Question: What would be the real dangers of putting water on a nuclear meltdown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would be the real dangers of putting water on a nuclear meltdown?

Very basically, explosions aren't always fire, simply, they're rapid expansions of matter, so in the show, they were worried about the extreme heat of the melting core touching a tank full of water. Now water when liquid is quite dense sitting in its container, but when it boils, it expands and becomes a gas (see where this is going?) so the scientists were worried that the massive amounts of water being touched by extremely high temperatures would instantly vaporise the water, creating a very rapid expansion of a great volume of water, creating a very large explosion. This explosion would cause even more damage to the reactor, totally damaging the other reactors and spreading radioactive material even further around. Hence they drained the water tanks :)


Question: Why are the sugar in fruit good for you but the sugar in candies bad for you and make you gain weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the sugar in fruit good for you but the sugar in candies bad for you and make you gain weight?

It's not just about the sugar alone - it's about "a piece of fruit" vs "a piece of candy". One medium apple has around 19g of sugar according to the FDA, along with 4.4g fiber and 15% of your daily vitamin C, plus a handful of other vitamins. It comes in at around 95 calories. One Snickers bar has 30g sugar, 1g fiber, and almost no vitamins at all. It's also got 14g of fat (22% of your entire daily limit), with 5g saturated fat (25% of your entire daily limit). You'll get that for 280 calories. So: the fruit has less sugar, less calories, more vitamins, and will keep you full longer - while the candy has more sugar, more than double the calories, massively more fat, no vitamins, and will leave you hungry sooner. Even though the apple "has sugar", it's still far better for you.


Question: Why do fine cuts not cause as much pain as duller cuts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do fine cuts not cause as much pain as duller cuts?

A fine cut damages fewer nerve endings, so there are fewer pain signals going to your central nervous system.


Question: how is it possible to program a computer to “understand a keyboard” without a keyboard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is it possible to program a computer to “understand a keyboard” without a keyboard?

The thing that makes a computer understand a keyboard is just another piece of software. You can create that bit on a computer that does have a keyboard and then make it part of the OS (or even BIOS) that will be installed on the computer that doesn't have one. Your computer was built to understand keyboards before you even got it. If you're asking about the *first* keyboard: there was always some way of providing input to a computer. In the earlier days you had punchcards. They build the computer so that it could read the holes in the card, and you can 'write' the software that can communicate with a keyboard via those cards.


Question: “Bridge may be icy” but why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 “Bridge may be icy” but why?

The ground, and the rest of the planet, acts like a giant baked potato. When it's hot (or at least, warmer than the air), for instance when the weather has recently turned cold, it retains its warmth for a while. A bridge is like a small slice of that potato - it cools much faster. So, while the air may be cold enough to freeze water, the bridge will cool to that temperature faster than the normal ground. This happens because it has much less material to retain heat, while it is exposed on all sides to the cold air.


Question: What are penny stocks as mentioned in The Wolf of Wall Street?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are penny stocks as mentioned in The Wolf of Wall Street?

The simplification is that penny stocks are stocks worth less than a certain amount. Every country defines them differently, but in the US the SEC considers any stock trading under 5$ as penny stocks. Many of these are from smaller companies and the reason people invest in them is because it has possibilities of higher rewards quicker since any movement has a lot more effect than on blue chip stocks (established companies like banks). A stock worth 0.60$ gaining 0.05 is a lot more important than a stock worth 60$ gaining 0.05. Plus many penny stocks are newer companies so there is more upside since any good news (finding a gold mine, developing a new software) can create faith and make the price rise drastically. The risk is that the company doesnt find that gold mine or interesting software and the price falls even more. Just like rises, drops have a significant effect. Its a high-risk high-reward game. Since you mentioned the Wolf of Wall Street, Ill go on a side-note: OTC (over the counter) or pink sheets. OTC is another stock market in the US (just like Nasdaq or NYSE), that is less transparent and regulated, even more so during the years in TWoWS. Usually, companies that register on the OTC are either too small to enter the bigger exchanges or are unable to pass the required audits (more shady). There have been examples over the years of incredibly shady companies (2 guys in a shack wanting to start a pharma manufacturing company type of thing). Unscrupulous brokers would sell those to people as a the next big thing and people would buy that. And pink slips had very high commissions to encourage brokers to sell them, regardless of whether or not they fit with the client. Plus if a company was registered on NYSE, people could confirm a lot of information like number of employees, budget, etc. But OTC having so little audit requirements made it easy to sell a shack as a corporate headquarter and 2 guys as a team of experienced scientists. These are the pink sheets DiCaprio sells when he moves to the shady broker after losing his job and then out of a garage. [OTC]( URL_0 ) still exists today and is more regulated, although still nearly nowhere as much as the main exchanges (in NA thats NYSE, NASDAQ and TSX) and are not as transparent (even with Bloomberg paying programs we cannot see the bid and ask for stocks, something Google Finance has for free for the main exchanges and you cannot see other important information like market depth. While were at it we can talk about the pump and dump that they also do in the movie. Pump and dump is buying a bunch of stocks of a company that doesnt trade much and then convincing a bunch of unsuspecting people to buy a lot of shares as well. Because the volume isnt high, if many people are buying that share, it will drive the price up (market price is based on supply and demand. If demand goes up and supply is unchanged, the price rises, sometimes drastically). Once you sold it to enough people that the price is well above value, you sell all your share on the market taking advantage of the high prices. Since suddenly supply rises quickly and not demand, the price will fall. The person organizing the scheme makes a lot of money, but all the small investors that bought in while it was climbing (so over its actual value) are now left with a share that is worth less then what they paid and so are losing money. It works with all share (they do it with the Madden IPO in the movie, keeping shares for themselves and then selling hard), but it works better or faster with penny stocks that just "found a cure for cancer" or "the biggest oil reserve in the pacific, BUY NOW!". Hope this helps! Finally an ELI5 in my field that doesnt have 1000 answers! Feels good!


