Question: What are ‘Equal Per Capita Emissions Rights’?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 What are ‘Equal Per Capita Emissions Rights’?

Emissions rights are an international treaty construct where a lot of nations have agreed to get their emissions down to a specific level, annually. To make things interesting, it's a stair. Steps downward. Decreasing emissions over time. The goal is to rapidly cut down emissions. Everywhere. That's the general idea, anyway. But it gets a bit complicated by the fact that a lot of the countries that have massive emissions are...not exactly the wealthiest. Lowering emissions in nations where there is a lot of wealth is comparably very, very easy. Because if there is money to spend, you can as well spend it on better catalyst processes on the exhausts from an industry. If you want to be blunt, and totally avoid all the complications of an industry not making any money. Lowering emissions in a country where the wealth is low...that is pretty difficult. The entire nation can come to a halt because of something that other nations are telling them to just shut up and do for the good of everyone. Therein comes the per capita idea. Because then you can tell a nation in the middle of their industrial revolution (that they are hoping will end their poverty) that they don't have to do more than anyone else. That everyone is in the same boat. That it's the amount of people in the nation that matters, not the amount of emissions in comparison to everyone else. In fact, if you say that every person in the world is allowed to have a specified amount of emissions, you are making it about people instead of making it about nations. That way, we are all in the same boat. As a result, they will probably get a bit less of the burden. But definitely less in a way that anyone can really call out for being truly unfair. Well. Something like that.


Question: how does plucking your eyebrows make you sneeze?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how does plucking your eyebrows make you sneeze?

You have a nerve in your face called the trigeminal nerve. It innervates both your eyebrows and your nose - and also down into your jaw and part of your eye. All these nerve branches connect up behind your ear. When you pluck your eyebrow, it actives the nerve and your brain can mix up the signal and it can accidentally activate your nose nerve branch instead, making you sneeze. The sneeze response is as if you were plucking hairs deep inside your nose! This is the same nerve that can make your ears ache if you have a sore throat, because your brain “mixes up” the signals between throat and ear.


Question: How does the universe even exist?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 How does the universe even exist?

Good question. It appears to. We seem to live here. We can do tests that show the universe behaves in a constant manner. It seems to have started at one point, but we doesn't know much else.


Question: Why are darker colors "dominant" genes whereas lighter colors are "recessive"?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Why are darker colors "dominant" genes whereas lighter colors are "recessive"?

Darkness in humans ([skin color]( URL_2 ), [hair color]( URL_3 )) is tied to [melanin]( URL_0 ). All shades of skin and hair color is based on the type and amount of melanin production. Producing melanin was very advantageous early in human development as it protected us from [UV radiation and folate depletion]( URL_6 ). As we migrated into lower sunlight environments (away from equator), having lighter skin color started to become more advantageous. It allowed for vitamin D synthesis which is [critical for a variety of reasons]( URL_5 ). To decrease the amount of melanin in the skin, one of two genes mutated. One for the [European and one for Asian lineages]( URL_4 ). Lighter skin tones are based off inhibiting/lowering melanin production. And then you have soulless gingers like I am. We barely produce melanin, but produce pheomelanin, the substance that colors all the [fun parts of the body]( URL_0 #Pheomelanin) SFW.


Question: what is the difference between index funds and equity funds?

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 what is the difference between index funds and equity funds?

An equity fund is one that invests in stocks, also called equity securities. The people managing the fund decide which stocks to invest in. An index fund is one that invests in every stock in an entire index, like the Dow Jones or the S & P 500. If you invest in that fund, it’s like owning a piece of every stock on that index. So an index fund may also be an equity fund if it invests in stocks, but not every equity fund is an index fund.


Question: What the heck are logarithms?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 What the heck are logarithms?

It's the inverse function of an exponential. Instead of saying 3 squared equals 9, we ask: "to what power do we need to raise 3 to get 9?" We call this the base 3 log of 9, and we get back our original exponent, 2. Log scales are useful when the values can take on a very big range. By taking the log of each value, it condenses the range into something more manageable. The Richter Scale is a base 10 log scale. So an earthquake that is 1 point higher, is actually 10 times as strong.


Question: how does soap create bubbles when agitated and why is it different than other substances?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how does soap create bubbles when agitated and why is it different than other substances?

Soap has chemicals in it that act as surfactants, which are substances that reduce surface tension of a liquid. In other words, lower surface tension means that the molecules in the liquid don’t attract each other as strongly. Since they don’t attract very strongly, bubbles become more stable. This is because the surface of a bubble is always in tension, like a rubber band that’s stretched out. Surfactants reduce surface tension, which, in our rubber band analogy, is like stretching a much weaker rubber band. This means the bubbles will be less likely to burst open. As a point of interest, surfactants are also used in things like cooking sprays. This is because oil that’s made to have a low surface tension will spread more easily across your pan instead of bead up like oil normally tends to. Edit: I didn’t answer the agitation part of your question. The agitation is mostly just to introduce air into the liquid so bubbles can form.


