Question: How do some countries with very high national debt (Japan, US) still manage to drive their economies, but some (Greece) fail to do so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do some countries with very high national debt (Japan, US) still manage to drive their economies, but some (Greece) fail to do so?

Investor confidence. You can borrow forever as long as people continue to think you will eventually pay it back. Japan is a technological and industrial powerhouse, and people generally think that even despite its insane debt-to-GDP ratio, their economy is still strong and continue to invest in it. Greece has no real major industry or exports, so it doesn't inspire a lot of confidence. So people stop investing, and the economy crashes.


Question: Why is it that you get drunk faster with soda as a mixer than with juice? Alternatively, why do you feel worse after drinking juice as a mixer rather than soda?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that you get drunk faster with soda as a mixer than with juice? Alternatively, why do you feel worse after drinking juice as a mixer rather than soda?

Drunk faster - the carbonation in the soda irritates the lining of the stomach, causing faster absorption of the booze. Feel worse - depends on what juice you're drinking vs what soda, but normally the more sugar, the worse the hangover. Allow me to suggest seltzer as a mixer. Benefits of the bubbles with ~~nine~~ none of the sugar. And if you do need some sweetness, maybe a splash of juice.


Question: What is a moment generating function, and why do they matter in statistics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a moment generating function, and why do they matter in statistics?

Great question, and a really fun one at that. This is hard to ELI5, and I'm gonna assume a baseline knowledge of calculus, since it's really really hard to explain without it. However, I'll include a tl;dr at the end for anyone who wants to skip the details. **First I will explain the idea of a moment** Let's start with the idea of a moment, using a variable W. The mean of W, E(W), and the variance of W, Var(W), are different "moments" of a random variable. To be specific, we call E(W) the *first moment about the origin* and we call Var(W) the *second moment about the mean*. But what about higher moments, like the third or the fourth moment? What do they tell us? Well, E(W) tells us information about the variable's location, and Var(W) tells us information about the variable's dispersion. Higher moments tell us related things about our variable. For example, the *third moment* measures the skewness of our variable, and the *fourth moment* tells us the flatness of the distribution. B definition, E(W^r ) gives us the *rth moment of W about the origin*. So, for example, the first moment of W about the origin, E(W^1 ), is just E(W), which I mentioned previously. *tl;dr for people who don't do stats: The moment of a function lets you know useful and cool things about them. You do a thing to calculate them* **OK, so what is a moment generating function?** If you are familiar with the concept of the expectation, then you can see how complex and difficult it can be to calculated E(W^r ) as W gets really big. We need a better way to find the moments of functions. Luckily for us, we have the idea of a moment generating function. *tl;dr for people who don't do stats: moments of functions are useful, but by the definition of the moment I gave above, its really hard to calculate them. It would be useful if we could come up with a function to GENERATE moments for us* **How do we calculate a moment generating function?** Let's go back to our random variable W. The *moment-generating function for W (mgf)* is Mw(t)= E(e^tW ), at all values of t where this exists. *tl;dr for non stats people: this is a easier way to calculate the moment* **How do we use the moment generating function to find moments? Why is there a wonky e in the formula?** It turns out that the rth derivative of the mgf of W evaluated at 0 gives you to expected value of W^r. In other words the rth derivative of W is equal to E(W^ r). How is this possible? I'll show how the first and second derivatives work, to demonstrate my point. Here comes calculus, using a random variable Y. I took the first and second derivatives of the moment generating function to get E(W) and E(W^2 ), but you can see how taking further derivatives will give you further expected values. URL_0 *tl;dr uhh... use the moment generating function to find moments easily?* So to answer your questions > Why do we care about E(X^n )? Because it tells us stuff about the distributuion > Why is e in the formula? I did a proof in the linked image. > why we need a moment generating function when we already have formulas for expectation and variance,? Because you can calculate higher moments much more easily using moment generating functions than trying to do it through expected values > whether there are moments > 2 and if so what they mean There are moments greater than 2, and they do quantify useful things about the distribution **If anyone has any questions, I'm happy to answer, regardless of math background.**


Question: What is the downfall to society when the DOW is so low. Also, what is the DOW?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is the downfall to society when the DOW is so low. Also, what is the DOW?

