Question: Why are most foods baked in the oven at around the same temperatures (say 350-425 degrees Fahrenheit)? Is there a scientific reason behind this common temperature range?

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 Why are most foods baked in the oven at around the same temperatures (say 350-425 degrees Fahrenheit)? Is there a scientific reason behind this common temperature range?

When you cook, you're trying to get heat from outside the food to inside the food. There's lots of different ways to do that. Baking in an oven isn't actually very efficient! You can sear a steak on a very hot skillet in 2-3 minutes, but baking the same steak to the right doneness might take an hour in an oven. Because the oven's so bad at getting heat inside food, trying to turn the heat to the same levels as the skillet will leave you with a completely burned outside and a near-raw inside in a hurry. There's also certain chemical things that happen in food when we cook it. At very high temperatures, beef "browns", which creates very pleasant and complex flavors. That's why fancy steaks are almost always seared. You can bake a smaller steak in an oven, but you'll never quite get the same kind of flavor that searing creates. Low temperatures also do things! Pot roasts are generally tough cuts of meat, but after being kept in a slow cooker at around 200 degrees for hours, the heat will have broken down much of the tissue that makes the meat tough and turned it into a tender, tasty meal. Brisket and many other cuts are almost inedible unless cooked this way. That's beef, though. Why do most of the things we cook fall in the 350-425 degree range? Well, I'm thinking of a lot of the things I throw in the oven. Frozen pizzas, frozen snacks... I'm not trying to *cook* those so much as *warm* them. But "hot air" isn't super good at getting heat inside food. So if I crank the heat up too high, I'll burn the outside and have a frozen inside. (Microwaves are the opposite: they're better at getting heat *inside* food. That's why pizza rolls take 20 minutes in the oven but only 2 minutes in the microwave. But that kind of 'heat' isn't so good at browning, so it never crisps them quite right, does it?) That's what's going on with a lot of foods, too. Go much hotter than 425 and the heat can't penetrate the food fast enough to stop you from burning too much. Go much lower than 350 and it's going to take hours to heat the food enough, and in many foods like bread it might be important to generate some steam before certain reactions finish. That's why a lot of instructions for baking turkeys suggest cooking at two different temperatures. In one phase, the goal is to slowly get heat inside the turkey without drying out or burning the outside. In the other phase, the goal is to brown the outside to create more flavor. Cooking often involves a LOT of complex chemistry, and delicate balancing acts of temperature. ### Update Wow. This is without a doubt my most popular post ever. Thanks for the gold, and thanks for so many comments. I want to address a few things, it seems there's a lot of nitpicking. In general, I wanted to cover "high heat burns the outside before the middle gets hot enough, low heat takes too long and can't brown". It's ELI5, not an exhaustive guide to the science of cooking. There's lots of dishes that can't take 300 degrees, lots of processes like denaturing proteins I didn't get into, etc. I already feel like the post is too long for ELI5, I couldn't talk about every potential interaction. Similarly, I appreciate corrections on how microwaves work, but again that was really a one-off example. I know about how microwaves excite water molecules, and that moisture content matters, etc. It's still true a microwave can cook, say, a chicken breast much faster than an oven but in so doing you miss out on things like browning. All of this makes the post even longer and distracts from answering, "Why do we bake things within a specific temperature range." Sometimes, when explaining complicated topics to people who want a rough answer, it helps to make gross oversimplifications. I think /r/AskScience is far more appropriate for the level of detail most of you are striving to find! And yes, I do cook more things than pizza rolls. But it's a lot easier for people to relate to pizza rolls than "that time I made spanakopita", and if I'd started talking about baking bread I'd have been WAY too encouraged to get into the chemical details.


Question: How does mоnеу just lоsе or gаin vаluе?

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 How does mоnеу just lоsе or gаin vаluе?

If you have a five dollar bill, maybe today you can buy a good sandwich with it. That's your base price. Something for some amount. As time passes, costs change. People want more salary. Resources become less abundant or more difficult to get. Companies want more profit. Whatever the reason, it happens. In that sandwich example, maybe the cheese costs more. Maybe the company has to pay for new ovens for the bread. Fuel costs change, so moving ingredients cost more. Now you go to guy the same sandwich, maybe that five dollar bill isn't enough. Sometimes the opposite happens. Early today televisions cost much more than they do now. Through changes in manufacturing, availability of parts because of changes in demand, and recovering the costs of initial R & D, the same television money a few years ago gets more television today.


Question: If Saudi Arabia was a huge influence for 9/11, and most of the people involved in the plane hijacking were Saudi, why did we go after Iraq?

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 If Saudi Arabia was a huge influence for 9/11, and most of the people involved in the plane hijacking were Saudi, why did we go after Iraq?

