Question: Why Do Babies Get Fevers When Teething?

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 Why Do Babies Get Fevers When Teething?

Not a doctor or medically trained, so take this with a pinch of salt. But what I know from my old college classed is babies immune systems are weak. They’re still figuring out how to fight so many illnesses and the best way to do it. On top of that, when babies are teething, they put everything they can in their mouth. Which also includes dirt and bacteria. So add dirt and bacteria to an open wound (the gum where the tooth is pushing through) and you get super mild infection. In an adult, the body would barely register this. In a baby though, the immune system kicks in and caused a fever.


Question: Why do SSDs have a read/write limit? What causes them to stop functioning after a certain number of read/write cycles?

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 Why do SSDs have a read/write limit? What causes them to stop functioning after a certain number of read/write cycles?

SSDs can be read as many times as you want, but they have a limited number of write/erase cycles SSDs are made using Flash memory which is constructed using floating gate transistors. On a normal FET transistor there is a channel with a thin insulator on top and a gate on top of that, the behavior of the transistor is controlled by the gate. On floating gate transistors there is the channel with a thin insulator, a gate, *another* thin insulator, and *another* gate. The gate in the middle isn't wired to anything and is electrically "floating" The bits are stored by charging and discharging this "floating" gate, but it has insulators on both sides of it. The only way to get charges on or off of the floating gate is to blast them through the insulators. This harms the insulator and it breaks down a bit, but you can do this for a few thousand cycles before it breaks down enough to start misbehaving To read the memory, you turn on the correct non-floating gates and can see if a line is pulled low or not, that gives you the status of each bit. This doesn't involve blasting charges through insulators so you can do this as many times as you want, it is also generally a fair bit quicker than writing


Question: Why is it that when you walk up to or past a bird they fly away, but you can drive past and in some cases even through them without them getting scared?

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 Why is it that when you walk up to or past a bird they fly away, but you can drive past and in some cases even through them without them getting scared?

To add what others have already hit on: Consider that birds have plenty of chances to acclimate to cars; whenever a bird sees you, you are moving around, doing things. They don't ever 'get to know you'. But cars spend a lot of time doing nothing at all, just sitting there (think parking lots, neighborhood streets, etc).Birds (most of which are naturally curious), have plenty of opportunities to approach stationary cars and see what's up. And no parked car has ever attacked a bird, so they are eventually conditioned to think of cars as non-threats. Additionally, cars are way more predictable than people. Cars stay on blacktop, and birds observe this. So if the bird sits next to the blacktop and not on it, it doesn't believe the cars will leave the blacktop and come for it. This is unlike humans who sometimes walk on grass, under trees, change directions while walking to touch birds, etc. As a side note, corvids (such as crows and ravens) have been observed taking nuts and leaving them in the street because they know cars can run over them and crack the shell, at which point, they can eat the meat inside. On a related, but personal, note: I was leaving for work one morning (about 5:15 am). I live on a super quiet street. a truck drove down the street and right past me as I was walking to my car, and I heard a "pop!" behind me, I turn and look and there's 2 ravens swooping down from the tree that they live in to go at a bag of chips that the truck had run over as he drove by. I just then realized that I NEVER see any kind of litter on our street, especially a full bag of chips. These ravens have lived in this tree for quite some time, and the bag was laying in the street directly under their tree. These dudes found a bag of chips, couldn't open it, and brought it home to place in the street under their tree so a car would run over it and they could go to town on it.


Question: How are we able to hear more than 1 sound at the same time?

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 How are we able to hear more than 1 sound at the same time?

Because we aren't just able to pick up one frequency at a time as such. All the frequencies mix together ( as it's all moving air) and it produces sort of a frequency that keeps changing rapidly and that's what makes up the sound we hear.


Question: How does toothpaste do all the things it claims to do on the tube in the 2 minutes it takes to brush my teeth?

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 How does toothpaste do all the things it claims to do on the tube in the 2 minutes it takes to brush my teeth?

At its base, toothpaste is liquid sandpaper that tastes minty. The fact that it's an abrasive is what separates it from just using your toothbrush without toothpaste. As far as other additives like flouride, flouride starts working immediately to remineralize your enamel, though longer is better. Ultimately, you need to remove all of the bacteria from your teeth, tongue, and cheeks, and you can do most of that in a short amount of time. Again, longer is better, but you face a diminishing return the longer you go.


Question: How do snakes never get in a knot? And if they do, how do they escape?

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 How do snakes never get in a knot? And if they do, how do they escape?

They do, in terms of the actual shape, but they're not stupid or flexible enough to pull it tight, so they just unravel themselves. Snakes aren't string, they have a spine and ribcage to consider and have limited flexibility. Any knot they manage to tie in themselves is loose and easily slithered out of. Source: had a snake for a few years, fascinating to watch.


