Question: - Why do our phones sometimes sort of twitch (buzz/flash for a millisecond), before a call actually comes in? What is happening in that moment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why do our phones sometimes sort of twitch (buzz/flash for a millisecond), before a call actually comes in? What is happening in that moment?

I'm pretty confident I've managed to dig up the answer to this, in most (all) processors you have deep sleep states. Where the actual current is cut off from the entire processor cores is effectively offline. This is really advantageous for battery usage, the CPU core is using no power, makes battery last longer. Once you actually power up a CPU core there's a minimum power state, which in my phone is like 576 MHz, 826 MHz. If it really has shit to do it can clock all the way up to 2.65 GHz. Most processors should be able to switch between power states on the millisecond level, it's really not that big a deal switching states. The problem is if you have one random app that wants to check for new LIMITED OFFERS, you don't want to wake up everything and process it immediately now, it's not important. Boosting a core up from sleep to 576 MHz, to run this for a split second then powering off is also huge waste. It's really a constant battle between the OS (Google) and Apps (developers). The OS wants to shut everything down and conserve battery, while TikTok just wants your location. In Android there's two big features meant to handle this, first one is Doze which will schedule maintenance windows for apps, where the phone will CPU will wake up and process all scheduled tasks (like check new notifications). The longer the phone has been idle the longer Doze waits before triggering maintenance windows, capping out at only checking every couple hours. > **During Doze** > > Apps aren't allowed network access. > > App wakelocks ignored. > > Alarm clock apps are limited to 1 wakeup every 15 minutes > > No Wi-Fi scans are done > > No data syncs are done > > If an app is specifically receiving an SMS messages it's temporary whitelisted and can complete it's processing > > **Exit Doze** > > User interaction with device > > Device movement > > Device screen turns on > > Imminent AlarmClock alarm There's lighter states of Doze that will also allow apps to access their priority push notification and network, still keep Wi-Fi, GPS scans alive. There's some machine learning power management feature that will try to place apps in different priority buckets. Developers don't have any control over what bucket their app ends up in and it depends on user usage patterns and how much they interact with the app. **Active apps**, currently being displayed on screen, started activity. No restrictions. **Working set,** "launched most days". There's restrictions like the OS can delay jobs for up to 2 hours, scheduled alarms can be deferred for up to 6 minutes. The OS will deal with it when it's convenient and can delay your alarm for up to 6 minutes if it just doesn't feel like waking up, or if there's one thing scheduled for 7:35 and this app wants to wake up 7:30, then that app can just wait. **Frequent/Rare,** these apps are things used maybe one a week or once every couple days. Jobs can be deferred up to 8 hours, Alarms can be delayed 30 minutes, they're limited to 10/5 high priority messages per day, while working apps have no high priority restrictions. High priority messages is the only thing that will actually give an app connectivity and processing resources exactly when the apps wants. An "Frequent" app can only do 10 of these per day, so if an app is trying to send you another push notification, or TikTok is trying to get your location for the 11th time, the OS will just tell the app to fuck off, the user just doesn't care enough about you for you to keep waking up the phone. So it's really not the apps receiving the messages, or waking up the screen. All the apps have told the OS "hey, if you get this kind of message, I really care about that, so please wake up and send it to me if you see something like this". This is the Android transport layer (ATL) for android and Apple Push Notification service (APNs) for iOS. And this is why it probably can buzz before anything happens, [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) > Notification message > > FCM automatically displays the message to end-user devices on behalf of the client app. Notification messages have a predefined set of user-visible keys and an optional data payload of custom key-value pairs. > > Data message > > Client app is responsible for processing data messages. Data messages have only custom key-value pairs with no reserved key names (see below). Automatic messages is handled by baseline OS process. The call app and everything have to wake up, check it's cached memory, while the CPU is also working on finishing all the scheduled jobs. Then once the app has connected to everything it can actually read the message and decide what to do about it. I guess it takes a couple milliseconds.


Question: What is a strangelet and why is it dangerous when it comes in contact with matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a strangelet and why is it dangerous when it comes in contact with matter?

A strangelet is a hypothetical particle that contains an equal number of up, down, and strange quarks. If it were to come into contact with regular matter it is theorized that it will turn it into strange matter. If this can happen then that matter will turn other matter into strange matter, ending all life on earth (if it were to happen on earth)


Question: Why does darker clothing turn orangish/yellowish when you get bleach on it and not white?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does darker clothing turn orangish/yellowish when you get bleach on it and not white?

Due to a process called "seperation of inks". You see, dark colours aren't composed of a single colour but are a composition of different dyes dissolved in specific proportions to achieve a desired colour. You can observe this phenomenon by drawing with a black marker/Sharpie and then pouring some spirit (alcohol,perfume etc.) on the drawing. Provided the paper is absobant enough, the ink will decompose into its composing dyes.


