Question: How come the new Iphone can have magnets built into it and be fine while older electronics would be damaged if I put a magnet near them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come the new Iphone can have magnets built into it and be fine while older electronics would be damaged if I put a magnet near them?

A lot of the things you’re talking about from back in the day were using magnetic fields to function...CRT TVs and monitors for example using the field to control the light and color emission. Putting a strong enough magnet nearby would screw with the performance and maybe even damage the equipment. There were also a lot of magnetic storage media at the time...like, almost all of them. Audio and video tape, floppy discs, etc. a strong enough magnet would erase information and really screw things up. Things now are not only shielded better, but also not as reliant on magnetic fields.


Question: How were movies edited before computers ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were movies edited before computers ?

They viewed the film (on reels) frame by frame on a projector and then cut out the frames they didn't want physically from the reel. They then taped the two sections together to recreate the film. The editors were highly experienced at this, and it was done quickly and efficiently


Question: If a place becomes dirty due to not being cleaned for a while, how does it harbor germs? Don't the germs need a living host to draw nutrition from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a place becomes dirty due to not being cleaned for a while, how does it harbor germs? Don't the germs need a living host to draw nutrition from?

"Germs" is a very broad category. There are plenty of bacteria that are perfectly happy munching on organic wastes that build up in dust *or* organic stuff inside you. Many of them don't even want to harm your cells, they just produce harmful wastes regardless of what they eat or where they're eating. Some bacteria, like anthrax, can encapsulate themselves into a tough shell and become an inactive spore. Their metabolism all but stops. Their shell makes them impervious to dehydration. Since they're not doing a whole lot of living, they don't need much food - kind of like a laptop on sleep mode. Once they find themselves in a habitable environment they activate and start truly living again. Many germs are hanging out in or on all sorts of other living things that may inhabit the area, whether you notice them or not. Mice, bugs, birds... they leave behind bacteria that will infect you, too.


Question: Why is it profitable for companies to ship jobs overseas? Question expanded in text

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it profitable for companies to ship jobs overseas? Question expanded in text

No. Industrial-scale shipping is *very* cheap, to the point that some things are shipped from country A to country B to be processed and then shipped *back* to country A.


Question: why does the United nations give countries veto powers which only seem to make those countries untouchable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the United nations give countries veto powers which only seem to make those countries untouchable?

The UN was conceptualised near the end of WWII by the major players of the Allied faction during a series of conferences, including the Yalta conference.They all wanted to protect their national interets and thus the veto privilege was unanimously agreed on by the US, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. When smaller countries understandably baulked at this, the major powers simply threatened that without the veto, there could be no UN. Basically, the veto exists because the original founding members of the UN all agreed on it and the smaller nations had no choice but to accept it.


Question: What's the difference between Neutron Stars, Pulsars, and Quasars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between Neutron Stars, Pulsars, and Quasars?

Neutron stars are older stars that have collapsed in on themselves, and now the only thing keeping them from turning into a black hole is the [pressure that neutrons exert]( URL_0 ) because they don't like to be squashed into the same place. Pulsars are a type of neutron star spinning very fast in which a beam of radiation is emitted from its magnetic poles. If the magnetic pole is off from the geographic pole (the axis of rotation) it will cause the star to appear to pulsate from certain angles (Imagine a giant laser coming from the north geomagnetic pole in Canada, it would appear to aliens far away that earth was emitting laser late at 24 hour intervals). A further subtype of pulsar are [magnetars]( URL_1 ) which are likely very young pulsars, and are named for their ridiculously strong magnetic fields, strong enough to rip the iron from your blood at a million miles away. Quasars are a different creature altogether. They are supermassive black holes that existed in the early Universe. We can only see them now because some of them are so far away that their light has only just reached us. They tore through a literally unimaginable amount of material every second, so quickly and with such force that the gas and plasma around it glowed trillions of times brighter than our Sun.


Question: Why does water fry electronics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water fry electronics?

Electronics have defined paths through which electricity has to flow. These paths are designed such that there is always a regulated flow of electrons from low potential to high potential. This flow also generates heat due to resistance and electrons colliding into each other. Water is usually not pure and conducts electricity. When it is spilled over these paths, it creates short cuts for electrons to flow unregulated. This creates a lot of heat and causes the components to melt. This damages the electronics and "fries" them.


Question: Why does the first patch of pancakes come out spotty and the later batches come out a perfect golden brown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the first patch of pancakes come out spotty and the later batches come out a perfect golden brown?

