Question: What happens when a substance is dissolved into a liquid eg. Sugar ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when a substance is dissolved into a liquid eg. Sugar ?

The water molecules essentially "grab" and pull apart the clusters of sugar molecules. Those sugar molecules are then dispersed roughly evenly throughout the water.


Question: When something surpasses the speed of sound why does it create a sonic boom, and would it be possible for an object to avoid creating a sonic boom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When something surpasses the speed of sound why does it create a sonic boom, and would it be possible for an object to avoid creating a sonic boom?

Imagine driving your car at the speed of light and turning on the headlights. What happens? The light can't go any faster, so it all balls up on the headlights. Sound does the same thing. It can't travel through air faster than the speed of sound, so if you're making noise at the speed of sound, it all bunches together. This means that as it travels out you're getting a whole lot of these bunched up sound waves all at once.


Question: Why, especially in older software, does software load times not decrease significantly with a faster SSD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, especially in older software, does software load times not decrease significantly with a faster SSD?

The SSD only speeds up one aspect: retrieving the code storage. Starting a program often involves other steps -- computations that are limited by the CPU, or network communications, unaffected by the SSD.


Question: When they say a multi-billion dollar cooperation (eg. Amazon) pays zero in taxes, what does that actually mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When they say a multi-billion dollar cooperation (eg. Amazon) pays zero in taxes, what does that actually mean?

In Amazon's case - Amazon spent many years spending more money than they made. This was done deliberately. They were spending to make the company grow. When you make a loss in one year, you can use that loss to offset future profits. Amazon make solid profits now, but hasn't yet used up all those tax loss credits. Companies also change how their business works to reduce the taxable income. They do things like registering patents and trademarks in the name of off-shore companies, and then pay the off-shore company royalties. Those royalties are expenses on the local company, reducing it's net income and tax, and are income to the off-shore company, which is in a country that doesn't charge tax on corporations. Or they can get their customers to purchase things, not from the local company, but from an off-shore one. For instance, buy advertising on Google, and your invoice for that advertising will come from Ireland. Amazon, too, will be doing things like these to reduce their income in America and other high-tax countries.


Question: Can you turn full cream milk into semi-skimmed or skimmed by simply adding water to it? (UK milk terminology used).

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you turn full cream milk into semi-skimmed or skimmed by simply adding water to it? (UK milk terminology used).

You can turn it into semi-skimmed by adding skim milk to it. You can't turn full cream milk into skim milk though, the fat has to go somewhere.


Question: Why is it that liquor can be used to sterilize wounds, but it wreaks havoc on our insides, like our liver?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that liquor can be used to sterilize wounds, but it wreaks havoc on our insides, like our liver?

Put bluntly, alcohol is toxic. It's poison. It works to sterilize wounds because most infectious critters only have one cell, so it works a lot faster on them. It'll kill humans too, but that takes either huge doses or years of consistent consumption.


Question: How is gold so valuable and the basis of currency, if it's just being stored and not used for anything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is gold so valuable and the basis of currency, if it's just being stored and not used for anything?

Back in the past, gold was valued as a precious metal because it was shiny and pretty. And soft, which meant it could be shaped easily. It was used as money because it *was* a precious metal, so it was a store of value. It didn't rust, could be made pure, could be made less pure, could be formed into standard-ish shapes like coins and bars. So it was useful for trade with strangers.


Question: How does a private equity company buy up struggling companies by saddling them with debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a private equity company buy up struggling companies by saddling them with debt?

Toys R Us. Profitable company. Sold to an equity clearinghouse. They invested nothing in the stores and took out loans (based on the stores' profitability) until the company was upside down and then they declared bankruptcy. There was nothing wrong with their stores or their markets. They just got raped for cash and left on the road. Its a crack addict's way of doing business and its completely legal and profitable. dystopian.


Question: How do companies survive so much debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies survive so much debt?

They take in money from investors, who hope that they will get paid back with a profit in some future year.


Question: What’s so difficult about banning cruise ships forever. Less than 100 cruise ships pollute more than 10 times all the European cars combined. We didn’t have them for past few months and world was doing fine. What’s the incentive to keep them going forward?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s so difficult about banning cruise ships forever. Less than 100 cruise ships pollute more than 10 times all the European cars combined. We didn’t have them for past few months and world was doing fine. What’s the incentive to keep them going forward?

There are several countries with tourism based economies that rely heavily on cruise ships. The entire Caribbean is suffering from them not running their routes.


Question: Why does your brain shut down whenever you read something boring?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your brain shut down whenever you read something boring?

For most of our species' evolution, calories were scarce and precious resources. The brain requires burning a lot of calories to function. If we are burning too many calories trying to comprehend something that isn't relevant and won't contribute in any way to improving our chances of survival, our brains have an automatic killswitch that goes off, so we will pursue an activity that *will* increase our chances of survival instead (in simple terms, our brain provides no dopamine reward for this activity, prompting us to pursue something that will gives us that dopamine hit). That's why, if you're reading something boring, and an attractive mate or a plate of bacon wanders into your field of vision, you can't help but be distracted.


