Question: I know a tiny bit of inflation is considered healthy because it encourages investment. What kind of investment is specifically referenced here, and what are the consequences if people don’t invest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I know a tiny bit of inflation is considered healthy because it encourages investment. What kind of investment is specifically referenced here, and what are the consequences if people don’t invest?

Any kind of investment, but mostly investment in better equipment, new production facilities, etc. Let's say you're a business owner and you have a million dollars in the bank. You don't need to use it right away... but you know that if you just keep it in the bank, inflation will make the money worth less in five years than it is worth now. Let's say, a million dollars today would let you replace ten of the machines in your factory with new and more efficient ones, but in five years, it will only buy you nine new machines. You know the machines will need to be replaced sooner or later anyway, so why not spend money now, when you can get more stuff for it? Inflation means you can also raise your prices a bit, in addition to cutting the costs from the machines' higher efficiency. So spending the money now is a better idea than just letting it sit in a bank and spending it later.


Question: Why does artificial intelligence seem so advanced while language translation software still seems unreliable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does artificial intelligence seem so advanced while language translation software still seems unreliable?

It's because different languages have different perspectives and ideas and how they think about the word. So it's not just choosing what word translates (and not every word has a direct translation) but also the context and meaning. A simple example is with English to Spanish. In English we say "I am hungry and thirsty" but in Spanish they would say "Tengo hambre y sed" which literally means I have hunger and thirst. So does the software literally translate word for word. Or does it change the words to keep the meaning. And how does it know which one I want. Or we can say "I'm awkward with you, I like being awkward." Well Spanish doesn't have the word awkward the closest word is incomodo, "Estoy incomodo contigo me gusta ser imcomodo" But incomodo literally means uncomfortable. But it's not uncomfortable being awkward. Being uncomfortable is when something physically doesn't fit or work but awkward is like when something abstract doesn't fit in. That nuance doesn't exist in Spanish. You might like or enjoy being new to learning a language and are okay with being awkward in conversations in a new language. But you might be comfortable in that awkwardness. Also to be( and it's conjugations like I am, we are, he is, etc) has 2 possible translations in Spanish one is Ser for permanent things, the other is estoy for temporary things. So in the sentence "I'm awkward with you" is temporary, but "I like being awkward" is a permanent state of being. "To Be or Not To Be" has a very interesting feel depending on which "to be" you use in Spanish. It's not that AI can't learn all these. and it is, it's just not there yet with every single language into every single other language. English to Spanish is actually pretty good. But take Hindu to Hawaiian and that might be a bigger gap. Let alone between three less translated languages like Hindu to Hawaiian to Amharic.


Question: How does “Solvent Abuse” involving aerosol cans, kill the user instantly, as is warned on the cans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does “Solvent Abuse” involving aerosol cans, kill the user instantly, as is warned on the cans?

It depends. You can die in multiple ways from solvent abuse. There’s lack of oxygen, frostbite, and cardiac arrest or failure. Most commonly is aspiration of vomit while they are unconscious and lack of oxygen. It really depends on what one is inhaling, what methods they are using (using a bag is much more dangerous than just sniffing because you are limiting the flow of oxygen) and the condition they are in. There are safer ways to get high than sniffing gasoline.


Question: What is the anti-trust paradox?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the anti-trust paradox?

Once upon a time local retail stores dotted your town. You went to an electronics store for TV's, the grocery store for food, and the general store for toilet paper. Each individual store has it's own physical store, management, and supply chain adding overhead and cost to the customer. Then Wal-Mart happens. They buy one big building and stock it with food, toilet paper and electronics. In a single trip you can get buffalo wings, beer, a 60" flat screen, shit paper AND the toilet for the ultimate SuperBowl Thunderbox. Because they're so big, they can negotiate lower prices with their manufacturers. Because their stores carry such variety, they can fill a single truck with that day's goods from their warehouses instead of partially unloading 6 different trucks from 6 different suppliers. This cuts labor and overhead expense. That means you can buy the exact same things at Wal-Mart a drastically lower price than you could from the local guys. Cheaper goods is good for society right? The problem is that their business model only works BECAUSE they're big. If you want to compete with them for the lowest price on shit paper, you would have to build an equivalent amount of warehouses and retail stores with a world-class logistics chain before you even make your first sale. It's such a large up-front investment that it would be virtually impossible to start a proper rival. Since the other guys can't compete, Wal-Mart puts them out of business. Now Walmart can double their prices on toilet paper, knowing there's no way someone could beat them in a proper competition. That's a monopoly, and that's bad. Benevolent monopolies are good, but they are also a fantasy. If someone owns 100% of a space, they're going to maximize their profits. Competition by definition breeds inefficiencies, but it also serves as a check against both businesses. They each have to provide an equivalent level of service for an equivalent level of price to keep justifying their value to the consumer. If left un-checked, monopolies like Amazon, Disney, or AT & T can make it impossible to compete against them making it possible to profit from hurting society.


Question: Why do mosquitoes rub their hands (?) together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do mosquitoes rub their hands (?) together?

They have to keep these sense organs clean so they can fly with precision to find food and mates and avoid predators.


Question: Why do mortgages go 15 or 30 years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do mortgages go 15 or 30 years?

