Question: Why metal hydrogen is so special & hard to make?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why metal hydrogen is so special & hard to make?

Under extremely high temperatures and pressures, hydrogen atoms are forced into a dense state that behaves like a metal. A large volume of metallic hydrogen is believed to exist inside Jupiter, and is responsible for that planet’s intensely powerful magnetic field. It’s hard to make because the inside of Jupiter is 10,000C and has the weight of a hundred Earths pressing down on it. These conditions are understandably difficult to replicate anywhere else - what sort of lab equipment can hold up to one of the most extreme environments in the universe?


Question: Is it actually worse to eat refrigerated food without microwaving it? (Burgers, pizza, chicken, etc.)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it actually worse to eat refrigerated food without microwaving it? (Burgers, pizza, chicken, etc.)

Microwaves primarily cause food to heat up by causing the water in the food to vibrate faster (molecular vibration is heat). This generally does not change the nutritional value of the food. If you eat raw food without microwaving it, it's bad. If you eat precooked food without microwaving it, it's probably fine.


Question: How do they make tape sticky? And how do they make duct tape even more so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they make tape sticky? And how do they make duct tape even more so?

Imagine the tape is a massive flat piece of wrapping paper, they spray adhesive onto one side if it and then roll it up tightly, the adhesive is on the inside of the roll. This long tube of adhesive covered wrapping paper is then sliced up into thin slices and you have your roll of sticky tape. Differing adhesives and ‘tape’ materials change the properties, like electrical tape doesn’t stick to much but itself, masking tape sticks to a lot but with less adhesion, duct tape isn’t really more sticky if you buy low quality stuff, but good stuff just has more/better adhesive - probably tuned to the expected application of ducts... so tape to metal.


Question: Either the universe continues indefinitely, or it has an edge somewhere, both boggle the mind to imagine, which is correct?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Either the universe continues indefinitely, or it has an edge somewhere, both boggle the mind to imagine, which is correct?

We may never actually know! From our position in the universe, there is a distance away from us that is expanding away from us so quickly that no light (and thus no object) could possibly reach Earth. That distance defines the observable universe, and that is much smaller than the size of the universe itself. This isn't just a "we can't see past this boundary right now", this is "it is physically impossible to reach this boundary from Earth... ever". So the takeaway is that it *literally* doesn't matter whether or not the universe is infinite beyond that point, because it will *never* affect us in any way.


Question: How does electricity travel between a car battery and the car, and why is it always said that one should disconnect the negative terminal first when removing the battery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does electricity travel between a car battery and the car, and why is it always said that one should disconnect the negative terminal first when removing the battery?

The negative cable of battery is bolted to the frame of the car, so all the metal is the same as the negative post of the battery. If you disconnect the positive terminal first, and your wrench makes contact with the metal part of the car you have shorted the battery. If you first disconnect the negative post and the wrench touches metal, nothing happens. When installing a new battery positive connects first so the wrench can’t cause short if it touched metal.


Question: How do insurance companies work in instances of something as priceless as Notre Dame?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do insurance companies work in instances of something as priceless as Notre Dame?

Insurance generally doesn't worry about what sort of "priceless" value a work of art or cultural icon may have: it's there to fix or replace what was broken. So in the case of something like Notre Dame, it would certainly be hard to put a dollar value on some of the architectural features and artistic touches that were destroyed. But it's much easier to put a dollar value on the cost to replace them, and that's what would be provided for. The spire that fell over may have been priceless in its history and significance, but the materials and labor can be priced out, and that's what a claim would pay. The question I'm really interested in is exactly how the renovation firm (if the fire was accidentally caused by the renovations) was insured. Even tiny construction projects require several million dollars of insurance limits; a company working on a monument like this would definitely have held tens of millions or more in coverage... which very well might end up being fully paid out.


Question: Why do Hollywood filmmakers need huge cameras when simple DSLRs and even my phone can record 8k video now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do Hollywood filmmakers need huge cameras when simple DSLRs and even my phone can record 8k video now?

This is actually a good question, because in principle you could get near-cinema quality out of a MUCH smaller camera than what currently gets used for big budget feature films. Most of what cinema cameras are made of is a thick heavy metal body, cooling fans and manual button controls, surrounded by loads of optical accessories, cables, batteries, handles etc. Basically all stuff that doesn't really improve image quality but more so improves usability on the film set. Only the lenses really affect the image's look in a way that can't really be miniaturized. The Hollywood camera companies actually don't get to take advantage of the economies of scale that are provided by mass-manufacturing in the way that smartphone makers do, because they address a tiny customer base to begin with. For that reason alone, small cameras and smartphones have improved exponentially over the past decade in terms of video quality, while cinema cameras hardly provide any improvements in image quality over what was available 5-10 years ago. Ultimately, color quality and dynamic range are what sets those professional cameras apart from consumer cameras. The gap is quickly narrowing though.


