Question: How do iPhones fake Taptic feedback buttons feel so real?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do iPhones fake Taptic feedback buttons feel so real?

Your phone vibrates a bit when you push the button. It does one oscillation (there's a very tiny motor with an unbalanced weight that spins only once around for each click). Your phone, being a computer, is exceptionally fast at reacting. Your hands, being made of meat, are not nearly as fast at detecting. To your brain (which already messes with your perception to compensate for nerve lag), it can't consciously distinguish any disparity between a mechanical click and the artificial one. Your own expectations that it will click make the illusion even harder to break.


Question: What makes voices sound 20 vs. 50 vs. 80 years old?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes voices sound 20 vs. 50 vs. 80 years old?

Think of your vocal cords as if they were rubber bands. Brand new rubber bands (like when you are young) are tight and bounce right back after being stretched. Now think of an older rubber band (like when you are old), having being stretched over and over. It doesn't have the same elasticity it once had.


Question: Can you dilute DNA at a crime scene? Would hydrogen peroxide work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you dilute DNA at a crime scene? Would hydrogen peroxide work?

Nice try person that just committed a crime and looking for tips on how to get away with it


Question: Why do things on the back of flatbed trucks not fly off into my car while going down the road?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do things on the back of flatbed trucks not fly off into my car while going down the road?

According to DOT regulations: [it's tied down]( URL_0 ). This is a safety precaution that flatbeds are required to observe.


Question: Why is excessive have washing bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is excessive have washing bad?

Excessive washing isn't really bad if you don't mind dry hands. If the dryness gets bad enough, you'll start to see bleeding on the back of the hands especially near the knuckles. Mostly because soap dissolves the oils secreted by our body on the skin and the washing removes it. Without the oil as a protective layer, you dehydrate the skin and have some issues. Frankly I wouldn't be so worried about excessive washing per se as much as the possibly gradually developing germophobia/OCD/hypochondria (especially OCD, as this behavior is usually the start of it). If you really want to get into the science, some evidence (not so strong yet) shows that excessive hand washing can also jeopardize the immune system development in children. You see we always have layer of bacteria, a huge amount of them, covering our skin. They serve many functions, such as protecting us from foreign pathogens (they kill them by competition). And if you kill your own benevolent (so to speak) bacteria, you expose your body less to these bacteria (as well as foreign pathogens due to excessive washing) which makes the immune system less tolerant possibly giving rise to allergies or autoimmune disease later. A certain amount of dirt is good for the developing child, because the immune system actually takes some decisions very early on about how sensitive or tolerant it wants to be. And this choice has been linked to many autoimmune disorders. Edit: actually.. If you want to treat the symptom as opposed to the underlying root problem (if one exists that is), you can simply use your kid's logic against them. If you bring up the good bacteria point and how they protect us, that's already something that might motivate them to stop over washing. However, you can also explain how dry hands are more susceptible to bacterial invasion/infection. Dry hands = damaged skin = possibly broken barrier (especially when there is bleeding, which is inevitable at 25+ washes per day) and that takes yet another layer of protection away (the skin epithelium forms a very very good barrier that prevents pathogens from entering your body, you wouldn't want to weaken that).


Question: Back in the day, how did composers arrange other instruments, if piano was their main tool for writing music? How did they know how loud the different instrument sections needed to be or which ones would harmonize? Would they keep “editing” their work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Back in the day, how did composers arrange other instruments, if piano was their main tool for writing music? How did they know how loud the different instrument sections needed to be or which ones would harmonize? Would they keep “editing” their work?

The same way that we do in modernity. They learn what the instruments sound like through exposure to them or playing them (and at times inventing them). It is done via study and practice now just as it was then. As for if they would edit their work often? Some did, some did not once they deemed it complete. And many we had no idea how much they edited or not as we only have a few copies of their scores and none of the works in progress stuff. And not all composers primarily used piano. Some never did when writing for groups, and many lived before the piano was invented.


Question: What happens when you tune a radio? How do the frequencies change?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when you tune a radio? How do the frequencies change?

The station frequencies don't change, but by tuning you are adjusting the receive part of your radio to become sensitive to a certain frequency you want to hear. Inside the radio are parts (capacitors, inductors and resistors) that allow this resonance frequency to be set.


Question: What is a "limit" in math?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "limit" in math?

It’s the value of a function as we approach a certain value for x. These are useful in cases where we can’t just plug in the value directly. Infinity is a common value to use for limits because we can’t plug it in directly, but we can also use it for smaller numbers. Take (x^2 - 1) / (x - 1) If I wanted the value for when x is 1, that would be undefined because we would be dividing by 0. However, if you graph it, you can see that the value “would be” 2 if it weren’t undefined. We can’t say the value is 2, but we can say that the value as we approach 1 is 2.