Question: Why does the moon look different sizes depending on where/when you look?

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 Why does the moon look different sizes depending on where/when you look?

Two main reasons: - The moon gets closer and further away from the Earth as it orbits. - The Moon Illusion causes the moon to appear larger when it's lower in the sky, but we aren't entirely sure why.


Question: Why does your face get red from embarrassment?

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 Why does your face get red from embarrassment?

The vessel in your face become bigger (vasodilator) and increase blood flow to your face, hence the redness (the increased blood).


Question: Why did our parents (boomers) have it easier economically/financially but millennials can't seem to make ends meet?

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 Why did our parents (boomers) have it easier economically/financially but millennials can't seem to make ends meet?

When prices rose between our parent's time and our time, salaries stayed basically stagnant, so the buying power of that salary decreases over time. Your house becomes more expensive while the relative value of your money becomes less.


Question: How does life work, how does seed knows how and what to grow and how does it grow from just having soil and water?

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 How does life work, how does seed knows how and what to grow and how does it grow from just having soil and water?

The seed came from another plant, and contains the genetic “instructions” for how to build that plant. It also has instructions to wait until temperature and moisture levels are right before it starts. Plants specifically gather a lot of their growing materials from the air. They use sunlight and water to convert carbon dioxide gas into usable materials that they then build themselves out of. Animals can’t do this, and must eat other living things.


Question: Why does a criminal have to be aware they are knowingly committing a crime for it to be considered unlawful? If I committ egregious tax evasion and then cover it up, can I really just tell investigators I was ignorant to the law and therefore not be prosecuted?

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 Why does a criminal have to be aware they are knowingly committing a crime for it to be considered unlawful? If I committ egregious tax evasion and then cover it up, can I really just tell investigators I was ignorant to the law and therefore not be prosecuted?

You cannot use ignorance as an excuse. Even if it is true that you had no idea, you'd still get charged.


Question: what it means that apple hit the $1trilliom market cap. What does this mean for consumers and the company?

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 what it means that apple hit the $1trilliom market cap. What does this mean for consumers and the company?

What does it mean? The company is valued at over $1,000,000,000,000. It is the first company to cross that line. What does it mean to the company? Basically nothing. What does it mean to the company? Literally nothing. What does it mean to the owners? Well they are richer than they were yesterday so that is nice, but most people would say that splitting $999 billion isn't that different from splitting $1 trillion.


Question: Why is there a weapon that throws fire (a flamethrower), but not a weapon that throws really cold stuff, like liquid nitrogen?

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 Why is there a weapon that throws fire (a flamethrower), but not a weapon that throws really cold stuff, like liquid nitrogen?

Fire can be made easily with a spark and flammable liquid (like gasoline). When sealed in an air-tight container that liquid is fairly safe to carry around and not hot. Basically you can make fire on the spot. Cold, not so much. Liquid nitrogen needs to be transported as a liquid which means it must be kept cold. That makes transportation much harder. You can't "make cold" the way you can "make fire". At least not in enormous quantities so easily. If we had a cold launching machine I would not bother with air conditioning in my home and use that instead.


Question: what is the Fibonacci sequence and why is it so important?

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 what is the Fibonacci sequence and why is it so important?

its a sequence that starts with 0, 1 and then each number is an addition of the previous term. 0,1, 1,2,3,5,8,13 etc. It's important for a few reasons. 1 - it happens to show up in nature frequently with flowers. 2 - it is relevant to calculating phi, the golden ratio. This ratio is known to be aesthetically pleasing and shows up frequently in architecture. There's not a lot of science to back this but its commonly agreed. 3 - it appears in spirals and you can find youtube videos of fibonacci spirals 4 - and probably most important, its useful in computer science as a teaching point. it teaches recursion and memoization which are very important computer coding techniques.


Question: Is there a limit of how much pain your body can have until it stops getting any worse?

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 Is there a limit of how much pain your body can have until it stops getting any worse?

There is a limit to how much excitation you can receive from pain receptors, and how much activation of brain pain centres you can experience. There is a limit to how many action potentials can fire in a second due to their refractory periods, and how long the brain can keep firing pain information before the cells literally start running out of fuel. However, you would have to contend with numbness from hormones like adrenaline, or the prospect of simply passing out from the pain before it reached its peak, so finding the limit may not be possible.


Question: Why are pixels made up of red, green and blue lights? Surely the green should be replaced with yellow for the primary colours to work?

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 Why are pixels made up of red, green and blue lights? Surely the green should be replaced with yellow for the primary colours to work?

Red, Green, and Blue *are* primary colors -- in *additive* coloring, which is the type of coloring we're talking about when we're dealing with computers and computer graphics. In additive coloring, yellow is, surprisingly enough, *not primary* -- it is made of red and green! In *subtractive* coloring, though, like painting, you'd be right; red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors. ETA: Additive coloring deals with things that emit light (like computer monitors), while subtractive coloring deals with things that *reflect* light -- ink, paint, things like that.