A combination of too much oil, an unevenly heated pan, and batter that hasn’t “rested” long enough before cooking. Excess oil in the pan causes the first pancakes to not cook nicely. More is not better. Those first pancakes absorb that excess oil while the pan heats up properly, and that leaves a perfect pan for subsequent batches. Let your batter rest for 10-15 mins, heat your oiled pan to the right temperature, and then wipe out excess oil. That should result in a nice first batch of pancakes.


Question: Why do very fast rotating things seem like they rotate slow at a certain speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do very fast rotating things seem like they rotate slow at a certain speed?

Frames per second. You can only process vision so fast. So, when it looks like they are standing still, the speed that they are going matches the frames per second you can see. The area where the rim is in does not appear to move because it does on full revolution in the time your mind can process it.


Question: Why are dinosaur bones painted a dark brown rather than white like other skeletons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are dinosaur bones painted a dark brown rather than white like other skeletons?

I learned that as far as T-Rex skeletons go it's because every one of their skeletons is slightly radioactive; not enough to harm museum visitors but enough to eventually build up to unhealthy levels in tour guides and other museum employees over many years due to their daily exposure. The dark brown paint is a composite that keeps the radiation from escaping into the air.


Question: How does Amber so effectively preserve specimens for supposed millions of years and is there an artificial equivalent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Amber so effectively preserve specimens for supposed millions of years and is there an artificial equivalent?

Amber is just fossilized tree resin, ~~which is a kind of sticky tree sap~~. We have tons and tons of different kinds of synthetic resins that behave in much the same way. Amber is a great preserver because it's watertight and airtight (why we used to use tree resin for boat building!), and so anything that it encases can't really be affected much by the environment. Because of this property, any bacteria or insect inside the resin will quickly die, and no bacteria or insect outside can get in. This means there is nothing to actively decompose the encased material. With no active decomposition, and no passive environmental wear, the encased material is extraordinarily well preserved as long as the amber remains undamaged. edit: u/foramsgalorams


Question: How do countries that speak the same language develop wildly different accents depending on the region?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do countries that speak the same language develop wildly different accents depending on the region?

Beyond simply being able to understand each other, there is no single right way to pronounce syllables. Without an objective reference, pronunciation can "drift" in certain ways much like a blindfolded person, walking in an open area, will not likely walk in a straight line. Of course the more someone interacts with people that speak differently, there's less chance they'll develop a regional accent. But if a group only speak with each other, the effect might be pretty strong.


Question: How have salt and pepper become the world's most popular spices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How have salt and pepper become the world's most popular spices?

> The royal chefs of Louis XIV's court that elevated black pepper to its current status. Louis the XIV was a notoriously picky eater and preferred his food as lightly seasoned as possible—he considered seasoning a vulgar act. In fact, he banned outright the use of all eastern spices beyond salt, pepper, and parsley (deemed more wholesome and exquisite than ruddy cardamom). Black pepper's spiky, pungent flavor provided just enough kick to the King's meals without overwhelming the taste of the underlying foods to satiate his needs. > > The near-exclusive use of salt and pepper as table-side condiments has since spread throughout Europe and the Americas.


Question: When people talk about nuclear waste, what are they really talking about? Whats in those scary barrels buried deep in a bunker if it isn't "glowing green goo?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When people talk about nuclear waste, what are they really talking about? Whats in those scary barrels buried deep in a bunker if it isn't "glowing green goo?"

There are different classes of nuclear waste. Low level radioactive (rad) waste is broken down into different classifications. It can be anything from gloves and paper suits worn in containment or resin beds or filters. It’s disposed in special facilities based on its classification. High level waste includes spent fuel. Nuclear fuel is uranium pellets (sort of the size of an eraser on top of a pencil) that are assembled into rods and then the rods make up a bundle. Once the fuel is removed from the core, it goes into spent fuel pools, which are literally just pools of water. The spent fuel will hang out there for a while, just chilling (literally and figuratively). Eventually, the rods will be moved into longer-term storage. This was originally supposed to be Yucca Mountain (in the US at least). That facility was paid for by operating nuclear plants, but was never opened. Instead, nuclear plants usually move their spent fuel into dry cask storage. This is a big coke can looking thing that just holds the fuel. The fuel is, remember, still in rods. So you just plop it in the giant coke can and seal it up. They hang around outside the nuclear plant. Not in a deep bunker, just like chilling outside. Although it sounds like there’s just nuclear waste everywhere, it’s important to keep in mind that it’s not a sludge (if you’re talking about fuel). It’s a stable solid rod. And the amount of rods we’re talking here is not a lot. In fact, it’s really not an issue at all for plants to continue to store spent fuel on site, it’s just kind of a paperwork pain. At this time, there’s no way to recycle spent fuel in the US (I don’t think).


Question: Why is breaking stuff so satisfying when we are mad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is breaking stuff so satisfying when we are mad?

