Question: What exactly is happening when a price on Amazon says ( $14.50 - $1750.00 ) ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is happening when a price on Amazon says ( $14.50 - $1750.00 ) ?

I think it’s the used items that people can put their own prices on. And they can put some ridiculous prices on them.


Question: Texans were charged billions of dollars more for electricity during the blackouts. Where is that money going?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Texans were charged billions of dollars more for electricity during the blackouts. Where is that money going?

Primarily energy producers who raised their rates to the maximum they could get when supply was far outstripped by demand


Question: how does games make money without showing ad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does games make money without showing ad?

In game items sell far more than anything else. The largest game company in the world, EA, as of 2018 made 34% of its entire yearly revenue from only in game purchases in FIFA Alone


Question: How does Nagel's Algorithm work, and why does it help lowering the latency while playing real time online video games like League of Legends, DOTA and Rainbow Six Siege?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Nagel's Algorithm work, and why does it help lowering the latency while playing real time online video games like League of Legends, DOTA and Rainbow Six Siege?

Nagle's Algorithm works by sending fewer but larger packets instead of flooding the system with small packets over a TCP connection. It's like filling a city with cars vs buses. When everyone has a car people can leave point A whenever they are ready but they move around the city at a slower pace because there's a *lot* of cars on the road. If you instead outlaw cars and only allow buses, people may have to wait around a little bit to leave from point A, but there's fewer vehicles on the road so those vehicles can move around a lot more smoothly. However, most real-time online games, LoL included (I didn't look into the others you named), use UDP which has significantly lower overhead and is preferred when packets are time-sensitive. As such, most real-time online games *do not* use TCP or Nagle's Algorithm.


Question: Why is broken glass not recyclable when in the recycling process, it is crushed into cullet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is broken glass not recyclable when in the recycling process, it is crushed into cullet?

Short answer, it is. Long answer, it is recyclable, just people don't want to touch it. Picking through recyclables(cardboard, glass, metal, cans, boxes, bathwater) is difficult and time consuming. The material it self is reformed through the manufacturing process, not the recycling process. All in all its a load of shit companies tell you to not break bottles. Its just harder to grab a little sliver of glass than a whole bottle.


Question: Why do North American nations display prices in stores without tax?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do North American nations display prices in stores without tax?

Taxes vary from state to state. If shops should display incl. taxes, then things would look like they cost more in one store in a chain than another. Shops argue that it's inordinately cumbersome to display them with taxes. Most parts of EU have the same tax across the whole country, making it easier to display prices incl. tax. Hope this helps.


Question: Why is raw egg white okay to drink in fancy cocktails but considered dangerous when eating raw cookie dough?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is raw egg white okay to drink in fancy cocktails but considered dangerous when eating raw cookie dough?

They put that on cookie dough containers so that those companies aren't liable if you get sick. But, in general, raw egg is pretty safe in moderation. The uncooked flour in the dough is probably more dangerous than the egg. I make ice cream using raw egg all the time. Mayonnaise is also made with raw egg, if you make it at home.


Question: How are thatched roofs waterproof?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are thatched roofs waterproof?

> all that water must soak into it and drop through eventually, right? *Eventually* can take a long time. You just have to lay the thatch right, and thick enough, and it's longer than any rainstorm.


Question: Can someone explain what people mean by “ticks” when they talk about computers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain what people mean by “ticks” when they talk about computers?

It's often a simulation term. Is you have a game or a simulation, processing can't be continuous, but update rates are variable to maximize response speed. The generic term for the time between frames is a tick. The tick size may need to vary, to maintain real time execution, but this way none of the other code has to change.


Question: Why are the front and back cameras on smartphones not the same to begin with? Why do they need to differ in quality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the front and back cameras on smartphones not the same to begin with? Why do they need to differ in quality?

cost and size. if all other variables remain constant, a bigger lens allows for better photos, as well as a bigger image sensor (the light sensing chip behind the lens). since they’re intended for different things, they just use different cameras. smaller cameras are also better at taking pictures of things closer to themselves (like a selfie)


Question: If nobody emigrated anywhere for the rest of time, would people in North America become more Native American looking, people in Europe become more "European" looking, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If nobody emigrated anywhere for the rest of time, would people in North America become more Native American looking, people in Europe become more "European" looking, etc?

Quite possibly. History has several examples of this happening. For example, Australian Aborigines look *very* different from most other people. For another example, Europeans (and their descendants) with their pale coloring look *very* different from nearly all other people (with their brown coloring).


Question: How do clothing retailers operate and profit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do clothing retailers operate and profit?