Question: Why can we see Venus in the night sky?

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<answer>
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 Why can we see Venus in the night sky?

That's why we see it mostly around sunrise and sunset. It is nearer the Sun than us — but usually not *right between* the Sun and us. More often it's off to one side.


Question: After the dinosaurs were wiped out, how did humans (rather than dinosaurs again or similar large reptiles) become the dominant species on Earth?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 After the dinosaurs were wiped out, how did humans (rather than dinosaurs again or similar large reptiles) become the dominant species on Earth?

The non-avian dinosaurs and large avian dinosaurs were wiped out by the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction, which is believed to have been triggered by a large comet impact near what is now Chicxulub, Mexico, and worsened by large ongoing flood-basalt eruptions around the Deccan of what is now India. This happened 66 million years ago. Following this mass extinction there were a huge number of environmental niches open for exploitation. This lead to a rapid evolutionary radiation of the surviving species. So the tiny mammals (think things like rodents) which had co-existed with the dinosaurs took advantage of these niches and over a few million years began to fill them. After 55 million years of this there were some mammals that we now recognise as early apes, [inhabiting environments in the area around what we now know as Kenya]( URL_1 ). Another 3 million years and we have something which is [possibly bipedal]( URL_0 ) (walking upright, or partially upright). 4 million years after that (and 3.5 million years before the present day) we have [Austrolepithicus which was using stone tools]( URL_2 ). Following that we get Homo habilis, then Homo erectus, Neanderthal, and finally Homo sapiens, who are recognised from about 0.2 million years ago. The story then is simply one of having a sufficiently capable social structure to support vulnerable young that allows extensive early brain development, leading to increased cognitive ability, and so on. We will probably never understand the full suite of driving mechanisms and feedbacks, and there's a lot of debate over the ones we do ahve some information on (causes vs results for example). So the ELI5 answer is that it's the result of an exceedingly long period of evolution where natural selection enabled us to develop the capability to support large communities, with sufficient manual dexterity and intelligence to use and develop tools, giving us a tremendous advantage over pretty much anything else in our environment. There's lots of other animals who use tools, but not necessarily with that magic combination of dexterity and intelligence.


Question: Why does the moon look bigger when it’s closer to the horizon?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does the moon look bigger when it’s closer to the horizon?

It's about having something relative to measure it against. It has nothing to do with the actual size of the moon. It's still about 31 arcminutes in size (That's a way of measuring how much of our field of vision it's taking up). The amount it changes in apparent size because of its orbit is miniscule, because the size of the moon's orbit is massive compared to the size of the Earth. The reason it appears bigger is because of psychological effects of having other things near it in your field of view. If you're looking up at the moon and nothing else, you don't have much to compare it to. It looks infinitely far away in a void of nothingness. When it's closer to the horizon, you have trees and houses and buildings to compare it to. Not only that, but as other things change in size while you move closer or further, the moon doesn't. This results in it feeling larger on the horizon.


Question: Why does eyesight fluctuate daily?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does eyesight fluctuate daily?

Our eyes are focused by things like the iris, which are muscles. Like any other muscle, they can be a bit slow to get limbered up in the morning, and they can get sore and weak over the course of the day if you're straining them too much.


Question: How does exactly does a game like Minecraft randomly generate a world without it being utter chaos?

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[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does exactly does a game like Minecraft randomly generate a world without it being utter chaos?

I have made procedural terrain generation as a project so I have some knowledge on this. A lot of the terrain generation is done by what's called noise. When you think noise, you probably would imagine something like this: URL_0 You've seen something like this in static TV screens. It looks like a completely random array of pixels, and is too chaotic to make a terrain out of. What you want is these kind of noise: URL_2 This still looks random, but it doesn't look chaotic; it has some order to it. Each pixel is coherent with its neighboring pixels. It doesn't suddenly go from completely black to completely white. Now imagine that this image is a top down view of the ground, and that the whiter pixels mean the ground at that point is higher. You've now created mountains out of bright spots, and valleys out of dark spots in the image. This is what you'd call a height map. The noise in that image is 2 dimensional (width and height). We can go further by creating a 3 dimensional noise like this: URL_1 If you dig the world in the shape of above 3 dimensional noise, you've now created a cave. Noises like these can also be used to determine where the ores and trees will be, or how deep the dirt is in a given point of ground in a non-chaotic looking manner.