Question: When heating water to a boil, how does heat cause the water to bubble, and eventually come to a intense rolling boil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When heating water to a boil, how does heat cause the water to bubble, and eventually come to a intense rolling boil?

Little bits of the water turn to steam. Steam is a gas. The bubbles you see in the water are bits of steam (gas) surrounded by water (liquid).


Question: why does pop/soda "expand" and blow up my sealed water bottle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does pop/soda "expand" and blow up my sealed water bottle?

Just like you can dissolve solids (salt, sugar) in water, you can dissolve gases like CO2. And the amount you can dissolve depends on pressure (more pressure = more dissolved gas) and temperature (higher = less dissolved gas). So in a chilled, closed container where the pressure is higher than outside, the gas is stable in its dissolved state. But once you remove the pressure, it becomes oversaturated, meaning it's now an unstable state and wants to release some of the gas.


Question: Why are micro waves dangerous when they have a lower frequency than visible light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are micro waves dangerous when they have a lower frequency than visible light?

The microwaves resonate with the water molecules which does not happen with the visible spectrum. Also, even though the visible spectrum carries more energy your 60w light bulb isn't putting out 60W of light, microwaves on the other hand are designed to put out high amounts of energy.


Question: How come, given we hear ourselves differently from how we think we sound, we can reproduce musical notes accurately by singing, just by ear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come, given we hear ourselves differently from how we think we sound, we can reproduce musical notes accurately by singing, just by ear?

So, there are sort of two different things going on here. Nobody sings a single musical note, note really. When we sing, speak, or play a note, there are a bunch of different pitches that blend together. These give us the tone or *timbre* of the note. The thing we think of as the pitch of the note is the lowest or *fundamental* note. When we hear ourselves speak live vs in a recording, we don't hear a different note. Instead, we hear a different *tone*. The notes are the same, but the version we hear internally has more of the lower parts that make up the tone. But the lowest note is still the same one. TLDR: we hear ourselves sing the same note but with a different tone. Harmonising is about the note, so the tone doesn't really matter.


Question: If the length of a line can be represented by a number to the power of 1, the surface of a square by a number to the power of 2, volume of a cube to the power of 3 and so on, what happens when you have decimals powers? Do dimensions become non integer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the length of a line can be represented by a number to the power of 1, the surface of a square by a number to the power of 2, volume of a cube to the power of 3 and so on, what happens when you have decimals powers? Do dimensions become non integer?

You get a fractal. :) The name 'fractal' comes from the fact that they have **frac**tional dimensions; in situations where you'd expect their perimeter to, say, double, it will instead go up by some weird in-between number, and we interpret that to mean that they have a weird in-between number of dimensions.


Question: Budget airlines, the fares are ultra cheap year on year, it seems impossible that they are turning in a profit, how can they sustain this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Budget airlines, the fares are ultra cheap year on year, it seems impossible that they are turning in a profit, how can they sustain this?

They reduce the employee costs to the absolute minimum. In addition to that, the prices most of the times only look cheap on first glance. Most people will eventually figure out that they end up paying extra for many minor things, such as baggage, seat reservation, priority boarding and other things. Most of the times you end up paying more than you initially thought you would. That's their business model pretty much.


Question: How do a million people each having $1000 in savings and one person having $1000000000 differ in terms of their impact on the economy if the money is still in the same economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do a million people each having $1000 in savings and one person having $1000000000 differ in terms of their impact on the economy if the money is still in the same economy?

Let's say they all go out for a bite to eat. Everyone orders the same thing, a 2$ hamburger. One scenario puts $2 million back into the economy, the other puts $2. Having wealth spread out gives it more chances to be spent and more impact on the economy. Sure, one person may make large purchases, but by and large you'll see more money filter in to the community with more people having money.


Question: How does my unemployment request affect my ex-employer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does my unemployment request affect my ex-employer?

Your former employer pays a monthly premium on unemployment insurance. Basically a tax because it's mandatory and instituted by the government. When you make a claim, their rates go up. The more claims they have the higher their rate goes. As an employer I can say, I don't care for the system.


Question: If the cells in our body are replaced every 7 to 10 years, why cant it roll itself back into a position where it worked better than it does now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the cells in our body are replaced every 7 to 10 years, why cant it roll itself back into a position where it worked better than it does now?

