Question: what is the student debt bubble and what does it mean for those with student debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the student debt bubble and what does it mean for those with student debt?

Lots of young people take out debt to go to school. School is expensive. Therefore there is a lot of student debt. Since this debt comes with a federal guarantee of repayment or comes from the government directly, it cannot be discharged in bankruptcy under most circumstances. The government sets interest rates for its loans by diktat, rather than allowing interest rates to vary by person, school, etc. according to how risky the loan is. The interest rates on private student loans are often artificially low due to the federal guarantee of repayment. This, combined with cultural values about how going to college is important, leads a lot of people to go to school without much thought about what they will do after or what they will study. As such, many graduate without lucrative enough jobs to pay off their debt. Many also criticize this program with contributing to tuition increases in colleges (though there are many other reasons beyond student loans for that). Now, I want to emphasize a few things: Labor economists will say that it is perfectly sensible to go into debt when you're young to invest in human capital. 5, 10, and 20 years down the line you'll almost certain to be earning much more than you are now, and borrowing against that future income to invest in skills (or even consumption) today is perfectly logical. However, no bank will give an 18 year old with no collateral a loan based on their future income. This is why federal loans and a federal guarantee of private loans exists. The government recognizes that it is good for students to invest in their own skills and tries to ensure they have access to credit markets to make that investment. In many ways, the problem is that the loans aren't priced according to risk. There are many reasons that a world where the risk is priced properly would be highly undesirable, though. It would virtually lock poor families out of the student loan market, for one. It would also funnel kids into, say, electrical engineering programs even if they were ill-suited for it. Also, many people in highly lucrative careers (e.g. lawyers) tend to come from, on average, less lucrative majors, which would basically be a penalty on such people. However, in my opinion, the worst part about such a scenario is that it is antithetical to one of the central purposes of college: to become an educated individual. As for the effects of student loans on the economy: It depresses spending of young people, likely causing them to delay marriage and home purchases. However, they are also almost certain to be more productive (the payout of the average college degree in labor market returns still far outstrips the average student loan burdens) and thus the effect on growth is likely positive. However, the issue people have with student loans isn't that they're issued, or that they have to be paid back. The issue people tend to have is what happens when they can't be paid back.


Question: How is comet Oumuamua (C/2017 U1) able to come closer to the sun than most of the planets in our solar system, and escape without going into solar orbit?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is comet Oumuamua (C/2017 U1) able to come closer to the sun than most of the planets in our solar system, and escape without going into solar orbit?

It's going fast enough -- higher than *escape velocity* -- for its momentum to overpower gravity's pull.


Question: What's an Afterburner? How does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What's an Afterburner? How does it work?

An afterburner dumps fuel into the hot exhaust from a jet engine. This results in significantly more power from the same size engine, but isn't fuel efficient. This makes it useful for fighter jets that want small super powerful engines but don't care about fuel costs, but terrible for commercial jets that want to operate as cheaply as possible


Question: What’s inside those black boxes on circuit boards, and what’s happening inside when the machine is running?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s inside those black boxes on circuit boards, and what’s happening inside when the machine is running?

Here is a photo of the inside of one integrated circuit. URL_1 This is a very early integrated circuit from the 1950s, the ua741 operational amplifier. It is a purely analog circuit, which essentially is an amalgamation of about 25 transistors and a couple of diodes, resistors and capacitors in a package which is much smaller than could have been done using conventional circuit board construction of the time. So this is about as simple as it gets. A modern integrated circuit will usually have anywhere from 10 times to 1 million times that many transistors. This is a modern ARM micro controller: URL_0 Its manufacturer does not specify the exact number of transistors, but given that it has 96 kB of SRAM and 1MB of Flash memory, it is certainly in the millions. Most likely all of the business of the ARM Cortex-M3 core is in the bottom left corner where you have pink and green colors, and the other 85% of the chip is either RAM or Flash. Around the edge of that Cortex-M3 die you can see square pads (purple on a yellow border). These are the bond pads, which are welded to a frame, which in turn is soldered to the circuit board.


Question: why is helium a liquid at absolute zero?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is helium a liquid at absolute zero?

The particles interact with each other so weakly that they don't hold onto each other strongly enough to reach a solid state.


Question: What is the difference between sound, light and electromagnetic waves and how do they coexist without scrambling each other ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between sound, light and electromagnetic waves and how do they coexist without scrambling each other ?

There are really only two different concepts here. Electromagnetic waves (of which we call a small section of frequencies "visible light"), and sound waves. Electromagnetic waves can travel through empty space. Sound waves are the ripples of some type of "stuff", most familiar of which to us is air. They don't interfere with each other because they do not share the same stuff being disturbed (or oscillated). However, sound waves most certainly can interfere with other sound waves and the way that waves interfere is addititive. Think waves in water riding over other waves in the same water. They can also cancel when being added. Think noise-cancelling headphones. Electromagnetic waves can also interefere with each other. Think radio statio crossover.