Question: Why does heat relax our muscles but makes meat tense up?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 Why does heat relax our muscles but makes meat tense up?

At that temperature your meat will also tense up lol. To answer your question. A little heat increases blood flow. Muscles become relaxed as a result. Intense heat dehydrates meat and makes it tougher


Question: Why is if more harmful to the human body to be exposed to freezing water than it is to be exposed to air of a similar temperature?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is if more harmful to the human body to be exposed to freezing water than it is to be exposed to air of a similar temperature?

Heat generally transfers from molecule to molecule. More molecules means faster heat transfer. The amount of molecules in a given volume is called density. Generally speaking, the denser a substance is, the better it is at transferring energy. Water is much denser than air. So, heat energy from your body will flow faster into water than it will into air. That's why cold water is more dangerous than cold air at the same temperature. The water will "suck" the heat out of you much faster than the air


Question: What is the Lambert W function?

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 What is the Lambert W function?

Could you ask this question like I'm five? & #x200B;


Question: why didn't Ukraine attempt to defend crimea back in 2014 when Russia started its annexation?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 why didn't Ukraine attempt to defend crimea back in 2014 when Russia started its annexation?

They did. The Ukranian soldiers stationed on Krimea were simply caught off-guard and got completely and utterly overrun to the point where picking up a firearm was suicide. That combined with the fact that russian propaganda convinced the majority of the krimean population to join russia (before the invasion) lead to Ukranian soldiers getting hindered by their own people, who wanted to join russia. Ukraine did send soldiers to the front (and still is btw) but its a stale war right now. No advances on neither side pretty much. I just yesterday saw a video of a few journalists inside the last Krimean Ukrainian-Controlles military base. The soldiers just watched, completely unarmed, as russian soldiers surrounded them, until a Tank broke through a wall into the compound. The Ukranian soldiers just stood and watched as it was just suicide even looking at a gun.


Question: what Böse-Einstein condensates are, and where (if anywhere) they can be found naturally occurring?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 what Böse-Einstein condensates are, and where (if anywhere) they can be found naturally occurring?

Answer: You learn about three states of matter as a kid. Gas, liquid, solid. Heat a solid up enough, becomes a liquid. Heat it up more, becomes a gas. However, that's not the full story. If you heat a gas up more, it can become a plasma. The sun is mostly plasma. If you cool a solid down (way) more, it can eventually become a Bose-Einstein condensate. It is super dense, super cold. There's a ton more nuance to it, but this is the eli5 version. I don't know of any naturally occurring Bose-Einsten condensates.


Question: Why do we instinctually scream when in pain?

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<answer>
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 Why do we instinctually scream when in pain?

Humans aren't solitary creatures, we have always lived in packs which later became tribes. So, thanks to the evolution, we developed a method to instantly signal other pack members "It's dangerous here, don't do what I just did" and "I need help, take me out of here".


Question: Why does travelling as a passenger make us so tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does travelling as a passenger make us so tired?

A couple of reasons. First, you're awake for a significant amount of time. For most people, a 3 hour flight is a full days worth of activities. Wake up, drive to the airport, check-in, security, boarding, *actual flight time*, deplaning, baggage claim, ground transport. It typically takes 5-12 hours, assuming your flight isn't delayed. Second, you're uncomfortable for most of that time, which places a strain on your body. Walking through terminals, standing in line, paying attention to traffic, etc. Additionally, most airline flight seats are crammed in so tightly that you can't exactly relax in them. When your mind can't relax (either because you're uncomfortable or you're forced to stay actively engaged for extended periods of time) you get fatigued. Even if it's not physical strain, it's still a considerable amount of sustained mental strain.


Question: why does jewelry prices not fluxuate like the price of pure gold?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 why does jewelry prices not fluxuate like the price of pure gold?

The cost of materials is only a small part of the total cost of jewelry. The finished product just isn't very sensitive to price fluctuations of the material.


Question: What are plus minus sign used for?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are plus minus sign used for?

Nine of my friends and I decided to drive cross-country, from my house in LA to a friend's mom's place in NYC. We went in three separate cars, and took almost identical routes. Car 1 traveled 2800 miles. Car 2 traveled 2795 miles. Car 3 traveled 2805 miles. It's not wrong to say that the distance between LA and NYC is 2800 miles exactly, but it isn't right either, is it? This is when the ± sign comes in handy - it can be used to denote the margin of error. Since each car would have had some tiny deviations from the exact same paths followed by the other two cars, the most accurate way to describe the distance between LA and NYC (in this example) would be to write it as 2800 ± 5 miles, meaning the actual distance is expected to be anything between 2795 and 2805 miles. The range comes about because of an inadvertent error in measurement.