Question: Is the immergence of right or left brain dominance in a person truly random? Why is there such a disparity in the ratio between lefties and righties?

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 Is the immergence of right or left brain dominance in a person truly random? Why is there such a disparity in the ratio between lefties and righties?

A lot of brain dominance stuff is overstated, and generally the stuff that we can say for sure about brain dominance is limited only to the speech processing centres (Broca's and Wernicke's area if you want to google it). These are found on the left side (left dominance) for most people, which would mean that it isn't random. Of note, is that left-handed people tend to more often have right-dominance for their speech processing centres, but we're not sure why. One running theory that ties handedness and brain dominance is that there's some gene that causes both left-handedness and right-dominance for speech processing. But there's no real proof of anything. There's some stuff that shows that the right side of your brain is more activated during certain thoughts while your left side is more activated during others, but your brain dominance for speech processing doesn't necessarily mean that you're tilted towards being more emotional or more logical or whatever.


Question: How do pain thresholds work in regards to humans? How is it some people have a higher threshold?

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 How do pain thresholds work in regards to humans? How is it some people have a higher threshold?

Some people have physical differences that mean they don't feel pain as well. Some is mental, pain seems lesser when you're used to it, for whatever reason. Some is psychological, people see ignoring pain as being tough, so they pretend not to feel it.


Question: How does a foreign government (non-US) values or devalues it's own currency against the US Dollar?

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 How does a foreign government (non-US) values or devalues it's own currency against the US Dollar?

China and France are different cases. China uses a fixed exchange, Since its a major economic power and a controlled economy it can set by law "my currency is worth this many dollars" and enforce it. Some countries which are weaker economies like Argentina have set that, they set the price of their currency and peg it to the dollar, but it causes major economic turmoil since they dont have the market power or industrial capacity to mantain it so the product prices go crazy... Anyways. In the case of france you have many tools, - Interest rates : money is debt, its that simple. its a piece of paper that says "the goverment of X country owes you 5 dollars/euros/yuan whatever", as any debt interest is paid on it. thats the interest rate on a currency, the more interest you pay, the more people want your currency, but a a high interest rate damages internal loans and finance. - Currency volume. The more currency out there, the less its worth, so by changing the volume of currency out there, destoying or printing more notes, you can manipulate the price of the currency.


Question: How is color both a line (electromagnetic spectrum) and a circle (color wheel)?

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 How is color both a line (electromagnetic spectrum) and a circle (color wheel)?

There are many ways to generate color, so there are many ways to relate it. RBG is an additive model for color, while CMYK is subtractive. In an additive model, you add pigment to a medium to reflect the intended color. Mixing red and blue pigment reflects both red and blue light, which our eyes see as purple. In a subtractive model, masks are added to a light-colored medium which prevent the primary colors from reflecting. A cyan mask prevents red from reflecting, for example, and if you add two masks, like cyan and magenta, it leaves the third color (blue) intact. In any case, these colors are all based on the wavelengths of light that get reflected, which is a line from infrared to ultraviolet. So, why then, you ask, does adding red to blue (both further from ultraviolet than purple) make purple? Because our eyes can't really *see* purple. At least, not as well. Inside our eyes are receptors, rods and cones, that feel the intensity of the light and the wavelengths of it. An L-cone will pick up most wavelengths of light, but focuses on red, which an S-cone will only see the low level colors, focusing on blue. And the M-cone will peak in between around green. If a mixed bag of frequencies hits these cones, they will light up and send a signal to your brain, which mixes the signals together to form the colors you are seeing. Your brain is filling in the detail which gives you the purple color.


Question: How did the first clocks accurately measure seconds?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the first clocks accurately measure seconds?

Well, the short answer is they weren't super accurate at all. Even modern clocks are often a little off from one another, and there's not too much you can do about that with analog, safe technology. However, "clockwork" mechanisms such as springs and pendulums are able to output stored energy at a remarkably consistent rate, so the deviations in movement between clocks built to the same standard could be kept low enough that you only needed to adjust it every day or so. As for how to measure seconds without a clock, seconds are based on the decay rate of cesium-133, so by measuring that decay in a sample you can get an extremely precise measure of seconds. Obviously that's very expensive and potentially dangerous though, so you're better off just using "one thousands" or "mississippis" like everyone else.


Question: How do manufactures simply add vitamins to products? How are the vitamins produced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do manufactures simply add vitamins to products? How are the vitamins produced?

