Question: Why does burnt food taste bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does burnt food taste bad?

"A bit longer" counts for quite a lot. Prolonged heat alters and destroys chemicals and chemical bonds, and it's those that give us the sensation of taste.


Question: What is bankruptcy and what happens when you file for bankruptcy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is bankruptcy and what happens when you file for bankruptcy?

Bankruptcy is a court supervised debt liquidation. It's a way for a debtor to declare themselves legally insolvent and will result in the court either ordering the debts to be written off or paid back at a discount according to a schedule supervised by a trustee of the court. It was built into the constitution by the founding fathers to prevent debtors prisons that existed in England where debtors were forced to work off debts as virtual slaves or serve time in prison until debts were satisfied.


Question: Why is a 50lb dumbbell so easy to pick up, but a 50lb bag of salt feels like it weighs 100lbs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a 50lb dumbbell so easy to pick up, but a 50lb bag of salt feels like it weighs 100lbs?

There’s rigid weight and then there’s “dead” weight. A solid mass like a dumbbell has a constant center of mass and you just have to lift from the center of mass. It’s also designed to be grabbed. A more gelatinous object is “dead” weight and will shift the center of mass as you move it, forcing you to continually attempt to adjust to the new center. The more unstable the material is, the more pronounced this effect becomes. Lifting a 50lb bag of liquid is almost impossible because it offers no easy grip points and wobbles everywhere.


Question: How does a person survive a lightening strike?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a person survive a lightening strike?

Direct lightning strikes are quite rare--usually what happens is that the lightning strikes the ground and the electricity travels along the ground and zaps anyone close by. Or the lightning strikes a tall object, say a tree, and an arc of electricity strikes a person standing beside the tree. The energy of the strike is far less by the time it gets to said unfortunate person. So how do people survive direct strikes? Well lightning isn't really like other electrical currents--think of it as more 'spread out'. When lightning strikes you, it actually travels over your skin (called 'flashover'). When you stick your fingers into an electrical socket, you're making direct contact with the source--so the current hits you in a much concentrated way. Lightning is also *very* quick--what causes burn damage is the heat of the air around the lightning, but because it's so quick it doesn't do too much damage. The biggest cause of death from lightning strikes are heart failures--cardiac arrest as the jolt passes through you. Edit: Sorry, forgot to say--obviously a portion of the current in a direct strike will go through you too. That's what causes the cardiac arrest, because it travels through your nervous system etc.


Question: why do vaccines contain multiple components, not just the dead virus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do vaccines contain multiple components, not just the dead virus?

You need the immune system to recognize the vaccine component as a threat, not just trash. If you just inject the dead vaccine, it's possible that your macrophages (essentially trash collectors) will just eat the dead virus and move on. Instead, if you add components called "adjuvants," the body will actually respond to this new molecule. The T and B cells will respond by making antibodies against that molecule. So when you're choosing what molecule, you need to find something that is: * unique to the virus (If a very similar component exists in your heart, after the vaccine, your body will destroy that part of your heart. This is called molecular mimicry and is what can happen after you get strep throat. That's why we treat strep throat a little aggressively) * found in most versions of Covid-19 (Obviously, or this won't be helpful This is why the flu virus is hard to vaccinate against. We predict which strains are most likely, but we can guess wrong) * Safe for humans to be injected with * Doesn't create TOO strong of an immune response (If people get a fever and feel like shit for a week after the vaccine, they would rather risk getting the actual virus. This is an issue with the flu vaccine (have you heard people say they got flu from the vaccine? They didn't, but they may have gotten too strong of an immune response)). * Creates a strong enough response in the immunocompromised. (This is a really hard line to walk. People with bad immune systems are high risk to viruses, but they're also harder to vaccinate since their body may not respond to vaccines.)


Question: Why can't we convert greenhouse gases into another gas that doesn't trap heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we convert greenhouse gases into another gas that doesn't trap heat?

CO2 is a very low-energy molecule. In order to break it apart, you need to add energy to it. Plants do this using sunlight as an energy source for photosynthesis, turning CO2 and water into sugar. Whenever we eat the products of those plants, we eventually reverse that process, turning the sugar into CO2, water, and energy. The real problem with our greenhouse gases is that normally that cycle of plants taking in CO2, plants being eaten, and then animals exhaling CO2 is a closed cycle. The amount of Carbon between the atmosphere, plants, and mammals remains pretty constant. However, millions of years ago, there were some trees that didn't get eaten by bacteria when they died (there just wasn't a bacteria that could eat them yet back then). This resulted in a lot of dead trees capturing carbon outside of the natural cycle. Those trees eventually got buried underground as the Earth shifted around, and over millions of years have broken down, and are now what we call fossil fuels. Whenever we burn fossil fuels, we reintroduce that carbon into the cycle. Without more plants or animals for the carbon to live in, all that extra carbon in the cycle ends up in the atmosphere.