It's a false assumption that our body is replaced new cells every 7 to 10 years. Cells in your body can be divided into 3 types generally based on how they divide: 1. Always dividing: These are generally found in places that generally face a lot of wear and tear, like the skin, or the mucosa lining the inside of your mouth, stomach and intestines. Since they divide very fast, they can heal most wounds to them. That's why cuts or scratches heal so fast. 2. Not dividing right now, but can divide if and when necessary: Like your liver, or the lymphocytes (type of a white blood cell). That's why you can donate part of your liver and it grows right back. 3. Cannot divide at all: Examples are your neurons (the cells that make your brain and nerves), your heart muscle cells and the fat cells. That's why heart attacks and head injuries have a poor prognosis. Also, even dividing cells divide at very different rates. Skin regenerates very fast while some stem cells are pretty slow. So when they say the body replaces itself in 7 to 10 years, what they actually means that the dividing cells in your body have created enough cells to weigh as much as you. In reality what happens is, you shed off an immense quantity of cells that are damaged and cannot work. So, when disease occurs in the parts of body which cannot divide and repair itself, or the disease occurs at a speed higher than the rate of regeneration of cells, you get ill.


Question: How is there snow on top of Mt. Everest, if the clouds are lower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is there snow on top of Mt. Everest, if the clouds are lower?

Not an expert, but a bunch of those mountains have crazy high wind speeds, and snow from the lower part of the mountain gets blown up to the top. Also, there are clouds that can form higher than the peak of Everest, according to my earth science teacher, as they can apparently form anywhere in the atmosphere if they try hard enough.


Question: How does radiocarbon dating work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does radiocarbon dating work?

There's some pretty complicated physics involved, but this is the ELI5 version: 1. The air is full of carbon in the form of Carbon Dioxide (CO2). 2. Cosmic rays from the sun are constantly hitting the atmosphere. Some of those rays hit a boring old Carbon-12 atom in a CO2 molecule and make it a radioactive Carbon-14 atom. 3. Green plants breathe in CO2 as part of photosynthesis, and use the carbon to build more plant cells. They use regular CO2 and CO2 containing Carbon-14. 4. The plant dies, or gets eaten, and it stops breathing in any more CO2. 5. Radioactive decay is predictable, and so is the amount of Carbon-14 in the atmosphere. We know how much of the carbon in a plant should be Carbon-12 and how much should be Carbon-14. 5. So we look at the ratio. The less Carbon-14 there is, the longer ago the plant stopped breathing in CO2. We know this because Carbon-14 decays away at a very predictable rate governed by the basic laws of physics.


Question: If the dollar is the strongest its been in a while, why isn't stuff getting cheaper?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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 If the dollar is the strongest its been in a while, why isn't stuff getting cheaper?

A strong/weak currency only impacts prices of trade goods when they involve foreign currency. It will have no (direct) impact on the price of milk from the farmer down the street. It is completely independent of inflation/deflation which would change the price of goods. That said, unless you are directly importing goods yourself you're not likely to see much impact unless the price change is dramatic. Companies try to make it so that currency fluctuations don't impact their prices too much and they are far more likely to raise prices rather than lower them if exchange rates change enough.


Question: How do mathematicians find those extremely long prime numbers?

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 How do mathematicians find those extremely long prime numbers?

Mersenne primes are a special class of primes that are relatively easy to prove. Now, by relatively easy, I mean compared to another large number near the same value that also happens to be prime. Mersenne primes are in the form of 2^p -1. In other words take 2 to the factor of a known prime and subtract one. That number may be prime as well. And due to the fact that it can be represented as all 1s in binary, special algorithms can factor these number quickly. Again, quickly is relative. It still takes months or years of computational power. Read more here URL_0 Edit: to get the correct notation


Question: why can't we see through things, if they are made of atoms?

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 why can't we see through things, if they are made of atoms?