Question: What are petitions, how do they work and do they actually do something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are petitions, how do they work and do they actually do something?

Petitions are a form of lobbying law makers. You gather signatures within a region then use those signatures as a representative sample of the populace to make a claim that X subject needs to be addressed in Y manner by the legislature. In some places they are required by law to address the concerns of the petition if they get enough signatures, in others they can just ignore them completely.


Question: Why does someone yawning create a chain reaction of everyone else yawning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does someone yawning create a chain reaction of everyone else yawning?

Vsauce has a fantastic video on this. It's thought that yawning stretches facial muscles and promotes other muscles to stretch, keeping you alert. Making others yawn by doing this subconsciously reminds other members of the group to yawn and stay alert, keeping evereyone ready if there is danger


Question: How do you calculate the digits of Pi beyond what’s physically measurable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you calculate the digits of Pi beyond what’s physically measurable?

Pi is a mathematical constant defined in terms of abstract ideas like circles, so it can be derived through purely logical processes without relying on physical measurement at all. For example, with some calculus it's possible to prove that the series 1/1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 - 1/11 + 1/13 - ... converges to pi/4, so you can just compute this series to whatever extent you like, multiply the result by 4, and get something close to pi. This series actually converges extremely slowly, though. Other series have been found that are more complicated but converge significantly more quickly.


Question: How do pulleys make things lighter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do pulleys make things lighter?

Pulleys do not make things lighter Energy is expended in lifting a mass by a distance By using a system of pullies you reduce the movement distance that is travelled with each pull of the rope or chain or whatever The same mass is moved a smaller distance in each pull so less energy is expanded To move the object the same distance takes a number of pulls on the rope or chain The total energy expended is actually higher as the pulley system has an additional amount of friction that must be overcome


Question: How do birds that swim in cold water not get frost bite on their feet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do birds that swim in cold water not get frost bite on their feet?

Birds are warm-blooded animals like humans. Their exposed parts are heated with a constant flow of warm blood from the rest of the body. Also, the water in a half-frozen pond is at 0 °C which is not cold enough to cause frostbite.


Question: Why does the air above a fire look rippled/distorted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the air above a fire look rippled/distorted?

[When the air is heated, there is a change in density, which distorts the refractive angle of light. It's how mirage works in nature.]( URL_0 )


Question: how can you fill yourself up with salty food but then instantly eating sweet food feels like you opened a brand new stomach?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can you fill yourself up with salty food but then instantly eating sweet food feels like you opened a brand new stomach?

[This article ]( URL_0 ) discusses the phenomenon. It doesn't really explain why it happens. The article is based on research that confirms the phenomenon. A brief summary is: when you have eaten a food until you are satiated (full, satisfied), you will be "hungry" again if another appealing food is offered. It may be an evolutionary benefit to eat a food until full but be able to then eat another food type if it is found (eg hunter gatherers).


Question: How does rubbing your hand against a stainless steel remove smells?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does rubbing your hand against a stainless steel remove smells?

The theory is that the chromium oxide on the outside of the steel soap bonds with sulfur that is left on your hand by "smelly" items like garlic and onions. "Liquid soap" does not bond to sulfur to help remove it and instead uses fragrances to cover up smells. Now, I can't speak to whether it actually works through the stated mechanism. Anecdotally I can say that it does help - it does not fully remove the smell, but after washing my hands with soap, smelling them, then using stainless steel and smelling them again the remaining odor is greatly diminished.


Question: What is the point of asking for a digital signature when literally anyone could type any name?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the point of asking for a digital signature when literally anyone could type any name?

On real signatures anyone could write any name also. That’s not the point. The point is so that later you can’t argue that you didn’t understand when right next to the signature box it says “I have read and understand these terms”.


Question: How is digital money different from paper money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is digital money different from paper money?

Everything stays the same except you can't withdraw cash. The majority of money is digital already, and exists only in bank accounts.


Question: Is sperm actually alive. Does it constitute life or do we just use terms like 'alive' to understand it better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is sperm actually alive. Does it constitute life or do we just use terms like 'alive' to understand it better?

Sperm is alive in the same way that your blood cells are alive. I think you are mixing up being alive with being an organism. Sperm cells are not individual organisms, but they are still living cells.


Question: How does a calculator compute the square root of a number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a calculator compute the square root of a number?

You start with a guess as to what the square root actually is, and then you check. Then you improve your guess over time. So let's say the number is 55, and I guess 10. 55 / 10 is 5.5, which isn't equal to 10. The answer has to be between 5.5 and 10. My next guess will be the average between them: (5.5 + 10) / 2 = 7.75. Let's plug that in. 55 / 7.75 is 7.096 and change, so again, the true answer is somewhere in between. Our next guess is 7.423. Repeat that same thing again, and we get 7.416. 55 / 7.416 is...well, it's about .00039 off from 7.416, but we're only looking at the first three digits after the decimal place, so that's good enough. If we needed more accuracy, we could repeat this process as much as we want. Each time around, we get about twice as many correct digits.