"The Dow", as its often referenced, is the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). It's a weighted composite of a selection of 30 company's equity shares; an index of major companies. It's purpose is to serve as **one** of the gauges of a healthy economy within the US. There is a lot of discussion on how accurately it even measures the equity market (stock market), but for the sake of simplicity, we won't dive into that. The DJIA sets a benchmark. *Theoretically*, if the DJIA returns 10-12% (average) every year, then that's the average return an investor should expect to see after a constructing a well-diversified portfolio in the stock market. So you can imagine the headlines when the DJIA drops 4.5% in a single day because it wipes out nearly half of the expected returns for the whole year. But you need to look at last years returns to put that in perspective. The DJIA returned 25% last year. More than double the expected returns. So a 4.5% pull-back still nets you more than you'd expect to see over a 2-year period. This is likely a market correction for seeing excess returns and upwards momentum for an extended period. There are much more complexities to the stability of the financial markets. If you look towards the credit markets and company's balance sheets, you'll see we are far from being insolvent and seeing a crisis a la the 2008 housing crash. That was the result of irresponsible borrowing of companies to leverage return while this is everyone hitching their wagons to a market rally that will inevitably correct itself. Ive omitted a fair amount of other factors that contributed to what you saw today but the main takeaway should be that this is a healthy market correction in the long run. Economies run in a cyclical nature. You can't always be on the upside. These things have the same ebb and flow as the tides so if you're young - don't be spooked by intermittent market fluctuations. Diversify, invest (different from trading and speculation), and stay the hell away from volatile asset classes if you can't stomach the losses that accompany them. > “If you aren’t thinking about owning a stock for 10 years, don’t even think about owning it for 10 minutes.” - Warren Buffett


Question: What are EMPs (electromagnetic pulses)? and how does an EMP jammer work?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What are EMPs (electromagnetic pulses)? and how does an EMP jammer work?

So imagine that people can communicate in a pond by making little ripples that go across the surface. Some use big, long ripples to go far, others with little short ripples that only go a short distance. Then, someone throws a big rock into the middle of the pond. Suddenly, there are so many ripples that no one can tell what messages are, and some people even get wet and don't want to send ripples anymore! That's a simple explanation for how EM works: the pond is the air, ripples are EM waves, people are the devices that send and received, and an EM pulse is that big rock.


Question: How does Body Dysmorphic Disorder work? More specifically, how is it possible to see a completely distorted version of myself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Body Dysmorphic Disorder work? More specifically, how is it possible to see a completely distorted version of myself?

Hi! I'm a therapist so here's my explanation for this. I like to think of how we perceive the world as coming through a filter. Everyone has a filter, and how heavy it is can depend on the person, their experiences, what they're feeling, and what they're going through at the time. Ultimately, your body isn't literally going through major physiological changes every day of the week. But the filter that you see things through (your perception of yourself) can change (in this instance, based on how you feel). Body dysmorphic disorder (or really any mental illness that meet criteria for a diagnosis) is essentially when that filter becomes so heavy that it will effect how someone is navigating their day to day life, limits their functioning in some capacity, or is significantly emotionally distressing. To speak to not trusting what you see, it sounds like you have a good reason to! Especially if you find that the way that you feel about your body can vary a lot. I think a good way to start to change that is to recognize that the way you feel about your body is temporary, that it doesn't necessarily have to do with your actual physical appearance, and that the way you look doesn't necessarily mean anything else about you. Hope that helps!


Question: Why do so many employers love people that work long hours and do almost nothing, but hate people that get all their work done and leave early?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many employers love people that work long hours and do almost nothing, but hate people that get all their work done and leave early?

Cause they are dumb, and are using metrics left over when everyone had to be at their exact spot for 8 hours or the buggy whip assembly line halted.


Question: How can longer word documents be smaller in terms of file size than others that have a shorter word count?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can longer word documents be smaller in terms of file size than others that have a shorter word count?

I don't know all the technical details of the Word document file format (I assume you're referring to the newer DOCX and not the older DOC) however I do have some experience working with the "guts" of those files. The actual text of the document takes up merely a part of the file. There is lots of overhead in every docx file: meta data, styling, presentation, potentially VBA macros, images, etc that add up to the total file size. Text itself - by which I mean plain ASCII or ASCII-like text - takes up very little room in the file. Generally, each character is one byte, so even a 10,000 word document is maybe 50k in text with the rest being that overhead. There are probably others who are more familiar with the docx format than I am, but I've written code to extract text and formatting from docx files, and to build them from scratch (well, only as far as reverse-engineering would allow me given docx is a proprietary format) so I'm sure there are lots of gaps in my knowledge.


Question: How do ants survive floods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do ants survive floods?

They build in air pockets where air will be trapped in the nest and also build drains that will take the water away as it recedes.


Question: Why do cars no longer need the giant antenna on the front to pick up signals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cars no longer need the giant antenna on the front to pick up signals?

Trucks still have them. In passenger cars with plastic bodies the antenna can be hidden. So too in window glass. Additionally receivers are "better" now days because discrete electronics are more sensitive than in the fifties and sixties, so it takes less input signal strength for a digital tuner to operate, meaning some of the antennas can be physically smaller (like 1/4 wave instead of 1/2 wave in length). Plus we don't care abut AM reception much in the U.S. any more and so FM reception is the bigger drive. So the technology has just made the process less intrusive at every level. Even your cell phone has (or can have) an FM radio in it, though it's usually disabled in the U.S. for business reasons (selling you data plans). So really the FM radio antenna has gotten quite small over the years.