There's an article on why 30 years: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) summary: the original system was terrible (you only paid interest, then owed all the money, so people took out another loan, repeat this failure cycle), so the government stepped in. 30 years turns out to be affordable-ish monthly payment, but it's already pushing the boundaries of the risks lenders are willing to take on so there aren't longer terms typically available. As far as moving: no, people don't always life there for 30 years. Typically what happens is either: 1. The money from selling the house pays off the remainder of your mortgage all at once. So a new mortgage from the new owners pays off your mortgage 2. People rent it out for more than their mortgage taxes etc.


Question: How does gravity have an effect on time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does gravity have an effect on time?

If you take two clocks and synchronize them, then send one to a location with more gravity, that clock will run more slowly than the clock still with you. If, instead, you travel with the clock to the high gravity area and observe the clock in lower gravity, it will appear to run more quickly. Time and space are the same thing - dimensions, or directions, in which things can move. Get a piece of paper and draw a straight line on it. Call it a dimension. If something moves across that piece of paper, and gets closer and/or farther away from either end of that line, it is moving forwards or backwards in that first dimension. Is there some direction something on the paper can move, without moving at all in the first dimension? At a right angle, perhaps? Right - so the surface of the paper has two dimensions. It is 2-dimensional. The world is 3 dimensional, because you can draw three lines perpendicular to each other. Movement in only the direction of time is perpendicular to all directions in space, so space-time is 4-dimensional. This next part is difficult to visualize, but mass causes this flat space-time to curve - as gravity increases, directions in space become less and less perpendicular to the time direction, they begin to point forwards in time. Get another piece of paper, draw another line labeled time, and a perpendicular line labeled space. This is flat space, outside a gravity well. Now, motion is some distance in space per unit/distance of time. Draw a second set of lines, angled 45° towards the forward time direction. This represents space curving towards time. Now, using the intersection between normal "perpendicular" space and time as a starting point, pick a point some distance in the space direction, and some other distance in the time direction. This represents speed, or distance through space in a given time (miles per hour, furlongs per fortnight, whatever). Do the same thing, the same distance, but from the intersection of curved space-time - move your point in the 45° direction rather than 90°. The two endpoints represent something moving at the same speed in their own frame of reference - both will have experienced traveling the same amount of distance in the same amount of time. According to an observer in the "flat" frame of reference, the guy down in the well did not move nearly as far in the "space direction" over the same amount of time, and therefore more slowly. Time passes differently for each. This is not a mathematical tool for making general relativity calculations, merely a visual aid to help understand why time passes differently for observers in radically different inertial frames.


Question: Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?

When people talk about "perpetual motion machines" they don't mean the literal "moving forever" they mean a system that runs forever but you can keep extracting energy from, or generates more energy than was put in without any other loss. a rock could orbit another rock and both could hurtle through a vacuum forever. No work is being done no energy is being taken from the system. So it's happy to just keep moving forever. but if you want to make those rocks do some work or touch them in any way they will stop moving or slow down. same with an Atom, while there might be "movement" of sorts inside that motion does not perpetually generate energy.


Question: Why was there an increase/collection of serial killers in the 1970’s/1980’s and specifically concentrated on the West Coast/Pacific Northwest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was there an increase/collection of serial killers in the 1970’s/1980’s and specifically concentrated on the West Coast/Pacific Northwest?

I'm not sure there is a simple explanation. There are some theories but the true cause isn't known. Some of the theories include: * More places to hide (forests without extreme weather, even near large cities) * Easier to hide- very short days in winter mean more darkness--contrast to colder but brighter states in the Northeast * The last-stop theory (people go west and north until they need a passport; this is also part of the theories around our homeless population being so large proportionally) * When the murders where happening most frequently, Oregon and Washington in particular were newly urbanized and did not have the same sophisticated criminal tracking teams that bigger cities had * Copycat behavior * Culture of minding your own business was cited, perhaps because it would lead to less observation and reporting of strange behavior None of these are "true" explanations of why this was happening so frequently in the Pacific Northwest. It may be the case that more serial killers are identified here, and are just ignored or not found elsewhere, but I haven't heard that proposed as an important theory. As for the time period, that is when the baby boom reached maturity (1945-65 + 20 = 1965-85). Early 20s is when mental illness becomes most pronounced in males. So there were just a lot of young men around that time, compared to the total number of police and authorities. There was a crime wave in general. This happened again when Millennials came of age, but less pronounced, I suppose because they had Baby Boomers around to put them in jail (boomers just overwhelmed the generations before them for a variety of demographic reasons like war, immigration etc.).


Question: Why do washing machines have windows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do washing machines have windows?

I’ve only seen doors on front loaders and a few very high end ones with those special wash baskets on top. Front loaders do for a very good reason, so you can make sure it has drained before you open the door.


Question: Why does the sunrise continue to get later after the shortest day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the sunrise continue to get later after the shortest day?

In short: the length of the day isn't exactly 24 hours. It varies between 24 hours and 30 seconds, and 23 hours, 59 minutes and 30 seconds. However for convenience we always use the average of 24 hours. This means that if the sun rises at 8:00, then the next day it will rise around 24 hours and 30 seconds afterwards, i.e. at 8:00:30, and the next day at 8:01, even though it's December and the Sun should be rising earlier and earlier. Why does this happen? Because of earth's [sidereal day]( URL_1 ) and [synodic day]( URL_0 ). The sidereal day is the time is takes Earth to complete one revolution around its own axis, relative to the rest of the stars. This time is approximately 23 minutes, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. So why is the day 24 hours? Well, during that time, Earth also moves approximately 1/365 of its orbit around the Sun. So it needs about 4 more minutes to finish a revolution relative to the Sun, so that it faces the exact same direction as the day before. This is the synodic day, which is what we actually use day to day. However, Earth's orbit is elliptical - during the northern hemisphere's winter months Earth moves a bit faster, so it actually needs around 4.5 minutes extra, making the day 24 hours and half a minute long, and during the summer months Earth moves a bit slower, so it only needs around 3.5 minutes extra, making the day half a minute less than 24 hours.