Question: What does it mean for the UK Government to ask the Queen to Suspend Parliament?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean for the UK Government to ask the Queen to Suspend Parliament?

In Commonwealth countries, the Queen or her representatives (Governors General) are technically the head of state. This gives them fairly broad powers including to open and close the legislative assembly. These powers are generally exercised only at the request of the currently governing party or less commonly at the request of the legislature as a whole (this is by unspoken convention as the position of head of state in these countries is largely symbolic today). What Boris is doing is trying to close down the parliament to help run down the clock to the end of October. The only mechanism available to topple a government in these legislatures is for them to lose a vote of confidence or on a matter of confidence like a budget. By suspending parliament until mid-October, he can avoid that situation until it would be too late for that move to stop hard Brexit. I guess a shorter ELI5 would be he's like a kid who thinks he might lose at a board game, so he wants Mom to pack it up until closer to bed time so that when he plays again, his opponents won't have the time to beat him before they need to go to bed.


Question: If the human body uses fever to kill infections, why can’t a limb be heated up, say, in a container of water, to eliminate an infection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the human body uses fever to kill infections, why can’t a limb be heated up, say, in a container of water, to eliminate an infection?

For one thing, that would only heat up the external temperature. Your body is actually designed to prevent any external temperatures from impacting your internal temperature. It will do everything it can to fight any temperature changes coming from the outside like that. Also, you can't just heat up one limb. That won't work. The body is filled with fluids, especially blood and the blood is constantly circulating. Any temperature changes for the most part are body wide. In extreme casts you can't do locatlized temperature changes like frostbite, but those also cause damage, often permanently, to the tissue. It takes something that extreme for normal bloodflow to not spread it out. It's how you can walk around in (not too severe) winter with a coat and hat and not freeze in spite of not having winter gear covering every inch of you.


Question: Does inflation have to exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does inflation have to exist?

Value is something different than the actual number printed on the bill. It's an abstract measure of how "useful" something is to us. Nobody decides how much "value" money has. It's dictated by the ebbs and flows in market forces. Theoretically we could have zero inflation. We could also have deflation. Steady inflation is not a law. Most western nations intentionally create small amounts of steady inflation, since this drives investment.


Question: When a bball player releases a shot, keeping their arms extended until it falls or a baseballer leans trying to will a smacked long ball fair, is there any actual physical merit to seeing these things through that way or simply superstition? If it’s the former, why does physics allow for it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a bball player releases a shot, keeping their arms extended until it falls or a baseballer leans trying to will a smacked long ball fair, is there any actual physical merit to seeing these things through that way or simply superstition? If it’s the former, why does physics allow for it?

Bball player keeping arms extended is a form of follow through, the intent being to ensure that the technique is completed and not cut short. The golfer trying to lean a hooked shot back in bounds is just superstitious. No part of a player’s body affects a ball after it has left their physical contact.


Question: Why does Jason Derulo say his name in every one of his songs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Jason Derulo say his name in every one of his songs?

Blackpink in your area... This is a well-known psychological trick that advertisers and children's show theme songs do to keep their products fresh in people's minds.


Question: How do zero gravity pens work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do zero gravity pens work?

They inject pressurized gas into the ink capsule, that constantly pushes the ink toward the tip regardless of gravity or orientation.


Question: Why is light produced when an underwater bubble collapsed/destroyed with sound wave ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is light produced when an underwater bubble collapsed/destroyed with sound wave ?

Its called sonoluminesence. Its when a bubble of gas appears underwater due to a change in pressure as liquids cannot condens3 as easily as gas so when pressure changes happen submerged beneath yhe surface of a liquid any dissolved gas in the liquid can be "squeezed" out of being dissolved in the liquid (cavitation) And if that change in pressure was caused by a significant enough sound wave, and the gasses dissolved in the liquid are the right kind & ratio (made up of mostly noble gas, oxygen, helium, argon, xenon, neon, uhh maybe a few others nitrogen i think)then the pressurized gas bubble will phase transition into plasma for a moment and emit photons. Its not really well understood the exact mechanism that causes this but google sonoluminesence and lots if info will come up. Fun fact pistol and mantis shrimp species when attacking their prey produce these plasma bubbles underwater and supposedly the plasma inside the tiny momentary bubbles is hotter than the surface of the sun


Question: Why does music from the 60's-80's play at a noticeably lower volume than modern music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does music from the 60's-80's play at a noticeably lower volume than modern music?