Question: what is the difference between center of gravity and center of mass?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between center of gravity and center of mass?

The center of mass is the average center of all the mass of an object. The center of gravity is the center of all the forces of gravity of an object. The center of gravity only exists in the presence of a gravitational field. In outer space, objects will have a center of mass. But, the center of gravity will not mean anything. In a uniform gravitational field, the center of mass is the same as the center of gravity.


Question: How did Americans lose their British accent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Americans lose their British accent?

I actually read somewhere that the American accent never changed. The British accent is the one that changed.


Question: At what height would a "Firemans Pole" become unusable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 At what height would a "Firemans Pole" become unusable?

In theory, it shouldn't be constrained by height. The trouble with free-falling from progressively higher heights is that the longer you fall, the more you have accelerated, and the faster you're going when you hit the ground. But even in free fall, if you're falling through an atmosphere, you eventually reach a *terminal velocity *-- the velocity at which the force of the friction of the air rushing past cancels further acceleration. A parachute works by dramatically decreasing terminal velocity. A fireman pole should work the same way, as long as the user is able to exert friction on the pole by squeezing it. The friction will result in a terminal velocity that is an acceptable rate of travel upon reading the ground. The need for friction needs to be balanced against the practical need for speed and practical aspects of the smoothness of the pole. Too much friction, the pole is unusable and dangerous. Too little, and it's not appreciably better than freefall.


Question: How do they make instant coffee that dissolves when ground coffee does not dissolve?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they make instant coffee that dissolves when ground coffee does not dissolve?

Instant coffee isn’t coffee grounds. It’s freeze dried concentrated coffee. Basically they brew really strong coffee, throw out the grounds and dry out the liquid. The crust of crystals left over after drying it out is the instant coffee. There’s details like temperature and vacuum/pressure but that’s the basics.


Question: Why do insects choose to crawl on humans when there’s so much open space nearby?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do insects choose to crawl on humans when there’s so much open space nearby?

They don't know what they're crawling on. They just wander around looking for food and if you happen to be in their path they're going to walk on you.


Question: Why are very basic solutions dangerous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are very basic solutions dangerous?

They have hydroxide ions which operate similar. They're extremely reactive and bond with positve ions, which is the oppositive as to how the hydrogen ions in acids bond. They have a reactive ion that bonds with the anion, rather than a cation. However, it is very similar.


Question: If 1/3 = 0.3333333etc and 2/3 = 0.66666666etc, then how is 3/3 = 1 but not 0.99999999etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If 1/3 = 0.3333333etc and 2/3 = 0.66666666etc, then how is 3/3 = 1 but not 0.99999999etc?

The explanation is that 0.99999999etc. extending to infinity is the same as 1, so both statements (3/3 = 1 and 3/3 = 0.999999etc.) are true. While this doesn't seem to make sense initially, there are lots of ways to prove it to be true, mathematically and intuitively. One of the simplest ways is to say "If 0.99999 etc. and 1 are NOT the same number, there must be a number between them. What is it?" Since it's impossible to find a number between them, they must be the same... & #x200B; All of the methods rely on (eventually) conceding that infinity is difficult to understand, and/or that the concept of "equals" as shown by the = sign is not quite as simple as saying "these things are identical".


Question: How does something like a towel dry? Shouldn't it be hot to convert from liquid to gas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does something like a towel dry? Shouldn't it be hot to convert from liquid to gas?

The boiling point is the temperature where the average molecule in the substance has enough kinetic energy to break free from the liquid phase and become a gas. However temperature within a liquid isn't as simple as it might appear because not every molecule is moving around at the same speed. Some are slower than average and some are faster, and the fastest ones can break free from the liquid while the bulk cannot. In fact every liquid has a "vapor pressure", a point where the pressure of those escaping particles is matched by that of the vapor on the surface of the liquid. Any liquid then has some portion of the molecules escaping into vapor, which of course is evaporation.


Question: How was the first computer program programmed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was the first computer program programmed?

It all depends on what you call "a computer". In 1804 there was a ["computer controlled loom"]( URL_0 ) for making complex patterns in the fabric. The program was a long series of cards with holes drilled in them. It was mechanical. If electrical and mechanical counts, then the Bombe built in Bletchley Park was first. It is programmed by arranging its cams and wires. It's a one-trick pony, it only does one thing. If you think a computer needs to me electrical, then one of the vacuum tube computers was first (probably BINAC in 1948). They are programmed by plugging wires into jacks on the side of the machine (which is the size of a van).