Question: what connects intestines to the rest of the body? Do they just float around in there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what connects intestines to the rest of the body? Do they just float around in there?

Intestines are connected to the rest of the body by the peritoneum, which is like a bag that covers all abdominal organs in order to prevent chafing. They are also connected to the mesentery, a kind of connective tissue, which anchors the intestinal loops to the back of the abdominal cavity, and through which arteries and veins pass to feed the intestines. Here's a diagram: URL_1 And another: URL_0


Question: How do corporations hold their investments? Would Gov't Bonds still be risk-free if a bank was holding it for them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do corporations hold their investments? Would Gov't Bonds still be risk-free if a bank was holding it for them?

Banks can, and do, purchase government bonds. Corporations buy government bonds. Corporations buy other corporate bonds, banks buy corporate bonds etc. etc. The risk of the investment has nothing to do with who holds/owns the bonds. It has everything to do with who _issues_ (aka who will repay) the bonds. Typically governments - cough not Greece - are pretty stable and repay their debts, so government bonds are usually pretty secure. US federal bonds, especially secure.


Question: How come iPhones are able to show a 'dead battery screen' if they have no more power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come iPhones are able to show a 'dead battery screen' if they have no more power?

It has just enough power to show that screen. If you don’t charge it, it will eventually show nothing. It just doesn’t have enough power to turn the device on fully.


Question: What exactly is Goodhart's law?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is Goodhart's law?

The head of an airport decides he wants to be able to brag about how quick he can get bags from the plane to the carousel so he can attract more airlines and offer a better customer experience . He says "The first bag is going to land in the carousel from the plane in under 5 minutes". That sounds great and a lot of people are interested so the baggage handlers are told that they have to make this happen otherwise they'll be fired the first crew to manage it 5 flights in a row get a bonus. For the first few days they struggle to meet this target. With the size of the airport, time to get the bags into the car to drive all the way across etc. So one crew decide to get clever about it. They get their youngest fastest team member. His job is now to jump on the landing plane, grab a small suitcase and sprint to the carousel loader with it. The rest of the team will debag the rest of the plane while he does that. Boom! This crew easily reaches the target. Other crews start doing this and suddenly travellers are waiting just as long as before but the airport can still claim to get the first bag off the plane and on the carousel in 10 minutes. The kpi is now useless since it drives a change in behaviour as opposed to improvements.


Question: What happens to your throat when you are really, really sad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to your throat when you are really, really sad?

Adrenaline release causes huge amounts of changes in the body. One of these is to prioritise breathing over eating. The throat (specifically the glottis) will be held open by muscle tone. This is often referred to as a lump in the throat. If I forgot anything, fill me in - I'm sure there's a few articles around that will give details.


Question: How do stock traders determine how the price of a stock would fluctuate in the course of a day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stock traders determine how the price of a stock would fluctuate in the course of a day?

I’m gonna give you a honest answer... a lot of the time it’s a hunch. Of course it’s based on the stocks history, what’s going on currently in the company... things like that. But a lot of it is a guess based on a gut decision.


Question: How do motions of no-confidence work in the United Kingdom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do motions of no-confidence work in the United Kingdom?

To be PM you need to have the confidence of the House of Commons. After an election its assumed that the leader of the largest party will have the confidence of the House, so the Queen appoints them (assuming they either have a majority, or another party has agreed to support them). If that assumption is wrong, or enough MPs change their mind then they can pass a motion of no-confidence in Parliament that will force a general election if no subsequent motion of confidence is passed within 2 weeks. But as you said, this isn't what's happening now. If the Conservative party decides they no longer want her as leader, then she effectively has to resign as PM as she won't have the confidence of the House. The Conservative party has their own procedure for replacing their leader. Not sure of the details, but I believe if 48 Conservative MPs send a letter of no confidence it triggers a leadership contest. If she loses the contest she will resign as PM. In theory she could refuse to, but then they'd just trigger a motion of no confidence in Parliament which would force her out anyway.


Question: Why do some credit card readers tell you to insert and remove your card as quickly as possible and others tell you to leave it in for several seconds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some credit card readers tell you to insert and remove your card as quickly as possible and others tell you to leave it in for several seconds?

The ones that want you to go fast are reading the swipe strip. The ones that want you to hold it are reading the chip. Chip is more secure and the rest of the world has been using it for years. America is currently catching up with the new tech, but there's a lot of POS out there that don't read chips.


Question: Why do drunk people see double?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do drunk people see double?

It gets hard to merge the information from two eyes into one. You think drunk people get it bad, though? My friend SWIM tells me that on hard dissociative drugs, you literally *have* to close one eye to see *anything*, the doublevision is so overwhelming. And because hard dissociative drugs remove your fine motor control you can't nicely close your eyelid, instead you have to **MASH IT CLOSED REALLY HARD** with a contraction of basically your whole face, leaving you barely able to slowly read text four inches from your eye while the rest of you looks like a really constipated pirate.