Question: What are fractals and why are they so trippy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are fractals and why are they so trippy?

The term "fractal" doesn't really have a formal mathematical definition\*. The two most commonly-recognized traits of fractals are probably: * Structure that goes down infinitely deep and displays self-similarity, so that if you zoom in on a part of the fractal, even if you zoom in a *lot*, you still seem to be seeing the same sort of structure you saw originally. This can easily be seen with the [Koch snowflake]( URL_1 ), for example. * Construction that starts with a simple shape and iteratively transforms it so that it becomes more and more complex, as shown by the [construction of the Koch snowflake]( URL_0 ). So basically by definition you have an object which has a large amount of complex structure very much unlike familiar geometric objects (circles, polygons, etc.). This, and especially the self-similarity fractals have, leads to them being perceived as "trippy". \* Sometimes "an object with non-integer Hausdorff dimension" is given as the technical definition of a fractal, but this doesn't really capture everything that is commonly called a fractal. For example, the [dragon curve]( URL_2 ) and the [Sierpinski tetrahedron]( URL_3 ) both have a Hausdorff dimension of 2.


Question: Why is it that some parts of the ocean are clear as glass, some is really blue, and some is like cloudy green?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that some parts of the ocean are clear as glass, some is really blue, and some is like cloudy green?

The blue color of water is actually intrinsic to water molecules themselves. Vibrational transitions in the molecules have a weak absorption for red light, so the reflected light appears blue. Filtered/clear water will have a natural blue tint. It's very weak though, so there has to be a large volume for the blue color to be apparent. That's why oceans appear blue while a glass of water will appear clear. Keeping this in mind, the deeper the body of water, the stronger the blue color and the darker the water will appear. Bodies of water that do not appear blue have their natural color altered by things like sediment, algae, and micro organisms. These "impurities" can also cause the water to be cloudy as opposed to its natural clear state.


Question: Why is it that you can sleep at night for a full 8 hours and wake up just fine, but take an hour nap and be dried out beyond belief?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that you can sleep at night for a full 8 hours and wake up just fine, but take an hour nap and be dried out beyond belief?

Because everyone's body works according to an internal clock known as the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm controls at what part of the day your body releases certain hormones for sleep and for waking up. Sunlight also influences circadian rhythm. When you take a nap during the day that is not natural and puts your body out of whack.


Question: If the sun rises from the east and sets in the west, why is a south facing room the best for growing plants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sun rises from the east and sets in the west, why is a south facing room the best for growing plants?

Here in the northern hemisphere, south-facing windows get the most sun because of axial tilt. For most of the year, when the sun is at its highest point in our sky, it's actually off to the south a bit.


Question: Does headache relief medicine (e.g. Nurofen, Panadol, etc.) actually cure the headache, or does it simply relieve the pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does headache relief medicine (e.g. Nurofen, Panadol, etc.) actually cure the headache, or does it simply relieve the pain?

They just relieve the pain. Headaches come from various sources, like muscle tension or dehydration, and it's rarely possible to self-diagnose the source. It's much easier to take a general-purpose analgesic.


Question: What is the point of a pet deposit if you still have to pay for any damages, no matter how small?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the point of a pet deposit if you still have to pay for any damages, no matter how small?

Generally deposits are for covering damages if the tenant just fucks off and doesn't pay for the damages he caused.


Question: Many people have said electric cars have quick acceleration due to its "instant torque". What exactly does that mean and why can't petrol powered cars do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Many people have said electric cars have quick acceleration due to its "instant torque". What exactly does that mean and why can't petrol powered cars do it?

It's basically instant compared to an ICE (internal combustion engine) car. An ICE is basically an air pump. It needs incoming air to mix with the fuel, cause a bang, push down on the cylinder, rotate the crank, transfer to transmission, etc etc. That air is moving at a finite velocity. So when you hit the accelerator, you're letting more air into the engine. It doesn't instantly combust and create energy, it has to flow through the intake system before reaching the combustion chamber. It's really only fractions of a second, but you can feel the small delay. This can be more noticeable in a turbocharged car. They tend to have more of a "lag" than a naturally aspirated or supercharged engine. Also, a lot of people conflate an EVs "instant torque" sensation with it's powerband. An ICE engine has a minimum RPM it can operated at. Usually around 600-1000rpm. It's peak torque is usually around 1500-3000rpm. An electric motor makes torque from 0rpm. So that powerband + the really quick throttle response gives that "instant" sensation. Edit: Damn, Thanks /u/Gambit6x! That gift came out of nowhere. Cheers!


Question: When the body is exposed to a foreign molecule for the first time, how does the liver know how to metabolize said molecule?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When the body is exposed to a foreign molecule for the first time, how does the liver know how to metabolize said molecule?