There are several ways in which vitamins are made. Some, like Vitamin E, can be extracted from vegetable oils while Vitamin D from fish liver oil. Vitamin C is produced in the lab and is nature identical. A 3rd form of production is by using genetically altered bacteria. Vitamins obtained this way include B12. Some manufacturers add vitamins to products for a multitude of reasons. For example, white bread lacks some vitamins present in whole wheat bread so these vitamins may be added to white bread. Margarine lacks the Vitamin D of butter so most kinds of margarine are enriched with this vitamin


Question: How does someone like Al Capone report his illegal income to the IRS and not get arrested for it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does someone like Al Capone report his illegal income to the IRS and not get arrested for it?

Well he didn't, hence the arrest and conviction for tax evasion. More generally, what you're asking about is called "money laundering." This is an attempt to falsely report illegal income streams as legitimate income so that you can use it. The IRS receives a notification any time a suitably large purchase is made, so if you want to actually spend your ill-gotten gains on fast cars and giant boats you have to report it first. But how? By operating a shell company. Let's say you made $700,000 selling cocaine last year and $28.36 running a banana stand. You report the banana stand income as $700,028.36. You pay the taxes. The money is now "clean" and free to be spent. Of course real laundering operations are more elaborate since absurd all cash business incomes also raise suspicions, but that's the general idea: report your illegal cash through a legal channel.


Question: Are tea and coffee metabolized the same way water and dry herbs/beans would be separately? Does the water undergo a chemical change when it steeps/brews? About what percent of the initial water is metabolized by the body normally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are tea and coffee metabolized the same way water and dry herbs/beans would be separately? Does the water undergo a chemical change when it steeps/brews? About what percent of the initial water is metabolized by the body normally?

Tea and coffee are not metabolized in the same way that the dry herbs or beans would be because only some of the substances in the herbs/beans are leeched out into the water. The water doesn't undergo a chemical change but rather dissolves chemicals from within the brewed substance. The body doesn't really metabolize water, it metabolizes the substances carried within the water.


Question: How do voice actors match their voices perfectly to the mouths of the characters in animation movies? Do animators animate the mouth movements after the voice actors finish recording their parts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do voice actors match their voices perfectly to the mouths of the characters in animation movies? Do animators animate the mouth movements after the voice actors finish recording their parts?

For western animation, audio tends to be recorded first, for anime, the audio is usually recorded after the animation is complete due to differing production schedules. Note that this is no more than a rule of thumb, it does not apply to any and all cases. Akira is a notable example where the audio was recorded first. Of course, this changes with non-traditional animation. When working with 3D CGI it's generally easier to animate everything but the mouth movements then can fine tune them as needed (or even mo-cap the facial expressions) for the final product.


Question: How do vacuum tubes work? Particularly in guitar amps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do vacuum tubes work? Particularly in guitar amps?

In a vacuum tube there's a beam of electrons going from one metal piece to another metal piece. That's why it has to be a vacuum - otherwise the electrons would bump into the air. There's a metal mesh or grid in the middle of the beam. When the grid is electrically charged, it pushes electrons away and they don't want to go near the grid (not even through the holes) which makes the beam weaker. So you can use it to amplify a signal, e.g. put the beam in between the power supply and the speakers, and connect the grid to the guitar pickup, and now the small amount of electricity from the guitar pickup is controlling the large amount of electricity going to the speakers (it's actually more complicated than that). So the small variation in electricity, that represents the sound, turns into a big variation in electricity. i.e. a small signal turns into a big signal. Your amplifier has two stages - the preamp turns the tiny weak signal from the guitar pickup into a medium strength signal, and then the power amplifier turns the medium strength signal into a really strong signal for the speaker. A preamp stage is designed for accuracy because it deals with tiny weak signals; a power amplifier stage is designed for maximum power. If you have a bigger sound system with mixing consoles and stuff, the preamps go at the earliest possible points in the system (i.e. right after the guitars and microphones) and the power amplifiers go at the last possible point (i.e. right before the speakers). Everything in-between uses the medium strength signals. I'm not an expert on sound, but different tubes may sound different because of different design - basically the same amount of grid charge repels the electron beam a different amount. Especially the "non-linearities" will change the tone of the sound. Adding a bit of charge when the beam is strong probably weakens it more than it does when the beam is really weak, but how much less? You can plot the beam strength vs grid charge on a graph, and different tubes will have different graphs - they'll be about the same overall shape, but the details can change. Even different tubes of the same type can be different, but the difference is less than with different tube types.


Question: I've seen it in movies that people get drafted during wartime (like it happened during the World Wars). Does a country have an incontestable right to draft its citizens without their consent? What happens when people refuse to join?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've seen it in movies that people get drafted during wartime (like it happened during the World Wars). Does a country have an incontestable right to draft its citizens without their consent? What happens when people refuse to join?