Question: How does chiropractic adjustment work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does chiropractic adjustment work?

Chiropractic adjustment is based on pseudoscience and is practiced by quacks. Not only does it not work, it can cause injury and death.


Question: Why does it feel like you get a cold over the night and not in the middle of the day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel like you get a cold over the night and not in the middle of the day?

Cold symptoms come on slowly. You have no memory of things while you are sleeping. So when you are awake you remember ten minutes ago, and an hour ago, and two hours ago. The slow onset is just a set of slight changes. But when you wake up from eight ours of sleep you don't remember ten minutes ago, or an hour ago, or two hours ago, or three, four, five, six, or seven. So when you wake up you are comparing now to how you felt eight (or whatever) hours ago. So whether it's a cold, coming or going, or an ache, coming or going, the lack of memory of the intervening time makes the difference between "now" and "last time I checked" much more obvious. If you've ever had a fast onset flu or cold hit you while you were awake you'd know what I mean. Once I went from "just fine" to "mandarin death flu" while riding shot-gun on a road trip. Just every ten or fifteen minutes I'd realize that I felt worse than I did ten or fifteen minutes earlier. It was no fun at all. So you can get sick at the same rate awake or asleep, but unless it comes on really strong the parts where you are awake are experienced as a large number of small changes. When you go from awake to asleep to awake again you just get to appreciate the difference all at once.


Question: Why can’t we use antibiotics to fight viral infections, but we can use antibacterial soap to fight the spread of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we use antibiotics to fight viral infections, but we can use antibacterial soap to fight the spread of them?

A virus in many ways isn't alive and it isn't made of cells. They're little more than a shell around their genetic payload which is what infects your own cells. What that shell is made of, however, is basically vulnerable to soap. A good scrubbing will break down the shell and the virus falls apart. Antibiotics attack the bacteria cells and kills them, but viruses don't care as they're not cells. The "Antibacterial" in antibacterial soap is designed to kill bacteria directly as well - viruses still aren't affected by that, but the "soap" will still do the job to viruses.


Question: Why is hot weather so exhausting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is hot weather so exhausting?

Like water flowing downhill, heat naturally moves from warm areas to cooler ones. As long as the air around you is cooler than your body, you radiate heat to the air. But this transfer stops when the air temperature approaches body temperature. Radiation requires rerouting blood flow so more of it goes to the skin. This makes the heart beat faster and pump harder. On a hot day, it may circulate two to four times as much blood each minute as it does on a cool day.


Question: Why do lakes not just seep into the earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lakes not just seep into the earth?

Geologist here. There are at a few basic reasons the water won't seep into the ground beneath lakes (from what I can remember off the top of my head). 1. Some lakes are a 'window' into an aquifer, where subsurface water has collected and sat for thousands of years. This water can be depleted but as long as the incoming water is greater than or equal to the outgoing water it will remain. 2. Soils (or bedrock) that make up most lakes have a low hydraulic conductivity (the rate at which water permeates through). Soils such as clay or glacial till are excellent soils if you wanted to create a lake. (Fun fact: many landfills are lined with specific types of clay for this exact reason so no pollutants will go into the surrounding earth). If you have terrain where water will pool and sufficient rain or streams, it will create a pond or lake. 3. A surface depression with incoming water may create a lake or pond as long as that water flow is enough to keep the water there. Over time dying plants and the deposition of silt and clay can create a hydraulically restrictive later, ie, peat and organic silts and clays.


