, and every additional edge adds 180 degrees. Why 180? because we decided to use numbers that are math-friendly. Any polygon has a total number of degrees equal to 180 X (number of sides minus 2) Triangle has 180 Square has 360 Pentagon has 540 Hexagon has 720 and so on.


Question: how does a contact stay directly over your pupil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a contact stay directly over your pupil?

It has a similar curvature as the cornea does, which is different from the rest of the eye and that makes it center itself to the cornea.


Question: When a train enters a tunnel, what is the cause of the sudden pressure drop in the cabin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a train enters a tunnel, what is the cause of the sudden pressure drop in the cabin?

When air speeds up its pressure drops. As the train passes through the tunnel the air around the sides is being squeezed into a much tighter space than before the train’s presence. A narrowing of the space between the train and the tunnel causes the air to speed up which also means the pressure of the air drops as it speeds up; speed being relative in that it’s the train that’s moving while the air is still but the effect is the same.


Question: Why does the frosting on a donut melt and absorb in as the donut goes stale?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the frosting on a donut melt and absorb in as the donut goes stale?

It isn't separation - it is absorbing water vapor from the air. The frosting is really just a high sugar content syrup that has cooled and hardened on the donut; sugar is very hydrophilic, so it will absorb water very easily. As time passes, it absorbs water out of the air itself, which makes the hardened frosting more liquid.


Question: How do open-houses where entire walls are completely open to the outside keep bugs and animals out of the house?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do open-houses where entire walls are completely open to the outside keep bugs and animals out of the house?

I stayed in a condo in Hawaii for a month. There were Geckos every where. I just learned to love it.


Question: Why do rainbows have a circular shape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do rainbows have a circular shape?

Rainbows occur as a result of the scattering of sunlight. The rain drops act as prisms, refracting light at an angle dependent on the light's wavelength, which is why all of the colours are separated. The source of the white light is the sun, and each colour (wavelength) will appear at the same apparent distance from the source. If you like, you can imagine a rainbow as a complete circle around the light source, but you typically only see part of the ring at any given time.


Question: Why can both heat and cold be used to treat pain? What are the differences between their effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can both heat and cold be used to treat pain? What are the differences between their effects?

The body reduces blood flow to extremities when cold to not lose core temperature, reducing blood flow reduces swelling and bleeding. Cold also numbs because the sensory cells become less active with less nutrients.


Question: Why are some keyboards able to register three inputs at once, while others can only manage two?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some keyboards able to register three inputs at once, while others can only manage two?

A keyboard have far too many keys for each key to have their own sensor. It would just be too many wires and sensors to manage. Instead the switches on the keyboard are mounted in a grid matrix of wires where they connect the row and column wires together when pressed. The controller will activate a pattern of columns and observe the signals on the rows to figure out which keys are pressed. The issue is that if you press too many keys there is just too many rows that activates as all the wires gets connected together and there is no way to figure out which keys are actually pressed. Identifying two distinct keys is already a challenge and requires some interpretation of the signals. Identifying three distinct key presses is almost impossible unless you put resources into solving the issue. Some keyboards do allow three button presses as long as they are common patterns as they are able to arange those keys on the matrix in a way that makes it possible to distinguish them. Others allow three buttons as long as some of the buttons are control keys which may have extra hardware on them to make them easier to distinguish. Other keyboards will add extra hardware to the keyboard to make sure all keys can still be distinguished from each other even though this increases the cost of the keyboard significantly.


Question: Why do men with dwarfism are small all over but have normal sized penises?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do men with dwarfism are small all over but have normal sized penises?

There are multiple things that can cause somebody to be a “little person” However with the main condition basically stops you from growing to your full size See in our body we have growth plates, these are what allow us to grow taller. These are open until we reach our maximum height and then they close around the age of 20. With the condition it basically affects your bones only. So your bones won’t grow longer and you effectively stay small, however soft tissue isn’t affected. The penis is pretty much all soft tissue and because of this a dwarfs penis isn’t effected by his/her condition. In the same way that facial features aren’t. (There are multiple conditions but the most common doesn’t affect the penis. Some of them will but are rare)


Question: What makes people lazy? Were people lazy while living in the wild?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes people lazy? Were people lazy while living in the wild?

Basically the human body wants to survive and we have an innate desire to get that surviving done with as little energy lost as we can. The more energy we expend, the more calories we need to eat to make up for it, so saving those calories is an evolutionary advantage. Take into account as well that people hunter-gatherer settlements today tend to spend an average of 12 hours a week "working", and while I'm not expert, that could potentially have given early humans the chance to be a bit lazy. On a related note, humans actually have a lot of calorie-related wants that overcompensate on calorie consumption/storage. For example, our absolute love of sugar (and our craving today of things so sweet a hunter-gatherer would have found nothing comparative in the wild) and the fact that there is a delay between the time we are full and the time we stop being hungry. Some theories say that these advantages were incorporated into humans because food was very scarce back in the day, and survival-wise it's much better to err on the side of extra calories than on the side of starvation.


Question: If fat is so much harder for our body to burn, what is the principle behind low-carb/no-carb diets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If fat is so much harder for our body to burn, what is the principle behind low-carb/no-carb diets?

Carbs are the primary energy source for the body. When you eat a surplus of carbs, your body converts the leftover energy into fat which can be stored for later use in emergency situations. By not eating carbs/restricting carbs, you force the body to delve into it's fat reserves to supply the energy it needs to function on a day to day basis. The principle is tricking your body into thinking it's time to draw on those energy reserves.