Typically the draft works by requiring all men in a certain age range to register, in the U.S. you typically register when you get your driver's license and you're required by law to do so. You can't even go to college if you're not registered or have an exemption. And when they draft people they can list numbers and say if you have a number like this your drafted or they can say everyone not in education is drafted. The U.S. government does have a right to draft people in its current state, however a constitutional amendment could change that. The reason such a right exists is because in times of need a country needs all available people to fight and defend it, which is why people consider the draft reasonable when it's too save their country, and why the draft for Vietnam was so condemned. If you refuse to join typically criminal charges are brought up against you and many necessary things you can't do such as attend University in the U.S. since they require your selective service documentation to enroll if you're a male.


Question: What exactly are "poppers" and how do they work? People who are using, why are you? Why should/shouldn't I try?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly are "poppers" and how do they work? People who are using, why are you? Why should/shouldn't I try?

Poppers are a type of chemical known as alkyl nitrates. They typically come in the form of a liquid contained in a small bottle; by inhaling the vapors coming off this liquid, a brief high is produced. *This is not the same as huffing*. When you huff (inhale the vapors of gasoline, glue, solvents, etc), you are simply cutting off your brain's oxygen supply. Not only is this horribly dangerous and causes long-term damage, but the "high" you get is basically the same you could get from holding your breath. The chemical you're inhaling is usually not having any direct effect on you, and thus is not really a drug. Poppers *do* have a direct effect on you, and when you inhale them you just sniff a little bit of the vapors. You are not denying oxygen to your brain. Alkyl nitrates are considered to be among the *safest* of drugs. Asking personal opinions & experiences is not what ELI5 is for, but regardless, here's mine. I have used poppers before at parties. They are a fun novelty, but not something I would make a habit out of. I would definitely give it a try at least once if you are curious. They can cause a rapid drop in blood pressure, so sit down when you use them. **Do not drink or touch the liquid**, when ingested it is very dangerous and perhaps deadly. When sniffed, the only real danger is falling over from light-headedness.


Question: Is there a way to argue that a person who buys two lottery tickets does NOT have twice as good a chance of winning as a person who only buys one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a way to argue that a person who buys two lottery tickets does NOT have twice as good a chance of winning as a person who only buys one?

The odds are better. BUT the odds are still *awful*. This is like having **two grains of rice** vs having one grain of rice. Yes, it is twice as much, but it is still very, very little.


Question: What is about holding something, eg. sleeping with teddies/stuffed animals at night, makes us feel safe/at peace?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is about holding something, eg. sleeping with teddies/stuffed animals at night, makes us feel safe/at peace?

There are primate studies examining how baby monkeys react to different types of artificial “moms.” They showed that the baby monkeys had decreased stress when they have a furry “mom” compared to a non-hairy but otherwise identical “mom.” Humans probably have a similar mechanism, retained from when our ancestors were more hairy. Furry things remind us of mom ❤


Question: What is the purpose of titanium in deodorant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the purpose of titanium in deodorant?

Mine doesn't, but are you referring to Titanium Dioxide? -- this is a very common white pigment


Question: Why does saltwater not harm you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does saltwater not harm you?

Well, drinking sea water does have [negative health effects]( URL_1 ), but sodium and chlorine ions are not immediately poisonous to us (again, even this depends on concentrations) because your stomach acid is HCl, and your table salt is NaCl, so the body is used to handling and/or digesting these ions. At the cell level, your cells have mechanisms for [transporting sodium and potassium]( URL_0 ) ions into and out of the cell, and sodium and potassium play important functions in the cell biology.


Question: why we have 2 kidneys, but not 2 of every other vital organs like the heart, liver etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why we have 2 kidneys, but not 2 of every other vital organs like the heart, liver etc.?

Well first, we have 2 lungs, so don't forget about that. We also have a 2-lobed liver, and we can live with only 1 lobe. As for the rest, it's because we never evolved to have them. Evolution isn't directed. It doesn't work towards a specific goal like having a backup of a vital organ. Even if it did, having a second heart would be practically useless from the perspective of natural selection. In fact, it would probably be a hindrance. A cardiovascular system with two hearts would be vastly more complicated than a system with one heart. Since the heart's only function is to pump blood, and it does this adequately, there's no advantage to having a 2nd.


Question: how do astronauts navigate in space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do astronauts navigate in space?

Well first, the magnetic field of the Earth extends far out into space, but that's just an aside. There are many more ways to navigate than just using a compass. Most spacecraft navigate using some combination of inertial guidance, star sighting, tracking from grounds stations, and or global positioning satellites like GPS. Astronauts also are almost never actually flying the spacecraft. It's not like driving a car. The entire launch and ascent is per-programmed and executed by the computer. Docking with the station can be done manually but it can also be performed automatically, and all other on-orbit and de-orbit maneuvers are done by the computer.


Question: As the brains of people that are paralyzed have less to control, do their brains have more accuracy and "free space" for everyday thinking and logical functions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 As the brains of people that are paralyzed have less to control, do their brains have more accuracy and "free space" for everyday thinking and logical functions?