Question: how does salmonella occur inside of fruits, per the latest papaya salmonella outbreak?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does salmonella occur inside of fruits, per the latest papaya salmonella outbreak?

It doesn't, it occurs on the outside due to improper handling procedures between harvest and consumption. Salmonella typically lives in the digestive tracts of animals and is found in fecal material, so there has to be transfer of fecal material onto the papayas themselves. However, the bacteria can grow outside of a digestive tract/on the outside of fruits and vegetables, so even a small cross contamination event can lead to an outbreak if it happened early in the processing and distribution.


Question: since the earth is spinning faster will scales read a lower output weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 since the earth is spinning faster will scales read a lower output weight?

[Yep]( URL_0 ). Although the effect is quite small, but measurable. The force is greatest at the equator and zero at the poles. If you stand on the equator, a 60 kg person will weigh about 2 Newtons (0.44 lbs) less than at the poles.


Question: Why does some food get freezer-burned while others don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does some food get freezer-burned while others don't?

Packaging. I wrap my stuff in plastic wrap, then foil, then a ziplock baggie and I never get it.


Question: Why do different currencies have different values? Why is USD worth more than AUD, for example?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do different currencies have different values? Why is USD worth more than AUD, for example?

Country one makes $10. Country two makes $10. $1 from country one is worth the same as $1 from country 2. Country one makes $10 more. Now, $1 from country two is worth $2 from country 2. That's one way. It also has to do with the stability of a country. If country one goes through a war, you can't really be sure that their dollar can really buy anything if there's nothing in country one to buy. There's also the idea that even though country two dollars are worth a lot now, you may not be sure how much it's worth tomorrow. If country two looks like they might be going through political turmoil or war or famine, you probably want to get rid of your country two dollars. Since no one wants them, they become cheap. Conversely, if country 2 just figured out alchemy, you probably want their dollars.


Question: Why does boiling something kill most bacteria? And is that threshold exactly 100 degrees Celsius?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does boiling something kill most bacteria? And is that threshold exactly 100 degrees Celsius?

Because the heat causes proteins to denature (unfold and fall apart) which is fatal to living things. The threshold isn't exactly 100 degrees, but it's hot enough to kill most things and you can visually confirm the temperature.


Question: How does public-key cryptography work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does public-key cryptography work?

Public (also known as Asymmetric) encryption is best explained by [this picture]( URL_0 ). Just take a second to digest each step and realize how both parties do indeed come to the same result and that if you were spying on them in public, it would be difficult to determine their private colors. Now replace the ideas with colors with keys (large primes) and the act of un-mixing paint as factoring very large semi-prime numbers. That's generally how the Diffie-Hellman key exchange works today. It wasn't even thought to be possible until the 70s. Once both parties has this shared key (same color), they can use that as a key for further communication since it's a secret that only they know of. Pretty neat! There are variations of this idea that use moduli, group theory, and advanced number theory to do the same basic thing but it's all the same idea. This is only a basic explanation of modern public-key cryptography.


Question: Why does honey not expire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does honey not expire?

"Going bad" is simply bacteria ruining an item of food. The problem with honey is that it is so sugary that few bacteria can actually live in it. You need water to process sugar and there is simply not enough in honey to do so, to the point where water will actually be "sucked out" of the bacteria, effectively killing it.


Question: Isn't Google killing other websites by displaying most of the content in search results? Why do these websites allow this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Isn't Google killing other websites by displaying most of the content in search results? Why do these websites allow this?

Not at all. The blurb you see with Google search results is just a small snippet of information regarding whatever your search terms were. Yes, sometimes that is all you need... However, more often than not, you're probably going to want to click on through to the actual site itself in order to see what else the site has to say/offer, as well as to verify their credibility in some cases. As long as SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is set up properly, it will actually increase traffic tremendously.


Question: Why can't they make showers that have temperature settings separate from the off/on valve since I need the same temperature water pretty much every day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't they make showers that have temperature settings separate from the off/on valve since I need the same temperature water pretty much every day?

There are a lot of them, at least here in Germany. Mine looks basically like this: URL_0 Left side is on/off, right side is temperature.


Question: Why is the Dollar still so strong?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Dollar still so strong?

When Nixon got us off the "Gold Standard" he made a deal with the Saudis and OPEC that we would offer them protection and military support and in exchange, those countries could only sell petroleum for U.S. dollars. It created a perpetual global need for dollars because any country that wants to purchase petroleum needs dollars to do it.