Tweaking the volume usually means adding dynamic compression (not to be confused with mathematical compression). This is useful for making music easier to hear on weaker, lower quality amps, such as found in phones and other small devices, but distorts the original music, which is especially audible on better equipment, or just in an more quiet environment. Compression has gotten a lot more common and "stronger" over the years, in order to make the music sound better at the types of devices that most people use to listen to music, at the expense of making it less optimal for high-end equipment. It is possible that in the remasters of these old songs by pink floyd, they wanted to keep the artistic integrity of the originals, and decided not to cater to low-end playback equipment. Compression of dynamic range refers to the maximum difference between the most quiet and the loudest parts of the recording. You could think of it as the audio equivalent of contrast on a video or image.


Question: . Vodka has no carbs, fat, or protein, and yet has 80 calories. So what the fuck are the calories? Can they be used for energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Vodka has no carbs, fat, or protein, and yet has 80 calories. So what the fuck are the calories? Can they be used for energy?

Alcohol has calories. Vodka is ~40% alcohol. Ethanol is 238.21 calories per 1.5oz. Yes, the calories in vodka can be used by your body to make energy.


Question: If I use one earphone at 50% volume, audio seems much louder than with both earphones at the same volume. Do our ears actually distribute that audio and if so how?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I use one earphone at 50% volume, audio seems much louder than with both earphones at the same volume. Do our ears actually distribute that audio and if so how?

Imagine your house is deathly quiet, and you can hear some things: a faucet dripping in the bathroom, the cat scratching her post, something walking around in the attic (uh, ignore that one). Then, you turn on the TV, and you can't hear them any more. It's not that the sound of those things aren't reaching your ears, it's just that your brain isn't really processing them. They seem quieter because now your brain is comparing them to the louder television. In the same way, in contrast to everything else around you, the music in your left ear sounds much louder. When you put the other bud in, the sound in your left ear seems diminished a bit because its volume is being "compared" to the volume in your right. So, it seems quieter, when in fact, it is not. The decibel level hasn't changed.


Question: If the Ancients (Egyptians, Greek, etc.) figured out so many things about the world, why did it take figuring them out again to give them proper credit? Why wasn’t there progress based on the fact they figured it out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the Ancients (Egyptians, Greek, etc.) figured out so many things about the world, why did it take figuring them out again to give them proper credit? Why wasn’t there progress based on the fact they figured it out?

There were progress being made on their discoveries all the time. It was just slow. There is a continuous line of discoveries from the Egyptians, Babylonians, Greek, Romans, Egyptians again, Arabians, Italians and eventually spreading out throughout Europa. So for example a geometry textbook might first mention something the Babylonians figured out before telling you what a Greek philosopher managed to find out that built on this and then go on to what an Arabian philosopher managed to quantify from this and then on to how the Italians invented a standard notation for it. And you have similar stories with any discovery in most fields of science. They took thousands of years to develop with progress being made all the time by whichever empire had the resources to hire philosophers at that time. What happened was that a technique called movable type printing press was developed in Germany at a time when Italian city states rich from trade hired a lot of artists and philosophers. This meant that you no longer had to hire a philosopher to go to the only place that had a big collection of these ancient books to study. They could not quickly copy the books and every little kingdom and city could have their own library. So when a blacksmith wondered if he could improve his workshop by installing some sort of automatic hammer he could go to the local library and look up books of famous Egyptians, Arabians or Italians depicting various different mechanisms that he could build for himself.


Question: Why do we never have any mist in the eyes during a sudden temperature change?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we never have any mist in the eyes during a sudden temperature change?

Are you asking why eyes don't fog up like glasses do when you go from cold to warm and humid? That's because our eyes are already warmed by our body so they aren't really at condensing temperatures, also there are wet so any condensation that formed would just become part of the film of water that covers our eyes anyway.


Question: How does toothpaste get the pattern in there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does toothpaste get the pattern in there?

Because Toothpaste is an interesting fluid. Inside the tube when you're not squeezing it, the toothpaste stays in it's solid colour blocks. When you squeeze the tube, the shear force you apply causes the fluid to flow out of the nozzle. The toothpaste has something known as 'thixotropic rheology'. This means that when you remove the pressure, (i.e. once it is on your toothbrush), the stripes regain their thickness, enabling the product to look like a three-striped cylinder.


Question: My phone used to be reasonably fast on 4G, but now that LTE is the standard, whenever my phone has to switch back to 4G because LTE isn’t available, it is insanely slow. Why did my phone used to be so much better on 4G than it is now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 My phone used to be reasonably fast on 4G, but now that LTE is the standard, whenever my phone has to switch back to 4G because LTE isn’t available, it is insanely slow. Why did my phone used to be so much better on 4G than it is now?