Paul Wolfowitz and a lot of the other guys behind the Project for the New American Century had identified Iraq as a target for military intervention from day one of the Bush administration. As soon as those guys were in power, they were proposing invading Iraq. In order to understand why Iraq, you sort of need to understand The Project for the New American Century. America is a super-power, we all take that for granted, but twas not always thus. Our status as a powerful nation came from a combination of factors, but one big one is that we are RICH. That wealth, that prosperity, what people mean when they talk about America as being wealthy and prosperous stems from the post-war era. In the 1950s and '60s, America was the only industrial nation in the world. Well, there's probably a better way to say that: we were the only nation who emerged from WWII with 100% of our industrial capacity intact. Virtually every single other production center *in the world* had been bombed. And that took decades to recover from. So for a little while, America was the only game in town. That was nice. We were able to sell our goods everywhere in the world and that was the era when you could have an entire family and a nice house and two cars and only one member of the household was working. That's because that family member was working for a company selling its goods everywhere with almost no competition. Since the 1970s that hasn't been the case, and American prosperity has suffered. But really, the fact that it was ever so ridiculous should be remarkable, not the fact that it's less ridiculous now. A bunch of guys in the NeoConservative moment in the late 1990s got together and said "The 20th century was great for America," choosing to omit the Great Depression for obvious reasons, "How do we go about *ensuring* that the 21st Century is just as good?" They decided the best way to ensure American prosperity was to go back to that Only Game In Town era, and turn the rest of the world into a market for US goods. Return things to the way it was in the 1950s. They formed a think tank and called it The Project For The New American Century. Their stated goal was to use American money, diplomatic power, and *military power* to turn the rest of the world into a market for American goods. This isn't a conspiracy theory, these guys didn't do anything in secret. They had a website! I went to it back in the day! They were open and upfront about all this. Bush got elected based on a few factors, but one of them was his alliance with the NeoConservative movement. He wasn't really a NeoCon, but he admired those guys. The Vulcans, they called themselves, because they liked to believe they were acting out of pure smarts and logic, with no annoying compassion or humanity in evidence. So once he's in power, he gives a lot of the guys behind the Project For The New American Century jobs in his cabinet. They immediately start looking around for ways to advance their agenda. Which...why wouldn't they? That's why Bush appointed them. Iraq--and here we get to the real answer to your question--was chosen as a target for "regime change." Iraq, to the Vulcans, was perfect. On paper, it's the ideal target for these guys' plans. The guy in charge was a brutal, horrific thug. Let's just start there. If you think "Well, I get he was a bad guy, but...," you maybe don't get it. It was way worse than you imagine. So it was hard for the Vulcans to imagine a world where getting rid of Saddam Hussein wasn't an axiomatic good. Iraq is a prosperous nation. Everyone seemed to think the invasion was "about oil" in the most naive, primitive way, but oil certainly played a factor! The oil meant the country could pay for its own reconstruction, which is huge. Iraqi's are well-educated. This isn't Afghanistan or North Korea. Iraqi's have infrastructure and universities! There are a lot of Iraqis! Again, unlike Afghanistan and North Korea, if you can get the population of Iraq out from under its dictator and with some money to spend, holy shit would that be a great **market** for someone to get into. And if those people owed you their freedom, all the better. Iraq was not a hotbed of religious nutjobbery. Unlike...Iran, in which the majority of the population really truly does think the best government is one run by the church, it wasn't *clear* that if you got rid of Saddam Hussein you'd end up with a theocratic oligarchy. In practice the reason it was secular was that the Boss Thug didn't want competition. So to the Vulcans, holy shit Iraq was perfect! You topple this dictator, spend some Iraqi oil money fixing the place up, and you're left with a rich, educated populace ready to purchase American goods. Unfortunately, the thing about these kinds of dictatorships is that it's impossible to know what will happen after you remove the guy in charge. He might be Hitler, in which case you take him out and the country thrives, or he might be Slobodan Milošević and the only reason the country was held together in the first place was because that dude used terror and brutality to do it. Certainly there were smart people arguing the latter was the case, but there was no way to prove it one way or the other. 9/11 gave the President carte blanche to invade any Middle-eastern country that could be tied to terrorism, however implausibly and at that point folks who'd been paying attention knew we'd go after Iraq, which we did.


Question: Why does a word start looking wrong the more you look at it?

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 Why does a word start looking wrong the more you look at it?

It is a phenomenon known as *semantic satiation*. A word is just an arbitrary symbol for some concept. When you stare it is for a while, start perceiving it as a symbol and start seeing it as a group of letters. Those letters, in turn, are symbols for sounds, and you start seeing them as squiggles instead. Once completely divorced from the concept the original word represented, the arbitrary nature of the symbols become more apparent, resulting in a sense of wrongness.


Question: Why while other mammals can give birth like It's nothing, humans have such a hard time and need extra help?

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 Why while other mammals can give birth like It's nothing, humans have such a hard time and need extra help?

First up, we have big heads to hold our big brains, which we need for colour vision, social reasoning, etc. On top of that, we have narrow hips because we walk upright. In order to make an upright posture the default (freeing our hands for tools, weapons etc, extending our range of vision and raising the energy-efficiency of walking), our whole hip joint is rotated around - which severely limits the width of the birth canal. These two things together are a *terrible* combination when it comes to birthing. We're actually born about three months premature by primate standards to minimize head diameter, which is why our infants are so utterly helpless. This also sucks. We get a lot out of it, but it's still a shitty deal.