Wow that's a lot of questions to go through as a ELI5 > How do atoms form solids? Basically every thing ever can become solid, just that we don't see most of it because we live in a very small temperature range, but even oxygen we breathe can become solid provided it is cold enough. Everything is made of atoms, and these atoms constantly move around. Let's use water as an example: - When water is steam, it's very hot and has a lot of energy, the atoms move around a lot very fast and thus the density of atoms in an area is very low - When you cool steam down, the atoms slow down from losing energy. Water is a polar molecule which means it's electrons are not distributed equally, this causes one end of the molecule to be slightly positive and the other end to be slightly negative. These ends attract each other and pull the atoms together, which we call bonds, but in liquid water the atoms still have enough energy to move around and breaks these bonds very easily, allowing the atoms to move around, but not as much as in gas - When you cool water down even more to ice, the atoms no longer have enough energy to break free from the bonds and thus the atoms start to get pulled together. In water it is a specific type we call Hydrogen bonds, there are many more types of bonds but that is out of the scope right now. Essentially these bonds now hold atoms together, and they start arranging themselves into a network (lattice in this case). Again there are many types of these bonds which have different properties. Since you asked about metal specifically, they behave a little differently in that when they clump up, some of their electrons are freed and float around the entire structure, which we call the electron sea. This allows metals to conduct electricity (as for how that should go into its own ELI5) But the overall concept is the same, atoms don't have enough energy to break the bonds between atoms, and thus are held together and become a solid. > So why can't we see through most solids? Now the reason we see things is because photons bounce off an object and into our eyes. We'll get to why things are different later on. As we've mentioned before the atoms in solids are much closer together than say in gasses and liquids. This means that when photons travel to the object, most can penetrate the area where gas occupies, and we can't see it, many go right through liquids but some photons hit the liquid atoms along the way and get deflected, this is why things in liquid look distorted and we call that diffraction. In solids however, atoms are held close together and there are much less gaps between them. This means that most photons will hit the atoms and will bounce right back. These photons will reach our eyes and that's how we see this item. If the solid is dense enough that not many photons can go through, then we can't see things behind it, because the photons reflected from those objects can't make it pass the solid and get back into our eyes. > So why are things different when we look at it? This is because photons are quite weird, they aren't a particle in the traditional sense but more like a packet of energy. They can be absorbed and emitted, and behave like both particles and waves. These photon waves are known as electromagnetic waves, it's the same thing as microwaves, x-rays, radio waves. These waves have what is known as a wave length, which is how much the wave oscillates. Since photons always travel at the speed of light in vacuum, when waves have different oscillation frequencies they have different wave lengths. These wave lengths depend on how much energy the wave is carrying. X-rays and gamma rays are high energy, with very short wave lengths, while radio waves are lower energy and have longer wave lengths. **Sorry if the explanation on waves is a little complicated. I'm not quite sure how to explain this in simple terms, perhaps a follow up comment can help out with that** In this wave spectrum known as the electromagnetic spectrum, our eyes can see a tiny portion of it, the visible spectrum. These are waves with wavelengths 390nm to 700nm (red to purple, < 390 is known as infrared, > 700 is known as ultraviolet). In human eyes we have cells that help us see, called photoreceptors. These are all over your retina at the back of your eye. We group them into Cones and Rods, of which there are a few subtypes. Rods are responsible for measuring light intensity, these can work in very low light conditions but cannot differentiate colour, which is why at night you see in black and white. Cones are much less sensitive, but they can differentiate colours, and they have a few subtypes which is why colour blindness is a thing. These photoreceptors generate a bunch of nerve signals that tells your brain that in front of your eye, the light intensity and colour of things you're looking at (i.e the objects which are reflecting photons into your eyes. Remember when we said photons can be absorbed? Some materials are better at absorbing than others and thus look different) Your brain then takes all the information from your retinas and interpret them together into a coherent image. The reason we see things as they are is because our eyes evolved such that they are "tuned" to the yellow-ish light that is most prominent after atmospheric scattering (the sun is actually pretty much just white, and emits EM waves of all wave lengths). If we were to switch the wave length of light hitting the objects you're seeing it would change the colour your brain interprets it as, so really an apple isn't really "red", there's no inherent "redness" to it, just that in normal lighting conditions an apple happens to reflect red light the most. Different animals actually have differently evolved eyes, so some cannot see what we see, while some can see what we can't see. Birds for example can see UV light, which we can't. So birds actually look different to other birds compared to us because we can't see their UV patterns. And that concludes the ELI5 for why you can see things differently. Most of the concepts are pretty simplified/inaccurate because these are concepts that take a whole year to teach in Gr10 Biology, Gr11 Chemistry and Gr11 Physics, let alone a single Reddit post. You'll understand these concepts once you go into high school and take science classes, so don't worry too much if it's still a little hard to wrap around.


Question: Why does stainless steel stain so easily?

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 Why does stainless steel stain so easily?

What on earth are you putting on them to make them stain so often? My guess is you either bought cheap low grade stainless steel appliances or you are somehow damaging the stainless steel (for example by using chlorine or sulfide based cleaning products)


Question: difference between NY Stock Exchange and Nasdaq?

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 difference between NY Stock Exchange and Nasdaq?

The NYSE started all the way back in the 18th century, and the Nasdaq only started up in the 1970s. The Nasdaq was originally just for information purposes, and only later became a stock exchange. Because of this, the Nasdaq is where more cutting-edge companies chose to list themselves, while old stalwarts still join the NYSE.


Question: what is the science in making slime?

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 what is the science in making slime?

Chemist here: **Slightly technical answer**: the glue used in this reaction (white glue/elmer's glue) is polyvinyl acetate which is a polymer. The polyvinyl acetate has -OH groups (reactive areas). Importantly, borax also has two -OH groups that can react with polyvinyl acetate. In doing so, it can crosslink (fancy way of saying connect) two polyvinyl acetate molecules (or two different -OH groups). When enough of these connections are made you end up with a long interconnected network that has properties inbetween a solid and a liquid slime. **In a more diluted ELI5-8 answer**: Borax is a molecule with two hands. Glue, contains a molecule with lots of hands. Borax doesn't like to hold hands with other borax molecules, and similarly the molecules in glue don't like to hold their hands. When they aren't holding hands they can move around pretty easily. However, borax really likes to hold hands with glue, and whenever it sees a glue hand it will grab it. When this happens you end up with a big group of borax and glue hands being held and it makes it really hard for that big group of molecules to all move in the same direction at the same time which is why they don't really act like a liquid anymore.