Brains are not exactly like computers. Each section of the brain serves different functions. It's not like there's 2TB of space and movinglegs.exe takes up 100gigs so by being paralyzed you don't need it therefore you have 100 more gigs free.


Question: What makes a liquid flammable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a liquid flammable?

It's actually not the liquid itself that burns. It's the mixture of their vapours and the oxygen in the air that's flammable.


Question: Why Ip address exist on the internet and why we need them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Ip address exist on the internet and why we need them?

The IP address is kind of like a phone number: it identifies a single connection, a phone number identifies a phone connection, an IP identifies an internet connection You don’t often see them because you use the URL instead of the ip, that works like a phone book, you loop up the address and you find the phone number to call, but it’s done automatically


Question: Why aren’t conglomerates the same as monopolies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren’t conglomerates the same as monopolies?

What do you mean by exponential monopolies? A company or conglomerate is a monopoly if it is overwhelmingly dominant in a certain market and potential rivals have little to no hope of effectively competing with it. Conglomerates do not have to be monopolies, because they may have other companies/corporstions/conglomerates to compete with in their field, such as food/drink or telecommunications. Pepsico is a conglomerate because it is made up of multiple different subsidiaries, like Frito-Lay and Quaker. It is not a monopoly, because it is not dominant in its market; The Coca-Cola Company and Keurig Dr. Pepper are both significant rivals in the beverage market, for example. Conglomerates can become monopolies in a region by absorbing/buying-out competitors, leaving them as the sole provider of a good or service in that region.


Question: why cant we siphon off oceans into deserts (eg Sahara) to rehydrate the area?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why cant we siphon off oceans into deserts (eg Sahara) to rehydrate the area?

No. The reason is first the salt content. It would be kinda like the Dead Sea. Second is how could you ever hope to pipe that much water around?


Question: US Taxes: What's the difference between filing taxes and tax returns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 US Taxes: What's the difference between filing taxes and tax returns?

In general, if you are a US citizen, you should file a tax return with the federal government every year. If you had taxes withheld from your paychecks, you want to reconcile what the government took versus what you actually owed. You might get money back. You might owe money. You might have no action. It all depends on where you live, how much you made, your tax category and what you’ve already paid. You can settle up with the IRS years later. It can be challenging to navigate, so you may want to hire an expert to help you. It is unlikely that the IRS is going to come after you randomly, years later. However, this could come up later in other transactions and bite you. Filing your tax return is the action you take. Either on paper, on the IRS website or through a vendor like Turbotax or H & R Block.


Question: How do neural networks work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do neural networks work?

[This]( URL_0 ) video explains it very well. Basically, a neural network consists of nodes which receive inputs, perform a calculation, and return their result to the next nodes. These nodes are ordered in layers. The nodes in the first layer receive the input data - for example the colors of the pixels of an image. The nodes in the last layer represent the 'answer' the neural network gives. I think there are more complicated types of Neural Networks but I don't understand those yet.


Question: How did companies make their profits back in the days when tools and appliances were more reliable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did companies make their profits back in the days when tools and appliances were more reliable?

The population was growing & the overall standard of living was improving. Sure, you might sell somebody a lawnmower that lasts 10 years but *there were a lot of people buying their first mower*. There were also many rapid improvements in technology to give devices more power, more features & better efficiency. Those ...and people tend to overstate just how long shit used to last. Look at automobiles - a car with 100k miles on it used to be considered worn out while today, with better designs & manufacturing tolerances 300k is no problem and some brands give 100k warranties on the the engine+transmission.


Question: Why can we not fall asleep some nights even when we've been lying in the dark for a long time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we not fall asleep some nights even when we've been lying in the dark for a long time?

There are two primary reasons for trouble falling asleep: arousal and maladjusted rhythm. When you're falling asleep, you're pretty exposed to danger. So a good way to see whether it's alright to fall asleep is to factor in your arousal. By arousal I mean something like "sympathetic reactivity" or "HPA-axis activity", which basically means that your fight-or-flight system is engaged. You want your parasympathetic system, the relax-and-restitute system, to take over the wheel. Many treatments for insomnia work by lowering arousal. Benzodiazepine drugs are an example. One way I've heard it described is that it's like you've got an overheating brain and you need to cool it down in order to relax. Another thing is rhythm. You've got a brain that is constantly trying to figure out when it gets dark and when it gets light again. In your retina, there are receptors that pick up on a particular wavelength of light and use this to estimate the optimal rhythm. Using electronic devices, and even just electric light, makes it harder for your brain to figure this all out. So you shouldn't be exposing yourself to artificial light a couple of hours before going to sleep. In addition, cortisol levels fluctuate based on this information. This is related to stress and the aforementioned fight-or-flight system. Your brain tries to determine when it's best to crank out some juice to get you fired up. If it messes up, it will be hard to fall asleep. Treatment of rhythm issues usually involves depriving yourself of sleep and making sure that you're sleepy as hell. Then you can go to bed, sleep for a little while, and get back up. Gradually you spend longer in bed, and in about two weeks time you're good to go. Your rhythm is back and running. There is also an anecdote that is usually mentioned by sleep researchers. If a patient is having trouble falling asleep, there is a trick that sometimes work. The therapist says, "alright I want you to stay awake for as long as you can every night this week". The patient comes back in a week, even more miserable. She says, "I tried staying awake, but I kept falling asleep!" Sometimes you just can't fall asleep because you're trying too hard.