I don’t actually get this sensation. Or rather I do and then immediately feel guilt for even feeling it. I tend to clean stuff when I get really pissed. I think in both your case and mine it’s mostly you just want to have absolute control over something.


Question: How are Scandinavian countries (ie Sweden, Norway) so wealthy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are Scandinavian countries (ie Sweden, Norway) so wealthy?

Well, Norway seems to have particularly notable oil (and mineral gas) resources. And do you know what they do? The oil company is partly-state-owned (Statoil) and they save the vast sums of money for the norwegians of the future. They enjoy a very high standard of living now, so they don't need more (like a permanent salary for nationals, who don't need to work, for that we have the pakistani, as the UAE does). The rest of the money they invest it for the future, when they run out of oil, be it in 50 years or 200. It's called the ["Global Pension Fund"] ( URL_0 ) -it doesn't fund pensions, despite the name-. That gives you already an idea of the mentality we are dealing with. Also, a social welfare system that leaves no person behind, high education, healthcare, this advances the society as a whole and instead of dealing with dragging people along who don't produce, everyone produces. *Everybody* works. People don't struggle in horrible debt amounts because of a broken leg. And with everyone working, economy boosts. But in general scandinavian countries are a product of strong democratic institutions and very low corruption. The mentality is not individual "good for me" but collective "good for us". They have been wisely choosing their small market shares. They are pragmatic. They have among the highest R & D rates of the developed world. And a pretty solid industry: Statoil, volvo, nokia, ericsson, Ikea, Maersk (shipping), Kone (engineering), Lego (toys) , Electrolux (appliances), Carlsberg (beer), the Astra half of AstraZeneca (pharmaceuticals), H & M (clothes)... They are about *only* 25 million people. Less than half of Italy. On the fun side: Skype and Spotify (swedish in origin), Linux (this one doesn't really count), ...


Question: Why does milk go bad in the heat, but milk can be baked in high heat without the product going bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does milk go bad in the heat, but milk can be baked in high heat without the product going bad?

There's a temperature range (roughly 40 degrees Farenheit to 140 degrees Farenheit) that harmful bacteria is able to grow. When you bake something with milk in it, the item typically going from below the bottom of the temperature range to above the top of the temperature range fast enough that the harmful bacteria has time to start growing. The harmful bacteria is what makes the milk go bad.


Question: is the Big Bang Theory actually JUST a 'hot dense state' that rapidly expanded, or is there more to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is the Big Bang Theory actually JUST a 'hot dense state' that rapidly expanded, or is there more to it?

There is a lot more to it. For example it isn't just an expansion of "stuff" but an expansion of space itself, through a process we really don't understand. It is more about the underlying processes than the description.


Question: How did homeopathy became so huge compared to other non-working alternative remedies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did homeopathy became so huge compared to other non-working alternative remedies?

I'd have to disagree with the statement about more intelligent people going with homeopathy. Any intelligent person should see it's a sham. Especially when presented with evidence of such.


Question: after experiencing something fun I tend to feel a feeling of regret and that I should have spent time doing something more productive (studying, working out and/Or working). Is this due to the way I was brought up, seratonin levels, the rewarding system, genetics and/Or a combination of these?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 after experiencing something fun I tend to feel a feeling of regret and that I should have spent time doing something more productive (studying, working out and/Or working). Is this due to the way I was brought up, seratonin levels, the rewarding system, genetics and/Or a combination of these?

We live in a world were we are constantly reminded how fast time goes by. We are being told time is precious and we must use it wisely. We are told that in order to succeed we have to spend time working hard. We see so many success stories were we hear how much time was being put in the grind to get to the top. My question for you is this: What do want to achieve at the end of your journey? The correct answer for this question is comfort. You need to put the hard work upfront in order to achieve the desired comfort. You don't have to feel regret if you experience that comfort from time to time. We want money, wealth or success so we can do fun things, care free.


Question: Reaganomics. How was it relevant then and how did it impact us now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Reaganomics. How was it relevant then and how did it impact us now?

basically was, if we lower taxes for the businesses then they will use that saved tax money in expanding their business. Thus making the business grow and the govt collecting more money as a result (even tho they lowered taxes the idea is they will gain net taxes because business grew as a result.) Impacts us today because many law makers still believe in it and are giving tax cuts to wealthy businesses. Its proven not to work


Question: Why is gun prohibition different than drug prohibition?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is gun prohibition different than drug prohibition?