No they sell them at 400% price and then mark it down as 75% off so people buy them. And if someone like it so much they buy it at 400%? That's even better


Question: On what basis are stores able to request that customers all leave their bags with staff at the counter? what happens if it gets stolen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On what basis are stores able to request that customers all leave their bags with staff at the counter? what happens if it gets stolen?

I was at a used bookstore and a customer got very upset because his bookbag got stolen under watch by staff. He said that the staff should have yelled "Thief!" and tried to stop the person from taking his bag. The customer was initially approached by bookstore staff who asked him to leave his bag at the counter. The store also has signs stating "Leave bags at counter" but I ignored it as I saw other people with bags too. He said he will contact the store owner who now owes him a new bag plus value of all the stuff he lost inside such as ID and other possessions. He demanded to know if the cashier has a security license, which the staff did not answer. He quietly said "I don't want to have this conversation", and the customer who got his bag stolen angrily stormed out, saying he will complain to the owner. I had my backpack on and wasn't approached by staff to leave the bag at the counter for whatever reason. I thought of voluntarily leaving my bag there as a good customer, but then decided I didn't need to since I was going to leave soon anyways. After the theft just occured in the store , I was glad that I didn't leave anything with them and quickly left.


Question: what is globalism and how is it different from globalization?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is globalism and how is it different from globalization?

Globalism is the overall interconnectedness of the world (and politically, the idea that this interconnectedness exists). Globalization is the rate at which this interconnectedness is progressing. I was going to write more, but this is ELI5.


Question: Why does water damage circuits, but Alcohol does not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water damage circuits, but Alcohol does not?

Alcohol evaporates quickly. Water will stay for longer and a drop you miss while drying it can cause a short circuit when turning it back on.


Question: Why do we need to click 'eject' before removing a USB stick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need to click 'eject' before removing a USB stick?

Ultimately it's the same reason you're supposed to turn the computer off by selecting "Shut down" and letting it do this itself rather than just pulling out the power cable. Except it's specific to the USB stick rather than the whole computer. When you copy or delete files on a disk there's a lot of administrative work that goes into it. The space on the disk is marked as "used" or "free". The file listings is updated to add or delete your file. The file itself has metadata like the date+time it was created and modified. And of course there's the file data itself. All this data is in different positions on the disk and must be updated, one at a time, because that's how the data is organized. Interrupting the disk by unplugging it or turning the computer off in the middle of the sequence leaves the data inconsistent and will cause problems. When you "safely" eject the disk Windows finishes up all the work and actually removes the drive from the disk listing, ensuring there's no more modifications being done and ensuring that there's no half-finished work when the disk is removed.


Question: how do speakers play more than 1 sounds (like 2 voices and music overlap) at once?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do speakers play more than 1 sounds (like 2 voices and music overlap) at once?

All sounds are made up of waves, and if you add waves together, you get a single wave that incorporates everything that made up the constituent waves.


Question: Why is it disproportionately men who seem to hate on Greta Thunberg and what is it that makes so many people hate her?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it disproportionately men who seem to hate on Greta Thunberg and what is it that makes so many people hate her?

Two words - “toxic masculinity”. They can’t handle the fact that “some teenage girl” is telling them that they shouldn’t drive their big, jacked up, coal rolling diesel trucks. And there’s probably a non-trivial number of bots/post farms that are funded by fossil fuel companies whose sole purpose is to shit on her because she’s fucking up their cash flow.


Question: What exactly is 'Critical Race Theory'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is 'Critical Race Theory'?

Okay my thesis was actually on critical race theory (specifically as one of three theoretical lens used to analyze the issue of mass incarceration) and I'm literally always looking for an excuse to talk about it. I'm gonna try and explain this as accurately as I can with as little jargon as possible, so please bear with me here. Critical race theory is a way of analyzing society, same as other sociological theories. It's a framework that can help people find patterns and make sense of the world and large scale occurrences. This particular theory comes partly from critical legal studies, a popular strain of thought in the early 1980's that essentially challenged the idea that criminal law and politics were separate from one another. This aspect of critical legal studies can still be found in critical race theory. Critical race theory has been developed by many different theorists, which others have noted here results in wildly different interpretations of it, but there are several core tenets that they all agree on: 1. Racism is normalized and a part of everyday life. 2. White supremacy is maintained through ignoring racism and its pervasiveness, and the most overt instances of racial discrimination that cannot be brushed aside are treated with colorblind solutions that do not provide deep systemic change. 3. While many whites suffer due to their class position and other potential circumstances, their race is not a factor in their struggles; in fact, all white people to one degree or another benefit from white supremacy, which results in a vast majority that has no desire to change how society works. 4. Most importantly, critical race theorists acknowledge that race is a social construct. There are no biological or genetic differences separating people into race, not in intelligence, morality, personality, or any other way. Race is a social category, and these categories are used as needed and disposed of when they are no longer useful (we don't see many octoroons these days, do we?). That's the long and short of it. Based on historic evidence, theorists have noticed patterns described above. So to use critical race theory, you look at an issue and go "assuming these concepts are true, how then can we explain this specific social phenomenon?" That's literally all it is.