Your liver doesn't "know" anything. It just produces a bunch of enzymes that are capable of a bunch of reactions at all times. If a molecule that happens to fit into one of them bumps into it, the reaction happens and the molecule is metabolized. It just so happens that there are a *lot* of different organic molecules that plants and animals make to try and poison each other, so our livers have standing defenses against a lot of them. Additionally, many enzymes work on broad "classes" of molecules, or on common sub-units of molecules. This makes them more flexible, so that a single enzyme can counter many similar threats.


Question: Can you make a brand new internet, like it would be completely empty with no data, no website no anything?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you make a brand new internet, like it would be completely empty with no data, no website no anything?

You certainly can. And in fact this is exactly what happens if you plug some computers into a router but don't connect that router to the public Internet — you just created your own tiny private Internet.


Question: How do they give 3D printed organs functionality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they give 3D printed organs functionality?

The organ printing is just a framework around which they can then grow the cells an "organ skeleton" if you will.


Question: Why can’t we just surgically remove/lipo all the unwanted or excess fat at once?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we just surgically remove/lipo all the unwanted or excess fat at once?

The easiest way to explain this is this: there's actually multiple types of fat, and they differ in how they're stored, as well as what it would take to remove them. Subcutaneous fat is, more or less, what people think of when they think of fat. It can be worked off through exercise, or it can be surgically removed relatively safely through medical procedures. What is NOT easily removed is fat that builds up surrounded the organs (visceral fat), which can not simply be suctioned off easily. A crucial thing to note, though, is that fluids are stored in fat. If you where to just suction off literally 400 pounds of fat, that would cause MASSIVE issues in the individual and their fluid levels, which would critically effect many major organs, namely the kidneys and heart. That's not to say that doctors can't suction off large amounts of fat; but there certainly is a percentage that they can. I personally do not know what that is (that gets medically complicated and needs numerous variables to be taken into consideration), but there is a limit. Hope that helped.


Question: How do beer koozies work and are they actually efficient in keeping beer cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do beer koozies work and are they actually efficient in keeping beer cold?

Beer koozies act like a barrier between a can/bottle and the outside temperature. It keeps the cold in and the warm out. It depends on what the koozie is made of, but yes, they are efficient


Question: Why are politicians still using a sign language translator instead of automatically adding subtitles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are politicians still using a sign language translator instead of automatically adding subtitles?

Sign language translators are faster and more accurate for live communications. Many deaf people interpret sign much faster than they read, making it more convenient for them.


Question: Why is it that so many people in the southern United States are so patriotic and all about America when the south wanted to secede from the union?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that so many people in the southern United States are so patriotic and all about America when the south wanted to secede from the union?

From my experience it's about the flag representing freedom. Technically the civil war was about, in the south's mind, government overreach. The issue at heart was a racial one that they were on the wrong side of, but not being told what to do is at the core of southern identity, for better and worse. Not to mention, many southern states also have high poverty rates, which then leads to increased military enrollment, which leads to increased patriotism. You could also roll into that a little xenophobia, which I don't mean judgmentally. Conservative values are typically skeptical of other cultures' ways of life (which bring diverging values, religious beliefs etc). The American flag and patriotism then represents an identity in contrast to those of whom they meet with skepticism.


Question: If protons repel each other, how do they all stay all together in the nucleus of an atom?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If protons repel each other, how do they all stay all together in the nucleus of an atom?

You have two competing forces here: there's electromagnetism, which tries to push the protons apart and there's the strong nuclear force which tries to hold them together. As the name would suggest, the strong force is much stronger, but only over short distances. Get too far away and it is almost impossible to see. Think of it this way. You have a T-Rex trying to compress a spring. The T-Rex is very strong but it has tiny little arms, so it can't reach very far. If the T-Rex can manage to grab the ends of the spring, it can force them together even though the spring really wants to extend. However, if the ends of the spring are too far apart, the T-Rex can't grab the ends and the spring extends like it wants to. This is also why heavier nuclei (like uranium) have more neutrons than protons versus light nuclei (like carbon), which tend to have about an equal number. Once the nucleus gets too big, the strong force can't really reach everything and starts to have a hard time competing with the electromagnetic force, so it will prefer lots of neutrons over protons.


Question: What is a political system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a political system?

It is when a group of people decide the rules about who is in charge, what they are allowed to do, and how new rules get made. Sometimes, there is one person in charge and they get to make whatever rules they want to. Other times there are lots of people in charge, and they get to make new rules if the others are okay with it. And very rarely, everyone is in charge and they get to vote about every rule that gets made.


Question: why do things go weird near the Bermuda Triangle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do things go weird near the Bermuda Triangle?