Question: how do farmers keep reproducing seedless fruits if the following g year they have no seeds to plant or if the plant dies??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do farmers keep reproducing seedless fruits if the following g year they have no seeds to plant or if the plant dies??

Seedless fruits propagate by making a cutting. Example, bananas are all genetically identical (because they have no seeds). A portion of the plant is taken and made into a new plant over and over and over.


Question: Why does the head on a soft drink collapse faster if you touch it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the head on a soft drink collapse faster if you touch it?

The natural salt and oil on your finger breaks the surface tension of the bubbles and makes them easier to pop, that salt and oil then mixes with the liquid that made that bubble and now touches more bubbles, which does the same to them, causing a chain reaction of collapse.


Question: How do companies such as VISA or MASTERCARD make money?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies such as VISA or MASTERCARD make money?

They charge a small amount for every transaction and also charge for the company's ability to use the services


Question: Why isn't it a standard practice to use metal detectors and smaller magnets on a patient before putting them in an MRI machine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why isn't it a standard practice to use metal detectors and smaller magnets on a patient before putting them in an MRI machine?

Almost all MRIs are of patients with known medical records. Those records should include implanted metal. Metal detectors aren't that accurate, to find a small screw or pin.


Question: How exactly does the immune system differentiate good bacterias with bad bacterias?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does the immune system differentiate good bacterias with bad bacterias?

Also good bacteria dont hang out everywhere, most places in your body you want to keep any bacteria out so immune cells attack most things. Bacteria in our skin and gut are technically outside of our body


Question: Half of infinity is still infinity... 1% of infinity is still infinity. I get why and how, but how is it interpreted using math?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Half of infinity is still infinity... 1% of infinity is still infinity. I get why and how, but how is it interpreted using math?

Infinity isn't a number, it's an abstract concept which represents something that has no end or limit. Therefore, technically speaking, there's no such thing as "half of infinity" - it depends on the context of the infinity. For example when talking about infinite sets (such as the integers), then if you were to create a new set using only "half" the elements (such as the odd integers) then this set will still be an infinite set. If you take a function such as f(x) = 1/x then the function approaches infinity as x approaches 0, so if you take "half" of this function f(x) = 1/2x then it will still approach infinity when x approaches 0, it will just do so "half as fast".


Question: How do lawyers go about getting an objective jury for a case that has had tons of prejudicial media exposure, like the Georgia jogger shooting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do lawyers go about getting an objective jury for a case that has had tons of prejudicial media exposure, like the Georgia jogger shooting?

You'd be surprised just how many people simply don't follow any news at all. Ask most people who don't already care about a particular issue or event, and you'll find a lot that will have no idea what you're talking about. That said, there are tools like relocating a trial to another area if an issue has received a lot of local attention. And the lawyers don't necessarily want objective jurors, they want jurors that will tend to see things their way. Since there's lawyers on both sides trying to do that, and a judge that oversees the selection process, there's at least a shot at getting a fair jury. That's not the same as an objective jury - having an opinion about an issue isn't necessarily disqualifying as long as the juror can receive evidence more or less objectively and keep an open mind. It's not a perfect system, but such a thing simply doesn't exist.


Question: How do character models in video games nowadays move so fluently and realistically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do character models in video games nowadays move so fluently and realistically?

Many use motion capture software to get a very precise idea of the movements and then just add small adjustments later. Other than that advanced hardware just made fluent and realistic animations easier to achieve.


Question: How do our eyes "get used to the dark"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do our eyes "get used to the dark"?

Your pupil dilates, meaning it enlarges and allows more light to enter. It can take a few minutes, but once more light is allowed to enter, you're able to see more. If you shine a bright light on someone's eye, you'll see the pupil quickly shrink. Fun fact, pirates wore an eye patch because it meant when they went from the bright deck to the dark inside, they would have one eye already adjusted to the dark so they wouldn't be blind for a few minutes while their eyes adjust. Edit: I am not entirely correct. a)The pirate thing appears to be based on zero evidence. Apologies for propagating a myth. b) pupil dilation is a seconds long process, and only part of the story when it comes to night vision.


Question: Why the WWII generation could afford to raise a large family and retire in Florida on the wages of one blue collar job, and the current generation can't afford to buy a house with the combined wages of two college graduates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the WWII generation could afford to raise a large family and retire in Florida on the wages of one blue collar job, and the current generation can't afford to buy a house with the combined wages of two college graduates?

The Standard of living was lower (fewer electronics and gadgets expected), cost of rent was lower, and in comparison to those costs they were paid more. Wages have barely kept up with inflation, and have not come close to keeping up with the cost of living since that era.