Question: Why do fuzzy radio signals become a lot clearer when stand in front of or grab the end of the antenna in you hand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do fuzzy radio signals become a lot clearer when stand in front of or grab the end of the antenna in you hand?

While standing near the radio you are messing with something called multipath fading. Radio signals bounce, they bounce around inside your room, off walls etc. These Various reflections combine at the receiver, and depending on their phase the result can be amplification or dampening. (See answer by captain-carrot for a good explanation of this) It's also worth mentioning that with an FM radio source around 100MHz you as a human are about half a wavelength tall. This means that the human body is very effective at changing the 'multipath'. (The why is probably too complex for Eli5) The result of all this is that a bounce off you will almost always have a notable effect on reception Physically touching the antenna is a different phenomenon, you become an aerial extension Owners of older models of TV with set-top antenna will be familiar with both of these in action


Question: What exactly is horsepower and torque, and why is it measured by ft/lb of torque?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is horsepower and torque, and why is it measured by ft/lb of torque?

A horsepower is a unit for measuring the rate work is being done. Torque is a measure of the moment (radial force) being exerted. 1 ft-lb is equivalent to 1 pound being applied tangentially at a radius of 1 foot from the rotating shaft.


Question: How much clean, drinkable water is left on Earth and what is being done to combat an eventual shortage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How much clean, drinkable water is left on Earth and what is being done to combat an eventual shortage?

Clean drinking water is not a global issue, however it is a bunch of local issues. The amount of clean drinking water available is only affecting the local water systems. So it does not make sense to measure how much clean drinking water is available in Switzerland when you are looking at the water levels in the US. And secondly clean drinking water is a renewable resource that replenishes fairly often. The problem is therefore not that we have a lack of clean drinking water but that the clean drinking water does not reach the people who need it but is instead used for other things along the way.


Question: Why are many tiny countries so rich?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are many tiny countries so rich?

Starting in the late 1800's and continuing through the present, Western European countries followed a theory of political legitimacy that prioritized legitimacy. That is, lets say its the year 1890 and you're the government of France. Sitting on your border is a city that is ruled by a prince. This city is ethnically and linguistically unique, and has been ruled by this prince's family for the past 500 years. Ideologically, your government would be considered "evil" if you tried to interfere with that prince's rule over his city, even if the prince himself was engaging in immoral acts. Small European countries took advantage of this ideological system to do just that - they engaged in acts that were profitable, but which larger countries viewed as being immoral enough to outlaw. For example, Monaco legalized gambling, prostitution, and drugs at a time when all 3 of those things were viewed as being horrendously evil by the rest of Europe. Switzerland literally advertised itself as having a banking system that was setup to aid the citizens of other European countries commit tax evasion and other financial crimes. They also advertised themselves as being a safe haven where Jews living under Nazi rule could store assets until WWII was over. Then when WWII ended they quite literally stole everything that those Jews had deposited with them. Which, again, they were quite open about. Oh, and they also served as a bank for the Nazi government, allowing the Nazi's to store large quantities of stolen goods gained during their conquest of Europe. Then when the Nazi regime fell Switzerland stole most of what the Nazi's had stored with them (except for what the Nazi's stole from France - they gave that stuff back). And they played that exact same game over and over again during the Cold War, though usually with money looted by dictators in the third world. The only thing that stopped Switzerland was that the US threatened to blacklist the entire country from the world's financial system in the late 1990's. And that only stopped them in regards to how they treat the US and US citizens, the government still semi-openly endorses its banking system being used to facilitate financial crimes that don't target the US. Lichtenstein served as Switzerland's accounting firm for all of the financial crimes that the country has and is committing. -------------------- In Asia small countries tend to be wealthy because the serve as a link between two big countries that otherwise can't interact. For example, Hong Kong is wealthy because the Chinese government won't let its banking system interact with the banking systems in the rest of the world. It will, however, allow a limited amount of interaction between its banking system and Hong Kong's. Hong Kong's banking system then interacts with the rest of the world's banking system, allowing it to function as a sort of economic link between China and everyone else.


Question: What would happen if you divide zero by zero?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if you divide zero by zero?