Question: why does mineral sunscreen say to “reapply at least every two hours” when it’s still visibly on the skin’s surface at the end of the day?

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 why does mineral sunscreen say to “reapply at least every two hours” when it’s still visibly on the skin’s surface at the end of the day?

Because they take the average amount of time people need to reapply based on perspiration. And just because there is still some visible on your skin doesn't mean the coverage is unaffected. You could have large patches missing or thinned considerably, thereby significantly reducing it's efficacy. Reapplying is precautionary.


Question: how does the "Hot Singles In Your Area' internet scam work?

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 how does the "Hot Singles In Your Area' internet scam work?

The advertiser uses a geoIP database to get your location and shows you some carefully picked pictures (that are the same everywhere, except possibly between countries with different distributions of skin colours). If you click it, it'll ask you a number of (very simple) questions specifically designed to waste a bit of time (yes, I want to meet strangers, that's why I clicked the ad) before either redirecting you to a different, similar site or asking for your credit card information. The idea is that, having wasted so much time already, some people will decide to just enter their damn CC info. At that point you might have you bank account emptied or just charged a dollar, either way it's unlikely there'll be anyone to meet in your area. Disclaimer: this is by no means a complete description of the possible consequences. Viruses can also happen. Edit: a word.


Question: when you go to a different country you exchange money from your country with this country's money. What is done with thr money from your country?

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 when you go to a different country you exchange money from your country with this country's money. What is done with thr money from your country?

The same thing we did with the money except reversed. So instead of exchanging to their money on arrival, they exchange it back to people leaving.


Question: What is "shorting" a stock?

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 What is "shorting" a stock?

Borrowing a stock, selling it, and hoping that by the time you have to return it, you can buy it cheaper. Analogy: Your friend has a new, shiny PS5, but has to go on a trip and can't use it for a while. You borrow it from him, and immediately proceed to sell it for 3X its market price, because everyone wants them and there's no supply. You're betting that by the time your friend returns, the supply issues will be resolved, and you'll be able to just buy a new one in a shop for its normal price, and make a good amount of money. But of course there's a risk. If there's still no supply by the time you have to return it, you might end up paying 5X to a scalper.


Question: - How in the world can you get a charge of Resisting Arrest, and that be your only charge?

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 - How in the world can you get a charge of Resisting Arrest, and that be your only charge?

It may be the case that they didn’t then or after have enough information to make another charge. During the course of the investigation or discussion, however, the behavior crossed a line.


Question: what are forces (gravity, magnetism) made of?

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 what are forces (gravity, magnetism) made of?

There are four fundamental forces: Gravity, Electromagnetism, the Strong force and the Weak Force. The latter three (EM, S and W) are described using the framework of Quantum Field Theory. QFT is a very complex topic, but essentially (for the purposes of this question) it boils down to describing interactions as involving the exchange of a "gauge boson". An easier term is "force-carrier". Basically, when we have an interaction involving one of these forces, what is actually happening at the quantum level is that one (or, indeed, more) of these force carrying particles is being exchanged between the particles that are interacting. So, for example, an electromagnetic interaction (say, an electron scattering - i.e. "hitting and bouncing off" - another electron) is mediated by the exchange of a photon, which is the force-carrier for the electromagnetic force. In this particular case, the photon carries the momentum which allows the force to be transferred (this momentum transfer from one electron, to the photon, to the other electron, causes the electrons to rebound away from each other). Gravity, however, cannot currently be described using QFT. Instead, it is described by General Relativity. This is the origin of the problem of quantum gravity, that you may have heard of. It makes sense that gravity should be able to be described by QFT, like the other fundamental forces, but this currently eludes physicists. General Relativity describes spacetime as having some "curvature" (think of a rubber sheet stretched over a frame). Mass distorts spacetime, changing its curvature. Gravity is then the effect of this curvature on objects within the spacetime. I hope this helps, and feel free to ask more questions! EDIT: Hopefully this is now more layperson-friendly.


Question: I've been seeing alot of stuff about Amazon workers wanting to join a union. What does a union do?

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 I've been seeing alot of stuff about Amazon workers wanting to join a union. What does a union do?

It's difficult as one person to make demands from a company because one person is replaceable, but all together, they are less replaceable and can request better pay and treatment.


Question: how does Korean artificial sun work?

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 how does Korean artificial sun work?