Question: If a grenade exploded in space, what would it look like? How would the explosion compare to an earth-based explosion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a grenade exploded in space, what would it look like? How would the explosion compare to an earth-based explosion?

It would explode the same, only the fragmentation would float around forever or a least until they hit something else.


Question: How does time dilate? Why does time slow down at higher speeds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does time dilate? Why does time slow down at higher speeds?

You have a limited amount of "motion". We are spending 99.9999% of our motion "moving thru time", the rest is spent on "moving thru space". Light spends 99.9999% of its motion "moving thru space" and the rest "moving thru time". The faster you travel thru space, the less you travel thru time. At light speed, you're not time traveling, at all. But that's relative. Edit: Travel through time or travel through space, you can't do both at 100%. They add up to 100% though. Edit: Just realized, this analogy does not work for *gravitational* time dilation. Don't ask me how to explain that.


Question: How can a low-cost airline pays for everything by selling tickets at really low prices?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a low-cost airline pays for everything by selling tickets at really low prices?

Flying in and out of smaller airports, cutting service to the bare minimum, and doing things like charging for in-flight meals.


Question: Insurance - what is it exactly? What is its purpose? How is it implemented? How come people are against insurance companies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Insurance - what is it exactly? What is its purpose? How is it implemented? How come people are against insurance companies?

Insurance is a way to control risk. The situations where insurance makes the most sense is when there is an event of a low probability of occurrence but with very severe consequences. For example there is car insurance where you *probably* won't get into a car accident if you are careful but if you did the financial impact would be large. With insurance everyone pays a smaller amount of money into a pool which is available to cover the cost of this bad event. With car insurance you pay a few hundred dollars so when someone crashes they can pay thousands to fix the cars. Most people who pay in don't get any payout, just safety from the risk of needing to pay a large amount. Insurance companies are organization which create, market, and administer these pools of money for various purposes. You can get insurance on pretty much anything but there are some things which are more common: Automobile insurance, homeowners insurance, life insurance, etc. People are often "against insurance companies" because the companies have an interest in maintaining the pool of money. Such companies carefully assess and predict the amount of risk involved with a certain event and base their fees off that calculation. If they estimate too low then they will run out of money in the pool and go out of business, and if they guess too high they can't offer competitive rates. One of the biggest points of anger is about the specific circumstances the companies pay out under. For example suppose you are worried about dropping your smartphone and breaking the screen so you purchase insurance. Then you go off and drop your phone in some water and it doesn't work; the company is going to refuse to pay out for your phone. Why? They only agreed to pay for a broken screen from dropping it, not water damage! If they needed to cover every possible damage from dropping the phone you would need to pay more. Or suppose you come in with a broken screen but it was caused by running over it with your car, not because you dropped it. They would still not pay out because they assessed the risk of *you dropping the phone and the screen breaking*, not the screen breaking for any reason. Usually such anger comes from a lack of understanding of the precise limits of the insurance purchased.


Question: What is keto diet, and why is everyone talking about it nowadays?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is keto diet, and why is everyone talking about it nowadays?

It's not a new diet fad, but it has recently gained a lot of popularity due to its similarity to the Atkin's diet fad, which recently passed through society. In the Atkin's diet, you cut out carbs and increase protein intake. In the Keto diet, you cut out carbs and limit protein intake. The purpose (and namesake) of the Keto diet is to enter into a state called *ketosis*, which is the body's method of processing non-carbohydrates into usable energy. The Atkin's diet had the body processing large amounts of protein as energy, but unfortunately, that often meant consuming a great deal more red meat, which isn't super healthy for us either. Both diets are perfectly fine when adhered to in a responsible manner, and can certainly benefit your dietary goals. You should consult your regular doctor before drastically changing your diet, as there may be adverse effects.


Question: What specifically in the body makes someone’s oxygen level on a pulse oximeter read a low, but healthy percentage (95%) versus a high reading (99%)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What specifically in the body makes someone’s oxygen level on a pulse oximeter read a low, but healthy percentage (95%) versus a high reading (99%)?

Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve. Many things can affect it. pH and temperature being the factors in it’s shift. Also physically cardiovascular health, pulmonary diseases, and other ailments or insufficiencies will contribute as well as activity and physiological responses such as stress, excitement, “fight or flight” and so on can all contribute to some degree.


Question: what’s the difference between yeast and fungi?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what’s the difference between yeast and fungi?

Fungi are a group of organisms, while yeast is a member of that group of organisms. Just like how the difference between a mammal and a human is that a human is a specific member of the mammal group.