Question: What is a moving average, how is it different from an average, and why would it be used?

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 What is a moving average, how is it different from an average, and why would it be used?

It's an average of just the most recent numbers, for example the daily closing price of a stock averaged *for the most recent 30 days.* It shows you the recent trend without as much bouncing up and down (volatility). Every day, one new number is included, and one oldest number is dropped.


Question: what happens to insects after getting off our cars finding themselves kilometers far from their nest?

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 what happens to insects after getting off our cars finding themselves kilometers far from their nest?

Other than bees and wasps, the vast majority of insects don't have a 'home' so it literally makes no difference for them, since they have no home to go back to. Those insects had been randomly flying around at point A, and will continue to randomly fly around at point B. What might make a difference is if the weather conditions were very different, especially when it comes to wind and cold.


Question: What is the difference between an MLM and a pyramid scheme?

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 What is the difference between an MLM and a pyramid scheme?

You basically got it, but the nominal differance is a pyramid scheme is purely the scam part. There is no real or meaningful business going on, it's purely people making money off the "you pay the guy above you and then recruit new people and they pay you!". & #x200B; MLM is basically the same thing but there is some selling going on as well so some amount of outside money is coming in to support the structure other than purely the pyramid part. It's a pretty meaningless distinction a lot of the time and much of MLM puts the absolute bare minimum to not be illegal but the separation is supposed to be that MLM runs some business that involves a payment pyramid and a pyramid scam just has the pyramid part and no realistic business attached.


Question: Why do games need to restart in order to change certain graphics settings (e.g. resolution) but not certain other ones (shadows, etc.)?

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 Why do games need to restart in order to change certain graphics settings (e.g. resolution) but not certain other ones (shadows, etc.)?

Think of the software like a building. When you construct it, certain specifications (settings) need to be determined as the foundation of the building. If any of these specifications need to be changed, you may have to tear down the building and make a new one. However, the furniture/wiring/plumbing inside can be swapped without modifications to the foundation of the building. Depending on the game engine, some settings need to be defined upon starting the software. Other settings are more dynamic so they can be changed within the game.


Question: Why does leaving something out in the open dull the color? What is that darned sun up to?

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 Why does leaving something out in the open dull the color? What is that darned sun up to?

It is all about the chemical makeup of an object. The technical term for color fading is photodegradation. There are light absorbing color bodies called chromophores that are present in dyes. The color(s) we see are based upon these chemical bonds and the amount of light that is absorbed in a particular wavelength. Ultraviolet rays can break down the chemical bonds and thus fade the color(s) in an object - it is a bleaching effect. Some objects may be more prone to fading, such as dyed textiles and watercolors. Other objects may reflect the light more, which makes them less prone to fade. Fun Fact. The Flags on the moon are all bleeched white because of the intense UV radiation and no atmosphere to block some of the radiation.


Question: How does a gas station manage to serve thousands of cars multiple gallons of gas a day when the gas tanker trucks that deliver gas don’t look like they hold that much? How do gas stations manage to keep up with their demand?

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 How does a gas station manage to serve thousands of cars multiple gallons of gas a day when the gas tanker trucks that deliver gas don’t look like they hold that much? How do gas stations manage to keep up with their demand?

Gas hauler here. Generally the stations get multiple deliveries per day. I usually do 4 loads per night. Sometimes to the same station, but not often. We generally try to keep the stations topped off, so we take a load when they need it. There's also a system that our dispatchers use that can ping the tanks to see when a delivery is needed, and sotware can assist in planning by reading trends. For example, say a busy station in Los Angeles sells a total of 12000 gallons of regular, 4000 gallons of premium and 1700 gallons of diesel every day during the week (which is actually quite normal for most of my stations). Then on the weekend, the sales drop. The software would read that trend and generate orders to keep the station full. If that station had 20000 gallon tanks, the typical order would be 8600 regular on one load, then the 2nd load would be something like 4000 gallons of regular, 2300 gallons of premium and 2000 gallons of diesel. Sometimes there's an event that throws the trends off, and we do our best to cope with it, usually by running an extra load. Edit: My truck can hold 8800 gallons. Edit 2: Holy hell, this got big. Thanks for the gold, kind stranger!


Question: Why are soap bubbles round?

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 Why are soap bubbles round?

Bubbles are round because there is an attractive force called surface tension that pulls water molecules in thightest possible groupings. The thightest grouping that particles can achieve is a sphere.


Question: why do headaches go away after you sleep?

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 why do headaches go away after you sleep?

headaches has a lot of causes. Like stress, eye strain, lack of sleeping, muscular tension. So in that way, lots of headaches causes are correlationed with sleeping. By sleeping you can relax your body, your eyes, take some rest, etc.


Question: Why does a weak am/fm radio signal result in a consistent static/fuzzy sound while a weak satellite radio signal results in intermittent high quality sound?