Question: Why is no credit worse than bad credit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is no credit worse than bad credit?

That particular aphorism isn't perfectly true - depending on the situation, having bad credit can very much be worse than having no credit history. That said, the general idea is that if you have bad credit, the banks/lenders/etc. can look at your history and understand _how_ bad your credit is. Depending on what types of negative reports you have, when you had them, how you've worked to repair them, etc. they may be willing to take a chance on you (though at a higher interest rate). They know what to expect from you and can calculate a deal that makes them willing to take the risk. If you have _no_ credit, then you are a mystery. Maybe you are a great option, or maybe you are the worst they will ever see - _there is simply no way to know_. If they can't assess your credit worthiness, then they can't figure out what kind of deal makes it worth their while to lend to you (loans care a lot about risk assessment) so they just stay clear of you all together. Think of it like stopping by the side of the road and having two options to eat - McDonalds or Bob's Burger Shack. McDonalds is _bad_, but you know how bad it is; Bob's is an unknown quantity and it could be fantastic or it could be terrible. Rather than take a _chance_ on having a truly terrible burger at Bob's, you decide to eat at McDonalds - it is bad, but it is _predictably_ bad, so it is "less risky" when compared to a true unknown.


Question: Energy is motion. Waves are pure energy, and can move through a vacuum. How can you have "pure movement," without anything to be moving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Energy is motion. Waves are pure energy, and can move through a vacuum. How can you have "pure movement," without anything to be moving?

Energy isn’t strictly motion. It’s the ability to do work, which is a slightly unsatisfying definition. Think of energy more as a property that exists and is always conserved. And when this property moves from one object to another, it changes that object’s property while keeping the total amount of energy constant. Think about gravitational potential energy. If an object falls, losing that potential energy, it gains kinetic energy to compensate.


Question: Do water bottle minerals add taste?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do water bottle minerals add taste?

Yes, it has a "good" taste. If you drink a glass of distilled water you'd say it "tastes flat" or maybe "stale". There is a level of minerals that people associate with "fresh", and that's what they're adding to their purified water.


Question: Why is 2% inflation rate good, and what would happen if the rate falls below this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 2% inflation rate good, and what would happen if the rate falls below this?

Inflation means that a dollar gets less valuable over time (by 2% a year). Too much inflation, and money becomes worthless, like in Weimar Germany. The too-little problem is a bit trickier. Inflation encourages people and corporations (and especially banks) to do things with their money, specifically, invest it in businesses, education, or something else. If money loses 2% of its value each year, companies have to be doing something with it that earns at least a 2% profit - like lending it out. Basically, inflation forces banks and billionaires to stop just sitting on money and instead reinvest it, creating new businesses and jobs and driving the economy forwards.


Question: Is there a point at which something is so small that it doesn't emit sound? (e.g. a cell, DNA)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a point at which something is so small that it doesn't emit sound? (e.g. a cell, DNA)

Sound is just vibration. Even something small like a cell's processes are not 100% efficient when it comes to doing its thing, and so energy is 'lost' in the form of vibrations. I suspect that if you had ears that were sensitive enough to pick up these vibrations, you'd find it quite noisy down there.


Question: Why didn’t the pace of Roman technological advancement continue to present day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why didn’t the pace of Roman technological advancement continue to present day?

Rome collapsed in the 5th century, cutting off the long distance spread of ideas and the vast manpower reserves and trade routes needed to build huge monuments. The actual growth of technology continued on a more local scale though, the dark ages weren't as "dark" as the historical myth says they were. There were a lot of developments in agriculture, sailing, metalworking, architecture, economics, and warfare between 500 and 1300.


Question: How is it possible that gases (helium especially) can leave a balloon or even a high-pressure tank over time ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it possible that gases (helium especially) can leave a balloon or even a high-pressure tank over time ?

Hydrogen and helium are very very smol atoms (the smallest they can be and still be called atoms, in fact). So they kinda just... slip through the gaps between larger atoms that form the container. They have an easier time doing that through something very thin, like a stretched balloon, but slowly they can find their way out of solid metal tanks.


Question: how does a guided infrared missile lock onto it's target?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a guided infrared missile lock onto it's target?

It has a sensor that looks for heat sources, basically. When it finds one, it adjusts the wings on the missile to go in that direction. Since the jet engine of an airplane produces a lot of heat at the exhaust, that will generally be the biggest source of heat it picks up. This is also the reason some planes can release burning magnesium flares- to generate additional sources of heat, sometimes hotter than the jet exhaust, to try and let the sensor lock on to them, away from the plane.


Question: Why does heating particles make them move faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does heating particles make them move faster?