Question: What allows a rifle barrel to spin a bullet traveling over 2000 fps instead of getting stripped? Wouldn't the force and speed tear through the riflings instead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What allows a rifle barrel to spin a bullet traveling over 2000 fps instead of getting stripped? Wouldn't the force and speed tear through the riflings instead?

> What allows a rifle barrel to spin a bullet traveling over 2000 fps instead of getting stripped? Wouldn't the force and speed tear through the riflings instead? A softer metal than the gun barrel is used such as lead or copper. The gun barrel in turn is made of hardened steel in order to withstand the forces. Finally the rifling doesn't turn as much as you might think, with a single turn taking 7 or 12 inches of barrel length.


Question: What will it look like when the student loan debt bubble "pops?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What will it look like when the student loan debt bubble "pops?"

In a way this has kind of happened in the UK but reactions to it are muted so as to not destroyed the university system. Two years ago the government tried to essentially privatise the system by selling their loan book to banks. Those loans had repayment conditions such as time limits, fixed interest rates, and limits on the percentage of a person's income the debt holder could take. There was zero interest from the private sector and the government continues to hold most student loans. Subsequent analysis of this and economic predictions for the country in general now estimate that it will take so long for students to reach the repayment threshold (£25k I think, could be mistaken) and even longer for most recent graduates to make any kind of decent salary, that they will simply make lower payments until the loan expires and never clear the principal. TL;DR Education already costs more than it's worth.


Question: If photons travel at the highest speed in the universe, how is that they do not kill us? They do have some mass don't they?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If photons travel at the highest speed in the universe, how is that they do not kill us? They do have some mass don't they?

Photons don't have mass. They have momentum. When the light hits you that momentum is transferred to you, but it's not enough to hurt you unless you're sitting right next to the sun or getting hit by high energy photons like x-rays.


Question: Why is fat stored in different places for different people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is fat stored in different places for different people?

Genetic and epigenetic differences in one person's stomach (for example, or leg or bum etc) fat cells versus another individual, and/or differences in the hormones that promote fat storage. All fat is stored in fat cells, which aren't the dumb bags they used to be thought of as. In normal humans, fat cells in different areas of the body handle fat in different ways; these differences are the result of different genes being turned on or off. Individuals can have slightly different versions of these genes, so the fat cells in one person's stomach (for example) might be 'programmed' to take in more or less fat, or to hold on to it tighter, than another person. In addition, you produce hormones which signal to fat cells how to behave. Fat cells in different parts of the body tend to respond to these hormones in different ways, so if your levels of these hormones are different to another individual, these can contribute to different fat distribution. Anyone wanting a more detailed explanation can read [this]( URL_0 ) excellent review from one the leaders of the field on how adipocyte biology influences patterns of body fat distribution.


Question: Why does putting water on a grease fire make it worse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does putting water on a grease fire make it worse?

The grease is burning _much_ hotter than the boiling point of water. When you throw water on it, the water flash-boils and turns to steam instantly. This causes the grease to get thrown into the air along with the steam, forming small grease droplets in the air. These grease droplets then catch fire, causing a large fireball which can cause the fire to spread out of control. If you have a grease fire, you should use a fire extinguisher rated for grease (B rated - which most of the ones you can buy at stores are). If you don't have one, kill the heat source and smother the fire with a pot lid.


Question: Why can American workers lose their pensions when employers go bankrupt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can American workers lose their pensions when employers go bankrupt?

Pensions and 401ks are different. Pensions are paid by your employer. Every payday you make $2000 and your employer kicks in an extra $25 and when you retire you can draw off that fund that's been building since you started working there. And typically there are rules that say when you retire your pension will be at $X amount no matter what. & #x200B; 401ks are paid by you. So that $2000 you make is now $1975 because its you putting up the $25 to save an invest. But if you quit the job you keep all the 401k money and can put into a new account at your next job. Also sometimes employers do match up to a certain amount in 401ks. & #x200B; You're right that Pensions aren't supposed to run out of money but sometimes they do. Maybe the company wasn't paying into them like they should have been. 401ks are risky because since they're typically invested in the stock market there's a risk that a market crash could wipe out the funds. & #x200B; When you file for bankruptcy you're telling the world that you don't have the money to pay back everything you owe and in the Mine's case that includes its employees. Now its up to a court to look at what the mine does have and figure out who gets paid, what. That can mean that people do lose money in the end.


Question: What is an elementary function?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an elementary function?

The elementary functions are a set of well known functions such as powers of x, roots of x, exponentials, trigonometric functions and their inverses, and most importantly any combinations of them, for example e^sinx + x^(2). Non elementary functions are those that can't be written like that. For example if I define the function: f(x) = 1 if x is rational and f(x) = 0 otherwise Then f is a non elementary function. This function has a specific name - Dirichlet function - but most non elementary functions don't have a name or an easy way to describe them.


Question: How do things get colder, such as the air temperature cooling down or a drink getting colder, what makes things get cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do things get colder, such as the air temperature cooling down or a drink getting colder, what makes things get cold?

Thermodynamics. Heat is movement (temperature is average kinetic energy). Particles bump into things all the time, and when they do they lose energy. When they lose energy they get colder. Newtons law frames it as hot will alway go to cold (fast stuff will always bump into slow stuff).


Question: How did flute makers 100 years ago calculate how big the holes and their spacing should be?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did flute makers 100 years ago calculate how big the holes and their spacing should be?

100 years ago is 1917. Speed of light was accurately measured with great, great precision in 1887 using an interferometer. People in 1917 weren't cavemen without technology knowledge. In fact, in 1917 they had been making flutes for 43.000 years already. First flute: trial and error. Second flute: copy of the first. Flutes are among the most simple instruments. A hollow bone or branch is all you need. Then, for all subsequent flutes, all they did was to measure distances.