Question: If Kim Jong Un studied in Switzerland under an alias, then he must be proficient in English. Why does he need a translator?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Kim Jong Un studied in Switzerland under an alias, then he must be proficient in English. Why does he need a translator?

Normally any sort of high level international business is conducted with translators, even when the principals are fluent in both languages. This allows the speaker to put a layer between themselves and their counterpart. This not only helps to smooth over misunderstandings (which can be blamed on the translator) but it also means that if you're fluent in the language you get extra time to formulate your answer.


Question: How come armpits and feet have their own unique bad scent? (onions vs Fritos chips?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come armpits and feet have their own unique bad scent? (onions vs Fritos chips?)

The armpits have what are called apocrine glands. These are special scent/sweat glands which have a high protein output. Bacteria thrive here, breaking down this protein, creating one type of body odor. Feet do not have this type of gland, but due to wearing shoes and socks, the warm sweat sits there, and sits there, and sits there. This is also a very bacteria friendly environment, but the bacteria that thrive in this condition are feasting on a totally different diet, making a totally different smell.


Question: Is there an edge to the universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there an edge to the universe?

The two best explanations are: the universe is infinite, which is most likely, or the universe is finite and curves back on itself. Neither would have an edge. The universe also has no center for the same reasons.


Question: How did those with mental disabilities (Autism, Down Syndrome) function in society before modern help centres and widespread awareness of these conditions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did those with mental disabilities (Autism, Down Syndrome) function in society before modern help centres and widespread awareness of these conditions?

Historically not very well. Some cultures viewed them as touched by the gods and mostly ignored them, sometimes providing them with food. Others would see them as possessed by demons and would actively kill them due to a perceived (and at time legitimate) threat that they may pose. Many cultures would also leave any child with born deformities to die to exposure and so never had to deal with the mental disabilities that are associated with conditions that are obvious at birth such as Downs Syndrome. In more recent history they would have had better care than being fully ignored or outright killed by being put into Asylums that cared for them, but even that was not a great thing. Many times they were used for experimentation, and some of the treatments for them like electroshock therapy or lobotomies were horrid.


Question: How comes water makes sand grains stick to your skin and wet sand can hold a shape while dry sand cant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How comes water makes sand grains stick to your skin and wet sand can hold a shape while dry sand cant?

Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why does sand only stick together when wet? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: How does water make sand stick together so well? ]( URL_1 )


Question: the concept of a statute of limitations on violent crimes, why? Shouldn’t they always be eligible for persecution?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 the concept of a statute of limitations on violent crimes, why? Shouldn’t they always be eligible for persecution?

The main reason is to ensure the best evidence is presented in any case. The longer a case goes on the more unreliable the evidence becomes, ie witness statements become warped with memory, digital data gets lost, files get misplaced. It depends on the country as well, mostly minor and civil cases here in the UK have limitations to ensure defendants have an accurate case bought against them.


Question: Why are things that are going to fall or move, drawn different in cartoons/anime?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are things that are going to fall or move, drawn different in cartoons/anime?

Thats an artifact of cell animation. Basically the different parts of the scene are drawn on different sheets of a clear film, with the background sheet behind everything. This means when animators had to hand draw something that was going to move, they only had to draw that item instead of the entire scene. So they could draw a background in detail because they only drew it once. If something was going to move they may have to draw it dozens or hundreds of times. Edit: To add, this doesn't occur in modern cartoons because they are computer generated rather than hand drawn. So these considerations no longer apply unless the show creators intentionally add it for stylism.


Question: How are the variables in math chosen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are the variables in math chosen?

Some of them seem more obvious than others depending on your native language, and in some cases (such as energy) very many languages use a word derived from the same Greek or Latin root. I teach physics in Sweden, where E for energy ("energi") makes sense, but P for power ("effekt") or v for velocity ("hastighet") don't. A few are from other languages; U for voltage is from German and I for electric current is from French. c for speed of light makes perfect sense if you know that c is for Latin celeritas, "speed". Nowadays, it's used for the speed of e.g. light and sound (waves!) x, y, z are common variables in math just as a, b, c are common constants simply because at some point we started using the beginning of the alphabet for constants and the end for variables. Sample size n or N is either for "number" (from Latin, so starts with n in many languages) or because it's always an positive integer (natural number) and the set of all natural numbers is denoted N. ... and so on.