Question: how can a human possibly survive a headshot? What would the bullet have to miss?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can a human possibly survive a headshot? What would the bullet have to miss?

As long as the bullet misses the Medulla Oblongata, a small section of your brain responsible for basic life support, you could in theory survive the gunshot if you were treated for the complications afterwards, such as internal bleeding. Obviously you'll suffer massive brain damage as the bullet rips through your skull, so it's impossible to be completely unscathed. The Medulla Oblongata sits right around the nape of your neck, which explains the common execution pose of kneeling face down. Edit: I've been getting a lot of comments about alligators and the movie Water Boy. It's a hilarious scene alright, but the medulla oblongata does NOT affect aggresssion. The amgydala has more of an affect on that. Hollywood just likes using Medulla Oblongata cause it's a sciency word.


Question: if everyone is 'selling' their shares and their stocks, who the hell is buying them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if everyone is 'selling' their shares and their stocks, who the hell is buying them?

Bargain Hunters. There is a lot of money to be made buying stocks at half-off and waiting for them to go back up. As soon as how long you'll have to wait is known, the effect will start to be priced in and the market will recover.


Question: what are the little white spots that appear in your fingernails and how do they form?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are the little white spots that appear in your fingernails and how do they form?

These spots, called Leukonchyia, are caused by the abnormal growth in, or damage to the structure of the fingernail. Specifically, light is not reflected by them as it would be from a healthy section of the nail. There are many potential causes ranging from vitamin deficiency to psioraris to arsenic poisoning, but the overwhelming majority of cases stem from minor injuries to the nail and the nail matrix. Consequently, nailbiters are especially prone to have these spots on their fingers.


Question: How and/or why do derivatives and integrals work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and/or why do derivatives and integrals work?

Calculus is the mathematics of change, and thus integrals and derivatives measure and formalize change. A simplified explanation of derivatives can be constructed as such: Imagine you have a line with slope 3. Obviously, if you move 1 unit on that line, your should move 3 units up/down. However, imagine you don't have a line, but some function, say x^2. How much do you move up/down if you move 1 unit left/right? You can't tell, can you? The slope changes, so the question depends on where on the curve you start. There is a big difference moving from (1,1)- > (2,4) as opposed to moving from (3,9) - > (4,16). A derivative says *"Ok, so what if we just move a tiny amount? how much do you move at that exact spot?"* The derivative tells you that on x^2 moving left right at some point will cause you to follow the slope 2x..... at that point. move a tiny, tiny bit to the left at (3,9), and you'll move by a tiny fraction up and down in a similar way that you'd move on a line with slope 6. An integral goes the exact opposite way. It comes along and says "Ok, if we know how much we change our position up and down at each point, what function would cause us to move that way when we move a tiny bit left/right"? So, if you know that you're changing 2x at every point, you argue that you'd be following the curve x^2 + C, because we've already seen that this is the case from our derivative case. Derivatives and Integrals are opposites. One cancels out the other.


Question: What is the difference between coilguns and railguns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between coilguns and railguns?

A coilgun have a coil wrapped around the barrel creating an electromagnet. When you pull the trigger you activate this electromagnet which attracts the projectile to it. When the projectile is moving past the electromagnet you turn it off so that you do not pull it back again. A railgun on the other hand only have two rails going along the barrel. The projectile creates a short circuit between these rails. If you apply a current through the projectile you are essentially creating a coil with only one turn which acts as an electromagnet. But as you activate an electromagnet there are forces pushing it outwards. This is often the source of the buzzing sound you hear in transformers. But since nothing is holding the projectile in place it will just accelerate forward until it loses contact with the rails. Coilguns are very attractive at first compared to railguns. All the wires are insulated so there is no risk of shock or short circuits. There are much less friction and currents are lower so less heating of the components. You also do not have to worry so much about the projectile losing contact with the rails as it travels down them. However a coilgun requires a lot of precise components to open and close the circuit at the exact right time. For something small like a BB gun this is a nice little challenge. However for much larger projects there just is not components that are both large and precise enough. On the other hand the issues with railguns does not grow as the size of the gun is increased. In fact if you get enough energy some of the problems resolve themselves, such as heating the projectile enough that it contacts the rails much better. And there is no active electronics involved, just capacitors, two rails and a switch. This is why we are actively researching railguns to possibly be used in future warfare while coilguns are more of a novelty concept for small devices.


Question: What's the purpose of the stinger of a honeybee ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the purpose of the stinger of a honeybee ?

Individual honeybees are disposable. They defend the hive, their own survival is relatively inconsequential. You can think of the colony as a superorganism of sorts.


Question: Why is cocaine bad for you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 Why is cocaine bad for you?