Well, we haven't tried it in the 'states so everything anybody tells you is gonna be "in theory". In general, it is harder to make guns than it is to make drugs. You can't grow a gun from another gun's seeds, or distill it from grocery products. It takes very little technology and know-how to grow pot or make booze when compared to smithing a gun. Not only this, but things like gunpowder (at least the smokeless modern stuff that makes mechanically complex semi-automatic weapons possible) are really difficult to make at home. Could you make a musket from some pipe and some stump remover? Yes. Would it be dangerous? Probably more so to you than to the people you're shooting at. In terms of imported guns ("from mexico"), there is no way that current supply lines could bring in enough guns and ammo to stock an entire country's worth of criminals. Guns are big, bulky, and made of metal which is easier to detect than organics. Twenty pounds of gun is worth a lot less than twenty pounds of coke, and it takes up way more space. Certainly, well-off baddies with real power would be able to get guns, but your average thug couldn't.


Question: Why do meteors give off light as they’re entering Earth’s atmosphere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do meteors give off light as they’re entering Earth’s atmosphere?

They enter the atmosphere at ridiculous speeds: more than 10 kilometers per **second**. At these speed, the air can't get out of the way fast enough and get compressed to insane pressures which heats it to thousands of degrees and breaks it into a plasma. This heats up the object as well, and like every very hot object, it (and the air around it) will glow.


Question: What is front and backend development?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is front and backend development?

Frontend is the code that gets delivered to the client to be executed on their device. Backend is the code that runs on a private machine. Typically the frontend will be the view logic and the backend will be buisness logic and databases.


Question: If the Universe is ever expanding, what is it expanding into?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the Universe is ever expanding, what is it expanding into?

This is a really uncertain question. One relatively simple answer that I like is "expansion as we commonly think of it doesn't really apply' Space is something that only exists inside the universe. Since there is no space outside of the universe, it is not expanding into anything, instead, more space is just being made inside the universe. But in the end, we don't really know.


Question: Why is a circle 360 degrees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a circle 360 degrees?

It's pretty arbitrary and no one knows exactly why, but there are a few hypotheses: 1. It's pretty close the 365, the number of days in a year. 2. The Babylonians divided the circle into 6 equilateral triangles, and each triangle was divided into 60 degrees, because the Babylonians had a base-60 numbering system. 3. 360 has many divisors (2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,15...) which makes it a very convenient number.


Question: Why would identical items in the same area of a freezer freeze at different rates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would identical items in the same area of a freezer freeze at different rates?

When a liquid freezes and becomes a solid, it gives off the crystallization energy necessary to do so. With the tubes standing still in the fridge the temperature in the compound can drop below its freezing point without causing it to crystallize. This builds up an energy potential that when it suddenly freezes, the crystallization energy is set free which causes the temperature to rise a bit and radiate the energy away to the neighboring tubes, slowing their cooling process. Thus if a tube suddenly freezes, it hinders nearby tubes to freeze until the excess heat is cooled down again. The temperature raise is miniscule, but not neglegible.


Question: How do atoms affect light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do atoms affect light?

I'm a bit rusty on this so bear with me as I try to give you a good explanation. This gets a LITTLE bit into quantum, so it might be kind of confusing. First of all, it must be understood that Light is a form of energy. (E = hv, c = v λ , h = planck's constant, v = frequency, λ = wavelength, c = speed of light). Those equations are important to know, but for now let's just keep it in the back of our minds. This means that it is not "light" that is being absorbed or deflected, it is "energy". Now, the question why atoms absorb or deflect energy is a little complicated. Here, we need to know that it is not completely accurate to say that atoms themselves absorb or deflect energy. It is really the electrons. (This part is a bit quantum) The simple explanation is that electrons have energy levels. These energy levels are discrete, meaning that the energy levels are sort of like stairs - you can only climb one (or two, or three, or four) step(s) at a time -not half a step, or a third of a step. In terms of electrons and their energy levels, it means you can only jump from one energy level to the other. This means that there is a VERY SPECIFIC amount of energy that can make an electron go from one energy level to another (from one step to a different step of the staircase). This is how an electron absorbs energy, and therefore absorbs light. When that energy is not exactly what is needed to change energy levels, the energy is instead reflected. Since colour is just a measure of the wavelength of light, and wavelength and frequency are inversely related to each other, we can determine that each colour of light has a different amount of energy, using our set of equations at the top. Thus, we see how colour (and its associated different energy) is absorbed/reflected by atoms. & #x200B; Here is an excessively detailed rundown of what's going down: [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )


Question: How's it possible to calculate the volume of geometrical bodies ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How's it possible to calculate the volume of geometrical bodies ?

You can "stack" dots, which don't have length, to get a line, which has length. You can "stack" lines, which don't have width, to get a plane, which has length and width. You can "stack" planes, which don't have depth, to get a volume, which has length, width and depth.


Question: Why is the hottest part of a fire blue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the hottest part of a fire blue?