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 Why does a weak am/fm radio signal result in a consistent static/fuzzy sound while a weak satellite radio signal results in intermittent high quality sound?

The simple answer is that AM/FM is an analog signal, which you can "kind of" pick up. Think of analog as a scale of 100-0 with the quality increasing or decreasing as you move from the transmitter. Satellite radio is a digital signal. Think 1 or 0. It's either there, or it's not. The same holds true for satellite TV, where in a severe storm your picture will be perfect right up until it cuts out into nothingness.


Question: Why would storing my previous passwords be more secure than letting me use whatever password I want indefinitely?

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 Why would storing my previous passwords be more secure than letting me use whatever password I want indefinitely?

As others have said, passwords are normally hashed. Password change requirements are typically only used in enterprise environments, in which a user may write down their password or share it with another employee. It's not necessary for the normal user, in fact, it's generally considered less secure to make passwords expire, as most users just make small changes the password. IE: *Password1, Password2, Password3*, etc.


Question: why do snow storms not produce lighting like traditional thunderstorms?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do snow storms not produce lighting like traditional thunderstorms?

It can thunder and lighting during a snow storm. It's called Thundersnow. The Science Also known as thunder snowstorms or winter thunderstorms, a thundersnow only happens when a rare set of conditions occur. In fact, people only witness about 6.3 thundersnow events each year. Typically between late winter and early spring when the air beneath the clouds is warmer near the ground than the air in the upper cloud layers. The cumulonimbus cloud (towering mass with a flat base at fairly low altitude and often a flat top, as in thunderstorms) must be lower than a typical thunderstorm, and the warmer air temperature must still be cold enough to form snow. Thunder snowstorms usually create snowflakes, soft snow pellets, hail and strong “gravity wave” currents of air similar to ocean waves. The lightning produced appears in purplish-blue flashes.


Question: Why do shortsighted people see far away things better on phone's camera but holding mirror close makes things behind still fuzzy?

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Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do shortsighted people see far away things better on phone's camera but holding mirror close makes things behind still fuzzy?

Mirror reflects actual light, so focusing your eyes on a mirror image is essentially the same as focusing your eyes on a thing reflected in the mirror. Phone camera produces a new image on the screen, and to focus on it you just need to focus on the screen which is much closer.


Question: is there a good explanation why passports need to be checked when departing and then again when arriving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there a good explanation why passports need to be checked when departing and then again when arriving?

Because the authorities of your arrival destination do not trust the check in every departing location. Maybe you are a searched criminal only where you arrive?


Question: why is it that when you are with the person/people you love, all your worries go away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that when you are with the person/people you love, all your worries go away?

Because love is really just a chemical reaction in your brain, and a potent one at that. Love: It's a helluva drug.


Question: Why is Stephen Colbert under investigation for indecency by the FCC but every news agency or show that replays the clip isn't facing the same scrutiny?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Stephen Colbert under investigation for indecency by the FCC but every news agency or show that replays the clip isn't facing the same scrutiny?

Just FYI, the laws/regulations that restrict the utterance of indecent materials [do not apply between 10:00 PM and 6:00 AM]( URL_0 ), so there's no basis on which Colbert can be fined.


Question: Why are updates to video games so large, sometimes larger than the game itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are updates to video games so large, sometimes larger than the game itself?

Code is small, because it is instructions for your computer to make something (such as a graphic). However, It's much faster to pre-make and store the graphic first, so your computer doesn't need to create it on-the-fly. But since we don't what your computer will need.. Well, We'll just pre-make EVERYTHING, so it'll be there when you need it. Therefore, much of the game files are pre-computed stuff that your computer just looks up in a table or refers to, instead of generating from scratch when its needed.


Question: Why it is hard to think about death deeply?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why it is hard to think about death deeply?

Imagination doesn’t actually ever create truly new things. It takes bits and pieces of experiences that you’ve had and uses those to construct what you’re imagining. If you want to test this, try imagining a colour you’ve never seen. Thinking deeply about death falls into the realm of trying to imagine something you’ve never experienced. You’re alive and as far as your brain is concerned always have been. So to imagine death it has no construct to piece together what it is like. The brain can fritz out while attempting to do this as it’s searching hard through your memories for something related. This may cause the fear response you feel especially since we are told enough messages that death is something to fear.


Question: How do chemists know they have a molecule with the right combination of atoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do chemists know they have a molecule with the right combination of atoms?

Generally by employing various analytical and spectroscopy techniques to "see the molecule". NMR gives the relative position of atoms by measuring neighbouring hydrogen atoms. Mass spec- Measures the molecualr mass and molecular fragmentation patterns so that you measure that actual molecular mass against the expected theoretical- can also deduce strucutre by fragmenatation regions. IR, U-Vis etc are useful for measuring certain functional groups in a molecule. XRD, EXAFS etc measure points in a crystal lattice if you molecule is present in a crystal-type strucuture. HPLC and GC give retention times to separate molecules with certiain sizes and weights (if you have a mixture and have an idea of the weight of your molecule). AFM,STM,SEM etc all measure the surface- the molecules is part of a surface There's also neutron reflectivity, ellipsometry, LEED, XPS, UPS, FID to name a few- there are many more and many that are molecule specific- e.g for proteins And computational modelling can be used to predict the theoretical molecule as well.