Question: Panama canal has gates because of the Gatun lake in the middle and the difference in the water level between Pacific and Atlantic ocean. How come there is a difference in the water level? And furthermore, how come there is no difference between Mediterranean and Red sea?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Panama canal has gates because of the Gatun lake in the middle and the difference in the water level between Pacific and Atlantic ocean. How come there is a difference in the water level? And furthermore, how come there is no difference between Mediterranean and Red sea?

The reason is the large difference in tidal ranges. On the Pacific side it can be up to 45 ft whilst on the Caribbean side it's only 3 ft. Without locks this would create a huge tidal bore making the canal impassable. URL_0


Question: How is SpaceX's successful reusable rocket landing more significant than the space shuttle program?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is SpaceX's successful reusable rocket landing more significant than the space shuttle program?

The Space Shuttle got back a small part of the system, plus some solid rocket booster parts that were recovered. The SpaceX solution gets back more than half of the rocket.


Question: What causes a paper helicopter to fall very slowly while spinning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes a paper helicopter to fall very slowly while spinning?

How fast a piece of paper falls depends on its orientation. If the paper is level with the ground, it will experience a lot of drag (push-back from the air) and fall more slowly. If the paper is vertical, it has a much leaner profile and will experience very little drag. So, as long as you can keep the paper level, it will fall slowly. The trouble is, if you just drop a regular piece of paper, it will tend to tumble while in the air and become vertical, and at that point it will drop much faster and stay vertical for the rest of the drop (because the air rushing past while it falls is going to keep pushing it back to vertical). So, you need to do something extra to stabilize it. One thing you could do is make it into a parachute: attach strings to the corners and attach a small weight to the strings. If you get the balance right, the weight will keep the paper aligned (mostly) perpendicular to the air and cause lots of drag to slow down its fall. A paper helicopter works my making the paper into a shape that will spin about its axis as it falls. This spinning keeps the paper in a stable orientation, so that the "wings" of the helicopter will stay horizontal throughout its fall, and these horizontal surfaces create drag that slows it down. The reason it starts spinning is because as it falls, air is pushing against the wings (this creates the drag that also slows the fall). The wings aren't perfectly level, so there is going to be one side where it is easier for the air to move around the wings. On that side, the air pushes a little less than on the other side. This may be different between the two wings, but still on average there will be one side (the clockwise side or the counter-clockwise side) that experiences less drag. This imbalance starts the helicopter spinning. As soon as it starts spinning, the imbalance increases: it's easier for the air to move around a wing on the side that its moving away from, vs. the side that its moving towards. So the spinning speeds up, and keeps going all the way down. (The initial drag-imbalance can also be caused by the fact that it's nearly impossible to release the helicopter with no rotational motion at all. It will always be spinning a little bit already in either the CW or CCW direction. It's also nearly impossible to release it with the wings perfectly level. If one side is dipping down a little at release, this too will add to the drag imbalance. Basically anything in the initial conditions that isn't perfectly rotationally symmetric can start it off.)


Question: is it true that if you take a loan at a bank, the money is created through your loan contract by extending the banks Bilance sheet on both sides?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is it true that if you take a loan at a bank, the money is created through your loan contract by extending the banks Bilance sheet on both sides?

Sort of. It would be more accurate to say banks allow money to travel through time. You have $1000. You don't need to spend it, and you don't plan to anytime soon, that is just money you are setting aside in case of emergency. You have it, but you are not using it right now, so you let a bank hold on to it. Somewhere there is someone who needs $1000, doesn't have it, but is willing to pay more down the road to get $1000 **now**. So the bank loans it (or most of it) to him so now you both have $1000. Sort of. The bank is betting that you won't need that $1000 before the loan is paid off, so seeing a $1000 balance might help you sleep at night, but you don't really *have* it. What you have is money from the future, when the loan is paid off. Of course, it isn't just one customer and one borrower, it is hundreds, thousands, or even millions of customers and borrowers. If your car breaks down and you need that $1000, you can get it, becasue the bank has a lot of customers and they hold a some fo the money back, just in case.


Question: How do companies in countries dealing with hyperinflation pay their workers? If someone agrees to a salary of say $100,000 a year, but inflation is over 1000% that $100,000 will be worth $100. How do they get around this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies in countries dealing with hyperinflation pay their workers? If someone agrees to a salary of say $100,000 a year, but inflation is over 1000% that $100,000 will be worth $100. How do they get around this?