Blue light (closer to UV on the light spectrum) has more energy than yellow/red light (closer to infrared).


Question: What is a 5% level of significance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a 5% level of significance?

The level of significance is kinda likes the chance that even though your evidence seems to show something special, nothing special is actually happening and it was just luck that gave you the special result. For example: let's say you have a coin, and you want to test whether it is a normal coin, or a rigged coin that always shows heads when you flip it. If you flip it twice, and you get heads both times, maybe that means it's a rigged coin, but maybe you just got lucky with a normal coin and got heads twice. After all, there is a 25% chance of that happening. So, if you wanted to set up the experiment to have a 5% level of significance, you'll want to to flip the coin five times, because there is less than a 5% chance that you would get five heads in a row. If you flip five times and get five heads, you can safely say "This is not a normal coin" and there will be less than a 5% chance that you are wrong.


Question: If a calorie is a unit of energy, how are there 0 calorie energy drinks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a calorie is a unit of energy, how are there 0 calorie energy drinks?

Because a calorie is a unit of heat measurement. If you were to consume 100 calories worth of food, your body will have 100 calories of energy it can break down and convert from heat energy into other energy to use. Energy drinks contain stimulants (like caffeine), or other things that help with cognitive functions (like b vitamins) helping you feel more alert, awake and therefor make you feel more capable of expending your energy. You don't actually posses any more energy than the 100 calories you ingested earlier, however. **-So here's the eli5 part-** Think of your body like a train powered by coal. Calories are the coal being shoveled in. The train doesn't necessarily go any faster when you have more coal to burn. But it *can* go faster and longer. Energy drink's are like if the conductor received orders to go faster because they are behind schedule or if you replaced the conductor with a new one that either tends to go faster, or knows how to operate the train more efficiently to get speed out of it. It might *seem* the train has more energy, but in reality they still have the same amount of coal on board.


Question: When the entire world is driving electric cars, is the risk of batteries exploding greater due to larger capacity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When the entire world is driving electric cars, is the risk of batteries exploding greater due to larger capacity?

Yes, basically. The risk of exploding batteries is obviously increased the more of them that are around, since it is a non-zero risk individually. edit: i should add that while this is pedantically correct, it is also true that the risk of 'exploding batteries' is infinitesimally small, and absolutely pales in comparison to the risk of petroleum-based fires.


Question: Why do game companies try and stop leaks for games? Wouldn’t that generate more hype?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do game companies try and stop leaks for games? Wouldn’t that generate more hype?

Hype also has the potential to destroy games. Too much is leaked, then where’s the shock and awe while your playing the game? The best thing about the unknown is discovery.


Question: If single celled organisms can be their own species, how come humans (and animals) aren’t considered just a huge colony of microorganisms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If single celled organisms can be their own species, how come humans (and animals) aren’t considered just a huge colony of microorganisms?

The difference is that bacteria, protozoa, etc can live as single cells. If you put each cell in a separate room with food and water and warmth, it's fine. We're multicellular because our cells are interdependent; if you disassembled a person into cells, or even into separate organs, those pieces are fucked. They can't survive without each other. The only way a person lives is if they have all those components working as a unit. Chel-of-the-sea mentions reproduction, which is huge and I wish I'd included that too. We can't reproduce unless we have most of our pieces, and when we do reproduce, the new human comes with a complete set of pieces. Ergo, that complete set is a human.


Question: What makes Earth’s core hot? Why isn’t it just a cold blob made up of metal and minerals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes Earth’s core hot? Why isn’t it just a cold blob made up of metal and minerals?

Two major reasons: 1. The earth was formed as a result of accretion. Small particles gradually attracted each other due to gravitational forces and formed bigger objects. This process accumulated a lot of heat; when two objects collide, heat is generated. And as a majority of the heat was retained and never lost, the earth's core remained hot. 2. However, a majority of the heat ( > 90%) is produced through the **decaying of radioactive elements**. The nucleus of unstable elements like U238 (Uranium) gradually break down, releasing energy.


Question: How are animated movies made? Like they can’t handdraw every single frame, right? How does that work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are animated movies made? Like they can’t handdraw every single frame, right? How does that work?

They used to draw everything. Now they use computers and software and facial feature recognitions and all that good stuff. Look into it, you might find a new interest.


Question: How come when I'm drunk two eyes are screwed up but closing one eye allows me to see just fine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when I'm drunk two eyes are screwed up but closing one eye allows me to see just fine?

Being inebriated impairs your depth perception, the coordination of both eyes working in unison.


Question: How did people with bad vision deal with their vision before glasses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did people with bad vision deal with their vision before glasses?