As GMOsYMMV, in math we would say that zero divided by zero is undefined; that is, there is not an answer. The reason why is rather simple. Let us first consider dividing by zero in general. If one attempts to do so, they run into a problem. Algebra tells us that if you do a mathematical operation (adding, dividing, etc.), you should be able to "undo" that by doing the opposite operation (subtracting, multiplying, etc.). Let's try that with zero, assuming that the answer is some number x: 5/0 = x Using algebra, we multiply both sides by zero: 5=0*x This is where we run into a problem. Anything times zero is zero, so x is some crazy number that should not exist. Now, let's make it worse by dividing zero by zero. It would initially appear that doing this does not violate any laws of math if we do what we did above: 0/0 = 0 0=0*0 But there is still a problem with this. Earlier we said anything time zero is zero. So that must mean that this expression is true: 0*2=0 Let's pretend that this equation is valid if we divided both sides by zero. Therefore, 0/0 = 2 There's a problem with this though: what if we use a different number besides two? 0*3=0 0/0=3 If 0/0 is equal to two and three, then: 2=3 Which is complete nonsense. This is the reason why zero divided by zero is undefined; it is the place where our ideas of math breaks down and doesn't make sense. Hope this helps!


Question: Are types of rock unique to Earth, or would we find the exact same rocks on other planets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are types of rock unique to Earth, or would we find the exact same rocks on other planets?

Unique. Igneous rock could be similar if the same elemental distribution exists on the alien planet, in terms of mantle and crust. The metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are entirely dependent on the non-rock factors at play on that planet. Moisture levels, wind speeds, temperatures, pressures, pH of water, etc. All of those processes that form metamorphic and sedimentary rocks result in a specific type and appearance here. Different planets may have different erosion mechanics or gravity levels, and that'll change the rock formations. Marble is made from limestone through metamorphic processes. A different planet may favor that process and you'd see a lot less limestone and a lot more marble.


Question: What is an imaginary number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an imaginary number?

I'll start from a bit far away. Historically, the first numbers in use were natural numbers. We needed them to state the amount of things - three cows, five enemies, eight days. Turns out, the naturals are nice in a certain way - if you add or multiply two natural numbers, you get another of the same kind (in formal terminology, naturals are closed under these operations). However, it is not the case for other operations. Next natural operation to want closure in is subtraction. If we have food for five days and we're going on a three day trip, we're fine. But if we go for eight day trip, we want to express the '-3 days' without having to convert the thing we talk about in the answer (from we have X day surplus to lack of food for X days). So of course, we get integers. Now we can subtract without having to invent any extra numbers. We also added zero (as we need to define what 1-1 is) but this causes some complications later. Next up - division. We obtain rational numbers - all of those are of form p/q, where p is integer and q - natural number. Note we forbid 0, and at this point "what is 2/0?" earns you a smack on the head. Don't even dare to ask how much is 0/0. Otherwise, our system is very neat - we can add, subtract, multiply or divide without needing anything else. This was all fine and cool until someone in ancient Greece proved that if we pick a square of side length 1, the diagonal is, in fact, not expressible as a fraction. This caused a lot of anger and concern, but pushed us towards real numbers. Without going too much into detail, we wanted to have limits - if we have any sequence of rationals that get closer together as we go along the sequence (take for example 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, ... - the numbers are going to 0, so that is the limit) - we want the limiting point to be an actual number. In rationals, the sequence 3, 3.1, 3.14, 3.14159, ... has no limit - it keeps jumping on rational numbers, but for any particular rational as we go along the sequence either we eventually are always above it, or always below - since our rational isn't pi. The reals are our solution. We don't explain a lot - we just say - if we have a sequence of rational numbers, and it tends to a limit, the limit is a real number. Luckily, if we have a sequence of real numbers tending to a limit, the limit is already a real number, so that's not an issue. We still don't divide by 0. This is where it stops for most daily life purposes, and you rarely need more outside more technical sciences. --------------------- So, finally we get to the question. With reals, we have defined sqrt(2). Can we define sqrt(-1)? not quite - a square of a number is non-negative. Or a broader problem: suppose I'm given a quadratic, with roots a and b; then I can write it as (x-a)(x-b). If it has one root, it is of form (x-a)(x-a), i.e., the root is repeated twice. But if it has no roots, we're stuck. Same applies to higher degrees - whenever there is a root we can factor it out, but there's no good sense of how many roots we get. This is what the complex numbers solve. We define i = sqrt(-1). That's it. Naturally, we still want division/addition/etc. to work - so in the end complex, or imaginary numbers are all those of form a+bi, with a,b reals. Turns out, this is bloody convenient - not only all the stuff from reals works as expected, but also any polynomial of n-th degree now factorises into n things of form (x-z), where z are the roots of it. n-th degree polynomial actually always has n roots (although some may be repeated)! There are many other convenient things about the complex numbers, and in a reasonable sense they're the well-defined set we hardly ever have to step out of. ---------- There are more generalisations of complex numbers. E.g. - Riemann's sphere. If you can imagine reals as a line, complex numbers are a 2D plane. if we imagine a sphere on this plane, and 'wrap' it up with the plane, you find that most reaosnable ways to wrap leave a single point - the one at the very top - open. We call that point 'infinity' and plug it in. Bingo - we have extended complex plane, where 2/0 is infinity, 5/inf = 0 and life is more or less good. It allows for even more operations, and we no longer have to lament about how 1/x is 'breaks' at 0, because now it is continuous. There are also cool things like sine/cosine being related to exponent - in fact, if you take the graph of sine and rotate it by 90 degrees in the complex plane, you get a graph of sinh = e^x + e^-x / 2, which leads to a damn lot of cool properties relating the trigonometry operations and those of exponentials. Another issue is the famous formula e^i*pi + 1 = 0. This implies e^i*2pi = 1 = e^0, so if we wanted a logarithm of a complex number, and we got a valid answer, adding 2 pi to it remains a valid answer, and in general we logarithm is no longer well defined. This goes into complex manifold territory, but I'm afraid I'm not qualified to talk about that part. ------ So yeah, in short: imaginary, or complex number, is of form a+bi, where i is a specific number/thing such that i^2 = -1. This makes many things work more intuitively in the complex plane that don't quite work with our usual, real, numbers, so it's loved by mathematicians and other related sciences.