They increase the pay. This is fine because the government prints more money, in higher amounts. Not that it really matters because money is completely worthless at that point. In the worst hyperinflation, money at the current price becomes worhtless in less than a day. The thing is that any ability companies had to affect things has already been lost once the hyperinflation starts. They can't do anything, and doing anything just makes it all worse. edit: check out this image: URL_0 This shows why nothing can be done once it hits a certain point.


Question: How can a utility like PG & E that functions as a monopoly declare bankruptcy? How will their liabilities for the wildfires be paid out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a utility like PG & E that functions as a monopoly declare bankruptcy? How will their liabilities for the wildfires be paid out?

They file bankruptcy like any other business. Their liabilities exceed their ability to pay so they're bankrupt, and they file the necessary paperwork and through the court work out with the people they owe money to how to resolve the debt. It's important to understand Chapter 11 bankruptcy doesn't mean your debts just disappear.


Question: Why are people with good smiles and laughter more attractive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people with good smiles and laughter more attractive?

There's a fairly controversial area of psychology right now relating to "Mirror Neurons" which connects to this to a large degree; The premise is basically: a neuron that fires both when the owner acts and when the owner witnesses somebody else act. This may be what leads to people mimicking others when they do things like smiling, yawning, snarling and so on. As well as many social queues that we reciprocate without noticing. When you are with somebody who laughs pleasantly and smiles a lot, you're more likely to do so yourself, and when you're smiling and laughing you're more likely to have a good time. Its no wonder people come to enjoy the company of others who are happy people; they find themselves becoming happy themselves.


Question: Why is a hot bath or shower so comfortable and warm but weather at the same temperature would be (almost literally) hell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a hot bath or shower so comfortable and warm but weather at the same temperature would be (almost literally) hell?

You don't have to breathe in hot bath or shower water. The air is still decent. But take a hot shower with the fan off and the room sealed up, the weather will get pretty bad in there. Conversely, if you stand outside in 95F degree heat, but wear a rebreather with a hose going inside to 65F degree AC, or just stick your face inside, you feel pretty good! TL:DR - a lot of the misery from heat comes from breathing it.


Question: Why can't the security bug with computer processors be fixed by just not running the kernel on the same processor core as other programs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't the security bug with computer processors be fixed by just not running the kernel on the same processor core as other programs?

because the memory is still shared. each core has local cache that's tiny, and then a larger shared l2 and l3. and each core can also snoop into the cache of other cores too. so even if one core is running it, the memory is not isolated.


Question: Why do luggage wheels make so much noise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do luggage wheels make so much noise?

Most of them are hard plastic, especially in cheaper luggage, and usually in wheels that swivel. That hard plastic rolling along hard tiles and cement makes a lot of noise. Look for ones with the rollerblade wheels and non swiveling wheels for a much quieter ride, the wheels are softer and that makes them quieter. Trust me, I've done the research.


Question: Why do PC/mobile screens/TVs get darker when there is daylight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do PC/mobile screens/TVs get darker when there is daylight?

They don’t, it’s just that they are less bright on contrast to the room they are in, it’s the same reason a lift bulb outside during the day barely looks like it’s lit up, while it can light up an entire room at night


Question: How can you define a direction (e.g. left, right, up, down etc.) in a given space without any sort of reference point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you define a direction (e.g. left, right, up, down etc.) in a given space without any sort of reference point?

You need a reference point to indicate direction, but YOU can always serve as that reference point for any physical space you occupy, particularly with directions like left and right (up and down is generally easy to agree upon in physical systems on Earth because of our mutual experience of gravity (where up is away from the pull of gravity and down is toward the pull of gravity).


Question: Why does the road look wet on a hot day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the road look wet on a hot day?

It's a mirage. Light travelling through mediums of different densities refracts - it bends. The heat radiating from the road heats the air up, which makes it less dense, so when the light enters it bends up. This has the effect of reflecting the sky, like water does.


Question: How do small airlines sell tickets at a considerably lower price than larger airlines?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do small airlines sell tickets at a considerably lower price than larger airlines?

There is a lot of different techniques that can be used by low cost airliners to reduce the ticket price. They often only have one or two different airplane models in their fleet. This helps reduce the maintenance costs a lot as they do not need to have certified mechanics and spare parts for lots of different models. They also optimize their routes so a single aircraft can stay in the air as long as possible during a day with only short stops to allow passengers to disembark and possibly do a crew change. The on board services is also reduced especially on short flights. It is cheaper to have passengers buy food and drinks at the airports then in the air or even included in the ticket price. Of course different low cost airliners take this further then others. Even a few of the savings will make a noticeable difference on the ticket price. And some airliners are able to make passengers pay more in the end then they would with a traditional airliner.