They didn't. They did work that didn't require them to have very good vision. There was nothing there could possibly do about it before corrective lenses.


Question: How did cherry get almost exclusively paired with limeade and strawberry with lemonade?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did cherry get almost exclusively paired with limeade and strawberry with lemonade?

Is this actually a thing? It might only be regional because I've never heard of it before. There was a point in history where lemon and lime flavoured products were the best selling; however, times and tastes are constantly changing, and the demand for those flavours isn't as prevalent as it used to be. A lot of manufacturers are completely phasing out those flavours. For example: green Skittles are now green apple, green Swedish Fish are now pineapple. So the combination of cherry-lime and strawberry-lemon could be a marketing strategy to make the product appeal to a larger audience of people. Why those combinations specifically? I don't know. It could be that the flavours are complementary, they tested well during market research, or that those flavours are a highly grossing product. It would make sense for everyone else to capitalize on the best selling flavours in order to compete in the marketplace. This is why I assume you've seen those combinations where you live and I've never seen them where I live, because they just didn't sell well where I am. Another explanation may be because it's cheaper and easier to manufacture that way. Blue raspberry became popular because manufacturers had loads of blue dye sitting around, and the cheap red dye of the time was outlawed by the FDA because kids were having bad reactions to it.


Question: why do big companies pay huge money to designers for their logo?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do big companies pay huge money to designers for their logo?

Usually, big companies will go to design studios, and they’ll pay a lot of money for their branding. The branding consists of more than just a logo, it involves strategy, voice and writing, assets like fonts and patterns, and sometimes social media guidance or websites. A design student could make a logo, sure, but they don’t have the experience needed to understand the industry, avoid lookalikes, and create a unique experience for the company’s target audience. Not branding, but here’s an example: the Wendy’s Twitter strategy, which is being copied in a lot of fast food companies now, was brainstormed and carried out by VMLY & R, a megastudio who spends lots of money to hire geniuses that come up with truly memorable experiences.


Question: What do the photons of laser light experience if two laser beams of equal power are pointed directly at each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do the photons of laser light experience if two laser beams of equal power are pointed directly at each other?

Photons are not particles in the strictest sense. They have no mass and do not collide with each other (if thats what you're asking). Photons are more of a mathematical model to describe certain properties of light. They can interact with each other in other ways (spooky action at a distance!) But they won't collide. Particle beams on the other hand will, which is why CERN is a thing. Side note: a photon traveling through a material with a potential equal to its wavelength can cause the material to release a photon of the same wavelength. This is called stimulated emission, and is the reason we have lasers in the first place. Fun fact: laser is an acronym that stands for Light Amplification through Stimulated Emission of Radiation.


Question: How do dark green bottles prevent the beverages from degrading?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do dark green bottles prevent the beverages from degrading?

It is done to prevent components which are sensitive to specific wavelengths (colours) of light from breaking down by letting the glass absorb most of it.


Question: Why did gold have such a high value throughout history despite not having any practical use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did gold have such a high value throughout history despite not having any practical use?

Our ancestors were faced with coming up with a currency, or medium exchange, that was easier to implement than a barter system. A coin is one such medium of exchange. Out of all the metals on the periodic table of elements, gold is the logical choice. Elements other than metals can be ruled out, since a gaseous or liquid currency is not very practical--personal portability is a major hurdle. This leaves metals like iron, copper, lead, silver, gold, palladium, platinum and aluminum. Iron, lead and copper are prone to corrosion over time so would not be a good store of value, which is required of coin. Maintaining the metals to keep them from corroding is labor intensive. Aluminum feels very light and unsubstantial, not ideal for our ancestors seeking a coin-metal that invokes feelings of security and value. Metals such as platinum or palladium, "noble metals," are reasonable choices because they are mostly non-reactive to other elements (little corrosion), but are too rare to create enough coins to circulate. A metal must be somewhat rare so that not everyone is producing coins, but available enough so a reasonable number of coins can be created to allow commerce. This leaves gold and silver. Gold doesn't corrode and can be melted over a flame, making it easy to work with and stamp as a coin. Finally, gold has a unique and beautiful color, unlike other elements. The atoms in gold are heavier and the electrons move faster, creating absorption of some light; a process which took Einstein's theory of relativity to figure out.


Question: In the context of programming, what does Return do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the context of programming, what does Return do?