I'm not going to be able to tell you what kind of materials they are using in the process, but I can give you enough to eli5. Simply, they are trying to imitate the process that keeps the sun burning and releases so much energy in a controlled way. To do this, they have to do something called fusion. In simple terms, fusion is combining atoms (the tiny bits of matter that make up everything) to make larger, more complex atoms. Doing this releases an incredible amount of energy, but also takes an incredible amount of energy to achieve. Our sun does this by being so large that it literally squashes hydrogen atoms together until they become helium. As we can't do this on earth, they are looking for ways to do it that don't require the mass of a sun squashing them together. And it seems the way they are doing so is by first suspending "heavy" hydrogen atoms with magnets. Heavy just means these atoms have one more neutron, a part of the atom, than usual, and this makes them unstable, making them easier to fuse. But it's still not easy! Atoms don't "want" to fuse, they push each other apart like the wrong ends of two magnets. So to force them to, you gave to superheat them to incredible temperatures using lasers, while also compressing them down with magnets so they have nowhere else to go but squish together. If they can manage this, this will produce an incredible amount of heat, and just a little helium from the smushed together atoms. You use this heat to boil water, turn it to steam, and power a steam generator. The end goal is to make a reactor that is 1. Stable enough to keep fusion happening 2. Making more energy than it takes to power the magnets/lasers. And these scientists have made their "artificial sun" last much longer than previous attempts, which is exciting progress. Why do we want to do this? Simply, fusion power is the holy grail of clean energy. It doesn't pollute, as the only byproduct is helium which is actually useful to us and can be collected. There's no risk of a meltdown like with nuclear power, as if you cut out the power the artificial sun just goes out and the reaction stops. And hydrogen is an abundant fuel that we can make from simple water. Whoever can make this work will have done a great thing for humanity, and will probably be very, very rich and famous too!


Question: Why do we urinate even when we are dehydrated/thirsty?

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 Why do we urinate even when we are dehydrated/thirsty?

Let's start by differentiating between thirsty and dehydration. Thirst is wanting water, dehydration is running out of water. At later stage dehydration your renal system shuts down and waste backs up. You eventually die. You pee because you're using water to get rid of bad stuff in your system, not because you have too much water.


Question: Why is the Swiss banking system used so much for hiding black money and other assets? Does it have something to do with their bank laws?

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 Why is the Swiss banking system used so much for hiding black money and other assets? Does it have something to do with their bank laws?

They had a combination of financial and political stability, low corruption, and very strict confidentiality laws when it came to banking. In recent years, those laws have been relaxed to a degree.


Question: How does shaving gel work when shaving? Wouldn't any foam-like substance help the same for shaving?

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 How does shaving gel work when shaving? Wouldn't any foam-like substance help the same for shaving?

It lubricates the skin so that the razor blades slide across instead of getting caught in the skin and causing nicks. You can use soap or olive oil to achieve the same effect, but shaving gel/foam was created expressly for the purpose.


Question: What is the Fibonacci Sequence and why is it so important in Mathematics? And who was Fibonacci?

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 What is the Fibonacci Sequence and why is it so important in Mathematics? And who was Fibonacci?

Fibbonacci was a dude who lived in Pisa in the 12th century who made lots of important contributions to mathematics. The Fibbonaci sequence is probably his most famous contribution. It's just the sequence of numbers where the previous two add up to the next one: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34... It turns out that numbers in this sequence have a lot of different useful applications. For example, if a flower is evolving to fit as many petals as it can without them overlapping too much, putting those petals in 2 spirals going in opposite directions where the number of stripes in each spiral are two consecutive numbers in the sequence is a great way to go.


Question: Why can’t we create as much force when lifting a heavy object that is close vs far away from us?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we create as much force when lifting a heavy object that is close vs far away from us?

Torque increases proportional to the length of the lever arm it acts on. Think about how it's a lot easier to get a nut or bolt loose with a really long wrench than with a short one. In the case of holding something far away from you, it's not that you're "creating less force", it's that you're providing a longer distance for the weight of the object to create torque over, and now you're having to fight against a larger torque to keep the heavy object from falling. Your arm is the wrench and the bolt it's trying to turn is the joint in your shoulder.


Question: Why is still water reflective? And why is it only reflective on the surface? I'm assuming something to do with water tension

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is still water reflective? And why is it only reflective on the surface? I'm assuming something to do with water tension

At the boundary between two transparent mediums, some light is reflected back and some is refracted. How much of each, depends on a few things, including the 'index of refraction' of each medium, and the angle and polarization of the incoming light. It's not really the water's surface tension which makes any of this happen, though the surface tension does help to ensure that the water-air boundary is a smooth surface. Rough or textured surfaces scatter light instead of reflecting it in a consistent, clear image. The reason why light behaves this way at boundaries between mediums, is actually because refractive materials slightly change the speed that light moves through them; they slow the light down a bit. It's a little more complicated from there. In the laws which govern how light propagates through electromagnetic fields, this change of speed introduces some asymmetries to the field equations, which are resolved by bouncing some fraction of the light back into the medium it came from.


Question: Fluoride is added to water, but iodine is added to salt. What was the reasoning behind choosing these specific elements and where they should be added?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Fluoride is added to water, but iodine is added to salt. What was the reasoning behind choosing these specific elements and where they should be added?