You're thinking about it backwards. Heating them up doesn't make them move faster - making them move faster is what we call "heating them up".


Question: how do our bodies know “what’s bad” and “what’s good” when it enters our stomach?

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 how do our bodies know “what’s bad” and “what’s good” when it enters our stomach?

You have taste buds in your throat and stomach, although these are not connected to your conscious mind. If these detect a certain family of chemicals that would be harmful in your body, they can trigger you to be nauseous. Likewise, anything that directly damages our stomach immediately will also trigger the same effect.


Question: What is the white residue that gathers on top my water bottles?

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 What is the white residue that gathers on top my water bottles?

Hi there. Guessing you live in a hard water area. What you’re seeing is probably a calcium buildup. If you make coffee, you’ll see the scaling on any interior rings or where water disperses. Just keep washing it out.


Question: How can accidental forest fires occur so frequently when lighting a small fire of dead, dried wood can be so difficult?

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 How can accidental forest fires occur so frequently when lighting a small fire of dead, dried wood can be so difficult?

Because they occur in climates where lighting a small fire isn’t so difficult, or more so when there is a fire it spreads quick because if the lack of moisture in the air. All it takes is a cigarette or camp fire in an act of carelessness, and the whole are can be compromised. Edit: yeah difficult lighting a single piece of dried wood, but the kindling surrounding it not so much.


Question: Why is the American college tuition close to a year's wage? (Some schools cost $30 to $40k which is about a year's middle class salary)

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 Why is the American college tuition close to a year's wage? (Some schools cost $30 to $40k which is about a year's middle class salary)

At it’s core, price is a rationing method. It’s how we handle scarcity. The problem is that as expensive as college is today, the market is saying that it’s not too expensive—since every year colleges have more applicants than they accept. In a theoretical equilibrium state the cost of college would increase until they only get as many applicants as they have spots available. Think of a college education like any other product. If you were a store owner selling “widgets”, and more people wanted widgets than you had available, you’d increase the price until you sold each of your widgets for the maximum price. The economics of college costs are no different. Most of the rise in the cost of college can be traced to a few factors: the social convention that everyone should got to college, the availability of financial aid, and higher education’s tendency to inflate potential earnings of graduates. As I said earlier, the economics of college tuition can be evaluated like any other product—by looking a something’s effect on supply and demand. Let’s look at each of these factors using that lens, and we will be able to see a path toward more affordable higher education. Over the past 50 years, there’s been a dramatic change in social perception regarding college. Where someone could once find good, stable work with nothing more than a high school diploma, now it’s “understood” that you need a college degree. This has the direct effect of increasing demand. While there isn’t much of anything we can do to change this (assuming we’d want to at all), we can recognize that we need to dramatically expand the number of available higher education options in order to accommodate the higher demand. It’s ironic that one of the efforts to make college more affordable has directly resulted in raising the price of college tuition, but there is no question it has. The ubiquitous availability of financial aid—specifically student loans—has affected the price of college in two ways. First, as discussed before, cost is a rationing method. Student loans have dramatically expanded a student’s ability to pay. Where colleges that wanted a full student body had to once consider how much an average student’s parents could afford, now they can just encourage a student to borrow against their future. Second, student loans separate the action of buying from actually paying. When students take out loans, they’re agreeing to trade something intangible (payments at some point in the future) with something very tangible (the next handful of years at college). For a bit of added irony, the US policy of preventing student loans from being dischargeable in bankruptcy has prevented the financial industry from cracking down on this irresponsible borrowing and lending by insulating the lenders from risk. Finally, the most asinine of the reasons college costs have increased is college marketing. Higher education is allowed to make absurd claims about future earnings of graduates without any form accountability. Incoming students are told that liberal arts degrees will get them jobs with six figure salaries, enticing them into areas of study that will doom them to lives of poverty. The university collects their money, but is never held accountable for their claims. It’s sad that universities manipulate the fact that students trust and look up to professors, but it happens everywhere. In fact, since most departments are rewarded based on the number of students enrolled in their department, there is a perverse incentive structure in which professors are actually rewarded for lying to students about their future prospects. Colleges should be required to show incoming students the average earnings of each department’s most recent graduates. The last thing about this to consider is—what do we really want to provide our youth? Is the education part the most important or is it the college experience? Is it ok if the instruction comes from a relatively no-name establishment or is the pedigree of the education crucial? Finding qualified people to teach class isn’t an expensive service to provide; it’s the fancy buildings, the over-inflated sports programs, the student unions and recreation facilities, introduction courses taught by nobel laureates, and all the other campus “necessities” that make providing college so expensive—but hey, students can always borrow more, right? **TL;DR: if we want to lower the cost of college education, we need more simple education facilities, better laws about discharging student debt in bankruptcy, and tighter controls about what colleges can tell students about their potential future earnings.**


Question: What exactly makes a mathematical argument 'rigorous'?