Question: Why does your mouth get dry and your hands shake when you're nervous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your mouth get dry and your hands shake when you're nervous?

Your hands shake because of adrenaline. Pumped out by yer adrenal glands atop The kidney. It's getting you primed for "fight or flight." The dry mouth I'd imagine was due to this as well, but, that part of the question I'm clueless to.


Question: Why can you leave a raw potato out of the fridge without spoiling but not a cooked/boiled one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you leave a raw potato out of the fridge without spoiling but not a cooked/boiled one?

First, a raw potato outside of the fridge absolutely will spoil, especially if the weather is warm and humid. There’s no feeling quite like clearing out the cabinet, looking for whatever’s making that horrible smell, and having your hand go *into* a rotten potato. It takes less time for a cooked potato to spoil because cooking the potato turns starches into sugars, which are more hospitable to bacteria and fungi, and also often involves piercing the potato’s skin, which helps protect the potato from said bacteria and fungi.


Question: how do plants survive so long in pots? Doesn't the soil run out of nutrients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do plants survive so long in pots? Doesn't the soil run out of nutrients?

Soil biologist here: Yes, the soil does run out of nutrients eventually. As the plant runs out of room in the pot, and as nutrients start to run out, the plant will simply not grow as much, lowering its energy demand. But the plant still needs some small amount of nutrients to sustain itself, even if it's not actively growing - so eventually the plant will die if the soil nutrients aren't replenished. This can be done with occasional additions of new soil or fertilizer. This is also why so much emphasis is placed on the soil microbiome (bacteria and fungi). The soil microbes can break down organic matter in the soil to provide new nutrients to the plant, extending the length of time that the plant can survive in that soil. The soil microbiome is really the reason most plants in nature can survive so long and why the soil (in a forest, for instance) doesn't run out of nutrients for plant growth. Edit: as a disclaimer, my research focuses on soil microbes and how they cycle nutrients and associate with plants out in the wild. I'm not much of a gardener myself, so if you have questions about how to help your plants thrive, I recommend heading over to r/gardening or r/houseplants to get advice!


Question: why does your skin turn white when you scratch it without breaking skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does your skin turn white when you scratch it without breaking skin?

You are breaking skin. Just the outermost layer of dead skin cells, so no blood is drawn. Those broken skin cells refract the light shining through them, eventually reflecting light out in various directions, creating a white color as a result.


Question: Why do we sometimes get multiple captchas (sometimes even "infinite" to the point where you simply quit) and other times only one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we sometimes get multiple captchas (sometimes even "infinite" to the point where you simply quit) and other times only one?

If the website has extra spam protection system that consults the spam database and the IP of your pc is toxic and listed in those databases it ll keep on showing you the captcha even if you solve it correctly. this happens alot with dynamic ips as they are usually being used by more than one person and chances of someone spamming are higher. If the website uses just uses recaptcha without any extra spam protection measures. , it ll let you pass on you solving the captcha.


Question: How and why is the volume so much louder in video commercials?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why is the volume so much louder in video commercials?

All sound is a wave. There are peaks and lows to the wave. The difference between the highest and lowest point in the wave is called dynamic range. Using something called compression you can reduce the range of the sound. This can bring the lows up higher making the lows sound louder while keeping the peaks where they are. For advertising, the compression is used very aggressively so it gets your attention more and drives home the message of the ad. Compression technology has evolved over the years to allow more of it without distortion of the sound, and advertisers have taken advantage of this in a bad way.