Question: What is so hard about calculus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is so hard about calculus?

It's not that calculus is hard and confusing in itself, but rather that calculus builds on a foundation of the math that you learn before it, like algebra, trigonometry, functional analysis, etc. So if you don't completely understand the foundations, you will have a hard time understanding calculus.


Question: Why do certain sounds (like Chicago tornado siren) sound so creepy to us ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain sounds (like Chicago tornado siren) sound so creepy to us ?

It's just the context, Israel uses [simple voice]( URL_0 ) repeating "Red alert" in Hebrew and if you know that in few seconds rockets start showering you, it has the same unnerving effect.


Question: Why can’t we just clone extinct or highly endangered species to increase their populations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we just clone extinct or highly endangered species to increase their populations?

Because cloning isn't sticking dna in a glass tube and waiting. You need target cells with intact dna. You need host ovum, which require an invasive process in a living being to acquire. You require a valid surrogate mother. You require the gestation and birth to go without complication. And even then, the clone might not survive the week. There's more to cloning that copy and pasting genetic code.


Question: What just happened with the Kavanaugh hearing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What just happened with the Kavanaugh hearing?

OK, so the judicial committee is 11 R and 10 D. In order to advance to the next step in the process, the committee needed to pass a resolution by simple majority. Jeff Flake, a Republican from Arizona who is not seeking reelection, agreed to vote yes in committee with the agreement that the full vote of the Senate, which is needed to confirm Kavanaugh, would be delayed to hold an investigation into the allegations. Nobody in the committee itself has the authority to guarantee this happens. It depends on Mitch McConnell, a Republican from Kentucky who is the majority leader and in charge of the Senate, and, as I understand it, the White House, who would actually have to direct the FBI to conduct the investigation. So, why would anybody agree to this? The threat that Flake implied is that he would vote no in the full Senate vote if the investigation is not conducted. The Senate is split 51-49 Republican to Democrat and, again, a simple majority is needed, and Republicans would win a tie by dint of Vice President Pence's tie-breaking vote. Therefore, if 2 Republican Senators defect and vote no (assuming all 49 Democrats vote no and there are two who have not committed publicly), Kavanaugh will not be confirmed. Flake's threat is legitimate and concerning to Republicans. If he votes no, that means that only one of Collins from Maine and Murkowski of Alaska, both uncommitted pro-choice Republicans, also needs to defect to shoot down Kavanaugh. Edit: Murkowski just joined Flake in asking for further investigation by the FBI. That's the two that are needed to upset the applecart. This puts McConnell in a difficult position. An expanded investigation is unlikely to help Kavanaugh even if nothing comes of it. I think there will be no investigation. The two most likely outcomes from here are, in my opinion, Kavanaugh withdraws (under behind-the-scenes pressure from McConnell) or McConnell calls for a fast vote which will result in the Senate failing to confirm Kavanaugh.


Question: - how does the porn industry make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - how does the porn industry make money?

A combination of monopolistic practices in the mainstream and catered fetishes on the edges. Essentially, the company that owns PornHub put most of the mainstream porn sites out of business--and bought them all up pretty cheaply. So if you buy a video from a website or watch it on PornHub, it's all the same people. Which makes it easier to "control" the free content and steer the people who are willing to pay towards the paid content. Outside of that bubble are more custom/focused providers. Once you get outside of "mainstream" porn you start seeing smaller, more specialized producers. Yeah, if all you want from your porn is blondes with big boobs having sex, there's a lot out there. But if what you really want is bukkake superhero porn, maybe there's only a couple small places out there that really specialize in it, and those types are more likely to be able to develop loyal clientele.


Question: Why do some children look like/take after their father and some look like/take after their mother? What happens for this to occur?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some children look like/take after their father and some look like/take after their mother? What happens for this to occur?

When the egg and the sperm come together to form the baby, they split genes evenly. Each contributes half of the necessary genes. However, some genes are dominant and some are recessive in nature, so while both mom and dad contributed genes that shape the baby’s nose, the genes that mom contributed were more dominant than the ones dad contributed, so the baby’s nose looks like mom’s. Sometimes the particular egg or sperm that formed a child has quite a few dominant or recessive genes and a kid ends up looking a lot like one parent or the other. Which genes are present at the forming of the new DNA is completely random, but which genes will be visible in the child’s physique and appearance is based on dominance and how mom and dad’s genes mixed.