Iodine is added to salt because there used to be a real problem with iodine deficiency in the US, leading to all sorts of thyroid issues. Goiters everywhere, man. Salt was the most obvious candidate for mass-supplementing, as almost everyone used it, it is nearly impervious to spoilage (although an opened package of iodine salt will lose its iodine content rather quickly), and it was chemically feasible: iodine is added AS a salt, sometimes as sodium iodate or sodium iodide. As for fluoride, same motivation. Mass health srvices. People's teeth were fucked. I mean just awful. As bad as the British. They put it in the water because, again, everybody drinks water. And it's pretty easy, sodium flouride readily dissolves in water. There is a lot of debate (some of it from anti-vaxxer type sources, some legitimate) about the safety of fluoridated water for children especially. It is also being argued that improved acces to oral care - especially toothpastes with flouride - may have made the addition of flouride to water unnecessary.


Question: Why does expired fruit taste like alcohol?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does expired fruit taste like alcohol?

Because the insides are fermenting naturally into alcohol. Google search for drunk birds or other animals, they get drunk off fermented fruit. Also, it is popular knowledge that prisoners use fruit to make their own swill behind bars. Cannot confirm personally.


Question: how do the producers of shows get in contact with drug cartels, dealers and other criminals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do the producers of shows get in contact with drug cartels, dealers and other criminals?

It's actually quite easy. People in drug cartel see this as an opportunity to show off. They will jump on an occasion like that. Pretty much every one knows where they hang out. Police, reporters, bartenders, hell even politicians.


Question: How the storage on devices is made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How the storage on devices is made?

This is an hard one to reply because the technologies vary wildly between devices. HDD are monumentally different from SSDs, which are relatively more similar to RAMs, but still very different. In short: HDDs store information via magnetisation. As you might know, digital information is encoded as strings of 0s and 1s; you could either magnetise or not a point on a disk, and decide that the former means 1 and then latter means 0. Most other storage technologies rely on transistors. Simplifying *a lot*, a transistor has a state: either it blocks a current or it doesn't, based on this state. So you could try to send a signal through it: if you receive it on the other end, then you decide it means 1. Mind you, this is an overwhelming simplification. Depending on what kind of memory you need, you design it to exploit this behaviour, so you bind this state to the information you're storing. (FYI the term "state" is very wrong and I'm using it deliberately for simplicity's sake in this context) Some transistors used in stuff like SSDs are technologically different from the ones used in a processor though, but we'd be digging too deep into the question; just mentioning it.


Question: Why does bad PR cause a companies stock to drop in price?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does bad PR cause a companies stock to drop in price?

Because the value of the stock is based on the value of the company (especially how profitable it will be) and if a company does something dumb or offensive against the public, business usually drops.


Question: If a lot of stars are colored and we also can see some planets with the naked eye, why do we only see them as white?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a lot of stars are colored and we also can see some planets with the naked eye, why do we only see them as white?

Im our eyes there are different types of cells that react to light. There are cone cells which allow you to see color, but are less sensitive to light. And there are rod cells, which are way more sensitive, but can't preceive color. If the light is not bright enough, only your rod cells trigger and things appear black and white or grey-ish. That is also the reason why, as the saying goes, all cats are grey in the dark.


Question: Why do insurance rates go up after a car accident? Isn't that like casinos raising their house edge because you won?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do insurance rates go up after a car accident? Isn't that like casinos raising their house edge because you won?

Insurance is priced based on risk. If you live in an area with lots of tornadoes, you obviously will need to pay higher rates for that home insurance against tornadoes because the company is more likely to have to pay out your claim than if you lived elsewhere. If you are involved in an accident, you become more of a risk. It's not just that they're trying to recover their costs, but also that you've identified yourself as someone more likely to be involved in an accident, for whatever reason (maybe you suck at driving, maybe you live in an area with lots of sucky drivers, maybe you drive only on days where everyone sucks at driving, etc etc). The company can't get so detailed as to identify the reason exactly, but it knows that drivers who are in an accident tend to also be in other accidents. It goes away after awhile, though. 3 years, usually. The price drops as you get older, because older drivers tend to be safer (well older in the context from 18 vs 30).


Question: What happens inside a venus flytrap after a bug gets trapped in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens inside a venus flytrap after a bug gets trapped in it?

The plant excretes chemicals that digest the bug and then the plant absorbs it. Very similar to what happens when you eat a bug.


Question: How does humor exist & why do we laugh?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does humor exist & why do we laugh?