Question: When and how did green generally get associated with positiveness, and red as negativeness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When and how did green generally get associated with positiveness, and red as negativeness?

It's hardwired. Red is the color of blood and bleeding, green is healthy vegetation. On a biological level, we don't want to deal with injury and we do want a healthy fertile landscape where food and shelter can be found. So we instinctively like green and dislike red.


Question: How is it that American universities are the top ranked in the world, while their grade schools underperform globally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that American universities are the top ranked in the world, while their grade schools underperform globally?

The two systems are independent of each other is the primary way. The grade schools also do not underperform globally, they are simply not the top performers globally.


Question: Why do fresh cut potatoes stick to an oven pan but prepackaged, frozen french fries do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do fresh cut potatoes stick to an oven pan but prepackaged, frozen french fries do not?

Prepackaged, frozen french fries have already been fried before freezing so they release oil when they are baked. The oil provides a fluid layer on the pan that causes water in the food touching the hot oil to steam, providing a vapor layer that prevents the food from sticking.


Question: Why does frying at a low temperature for longer make it less less likely for food to stick than a higher temperature for shorter time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does frying at a low temperature for longer make it less less likely for food to stick than a higher temperature for shorter time?

It depends on the food! If it’s high-protein, having a cool pan gives the food more time to develop bonds with the metal surface of the pan, especially if there isn’t enough oil to begin with. Eventually a steak will form a crust due to the Maillard reaction, but you’d need to start with a hot pan to jumpstart it, and you can’t move the steak around because that would interrupt the reaction and possibly tear off the almost-ready crust. Eggs do better with a well-oiled, hot pan too— the underside of the eggs is quickly seared and some water escapes and is trapped under as steam that the eggs float on as they cook. If the pan is too cool, that steam doesn’t form and the eggs fuse to the pan.


Question: - What makes peanut butter stick to the roof of your mouth, and throat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - What makes peanut butter stick to the roof of your mouth, and throat?

Peanutbutter is viscous. The viscosity of peanutbutter means that it will take longer to flow than other fluids. Aside from that, peanutbutter is not only viscous, but is able to squish between nooks and crannies in a surface, allowing it to act like a glue. It's a good adhesive. On top of that, peanutbutter is made mostly of fats, so it's not very soluble in water, and water doesn't want to interact with the fats in peanutbutter, so it takes time to go down with the help of friction from your tongue and esophagus. Also, peanutbutter should be one word. It's one thing, and it's easier to type it that way. I vote 'yes' on *peanutbutter*.


Question: How does a car port, which is open to the environment, prevent morning fog and frost from building up on my car?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a car port, which is open to the environment, prevent morning fog and frost from building up on my car?

Your car loses a lot of radiant heat to the sky. When it's under a car port that heat gets trapped and some is radiated back so that your car stays a little warmer than the surrounding air. It's the same reason that a cloudy night is warmer than a clear night. There is less radiant heat loss to space.


Question: Is it actually possible for a sound wave to travel around the entire world and be heard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it actually possible for a sound wave to travel around the entire world and be heard?

Yes, the explosion sound of the volcano Krakatoa went around the world *more than once.* URL_0


Question: Why does drinking alcohol make you tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does drinking alcohol make you tired?

Alcohol interferes with the actions of glutamate and NMDA, two key excitatory compounds that stimulate/regulate activity in the nervous system. They’re sort of like natural stimulants that keep things moving. Alcohol can inhibit the activity of their systems, but it also supports the activity of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the body. Increasing the activity of GABA is like stepping on the breaks while you’re driving. Because alcohol affects the entire brain, it will also work on systems of wakefulness and alertness in the nervous system.


Question: Modern filming techniques vs 90s (?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Modern filming techniques vs 90s (?)

I am going to believe you are describing one aspect of a production shot on film versus modern digital recording. Film cameras were the shit, still great, but like wine corks versus screw tops eventually practicality and cost and availability and ease-of-use wins out and digital and screw tops become the norm. But for a while shot on film was the thing and with it came certain conventional uses, wide frame shots to show how clear and focused and true to life the scene could be and cameras at eye level for most shots with conversations or thinking etc. Digital becoming accepted then the norm freed up productions from large expensive studio cameras and all the conventional use cases. But they also couldn’t replicate the ‘big’ feel of film, so they pivoted to more tight shots, close-ups, etc to play to the strengths of the new equipment. Very soon it led to a decidedly different type of production with more cameras available, hand held, easily mountable, many different configurations and all sorts of practical effects available that more than made up for the limitations of the newer medium.


Question: Why do companies put caffeine in soaps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do companies put caffeine in soaps?