Question: Why do flies/wasps look like they're trying to sting themselves when they've been sprayed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do flies/wasps look like they're trying to sting themselves when they've been sprayed?

Many wasp sprays are neurotoxins that cause all the nerves in the wasp to fire repeatedly. This makes them spasm uncontrollably including extending their stinger and curling onto themselves. They aren't actually trying to do anything, they have lost control of their bodies.


Question: Why does food that's been heated in a conventional oven or stove pan almost always taste better than when it's heated in a microwave?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does food that's been heated in a conventional oven or stove pan almost always taste better than when it's heated in a microwave?

Because it is less soggy. When you bake the moisture is baked out alittle...You get some nice crisping and browsing and other flavourful things happening. Microwaves just heat the water a little. It kinda spreads into everything making sog and mush.


Question: What prevents blood from flowing backwards into an IV bag?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What prevents blood from flowing backwards into an IV bag?

Gravity. The IV bag hangs above the patient and the solution flows down the IV line. This pressure pushes the IV solution into vein which prevents blood from flowing into the tube.


Question: How does ejecting a storage device or disconnecting an electronic while it is in use cause damage to the data/equipment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does ejecting a storage device or disconnecting an electronic while it is in use cause damage to the data/equipment?

Your computer tries to appear "fast" to you. You click the "save" button, and Windows says "Ok" right away, but in fact it may take a few seconds to actually put the data on the storage device. The actual writing of the data on the storage device is sometimes delayed until the next available "opportunity" to write, when the device isn't busy and Windows isn't busy. So if you click "save" and unplug the flash drive right away, the actual file MAY be half-saved, which would corrupt it. Most of the time you can unplug the flash drive right away, nothing much happens, but SOMETIMES Windows is busy and only pretends to save, and doesn't actually save right away.


Question: why forces of gravity cause masses to attract to each other, yet the universe is said to be continually expanding?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why forces of gravity cause masses to attract to each other, yet the universe is said to be continually expanding?

Would like to add that the universe isn't just expanding. The rate that it's expanding is increasing. The expansion is getting faster. The skateboard isn't just moving on the sidewalk It's accelerating on its own. And we have no idea how or why. We shall call this energy that's pushing the skateboard "dark energy"


Question: Why can't businesses just tell us the price of their product with tax already instead of at the register?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't businesses just tell us the price of their product with tax already instead of at the register?

They can, but because taxes vary from city to city in the US, larger companies with stores in multiple locations find it easier to just not include the tax.


Question: When we are deep under water, why can we not feel the weight of all the water above us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we are deep under water, why can we not feel the weight of all the water above us?

You do feel the pressure of the weight of the water above you, but you also feel increased pressure on all parts of your body. This means you're getting crushed, but it doesn't feel like there's thousands of pounds on your back. This is the same reason that you don't feel hundreds of pounds of pressure on your body from all of the air above you.


Question: How do meteorologists and climate specialists determine the percentage for whether or not its going to rain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do meteorologists and climate specialists determine the percentage for whether or not its going to rain?

Simply put, it's the percent of the area that they expect rain to occur. Oftentimes, a band of showers will come through, but they aren't a homogeneous mass, there are pockets of lighter or heavier activity, and sometimes nothing at all. So, the meteorologist will run the data, see if they expect the band to grow, and come up with a percent chance of showers for the area. A 90% chance means that in ~90% of the area, it's going to rain < which essentially means simply, "I might be wrong, but it's *going* to rain"


Question: Given the fragmented instant messaging market and the failure to create a standard protocol, why aren't there email clients that make using email more like instant messaging?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Given the fragmented instant messaging market and the failure to create a standard protocol, why aren't there email clients that make using email more like instant messaging?

Huh? Email essentially already is instant messaging, if the user utilizes it in that way. You can get notifications that pop up on your computer that tell you that you just got an email, and it's essentially instance. Your phone can tell you that you just got an email, and it's essentially instant. I sometimes use email like that with my less Tech Savvy family members. I will have a 10 or 20 email long chain in only a few minutes, because we are just emailing back one or two sentences to each other. Today, I don't think there is an issue with email clients or technology. It's simply how the users utilize it. Also, instant messaging it's probably not as popular as it once was, since the Advent and popularity of phones and texting has taken over from that.


Question: What is MMT (Modern Monetary Theory) and how does it work? Also what are the arguments for it and what are some major criticisms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 What is MMT (Modern Monetary Theory) and how does it work? Also what are the arguments for it and what are some major criticisms?