Carriers have limited amounts of RF radio frequency available to use. Any given bit of spectrum can be used for 2G, "4G" (which is usually just 3G HSPA+), or 4G LTE, but it can't be used for multiple technologies at the same time. New spectrum is very hard and expensive to come by. Each generation is more efficient, being able to do more with any given amount of spectrum. Since more and more people are on LTE, fewer on "4G," and those people are doing more and more bandwidth-intensive activities. As a result, wireless companies are "re-farming" spectrum in a lot of their markets, taking it away from "4G" and putting it towards LTE. (2G will largely be left alone for a few more years, as a lot of legacy business devices still use it, whereas 3G/"4G" is mostly just older phones that are being replaced by the natural phone lifecycle)


Question: Why do some hairs only grow to a certain length?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some hairs only grow to a certain length?

Every hair is produced in a hair follicle. The follicle is an organ that produces hair in several stages. First the hair enters the growth stage called: "anagen". The hair follicle determines how long it will stay in the growth stage until it goes on to the next stage: resting. How long the hair keeps growing is determined by how long the hair follicle will stay in the growth stage. The hair follicle in your eyebrows typically stay in the growth stage for 2-3 months. But the hair on your head keeps growing for a few years until it goes on to the resting stage.


Question: what does open source mean and why is it preferred in the world of tech?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does open source mean and why is it preferred in the world of tech?

Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: What is open source software and why is it such a big deal? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_36 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What does it mean when software is open source? How come others can't just look at the coding of closed source software? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_17 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What does "open source" mean when people are referring to software and programs? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_61 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What is open source software, how does it work, why is it preferable, and is it secure? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Open source vs Closed source ]( URL_3 ) ^(_3 comments_)


Question: How do undocumented people in the United States pay federal and state income taxes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do undocumented people in the United States pay federal and state income taxes?

You can just file for the taxes. You dont need a SSN, you can use a ITIN. Basically, the IRS will assign you a number they use to track your taxes. You can just list the wages as other and pay the tax on them. As a rule the IRS doesnt monitor to send people to ICE or such for this. They just care that you paid. Just like technically, money you make from criminal activities are required to have taxes paid to the IRS.


Question: Why can't temperature be below absolute zero?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't temperature be below absolute zero?

There are a lot of wrong answers here, claiming that all molecular motion stops at 0K. *That is not true at all!* Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us, that it is impossible for atoms and molecules to have zero kinetic energy. Every bound system has [zero point energy]( URL_0 ). So, what does absolute zero really mean? --- Quantum mechanics tells us that bound particles cannot have an arbitrary amount of energy. Instead, they can only hop between energy levels. And the lowest of these energy levels is still not 0J. *The lowest energy level still has kinetic energy - the so called zero point energy.* Thus, a bound particle must always have motion energy. What absolute zero really means, is that all particles are in this lowest energy state, which is called ground state. Since there is no way a system can have less energy than all its particles being in the ground state, there can be no colder temperature than absolute zero. In fact, due to the uncertainty principle, even reaching 0K is fundamentally impossible.


Question: why is it easier to sneeze when looking at lights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it easier to sneeze when looking at lights?

Its known as a photic sneeze reflex. It's not well understood but its affected by genetics and not everyone is hit the same way. As far as we know, it's the change in light intensity rather than any specific wavelength that triggers it.


Question: Why does beer bubble so much more than other carbonated liquids when you pour it in? What exactly happens to cause bubbling in general?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does beer bubble so much more than other carbonated liquids when you pour it in? What exactly happens to cause bubbling in general?

Beer contains dissolved proteins from the grain used to make it. There’s not a lot, but it’s there. Those proteins are able to form loose networks of themselves, and catch the released CO2, making it foamy. You see the same thing in root beer. Originally the proteins came from the natural sassafras root used to flavor it, but were replaced with yucca root extract or other agents to replicate the distinctive head


Question: How come it hurts so much more to have somebody else pop your acne than if you were to pop it yourself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come it hurts so much more to have somebody else pop your acne than if you were to pop it yourself?

ELI5 why other people are popping your acne? That's not something you should be doing and definitely not something other people should be doing, especially if it's painful.


Question: Why do some parts of the body burn/tan more easily than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some parts of the body burn/tan more easily than others?

Thin skin can sunburn way faster. Because there is less area /depth to absorb the energy. Thin skin also has less hair to protect it.


Question: Why does vision blur when the skin next to an eye is stretched?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does vision blur when the skin next to an eye is stretched?

The skin pulls on your eyelid and the lid puts pressure on the eyeball. This slightly deforms it and messes up your focus.


Question: how does propulsion work in space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does propulsion work in space?