Question: What are the health differences between an elevated heart rate from exercise, or from stress/fear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the health differences between an elevated heart rate from exercise, or from stress/fear?

elevated HR is not the only thing caused by stress/fear. * stress hormones can damage the lining of your arteries * stress can cause fatty acids and glucose beeing dumped in the bloodstream, causing deposits that decrease blood flow. **Long term stress is the real killer.** Your sunday morning run only lasts a hour and your body will recover from it and even grow stronger. Your stressfull job can last for years and your body doesnt get the time to recover from it.


Question: Why do people all have different voices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people all have different voices?

The sound of your voice is determined by: * The shape of your throat * the shape of your mouth * The shape of your nose * The shape of your face * The amount of fat you have in your neck * The amount of muscle you have in your neck * The tension in your throat * The way you learned to speak All of which can vary from person to person.


Question: If inflammation and fevers are the body's way of fighting of infection, why is the goal of medicine and icing to stop inflammation and reduce fevers? Doesn't that increase healing time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If inflammation and fevers are the body's way of fighting of infection, why is the goal of medicine and icing to stop inflammation and reduce fevers? Doesn't that increase healing time?

When someone breaks the law you want the cops to show up However you dont want the cops to stay there for hours upon hours for what is essentially a small crime. You also dont want them to keep calling back up and keep the lights and sirens on because its messing with everyone in the neighborhood


Question: What is a mormon and why are people so relieved when they stop being so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a mormon and why are people so relieved when they stop being so?

On r/exmormon you see a lot of the relief coming from no longer viewing sex as evil, being free to drink coffee or even alcohol, wear clothing that isn't totally conservative, not have to donate time and money to the church, etc. The weird little thing that tickles me is women being excited about their "porn shoulders" i.e. wearing tank tops or dresses with narrow straps after having been told all their life that only sluts wear clothes where their shoulders are visible. Not exaggerating. Also Mormons are expected to donate 10% of their income each year, like the Church will literally call you in for an audit and make sure your bank records verify that you're paying the right amount. So you get exmos showing off how they just bought a Harley or took a couple's scuba diving trip to Jamaica with the money they saved from not having to pay the church anymore. Lastly, the Church is really time-intensive. It's not just that the Sunday services are long (they are), but there are administrative meetings during the week about church business, study meetings, additional training, and they're always demanding people volunteer for tasks even as simple as cleaning the church (instead of using all that money to hire a janitor). So exmos will post online about the cool things they did on a day when they would normally have been all tied up with church obligations. It's really fascinating stuff, worth checking out r/exmormon.


Question: How does PBS work? Why do they always give gifts in exchange for money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does PBS work? Why do they always give gifts in exchange for money?

It's a fundraiser. The gifts are generally provided for free by companies as a dotation that PBS can then offer in exchange for monetary donations from viewers. The end result is that PBS gets money that they need to keep functioning, and the companies get good publicity which will (hopefully) increase their sales later.


Question: what's the scientific rationale behind why some physicists (like einstein) don't believe in free will?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the scientific rationale behind why some physicists (like einstein) don't believe in free will?

Since the brain is nothing more than chemical and electrical reactions, there's a cause and effect action to everything that happens in a linear timeline. What choice is made is dependent on what the chemical-electrical setup is at that moment. The only way free will could exist is if your decision-making ability is separate from your physical existence, meaning you have a soul.


Question: Why is it that you can sleep at night for a full 8 hours and wake up just fine, but take an hour nap and be dried out beyond belief?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that you can sleep at night for a full 8 hours and wake up just fine, but take an hour nap and be dried out beyond belief?

Because everyone's body works according to an internal clock known as the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm controls at what part of the day your body releases certain hormones for sleep and for waking up. Sunlight also influences circadian rhythm. When you take a nap during the day that is not natural and puts your body out of whack.


Question: why you get gassy if you're lactose intolerant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why you get gassy if you're lactose intolerant?

You can’t break down the sugar so the sugar ferments and a byproduct of fermentation is the release of gasses. You now have all of this byproduct in your gut that causes you to swell and in the end fart.


Question: How are nuclear weapons detonated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are nuclear weapons detonated?

There are a few methods, most of them involve using normal explosives to push fissile material (the stuff that causes the fission explosion) closer together and become dense enough to start a fission reaction. The first method of doing this was the called the uranium bullet, the bomb had a shaft with fixed mass of uranium at one end and a uranium bullet at the other. A small explosion would propel the bullet into the other uranium, and when it hit, it would be dense and hot enough to start fission. This method was quickly abandoned, however, since it's highly inefficient. The fission would almost immediately blow the uranium apart and it would no longer be dense enough to react. A better method using the same idea is a small mass of sub-ctricial uranium in the middle, surrounded by a sphere of conventional explosives, which in turn is surrounded by some very thick metal. The regular explosives blow up, most of the energy goes inward since it can't break the thick metal shell on it's own, this compresses the absolute shit out of the uranium and it gets dense enough to go critical. This is much more efficient than the bullet method, but it still only uses up about 20% of the material.