Question: How do you wash your loofah after showering?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you wash your loofah after showering?

Just rinse it until most of the suds stop. In my experience you can never really 100% get it free from soap in a reasonable time frame. As long as you're periodically replacing it you shouldn't worry about it.


Question: What is the difference between a $10 HDMI cable and one that costs $100?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a $10 HDMI cable and one that costs $100?

Branding, mostly. And for the really expensive ones, there might even be gold contacts in the cable. It’s very much a means of taking money from stupid customers; no-one’s realistically going to tell a $10 cable from a $30 cable from the screen. The only relevant difference between the two, last I checked, is the brand stamped on the cable.


Question: Why does a cd/DVD reflect rainbow colours when it is placed under sunlight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a cd/DVD reflect rainbow colours when it is placed under sunlight?

Because the way light bounces off of it (because of the foil the data pattern is engraved on stck to the clear plastic spine or whatever) the light is scattered revealing the various notes (colors, more or less) enclosed in white light


Question: . Why are instruments in different keys?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Why are instruments in different keys?

It's just for ease of learning and playing the instruments. All saxophones have the same buttons, but because they play different ranges the buttons create different notes for each version of the sax. If you play multiple versions of the sax (which is extraordinarily common for sax players) you would have to memorize that *this* set of buttons plays one note on the alto sax, but that same set of keys plays this other note on the tenor sax, and yet a different note on the bari sax. What if instead of that, you just arbitrarily say that the same set of buttons plays the same note *as written on the page*, and adjust the sheet music accordingly? In this way, you take sheet music written for alto sax and it says play an A, so you hold down the buttons for A. Shift to sheet music written for tenor sax and it says play an A and, easy peasy, it's the *same set of buttons*. No need to memorize an almost entirely new set of keys. It makes it a little harder on the people writing it all down on the sheet music, but 1) it's basically just a formula to write the notes a certain number of steps higher or lower, and 2) the people writing the sheet music aren't doing it live in front of an audience in real time - a few extra minutes of making the sheet music match the instrument is worth it to avoid playing the wrong note in the middle of a performance. I used saxes as my example instrument because that's what I played, but the same can be said for other instrument families, like various clarinets or trumpets and whatnot.


Question: How is a mineral formed and what causes it to be say iron, gold, or silver? What influences this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a mineral formed and what causes it to be say iron, gold, or silver? What influences this?

Welcome to chemistry! Long ago people had similar questions and it was often "why is this not gold" and "can we make it gold". This was called alchemy. Eventually we learned lots, and this was the foundation for chemistry. Stuff is made of atoms linked up together. There are about 100ish kinds of atoms. When you have stuff made of only one kind of atom, this is an element. Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silver, copper, gold, and platinum are examples of elements. You can't make one into another at home. You can think of them as basic stuff. Elements combined make molecules. H2O is water because it has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. You can, with energy, separate them. Elements are made with EXTREME pressure and heat. Like the kind at the core of stars. They can make elements only as heavy as iron... and then heavier of they explode in a supernova. So every bit of gold, silver, uranium, etc in the world is there because it was made in the core of a star going supernova.


Question: How can an object in motion decelerate in speed forever and never fully stop? For example a car that decreases in speed by half, every 1 second never stops?!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can an object in motion decelerate in speed forever and never fully stop? For example a car that decreases in speed by half, every 1 second never stops?!

Practically it can't. Mathematically it can. It basically relies on the fact that there are an infinite number of numbers between any two points. Or more ELI5: Once you get below 1 mph you move to fractions like 1/2. Each time the number on the bottom gets bigger, twice as big. So 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, ... Since the top number never changes and there are always bigger numbers for the bottom, you can never get to zero. Clear enough?


Question: How does a country recover from inflation? For example Venezuela with its over inflation

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a country recover from inflation? For example Venezuela with its over inflation

In most cases the idea is re-denomination. In essence they replace their current currency with a new, different currency and establish a conversion ratio. This has actually already happened as the "strong bolivar" has been replaced since 20 August 2018 with the "soverign bolivar" at a ratio of 100,000 to 1. Incidentally the "strong bolivar" was a replacement in 2008 for the original bolivar, again due to inflation. This at least solves the bookkeeping issues so that prices aren't in the billions. Solving the economic and policy issues that lead to such a point isn't as easy, and the "solutions" may not seem like solutions to some. Remember this is basically an autocracy so as long as the right people get paid off there isn't anything to "fix". Kill some dissidents, start up government subsidies again to pacify the rest, and everything is back to business as normal.