As an ex stand up comic I would say that laughing is a releived stress response. What I mean by that is that that the setup (whether it be words in the feed lines, or something visual) sets up a basic fear / stress response in the observer, or even just pure confusion. This can be very mild (a knock knock joke isn't going to either kill you or attack your world view, but I've still set up a riddle that you can't answer), or much more extreme with much more adult themes. The key thing is that it is a safe environment to feel stress and relief - like watching a horror film, or going on a roller coaster. The answer or final line whatever comes as surprise and resolves the situation in an unexpected way. This releases the stress and you feel relief. "You are safe! You are not under attack!" says the ancient parts of you brain that evolved to be attacked by predators daily. "You survived! Here - have some endorphins and enjoy yourself!" Take a simple joke (the shortest i know ) - (feed line) "My wife asked for an innuendo" (relief line) "so I gave her one" The relief line has 2 meanings - with the second one being a bit more surprising, but still a logical answer, but has attacked what you originally thought was meant. As your brain works that out it relaxes as its no longer being attacked. There's a quote referenced to several people that "comedy is tradegy plus time", and i think of it as all comedy is pain. My humour is REALLY crude. I won't make a joke **just** about sex - but I'll push it to incest or paedophilia, but not in a rude way (Bill Hicks' line of someone saying to him in a deep south diner- "I'd like you meet my wife and my sister - and there was only one woman standing there!" is the best example for this) The more painful and upsetting the joke is the bigger the laugh - to a point. If the relief line doesn't actually fully release the stress then the listener actually does gain stress - which is fun for no one. As a performer you need to read that and respond. This is a really hard question to answer as no one really knows what makes things funny - but thats my take on it! But apparently I'm not funny (see the first sentence!) so what do I know!


Question: Why were there so many CRPGs based on Dungeons and Dragons back in the 90s - early 2000s?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were there so many CRPGs based on Dungeons and Dragons back in the 90s - early 2000s?

Most of those games were written by guys who were into D & D games. Because that's where they came from, that's what they wrote. I was involved in Diku and other MUD-related game development back then, and one of the things I was actively doing was removing references to physical game mechanics from the engine. No more D20, THAC0 etc, although we kept the various HP, AC, etc. values as they were still useful. But if you look back, you'll see that the Japanese did the same thing with their games; the Final Fantasy franchise, for example, was firmly based in the traditional Role Playing Game mechanics. Games like Tales of Phantasia, while they added in some interesting new mechanics, were still firmly based in this world, including the historical "magic wielder, holy healer, fighting tank, thief sneak" classes in an adventuring party. Basically, the games weren't developed in a vacuum, so the developers used the mechanics they were comfortable with, both to tell the story and to advance in the game.


Question: how does working out/cardio help lower your heart rate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does working out/cardio help lower your heart rate?

When you work out your heart becomes stronger, so when your heart goes bump bump it can pump more blood at one time. So your heart can go bump bump less times to move the same amount of blood because it’s bigger and stronger. Just like you can be if you eat your vegetables.


Question: Why/how does talking therapy work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why/how does talking therapy work?

From what I can understand, it is the process itself. I will actually use a plot point from Season 6 of Brooklyn 99. Jake Peralta despises therapy and therapists because 'they do not work'. Jake stated he went to therapy once and it didn't do anything. Even though he has been shot, held at gunpoint and forced to read a suicide note, imprisoned for crimes he didn't commit, etc, he never went to therapy to deal with those issues. In one particular episode, where they were dealing with a murdered wife and missing husband, who the suspect committed the crime, Jake insists the bad guy is the therapist, because 'all therapists are creepy'. He uses the fictional character of Hannibal Lecter to prove his point. At the end, the therapists turns out to be the bad guy, and is holding Jake at gunpoint. As a delaying tactic, Jake talks about why he thinks therapy doesn't work. He was forced to take therapy due to an incident at school, and in the process his parents realized they had nothing in common and filed for divorce, even though the therapy was supposed to be about Jake's actions, That is why Jake dislikes therapy and therapists. By actually discussing the point, Jake was able to get to the core of this issue and understand the why of it, relieving any tension this may have created subconsciously. Analysis, comparison, extrapolation of a problem can alleviate a problem. But it may take more than one attempt to come to a breakthrough like that. It can take multiple sessions. Others may have a a similar problem and they would discuss their coping mechanisms. Others may offer a viewpoint that you hadn't considered to the issue in a new light that allows you to understand it just a little bit better. But you can't get to that point, without discussing the issue


Question: what do they do to cars when you get an oil change?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what do they do to cars when you get an oil change?

Lift your car up, unscrew the oil drain bolt from the bottom of the motor, let your old oil drain into an oil pan, put a little bit of new oil in and let that drain to get any residual old oil out, put the drain bolt back on, fill your engine with new oil.


Question: Why is altitude (in regards to aircraft) still measured in feet, rather than metres?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is altitude (in regards to aircraft) still measured in feet, rather than metres?

Standardisation and inertia. The whole world basically agreed to the same sets of rules and measures and even language for flying. There's no real need to go to the expense and hassle of changing it. And no, there's no real benefit to measuring altitude in metres instead of feet. The benefit of the metric system is that the whole system is aligned. There's nothing special about a metre that makes it better than a foot. Kilofeet, centifeet etc. would work just as well if they'd been designed that way from scratch.


Question: Why are humans (when potential partners are all the same relative level of physical attraction) more attracted to partners that make us laugh?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are humans (when potential partners are all the same relative level of physical attraction) more attracted to partners that make us laugh?

Laughing is a symptom of having a good time. Someone makes you laugh, your body thinks: hey, this person makes me have a good time. So you associate that person with having a good time.