Question: What's all this commotion with WSB & GME?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's all this commotion with WSB & GME?

r/wallstreetbets is a community that shares stock/investing ideas While back some people said buy GME it’ll be big you’ll make lots of money. A lot of people did and the price went up. Some big time investment firms thought it was just a bubble and shorted the stock - meaning they bet money the price would fall dramatically. Well the price has only gone up since then and at some point the investment firms will need to eat their losses which means more profit for gme owners. Why you make ask? Well a short is you borrow stocks at let’s say $20 sell them immediately. When the price drops to $10 you buy stocks back. Return them and keep in the profit. In the case of gme the short sellers their short sellers contracts are coming due and they’ll need to pay extra to the people who own stock HTH


Question: Why does your stomach feel like it’s going to come out your mouth when on a rollercoaster?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your stomach feel like it’s going to come out your mouth when on a rollercoaster?

Your organs are just sloshy meat bags inside of a bigger meat cage. When go down a roller coaster drop, your meat cage is being pulled downwards. This makes all the meat bags inside get pushed towards the top. You're literally feeling your organs pushing up towards your mouth.


Question: With the millions (or billions) of barcodes in the world and more being added daily, how are they all unique?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With the millions (or billions) of barcodes in the world and more being added daily, how are they all unique?

Barcodes are actually just a font what represent the numbers that are normally printed just below it. The most common type of barcode in North America is the UPC (Universal Product Code) that is owned and managed by GS1. GS1 officially licenses barcodes for products for sale, using a system where the first N numbers of the code represent the manufacturer of the product, and the rest represent the product from the manufacturer. By sticking to this system, and making sure that their barcodes use the correct manufacturer number, they can know they wont be overlapping with another manufacturer. Manufacturers can also pay more to get a shorter manufacturer code, so that they can have more digits left over to have more products.


Question: Why is the board of directors of a big company (like Apple) filled with CEO's of other companies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the board of directors of a big company (like Apple) filled with CEO's of other companies?

These people are seen as the best qualified to give advice and direction to the CEO, which is one of the most important jobs of a board of directors.


Question: Does water in spaceships short circuit anything?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does water in spaceships short circuit anything?

Yes and no. The vast majority of exposed electronics on the ISS are carefully sealed and protected, just in case there's an inadvertent water spill. The stuff needed to maintain normal function is safe, and so is the really expensive equipment used for experiments. However, there's still tons of traditional electronic equipment up there that could be damaged. Laptops, normal household devices, etc.


Question: why do fish eyes not rotate? I was looking at a fish tank at a restaurant and I realized that the fishes’ eyes did not change orientation to match the movements of the fish. (More info in text)

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do fish eyes not rotate? I was looking at a fish tank at a restaurant and I realized that the fishes’ eyes did not change orientation to match the movements of the fish. (More info in text)

Most fish have eyes on the sides of their head to give them a much larger field of vision, at the expense of limited binocular vision. In general they actually can move their eyes within their sockets, however their ability to do so is extremely limited compared to humans. Basically their eyes don't move much because they don't need to. Most fish can see everything around them without moving their eyes, with the exception of a small blind spot behind them.


Question: How is it a Full Moon tomorrow (at least where I'm at), but 99.6% illuminated compared to 99.8% illuminated the next night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it a Full Moon tomorrow (at least where I'm at), but 99.6% illuminated compared to 99.8% illuminated the next night?

The full moon is on January 28 at 19:16 UTC. What time it is for you depend on your local time zone. The full moon is at the same moment for any location on earth. The app you use is likely correct but hides some information from you. Because the illumination of the moon changes during the day it has to pick some time or calculate an average illumination for that day. It could also be something like the illumination when it is higher in the sky for you or the average value in the sky. So it is not unreasonable that some definitions like that result in slightly more lunar illumination the day after the full moon. If the used value is the illumination for the start of the day then if the full moon is after 12:00 is should be larger at the start of the next day. I would use [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) for moon data and it shows a small difference in illumination depending on where you are on earth. I found values from 99.2 to 99,4% right now.


Question: Would I be liable for someone eating MY poisoned food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Would I be liable for someone eating MY poisoned food?

Well, let's see how that would go in court: > Lawyer: Why did you poison your food? > > You: To keep people from eating it. > > Lawyer: That's what the warning is for. What is the poison for? > > You: To hurt anyone that actually eats it. > > Judge: Case closed. More seriously, looking at several laws: * A person may not recklessly engage in conduct that creates a substantial risk of death or serious physical injury to another; * A person may not attempt to poison another; * A person may not knowingly and willfully contaminate, attempt to contaminate, or conspire to contaminate any drink, food, food product, or food supply by adding disease germs, bacteria, poison, or poisonous matter; And those are just *criminal* statutes, not to mention civil liabilities which have a much lower bar for the plaintiff.


Question: How were the values of constants such as e and pi historically determined, and why do these constants find themselves in so many formulae?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were the values of constants such as e and pi historically determined, and why do these constants find themselves in so many formulae?