It's an area that happens to see a lot of ships and planes pass through due to its location. Just like a busy street in a city would see more accidents, there are more accidents in the triangle. "The vicinity of the Bermuda Triangle is amongst the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships frequently crossing through it for ports in the Americas, Europe and the Caribbean islands. Cruise ships and pleasure craft regularly sail through the region, and commercial and private aircraft routinely fly over it." URL_0


Question: What’s the difference between infant formula for 0-6 month olds and formula for 6-12 months old?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What’s the difference between infant formula for 0-6 month olds and formula for 6-12 months old?

It's essentially a marketing ploy and therefore depends on the manufacturer. There is a single set of FDA (or equivalent) requirements for infant formula, but the age-specific formulas may have differing amounts of vitamins, corn syrup, etc. It's perfectly fine to use newborn formula until 12 months (at which point babies should ideally be consuming family foods and have no need of formula, though they may still be breast fed). **Update**: here's some [medical advice]( URL_0 ) confirming this > Research shows that switching to follow-on formula at six months has no benefits for your baby. Your baby can carry on having first infant formula as their main drink until they are one year old.


Question: What makes some bodies of water around the world clear as swimming pools compared to the majority of water around the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes some bodies of water around the world clear as swimming pools compared to the majority of water around the world?

There's a pretty varied set of [indicators]( URL_0 ) that are used to characterize bodies of water. The main classifications are biological, chemical, and physical. In the simplest terms, though, clear water has less in it, as EspritFort suggested. Different bodies may have different levels of biodiversity, dissolved compounds, suspended solids, or activity. The size of any particulate also plays a role, with smaller particles being disrupted and dispersed more easily and settling more slowly.


Question: Since snakes can’t hear why do rattlesnakes know to rattle as a warning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since snakes can’t hear why do rattlesnakes know to rattle as a warning?

Just because they can’t hear it (though my snakes seem to be able to hear) doesn’t mean that it doesn’t still have an evolutionary advantage to rattle. It’s not something they learn—they’re born doing it.


Question: How do Atomic bombs work? Is it just one atom torn apart?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Atomic bombs work? Is it just one atom torn apart?

There's an ideal ratio of protons to neutrons for an atomic nucleus to be stable. Even when their protons and neutrons are at the right ratio, big atoms have a nucleus that is kind of wobbly and unstable to begin with. Over time those big atoms, left to their own devices, will tend to split into fragments. This is called *radioactivity*. Exactly what fragments an atom splits into depends on what kind of atom it is (which is determined by how many protons and neutrons were there in the first place). When a big atom gets hit by a neutron, an already-unstable atom has its proton-to-neutron ratio suddenly be "wrong." Which causes it to become extremely unstable and split into fragments almost instantly. A bunch of binding energy is released which causes the fragments to fly apart, like what happens when you cut a tight-stretched rubber band. How fast atoms are moving determines *temperature*, so when an atom is split, it creates heat as well as fragments. Leo Szilard, a Jewish physicist who left Germany when Hitler became chancellor, realized that if we could find some atom that splits into fragments that include multiple neutrons, you could create a *chain reaction*. In a chain reaction, one atom breaks and releases two neutrons, which breaks two more atoms, which releases four more neutrons, which breaks four more atoms, which releases eight neutrons...Szilard convinced other influential physicists, including Einstein, to advise the US government that this was possible and might be able to be used to create a powerful bomb. If you have only a small amount of the right kind of atom, the chain reaction can't get properly started -- too many neutrons escape off the edges of the sample. But once you have enough atoms -- a condition called *critical mass* -- the chain reaction will be able to sustain itself. If you're just over critical mass, the sample will start to heat up and get hotter and hotter until it melts itself and its container, this is called *meltdown* (the flow will eventually spread it out enough that it stops being critical and cools down, but before that it can cause lots of damage in places that are difficult / impossible to safely repair because of radioactivity). If you have way more than critical mass, then incredible amounts of heat and neutrons will be produced very quickly, which causes an enormous explosion. One use of this chain reaction phenomenon is to build a power plant: Use neutron absorbing rods which can be inserted/removed from a sample to keep it near critical mass, enough so that it heats up enough to boil water to create steam and generate power, but not to the point of meltdown. Another use is to build a bomb: Use regular explosives to smash two samples together to create a single sample far above critical mass, which will cause a very powerful explosion. The right kind of atom for this process, a kind of uranium, turns out to be fairly common all over Earth, but since it is unstable, a lot of it has split into fragments over the billions of years that have passed since it was formed. The remaining amounts of useful uranium are mixed with large amounts of useless uranium that doesn't release multiple neutrons. So the useful uranium needs to be separated from the useless uranium. Normally when scientists or engineers want to separate things, they will rely on different properties of the things they want to separate. For example, you can melt the sample and let the liquid settle into different layers (taking advantage of different liquid density). Or by making the sample hot enough for only one of the mixed things to boil away (taking advantage of different boiling points). Or by adding chemicals which react differently with the things they want to separate (taking advantage of different chemistry). But none of this works for uranium, because the two kinds of uranium are very similar and have almost identical properties. The best method they found for separating uranium involves vaporizing the uranium into gas and then spinning the gas really fast with a machine called a *gas centrifuge*. The two different kinds of atoms weigh different amounts, allowing the right kind of uranium to be separated and purified. This process is incredibly expensive and inefficient, which is a good thing. Hobbyists or terrorists can improvise regular bombs fairly easily, but can't feasibly build a nuclear bomb in their backyard. Even for a government, in the age of satellites it's not really feasible to hide the enormous facilities needed, so countries basically know which other countries can / are trying to build bombs, and can pressure each other not to create weapons.