It tells the thing that's interpreting or compiling your code that you want to exit the current function. If you just write 'return' that's all that will happen, but typically you can also follow this up with some values that you want the function to spit out, i.e. the output of the function. For instance, I could define this function (in python code): def PlusTwo(x): x+=2 return x And then if in a command terminal (or some other script/function) I say: \ > y = PlusTwo(3) The resulting value of y will be 5. You'll often find return statements at the end of a function, but not necessarily. You can have different conditions under which you want the function to exit, with different outputs, and these might be found at different places in the function. However you nearly always find a return statement on the very last line of the function, because anything below that would be ignored. For instance, if I define a function like this: def PlusTwo(x): x+=2 return x x+=7 the last line will never actually be executed, and so this function still just adds 2 to the value of x. Some languages don't require return statements - you just have to specify in the function definition what variables are your output variables. And then whatever the values of those variables are when the function exits will be your output. MATLAB for instance works this way. But others, like C or python, do use return.


Question: What makes something bouncy? What makes an object bounce more than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes something bouncy? What makes an object bounce more than others?

Molecular structure which is allowed to stretch or bend without breaking the intermolecular bonds. Think of a thin wooden stick where you can put pressure on one end in a longitudinal direction. The stick will bend. Release, and the stick will return to its original length. Now imagine the molecules of a bouncy thing are thin-stick-shaped. Put pressure on one end by throwing it hard against the floor. The molecules will all bend, then extend, exerting a force upon the floor and propelling the bouncy thing back into the air. However, if too great a force is applied, the molecular bonds could break, permanently damaging the object, just as a thin stick would snap.


Question: How do obvious scams like "you won a free trip to the Bahamas" make money. With as cliché they are, who would actually fall for it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do obvious scams like "you won a free trip to the Bahamas" make money. With as cliché they are, who would actually fall for it?

It only takes one person to fall for it for them to make something out of. The majority of people know to avoid them, but some people don't. It is like any kind of con in the real world. Some people will fall for it. So somewhere out there, someone will and so the scammers make their money.


Question: Why does Niagara falls not run out of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Niagara falls not run out of water?

Simply put, the water cycle. Water evaporates, is condensed into clouds and falls as rain. Fortunately for the falls the jetstream air current flows over the Great Lakes picking up all that evaporated water and bringing it up towards the areas that feed the rivers that feed the falls. This area is known as a watershed and it is hundreds of thousands of square kilometers big. All the tons of rain that falls in that watershed all eventually flows over the falls. The rivers are also constantly fed by groundwater. All the rain that got absorbed into the soil sinks down and flows underground. Sometimes it reaches a point where the weight of the earth pushed it back up through the earth creating a spring. That spring will feed a wetland or stream that will flow to the falls. In the end it is still just every drop of rain that ever falls in that watershed eventually making it over the falls.


Question: How is 200 year old Madeira wine still drinkable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is 200 year old Madeira wine still drinkable?

Madeira is a "fortified wine," meaning that its alcohol content is made much higher than traditional wine. This was to prevent spoilage on long sea journeys. Since alcohol is a preservative, the wine keeps for longer (Madeira and Marsala are also very sweet, and sugar is another preservarive). Really old bottles are expensive because they're rare. No one knows the quality until they drink the wine.


Question: How does an updater update itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an updater update itself?

Anything that is currently running can't be updated immediately because files that are in-use are locked. An updater, when encountering files that are in-use (including the updater itself) will place the new files in a temporary location, along with an instruction for the OS to overwrite the now-running files the next time there is a reboot, or you bounce the program. So if you've ever wondered why some updates require a reboot and some do not, it's because those files are in use and need a reboot to not be in-use.


Question: Why does the coke squirt out when mentos is put in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the coke squirt out when mentos is put in it?

The carbon dioxide trapped in the liquid wants to come out of solution. The mentos provides lots of small rough surfaces (nucleation sites) for the carbon dioxide to grab ahold of and come out of solution. When it does out the volume increases rapidly increases and the coke/gas mixture shoots out the bottle


Question: Can someone simplify polar vs nonpolar molecules?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone simplify polar vs nonpolar molecules?

A covalent bond is when two atoms share electrons with each other. In some covalent bonds, it's a pretty equal partnership and the electron is nicely shared. In other bonds, one atom wants the electron more than the other does, because it's more electronegative. In molecules where there's one atom hogging all the electrons, you get what is called a dipole. Water has a dipole, because the oxygen hogs the electrons. So water molecules are generally more negative on the oxygen side and generally more positive on the hydrogen side. We call these "polar molecules." Polar substances won't mix with non-polar substances. Polar molecules like to stick together, because the dipoles in the molecules attract each other. Non-polar molecules like to stick together, because they don't have dipoles. If you try to mix together polar and non-polar substances, they're stuck together to well to mix. If you mix water (which is polar) with oil (non-polar,) the water molecules are stuck to each other so hard, and the oil molecules are stuck to each other so hard, that the two substances won't mix.


Question: Why people with amnesia only forget certain things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why people with amnesia only forget certain things?