As you probably know, pi is intimately connected with circles. Whether you regard pi as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter or the ratio of its area to the square of its radius, etc., pi can be seen to be connected with circles. It should come as no surprise that you can find pi whenever you're working with circles. Circles come up all the time in math even if you have to squint pretty hard to find the circle. For example, many of the occurrences of pi have to do with trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent. These functions can be thought of as relating an angle (which is really part of a circle under a loose definition of "part" and "circle") to the ratio of sides of a right triangle having that angle. These functions come up in geometry and trigonometry, of course, but they also come up in waves. (For some motivation here, look at the graph of the sine function). Waves are very important in physics for a number of reasons, notably electromagnetic radiation. (Whether this is really a wave or a particle or both or neither is the topic of a whole other eli5, but suffice it to say that even in answering this question properly you come to things called wave functions.) f(x) = e^x is a unique function because the "slope" of the function (technically the derivative if you know a little calculus, if not imagine drawing a straight line that just touches the curve at one point, almost bouncing off, and taking the slope of that with rise over run) at a point is equal to the value of the function at that point. This is one of the reasons e crops up everywhere because it represents exponential growth. When the rate at which something is changing is related to the amount of something there is at a given time, look for an exponent. Of course lots of numbers could be used for an exponent, but because e^x's slope equals its value (rather than being proportional to the value like 2\^x, for example) e is often how mathematicians will write the equation. Since a^x == e^(ln[a] x), for any positive a, any time you see an exponent you could rewrite it in terms of e. (For an explanation of this fact consider the rules of exponents and that ln(x) is the inverse function of e^x, so e^(ln x) == x and ln(e^x)== x). Another reason the two numbers come up so often is actually a deep connection between trigonometric functions and e^x. In order to understand this relationship properly you need to understand Taylor series. A Taylor series is an infinite sum. By that I mean the sum has an infinite number of terms, not that the value of it is infinite. It turns out that if the things you're adding shrink fast enough you can add an infinite number of things and still get a finite number. Anyway, what a Taylor series does is approximate a function by an infinite sum of polynomial terms. Intuitively, you can approximate a function around some value, a, by looking at the value of the function at a, f(a). This works for that point, but probably not for points near a like a+0.000001. To get a little better, you can approximate a function by a straight line passing through f(a) but having the same "slope" at that point. To get a little bit better still you could approximate the function by a parabola, g, which has the same value at a, the same slope at a, and the same slope of the slope at a. That is g(a) = f(a), g'(a) = f'(a), and g''(a) = f''(a). You can keep this process going forever and you do a better and better job of approximating the function. Ok, where does e come into this? Well, back before we mentioned that the slope of e^x at x is simply e^x. That means when we were taking the slope and the slope of the slope, etc., we kept getting things that look like e^x. I didn't mention it above but in order to use all of those slopes you have to scale by some constants that don't really matter for our purposes at the moment. In any case, e^x 's self similarity means that the Taylor series for it at x= 0 looks like this: x^0/0! + x^1/1! + x^2/2! + x^3/3!... which is one of the prettiest Taylor series you can have. All right, that's e, but what does that have to do with sine and cosine? Well, sine and cosine have similar properties to e^x. The slope function of sin(x) isn't sin(x), but it's cos(x). And the slope function of cos(x)? Well, that's just -sin(x). This means that the slope function of the slope function of sin(x) is -sin(x). It's not quite self-similarity, but it's pretty close to it. Because sin(0) = 0, the value at zero of the slope of the slope of sin(x) is also 0, and this holds true for any even number of "slope function of"s. You can make a similar argument for cos(x) but with odd numbers. Well, this means that the Taylor series for sin(x) around x=0 ends up being x/1! -x^3/3! + x^5/5! -x^7/7! + x^9/9!... and cos(x)'s ends up as 1/0! - x^2/2! +x^4/4!... Well, if you squint you might already be able to see a connection between sin(x), cos(x) and e^x, but we'll drive forwards a bit more. I'll assume you're familiar with i, the imaginary unit, the square root of -1. Some people struggle with imaginary numbers because they don't show up too obviously in ordinary life, but, believe it or not, they're there. You just have to look for them. If you don't like imaginary numbers you probably won't like what happens next, but it's pretty cool. It turns out we can make sense of something like e^(ix) even though that seems a little strange. How can we make sense of it? Taylor series! e^(ix) == (ix)^0/0! + (ix)^1/1! + (ix)^2/2! + (ix)^3/3!... A little bit of algebra will let us factor that series into something like (1/0! - x^2/2! +x^4/4!...) + (ix/1! -ix^3/3! + ix^5/5! -ix^7/7! + ix^9/9!... ) == cos(x) + i sin(x). Whoa, that was crazy! It is from this fact that we have e^(i pi) = -1 since e^(i pi) == cos(pi) + i sin(pi) = -1 + 0 = -1. One of my favourite surprising occurences of pi is in the probability distribution for the standard normal, or Gaussian, distribution. This distribution is the famous bell curve you may have heard about. The Central Limit Theorems in statistics tell us that the sum of lots of little distributions approximate a normal distribution if you sum enough things. It's this theorem that helps explain why things like height of males or height of females within a population tends to follow something that looks like a bell curve. When you try to get a formula for this magical distributions others converge to you end up working with infinite series again and for detailed reasons that probably can't be eli5'd e pops up again. Through this e, pi pops up too! Now we have the circle constant showing up for population structure statistics. That's pretty weird at first glance. Now for how they could be calculated. One way to calculate pi is to draw a circle, measure its diameter, measure is circumference, and divide the circumference by the diameter. This works well enough for getting an approximation like 3.14 but it's tough to get an approximation too much closer than that because you're relying on how well you can draw a perfect circle and how well you can measure. Another way pi was calculated, historically, is a method famously associated with Archimedes. Imagine drawing a triangle with all sides and angles equal. A polygon with all sides and angles equal is called a regular polygon. Now imagine that the triangle has its points lying on a circle. We'll call this a circle circumscribing the triangle. It may not be obvious that you can draw a circle like that, but you can. Now imagine the same circle, but we'll draw a triangle around the circle with the edges of the triangle just touching the circle. Now we'll say the circle is inscribing the triangle. If you think a little bit, it should be clear that the perimeter of the inner triangle is less than the perimeter (or circumference) of a circle. Similarly, the perimeter of the outer triangle is greater than the circumference. It turns out you can do the same thing for regular polygons with any number of sides. The more sides you have, the closer the shapes will look to a circle, and the closer their perimeters will be, but the circle that's inscribing one and circumscribing the other will always have a circumference in between their perimeters. There's a fairly nice way to calculate the perimeter of a regular polygon and the diameter of its inscribing/circumscribing circle without doing any measuring. That means we can pick some really big number of sides and get two perimeters that are very close together. Once we've done that, we know that the circumference is somewhere in between. Now we just divide the estimated circumference by the calculated diameter and we have an estimate for pi. This method was popular for over 1000 years, but it was eventually beat out by methods involving infinite series (which probably have something to do with circles if you squint hard enough and look for trigonometric functions). Human knowledge of e is a lot younger than human knowledge of pi. We've only known about e since somewhere around the 1600s. Because of this, there's less history about how it was calculated. There are lots of ways to calculate it just like there are lots of ways to calculate pi. Almost all of them look at infinite series in some way. If you've been paying attention you might see that you could use a Taylor series for e^x (around 0) evaluated at x =1 to calculate e. This method works reasonably well and it's relatively simple so it's a good way to think about it. There are lots of other ways to calculate it, though, and I'm guessing this wasn't the first way it was done, but maybe.