Question: Why are there holes too deep for aircraft to fly over and at what height would it become irrelevant?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there holes too deep for aircraft to fly over and at what height would it become irrelevant?

You are likely referring to [Udachnaya Pipe]( URL_1 ) or [Mir]( URL_0 ), diamond-kimberlite open pit mines in northern Russia, which have an aircraft exclusion zones near them. This is because the large and steep hole the mine forms causes dangerous turbulence in the airspace around it. If a plane or helicopter got too close, the wind could make the craft tip or turn against the pilot's controls. There are other mines and pits in the world which are like this, but they are rare.


Question: Why is it easier to eat more food if it is delicious?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to eat more food if it is delicious?

Your brain decides non-tasty food is not food so it tries to get you to not eat it. It’s a survival mechanism.


Question: Do All Subatomic Particles Already Exist? and/or How Are They Created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do All Subatomic Particles Already Exist? and/or How Are They Created?

I'm just going to base my answer on the Standard Model. It's the theory in particle physics that explains three of the four fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions; it doesn't explain gravity), and also classifies all known elementary particles. Since it's theory, we need validation - this comes from testable predictions given by the theory, and experiments confirm these; amongst these would be well the presence of all the particles expected by the theory. By the use of particle accelerators, we've managed to find evidence of the existence of all but one particle (the missing particle being the graviton, the hypothetical particle that 'mediates' - i.e. carries out - the force of gravity). All particles that exist today are due to a small asymmetry when there were particles and antiparticles being created in the big bang - the imbalance was 1 in ~10 billion (by some estimates) and when the ~10 billion pairs of matter and anitmatter vanished, the resulting fraction left over, even though tremendously small, formed all the visible matter (particles, whatever) in our universe. That answers part of your question - all the particles exist (save the graviton whose existence we haven't confirmed), just in different bound states - e.g. protons are subatomic particles but are themselves comprised of smaller particles such as quarks and gluons), and all the particles/matter we have today is a result of an small symmetry being violated at the time of the Big Bang. The second part - can they be created? Due to conservation of energy you cannot just create matter that lasts. This is an important distinction I'll get to in a second. One way to create new particles is to smash together existing ones at massively high energies in particle accelerators, and hope that the spray of particles that comes out of the detector contains a few of the ones we want to observe/see. As for popping into being, this does occur but not the way you'd expect it to. In quantum mechanics, there's a thing known as the uncertainty principle - essentially it states that we cannot know the EXACT position and EXACT momentum of a particle - there is a limit to how accurately the two can be known. Furthermore, knowing one of them exactly means the uncertainty in the other is infinite. The principle also applies to energy and time (although this explanation I'm giving is hand-wavy since I'm trying to simplify it) - a consequence of this is the following. Say you had a system that's a vacuum, and you measured it for a short period of time (incredibly short period). The uncertainty in the time would be very very small, but due to the uncertainty relation, the uncertainty in energy would therefore have to be large - therefore for very short periods of time, pairs of virtual particles and virtual antiparticles could spontaneously form and then annihilate, causing vacuum fluctuations. (virtual essentially means that what we observe has the properties of ordinary particles and antiparticles, but the existence time of these are very short due to the uncertainty principle). I understand that this goes a bit beyond ELI5 but I hope it helps. If anyone finds mistakes in this please let me know and I will correct them accordingly, I'm only an undergrad student and not very good at physics so I might have fudged up a bit.


Question: How does investing work and make you money?

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Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does investing work and make you money?