Question: How do password managers know your password without actually knowing your password?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do password managers know your password without actually knowing your password?

Every single answer here is incorrect. They all explain how websites store passwords, not password managers. **PASSWORD MANAGERS DO NOT HASH PASSWORDS**. If they did, you will never be able to retrieve the passwords that you store in there. Instead, what they do is encrypt passwords to be stored with your master password (**simplification alert**: you actually encrypt it with a special decryption key which is related to your master password, but for simplicity's sake we'll assume passwords are encrypted/decrypted with your master password) Say you want to give something (your password) to someone for safekeeping (password manager) and you don't want them to see what you're storing. You put the data inside a strong box and lock it (encryption) and then hand it of to the person. So only you can open the box (decrypt the data) with the master key. When you want to retrieve a password from your password manager: Your password is first used as a verification to ensure that the server sends the encrypted data to the correct person (this part is like how regular websites use passwords to log you in with hashing and stuff). Then the encrypted data (box) is sent by the server which is then then decrypted (unlocked) with your password **on your device**. Remember, the client (software running on your phone/computer) will only send encrypted passwords to the password managers server. The server has no idea what it's receiving from your client. This is why it's important to choose password managers with open source clients which you can verify only sends encrypted data (Note this encryption is separate from the https encryption your browser/app does while communicating with the servers) Now that you retrieved your website password securely, it's just like entering it as if you remembered it. Here is where all the hashing mentioned in the other answer comes in So the master password serves 2 functions: authenticate you and allow you to decrypt the data. If you ever forgot your password, even if you managed you authenticate yourself to the service by contacting support, the best they can do is hand over a blob of useless encrypted data


Question: How is Starbucks NOT a franchise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Starbucks NOT a franchise?

A franchise is specifically a chain where anyone with the money to pay the fee can open a store and use the name. Most McDonald's are owned by different people who paid the company ~~500 thousand dollars~~ $45k for liscnensing, plus $750k in liquid assets and a total investment of over a $1,000,000 to use their name and follow the general standards of the company.


Question: Where does wind come from? I thought it came from clouds but I've just had two really windy days with no clouds in sight

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does wind come from? I thought it came from clouds but I've just had two really windy days with no clouds in sight

Hot air goes up, usually heated by the sun. Some cold air comes rushing in to get the place of the previous air, and wind is created. Earth's rotation and different heating on different spots also contributes to winds, but is basically hot air going up and could air coming to take its place.


Question: How do google services like google maps, google translator, google photos, google classroom, gmail and others make money if there are no ads in them and they are 100% free?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do google services like google maps, google translator, google photos, google classroom, gmail and others make money if there are no ads in them and they are 100% free?

there is a quote "if it's free, then you are the product". Nowadays, everything is linked, so they can provide you something free, then use the data you provide alongside the time you use it for other services. For e.g google photos is unlimited and free, and I bet they will use your photos for their AI learning, which they can then sell to other parties. The things you search in Google, they collect it and sell to manufacturers. Or, use it to run the ads of the products you are looking for etc.... Those people will pay Google to advertise for them, and with the data it knows exactly who it will run the ads...


Question: Why is it that we can recognise 3 dots on a page instantly, but if there are 5 or more, we have to count them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that we can recognise 3 dots on a page instantly, but if there are 5 or more, we have to count them?

I think I remember that humans are pre wired to be able to automatically recognise up to 8 dots/things immediately, but after that most people have to count. Chickens have a smaller number, and they can’t count, so if there are like 6 eggs and you remove one, they don’t notice, but if there are 3 and you remove one they go crazy.


Question: Why do pickled foods still need to be refrigerated after opening?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do pickled foods still need to be refrigerated after opening?

Many of the "pickles" you buy today are made with vinegar, and are distinctly different than fermented pickles, which sit in brine and produce lactic acid. The former needs to be refrigerated because the vegetable has not actually fermented, but the latter can actually just be left in a cool place on a shelf for months.


Question: when stepping on/compressing wet sand, why does it seem to become "dryer" untill you stop at which point it becomes wetter than before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when stepping on/compressing wet sand, why does it seem to become "dryer" untill you stop at which point it becomes wetter than before?

I think it's because your bodyweight pushes out the water on the surface, when you move it flows back.