Basically it constricts your blood vessels and causes your heart to pump faster. Like squeezing a hose and make more water pump though it. Fine every now and again but if you’re doing that regularly the hose is going to get damaged. Particularly at the area that the water first goes in because it’s taking the brunt of the pressure. Over time it can lead to blood vessels bursting and that’s why many people who do lots of cocaine over long periods of time, end up with coke bloat. They end up all puffy and red in the face and generally overweight. Despite the initial loss in appetite that cocaine has and the weight loss people first see, long term users nearly always end up bloated. It can also cause a thing called pericarditis, which is an inflammation of the muscle that covers the outside of your heart. This can lead to hospitalisation at best, or death from a heart attack at worse. I have had three friends that have been hospitalised from pericarditis and one friend that had to go to a psych-ward for hearing people that didn’t exist because he had been out for months on end doing drugs at parties. TLDR: If you do it once every now and again you’re going to damage your body but that’s true of any drug. If you are out doing cocaine once a week or more, you’re going to do long lasting damage to your heart and central nervous system, which is going to leave you in need of either psychological or medical attention. I’ve seen it too many times.


Question: what is a hot spot after a fire, and why does it last for hours after the fire has been put out with cold water?

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 what is a hot spot after a fire, and why does it last for hours after the fire has been put out with cold water?

Hot spots are small pockets of fire that are hidden or protected from the main deluge of water or other fire suppression. They continue to smolder or burn quietly until they finally burn out or reignite the rest of the fuel. They're usually found in some small, hidden away log or deeply charred piece of framework. Before fire crews carried thermal cameras or even point-source thermometers, it was not uncommon to have to get called back out to a house fire that had re-ignited sometime during the night. Hotspots can also cause range/brush fires to reignite if the winds pick up after a fire has been thought to have been extinguished or contained. And it never failed that they would relight at about 3am after I'd gotten back home from the fire scene, showered, and was just about asleep.


Question: Why are pain meds like vicodin so much different from OTC drugs like ibuprofen?

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 Why are pain meds like vicodin so much different from OTC drugs like ibuprofen?

They affect different chemical receptors. Vicodin, codiene, morphine and other opiods/opiates have an effect on dopamine production/receptors in the body which are also responsible for "good" feelings and can suppress the feelings of pain. Ibuprofen and other usually just effect dilation of blood vessels allowing for swelling to be reduced and the body to help start the healing process. Vicodin and other pain meds usually have ibuprofen in them, but not the other way around.


Question: How can such an immense difference between the most intelligent person and the least intelligent person in the world exist, if our brains are mostly the same?

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 How can such an immense difference between the most intelligent person and the least intelligent person in the world exist, if our brains are mostly the same?