The force is provided by making very light things (the rocket exhaust gases) move very fast. Isaac Newton said that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, so if you push the gases out, then the gases push back. You could do the same thing if you had blocks of something heavy that you shot out the back. One mental model is if you were on a boat and threw something off it. As you throw something heavy one way, the boat would move the other way. The way the math works is the force is equal to the speed times the mass, so throwing something that weighs 1 kilogram at 1 meter per second produces the same force as 1/10th of a kilogram at 10 meters per second or in the case of rockets, its more like 1/10,000 of a kilogram at 10,000 meters per second.


Question: Why do car windows shatter so much differently then normal windows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do car windows shatter so much differently then normal windows?

they are tempered. means the surface of the glass is under constant tension, so when the pane is compromised it all shatters into harmless chunks. It also makes the glass harder and more resiliant to temperature variations. You cant cut glass after its tempered (or its very hard/risky). All in all, the cost isnt always worth it. The front window is further laminated, 2 panes of glass sandwiched around a fancy peice of clear plastic. So even when broken, it still maintains most of its structure to keep things in or out.


Question: Can someone please explain how you can unify belts in boxing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone please explain how you can unify belts in boxing?

Because boxing is a dangerous sport, bouts are generally staged either under the supervision of the authorities, or under the supervision of a private company that is licensed by the authorities to supervise fights. Fundamentally, that's what the WBO, WBC, IBF etc are - private companies that are licensed to supervise boxing matches. It's important to understand what these organizations are, specifically that they aren't leagues or whatever. A boxer doesn't fight for the WBC, or fight in the WBC, or under contract to the WBC. Instead, individual promoters arrange fights and as part of the arrangements, they find a sanctioning body that is willing to supervise the fight. A boxer might fight a WBC supervised bout and then their next fight might be supervised by the IBF. That said, many of these supervising companies maintain rankings of boxers. If a particular company (the WBC for example) is asked to supervise a fight between their two highest ranked boxers, they will typically award a title belt to the winner. If however, these same two fighters arrange a fight supervised by someone else (say the WBA), then the WBC won't award anything. In this way, boxers generally only win a single title at any one time. And, of course, a sanctioning body might choose to supervise a fight but not award a title to the winner if they so choose. So to unify belts, you must first become the second ranked fighter for two separate supervising bodies. Then you arrange to fight the current champion of one body in a bout that is sanctioned by that body. You follow this up by fighting the current champion of the second sanctioning body in a fight supervised by that body. If you win both, you unify the belts. The belts, however, don't stay unified. If you are currently the holder of two title belts (for example, WBA and WBC) and you arrange a fight with a second ranked fighter, you might choose to have the WBA supervise the fight, in which case the challenger can only win your WBA title (deunifying the titles). Or you might choose to have the WBC supervise with similar outcome. Or you might choose to have the fight jointly sanctioned by both the WBA and the WBC, in which case the winner stands to win both titles.


Question: What is a geometrically safe container to prevent radioactive materials to reach criticality? I've been reading a lot about nucular accidents and there is often this phrase of a "geometrically safe" container popping up. What is it and how does the geometry of a container prevent criticality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a geometrically safe container to prevent radioactive materials to reach criticality? I've been reading a lot about nucular accidents and there is often this phrase of a "geometrically safe" container popping up. What is it and how does the geometry of a container prevent criticality?

You get chain reactions with nuclear reactions because radioactive material decaying can cause other radioactive material nearby to decay to. In nuclear reactors you want the reaction to be just enough to keep going and give of some heat, but not more. With bombs you want them to really get worse exponentially fast and give of as much energy as possible in a very short time. When transporting stuff you ideally don't want it to explode or even keep heating itself. One way to do this is to keep the mass down. another way to do is is to distribute the mass so that it won't allow a chain reaction. You can have the same amount of material in the form of of a solid sphere or a thin rod. a sphere is ideal because everything is close together. If an atom decays it has the best chances of getting other nearby atoms to decay to. In the shape of thin rod you have the same amount of material but much of it is much farther away an atom decaying in a rod has far fewer neighbors that it can get decay too. The idea is to ensure that as much radiation as possible is wasted hitting something other than the rest of the radioactive material.


Question: Why can’t you kill a fly by punching it out of the air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t you kill a fly by punching it out of the air?

If you're moving your fist fast enough to kill them you're also moving enough air to shove it out of the way.


Question: When a new movie comes out why do they report its revenue at the box office vs the attendance ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a new movie comes out why do they report its revenue at the box office vs the attendance ?