Question: Why do computers use 1s and 0s?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do computers use 1s and 0s?

Binary! Here's a simple video explanation that really helped me understand the concept: [**Binary \- what is it, why is it important, and how do people interface with the language**]( URL_0 )


Question: Why does sticking your finger in foamy soda cause the foam to recede faster, but the same is not true of beer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sticking your finger in foamy soda cause the foam to recede faster, but the same is not true of beer?

It does work with beer to a certain extent but the foam on beer is much more structured and dense than with soda. It’s the oil on your skin that breaks down the foam and your finger just doesn’t usually have enough oil on it to break down beer foam. You can rub your finger on your nose to pick up a little more foam. That sometimes works.


Question: Why does the pop at the bottom of my glass get sticky but not when the glass is full?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the pop at the bottom of my glass get sticky but not when the glass is full?

By that time most of the water has evaporated and you're left with high fructose corn syrup and the hodgepodge of additives. But I'm not a scientist...


Question: How do airlines determine flights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do airlines determine flights?

Yes, there are indeed algorithms where you can input all the trips people want to take, and what resources you have, and get a roughly "optimal" combination out. In practice, there is a *huge* amount of manual intervention that complicates things, for example: - We've advertised this specific flight for a long time and don't want to change it - That airport is out of landing times during the hour we wanted - We merged with another airline and now have two flights that are too similar - We'd rather not run this flight in the middle of the night, but we will need the plane there in the morning for another flight


Question: ()Why and how do our fingers get pruned from too much water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ()Why and how do our fingers get pruned from too much water?

They do it to help us grip things with wet hands. Kind of like how an off-road bike will have knobbly tyres to help grip in slippery conditions. It might look like it's the skin absorbing water and changing, but it's actually done by the body adjusting blood flow. If someone has a paralysed hand the fingers will (usually) not get wrinkled when put in water. Similarly certain types of nerve damage or dehydration can cause the pruning effect to happen all the time.


Question: Why does jumping on the trampoline just before someone lands make them launch way higher?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does jumping on the trampoline just before someone lands make them launch way higher?

It basically turns into the same effect as a see-saw. You when you land, it causes the restoration the trampoline to tighten to make up for the giant spot you just stretched. When it tightens, it makes other pits, such as ones people are standing in, to become smaller, thus pushing them upwards. Same thing as the videos with people jumping on to big air bags and launching people off the other side


Question: How does the brain use glucose?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the brain use glucose?

Glucose is a molecule that is only partially *oxidated*. This essentially means that all the carbon atoms in the glucose molecule have a lot of electrons that are still "up for grabs". Basically, any atom with a stronger pull on those electrons can (under the right circumstances) steal them. Some atoms are really good at stealing electrons from other atoms. Oxygen is one such atom ([in fact, it is second best of *all atoms*]( URL_0 )). Our body has a very complicated biochemical machinery that is set up in a way that lets oxygen rob basically all electrons from the carbon atoms (in the process, famous "waste products" like water (*H2O*) and carbon dioxide (*CO2*) are created). This releases some energy, and we can capture this energy in the form of little power-pack chemicals called "ATP". ATP (or similar molecules containing phosphate groups) is what is actually used in the cell whenever it needs to do some work. Think of it like little jet-packs for busy enzymes hard at work. The basic principle of how to break down glucose is similar for *all cells* in the human body, be it a brain cell, muscle cell or a skin cell. Also, and this could just be me misreading your question's phrasing, but the food isn't broken down to its component atoms in the digestive system. It wouldn't really be any use if it was broken down that far in the gut, because the bonds in the food contain lots of energy and we'd rather break them down down under controlled circumstances so we can capture that energy. This is best done inside each cell. In the gut foods are "only" broken down into small molecules; small enough for them to absorbed into the body, but not so small and broken down that all their energy is wasted. For carbohydrates it's sufficient that it is broken down into single- or double sugar units (mono- or disacharrides; and glucose is an example of a monosaccharide), proteins are broken down into molecules called "amino acids", and fats are broken down into short-ish fatty acids. All these molecules are small enough that they can be transported in the blood without causing any problems (fats need some help, but that's not important for this topic). As a pointless, but somewhat interesting, fact: fat is even less oxidated than glucose. This means that it has even more electrons up for grabs than glucose, and therefore fat has a lot more energy than glucose (in other words, it is more *energy dense* than glucose). This is part of the reason why our bodies use fat as energy storage and not sugars like glucose. EDIT: grammar. English is hard lol


Question: When someone tells you to do something you were about to do, why does it make you want to do it less?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When someone tells you to do something you were about to do, why does it make you want to do it less?

You feel like a little bit of control has been taken from you and an irrational part of you wants that control back.