There have been a few studies, according to a "board certified dermatologist at Modern Dermatology in seattle" - “Topical caffeine is best known for its antioxidant properties. With topical antioxidants, you can decrease the harmful effects of free radicals created by environmental pollutants and UV radiation, which are what cause fine lines and wrinkles.” He goes on: “Caffeine has been shown to constrict blood vessels when applied to the skin. It is thought that caffeine may temporarily constrict these tiny blood vessels, somewhat masking the darkness under the eyes. Furthermore, caffeine-enhanced skincare products can decrease inflammation and irritation. They may reduce swelling and feel ‘soothing.’ ”


Question: Why do companies have a fiduciary duty to be endlessly increasing profits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do companies have a fiduciary duty to be endlessly increasing profits?

> It sounds greedy and short-sighted to me It is, but there's no incentive to being less greedy and long viewed. Investors want to put their money where they can get the largest return possible. If that's in Reddit, they will demand that Reddit get a 10% return today, because if they don't they will go somewhere else that will give them a 10% return right now. In terms of sacrificing long term growth, who cares? If I'm an investor as soon as I see a downturn in the company I can pull my money out, go to the next shiny company that will get me 10%.


Question: How do mortgages work with inflation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mortgages work with inflation?

If you have a fixed-rate mortgage, inflation is your friend, because your payments don't increase even though each dollar is worth less.


Question: Why are small bugs not afraid to fly directly up to humans/other animals that are much larger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are small bugs not afraid to fly directly up to humans/other animals that are much larger?

Bugs do not feel fear, or happiness, or anger, or Joy, or excitement, or sadness. They are automatons, and they react to stimuli automatically and without reflection or thinking of any kind. Their behavior has been programmed through millennia of survival and adaptation, and if a little bug flies up to a larger animal, it is because that behavior has led to the long-term survival of the bug as a species. When that behavior no longer enhances survival, it will be weeded out, and those bugs will no longer do that.


Question: How does a gas stove not blow up when you turn it on?What stops the fire from going down the pipes(?) and into the gas compartiment and explode?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a gas stove not blow up when you turn it on?What stops the fire from going down the pipes(?) and into the gas compartiment and explode?

Well the rest of the gas. The whole line is pressurized with natural gas. Fire can't burn without oxygen being present. Since the line is pressurized no oxygen can leak back into the line. Gas explosions usually occur when theres a break in the line and a LOT of gas is present in a space mixed with oxygen. A spark can then ignite a fire in the space. And them very very rapidly spread causing an explosion.


Question: Why are external medications harmful when ingested?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are external medications harmful when ingested?

Basically it has to do with the absorption rates into the bloodstream. Absorbing through the skin is extremely inefficient so the concentration of active ingredients tends to be much higher, as such if you ingest it then the greater concentration can lead to an overdose. Additionally, depending on what it is, a topical application of the treatment is likely to be more direct to the underlying symptoms whereas an ingested treatment tends to propagate throughout the body.


Question: What is an easy way to understand higher dimensions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an easy way to understand higher dimensions?

I'm probably wrong but I thought we couldn't comprehend more than three dimensions because we're three-dimensional beings


Question: What makes a computer go to sleep when you shut the lid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a computer go to sleep when you shut the lid?

There's a sensor in the body of the laptop that senses the lid is closed. Exactly what and how it works depends on the design. One example for Dell and HP is a sensor on the board that detects the metal of the lid, or a tiny magnet buried in the plastic. If you don't like that feature you can turn it off in your Control Panel power settings. When I close the lid on my laptop it just turns the screen off and the laptop keeps running.


Question: How does Whatsapp's End-To-End-Encryption work, and how do we know that it really is ecrypted all the way through?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Whatsapp's End-To-End-Encryption work, and how do we know that it really is ecrypted all the way through?

Whatsapp uses a modified form of the signal protocol - URL_0 The signal protocol is open source and has been scrutinized by crypto experts all over the world. It's probably pretty damn tight. You can check it out yourself if you like. URL_1 Could whatsapp have built in a backdoor in the closed source - sure, but why? It would probably destroy the company if that info was leaked. Also worth noting - anytime you use software you trust the programmer/companies that wrote that software. And all companies and people involved in making the hardware that your software runs on! However, governments and malicious parties don't have to break the encryption. They just hack your or your conversations partners phone. Either by fooling you into running code for them or hacking android/iOS or the sim card/gsm etc. If you use whatsapp web it opens even more possibilities for intrusion. Still, at the moment whatsapp is your best choice for a secure communication platform.


Question: Why is it that most doctors don't believe in chiropractors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that most doctors don't believe in chiropractors?

Because Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine, which means it has no scientific studies backing any of its claims besides anecdotal evidence, which could easily be accounted for via the placebo effect and/or stress relief. There is no good evidence that chiropractic is effective for the treatment of any medical condition, except perhaps for certain kinds of back pain. There also is not sufficient data to establish the safety of chiropractic manipulations. This means there is a risk involved, and complications as a result of chiropractic medicine could mean real harm. As such, no *good* doctor is going to recommend it.


Question: How did people start using currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did people start using currency?

In some areas that the British tool over, they wanted people to work in the fields so they offered to pay them 10 crowns a day for work, they also imposed a hut tax of 200 crowns per month, which if it wasn't paid the hut was burnt down. So imposing a tax obligation and then paying in currency is one way it happened.