My phone won’t let me post a link for some reason, but this was written by a colleague of mine a few years ago by M. Karson Ph.D Edit- this is the entire article as published. TL;DR at bottom [Aren’t some people just smarter than us]( URL_0 ) From psychology today In the current climate of psychology, many people will give you a sour look if you suggest that one person is smarter than another. Psychology has a tendency to abandon concepts that have been put to ill use, rather than to reform their use. These include perversion (ill used against gay people), the double bind (ill used against the parents of schizophrenic children), and intelligence (ill used against poor people or black people). The problem with this practice is that, eventually, every concept is ill-used against a less powerful group, because every concept is deployed by the powerful, and within any system, the hegemony always drifts from concern about the system to concern about the hegemony. The concept of intelligence has been used to limit the opportunities of poor children, primarily by stratifying them, but also by not devoting adequate resources toward educating them. The desire to maximize children’s potential has led to minimizing the idea that they don’t all have the same abilities. In the suburbs, many parents believe that their child can be a surgeon or a rocket scientist if only they want it enough, and they disdain the concept of intelligence because it limits their children’s dreams. 1. Intelligence is how well your brain works (in my definition of it), analogous to dexterity, which is how well your hands work. It’s not clear that we even need a definition of intelligence, since you know what I mean by it. But statistically, it’s the common factor among tasks we describe as cognitive (versus physical). Those who would mock this definition would say it's merely what IQ tests measure, but that is actually a reasonable definition, analogous to saying that weight is what scales measure. 2. The expression of intelligence is culture-bound. My mother defined intelligence as “the extent to which other people agree with me,” which captures and lampoons this issue. But attractiveness is also largely culture-bound, and I don’t think anyone seriously argues that it therefore doesn’t exist. The whole point of having a big brain, apparently, is to succeed in one’s geographical situation by remembering things and solving problems and such, and to succeed among other people (including mating). The details of succeeding socially vary from tribe to tribe, but a superior brain is a good start (as is attractiveness or dexterity). The culture-bound nature of intelligence is a problem for test makers, who often ignore the culture-bound nature of test taking itself, and inadvertently disadvantage people who are not used to quizzes and puzzles. 3. Adult intelligence is inherited, about as much as height. Many people read this assertion as saying that environment doesn’t matter, but the opposite of “inherited” is not “environment,” it’s “randomness.” Anastasi (I think) noted that if you raise a generation of children in pickle barrels, feeding them through a hole with no other communication, they will become extremely unintelligent as a group, even if the variations among them that do occur are inherited. Parents trying to influence their children’s intelligence by playing Mozart and drilling them with vocabulary words have an effect that wears off in early adulthood. The one caveat has to do with the pickle-barrel analogy; if children are diseased, malnourished, beaten, or traumatized, it can affect their brains in a way that limits their intelligence. The only childhood interventions that might have a lasting impact would be to develop a secure attachment and to cultivate a fascination with the rewards of intellectual challenges, the gifts that keep on giving. 4. Intelligence is a personality factor. Cattell defined personality as person variables, as opposed to situation variables—whatever allows us to predict what a person will do in a given situation. In his factor analysis of the dictionary, which formed the basis of Big Five personality theory, he always discussed what might be called the Big Six, because he found that intelligence was one of the main things that people notice about each other. When intellect is banned as an explanatory concept, we develop twisted ideas about people’s behaviors when they are simply having trouble keeping up, or they’re bored, or they’re in over their heads, or they’re humiliated by not knowing something. 5. The stigma of looking less than completely intelligent is another source of psychologists’ reluctance to use the concept. I remember when Isaac Asimov appeared on the Dick Cavett show. Cavett, a comedian and talk-show host who acted erudite, used a big word and Asimov, the brilliant sci-fi novelist and science writer, asked him what it meant. Cavett said he was surprised that there was a word that the prolific and knowledgeable Asimov didn’t know. Asimov said, “You know, when you’re as smart as I am, you just ask.” I think embarrassment over looking less intelligent forces people to fake it. Imagine the extra difficulties that would attend short people if it were humiliating to acknowledge being short; having to pretend to dislike peanut butter or to be allergic to it rather than just saying they can’t reach it. 6. While the high heritability of intelligence has been used to justify unfair treatment of black people (claiming there’s no way to help them), it equally suggests the opposite. Heritability implies that black-white differences are environmentally caused, not genetically caused, because of the fact of our common heritage. The different races can be analogized to identical twins reared apart. Racial differences in intelligence would require that one racial group evolved under conditions where intelligence was a disadvantage or less of an advantage. It’s really hard to imagine how that could happen. This is not true for height, say, or skin color, other highly heritable traits. Presumably, when now-black tribes and now-white tribes split (not too long ago in evolutionary terms), those that remained (or became) black either lived in a place where melanin was a geographical advantage (mitigating exposure to sunshine, say) or a social advantage (people found it attractive, say). It’s easy to think of ways in which skin color or height could be a geographical or social disadvantage. It’s really hard to think of ways intelligence could be a disadvantage, or where social problem-solving would be less of an advantage. (If you want to know what it’s like to lose IQ points, visit another culture; they’re all really complicated.) Since the common ancestry among all humans is fairly recent, that means that all tribes are about equally intelligent. And that implies that environmental and political factors (and biased assessment) account for perceived differences. When a fact like heritability implies opposite inferences about, say, the cause of racial differences in test scores, then that is not relevant to the discussion of those inferences. 7. Intelligence is a source of privilege. Smart people are like tall people would be in a world where much of the good stuff is kept in the upper cabinets. In fact, we look up to tall people, and they look down on us, and one of the great privileges of maleness is the general state of being taller than average-sized women (and thus, less like children, because according to Erving Goffman, face-to-face social status is largely a function of being able to hide one’s childishness). Intelligence also allows people to look less like children: to be less confused, less ignorant, and less mistaken, and to show interest in things that bore children. Like many privilege holders, the intelligent are reluctant to acknowledge their advantages. They often make the mistake of treating everyone as intelligent, which seems like a nice enough thing to do until you draw the comparison to being white, where color-blindness also seems like a nice enough thing to do, but it ignores the actual disadvantages of being a person of color. Now, I know almost nothing about Dr. Ben Carson, but I have no reason to doubt that through hard work and religious devotion he went from inner city poverty to gifted neurosurgeon. But when his story is turned into a morality tale, implying that all inner city kids could do the same, I have to balk. Ben Carson was born with an enormous intellectual advantage that most people just don’t have. TL;DR Our brains are incredibly complicated. Your intelligence is based on your desire to learn as much as your desire to be successful... mostly but not always! We have a better understand of what adversely affects our brains than what improves its functionality. We don’t know why some people are born into savant syndrome with or without other physical and mental handicaps or How an otherwise life changing brain injury recovery could result in a massive intelligence shift for the good opposed to bad. At the end of the day... we don’t know!


Question: How Does Flight Pricing and Fluctuations Work?

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 How Does Flight Pricing and Fluctuations Work?

People here are mostly wrong. Flight pricing is pretty insane. Airlines are *extremely* competitive on price and fluctuate their prices of each seat and route continuously, not just day by day, like nonstop. They have automated algorithims that take into account what seats are left, what class and so on. They also look at every other flight they have and every other flight every other airline has, on every route, and they try to make an "optimal" price point for their ticket to meet some goal they have--which may not be "highest profit". They may be even cutting prices (to take away from other airlines) or raising them if few seats are available, or lowering them if they would to avoid risk and sell the flight. Or any number of changes to make it how they want to position their pricing structure. And for complicated reasons, usually a flight wants to be slightly overfilled with passengers. That is position it so that you sell just a few more tickets than you have space, as some people will cancel or change flights or not make it-- but again, this is a usual case, and on some routes it will not be the case and they have other priorities--they may not even care how many people are on a flight if they need to get planes to places. It's not just "supply and demand", its absolute nonsense to say that, absolute nonsense-- its incredibly complex algorithms that take many many things into account. In rare occasions you can see flights have massive fluctuations like you saw when some market factor changes. What that change is though, is hidden to the public eye. However, as general rule, one that can certainly be broken though, booking less than a week to departure, prices often increase, as people's willingness to pay increases (and many of these flights are sold to businesses, which will pay more) and longer out, flights tend to be more steady in rates. Businesses tended to be airlines most valuable customers (along with rich people paying for high end services), so they banked a lot on that seats would be available at increased rates to "last minute business travelers". During covid, this has gotten destroyed as few business travelers are traveling. **tl;dr**: Airline tickets are dynamically priced for market conditions and can lower, raise or anything based on things that are going on. Supply and demand is only one factor


Question: Does taking medicine (like Ibuprofen) that reduce body temperature make you sick for longer?