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 What exactly makes a mathematical argument 'rigorous'?

I took a few theoretical math courses as an undergrad and grad student, and my general idea is that you need to explicitly state your intuition and any relevant theorems and their relevance. Avoid using words like "clearly." Even if you're thinking that word, there's probably some intuition you need to write down. Think about how your audience might interpret your proof and make sure all leaps are explained. A similar question has been asked and answered on Stack Exchange, also asked by an undergrad student. You might find it helpful: URL_0 You have the right idea of asking your professors. Not only can they give you general guidelines, but rigor has slight subjectivity, so each professor has different expectations that you need to understand. You're asking for an exact distinction but there isn't an exact one because rigor is about convincing your audience that your proof is complete.


Question: What sense does it make for bats,opossums etc to live upside down?

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 What sense does it make for bats,opossums etc to live upside down?

When you clutch to a tree branch it makes more sense to hang from it upside down, because it’s a self-stabilizing equilbrium (you can’t fall from that position unless you let go of the branch).


Question: If a country gets invaded, what happens to it's currency?

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 If a country gets invaded, what happens to it's currency?

The currency becomes worthless. However nonmonetary assets still retain value and will be priced in whatever currency becomes standard. Rich people, especially, hold a large portion of their wealth in nonmonetary assets (real estate is a good example)


Question: Why does tea makes you feel better from your stomach when you are feeling nauseous, shouldn't water be even better?

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 Why does tea makes you feel better from your stomach when you are feeling nauseous, shouldn't water be even better?

Do you mean specific teas? I'm not sure if it applies to all teas because tannin which is found in many things including tea leaf can make you nauseous. But specific herbal teas are very good, because the ingredients can have therapeutic effects. Very notably, ginger is a very effective antiemetic, and most pharmacy antiemetics are just crushed ginger.


Question: Why can Apple control the shape of its chargers but other companies have to follow the regulations and change it to USB C?

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 Why can Apple control the shape of its chargers but other companies have to follow the regulations and change it to USB C?

Apple still has to comply to European standards and as a result, all iPhones sold there have to have a microUSB to lightning adapter, and probably USB-C to lightning adapter soon. It is just easier for the other companies to switch to microUSB after the standardization law was passed in Europe.


Question: Are money and wealth two different things? If yes, then it is possible to have more wealth but the same amount of money? How?

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 Are money and wealth two different things? If yes, then it is possible to have more wealth but the same amount of money? How?

Wealth is all the value of all the stuff you own, including debts (so you can have negative wealth). Money is currency, like US Dollars. You can't have a negative dollar. I mean a bank could charge you overdraft and it says negative 40, but in that case I'd call it negative wealth because it's not like actual dollars, it's a debt you owe and could never repay if you want, just like a credit card. I own a car. That car is a form of wealth. I could sell it and get money in return. I also have a bank account. My car is worth more than my bank account. I have more wealth than I have money.


Question: My tea is red but the condensation under the lid is clear. Why isn't it also red?

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 My tea is red but the condensation under the lid is clear. Why isn't it also red?

Condensation comes from water vapor in the air which changes from a gas back into a liquid. Whatever substance is making the liquid red apparently does not vaporize in the same way the water does and so the condensation will not contain it.


Question: What will happen if the Earth's poles reverse?

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 What will happen if the Earth's poles reverse?

URL_0 You might find these previous threads helpful


Question: Why aren't personalities inherited from parents?

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 Why aren't personalities inherited from parents?

What we can a personality is a massive collection of traits. There no gene that say “ok, this person is going to be quick-tempered and passionate, but loving towards their friends, with a preference for cats over dogs..” These are learned behaviors. We might have similar personalities to our parents, but a lot of that is from how we’re raised.


Question: How does traveling faster on a bike make you more stable?

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 How does traveling faster on a bike make you more stable?

I can't find the perfect photo of it but it's basically because of inertia. So imagine a tire (looking from behind) that is at an angle and not rotating like this: / The top part will fall to the right and hit the ground. When it starts to rotate and makes half of a rotation, the bottom (which was the top) is still trying to fall to the right due to inertia. Which looks like this: \ So basically as the tire rotates the top and bottom both try to fall to the right, which obviously can't happen unless the tire folds in half. So because you are alternating which side is falling to the right it evens itself out.


Question: - Why do most people think more effectively when looking upwards?

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 - Why do most people think more effectively when looking upwards?

Before we attempt to offer explanations - is there good data to substantiate this claim? I'm not sure there is.


Question: I know many rice cookers use fuzzy logic (or fuzzy math?) So it cooks the rice the right amount of time. How does this work?