Question: How are vehicles advertised as 4x4 yet you can't put them into 4hi or 4Lo. Ex. My 2005 V6 ford escape 4x4?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are vehicles advertised as 4x4 yet you can't put them into 4hi or 4Lo. Ex. My 2005 V6 ford escape 4x4?

4x4 means it has four wheel drive. That does not mean it has a transfer case (the Lo and Hi in 4Lo and 4Hi). If you don’t have a transfer case it’s equivalent to just being in 4Hi all the time.


Question: what happens to a person body when they faint? Why does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens to a person body when they faint? Why does it happen?

Fainting is as a result of low blood pressure. If your blood pressure drops the blood is slower around your body. With the slower blood less is getting to the brain than it needs and since the brain has no reserve oxygen it stops working properly.


Question: why does having your credit checked negatively affect your credit score?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does having your credit checked negatively affect your credit score?

There's a presumption based on lots of creditor experience that credit checks very quickly lead to taking on new debt. Actually taking on new debt has a much greater impact on credit score, but just starting the process sends a signal to creditors that this person seeking credit is about to have a more debt and worse looking ratios. A small change in credit score accounts for this signal. It's not always an accurate signal, but creditors know from experience that it's a decent predictor of a small change in creditworthiness .


Question: The brain has to have a limit to how much information it can store. Is this limit ever reached and what happens when it is reached?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The brain has to have a limit to how much information it can store. Is this limit ever reached and what happens when it is reached?

Your brain is constantly "cleaning house" especially when you sleep. It discards a lot of unused/unneeded information. I don't think anyone has ever gotten near the limits of the human brain's potential, but I would assume that it would just start overwriting data that hadn't been leveraged for a practical purpose for a while.


Question: Why is 67 degrees Fahrenheit cold when you're in water, but nice when you're outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 67 degrees Fahrenheit cold when you're in water, but nice when you're outside?

It's basically the speed at which water steals heat from your body. Water steals heat faster than air. Your body doesn't measure temperature, it measures change in temperature. So your body is basically saying, holy shit I'm getting cold really fast, get out of here. The non eli5 is that heat transfers at different speeds through different mediums. Water conducts heat faster than air. Your body measures change in temp. So even though they are the same temp your body reacts more strongly to the faster changing temp, water.


Question: How does "restoring anticavity fluoride rinse" work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does "restoring anticavity fluoride rinse" work?

Fluoride ions bind to enamel and turn hydroxyapatite into fluoroapatite. Fluoroapatite is much more resilient to acids and a low pH environment. Therefore bacteria cannot thrive and demineralize the tooth.