Question: If smartphones are basically small computers, why can't we easily boot up android on lumia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If smartphones are basically small computers, why can't we easily boot up android on lumia?

The problem is the drivers for the hardware. A driver is a piece of software, that tells the OS how to talk to the components (e.g. camera, wifi-chip, modem, graphics chip, processor, etc.). On the computer you got standards for most stuff, so it is possible, to get basic functionality working with a default driver, but to use all the special features a component has, you need a driver for this component. Then you got people building their pc themselves and if hardware manufacturers want them to buy their stuff, they have to provide drivers for the most common OS's, which is Windows and Linux. Also because Microsoft and all the Linux distribution creators want their OS to run on as many combinations of components as possible, they come with many drivers for the most common components. Mobile phones however are built in factories and with only one operating system in mind. so as a hardware manufacturer you only have to provide a driver that works for that operating system and the operating system only has to come with the drivers for the hardware of that phone. if you look at custom roms for android phones, you'll notice, that there are individual releases for each phone out there. that's because the OS needs different drivers for each phone. now in theory, you could make an android rom with all the drivers needed to run on a lumia, but getting those drivers will be the hard part. you might even have to write some of those yourself.


Question: Why did philosophy come into existence, why is it important and what good has it done?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did philosophy come into existence, why is it important and what good has it done?

Philosophy is an exercise in critical thinking. It's important because good critical thinking is logical and logic, like math, can prove or disprove a thing. Socrates, the father of philosophy, said that philosophy is a preparation for death, whether in the beginning you know it or not, and I have found that to be true. Philosophy is a search for truth where-as rhetoric is the art of politics and is simply the act of arguing a point. Often rhetoric does not have the noble goal of finding the truth of a matter.


Question: How does a folded sheet of paper 42X be the distance to the moon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a folded sheet of paper 42X be the distance to the moon?

if the paper is folded 42 times, then there would be 2^42 (=4,398,046,511,104) layers of paper. Standard office paper is 0.1 mm thick. So 2^42 / 10 = 439 billion mm, / 1000 = 439 million meters, / 1000 = 439,000 kilometers, which roughly matches the 405,000 km to the moon (at the farthest point in its elliptical orbit) Shameless stolen from: URL_0


Question: Does sign language provide the predominant message for hearing impaired people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does sign language provide the predominant message for hearing impaired people?

Note that there's more than one sign language, just like there's more than one spoken language. Deaf people in the U.S. usually speak ASL (American Sign Language), which isn't the same as what's signed in the U.K., Australia, France, or other countries. Oh, and there are regional dialects, too. To answer your question, though, all of those sign languages are complete languages, just as rich and expressive as spoken language. There's nothing that can be communicated via speech or writing that can't be communicated between two people who are both fluent in sign language.


Question: How do corn farmers make a profit when corn is so cheap?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do corn farmers make a profit when corn is so cheap?

I enjoy when non-farmers start explaining farming. There is almost no connection between a gardener selling his sweet corn and production row crop agriculture. Commodity prices at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange have absolutely nothing to do with gardening, sweet corn production, or farmers markets. It's supply and demand at it's finest, with demand from livestock and pet food manufacturers, ethanol producers, and grain processors who make food additives and ingredients, oils, and such. These market commodity prices, which are subject to wild swings like any market, minus a value known as the "basis" are what farmers get for their crops. Right now, in my local area, the cash price for corn is $3.63 per bushel (around 50 lbs. shelled). Those who said it's the cost of production that's determines profitability are right, but there are minimum costs that the farmer has no control over. Fertilizers (known in ag as "inputs") sell at market prices. Seed corn sells for whatever the big ag companies that have been awarded genetic patents can get farmers to pay. Fuel and oil to operate machinery sells at market prices. So, as things stand right now, in the middle of America it costs a farmer about $3.00 to $4.00 to produce a bushel of corn. Some will make money, some will lose money when they sell at current market prices. If you sell at a loss for a few years in a row your banker will remove you from your farm and sell it to someone else. So the important thing in marketing their crop for farmers is to really accurately know their cost of production and their break even point. They then watch the futures markets and hopefully can contract ahead a percentage of their crop at a price point that will cover the cost of production. Some years that's all one can expect is to break even. Every once in a while farmers get lucky and the market price exceeds the cost of production by a decent margin. In those years, the farmer better sell as high as possible and then bank the extra income (windfall) for the lean years. We are in lean years right now in American ag. Markets are at decade lows. And $2.00/10 ears is a good price for sweet corn. OP is an astute observer of the sweet corn market.