Question: How do mathematicians come up with equations that describe natural phenomena?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mathematicians come up with equations that describe natural phenomena?

They run experiments, collect datapoints and then try to come up with some maths that fits the data.


Question: could you guys explain the difference between mass and weight?? google really isnt explaining right bc i dont understand.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 could you guys explain the difference between mass and weight?? google really isnt explaining right bc i dont understand.

Mass is the amount of material in a thing, and it is independent of gravity - a thing has the same mass on the moon as it does on earth. Weight is the effect of a gravity on a mass. The same thing weighs six times more on earth than it does on the moon.


Question: why are high pressure zones usually related to bad weather and low to good weather?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are high pressure zones usually related to bad weather and low to good weather?

It’s the opposite. Low pressure systems are areas of hot air; hot air absorbs more moisture that eventually has to come down as rain; at the boundaries with high pressure zones it creates winds.


Question: What causes the sound of Thunder and how can it be so loud?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the sound of Thunder and how can it be so loud?

Lightning is created by a build up of static electricity at the base of a cloud, when this charge is released it transforms the air into superheated plasma which glows brilliantly. The heat created in the lightning causes the air to expand creating a shockwave which we hear and feel as thunder. - URL_0


Question: (ELI3 would be better) What is a CFD (Contract For Differences) ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 (ELI3 would be better) What is a CFD (Contract For Differences) ?

A contract for differences is an agreement that two people (or groups) enter into. In this contract, there is an asset. It could be a stock, a commodity (like oil or gold), or anything really. The contract lists a specific date. At the end of that date, you take the price of the asset, and compare it to the price of the asset when the contract was signed/created. If that asset has appreciated (increased in value), in that time, the person who sold the CFD pays the buyer the amount the asset increased by. If the asset depreciated (decreased in value), the buyer pays the seller that difference. The buyer is betting that the asset will appreciate, and the seller is betting that the asset will depreciate. There's no need for ownership because you aren't selling a product. Here's a (decent) comparison. Imagine you bet with someone on the results of a football game. For every point your team wins by, the other person has to pay you $1. If your team loses, you pay $1 to the other guy for every point your team lost by. You don't need to own the team because you aren't betting on the team itself, you're betting on the *score*. Similarly, in a CFD, you aren't really betting on the asset itself, you're betting on the *price* of the asset.


Question: Why are the majority of throat lozenge flavours cherry, mint or lemon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the majority of throat lozenge flavours cherry, mint or lemon?

Those are simply the established flavors in the American Market. Go to another market, and you will see three or four established flavors, and a couple of them will be different.


Question: Why does supporting your feet help to support your back?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does supporting your feet help to support your back?

Well the human body is like a rubber band. When. One part moves or is pulled the rest of the body is connected. So your feet may not be directly touching your back but when you use them your back is affected.


Question: How exactly stress affect you physically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly stress affect you physically?

The organ impacted the most by stress is the heart. When you are stressed your body is in fight or flight mode and your body releases numerous chemicals such as Adrenalin, cortisol, and norepinephrine, which all impact your bodily functions. The reason this impacts the heart so much is because when your are stressed your body tightens your blood vessels. This causes your heart to pump faster, and the chemicals also causes an increase in clotting of the blood. This is bad since the heart is constantly beating faster during long periods of stress and it eventually causes wear and tear on the heart. This is why stress is a big killer for a lot of people.


Question: - how do hearing aids work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - how do hearing aids work?

I am not an expert so would be happy to see an expert chime in, but I can speak as a user of hearing aids. I think cheaper hearing aid models do increase the volume of everything. This isn’t helpful as sounds can “blend” together for hearing-impaired individuals. More expensive models take the results of your specific hearing test and identify only the pitch ranges that need to be boosted, and increase the volume there. So if you can normally hear bass tones but can’t hear higher-pitches, they would only boost the high-pitches. No solution yet is perfect though and the extent of hearing loss is highly individual, so they very well might be experiencing an overwhelming garbling of sounds even with decent hearing aids. I definitely shy away from any place with background noise if I want to be able to hold a conversation.


Question: Why does sleeping from 2am - 10am feel like “sleeping in” while 10pm - 6am doesn’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sleeping from 2am - 10am feel like “sleeping in” while 10pm - 6am doesn’t?

Your body clock finds it easier to sleep 1 hour later each day than 1 hour earlier (basically it is set on a 25 hour cycle not a 24 hour one)


Question: How does a “double bounce” on a trampoline work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a “double bounce” on a trampoline work?