Question: What is zero dimensional space and what properties would one have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is zero dimensional space and what properties would one have?

Let's imagine we're looking at temperature of a room. In 3D, it means each point in the room, along the 3 axes, has a temperature assigned to it. Same in 2D and 1D, except the axes are fewer, so you need fewer numbers to describe which point you are talking about exactly (e. g. if I only care about the difference in temperature as you go higher or lower, but not sideways, I'd use a 1D model) . In 0D, the entire room is just a single point, i. e. the description of the entire room (in this case, temperature) is just one single number instead of an entire field of numbers. Our notion of space is simply a tool we can use to model stuff, and "0D-Space" is just the simplest, roughest description: I care that the room is X degrees, but not what the difference between the temperatures at the window, floor or ceiling is.


Question: Every country in the world is in debt to another country. How would any country be able to pay off that if every country is in huge debt? Or would it all just end up like Africa and it eventually all just get cancelled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Every country in the world is in debt to another country. How would any country be able to pay off that if every country is in huge debt? Or would it all just end up like Africa and it eventually all just get cancelled?

Most are not in debt, or at least high debt to other countries. They tend to be in debt to their own citizenry. For example the US debt is in the form of Treasury bonds. These bonds are sold to individuals, to corporations, to parts of the US government, and to foreign nations. 60% is owned by US citizens, company, and the US government. Only 40% is owned by foreign nations with China owning the largest single about at around 8%. As far as paying it off, it is not all due at once. Each individual bond has a set maturation date and a set interest rate. They cannot be cashed out early and the interest rate cannot change. So as long as the US is capable of paying the amount that come due for a given time period they will have no problem, just like you have no problem with your Mortgage debt so long as you can make your monthly payments. The same is true for basically every country.


Question: why is lightning “attracted” to metal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is lightning “attracted” to metal?

[It isn't]( URL_1 ): > The presence of metal makes absolutely no difference where lightning strikes. Height, pointy shape and isolation are the dominant factors controlling where a lightning bolt strikes ([Matt Bragaw]( URL_0 ), a meteorologist and lightning safety specialist with the National Weather Service in Melbourne, Florida)


Question: Why are colds more prevalent in winter despite bacteria thriving more in warmer temperatures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are colds more prevalent in winter despite bacteria thriving more in warmer temperatures?

Colds are viruses, not bacteria. They are more prevalent in winter not because of the temperature itself, but because people spend more time indoors and closer to each other.


Question: Why is it that spicy food always seems so much spicier when hot (temperature)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that spicy food always seems so much spicier when hot (temperature)?

I forget the actual receptor name - it’s been a while (Trpv1 from a quick google search) but we call the sensation hot because it quite literally is binding to receptors on your tongue and in your mouth that relate to sensing/ regulating temperature (and can produce pain/irritability responses etc). Eating foods that are hot in temperature (another trigger for these receptors/related thermal receptors) then is an additive effect for your overall sensation of sensing hot/increased temperature. Menthol (like menthol cigarettes) has the opposite effect that works in a similar way in that it binds to tprm8 to create a cooling effect.


Question: When DJ's are Djing, what are they doing with all those knobs, buttons, and their laptops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When DJ's are Djing, what are they doing with all those knobs, buttons, and their laptops?

The laptop is used to select the songs that are being played. The basic knobs/sliders are volume, the crossfader and the bass/mid/treble knobs. There are usually two tracks playing at once, each with an individual set of volume and tone knobs. The crossfader slides between the two tracks, so when it is completely to the left, you can only hear the left track and when it is in the middle, both tracks are the same volume.


Question: Why is it sometimes easy to peel a hard-boiled egg, while other times the shell sticks and fragments into bazillions of tiny pieces?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it sometimes easy to peel a hard-boiled egg, while other times the shell sticks and fragments into bazillions of tiny pieces?

They're much easier to peel if you immediately cool them off, as opposed to letting them sit in the hot water after turning off the stove.


Question: How did we code computer code and operating systems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we code computer code and operating systems?

Code is executed as binary machine instructions in memory. Ever since we stopped programming computers with wires, there has been a way to make a file, or a tape, or a ROM, or load core (Google "core memory"). Some ways were bad, manually transforming instructions to binary, or octal, or hex, and then punching them on a tape. The good ways involved taking text, originally one line per paper card, and feeding that text into a program that would give you the resulting binary. Then you put the binary on a boot store and start up the computer. This is still the way embedded computers are programmed, when it's important that they not make mistakes, bare machine programs without an OS.


Question: Why are most songs about three to five minutes long, and movies about two hours long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most songs about three to five minutes long, and movies about two hours long?

In the good old age before Commercial Radio songs were a multiple of lengths. Take for example Meat Loaf's bat out of hell or Queen's Bohemian Rapsody which are long. Commercial Radio required adverts to be inserted at specific points as the time was "sold" to investors. This meant radio required songs to fit a new rota system. In response recording companies had songwriters fit Radio Edit song lengths. That's why you will see Bat out of Hell Radio Edit which sort of just stops and rarely hear Pink Floyd tracks on radio.