Question: Why does audio clipping stay even with reduced master volume?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does audio clipping stay even with reduced master volume?

Think of it like drawing on a sheet of paper. If you accidentally draw off the edge of the paper, adding another sheet of paper doesn't bring back anything you drew past the edge. That's what happens with audio clipping. Audio is just data being recorded, but if it's too loud (going "off the chart") you lose that data. Reducing the master volume (adding more chart, in a way) can't bring back the data you lost.


Question: What makes a sea a sea?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a sea a sea?

There's no consistent rule In general a sea is a large body of salt water that's smaller than the ocean but bigger than a normal lake and has some land bordering it to separate it As with all rules there are exceptions. The Sea of Galilee is a fresh water sea. The Saragasso Sea is located entirely within the Atlantic and is bordered by currents instead of land Really what makes a Sea a Sea is that someone convinced enough people to call it one and it stuck


Question: Why do bodies weigh less after death?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do bodies weigh less after death?

The guy in who did this study had 6 subjects. 2 of 6 he decided he weighed wrong and threw them out. Another 3 lost the weight over a longer period (hours). That only leaves 1 for the conclusion > Clarke noted that at the time of death there is a sudden rise in body temperature due to the lungs no longer cooling the blood, and the subsequent rise in sweating could easily account for MacDougall’s missing 21 grams. Clarke also pointed out that dogs do not have sweat glands (thus the endless panting) and so it is not surprising that their weight did not undergo a rapid change when they died


Question: why do flannelette sheets feel "warmer" than normal sheets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do flannelette sheets feel "warmer" than normal sheets?

you feel cold when heat generated by your body leaves it to warm up whatever surrounds you; when everything touching your skin is already warm, heat has nowhere to go and just stays. and you feel warm, or better say, you don't feel cold air that touches your skin and drains heat. some materials stop spreading of the heat, so you end up in a 'bag' with warm air.


Question: how does Bankruptcy work and why does filing for it help any?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does Bankruptcy work and why does filing for it help any?

It helps because depending on the type, you don't need to pay on your debts again. It hurts because it affects your credit for 7+ years. This is extremely watered down, if you want deets you can pm me


Question: Given how financially lucrative it would be, how come science hasn't yet found a cure for baldness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Given how financially lucrative it would be, how come science hasn't yet found a cure for baldness?

A lot of things can cause baldness. There are a few that we understand quite well, like some diseases. But the most common type of hair loss is due to genetics and hormones and not completely understood. We only know that it is really complicated. And right now we don't have the technology to interfere with these factors with such precision that we don't do more harm than good. So you might as well ask why we haven't invented hyperspace travel when it would be so lucrative - we don't know how right now.


Question: What are SPACs (Special Purpose Acquisition Company) and what do they do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are SPACs (Special Purpose Acquisition Company) and what do they do?

When a growing company wants to go public as an IPO, the traditional process requires a lot of disclosures, accounting, paperwork, filings, legal fees etc. as the company readies itself for public stock sale. This can take a long time and be costly. n alternative method is a SPAC. This kind of company raises money from (usually very well heeled) investors with the goal of short circuiting that process. The investor money is pooled and a SPAC is formed that does nothing, but announce plans to acquire other companies. The SPAC then goes public with a very simple IPO (simple because the company does nothing, yet). Then the SPAC acquires a real company that wants to go public. Now the stock in the SPAC is really just the valuation of the acquired company and the acquired company is for all intents and purposes public, skipping all of the usual process.


Question: Why the air expelled from the mouth is smelly while the air expelled from the nose isn’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the air expelled from the mouth is smelly while the air expelled from the nose isn’t?

Your nose fights off stinky germs, while your mouth is happy to have them over for dinner. EL you're in middle school version: Your respiratory tract is full of mucus, which has antimicrobial properties. The whole setup of hair, mucus, and cilia is our evolutionary response to containing/eliminating microbial threats in this part of the body. Then, we have the mouth. Here, we do a whole lot to make bacteria happy. We feed them and give them places to live, so they pay us back by producing bad-smelling waste (among other things). We fight these specifically by brushing/flossing our teeth, using mouthwash, reducing sugar intake, and seeing a dentist regularly. Edit: Some have pointed out that our mind "filters" out the smell of our nose and the respiratory tract in general. This is true, but breath leaving your nose should not have an offensive smell. If you or an observer notices a stink coming out of your nose, it's likely due to an infection.


Question: Why do people scream when afraid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people scream when afraid?

Social animals (like humans) are adapted to group defense, so we may give signals of alarm that can bring aid or at least warn and protect others. But that's only under some circumstances, such as if you're wide open and have nowhere to hide. Staying silent is another instinctive response to fear, usually if you have a chance of staying hidden.