> wouldn't the attendance be a better gauge as to how popular the movie is It would, but that's not why the data is being recorded and made public. Revenue is reported back to the studios so the studios can know how the movie is doing. The studios care about revenue, not ticket sales because they want to know if they'll make their money back. The media takes that date, generated and intended for use by the movie's creators, and uses it to tell the public how popular a movie is. The data is being used as a proxy, and you're right, ticket sales would be better but no one is generating that information and making it public. While ticket sales would be a better measure of how popular a movie is, it would not tell the studios about revenue and it's revenue they care to know about. Since it's the studios paying to obtain this data, it's their that priories matter.


Question: When digging up a tree, how do you avoid digging up roots?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When digging up a tree, how do you avoid digging up roots?

You dig far from the trunk. If you dig too close, you kill the tree. That's why people tend to plant very small trees and wait for them to grow. Digging up a big tree takes a big hole and a lot of specialized machinery.


Question: How is it possible that compounds like CuSO4 and Na2CO3 that have neither OH- or H+ ions are acidic or basic in a solution?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it possible that compounds like CuSO4 and Na2CO3 that have neither OH- or H+ ions are acidic or basic in a solution?

Acidity/basicity is determined by its ability to produce ions by accepting or donating electron pairs in solution. An acid can readily accept an electron pair, which in water would then produce H+ ions, and a base can readily donate an electron pair, which in water would produce OH-.


Question: In USA law, what is the burden of proof and why is it important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In USA law, what is the burden of proof and why is it important?

If I accuse you of something, its my job to prove that you did it. Its not your job to prove that youre innocent.


Question: If satellites are orbiting the Earth, how can they still work when they leave the area which they were supposed to broadcast to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If satellites are orbiting the Earth, how can they still work when they leave the area which they were supposed to broadcast to?

Either there are loads of them so one takes over as another leaves (gps uses this), or they don’t move relative to the earth (geo stationary - satellite communications use these)


Question: When brands are owned by different companies in different countries, aren't they getting their trade secrets and recipes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When brands are owned by different companies in different countries, aren't they getting their trade secrets and recipes?

A few things to know: 1. Two companies can \_always\_ elect to work with each other and share whatever they want. 2. Some deals are \_distribution\_ deals - e.g. the product is manufactured by a manufacturer (or the other company) who needs to know ingredient and manufacturing secrets, but selling and distributing is through the partner. 3. "brand" deals. E.G. the formulation isn't actually the same (by desire, or because of local health/food regulations, ingredient availability) - these the product isn't actually the same. We see this with european chocolate brands being sold in the U.S. pretty frequently - if you've ever had a kit kat in europe it tastes pretty different then the waxier U.S. version, and you've probably had "mexican coke" if you live in certain areas of the U.S. - it has sugar rather then corn syrup. 4. In the case of nestle/hershey this is the result of kit kat having a relationship with hershey (and contracts/agreeements) prior to kit kat being acquired by by nestle.


Question: Why do companies have alternate names that are only slightly different from the original in other countries such as Walmart Canada?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do companies have alternate names that are only slightly different from the original in other countries such as Walmart Canada?

Yeah more or less. They are distinct legal entities who are ultimately owned by the same overarching group. This is most likely done because the US and Canada and wherever else have different laws and requirements making it easier to set up a separate organization built to conform rather than trying to run many different systems in the same org.


Question: Are chimpanzees sentient enough to be aware of doing "evil"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Are chimpanzees sentient enough to be aware of doing "evil"?

Evil is a cultural concept that we shouldn't even expect all humans to share. But do chimps have a sense of morality? Do chimps have a sense of benefit or harm to others? Do they conceive of fairness, reciprocity, or even the good of the group? It seems likely that [they do]( URL_1 ). Even to the extent of [rewarding and punishing]( URL_0 ) each other for moral participation. They also have a social ladder even under different leadership styles (e.g., aggressive vs. nurturing). Put group benefit, reciprocity, and social roles together, and it seems they have a sense of social duty. Chimpanzees value freedom. I couldn't find a source for this, but I think it is pretty obvious to anyone capable of empathy. Chimps don't just run wild when freed; they *value* freedom. Along with fairness. And cooperation. Etc. Chimps have moral values. So, while they ~~probably~~ maybe aren't philosophizing, theorizing, or metacognizing *about* their senses of morality, that doesn't exclude them from having them.


Question: where is my cloud storage based? Like physically?

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<thinking>
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 where is my cloud storage based? Like physically?

In some data center, somewhere, and for redundancy reasons, likely in more than one location. So what the hell are these? Basically they are just immense warehouses on some random plot of land somewhere, often times they are in more rural areas or places with low cost of real estate or low electricity costs (they use a ton of power, to both run the computers and for cooling the site).