NPR's Planet Money did a podcast about it, only about 20 mins. They'll do a better job of explaining than I. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: When countries provide foreign aid (cash) to others, how do they transfer the money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When countries provide foreign aid (cash) to others, how do they transfer the money?

Most of the world's banking industry is centered in the US at the Federal Reserve. Every country and just about every major bank has an account with the Fed that contains a significant portion of its assets. When one country wants to give foreign aid to another its usually just a matter of deducting funds from one country's national account and putting them in another country's. So for example, if Canada gives Botswana $100 what will most likely happen is Canada will tell the Fed about the transaction and the Fed will transfer that money from the Bank of Canada's Fed account and stick it in the Bank of Botswana's account. If Botswana then buys $100 of grain from an Italian company they'll let the Fed know and the Fed will then take that money out of the Bank of Botswana's account and move it to the bank that the Italian company uses. Its likely that no money will actually physically move as a result of this process - its just the Fed changing account balances, similar to if you wrote a check to someone who used the same local bank as you. There are instances in which countries will try to bypass the Fed's banking system - for example when India buys oil from Iran. But the countries in these cases typically try to avoid paying in cash, instead they'll do the deal in something like gold or as a barter deal in which they trade one product directly for another. In the case of India buying Iranian oil they'll just stick the gold on a plane or boat and send it directly to Iran. You also tend to see similar deals with Russia. For example, Russia has historically provided a large amount of "foreign aid" to Venezuela. But that aid isn't in the form of cash, its typically in the form of oil field equipment that they ship to Venezuela and technical services provided by oil engineers that they send to run the equipment. Likewise, Venezuela has provided a huge amount of "aid" to Caribbean countries. But the aid isn't in cash, rather its in oil that Venezuela ships directly to them.


Question: How are restaurants that have buffets or "eat-all-you-can" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How are restaurants that have buffets or "eat-all-you-can" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even?

The food you are eating costs much less than you are being charged for it. If I went to a pizza buffet and paid 8 dollars for unlimited pizza, I'd think that was a great deal! I can eat, what, 8-10 slices of pizza? Well those 8-10 slices would probably end up costing the company maybe 2 dollars total. So, they are still making a profit on you. Maybe less of a profit on you in particular, but still a profit. And even if a few people are able to pack away enough to outpace the profit margin, the vast majority of people will not, and that more than makes up for the outliers.


Question: How can the rubiks cube be solved with simple algorythms, from any starting point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How can the rubiks cube be solved with simple algorythms, from any starting point?

Because a Rubik's Cube has a finite and equal number of facings. While staggering to think of, there are roughly 43 quintillion moves that can be made on a standard Rubik's Cube. With each facing assigned a numeric value, solving it becomes a mathematic equation where you have color groups (white 1-9, blue 1-9, etc.) and can then solve the puzzle using these assigned values. Now, 43 quintillion sounds like a lot to math out, but 99.99% of those moves are unnecessary. When I was a kid they taught a computer system the mathematic formula and from there they determined you could resolve the puzzle from any point in just 42 moves! What's more impressive is that as computers advanced we got better at teaching them to solve the Rubik's Cube. We now know, after Google decided that 42 moves was too many, that you can solve the puzzle from any starting point in just 20 moves. Edit: sp/format


Question: Is it true that modern human existence on earth is equivalent to an 80 year old man having had a cold for only one day?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it true that modern human existence on earth is equivalent to an 80 year old man having had a cold for only one day?

If you are equating the earth to an 80 year old man: The earth is 4.54 billion years old (give or take 50 million years, assuming you're not sourcing your data from [the state of Kansas]( URL_0 )). The definition of modern humans may be sketchy. It's sometimes referred to as Anatomically Modern Humans, which are about 200,000 years ago. This means modern humans have been around for 0.004% of the earth's existence. To an 80 year old man, 0.004% of his lifetime is about 28 hours.


Question: Why does the moon appear whiter in color as seen from the surface of the Earth than as seen from the surface of the Moon?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the moon appear whiter in color as seen from the surface of the Earth than as seen from the surface of the Moon?

It is because the exposure of the astronaut's camera was properly set. If you see the moon in the daytime it looks grey because your eyes are adjusted for daylight. At night your irises open and it looks brighter. It still looks grey to me. BTW the fraction of light reflected from an astronomical body is called its albedo. The moon's is 0.13 while the earth's is 0.30-0.35 depending on cloud cover. [This photo]( URL_0 ) shows the earth and moon in one shot taken from a million miles away. You can see that the moon is darker than the earth.