Question: Why did people believe in old medical practices like bloodletting for so long if those practices were not very effective?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did people believe in old medical practices like bloodletting for so long if those practices were not very effective?

[Confirmation bias]( URL_0 ). Same reason people still think a lot of things which aren’t true, which includes you and me. Human brains aren’t designed to accurately model reality, they are just evolved enough to be better than pure chance at figuring out what keeps us alive and what doesn’t.


Question: Why do humans prefer the taste of cold/cool water compared to warm water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans prefer the taste of cold/cool water compared to warm water?

If I had to guess, maybe fresh running water is generally cooler than a stagnant pool? Probably an evolutionary thing.


Question: Why can't we taste anything "sweet" right after having something sweet ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we taste anything "sweet" right after having something sweet ?

Sensory overload - like after leaving a loud concert, normal-volume noises seem much quieter until your ears re-adjust. Having something super-sweet desensitizes your taste buds to less-sweet things for a short while.


Question: How did the conflict in the Middle East start?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the conflict in the Middle East start?

The question is a bit vague. There's been trouble for thousands of years. Even the Peloponnesian war was hardly the beginning of trouble in the middle east. Is it possible you're referring to United Nations Resolution 181, which divided Palestine into Arab and Jewish states?


Question: What is the difference between the types of radiation that cause cancer and the types of radiation used to treat cancer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between the types of radiation that cause cancer and the types of radiation used to treat cancer?

Below a certain intensity, ionizing radiation will damage your cells. Above a certain intensity, it will kill them. Damaged cells can mutate and become cancerous, which is why low-level, long-term irradiation from (for example) tanning beds or radioactive material poses such a threat. When radiation is used to treat cancer, it is actually being used to *kill* the cancerous cells in your body - they are living tissue, and can't multiply if they're dead. In this case, the radiation will be at a very high dose and directed to a very specific area so that it will cause as little damage to the surrounding healthy tissue as possible.


Question: Why do we get goosebumps when we experience something that we really like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we get goosebumps when we experience something that we really like?

It's a sort of layover from our fight or flight response. Back when we were hairy, if we got in to a (potentially) dangerous situation, we'd get an adrenaline rush. Accompanying that, our hairs would stand on end. This would make us look bigger to whatever predator was being a threat. We still get this reaction now, even though we're not as hairy. So, the mechanism that used to cause our hairs to stand up just gives us goosebumps instead.


Question: Why does toilet water move when it's windy outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does toilet water move when it's windy outside?

There is a vent that goes through your roof and is connected to your plumbing drains. It facilitates the water draining to the sewer or septic. Wind blows over it and creates oscillations in the connecting plumbing.


Question: if it is possible to be infected by the flu AND something else simultaneously (e.g. a head cold)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if it is possible to be infected by the flu AND something else simultaneously (e.g. a head cold)?

Yes. Infections can absolutely occur simultaneously. It’s difficult to know because testing to identify the viruses that cause “colds” is relatively uncommon and not worth the cost unless the person is hospitalized. Whereas flu testing is relatively common and you can know that you are positive or negative for influenza. Edited to add that the symptoms often overlap such that it’s difficult to distinguish which pathogen is causing which symptom. And really, it doesn’t really matter. If you’re sick, you should stay home.


Question: What does it mean when some countries “sell” energy to each other? Do they just link up their power grids and send some extra power to the buyer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when some countries “sell” energy to each other? Do they just link up their power grids and send some extra power to the buyer?

Yes, this is exactly what it means. Countries in Europe like states in the US have specific connection points where they can share/sell electricity. The price you pay for electricity is usually an average but the generators and distributors and sometimes even large buyers are always negotiating the price. If electricity is too cheap in your area you are willing to sell your electricity for less than the sellers in another more expensive country, then you can sell your electricity to those other countries.


Question: How do they put coke and other fizzy drinks into cans and bottles without them bubbling up and losing their fizziness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they put coke and other fizzy drinks into cans and bottles without them bubbling up and losing their fizziness?

Pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) mixes very well with water. It mixes most efficiently with cold, but not freezing, water. They add highly pressurized CO2 to water to make soda water, this is usually done in large vats of cold water and they pipe in CO2 to get the mixture they want. Once they have the soda water, they then put syrup and everything else that goes into a soda into a bottle, add the soda water, and cap the bottle. Once you cap the bottle, you create an equilibrium (pressure is equal between the air and the liquid) and you have a nice, refreshing and fizzy drink whenever you want.


Question: What is a "field" in linear algebra?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "field" in linear algebra?

A field is an algebraic structure in which you can multiply, divide, add, and subtract. For example, the set of real numbers is a field. So is the set of complex numbers. So is the the set {0, 1}, where addition and multiplication are defined modulo 2. The integers are not a field, because you can't divide one integer by another and still have an integer.


Question: Is zero a number or the absence of a number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is zero a number or the absence of a number?