Question: How did human civilisation come to a consensus on how long a second is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did human civilisation come to a consensus on how long a second is?

It originated with the ancient Sumerians, who had a sexagesimal system of mathematics (a numeral system with sixty as its base). The Babylonians adopted the Sumerian method, which later was adopted by the Greeks, and then adopted by the Romans. Thereafter the practice spread throughout Western Europe and eventually the world, via the Roman Empire and later, via European colonization and trade.


Question: Whats a cookie in the web?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats a cookie in the web?

When you visit a website, it stores a little data file on your computer. That's the cookie. It might be used to record what you looked for last time, for example, or other info about who you are and what you did, which it can use later on -- even if you go away and come back later, unless you've cleared your cookies.


Question: the difference between basic universal income and welfare?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 the difference between basic universal income and welfare?

Welfare involves a test of some kind. You have to apply for it, there's paperwork to fill out and not everyone is entitled to it, you have to meet the criteria. With a UBI, everyone gets the money and then it gets clawed back for the richer folks via taxes. Everyone gets a payment, some people pay it back. The main advantage of a UBI is that it dramatically cuts down on the administrative waste of welfare, also is's intended to replace a patchwork of programs with a simple cash payment.


Question: Why do hot steam (from hot springs/hot shower) feel suffocating even though water is made of hydrogen and oxygen molecules?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do hot steam (from hot springs/hot shower) feel suffocating even though water is made of hydrogen and oxygen molecules?

Oxygen is present in water, but our lungs do not have the capability to separate the water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen. Jello is mostly water but you can't exactly drink it after it has set.


Question: How does Jewelry insurance work? Everything seems to insure for a significant more than its purchase price, and theres no way to prove something was lost . Ethics aside, wouldnt this be an incredibly easy con to do (once)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Jewelry insurance work? Everything seems to insure for a significant more than its purchase price, and theres no way to prove something was lost . Ethics aside, wouldnt this be an incredibly easy con to do (once)?

I worked as an insurance adjuster and I can shed some light on this. The short answer is yes, this would be an easy con to do once. It is illegal, it's called insurance fraud, but the truth is you could do this once and probably never get caught. HOWEVER there are some really big things you might not know. Most homeowner's policies will have limits on jewelry (and many other items) coverage and how much a claim will pay out. So you might file a claim for your missing $3000 ring only to find out you have a limit of $500 on jewelry. Also you and the insurance company have to establish a value for the item. If you paid $3000 for a ring... that means it is worth $3,000. You would not get a payout of $10,000 even if someone told you it would appraise for that amount. Finally, you claims stick with you. People don't realize this but most insurance companies share claims information with each other. This is done specifically to catch people trying to scam insurance companies. So the first time you do this it will probably get paid without question. But even if you switch insurance companies, they will know you had a "theft" claim before and will be on the lookout for another.


Question: How do naturally occurring stimulants like adrenaline and caffeine impact the body compared to synthetic stimulants, like cocaine, Adderall, and other common uppers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do naturally occurring stimulants like adrenaline and caffeine impact the body compared to synthetic stimulants, like cocaine, Adderall, and other common uppers?

Unlike humans, the body doesn't care whether something is "natural" or "synthetic". * Think of the body as a lock * Adrenaline is a key that fits, and can turn the lock * if I make a copy (synthetic) of that key, that key will ALSO open the lock * I can even change the colour of the key, or make the handle of the key longer - it keeps working * the lock doesn't care if it's an original key or a synthetic copy key. What matters if it fits the lock the reason I said "natural" in the beginning, is that cocaine is also a natural product, from the coca plant. Uranium is also a natural product, but natural doesn't mean it's healthy or better for you... & #x200B; edit: it can still mean that different uppers have a different effect. i.e. Caffeine has a weaker but longer effect than adrenaline. But the source, such as natural or synthetic does not matter


Question: Why does hot food taste more spicy than the same food served cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot food taste more spicy than the same food served cold?

Piquancy (spiciness) stimulate your nerves the same way heats does. Hot spicy food therefore elicits a stronger response than cold spicy food. Cold salsa + spicy = spicy Hot salsa + spicy = more spicy


Question: Why does depression make simple tasks feel like hard tasks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does depression make simple tasks feel like hard tasks?

Depression makes you tired. It makes you feel like all you want to do is sleep and then when you do sleep you feel like you haven't gotten enough sleep or you feel guilty for sleeping when you knew you had other things to do. So then when you're awake you see how much stuff you should have done or need to do and get overwhelmed and don't do it. At least that's how it is for me. To counter this I do a little at a time. On my first day off during the week I will just do laundry and put away stuff. On my second day off I do the dishes and scrub the counter tops and the floor. I try to look at it as, "do I have enough energy to complete this entire task?" If yes I do it if not I find something else to do this way things don't pile up and I feel like I did something.


Question: why do we have to wash vegetables before cooking?Surely the heat of cooking kills the bacteria anyway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do we have to wash vegetables before cooking?Surely the heat of cooking kills the bacteria anyway?