Question: Why can’t a car outrun a tornado?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why can’t a car outrun a tornado?

Tornados don't follow roads. If you can drive 60 mph in a straight line then great, but there is no guarantee you can go faster than 20 mph as the crow flies when in a city or subdivision where the roads aren't aligned with its path. More relevant though is what the advice is supposed to accomplish. It might be the case that there are some circumstances where a car could get you out of harm's way. However it is difficult to estimate the exact path of a giant vortex of air, especially while driving in a storm, and they don't want every driver with a view of the tornado to be flooring their accelerator and recklessly hurtling down the roads. That would lead to every tornado being surrounded by bad car wrecks as well because people are stupid and panicky.


Question: How do stocks work and how do you make a profit off of it??

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do stocks work and how do you make a profit off of it??

Shares of stock are tiny fractions of ownership in a company. The two main ways to make money are “buy low, sell high” and dividends. The first means that you buy shares, hope they increase in value and then sell them. So you buy shares of Apple at $50 and when it’s increased to $150 you decide to sell and buy Tesla shares. Dividends are quarterly payments from company profits that some companies make. They are typically about 1-3% of share price but not all companies pay them, choosing to reinvest profits into growing the business. There are also companies who pay out larger dividends because they are stable, slower growth companies (like utilities).


Question: How do scientists know what dinosaurs sound like?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do scientists know what dinosaurs sound like?

Scientist's don't know for sure. They only estimate based on the size and shape of their skulls and throats and by comparing it to modern animals with similar features


Question: On a 3 or more lane highway, what is preventing a car in the right lane and a car in the left lane from both merging into the middle lane and hitting each other? How do more accidents not occur from this?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On a 3 or more lane highway, what is preventing a car in the right lane and a car in the left lane from both merging into the middle lane and hitting each other? How do more accidents not occur from this?

They have to look with their eyes and signal with their blinkers. This involves turning their heads and not just veering into each other. Periodically I see two cars not check properly and start the maneuver only to find someone else doing the same, and generally right of way is yielded to the car which is in front of the other. Probably more properly the right of way should be yielded to the car in the left lane, as they are trying to complete a passing maneuver or exit the road, while the desire of the car on the right to move left isn't as important.


Question: How come the blue water in Nuclear Power plants is safe to swim in?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How come the blue water in Nuclear Power plants is safe to swim in?

Spent fuel pools are used because water is a good insulator of the radiation created by spent fuel rods. It's "safe" to swim in in that you won't pick up more radiation than if you were swimming in normal water or standing in a nuclear plant (assuming you aren't diving deep below the water and touching the spent rods) but [this what-if xkcd article]( URL_0 ) has a quote from someone who works at a research reactor about what would happen if you tried to swim in their radiation containment pool, and the response was "You'd die pretty quickly, before reaching the water, from gunshot wounds." (That article also goes a bit more in-depth as to why swimming in one of those pools isn't particularly more dangerous than swimming in a normal pool, security guards notwithstanding).


Question: Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?

I’m not a cigar smoker but my father in law is and he explained that cigars are best enjoyed through your mucus membranes (mouth and nose, passive inhaling) and that you’re really only supposed to smoke enough to keep it lit. This is a very different experience compared to smoking a cigarette or a joint where people try to inhale as much of the smoke directly into their lungs as they can, mostly to get the effects of the nicotine or THC.


Question: What do no tear shampoos have?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do no tear shampoos have?

Some people are probably going to comment here saying "no tears" means the other kind of tear, as in it won't break your hair, which is just plain wrong. Because if any shampoo is *tearing your hair*, you probably shouldn't use it. Eyes are very sensitive, and normal soap or shampoo has a higher pH than the water in your eyes does. "No tears" shampoo has the same pH as our eyes to prevent that strong stinging sensation. But getting anything foreign in your eyes could still feel irritating, so if you apply the shampoo directly into your eyes it might still hurt.


Question: How does a Body's immune system eventually recognize a donor organ as a part of it instead of a foreign entity?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does a Body's immune system eventually recognize a donor organ as a part of it instead of a foreign entity?

Oftentimes, it never does. The body's immune system will continuously recognise the transplanted tissue as foreign, due to the immune system not being able to identify the proteins on the cells as its own. People who have had organ transplants often have to take drugs to suppress the immune system for life, as otherwise the immune system would destroy the donated organ.


Question: how does your PC distinguish between gaming music and your voice?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does your PC distinguish between gaming music and your voice?