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 Does taking medicine (like Ibuprofen) that reduce body temperature make you sick for longer?

Medical literature (e.g. [*Should we treat pyrexia? And how do we do it?*]( URL_0 )) seems to agree that taking fever-reducing drugs for minor infections is harmless. I can't find direct studies of whether they'd affect duration of recovery from minor infections though. However, for major infections (sepsis), fever-reducing medicine has not been shown to affect survival rate or recovery duration: - an ibuprofen study of 455 patients with sepsis ([*The effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of patients with sepsis. The Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group* by Bernard et al]( URL_4 )): > However, treatment with ibuprofen did not reduce the incidence or duration of shock or the acute respiratory distress syndrome and did not significantly improve the rate of survival at 30 days (mortality, 37 percent with ibuprofen vs 40 percent with placebo). - an acetaminophen (paracetamol) study of 700 patients with sepsis ([*Acetaminophen for Fever in Critically Ill Patients with Suspected Infection* by Young et al]( URL_1 )): > A total of 55 of 345 patients in the acetaminophen group (15.9%) and 57 of 344 patients in the placebo group (16.6%) had died by day 90 (relative risk, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.39; P=0.84). > Early administration of acetaminophen to treat fever due to probable infection did not affect the number of ICU-free days. According to the first *Should we treat pyrexia?* paper, illnesses for which fever-reducing drugs may be more harmful than not are things you'd hopefully be well on your way to hospital for anyway: acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac arrest, heart failure, septic shock, brain injury, that sort of thing. Weirdly, there is also confounding [experimental evidence in mice that suggests fever has a positive effect on the immune system at least against a *Salmonella* infection]( URL_5 ), and on [activation of mouse immune cells *in vitro* (isolated in glassware, not inside an actual mouse)]( URL_2 ). So the scientific picture of how fever interacts with the immune system is still missing detail. Unfortunately, I can't find studies of such effects in humans. - - - Regarding artificially warming your body to combat disease: That's called [pyrotherapy]( URL_3 ) and it used to be used with some effectiveness to treat diseases that could not otherwise be cured before the discovery of antibiotics. Nowadays, it isn't really used. It would probably be safest not to actively warm your body any more during a fever, because as explained above fever is not obviously helpful to begin with for most home-treatable infections, and a high fever can itself be dangerous: fever over 40°C (104°F) is a medical emergency, as such high temperatures can cause disability or death.


Question: How come when we head north, we’ll eventually be heading south, but when we head east, we’ll always be heading east?

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 How come when we head north, we’ll eventually be heading south, but when we head east, we’ll always be heading east?

Because there's no east or west pole. Directions are relative to the poles, which are roughly the axis's of Earth's rotation. East and west means parallel your walking left/right relative to a pole, while north and south means your walking toward that pole. Once you pass the pole, your no longer walking toward that pole.


Question: If equinox means that day and night are equal, why is there more daytime on March 21?

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 If equinox means that day and night are equal, why is there more daytime on March 21?

It depends on the definition of sunrise and sunset. If you counted a sunrise/sunset when the *center* of the sun goes above/below the horizon, then yes, sunset and sunrise would be (almost) exactly 12 hours apart at the equinox. Instead, the sunrise is when a the *first* bit of the sun becomes visible, and sunset is when the *last* bit of the sun goes down. In other words, when the sun is partially visible and partially occluded, it is still counted as "day" not "night", so the day is a bit longer than the night at the equinox.


Question: why isn't inflation in America based on bread/sugar (past) and why is it based on things like price of iPad (present)?

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 why isn't inflation in America based on bread/sugar (past) and why is it based on things like price of iPad (present)?

Well, it's based on all of those things. It's based on what the average consumer buys and then it's the percentage difference in price between each good. However each good has a weighting on how important they are, bread and sugar being more important than iPads. A rise in the price of bread and sugar leads to a greater increase in inflation percentages than the same rise in iPads. Atleast, that's what I learnt in school I believe Edit: also the goods that are measured change every year or so, items are removed if their popularity drops and are added if they become popular. This year they'll probably remove selfie sticks and add fidget spinners...


Question: Why does beer bubble up and "explode" when you tap the top of it?

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 Why does beer bubble up and "explode" when you tap the top of it?

I'm assuming you're referring to the effect when someone taps the top of a beer bottle with another beer bottle and the beer erupts and overflows. Basically, when you hit the top of the bottle, the bottle moves downward, but the beer inside it doesn't. This creates an area in the bottle where there isn't beer, and there isn't air. It's called a "cavitation" and when the cavitation collapses, it can release an intense shockwave. This shockwave will knock the dissolved carbon dioxide out of the beer which leads to the foaming.


Question: Why do trucks tires need less air pressure than bicycles?

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 Why do trucks tires need less air pressure than bicycles?

It has to do with how wide the tire is and how much of the tire is touching the ground. This is a simple way to think of it: **Low pressure + high surface area = high pressure + low surface area** Bike tires don’t have much contact so they need a lot of pressure, because all of your weight is being focused on the two points of contact that are your front and back wheel, both being less than 2 inches wide. Truck tires have a lot more contact so they don’t need as much pressure. There’s also a lot more of them, some having 18 wheels total. This makes the weight be spread evenly, and since there’s so many, the weight is distributed evenly. Each wheel has to carry less weight for every added wheel. The wheels are also nearly a foot wide each, giving them much more surface area. URL_0


Question: How do we get 'zoned' when we are focused and immersed in a really good book?