Question: CTU ops/ military: how do you make ammunition based decisions before and during a job?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 CTU ops/ military: how do you make ammunition based decisions before and during a job?

from my experience in the navy: 1. it is not our decision to make, generally the amount of ammo brought depends on types of weapons and length of the op. ive never gone out like specops way off grid tho. we always had an armory we could go back to. they are very strict about signing out weapons and each magazine to make sure you arent just shooting shit. now that i think about it i cannot remember how much ammo i carried with me. i wanna say it was usually weapon, sidearm, and 4 magazines. if you are going downrange you get your magazines there and carry weapons unloaded. 2. i reload when my magazine is emptied. its really hard to keep track of how many bullets youve fired during a firefight. 3. fairly realistic. if you are calm, cool and collected you can reload like in the video games. the speed is a bit fast. ive seen ppl with super shaky/panicky hands struggling to reload.


Question: how is there enough cows to make enough beef in the world to supply restaurants/fast food chains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how is there enough cows to make enough beef in the world to supply restaurants/fast food chains?

Farming, intensive breeding, and the fact that one cow can product hundreds of cuts of meat (at minimum). Cows are like a ton, a normal steak is about 600 grams ish. There are plenty of cows


Question: What exactly makes cooked food more nutritious?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What exactly makes cooked food more nutritious?

Cooking food just makes things easier to digest. Meaning your body can absorb more nutrients from them.


Question: How did the market crash in 2008 and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the market crash in 2008 and why?

There's an incredibly great film called The Big Short which goes into the exact details of how it all came about


Question: How do moving objects, like ceiling fans or fans in general, collect so much dust? Wouldn't it moving just keep dust from collecting on it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do moving objects, like ceiling fans or fans in general, collect so much dust? Wouldn't it moving just keep dust from collecting on it?

Humidity in the air allows things to stick to surfaces the way a fan works is by pulling air from one side and pushing on another, through this action it pulls dust and moisture over itself which collects on the surface.


Question: If hash function like sha 256 is an algorithm how it is not possible to follow the steps in reverse and figure out the private key?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 If hash function like sha 256 is an algorithm how it is not possible to follow the steps in reverse and figure out the private key?

There's no private key involved in a hash function, instead with a hash function you want to try to find some input that maps to the output you have. But your question still makes sense: why can't you just run it backwards? The answer is that the steps are specifically set up so that they're easy to do in one direction but hard to do in the other direction. Suppose, for example, you have an algorithm that says: * Pick a 9-digit number (including possibly leading zeroes) * Split it into 3 3-digit numbers, call them A, B, and C * Do this 100 times: * Set A' to A + B modulo 997 * Set B' to B - C modulo 997 * Set C' to C * A modulo 997 * Set A = A', B = B', C = C' * The output is A concat B concat C And now I tell you that I got an output of 857829123. What's the input? All of the forward-direction operations are really easy, just adding, subtracting, multiplying, and taking modulus. However, if you know that A = 857, B = 829, and C = 123, it's hard to even reverse the operation one time, let alone all 100 times. Hash functions work like this, doing simple operations that are easy to do forward but hard to do in reverse and serve to mix all the different bits of the input together again and again.


Question: How do certain medications cause weight gain? Don’t you need to be in a caloric surplus to gain weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do certain medications cause weight gain? Don’t you need to be in a caloric surplus to gain weight?

The "calories in, carolies out" paradigm of fat gain/loss is essentially true, but oversimplified and not especially useful without perfect knowledge and control of those those things. Medicines can make you tired and therefore move around less. They can reduce the calories you burn in the background. They can make you more hungry so you eat more - or if you resist the hunger, you body will likely slow down (a big problem for dieters, regardless of medication). Medicines can also increase or decrease the amount of water stored in your body, which changes your weight without relation to calories.


Question: How does a calorie counter like myFitnessPal get its data from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a calorie counter like myFitnessPal get its data from?

These apps use two ways. One is the generally agreed upon amount of calories by the FDA or other relevant agency. This is usually fairly accurate and sometimes has a kind of mark to indicate that the app agrees with this entry. The other is user input. If I want to log a specific food and it's not in the database, I have the option of making my own entry. This can be equally accurate if I'm reading directly off the package but there's many people that put in their own estimates for things like fruit and vegetables which can be highly inaccurate. Generally the apps developers should be reviewing the entries for accuracy but that rarely happens because there's way too many to actually do that. Your best bet is to look at the packaging and go from there if you can't find a good entry on MFP. ^^^Edit: ^^^Lifesum ^^^is ^^^better ^^^than ^^^MFP


Question: How did people gain an understanding of the conditions of outer space, and how to adapt a person to them, before anyone had actually been up there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did people gain an understanding of the conditions of outer space, and how to adapt a person to them, before anyone had actually been up there?