Simple: it transfers one person’s energy to another’s via the springs. Somewhat complicated: a person on a trampoline is converting energy all the time. Off the mat, you’re trading kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. On the mat, you’re also trading in the potential energy of the “spring”. At the lowest point, you have no kinetic energy, minimal gravitational potential energy and the spring has its maximum potential energy. At the point where you leave the mat, the spring has given you all its potential energy, primarily in the form of kinetic energy. A double bounce is best performed when two people land concurrently, but one (at the lowest point) collapses their legs. The spring still has all the potential energy, and it goes into one person’s kinetic energy, throwing them much higher than before.


Question: is cheese just hard milk? Or is there more to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is cheese just hard milk? Or is there more to it?

There's more to it. Different cheeses take different enzymes and processes, so I can only speak to my own experience. But for like mozerella, I have to cook it, and add enzymes to break the curds and whey apart, then I still have to do more to get some nice cheese. Other cheeses, like ricotta, can be done with just cooking and citric acid of some kind. But either way you have to separate out the parts, and generally it's an enzyme that controls that.


Question: How can time be different from the present in space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can time be different from the present in space?

The viewing dinosaurs thing. Ok. So light travels very fast, but it still has a finite speed. And you see things because light bounces off them and radiates in all directions at the speed of light. The dinosaurs lived millions of years ago. On a planet millions of light years (how far light travels in one of your years) away, the light that bounced off Earth and the dinosaurs millions of years ago is _just now getting there_. So if alien astronomers have a strong enough telescope and are looking at just the right part of their sky as to see the light just now arriving from Earth, they'd see Earth as how it appeared millions of years ago. With dinosaurs. If they were to keep looking and watching, for millions of years they'd eventually see light from right. now.... but millions of years in the future, by the time that light got to them.


Question: How does infinity work with regards to decimals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does infinity work with regards to decimals?

This is a common idea in mathematics, and the basis of quite a lot of mathematical paradoxes. The only answer I can think to give you're question is that yes, you are right, there is an infinite amount of numbers between 1 and 2, or between 0.1 and 0.2, or between 0.000004 and 0.000005 etc etc. There are a lot of mathematical concepts related to this idea such as the asymptotic curve or convergent series. I'm sure I'm going to get many of the details about this story wrong, but I was once told about an ancient Greek philosopher who posed the following paradox: An old man and a strong Spartan warrior have a race. The Spartan can run twice as fast as the old man so, being the honourable warrior he is, he gives the man a 100m head start. The race begins, and since the Spartan moves twice as fast as the man, when the man reaches the 150m mark, the Spartan is at the 100m mark. When the man reaches 175m, the Spartan is at 150m. Every time the man moves forward, the distance is halved, but logically, this means the Spartan will not ever overtake him despite the fact that he is running faster. It took hundreds of years for someone to come up with a mathematical proof that explains the paradox.


Question: Why does a weak am/fm radio signal result in a consistent static/fuzzy sound while a weak satellite radio signal results in intermittent high quality sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a weak am/fm radio signal result in a consistent static/fuzzy sound while a weak satellite radio signal results in intermittent high quality sound?

The simple answer is that AM/FM is an analog signal, which you can "kind of" pick up. Think of analog as a scale of 100-0 with the quality increasing or decreasing as you move from the transmitter. Satellite radio is a digital signal. Think 1 or 0. It's either there, or it's not. The same holds true for satellite TV, where in a severe storm your picture will be perfect right up until it cuts out into nothingness.


Question: What do comas feel like and how do they work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do comas feel like and how do they work?

I have a friend who spent some time in a coma (2 weeks, medically induced to help combat a massive lung infection caused by inhaling vomit as a result of drinking far, far too much. Almost killed him.), he said he was essentially dreaming the whole time, far as he was concerned he'd been skiing in the mountains and had bungee jumped from a helicopter whilst naked in bed amongst other things all punctuated with drinking and partying. He'd had a wild time! One odd thing was for a while after he woke up he kept pointing things out that weren't here, like his dreams were bleeding through to reality for him, he insisted there was a plane flying overhead (a jet fighter I think) at one point and got annoyed that nobody else could see it haha.


Question: How do the ridges and bumps on a record translate to the music we hear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the ridges and bumps on a record translate to the music we hear?

Talk means sound Sound means vibration in the air Vibration is little wiggles (think of glass shaking on a plane) If you put those little wiggles through a needle onto a surface that's soft, the surface will keep a "record" of the little wiggles. Next, harden the surface with the wiggles on it. Put the needle back on the wiggly surface except this time have the pattern of the wiggles coming through the needle be amplified out. Voila, a record.


Question: What would happen if all the layers of the Earth's core cooled and hardened?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if all the layers of the Earth's core cooled and hardened?