Question: Why do onions only sometimes make you cry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do onions only sometimes make you cry?

Basically, there is a part of an onion, when you cut it, it literally shoots out the particles that irritate your eyes, so sometimes you cut it and cry, sometimes you don't. There is a great video on youtube where Gordon Ramsay explains it. URL_0 There you go. Cheers!


Question: Why do salmon fish die after spawning ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do salmon fish die after spawning ?

The safest possible place to lay their eggs is upstream, far from any big sea or river predators. That's how they give their young the best chance of survival. But it takes an enormous amount of stamina to get upstream, and there's no food up there. So once they've laid their eggs, without the energy to make the return trip and feed, there's no way to survive. It's a necessary sacrifice for the next generation.


Question: Why is it that closing your eyes when it’s sunny out yields an either green, yellow, orange, or red view depending on the squeezity of your eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that closing your eyes when it’s sunny out yields an either green, yellow, orange, or red view depending on the squeezity of your eyes?

You're seeing the light as it passes through your eyelids. Our eyelids are kind of thin, they're just good enough to block out auxiliary lights such as stars at night. So when there's a super bright boy out in the sky closer than any other star, a lot of that light is going to pass through your red blood filled eyelids and you're going to see red or yellow or orange. Now green is a bit more complicated. We see color with our cone receptors, and we have 3 types of cones, red, green, and blue. When you stare at one color for a while, those cone receptors get used up, and if you look away you'll end up seeing the opposite color of the used up cone receptor. Try staring at a red thing for a minute, then look away and you'll see green. This might be what's happening when you see green with your eyes closed, since you're usually seeing so much red or yellow.


Question: why does it take time to recall information?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does it take time to recall information?

We don't recall memories like a computer does by just taking a reference number and seeing what's in that location. Instead our memories are access by connections. Older, less used memories will have weaker connections to the rest of your brain. The more you remember something the stronger the connections become and the faster you can remember it.


Question: Why do ball point pens sometimes stop writing and when you try to go back over the previous stroke it refuses to let out any ink?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do ball point pens sometimes stop writing and when you try to go back over the previous stroke it refuses to let out any ink?

The ball in the ball-point pen needs to roll to transfer the ink inside the pen to "paint" the outside surface. However, that ball can get jammed sometimes, possibly due to small particles falling off the paper or solids in the ink. A jammed ball-point can't transfer ink so your strokes end up blank. Now, why does going over the same strokes not work? With your stroke, the jammed ball-point smoothed the paper under it like a rolling pin. The smoothed paper doesn't have enough roughness to make the jammed ball-point roll again. It slides instead of rolls. Starting your stroke on a new portion of paper gives enough grip to unjam the ball-point so that it writes again.


Question: Why do modern dishwashers take 90+ minutes to wash a load of dishes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do modern dishwashers take 90+ minutes to wash a load of dishes?

If you wash dishes by hand you use hot water from the tap. But a dishwasher will use cold water and then heat it up using its internal heating element. This can take some time. In addition when you are done washing the dishes you will dry it off with a towel. However a dishwasher will air dry the dishes, using the heating element to speed up the process. If you have gotten the chance to look at a professional dishwasher as used by restaurants you will see that they are much faster then even you can do manually. However they are significantly bigger, more expensive and require a lot more work to operate. Another factor that comes into play is that modern dishwashers are usually trying to save as much energy as possible. One good way of saving energy is to use less heat. However this means that it takes longer for the dirt to dissolve into the water. This is usually fine for most people as we usually turn on the dishwasher whenever it is full and not when we need the dishes washed. Your machine probably have multiple programs to allow you to wash the dishes fast when you want to and save energy when you do not care when they are done.


Question: What is anisotropy and isotropy in solids?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is anisotropy and isotropy in solids?

if something is isotropic, it is roughly the same in all directions. if you got a huge group of people to stand around in a crowd, they would be isotropic in the sense that they would more or less be facing random directions, so on a large scale, no matter which direction you looked @ the crowd from, it would seem the same. conversely, if you got them to form rows like for a parade, they would look different head on than from the side. a good real-world (and common) example is meat. conventional wisdom holds that you should cut meat a certain way (across the grain) because it'll be more tender. since cutting in one direction is different from another, the meat is anisotropic.


Question: Why does taking a multivitamin cause your urine to become such a vibrant neon colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does taking a multivitamin cause your urine to become such a vibrant neon colour?

Because not all the vitamins are absorbed by the body when they are available in high proportions so some is excreted without being absorbed, it is their presence in the urine which changes the colour.


Question: Why does everything gets creepier at night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everything gets creepier at night?