My understanding is Discord has a built in noise suppression software ([ URL_0 ](https:// URL_0 )) that uses machine learning algorithms to determine what noises to cancel out. To answer "how", we would need to get into machine learning and AI. In an attempt to keep it simple, the software uses untold amounts of data from across the userbase to recognize patterns. Using pattern recognition and other math wizardry, the software can determine which noises, captured by the mic, are "background" and which are your voice. This is determined by using several of the properties found within a recorded sound. As a rudimentary example, the volume of the sound (in comparison to distance from the mic) could be used. There are other methods using multiple mics, however, since you specified Discord and PC I believe the Discord software on your PC is the answer to your question.


Question: How does a hard drive hold information even after being disconnected from a power source?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does a hard drive hold information even after being disconnected from a power source?

Tiny sections of the disk are magnetized. By assigning 1 or 0 to a given polarity, binary data can be encoded onto the disk by magnetizing or not magnetizing given sections. Since this magnetization persists after it is performed it does not require an active power source. Basically, you're doing the equivalent of arranging a bunch of tiny bar magnets with the north pole pointed up or down. After they're pointed the way you want, you don't need any power to keep them that way.


Question: why is polycephaly (having more than 2 heads) more common in reptiles compared to mammals or birds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is polycephaly (having more than 2 heads) more common in reptiles compared to mammals or birds?

Firstly thank you so much for this question, my brain hasn’t worked this hard in a while. Ok so, with many congenital issues, the usual outcome is natural abortion of the foetus. Or in case of non-mammalian life: full development is not achieved. I have not found proof and it’s unlikely we’ll find (or search for) proof that reptiles more commonly have congenital defects causing polycephaly. So there are two ways to go. One might argue that there are equal amounts of dicephaly forming during embryonic development, yet non-reptiles are less able to deal with the pressure on an organism to survive such deal compared to reptiles - or on that note; perhaps reptiles are more hardy and it is less a burden for reptiles to survive polycephaly. On the other hand; we might predict reptiles more genetically predisposed to have congenital polycephaly and that polycephaly is not a usually fatal genetic disorder. I think your question is important and I have found little evidence in favour of either of my responses . But intuition would tell me that the cause for polycephaly is different in each case. Reptilian genetic robustness is older and more reliable (less complex) and that when polycephaly does arise in a reptile it is less devastating to the central function of the animal. Thus more reptiles reach full term and become viable organisms: enjoying their never-lonely lives with them, themselves and they.


Question: Why does time seem to pass more quickly as we age?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does time seem to pass more quickly as we age?

Because logarithmically a day becomes faster. When you are 1 year old waiting a year is waiting an aditional 100% of your life. But when you're 50 years old, 1 year is only 2% of your time. The way we experience time is logarithmically not arithmetically. A bit of a over simplifyed answer, but hell this is ELI5.


Question: What's the reason behind people using words like "um", "you know?", "like" even when they have a clear idea of what they're saying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the reason behind people using words like "um", "you know?", "like" even when they have a clear idea of what they're saying?

> Um Um is a filler word. Filler words fill gaps in a conversation so other people waiting to say something don't cut in during the silence. > You know? Is seeking reaffirmation that the listener understands. > Like Like has become very versatile in casual conversation. It could mean "similar to" like it traditionally has, or it could mean "This is what I was thinking/feeling at the time, not necessarily what I actually said out loud in the moment. Example: "I saw a guy littering today and I was like, 'pick up you f-ing trash bro!'" could mean that's what they literally said, but it could also just sum up their unspoken feelings at the time. All of the above is considered poor practice in a formal setting. If your giving a speech and feel the need to use filler words, it suggest you're not confident that your speech is important enough that others would listen without cutting in. You wouldn't ask "You know?" if you were confident that your speech was clear on it's own. You wouldn't use the ambiguous use of 'like' to leave the listener wondering if you said that or just thought it. In an informal conversation between friends, all the above is perfectly fine to use. Sometimes we need to hold priority in the conversation with filler words because we're not finished our statement yet. Sometimes we need to find out if we're getting our ideas across clearly. How else would we know? Sometimes it's best to be a bit ambiguous before we know how well received a stance on an issue is. So long as you know when it is inappropriate to use such terms and are able to turn them off when needed, there should be no issue. The trouble is that if people never practice doing without these casual conversation crutches, they'll have a very difficult time getting out of the habit in a formal setting.


Question: Why can cameras record 4K-25fps, FHD-50fps but not 4K-50fps or more?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can cameras record 4K-25fps, FHD-50fps but not 4K-50fps or more?

> processing power, data size That's exactly it. Larger resolution and FPS require more processing power as well as more bandwidth to transfer the large amount of data to the camera's storage.