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 I know many rice cookers use fuzzy logic (or fuzzy math?) So it cooks the rice the right amount of time. How does this work?

The basic ones are a bit simpler than “fuzzy” logic. Water can only stay liquid up to 100 degrees C. While there is liquid water in the cooker it’ll have a max temperature of 100C. Any excess heat put in gets used to turn the water to steam. When all the water is absorbed or evaporated the temperature can climb above 100C The cooker has a temperature sensitive strip on it that triggers just over 100C. This could be fancy circuits or it could be a bi-metallic strip with the right thermal properties. When all the liquid water is gone and the rice temperature goes above 100C the sensor trips and turns the cooker off.


Question: How can long plane rides result in strokes?

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 How can long plane rides result in strokes?

Usually blood pools in your legs. When you walk, your calf muscles act as pumps to push that blood back up towards your heart. When sitting for long durations, there is stasis of the blood in your legs which allows it to clot. If this clot is dislodged later and travels into the vasculature of your brain it could lead to a stroke.


Question: Why does taking the derivative of a function give you the slope?

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 Why does taking the derivative of a function give you the slope?

The most useful thing I was ever taught by a math teacher was that if you don’t know if/how something works, try it with simpler numbers. Take the equation y = 6x. Obviously your slope is 6, but how did we get there? You’ll notice that in every main function equation the slope (often referred to as “m” is attached to your x value) take for instance slope-intercept form: y = mx + b and point-slope form: y - y1 = m(x - x1). The expression is always x time slope, so how do you isolate slope? you take out an x from the value by division (dividing by an x will lower your exponent by 1) the part about multiplying by the original exponent is a bit more complicated though.


Question: Why do the myths of so many ancient cultures feature dragons or dragon-like creatures, even when they had little to no cultural exchange with each other?

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 Why do the myths of so many ancient cultures feature dragons or dragon-like creatures, even when they had little to no cultural exchange with each other?

Dinosaur bones. Ever see a T-Rex skull? If you had no idea what a dino was, you'd assume it was some gigantic (mythical) beast. Combine that with things like Brachiosaurus necks and you get dragons. Dinosaurs weren't thought of as we know them until after George Washington's time - meaning that mankind had been finding these bones all over the world for millennia with no explanation whatsoever. As for the flying bit - huge beasts like that were obviously fearsome, and they'd be even scarier if they could fly. People love a dramatic story and that made for a very good one


Question: How do nerves heal from a stab wound?

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 How do nerves heal from a stab wound?

Had a motorcycle accident in 2003. Right arm wash slashed. All tendon had to be sewn back together. Had a patch on my arm that felt like pins and needles for over 10 years. Since about 2013 I have slowly had tactile sense in that patch of skin return, it is almost normal now.


Question: How come 12fps makes for a smooth hand-drawn animation, but for video games it looks like a slideshow?

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 How come 12fps makes for a smooth hand-drawn animation, but for video games it looks like a slideshow?

Your brain fills in the gaps, especially with something as low resolution as a cartoon. In a game you move around, if you were always looking at a still frame with a few moving elements all timed to look good at low fps then it would probably look fine, but once you try moving around in a detailed environment the illusion falls apart. I don’t have any expertise in this but I believe that’s what’s going on.


Question: how do mathematicians find so many digits of pi and how?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do mathematicians find so many digits of pi and how?

We know of various infinite sequences of numbers which get closer and closer to pi as you add on more terms of the sequence. In principle you can just keep working on one of those sequences and find as many digits of pi as you like. There's little practical purpose for calculating so many digits. NASA plans interplanetary missions with just 15 digits, and around 40 is enough to calculate the circumference of the observable universe to the nearest atom. There's some mathematical interest in seeing a few million digits in case there's anything interesting about how the digits are distributed, but we've gone a long way past that. It's now just a convenient calculation to demonstrate how fast and powerful your computer is (or your huge collection of computers spread across the world, as the case may be).


Question: Why can't someone produce cheap medicine like insulin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't someone produce cheap medicine like insulin?

Let's say you want to make an exact copy of a drug that is no longer covered by patents. It still takes millions upon millions of dollars to set up a factory, get your product certified & distribute it. After you've done all that, you're now in competition with somebody who has already spent all their money. If your only marketing angle is "we're cheaper", they can afford to drop their prices until you go bankrupt, at which point they can return their prices to where they started. You see this exact same problem in many industries, like residential internet providers. Any industry with a high barrier to entry and deeply entrenched established competition makes it very hard for new players to enter the business and compete. If you're *only* competing on price, you'll lose. You have to be able to provide a superior product or service than they're capable of supplying to even have a shot.