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 How do we get 'zoned' when we are focused and immersed in a really good book?

When you are bored your mind wanders to other subjects. "Zoned" is the opposite- the book is so interesting that your mind tunes out everything else, like turning down the volume on the rest of the world. When you "snap out of" a focused state, you realize things have been happening (like someone asking you a question) that you didn't even notice. That's because your brain filtered them out as unimportant while it focused on whatever held your attention. So your brain knows a good book is more important than anything!


Question: what does the memory mean in a Macbook?

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 what does the memory mean in a Macbook?

Your RAM or memory is what allows you to multitask. If you have more RAM you can have more operations as well as more complex operations running at the same time. It depends on how you'll be using your Mac. If you need heavy video editing etc, you'll want more RAM. Of yoy only need browsing and creating documents etc, lesser RAM is enough but you can still go for higher RAM.


Question: How does wireless phone charger work?

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 How does wireless phone charger work?

There are two coils. One in the phone, one in the charger. The electricity from the outlet flows through the coil in the charging plate. This creates a magnetic field around the coil. When the coil in the phone is on the plate, the magnetic field induces a current in the phones coil, which charges the battery. Src: my physics 2 class


Question: Why do solar plants emit CO2?

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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do solar plants emit CO2?

It almost definitely has to do with the manufacturing of solar panels. Precious metals are used in solar panels and the mining for these metals isn't exactly free. Still a great alternative


Question: How do spiders make web from one pole to another, or one tree to another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do spiders make web from one pole to another, or one tree to another?

Two possibilities: 1. The spider has brought their lead to the ground and then walked it up the other side. 2. The spider descended part way and was blown by the wind. Spiders are crafty.


Question: Private equity or hedge funds that buy successful brands and drive them to bankruptcy within a few years. What do they gain by doing this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Private equity or hedge funds that buy successful brands and drive them to bankruptcy within a few years. What do they gain by doing this?

This isn't always the case but when that's the plan, it goes as follows: - Borrow money and buyout the company. - Have the company massively go into debt and use the money to pay yourself an enormous dividend. - Use the dividend to pay back the money you (not the company) borrowed. - The company is way over leveraged, defaults on the debt and declares bankruptcy. Here's where it gets interesting, the bankrupt company now sells off it's assets (brand name, plant, etc.) and defaults on its union contracts, pension obligations (which screws the retirees and the taxpayer funded PBGC), etc. The corporate lenders are now basically the owners of a new unencumbered company with a much higher profit margin. Hostess Bakeries is a good example of this.


Question: say if Kim Jon Un got assassinated; what would happen to the country?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 say if Kim Jon Un got assassinated; what would happen to the country?

The country would continue. There would be a power struggle with one leader finally emerging as the one in charge. No one would invade North Korea. The new leader might be wise enough to step back from development of ICBM's which are not defensive.


Question: how far above the ground does the sky begin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how far above the ground does the sky begin?

It begins on the surface of Earth and extends about 500km up. The sky we see is really just caused by light scattering in the atmosphere, in practice most of this scattering takes place in the troposphere which is about 20 km above the surface of Earth.


Question: How does changing to snow tires for season work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does changing to snow tires for season work?

So I live in the Upper Peninsula, where snow is rampant just about 6 to 8 months of the year. I currently have a set of all season tires on my all wheel drive car, and have a set of snow tires for when the snow starts to fall. I can't speak for the people who don't have space to store the extra set of tires, however I keep mine on my balcony covered with a tarp to protect them from the non winter elements. When I need to change my tires, I head over to my local tire shop and they swap the tires, balance them and align them all for $79. I then store my all season tires where I stored my winter tires. I know some people who have the space like to have a different set of tires and rims, so that they can just take off their summer set and bolt on their winter set whenever they want to, but I don't have the money or space to do that. I hope I was able to help and would be more than glad to respond to any questions you may have!


Question: How does the trick of swinging my heavy grocery bags back and forth to make carrying them easier work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the trick of swinging my heavy grocery bags back and forth to make carrying them easier work?

You activate other muscles in your back and pectorals so instead of just your shoulder working, you redistribute the load.


Question: What's the physiological cause of Restless Leg Syndrome? Why does it feel like I need to move my legs constantly when it's happening?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the physiological cause of Restless Leg Syndrome? Why does it feel like I need to move my legs constantly when it's happening?

The quick and dirty is we aren’t exactly sure what causes it. There has been some associations with iron deficiency, dopamine levels, and levels of other chemicals in your brain (Nothing I’ve seen on magnesium). If we knew exactly what caused it, it would be easier to treat. It’s called restless leg syndrome simply because people describe their symptoms as you have “the need to move your legs constantly” usually with that urge momentarily being relieved after they do it. If this is a problem for you, please see your doctor about it. Do not get medical advice from unverified people on the internet.


Question: How can URL_0 possibly make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can URL_0 possibly make money?

wish is a marketplace like amazon. they charge the vendors a fee to put their products on the catalog. wish doesn't store the products that are sold on their platform, all they do is provide the platform. as for how the vendor can afford to sell a canopy for 70 cents. they can't. some vendors try to game the catalog by listing low price and charging $50 shipping. as i browse most listings for canopy tents, they're usually in the $40-60 range, which is reasonable


Question: Why during medical trials both control and subject group are told they are receiving experimental drug instead both being told they receive placebo?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why during medical trials both control and subject group are told they are receiving experimental drug instead both being told they receive placebo?