Bye bye magnetic field? The churning in the earth I believe is what drives our magnetic field, which protects us from the subs radiation. Wed end up like mars. I think


Question: Why do eyes hurt when we wake up early / do't get enough sleep ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do eyes hurt when we wake up early / do't get enough sleep ?

Your eyeballs like to be wet. When we're awake, they dry out from being open and exposed to the air, that's why we blink. Your eyelids lubricate your eyeballs. When we sleep, we're giving our eyes a chance to rest and stay happy and moist. Not getting enough sleep doesn't give our eyeballs a chance to recuperate.


Question: what do wild animals do when they get bored?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what do wild animals do when they get bored?

Lions sleep like 16 hours a day. They do what people would do if they didn't have all this shit to do. They just hang out, play, sleep a lot


Question: People say smoking one cigarette takes 11 minutes off your life (approximately). If you stop smoking early enough does this cancel this out or is the damage already done?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 People say smoking one cigarette takes 11 minutes off your life (approximately). If you stop smoking early enough does this cancel this out or is the damage already done?

Cancer is mostly a numbers game. And the time is mostly based on averaging out life expectancy vs number of cigarettes smoked. (I have not verified the accuracy of this number though) If you get lung cancer at a young age it's more like every cigarette you smoked took hours off your life rather than minutes. But averaged out over everyone it comes down to that 11 minutes. With that in mind there is still damage that can be undone. Quiting smoking will reduce your chances of cancer by about %40 after 5 years, which is similar to saying 40% of the damage can be canceled out. It's just a little hard to phrase because we're talking about risk percent, not actual physical body damage. But man let me tell you, if you do quit the quality of life goes way up. You'll feel like you've got twice the endurance in a few weeks.


Question: If requiring a picture with your resume is illegal, then why isn't it illegal to require a video with your resume?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If requiring a picture with your resume is illegal, then why isn't it illegal to require a video with your resume?

Because with a picture all you get is their appearance: gender, age, ethnicity. Since you cannot base a hiring decision off of these protected aspects, a photo does nothing except create the incentive for discrimination. With a video, you get much more: personality, sample of how they communicate, an expression of their knowledge. You are allowed to base hiring decisions off of these things. It is not illegal for an employer to know a potential applicant's gender, race, ethnicity, or age, it is just illegal to use those things to discriminate against them. Since a photo can only provide this information, using the photo in your hiring information would necessarily be discriminatory.


Question: Why does paper become transparent in contact with water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does paper become transparent in contact with water?

Matter can bend and scatter light, but different kinds of matter (air, paper, or water, for example) do this more or less strongly. If light is not scattered as it travels through matter, we call that matter transparent. Paper is made of cellulose, which scatters light much more strongly than air, so light passing through a sheet of paper gets scattered around making the paper look opaque white. Water scatters light less strongly than paper, so it is easier for light to travel through wet paper.


Question: How can marine animals (like sharks) smell underwater?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can marine animals (like sharks) smell underwater?

When you smell something, tiny particles or fumes of the substance have gotten into your Nose... These particles/fumes can float around in Water or Air. But in water it can also be liquids (Like Blood). The Taste Buds of every animal are basically the same. There are a few thousand tiny receptors for every smell that an animal can Perceive. You can imagine the receptors like keyholes and the particles like keys. For instance if a Blood particle goes in a blood receptor it will send a signal to the brain. The intensity is measured by how many receptors are activated. Sorry for my bad English.


Question: we always hear talk of the “observable universe,” but what’s theorized to be beyond the score of what’s visible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 we always hear talk of the “observable universe,” but what’s theorized to be beyond the score of what’s visible?

More of the same. The universe is so wide, that light from the most distant parts, even traveling at the speed of light, takes more time than the age of the universe to get to us. That means we haven’t seen it yet. Another way of thinking about it is the further simething is away from us, the more years in the past we’re seeing it. We can only see as far as the universe is old.


Question: Why do we feel so groggy when we first wake up, but after doing some exercise so much better and alert?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel so groggy when we first wake up, but after doing some exercise so much better and alert?

Waking up in the morning is a dormant stage. After doing something such as push-ups, this sends more blood flow to the brain, as well as taking in more oxygen to spread throughout the body


Question: How do rivers (such as the Thames in London) have tides?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do rivers (such as the Thames in London) have tides?

The whole river isn’t tidal, but the estuary is. Estuaries are where the fresh water meets the sea. The tides in the river are caused by the sea, not by the river itself.


Question: Why did slavery in the 1800s only exist in the agricultural economies of the south and not the industrial economies of the north in the US?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did slavery in the 1800s only exist in the agricultural economies of the south and not the industrial economies of the north in the US?

Because oddly enough holding slaves was pretty expensive and in the north there were hordes of immigrants that would work themselves almost to death for almost no money at all. Also, tradition.