Question: can anyone help me understand this article a little better? [Dads, Too, Can Pass on Mitochondrial]

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 can anyone help me understand this article a little better? [Dads, Too, Can Pass on Mitochondrial]

I am a mitochondrial geneticist. So I'm not sure what your background is, so I'm going to start from the beginning. We have mitochondria in our cells and they make energy for us. They used to be independent bacteria and they still have a small number of their own genes from back when they used to be independent. Those genes aren't in our nuclei and don't do the "one-from-mom, one-from-dad" thing that our normal genes do, they're just inherited from your mom. In humans. In other animals, there is often uniparental inheritance, but it's known, for instance, in rodents, that fathers occasionally contribute mitochondrial DNA and we've known for about a decade of a single case where a human father passed on his mitochondrial DNA. The group that wrote the article found a kid incidentally who seemed to have two major sources of mitochondrial DNA and when they sequenced his parents it turned out that his mom got her mitochondrial DNA about 75% from her mom and 25% from her dad. They got super interested and started looking hard for similar cases and found two other similar families. They conclude that fathers contribute mitochondrial DNA to their kids rarely, but not never. This is a well done paper and their data is compelling and reproduced across multiple well-respected and independent labs. In addition, the prior probability of this being true, given that we previously knew of a human case and that it's true in many non-human animals support that this conclusion is likely correct, but it has major implications for genetic counseling.


Question: Video games: What are "particle effects" and "ray tracing"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Video games: What are "particle effects" and "ray tracing"?

Ray tracing is working out how light bounces of objects before arriving at the viewer. This allows you to have more realistic looking environments as irl were not just lit by direct light but what the light bounces off


Question: What does the body actually consider 'natural sugars' and how does it process these sugars differently than refined sugars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the body actually consider 'natural sugars' and how does it process these sugars differently than refined sugars?

The body doesn't care, it processes all sugars as quickly as it can. The problem is that refined sugar is a lot easier and faster to process, so if you eat/drink a hundred grams of it (for example) all of those 100 grams will be hitting your bloodstream - and your liver - in the span of a few minutes, causing a major spike in insulin to prevent it from killing you (typically you'd go into a coma rather than straight up die, but for most of human evolution that was a death sentence). That major spike in insulin, if repeated, can then cause your liver and other cells to develop insulin resistance, rendering you incapable of managing your own blood sugar levels without external tools in the future, in other words causing diabetes. Natural sugars, on the other hand, tend to be tied up in large molecules (humans store sugar as glycogen, molecules of sometimes tens of thousands of glucose units) or otherwise kept in places that take a while to get to - for example eating 100g sugar worth of apple will take a while, spreading the sugar obtained from this out over a much longer time interval, leading to lower insulin levels being required to deal with it.


Question: Why were Barclays so keen to avoid a government bailout during the 2008 Financial crisis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were Barclays so keen to avoid a government bailout during the 2008 Financial crisis?

The bailout involved the government taking over a large share of the bank in return for bailout money. Barclay's probably figured they could recover without a bailout from the government and thus avoid having to give up any of the company.


Question: How efficient are cars at using fuel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How efficient are cars at using fuel?

Most gasoline cars are very inefficient, turning most of the chemical energy into heat. I don't have any studies to site but if I remember correctly, cars only use about 20-30% of the energy stored in gasoline for forward motion whereas power plants (which can operate in more ideal situations) are more like 40% efficient at turning chemical energy into heat and then into electricity. This doesn't even include the energy lost to breaking a car which can be elleviated with many hybrid cars having regenerative breaking For comparison, electric cars can be 80-90% efficient at at storing and then turning electric energy into motion: URL_0


Question: Why do we prefere to listen to sad songs when we are sad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we prefere to listen to sad songs when we are sad?

Have you ever heard the expression “misery loves company”? If say, you moved a lot as a kid, you’d be extra excited to find a friend who had the same experience. We want to be able to relate to others. When we are hurt, we want to know that we are not alone. We want to know that someone else understands our pain. If that someone is a musician, so much the better. Musicians specialize in making art out of emotion.


Question: Why can’t the cold sore virus be cured permanently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t the cold sore virus be cured permanently?

It’s hard to combat viruses. They attack your cells and can easily replicate once a cell replicates. It’s hard to attack them since they are relatively smaller than the cells themselves. There are medications to help but not to completely destroy a virus. There is no cure for the common cold- a virus. No cure for hiv also a virus. I get cold sores and they suck and the treatment only helps with the symptoms but cannot kill and remove the virus itself.


Question: What is the role of an “engine” in videogame production?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the role of an “engine” in videogame production?