Question: Why is fruit/vegetables so cheap despite the time and resources needed to produce them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is fruit/vegetables so cheap despite the time and resources needed to produce them?

If you want to grow 1 carrot, you'll need a lot of preparation, time, and equipment compared to the output. If you want to grow 100.000 carrots, the amount of equipment, preparation and time doesn't increase by the same amount. If you want to grow 1 million carrots, you'll be churning out carrots at a rate that pushes price down. ETA Thank you kindly for the awards


Question: How are commercials added to TV broadcast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are commercials added to TV broadcast?

It's like a playlist. There are some gaps in the playlist of a specific duration. These gaps are filled by different local broadcasters by relevant ads.


Question: why does cooking an animal not get rid of the toxins?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does cooking an animal not get rid of the toxins?

Comes down to temperature. The temperature required to eliminate poisons would probably also eliminate your food. In the case of bacteria you’re not really getting rid of it, you’re applying enough heat for long enough to disrupt their outer membrane and kill them. But the dead bacteria is still there in your food. The same thing doesn’t work for a poison which is a pure chemical compound.


Question: what exactly is an open directory, is using them legal, and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is an open directory, is using them legal, and how does it work?

Well, it really depends what you mean by an "open directory". What are you referring to? Can you give some context?


Question: there are more than 300 undersea cables covering more than 550,000 miles. Since the continents are moving, how do the don't break apart?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 there are more than 300 undersea cables covering more than 550,000 miles. Since the continents are moving, how do the don't break apart?

Continents move ***INCREDIBLY*** slow. Like 2 to 5 centimeters a year. there's more than enough give and wiggle to the cables that this is a nonissue.


Question: How do candles work? And why can normal waxy substances (like soap) not sustain a flame?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do candles work? And why can normal waxy substances (like soap) not sustain a flame?

It depends. On a few things. A bar of soap (actually soap) is about one-third water. It depends on the preferences of the soap maker, but for most of my soaps that is just about right. That alone is going to make it a bit challenging to keep the wick lit because of a process called quenching. However, if the soap bar is made with significantly less water, or if it is allowed to dry out significantly, then we can move on to the next points. Most soap is made with fatty acids having 12 - 18 carbon chains. With shorter carbon chains you have a higher percentage of inerts (mostly Na2O) in the system. Also you have a higher percentage of lower energy glycerol. The flip side is that soaps with shorter carbon chains will have typically lower melting points, which would make them easier to wick. Really hard soaps, like those made with tallow or even stearic acid could end up being pretty energetic. Maybe not as energetic as paraffin or bees wax, but still pretty good.


Question: How can mobile games support themselves by running ads for other mobile games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can mobile games support themselves by running ads for other mobile games?

welcome to the hyercasual game matrix where games are owned by same company. eg voodoo, ketchapp, lion studio, etc


Question: Why do huge companies still need to make commercials?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do huge companies still need to make commercials?

Advertisement isn't juts spreading awareness of the product, but also things like building associations. So when you see your favourite rapper eating oreos or whatever, you will have a more positive association towards oreos and be more likely to eat them. It's also important to make the *nature* of the product into *common knowledge*, which ads are good at. For example, somebody makes a new type of extremely expensive car. Everybody who would be able to afford this car would already know about it. But what's the point of owning an expensive car if nobody else knows that it's expensive? You want to be able to drive your car around and feel confident that everyone who sees you driving around in it knows how expensive it is, and ads do this. For a more 'down-to-earth' example, look to "activist advertisement", where a product will be associated with political activism. A conspicuous recent example would be the gillette debaucle. The ad ended up outraging a lot of consumers with its tone-deaf delivery, but the *intent* was to advertise that gillette is the sort of company that cares about these social issues - and to make this *common knowledge* so that that *you*, hypothetical consumer of gillette products, by extension also implicitly cares about these social issues. Then there's the "mere exposure" effect, that supposedly taps into a more primal part of your brain responsible for evaluating if something is threatening. By repeatedly exposing you to their product in non-threatening ways, that part of the brain is allegedly conditioned to feel comfortable towards the product; like it is safe. This then is supposed to, when you're e.g. at the grocer deciding which cereal to choose, make you feel more comfortable with the one you've been exposed to more and so intuitively feel like it's the best and safest choice. Probably many other reasons I can't think of right now, but the overall point of this post is mainly just to say that ads don't just exist to spread awareness of a product's existence or availability. They also utilize all sorts of other methods of getting their targeted consumer to buy their product over the competitor's.


Question: How much of a species' sequenced genome is stable enough to represent a species, as opposed to finer stuff that will keep changing really fast as they breed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How much of a species' sequenced genome is stable enough to represent a species, as opposed to finer stuff that will keep changing really fast as they breed?