Depends on the type of investment. I could invest in someone's business by literally just giving the owner cash. There are many ways to structure a deal like this. If a company is worth $400,000, I could say "I'll give you $100,000 and in exchange I own 25% of the company". Then if the company grows and several years down the road the company is worth $4,000,000, I could sell my 25% ownership for $1,000,000. A $900,000 profit. I could also offer to give the owner's $100,000 and in exchange I get x% of profits or $x per unit sold forever. I could even offer it as a personal loan such as "I'll give you $100,000 today, but every year for the next 15 years you owe me $10,000." You can mix and match any of the above to create any plan that both parties agree is fair. If a company is publicly traded I could invest in the company by purchasing stock. This is essentially the same as purchasing ownership in the company. If a company has 100 shares on the market and I buy 1 share, I own 1% of the company. If I keep my shares I will get paid a dividend every quarter based on the profits of the company and the number of shares I own. If the stock price goes up I could sell my shares and make a direct profit on the difference. If a buy a share for $10, hold on to it for 5 years earning $1 per year in dividends and then sell the shares $20 I will have made $5 off dividends and $10 off the share increase for a total profit of $15. You can also buy bonds, which are essentially low interest personal loans. You can buy bonds from government entities like your City or State or even the Federal Reserve. You can also buy bonds from companies. Bond interest rates are typically very low and are generally the last stage of investment for someone near retirement as the risk of losing your money is near zero. I could buy a $100 bond from my city government which they will then use to build a new park. The city will then pay me something like 25 cents per year I keep the bond. When I decide I want my money back I sell the bond and the city pays me back with interest. So If I wait 4 years before calling in my bond the city will pay me $101 for my $100 bond.


Question: Why do products go up in price (as a percentage) faster than wages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do products go up in price (as a percentage) faster than wages?

In this case, you aren't exactly comparing apples to apples. Sure, the median home price is about 2x what is was in 1950 (inflation adjusted) but the median home _size_ is also about 2x _larger_ than it was in 1950 - [source]( URL_0 ). If you went and found a home that was only 950sqft, you might be able to get it significantly cheaper.


Question: Can companies still own armies like the East India Company did?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can companies still own armies like the East India Company did?

The local law enforcement that has jurisdiction would probably not look very well upon McDonalds private military company if they were brandishing weapons at citizens. If they didn't have heavy weaponry then it's possible that they could be looked at as simple private security enforcing the company mask policy in that circumstance, as long as they followed all applicable local laws. Could they take over a country? I mean, not legally, but really... you can do whatever you want if you have enough weapons and no one is willing to stop you.


Question: If an independent game studio goes under, who/which company owns the intellectual properties?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If an independent game studio goes under, who/which company owns the intellectual properties?

When a company shuts down, it generally sells all its assets off to recoup as much money as possible. That includes whatever copyrights and other intellectual property it might own. So the rights are owned by whoever bought them when the company shut down. This is how you get things like the Atari brand being owned by various companies over the years.


Question: Why would a 45g bar of chocolate cost 80p (cents) but a 300g cost £1 (dollar)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would a 45g bar of chocolate cost 80p (cents) but a 300g cost £1 (dollar)?

Because more of their costs reside in the packaging and distribution than in the chocolate itself. Think about buying sand in giant 200 pound bags or individually wrapped grains, how do you think the price would change per pound?


Question: How do people develop eating disorders?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people develop eating disorders?

Some people feel comfort from eating and, in times of stress, develop a kind of addiction where they must constantly eat to stay comfortable and happy. & #x200B; On the other hand, some people see themselves as overweight and will do everything they can to not eat, or just vomit up the food (bulimia). & #x200B; These are obviously extreme examples and I am nowhere near qualified to go into more detail, but essentially it works like an addiction to help the victim feel more comfortable.


Question: Why do animals (humans included) tilt their heads when confused?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do animals (humans included) tilt their heads when confused?

I believe it's simply a learned behaviour. Monkey see, monkey do...Just like other facial expressions like smiling, shock, disgust or gestures like holding your hands up to be picked up as a child...this nonverbal language persists even with the elderly who can no longer talk or express themselves. Rather amazing the conditioning of our minds...


Question: what are the effects of salty ocean water on wounds? Is it ok to swim with open wounds, or should you cover them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are the effects of salty ocean water on wounds? Is it ok to swim with open wounds, or should you cover them?

It's not so much the salt that would cause problems. It's the other things in the water that could. It depends how healed it is and how large/deep the wound is. In general I'd advise against it. But if you're talking about a little scratch, then you'll be fine (or... May be fine).


Question: My roommate had a Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy. How is he losing weight so fast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 My roommate had a Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy. How is he losing weight so fast?

> 19lbs can’t disappear into thin air, right? Actually when you burn fat it turns into H2O and CO2 so a lot of the actually mass really does disappear into thin air when you exhale CO2


Question: How does whatsapp make money without ads and free services?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does whatsapp make money without ads and free services?

It's owned by Facebook. They get more than enough money from there. It most likely also collects and sells your data.


Question: Why is it that if I remove myself from a cold pool, the air always feels colder even though the temperature outside the pool is significantly hotter than the pool itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that if I remove myself from a cold pool, the air always feels colder even though the temperature outside the pool is significantly hotter than the pool itself?

Your skin is wet. The water is evaporating. To evaporate it must take heat. It takes it from you.


Question: Viagra and alcohol are both vaso-dilators so how come they have opposing effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Viagra and alcohol are both vaso-dilators so how come they have opposing effects?

Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. Even though it does have some vasodilating effect, the suppression of your CNS is much more pronounced. You need your brain to tell your little buddy it's time to go, alcohol makes this more difficult.


Question: Why do phone cameras (for example) make close objects appear much further than they really are when compared to the naked eye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do phone cameras (for example) make close objects appear much further than they really are when compared to the naked eye?

There is a principle in photography called "compression". Why I cannot explain the actual physics of the situation, I can explain the end result. The wider a focal length of a lens the less compression. The more telephoto the focal length the more compression. The focal length of a cell phone camera is quite wide leading to a shrinking effect in the compression (approx 4.2mm depending on the iPhone you have). A 50mm lens is considered to be approximately "normal" to vision. Meaning that the compression level is about what we see with the naked eye. A longer lens, 100mm for instance will have greater compression. This means objects in the back ground of the subject will appear even larger than they do IRL. PS. All of this assumes a camera sensor size of approximately 35mms or using 35mm film. Therefore the cell phone camera lens of 4.2mm is approx 28mm equivalent.


Question: Which part of the brain controls your decision making over your animal instincts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Which part of the brain controls your decision making over your animal instincts?

Yes! Your frontal lobe is probably what you're talking about. It's the part of your brain that, in addition to other things, is responsible for executive functions. Executive functions are impulse control, planning and prediction, regulating emotion, logic, etc. We think it's basically what let's you override short term gratification, instincts, or even habits in order to achieve a long term goal. It's what allows you to suppress anger when you logically know that it won't help deescalate the situation. Its the part of your brain that predicts the possible potential consequences of an action and understands how others might react. It's what decides whether or not fear is really justified and logical - its why you can find haunted houses enjoyable instead of sucker punching the first chainsaw massacre-ist to jump out at you.


Question: When do people go Bankrupt? How does it work? Do banks receive any benefits whatsoever? And when is it good idea or just questionable and considerable.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When do people go Bankrupt? How does it work? Do banks receive any benefits whatsoever? And when is it good idea or just questionable and considerable.

Banks can use it as a tax write off. The person filling gets legal protections from further action by the banks and debt collectors but it stays on their credit report for ten years.


Question: Can anyone launch a satellite? Or are there laws claiming space territory?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can anyone launch a satellite? Or are there laws claiming space territory?

Per the [Outer Space Treaty]( URL_0 ) of 1967, governments cannot stake a claim to territory in space—so yes, space is indeed borderless. However, to get to outer space, Spacex's rockets first have to pass through the airspace directly above the US, which the Federal Aviation Administration *does* have jurisdiction over, thus requiring their approval.


Question: Why is it that spicy condiments like sriracha and brown mustard are at their full spiciness when you first open the bottle but, over time, they lose their punch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that spicy condiments like sriracha and brown mustard are at their full spiciness when you first open the bottle but, over time, they lose their punch?

capsaicin and sinigrin, the spicy components in chilis and mustards respectively, can oxidize when exposed to oxygen and lose some of their spice. edit: for a little more detail, capsaicin binds to very specific neuronal receptors in the body that are related to pain and heat. When the capsaicin molecule binds, it acts like a key opening a lock. The action of opening the lock causes your brain to experience it as heat or pain, because that is the specific type of lock (receptor) being opened (activated). When the capsaicin molecule is exposed to excess oxygen molecules for extended periods of time, its structure can change, thus the "key" may no longer fit into the "lock" and you experience less pain/heat.


Question: If you're not supposed to mix conventional and synthetic motor oil, how do they separate it when you recycle it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you're not supposed to mix conventional and synthetic motor oil, how do they separate it when you recycle it?

The only reason you don't mix them is because then you're not really getting the benefits from the synthetic (and so you're wasting money). URL_0 URL_2 URL_1 There's nothing dangerous about mixing the two. That's a myth. Many synthetic oils are a mix of conventional oils anyway


Question: What exactly happens during a magnetic pole shift?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly happens during a magnetic pole shift?

The magnetic field of Earth will (slowly on our time frame) break up into smaller fields each with their own north and south pole, then coalesce into a single large magnetic field with the poles in the opposite orientation to how they are now. That.. is pretty much it. Sorry, no apocalypse.


Question: If someone was found not guilty of killing several people but later came out and admitted to the murders, why couldn’t he/she be recharged and retried?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If someone was found not guilty of killing several people but later came out and admitted to the murders, why couldn’t he/she be recharged and retried?

The fifth amendment says that you can't be retried for a crime again after being punished or acquitted (the legal term is "double jeopardy"). That said if they had decided to drop any of the original cases due to lack of evidence, there was a mistrial, or your admission involved other crimes that you weren't necessarily being tried for the first time around they could still nail you for those even if they couldn't get you for the original crimes you were found innocent of. As for "why" a big reason is to prevent the government from bringing you to court again and again until you either run out of money or they manage to convict you.