Question: how does carbon dating work, and what is the degree of certainty and/or margin of error when scientists date an ancient artifact or bone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does carbon dating work, and what is the degree of certainty and/or margin of error when scientists date an ancient artifact or bone?

A particular radioactive isotope of Carbon, C14, starts to decay to Nitrogen once an organism dies. Since it decays at a constant rate, and we know what that rate is, we can use the remaining amount of C14 to determine an approximate date of death. These days they can date a bone to +/- a few decades. So while They can't definitively state that "this person died on June 3, 1127," they can tell you with a high degree of certainty that the remains date from the first half of the 12th century.


Question: Why does drinking fluids help when you're sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does drinking fluids help when you're sick?

Truth of the matter is no one knows for sure but we have some ideas, it might be all of these, or none at all. First of all the obvious, if you're sick enough you're losing water by sweating feverishly, having diarrhea and throwing up, then you're keeping yourself from being dehydrated and dehydration can make you feel pretty miserable. Second, being dehydrated makes you feel crappy, so of you're lightly dehydrated plus sick then you're feeling double-crappy. Supporters of this theory point to comfort food and the desire to engage in soothing activities like warm baths when sick. Third, most of the feeling crappy when you're sick is actually the result of your body's own immune response, causing inflammation, fever and other responses to fight infection. A minor cause is the remains of destroyed cells and if it's a bacterial infection, bacterial toxins. Being well-hydrated helps your body eliminate these toxic substances more easily. We're not sure about immune chemicals but excess might be excreted by the kidneys. Another theory says when you're sick your metabolism is increased and you need more water to help things along. Truth of the matter is it's not certain which factors play into it, but it's probably a complex combination of factors.


Question: Why is Eggnog not sold year round?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Eggnog not sold year round?

Because sales drop outside of Christmas time. If more people wanted it, it would be sold all the time. If you like it a lot, [try making it yourself]( URL_0 ).


Question: When does our brain decide which hand will be dominant and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When does our brain decide which hand will be dominant and why?

We still don't why some people are left handed & #x200B; Possible reasons for left handedness: Genetics Lateralization


Question: Why did we never manage to standardize to a universal electric socket in the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did we never manage to standardize to a universal electric socket in the world?

The real issue is that every country made their own standards for electricity close to a century ago, before international communication was easy, and before international travel would became relatively easy. So there wasn't a real reason for countries to work together, that wasn't a major priority. And now, switching to a universal standard would require most countries to replace everything, a massive and expensive undertaking that isn't seen as worth the effort.


Question: How do magnetic fields work and what is their relationship with electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do magnetic fields work and what is their relationship with electricity?

Okay, this will take a while, but I'll try to make it as eli5 as possible. Moving electric charges (like electric currents) generate magnetic fields. Now, when there is a change in a magnetic field, the current tries to adjust so it doesn't change as much and it ends up dampening the change. The shape of the magnetic field created depends on the way current is flowing. If you've read or heard about the right hand rule, this is one of the uses, if you haven't, don't worry, it's not extremely important. The only thing that you must know for now is that a circular loop creates a magnetic field that goes through the area inside the loop, then curves around it and comes back to where it started. Electrons, which are the smaller mobile component of atoms are the responsible for delivering electric currents through materials, like cables or liquids. It's not that one particular electron travels the whole trip to deliver 1 unit of charge, but instead, one electron jumps to the next atom and that forces another one to jump to the next and so on. Electrons also have a thing called "spin", which is kind of like if they were spinning, but they're not actually spinning, but they kinda are. Since electrons have charge, this spin creates an electric current, and consequently, a magnetic field. Since electrons like to pair up so that the spins cancel up (that is, if one spins clockwise, the other does counter clockwise), most materials have a total magnetic field close to 0, but some of them have a lot of un-paired electrons, like the ones in the middle of the periodic table, like good ol' iron. These materials have enough free electrons so they can sometimes become permanently magnetic, even without an external current. This happens when enough electrons spins are in the same direction. This means, when you cut a magnet in half, you get 2 magnet whose magnet fields points in the same direction as when they were together. The earth is magnetic because it has a giant iron core, but it's not completely understood why it has a magnetic field, because sometimes it flips and points in the opposite direction. The important thing is that it's magnetic field has the shape of one generated by loop current around the Ecuador, that's why we have a north and south pole where they are. Now, since the sun emits plasma and extremely fast charged particles, it's like the magnetic field was "blown" and it's slightly deformed. Don't worry about it, whenever a big solar flare crushes with the planet, the only thing that happens is we get an aurora borealis. I didn't explained how magnetic fields affect charged particles because I think this is enough for today


Question: What happens to current debt during times of great inflation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to current debt during times of great inflation?