Honestly, a species isn't really a single genome, but a gene pool. The idea of a species is fluid and changes over time. You can't define a species as its pool is transforming either, all you can do is look back into the past and go "Ok well at some point it definitely diverged from its relatives". Gene pool drift is a continuous process, and we can only define species at all by where a gene pool differs from another gene pool in arbitrarily defined ways. Essentially, the idea of a species is just a colloquial thing we use to easily communicate a concept where it's obvious what we mean but impossible to entirely define it. The stable parts of a genome, ie, the ones where all the different alternatives in the gene pool are very similar, tend to be the parts where mutation almost always causes a reproduction disadvantage. This mostly means the fundamental pieces that operate cells, like genes that code for ribosomes. Some genes that are really important to the species fitting its niche can also be "protected" like this. These genes are referred to as highly conserved, which essentially means that mutations to these genes almost always get removed from the pool before they can spread, and only stick around if the niche the species needs to occupy changes (and if that happens enough, the species becomes a new species). There's not a great deal that's truly stable about a genome. Most of it can and will change over long enough time spans. However, each individual member of the species inherits normal genes from the gene pool with at most just a tiny handful of mutations. The low mutation rate means that the "average" gene pool remains pretty stable as a whole even though individuals may be changing quite a lot.


Question: why are plastic chocolate bar wraps so hard to tear apart when they have a smooth normal edge, but so easy to tear apart when they have a little dent on the side?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are plastic chocolate bar wraps so hard to tear apart when they have a smooth normal edge, but so easy to tear apart when they have a little dent on the side?

If you pull apart two ridges of the dented area **all** the force from you pulling is concentrated in a single point, where the two edges meet, allows the material to rip. If you're pulling apart a smooth piece the force gets evently distributed between your fingers.


Question: Where do birthmarks come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do birthmarks come from?

The short answer is that there are many types of birthmarks with different causes. Some are related to unusual areas of skin pigment, some are due to unusual blood vessel structures, some are from differences in the layer of fat below the skin and many more. This site has a lot of information, but in pretty technical terms. URL_0


Question: why do whales breach so violently? I understand they need to breathe, but putting their whole body out of the water and crashing all of their weight down seems excessive.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do whales breach so violently? I understand they need to breathe, but putting their whole body out of the water and crashing all of their weight down seems excessive.

the impact may dislodge parasites like crabs and barnacles, but the most likely reason is the same reason their small cousins the dolphins launch themselves into the air: it's fun!


Question: How come obesity isn't considered to be an eating disorder like anorexia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come obesity isn't considered to be an eating disorder like anorexia?

Binge eating disorder and food addiction are eating disorders that could lead to obesity. It would depend on why the person is obese. You can become obese without having those disorders the same way you can become underweight without having anorexia.


Question: In calculus, what does it mean if a function is differentiable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In calculus, what does it mean if a function is differentiable?

There is not really any one perfect definition of differentiability. With that said, if a function is said to be differentiable, this usually means that the derivative exists at every point described by the function. For this to be true, the function must be defined at that point (no holes or gaps or asymptotes there) and also smooth (no kinks, sharp corners, or jagged places). You can also think about this geometrically by saying that a function is differentiable at a point if it is possible to draw a tangent line there. As one example, the absolute value function is not differentiable at the origin, since you cannot draw a tangent line or ever see a straight line by zooming into the function infinitely far at the origin. (If you put a microscope on the graph and begin zooming in, you will always see a sharp V no matter how far you zoom, instead of eventually seeing a straight line as you would if the function were differentiable). Another example of a function that is not differentiable even though it is continuous is the Weierstrass function ( URL_0 ). I would also recommend The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Calculus by Michael Spivak for a deeper explanation of continuity and differentiability.


Question: Why are the protons stuck in the core/center of the atom? Aren't they supposed to push each other of because of their electric charge? Does that have something to do with why the electrons don't just move to the protons too?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the protons stuck in the core/center of the atom? Aren't they supposed to push each other of because of their electric charge? Does that have something to do with why the electrons don't just move to the protons too?

Short explanation: There is a force called Strong Force (original i know) which holds together the nuclei of an atom as it is a stronger force than electromagnetism


Question: If the earth’s gravity keeps the ISS in orbit around the earth, why don’t astronauts feel a small force of gravity within them rather than weightlessness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the earth’s gravity keeps the ISS in orbit around the earth, why don’t astronauts feel a small force of gravity within them rather than weightlessness?

The astronauts experience weightlessness because their frame of reference is the ISS. Both the astronauts and the ISS are being affected by the same force, so there is no net force difference between the two. It's the same way the vomit comet let's people experience weightlessness. Gravity is still very much affecting the passengers, but it's affecting the plane in the same way, so weightlessness is achieved. That probably wasn't the best way to explain, but I hope it helped.