Many people have a fear of the dark because they can’t see where they are going or if someone is standing in front of them. In the dark it is easy for your mind to play tricks on you however in the day you are usually not alone and there are people with you so you aren’t so scared if you have to deal with something on your own. This fear is not always developed by oneself but passed down from family members. Many people think that this fear in the dark is about be alone but it’s actually that they are scared that they’re not alone.


Question: Why does banana taste overpower everything it is combined with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does banana taste overpower everything it is combined with?

I googled this ages ago and I found this article. Apparently Bananas have a high concentration of a compound that creates their strong banana flavour. It doesnt say how this compound effects other foodstuffs but I guess that they move into the other foods and due to their very strong flavour overpowers the flavour. I'm sure some chemist will be able to tell us more! [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ).


Question: How/why does facial recognition have trouble with non-white personnel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How/why does facial recognition have trouble with non-white personnel?

1. Because it got trained on white faces. 2. Because it uses a poor quality camera that can't accurately resolve the details of dark faces.


Question: What is the difference between Honesty and Truthfulness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between Honesty and Truthfulness?

Say, for example, Sarah is wearing a green dress and I think it looks horrific. A statement that is both honest and true is: Sarah is in a green dress and she looks awful. A statement that is honest, but not true: Sarah, that yellow dress makes you look terrible. A statement that is true, but not honest: Sarah, you look great in that green dress! A statement that is neither true nor honest: Sarah, you're looking amazing in that yellow dress. Truthfulness referrs to the accuracy of a statement (true or false), honesty is more dependant on someone's ability to state their true opinion on something (ugly or not, which is a matter of my personal opinion).


Question: Why is the Japanese Yen almost worthless in comparison to the dollar, even though Japan is the3rd largest global economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Japanese Yen almost worthless in comparison to the dollar, even though Japan is the3rd largest global economy?

The relative value of currency isn't actually that good a metric of its worth. It tends to correlate because of you have a ton of inflation, as you often see in failing economies, then your exchange rate gets really high. But the Yen, from what I recall, is pretty close to being the US cent. So a $3 thing might be 300 Yen, but a $10/hour wage would be 1,000 Yen, say. So it all works out about the same.


Question: How do you get the weight of an element?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you get the weight of an element?

Protons and Neutrons both have a mass of 1. Electrons effectively have a mass of 0. If you know how many protons and neutrons are in an element, you can just add them up to get the weight. Elements also have something called 'isotopes', which have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. We know how often these isotopes occur in nature, so we can get an average weight by multiplying the weight of the isotopes by how often they occur in nature, then adding them up. So with Carbon for example: 98% of Carbon has a weight of 12. 2% of Carbon has a weight of 13. (0.98 * 12) + (0.02 * 13) = 12.02


Question: How does money actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does money actually work?

Money is nothing more than a physical representation of value. Nowadays, we think "how much is a piece of bread worth?" because we now associate Money with value. It is not. Money is NOT value. Money is how we REPRESENT value. What's the difference? Let's start from the beginning. At the beginning, we were tradings goods for goods. You want that pair of shoe? I'll take it for your 1 bag of grain. Want that leather jacket? I want a pallet of bricks. Worked fine for a while, but eventually, we reached a wall. Not everyone need a new pair of she every week. But the shoemaker need his food everyday. And how do you do when the doctor need a new knife, but the metalsmith isn't sick? Well first they simply decided to trade everything for grain. It's easy to produce, everyone needs it and it makes a nice middle ground, because you'll never receive something you have no use for. Worked well. Very well. But grain is fluctuating. A lot. One season you got too much food, and another not enough. Can you afford people not to eat so you can keep trading? No of course. But can you afford not to trade so people eat? probably not either. So they made money. A lot of condition to make a good source of money, but long story short, they chose gold, silver and copper pieces. Now you had a stable currency that would not change too much. It doesn't spoil, it's not eaten, and you know how much you've produced. But now you face a new problem: What if you produce more currency than there are goods? Well now you've got an issue. People that get to the store first buy everything, and others don't have anything. They have money but there is nothing left to buy. So what does the store owner do? He raises the price. Even if people don't want to buy at first, they'll have to when other store are empty. As a result, all store end up raising the price. Increasing the amount of money lead to an increase of prices. The funny thing is: The value of the product never changed. That pair of shoe didn't become more important. It just cost more money. Increasing the amount of money available decreased the value of the money. That is why thy don't print money carelessly. Because when you trade, you want an equivalent or greater amount of VALUE. But money is just a representation of said value. And that value per unit of money lower when there is more of that money available.