Telling people you're feeding them sugar pills when in fact they're taking an experimental drug with possibly disastrous side effects is considered unethical, as it will make them more likely to shrug off bleeding from their ears and eyes as "probably just allergies or something." Telling people you're feeding them an experimental drug when in fact you're just giving them sugar pills is less likely to do any harm.


Question: - 10 trillion years from now, will the Cosmic Background Radiation have dissipated beyond levels of detection? If so, how would future civilizations measure the age of the universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - 10 trillion years from now, will the Cosmic Background Radiation have dissipated beyond levels of detection? If so, how would future civilizations measure the age of the universe?

> 10 trillion years from now, will the Cosmic Background Radiation have dissipated beyond levels of detection? Yes. > If so, how would future civilizations measure the age of the universe? They won't. The general consensus is that if the universe expands as expected then civilizations in the distant future won't have enough information to understand the universe's earlier history or its eventual fate. This isn't just due to being unable to detect the CMB, but also caused by the majority of galaxies disappearing over the cosmological horizon.


Question: What is S and B on my gear box for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is S and B on my gear box for?

Those two work like Drive, but in a slighty different way. When you shift to S mode (sport mode), the car will wait till higher RPM before shifting. This is usually useful for driving along twisty roads, or driving fast around a track. On the other hand, B mode is more useful when going downhill. Most people are advised to stay on lower gears when decending a mountain road. The reason for that is so the car would slow down using the engine, instead of using the brakes. An hour long mountain road heading down would put quite the pressure on your brakes, so using the B mode would help relieve some of the work on the brakes by slowing down the car with the engine. Sometimes, you'd notice 1, 2 or 3 in place of B. This works more or less the same way - but you get to specify at what gear you want the car to stay at. It's basically B, but with more control.


Question: Why electric current causes magnetic field?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why electric current causes magnetic field?

When you accelerate a charge, the motion of the charge has to be “balanced” by the motion of other charges. It’s like Newton’s laws of motion but with charges. The electromagnetic force is how the universe does that. It takes time for distant charges to react to moving charges. An electric field is made by where charges *are*. The magnetic component is the reaction to where the charges *used to be*.


Question: Psychologically speaking, do parents have a preferred child?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Psychologically speaking, do parents have a preferred child?

There's no real way to quantify like. You could like kid 1 for X Y and Z but they're pretty terrible at A B and C, and kid 2 could be great at A B C but terrible at X Y Z - but again, how do you quantify these things to compare which child you like more? That being said, even if you did find some way of quantifying it, the chances of preferring both children exactly the same seems astronomical.


Question: Why are electric bills billed in Kilowatt-Hours, and not simply Kilowatts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are electric bills billed in Kilowatt-Hours, and not simply Kilowatts?

Wait wait wait son. Kilowatt is how much it uses NOW! So it’s a sort of speed. By taking hours on the end it’s a physical measurement of energy. Meaning how much we’ve used total. So my computer takes 400 kilowatts, but how much is that? If it stands online for an hour, a day or even 2 minutes it’s still using only 400 kilowatts! So how much energy have we consumed? Well take hours. 400 kilowatt hours is equal to a computer taking 400 kilowatts for an hour. Or a 800 kilowatt engine, driving around for 30 minutes. And so on. Kilowatt and kilowatt hours are two different measurements. What you’re saying here is basically that we should measure water consumption in the speed of which the water exits the faucet instead of how much water is actually used.


Question: How does buying local support the local economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does buying local support the local economy?

The idea is that local businesses are more likely to spend their profits locally, rather than move those out of city/state to the corporate office. Your local Mom & Pop employees local people, but they also likely source products more locally, and hire local businesses for expenses (local accountants, local tradesmen, local lawyers, etc.) They also are more likely to spend the profits locally, since Mom & Pop live in the communities they serve. Contrast this with larger corporate stores, that usually have functions centralized in the corporate office - they employ fewer people locally, use corporate accountants/lawyers, have national contracts for tradesmen, etc. More of the money leaves with these centralized/corporate functions, so less stays in the community supporting other local businesses.


Question: How does temperature determine the sex of certain reptiles during incubation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does temperature determine the sex of certain reptiles during incubation?

This is called "Temperature-dependent Sex Determination" or TSD for short. In a developing embryo inside of an egg there are multiple enzymes responsible for facilitating the genetic development. Think of it as the Embryo has the blueprint, and the enzymes are the construction workers. For these birds and reptiles with TSD, hormones control what gender they are. It is theorized that a particular enzyme called **aromatase** which converts testosterone to estrogen (predominantly male hormones to predominantly female hormones) is less active at lower temperatures, where-as at higher temperatures it becomes much more busy and converts a lot more hormones which affects the gender of the reptiles. So at lower temperatures the embryo contains more testosterone which allows it to develop male chromosomes and at higher temperatures this is converted to estrogen which allows it to develop female chromosomes.


Question: How do they calculate the probability for genetic traits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they calculate the probability for genetic traits?

First of all it's an unsourced claim, so It's likely bullshit to begin with. If the genes responcible are well known people can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation and similar methods working backwards to calculate how common certain genes are based on how common certain traits are in the population. After you have those numbers you can calculate how likely a combination of genes is to create a specific combination of traits. The lobster in question may or may not be a [chimera]( URL_0 ) which complicates things further. Genetics has a lot of terminology and math, so it's hard to make an answer less vague without going into many other topics.