From a programmer perspective zero is a number: for example if you have 1+0 the result will still be a number. But if you have 1+NaN(not a number) the results will be NaN. From a mathematical point of view 0 is also a number, because it respect all the requirements to be one. You know exactly where to find 0, you can use 0 in operations and 0 is a valid result. But let's think that 0 is not a number for a second. If you have the equation x=1-1 I would say that x=0 but if 0 is just the absence of a number, I should probably say that x does not have a value


Question: what happens to the rubber in tires as your tires wear down? Does it collect on the road and in rain water? Become dust?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens to the rubber in tires as your tires wear down? Does it collect on the road and in rain water? Become dust?

As a cyclist who once unwisely owned a white jacket, I can confirm that the roads are utterly covered in dingy grey crap. A mixture of soot from exhausts, brake dust powder, and tyre grindings...


Question: Can someone explain clouds to me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain clouds to me?

Water supercooling in clouds forming around condensation nuclei can create a fallstreak hole which can be mistaken for a UFO. URL_0 URL_1


Question: Why is there a credit option when paying with debit card?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a credit option when paying with debit card?

There is a *significant* difference between using a card as credit vs. debit. It’s to the consumer’s advantage to use credit rather than debit, and to the store’s advantage for the consumer to use debit, so they try to encourage debit use and make it a little more difficult to use credit. For example they may set a default as debit and don’t tell you how to use credit, which is why people have to ask you. So here’s the advantage: if they use debit, the money is taken from their account and if there’s a problem, like fraud, or an error, then the person using the debit card doesn’t get their money back until everything has been processed and it has been determined that they are due money. Your money is in limbo, maybe for months. But if it’s used as credit, then you get your money back right away, you don’t have to wait months for the whole fraud process, and it’s the bank and store who have funds in limbo. Also, there are security differences. Remember a few years ago when Target’s data was hacked? Hackers stole the data from people who used debit cards. If you used your card as credit, hackers didn’t get their info. If someone gets your debit card info, they can clean out your bank account in minutes. And then you report it, but because it’s a debit card, you can’t get your money back for months. If they only have the credit card information accessible for your debit card, then you just call and report the theft and your money will be restored almost immediately due to the protections that go along with credit cards. There may also be a different cost to credit vs. debit for the store, where the store pays a lower percentage for debit, which is a reason why they prefer that customers do it rather than credit. But that doesn’t matter to the customer.


Question: How do snowflakes get their unique shape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do snowflakes get their unique shape?

The shape of snowflakes is influenced by the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. Snowflakes form in the atmosphere when cold water droplets freeze onto dust particles. Depending on the temperature and humidity of the air where the snowflakes form, the resulting ice crystals will grow into a myriad of different shapes. Wilson Bentley (1865 – 1931) from Jericho, Vermont was the first person to capture photographs of snowflakes through the use of a microscope attached to a camera. His collection of 5,000 snowflake images introduced many people to the astounding diversity of snow crystals. [Wilson Bentley photographing a snowflake]( URL_4 ) In 1951, scientists from an organization now called the International Association of Cyrospheric Sciences (IACS) devised a classification system that characterized snowflakes into ten basic shapes. These shapes include the stellar crystals that many people are familiar with and odd snowflake forms such as capped columns. The IACS classification system is still in use today although there are other more complex classification systems as well. [1951 classification of snow crystals]( URL_1 ) Kenneth Libbrecht, Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology, has made extensive observations of how water molecules get incorporated into snow crystals. In his research, he has observed that the most intricate snowflake patterns are formed when there is moisture in the air. Snowflakes produced in drier conditions tend to have simpler shapes. [Effects of temperature and humidity on snowflake formation]( URL_2 ) Temperature also has a large effect on the formation of snowflakes according to Libbrecht’s research. Snowflakes formed in temperatures below – 22 degrees Celsius (- 7.6 degrees Fahrenheit) consist primarily of simple crystal plates and columns whereas snowflakes with extensive branching patterns are formed in warmer temperatures. [Up close photo of snowflake by Paula Lancaster Lupi]( URL_0 ) TL-DR: Temperature and humidity influence snowflake formation. The most intricate snowflake patterns are typically formed during warm and wet conditions. [Source]( URL_3 ) Edit: Added pictures.


Question: What is so bad about big companies having access to all of our data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is so bad about big companies having access to all of our data?

You never know who could be buying your data and what are their intentions. Best case scenario : an ad network knows you are really into cats, you get targeted ads. Not-so-good scenario : your bank/insurance company buys data from Google and gets sensitive medical information, or suspects drinking issues, which may influence their mortgage decisions / rates.


Question: How are we able to keep water in our mouths without it flowing down our throats, until we swallow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to keep water in our mouths without it flowing down our throats, until we swallow?

The throat is not a hole, it is a series of muscles. They are able to expand and contract to allow food in, and they push it down, it does not fall. Swallowing is a fairly deliberate use of these muscles to push food or liquid down the throat.