We wash to remove the pesticides/germicides/fertilizer than only bacteria. Those include harmful chemicals which do not dissipate with cooking.


Question: Batteries. What's the difference between volts and amps? How does a charger know when a battery is fully charged?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Batteries. What's the difference between volts and amps? How does a charger know when a battery is fully charged?

There are three different, but related quantities you’re asking about when it comes to batteries; - How ‘strong’ is your battery? Measured in Volts - How ‘fast’ can your battery go? Measured in Amps (or milliamps for smaller batteries) - How much total energy does your battery have? This is determined by how long it will last when it goes given a certain speed. We measure that in Amp-Hours or milliamperes-hours (mAh) Batteries will always push a circuit as hard as they can (use all their Volts). But how fast a circuit goes depends on its resistance. A high resistance circuit will not run as fast (i.e., it uses less Amps). Using a battery with the same strength (Voltage) but more or less total energy (mAh) just changes how long a device will run - there isn’t any risk or other effects on its behaviour. Using a battery with a different strength (Voltage) can change how a circuit behaves and has some risks of damaging the device. In the example of your daughter’s car, we can probably assume it has a fairly simple dc motor circuit in it. When a battery tries to turn a dc motor, how fast it goes is proportional to the strength (Voltage). If you double the voltage, you will double the speed (as you observed) - you also doubled the Amps being drawn from the battery. This means if your 6V and 12V battery both had the same mAh, the 12V would run out of energy twice as fast (because of the faster running circuit (higher Amps)). So, the car is more fun, just not for as long... But, there is also a risk - running faster with a stronger battery means it’s consuming higher power, and heating up, which might cause the motor to burn out completely. Then the car is no fun at all :-(


Question: Where do herbivores get their proteins from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do herbivores get their proteins from?

A lot of it that others are not saying is that herbivores eat a lot more food than omnivores and carnivores. This is actually called an [energy pyramid]( URL_0 ) and is a pretty straightforward way on how energy travels around the circle of life!


Question: How in the world does zipping a file work? How can a much smaller file still contain all the same information as multiple, larger files?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How in the world does zipping a file work? How can a much smaller file still contain all the same information as multiple, larger files?

Large file: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBCCCCCCCCCC AAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCC Small file: 20A5B10C 15A10B10C If the program (Winzip or 7zip) can interpret the small file’s “code”, it can reproduce the large file at any time just from the small file’s instructions.


Question: Why do criminals who robber and became rich/set for life, go and rob again rather than just disappear and enjoy life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do criminals who robber and became rich/set for life, go and rob again rather than just disappear and enjoy life?

You overestimate how much money is stolen in a bank robbery. Unless a large bank with much higher risk is robbed the robbers often get away with only 20-200k, rarely more, and then it might have to be split with an accomplice(s). I mean it's still a lot of money but certainly not 'set for life money'. Besides that those robbers might have some bad habits other than robbing banks and blow a lot of money on drugs, women and stuff they don't need/could never afford otherwise. Also, although this is more speculation, robbing banks probably is quite the thrill and once you got away with it once you want that thrill again. If someone was actually pretty good at robbing bank and might have robbed a few already and was 'set for life' he would have some very specialized skills and could get bored doing nothing, be unmotivated to learn something else and just wants to do anything to give his life direction/purpose.


Question: How does a can of Orange Fanta have 160 calories despite having 43 grams of sugar (which by itself is 172 calories)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a can of Orange Fanta have 160 calories despite having 43 grams of sugar (which by itself is 172 calories)?

Because carbohydrates aren't exactly 4 kcal/g. Glucose and fructose, the components of both sucrose/table sugar and high fructose corn syrup, are more like 3.8 kcal/g. So 43 g * 3.8 kcal/g = 163.4 kcal, which is rounded down to the nearest 10 by FDA labeling rules. To clear up a couple of misconceptions in other responses: water in HFCS is not labeled as sugar, only the actual sugar (glucose and fructose) in it is, and since the most recent FDA update to the Nutrition Facts panel format, small packages have to be labeled according to their entire contents, so there are no more soda bottles in the US that are labeled with nutrition for a portion of their contents only. Source: I'm a food scientist who writes nutritional labeling Edit: When I quickly jotted down an answer to a question that was in my wheelhouse before bed last night, I didn't expect it to account for the vast majority of my comment karma and first awards by the time I woke up! Thank you! I tried to respond to as many questions below as I could. Maybe I'll do an AMA soon like a couple of commenters suggested.


Question: Can people have smaller than average organs and what does it mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can people have smaller than average organs and what does it mean?

If you made it this long with little to no problems, I wouldn't worry about it. Best thing to do is talk to your doctor about it. She would probably feel bad if she knew what she said made you uncomfortable and she didn't know/therefore couldn't explain things for you so you could feel better. I'm almost 36 and was 7 weeks early at 4lb 5oz. I have a medically documented legit thick skull. Lol. A host of other problems too, but family genetics are to blame.