Question: How do holo-sights on weapons work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do holo-sights on weapons work?

One of the problem with a regular cross-hair sight is that your eye has to be in exactly the right spot for it to be accurate. If your eye is slightly off to the side, then you will be looking 'across' the sight, and will be inaccurate. A holographic sight removes, or at least reduces this problem. A hologram is a 3-D image - it has depth. The things in the holographic image appear to be behind the plane of the image. With a holographic sight, the image is of a targeting cross, dot or circle, and it is made to appear to be a long way in front of the weapon. How this happens is because of what a hologram is. Instead of recording just the amount of light hitting a surface, it makes a record of all the different light rays and their direction. Then, by shining a laser light on the hologram, it can recreate all those light rays, creating the appearance of a distant crosshair.


Question: How did Russia, a country that lost an insane amount of people in WWII, manage to become a superpower a few short years later?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Russia, a country that lost an insane amount of people in WWII, manage to become a superpower a few short years later?

it's true Russia lost an insane amount of people during WW2, both against the axis powers and from within, but they had an incredibly huge pool to pull from to begin with. not to mention that they were one of the few countries in the war that enlisted both men and women to fight, helped to broaden the manpower pool. The mentality of the Soviet Union at the time of the war and after was to sacrifice everything necessary for the good of and to strengthen the Union, this included the lives of it's citizens. Prior to WW2 the country was still struggling to modernize their industry, military and country as a whole, which is why their casualties were highest at the start of the war. They had very old equipment and not enough of it to equip their soldiers, so you'd hear reports of soldiers sent into combat in pairs, the first with a loaded gun, the second with an ammo clip. when the first man died he better have used his ammo, so that the second man could pick up his gun load his ammo and continue the push. The Soviet war machine and industrial complex was made the primary focus for the country during the war and they invested every dollar and available man hour ( and woman hour!) not used in the fighting to construct massive factories and resource harvesting complexes, with very little concern to the safety and the lives of those working. With millions of people working in factories and building new ones, and harvesting the materials needed for both, they could grow extremely rapidly. The soviets also got massive amounts of aid and lend lease supplies from the allies. over the course of just 4 years they received about 17.5 million TONS of supplies from the USA alone. This consisted of food, weapons, vehicles, ammo, industrial equipment. the Soviet Union expanded and grew it's industrial and military capacity so much that by the end of ww2, not after, it was already a world superpower, with the most massive land military ever in human history. TLDR: Russia was already a super power at the end of ww2 thanks to a complete disregard for life that was used to fuel their military industrial complex.


Question: Why illegal recordings don't count as a full-value proof at court?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why illegal recordings don't count as a full-value proof at court?

Because you can't use evidence gathered unlawfully in court. Otherwise, there would be no deterrent for police trampling on your constitutional rights to obtain evidence that would be used against you.


Question: How do USB Flash Drives store information?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do USB Flash Drives store information?

Each bit is stored in a MOSFET transistor. A transistor have three terminals. A source and drain for the current and a gate which controls if the transistor will allow current through or block the current. So be charging or discharging the gate we can controll if a signal is allowed to pass through the transistor. But in flash memory we do not want to accidentally have the charge leak out of the gate as we can not constantly be charging up the gate when you unplug it. So we make sure the gate is isoletad from all electrical connections. This does however pose the problem of how you can charge and discharge it to set its value. The solution is literally quantum physics. By manipulating the charges in the transistor and in an additional gate on the transistor using very high voltage you are able to quantum tunnel electrons through the insulating material to charge or discharge the gate.


Question: What determines if a desert is rocky or sandy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines if a desert is rocky or sandy?

Wind, surrounding climate, precipitation patterns and most importantly geologic history. What was it before it was a desert? A bottom of a sea? Or a windswept plateau?


Question: What is in the space between molecules?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is in the space between molecules?

It's empty space. Empty space is simply a gap between things; there are no particles in there. When you're in space, and there are no air molecules, everything around the ship is empty space.


Question: Are two atoms across universe pulling each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are two atoms across universe pulling each other?

In theory, yes. The gravitational attraction that keeps the Earth going round the Sun could be thought of as the resultant summation of each pair of atom-atom interactions at 96 million miles distance. Of course there are easier ways to calculate it!


Question: How does your phone automatically know which police station to call when dialing 911?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your phone automatically know which police station to call when dialing 911?

Your phone doesn't know that at all. It just notifies the phone company that an emergency call is needed. The phone company knows the approximate location of every phone, and automatically chooses the assigned emergency call center for that location.


Question: Why are the ends of nails white when the rest of the attached nail is a clearer color?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the ends of nails white when the rest of the attached nail is a clearer color?

The tips of your fingernails dry out when they grow past the edge of your finger. The dried nail turns white or whiteish.