So, imagine you're a developer. You want to make a game, but you've never made one before. Where do you start? Game engines provide a pre-built scaffolding full of functionality that work out-of-the-box. Do you want Fog in your game? Unreal Engine has Atmospheric fog built in! ( URL_0 ) Rather than take the time to develop fog, which might take a developer weeks, you just use the functionality native in the engine. The same goes for various other concepts you might want to implement. Just the same, training developers is simpler if you use an engine. Has a developer previously worked on an Unreal Engine game? Great, they have a head start on your code-base and should only have to learn the things that you've done from scratch rather than your entire codebase.


Question: What do coaches of elite athletes actually do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do coaches of elite athletes actually do?

Those who can't do, teach. In a lot of cases, elite level athletes won the genetic lottery. The coach is someone that comes up with the training plan, keeps the athlete focused on the right things, and is knowledgeable in the sport to pick up the minute details that can be chanted to improve the athletes technique or small holes in the opponents game that can be exploited. What every athlete needs is unique to them. A good coach can judge those needs and make adjustments as needed.


Question: When we are hungry but don’t eat for a while, what causes us to ‘go past it’ and not feel hungry anymore?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we are hungry but don’t eat for a while, what causes us to ‘go past it’ and not feel hungry anymore?

The short version: you get hungry when your body deems it necessary to supplement it with sources of bioenergy. If you don't, your body will compensate from its internal stores leading to a cessation of the signal or at least reduction to a level you can easily be distracted from. The slightly longer version:the list of hormones involved is long. It includes satiety, appetite, hunger, and metabolic hormones (these functional identities often overlap for a given hormone). Examples include ghrelin, CCK, leptin, PYY, GLP-1, insulin, glucagon, ILP5, amylin, to name a few. Some hormones act acutely to dips in a given signal, some are latent, and the signal itself can be acute (like empty stomach or low blood glucose) or chronic (like high fat stores). There is also a hierarchy between these hormones, some act upstream and control others. And some have dominant effects, overpowering others even if they signal in opposite functional directions. When you're hungry, the balance shifted towards your body sensing low available energy, and some other hormones are secreted to release energy from your stores (gluconeogenesis from many stores of variable priority). However there's obviously a lag between stimulus and response, that window you can feel hunger. And the response won't fully compensate, and even if it can, some of these lower priority hormones sensing consistent stimuli (like the empty stomach) or those that sense less immediate stimuli or those that lag behind to respond to compensation are still there, signaling hunger. But the effect is reduced, and so you can easily get distracted from it. After a while though, the strong hunger feeling may come back, when the compensation had to be increased further. Of course it's even more complex than this when we start discussing longer term starvation but this is ELI5 so let's stop here. Edit: to all those complaining that this cannot be understood by a 5 year old, please refer to rule No. 4.


Question: Why does your body heat up after sneezing several times?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your body heat up after sneezing several times?

Sneezing involves lots of muscle work, mainly abdominal muscles and chest muscles, dipahragm. If your lifestyle not overall physically demanding, I.e. pretty sedentary, then couple sneezes is basically a workout.


Question: How can you be below sea level and not underwater?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you be below sea level and not underwater?

Go somewhere that is 100m above sea level. Dig 200m straight down. Congratulations, you are now 100m below sea level! That's how places that are below sea level work, except that most of them are valleys that formed naturally.


Question: who does the government owe when they’re in debt and why does government debt matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 who does the government owe when they’re in debt and why does government debt matter?

The government issues bonds - they are kinda IOU’s that can be bought by anyone who wishes to do so: private investors, foreign governments, whatever. The government uses the proceeds to finance its current needs, and pays interest to the bond owners from that moment on. This debt matters because it can make a government go broke if it can’t pay the interest at some point. It has happened to a lot of countries a lot of times in history. All sorts of unpleasantries can ensue after that.


Question: If you fed a herbivore meat what would happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you fed a herbivore meat what would happen?

Certain herbivores (cows, deer) have an organ called a 'rumen,' which helps digest plants that we would have a hard time eating. However, these animals can still eat meat, and I bet you could find videos online of any herbivore eating meat (there was a recent viral one of a horse eating a chick). From an evolutionary standpoint, animals that are 'picky' are at an disadvantage. The more flexible you are in your diet, the more likely you are to survive. Many herbivores will resort to meat if no other food source is available. There are certain animals that are called "obligate" carnivores, which will die without meat (ex. cats). Animals that can get by for a bit without meat but still would prefer a meat diet are called "facultative" carnivores.


Question: What is gerrymandering and why is it still a thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is gerrymandering and why is it still a thing?

From time to time the districts in a state have to be redrawn to reflect changing populations. (Usually every decade following the census.) Typically that redrawing is done by the state legislature or a committee created by the legislature. In Gerrymandering, they are drawn with a political aim - using voting records, demographics, etc. they draw district lines in a way to give their party the best possible chance of winning as many districts as possible. There are some possible alternatives - bipartisan committees, algorithm-designed districts, etc. - but to make those law, you would need the party in power (who stands to gain the most from Gerrymandering) to voluntarily give up that power, which is difficult.