We made some measurements which gave is very good guesses, and even then, we put up animals before humans in case we forgot something and they died. It was obvious using ordinary instruments that it was a vacuum, and that objects orbit the Earth in free fall (the "zero gravity" effect).


Question: What causes liquid to run down the side of your cup instead of following the usual rules of gravity and falling straight down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What causes liquid to run down the side of your cup instead of following the usual rules of gravity and falling straight down?

Surface tension. It's strong enough to keep liquid clinging to the smooth surface of the cup. It still follows the usual rules of gravity, and having a pour spout or a little notch near the side is enough to allow the liquid to build up enough that gravity will overcome the tension.


Question: Why large store chains closing down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why large store chains closing down?

Retail has always been a challenging business due to cash flow issues for maintaining inventory, selecting the correct inventory, etc. Certainly eCommerce has hurt a great deal... both because people choose it out of convenience and also because it allows for easy price comparison shopping. It cuts down on margins and means stores have to be more competitive on pricing as well as experience. Those that are failing also fall into a middle ground where they are neither discount nor luxury. Shoppers used to stick to particular chains based on socioeconomic class — you were Wal-Mart people, JC Penny people, Nordstrom people, etc. Now people trade up and down all the time in particular categories. So those who would’ve shopped at high end stores might buy their work suits there but buy cheap workout clothes at Wal-Mart. The lower income person who loves to cook might splurge on luxury cookware while shopping dollar stores for everything else. And due to cash limitations, chains like Sears, K-Mart and JC Penny haven’t invested in modernizing stores or category mix to entice shoppers in. They feel dated and depressing so people don’t want to shop there. They are more costly than all out discounters and frumpier than quick fashion places like H & M, etc. or outlet store options. They don’t offer the glamor or style of high end places. They don’t offer the prices of Home Depot or national electronics/appliance retailers.


Question: Why are unpaid internships not illegal?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are unpaid internships not illegal?

First, that is not a law. Second, many countries have not signed or ratified. Third, in the US at least, you can hire unpaid interns only if certain criteria are met. * The internship is similar to training/education which would be given in an educational environment. * The experience is for the benefit of the intern. * The intern does not displace regular employees but works under close supervision of existing staff. * The employer providing the training derives no immediate advantage from the activities of the intern and on occasion its operations may actually be impeded. * There is no guarantee of a job at the conclusion of the internship. * Both parties understand that the intern is not entitled to wages for the internship. Edit: a word


Question: Why is it not possible to get a source code of a program/game if it's original is lost?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is it not possible to get a source code of a program/game if it's original is lost?

Much for the same reason if you lose a recipe having the resulting cake baked and ready to go generally isn't enough to reconstruct the method and ingredients. When the final program is built, the human readable source-code is compiled in to something the computer actually understands. Anything that isn't vital to that function, like comments, variable names, or superfluous structure that makes it comfortable for humans is discarded. As such even if your decompile the program, you're going to get a source code that is *technically* human readable, but has none of the elements that humans put in to make the code easy to work with. You'd get *a* source, but it's not going to be fun or easy to work with.


Question: How do we know the weight of objects in space when we have no physical way of weighing them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know the weight of objects in space when we have no physical way of weighing them?

We can see moons of Saturn going around it, and can measure their periods. We've determined the distance to Saturn, so we can calculate the size of their orbits, and the diameter of the planet. Using Newton's law of gravity, we can calculate the mass of the planet, and thus the overall density (mass divided by volume) of the planet. It works out to be less than that of water, though of course the density varies with depth in the planet.


Question: Why wasn't the north pole placed in Antarctica and vice versa?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why wasn't the north pole placed in Antarctica and vice versa?

There is no special reason. We had to put labels on the two poles and these are the labels we chose. If you mean "why is north at the top if the map" this has been covered many times. URL_0


Question: if the Earth can pull in things like the moon how can something like a helium balloon get away?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if the Earth can pull in things like the moon how can something like a helium balloon get away?

A helium balloon wouldn't get away. It is still caught by gravity. It's just that the helium balloon is lighter than the air around you. So it will float up higher until it reaches a point where the "weight" of the balloon is equal to the volume that it occupies in the atmosphere. At this point, the Helium balloon will just float around the earth in that higher part of the atmosphere (i'm sure someone else can do the math on that one). Main point is, gravity is always acting on the helium balloon. The helium is just so light that it makes the balloon go up higher in the sky. The balloon itself is so heavy that it will prevent the helium from escaping the atmosphere. But if the balloon pops, the helium could escape the atmosphere, because it is so light, gravity barely affects it (compared to heavier matter).