There are two kinds of long-term human memory: explicit (or declarative), and implicit, and they are stored in entirely different parts of the brain. Explicit memories include episodic memories (specific personal experiences) and semantic memories (factual information). Episodic memories, and explicit memories in general, are most commonly affected by amnesia. Implicit memories, including procedular memories (knowledge of how to perform tasks without conscious awareness of previous experiences), are stored in different parts of the brain from explicit memories. Amnesia is usually associated with damage to the hippocampus, which is heavily involved with explicit memories but not particularly involved with implicit memories. However, extremely heavy brain damage could lead to the loss of both kinds of memory. Sources: [ URL_3 ]( URL_1 ) , [ URL_0 ]( URL_2 )


Question: why do eyes start watering when a person yawns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do eyes start watering when a person yawns?

You're made out of meat and your body keeps its juices in little meat bags. Sometimes if you squeeze your muscles this juice will leak out. Other examples: spit squirting out from under your tongue when you yawn ('gleeking'), and the way coughing or tensing your belly squirts newly-processed urine into your bladder so you can pee faster. *Edit for terminology - bearing down on your belly is not the valsalva maneuver.


Question: Do volcanic eruptions really bring rare metals and gemstones to the surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do volcanic eruptions really bring rare metals and gemstones to the surface?

Yes but much slower than you anticipated I guess. It's more likely to find gems in land that is dominated by vulcanoes for millions of years, so that the land itself is made from vulcanic rock types. A single eruption doesn't do much. It's owned by whoever has the mining rights for the Region.


Question: Can hardware work without drivers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can hardware work without drivers?

Short answer: No Imagine your computer is person A and your other hardware (Lets say a monitor) is person B. Person A wants to tell person B is to flick the light switch. The driver defines how they will communicate. Maybe it's English, maybe it's sign language. But without it, no matter what person A does, person B has no idea that person A wants them to turn on a light switch. And there is no way person B can tell person A that there is no light switch in the room. Plug and play hardware works because a bunch of companies got together and told everyone else that is going to make a generic type of device (eg monitors, mice, keyboards, etc) that they need to speak in english back and forth if they want generic functionality to work. If the need to do something fancy, like sing, they can write their own language. But if they want to talk, they need to speak in English. For a lot of stuff, like mice and keyboards, this is enough. For other stuff they actually need to sign... and dance... and throw pies in people's faces. They need their own language.


Question: is there any alternative to decimal system ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there any alternative to decimal system ?

Yes. Infinite alternatives, actually. The decimal system was chosen for the arbitrary reason that we have 10 fingers. There are other bases commonly used. For example, computers read in binary which is a base-2 system. You can make a number system at any base. 10 is a pretty easy number and thousands of years of culture makes it the easiest to use for us.


Question: is potato bread better for you than white bread?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is potato bread better for you than white bread?

Potato bread has more calories than white bread, but is also higher in protein which can help you feel fuller longer. Potato bread is higher is sugar, but also has more complex nutrients like niacin which can help you convert food into energy. Depending on the brand, both of them are pretty sugar rich and nutrient empty compared to wheat bread.


Question: When markets sell products. Why does majority of the items sold end with a .99 cents? Why not charge the full dollar instead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When markets sell products. Why does majority of the items sold end with a .99 cents? Why not charge the full dollar instead?

Subconscious advertising. Which looks cheaper to you: $1,999.99 or $2,000.00? You mind sees the price that starts with the 1 as cheaper because 1 is less than 2.


Question: What is the difference between a written and an unwritten constitution?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a written and an unwritten constitution?

A written constitution is when there is an explicit document, or set of documents, that state how the government is set up and what sort of laws they can or cannot pass. Usually it would also set out a procedure for how the constitution could be modified. Most countries have a constitution like this. An "unwritten" constitution isn't literally unwritten. Really it means the constitution isn't explicitly defined. The prime example of this is the UK. It still has a constitution in the sense that there are rules about how the government is set up, and its relationship with the people. But the constitution isn't explicitly separate from other laws. There are various Acts of Parliament and treaties that are considered part of the constitution, but they can be changed just like any other law. There is an "unwritten" element to it in a more literal sense because there are some conventions (i.e. "this is just the way we've always done it") that can also be considered part of the constitution. Although even they are written down in the sense that books have been written which document these conventions.


Question: Why does your face feel hot and turn red when you get embarrassed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your face feel hot and turn red when you get embarrassed?

Since being embarrassed can be a form of psychological stress... When you get stressed your body enters a ‘fight or flight’ mode - which causes a lot of things to happen throughout your body to help during the stressful situation. In this case the heat and redness is caused by increased blood circulation.