Question: Why isn't it standard for adult shampoo to be tear free (like kids shampoo)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't it standard for adult shampoo to be tear free (like kids shampoo)?

When you become an adult there is really no need for a “no more tears” shampoo. As you get older you find that you’re often crying in the shower anyhow, so it’s not going to make a difference.


Question: How come when you're in a coma you're body decides to use up or burn the muscle away first instead of fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you're in a coma you're body decides to use up or burn the muscle away first instead of fat?

I'm sure someone else will have a more detailed way to explain it... But you won't eat into fat reserves unless you're running a calorie deficit. Whilst the hospital probably weren't overloading you with calories, you weren't doing much to burn any either. Muscle however wastes very fast when not used. It's not to do with your body using it for energy, it's just that maintaining muscle mass takes work.


Question: how was the universe created if there was once nothing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how was the universe created if there was once nothing?

We don’t know. We can only barely explain what happened in the early early universe, but why it happened, or what was happening “before”, what “before” even is, how to interpret any of it. We just simply don’t know. Sorry for the unsatisfying answer, but it’s the truth, maybe it’s some sort of cosmic coincidence, maybe there’s a god, maybe we’re in a simulation, or maybe our Big Bang hypothesis is wrong and we are somehow completely most understanding the universe and how it operates, Which is still totally possible considering our current biggest scientific mystery just kind of gets the name “dark matter” slapped on it. We’re very young in terms of studying the universe, less than a few hundred years ago we though the universe revolves around us, a few thousand years ago and we were barely using metal tools. We’ve probably still got a whole lot to learn.


Question: What is the purpose of grounding wires?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the purpose of grounding wires?

The idea is that a ground is a the lowest possible electrical potential via a good conductor (i.e. metal wire). If something goes wrong with that appliance/fixture, the ground connection ensures two things can happen. First, the rather large amount of current can flow to somewhere safe (i.e. not through *you*) and that it will favor the ground connection long enough for current protection (breakers/fuses) to kick in and kill the circuit. Just connecting it to metal, by the way, isn't enough. You have to make sure it's connected to a proper ground (which is usually a rod driven into the literal ground). The Earth can take a whole hell of a lot more electricity then your puny human body can.


Question: how do people come up with the age of a tree without cutting it down and counting the rings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do people come up with the age of a tree without cutting it down and counting the rings?

They take a core sample and count the rings. Also, another tree of the same species could be cut down and counted. The growth in the rings of that tree in comparison to its diamiter would offer a close estimate to the tree in question. The rings will vary in size depending on the growth each year so the estimate wont be perfect.


Question: How is a tooth or jaw ache medically related to heart disease/a cause of death?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a tooth or jaw ache medically related to heart disease/a cause of death?

Infection. Abscess tooth drains into the jaw socket. This can lead to soft tissue, bone, or even blood infection from there. It's obviously not a every time thing,but just like other infections they can be just as deadly.


Question: How come we don't use carbon capture at the exhaust towers of power plants to directly capture co2 before it enters the atmosphere and put it back into greenhouses or store as rock?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come we don't use carbon capture at the exhaust towers of power plants to directly capture co2 before it enters the atmosphere and put it back into greenhouses or store as rock?

Because it can't be done just anywhere and requires power, meaning it would probanly decrease the efficiency of a traditional power plant. It also needs water and the right kind of rock (basalt) to filter it through. This location was specifically chosen for this technology: "Iceland is one of several places on Earth offering the ideal conditions for this process. Its volcanic origin makes the country one of the world’s most potent geothermal regions. The particularly high geothermal energy means that the Earth’s heat can be converted to electricity cost-effectively and virtually CO2 neutrally. Furthermore, the rock in Iceland has the ideal composition for storing large amounts of CO2."


Question: Why is 1/2=half, 1/4=quarter, yet all other fractions refer to the number value...1/3=third etc...?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 1/2=half, 1/4=quarter, yet all other fractions refer to the number value...1/3=third etc...?

quarter is actually from the latin of 4, so it is a fourth (which is another word for a quarter). Half is just common enough as a phrase before it was used in mathematics to continue using it. Plus "a second" leads to a lot of confusion.


Question: Why do humans wanna jump from high places?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans wanna jump from high places?

They are called "intrusive thoughts". They are thought to be as a way your brain creates fear of something you shouldn't do: you see a height, you think about jumping, then you think about yourself splatting on the ground, the result is you don't do it and gradually you developed a mild fear of height, which increases your chances of survival. Think of it like a simulation your brain runs to see if something is doable.