Question: Why where Semi Conductors a revolutionary discovery for electronics and computers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why where Semi Conductors a revolutionary discovery for electronics and computers?

Semiconductors when they were developed solved several critical issues with computers at the time. 1) It made parts small. Before semiconductors, you'd have vacuum tubes and large apparatuses like punch cards or physically woven copper wire as a medium to store information. Semiconductors took the same functions and shrunk them down to tiny proportions. 2) It introduced the ability to make affordable parts out of common materials such as the printed silicone chip. 3) It reduced the overall heat output, requiring less energy and therefore even smaller computers to hold the same information. 4) It introduced programmable logic circuits. Before, computers were only capable of exactly what you put into it. It was a giant 1 way logic circuit. Think of a calculator. If the user puts in Function A, calculation inputs 1, 2 ... n and process F(A) and output the result. Programmable logic boards allowed for MANY of these processes to not only be automated, but scaled down to 1 or 2 parts instead of chains upon chains of storage required before. These are some of the simple reasons why semiconductors are revolutionary, and by looking up the WIKI you'll learn much more about the history of semiconductors.


Question: what are medicaly induced comas, why and when are they used and how does patients wake up after that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are medicaly induced comas, why and when are they used and how does patients wake up after that?

The person is given drugs that heavily sedate him or her and paralyzes all muscle activity (even breathing). The patient is put on a mechanical ventilator and is given nutrition via IV or feeding tube. This is done for patients who need to recover from brain injuries that often cause a patient to be disoriented, upset or even combative. It can also be used for patients who would otherwise be in great pain or discomfort during the recovery process. The patient is very slowly weaned off the medications and the mechanical ventilator until the doctors are confident that the person is able to breathe on there own


Question: ; How is our voice determined for ourselves and is there a way to permanently change it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; How is our voice determined for ourselves and is there a way to permanently change it?

genetics play a role here. how a child's voice develops owes something to mimicking of their parents. people from the same family will often sound alike because their anatomy is linked to their ancestral DNA -- just like every other physical trait. you can change the hoarseness of your voice by smoking, exhausting it (such as making high pitched noises for long periods of time), or damaging it (using any material -- basically stretching the vocal cords, that is, if you can reach them without gagging). a good example of a voice change would be lindsay lohan. also, you can adjust your vocal pitch (as well as timbre and inflection, thanks Hoihe!) by doing specific exercises. many people who consider changing their voices when they transition their gender do these.


Question: Why didnt the elephant foot from Chernobyl just keep burning down to the Core of the Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why didnt the elephant foot from Chernobyl just keep burning down to the Core of the Earth?

The melting fissionables melted other materials and got diluted; as it got diluted less and less of a chain reaction was sustained. No self-sustaining chain reaction = less heat. Mind you, it's still hideously radioactive, just not an on-going reactor anymore.


Question: Why dont the soles of my feet get bruised when walking or jumping, there is a fair wait spamming down on them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why dont the soles of my feet get bruised when walking or jumping, there is a fair wait spamming down on them?

Feet have evolved to be pretty tough. Not really tough, like the feet on a horse or a cow, but tough enough to enable the sort of endurance running that makes humans awesome.


Question: What is the difference between watts, volts and amps? Amp hours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between watts, volts and amps? Amp hours?

Watts is power. It's how much work you can do in a given amount of time. Work is energy, usually expressed in Joules. Amps is current. It's how much charge is going through in a given amount of time. Voltage is potential. It's how much energy can be released per unit charge. Volts * amps = watts. Amp hours is current * time. It's how much charge it can provide before going flat. Multiplying by voltage will get you energy, but voltage doesn't stay constant so it's a little more complicated. To use the good old water analogy, voltage is pressure, amperage is how much water is flowing. amp hours is the volume of the water tower.


Question: If the Mt. Tambora eruption occurred in Spring 1815, why did it take over a year for the effects to be felt globally ("Year Without a Summer": 1816)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the Mt. Tambora eruption occurred in Spring 1815, why did it take over a year for the effects to be felt globally ("Year Without a Summer": 1816)?

Because the gases and particulates ejected into the atmosphere have a cumulative effect over time. Reflecting a few percent of the sun's radiation for a day our two won't have a huge effect. Doing the same thing foyer months or years becomes a serious problem.


Question: Why do actors drink out of empty cans and cups in films/shows? Wouldn't it be more believable if there was actually liquid in there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do actors drink out of empty cans and cups in films/shows? Wouldn't it be more believable if there was actually liquid in there?

One reason I know of is number of takes. If an actor does a scene where he's drinking something for real and he has to do it 15 times. Thats a lot of drinking. And a lot of refilling that container.