The value of that debt goes down. That's why lenders factor inflation risk into their risk premium.


Question: From a residential standpoint(120vac,60hz,single phase) why is it that when you touch the "hot" and "neutral" wires it creates a short but not when you plug something in? The load completes the circuit which should create a short, right?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 From a residential standpoint(120vac,60hz,single phase) why is it that when you touch the "hot" and "neutral" wires it creates a short but not when you plug something in? The load completes the circuit which should create a short, right?

A load and a short are, indeed, almost the same thing. The difference is that a load includes significant resistance so that the current is limited, while a short has almost no resistance so far too much current flows.


Question: How can you prove that you can't prove something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you prove that you can't prove something?

Keep in mind that when we say a proposition "can't be proven", we mean that it can't be proven in one particular system. It's always possible to make a new system that can prove the original proposition. Usually, to show that something can't be proven, you find or construct two examples of your system; one in which your proposition is true, and another in which your proposition is false. To illustrate this, consider the following axioms: * 1 is in G, such that x\*1 = 1\*x = x for all x in G * If x and y are in G, then x\*y is in G * If x is in G, then there is x^(-1) in G, such that x\*x^(-1) = 1 These are called the *group axioms*. Any set G and operation \* that satisfies these axioms is called a group. Suppose we want to check the proposition "for all x, y in G, x\*y=y\*x" (this is called commutativity). No matter how hard you try, you can't prove commutativity from the group axioms. Why? Well, consider the following two groups. * Z is the set of integers with the operation +. This satisfies the group axioms. * D*_4_*, the dihedral group on four points. Imagine a square, and consider how you could move the square around, like a piece of paper, so it ends up in the same place that it started. You could rotate the square 90 degrees about its centre, or you could flip the square over along a line of symmetry. These actions form a group. However, the actions of rotating the square 90 degrees clockwise, and flipping the paper over along its vertical line of symmetry do not commute: (try this out on a piece of paper) Start with your eye on the top right corner of the square. Rotate clockwise, now it's at the bottom right corner. Then flip the paper. Our original point is now at the bottom left corner. If we do it in the other order, the point that used to be at the top right gets flipped to the top left, then it gets rotated back to the top right. These two orders do not give the same action! Therefore x\*y does not equal y\*x in this group! That shows that the proposition "for all x, y in G, x\*y=y\*x" cannot be proven from the group axioms. In a broader context, when someone says that a proposition cannot be proven, they usually mean that it can't be proven in the [ZFC axioms]( URL_0 ), which are the axioms used by almost all mathematicians. The axioms themselves are quite technical (though so are Godel's theorems) and constructing examples is a lot more involved than what we've done here. As for applications to other fields, you have to be careful. Godel's theorems are statements that involve technical properties of the axiom system in question, so they don't necessarily say anything about, for example, what philosophers call axioms. But in your particular examples, yes this can happen in logic (quite easily: "for all x, x!=x" is an unprovable statement in pure logic) but as for linguistics, I don't know much about linguistics but I don't think they work with proofs in the mathematical sense much at all.


Question: Why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?

They have a kinds of pattern, because numbers that aren't prime numbers have a pattern. Every second number after 2 is not a prime. Every third number after 3 is not a prime. Every 4th number after 4 is not a prime and so on. The numbers that aren't primes have a pattern of your can call it that


Question: Why does urine foam into bubbles? (I'm a guy and it happens to me and I see it regularly at urinals.)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does urine foam into bubbles? (I'm a guy and it happens to me and I see it regularly at urinals.)

Force stirs up oxygen into the molecular structure and, in the same way soap forms a lather, bubbles form, essentially due to the splash/impact. It can vary too depending on your diet.


Question: Why do we have volunteer firefighters in the US?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we have volunteer firefighters in the US?

Some areas don't require full time firefighters due to infrequency of fires. Some departments only respond to severe emergencies that happen a few times per year. There's also an increasing push to defund essential positions in the United States. Parts of our populace are less and less willing to pay for education, infrastructure, safety response, etc. We currently have nurses working with reused PPE because we won't fund them. Similarly, we're sending prisoners (unpaid) to fight fires in California.


Question: Why do air bubbles form on the side of glasses of water that have been left undisturbed for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do air bubbles form on the side of glasses of water that have been left undisturbed for a while?

Water has air dissolved in it. When it's pressurized in pipes, it gets air forced into it. Most home sinks have aerators that mix in air when it's being poured. Even splashing it into a glass can add some air. Over time, these gasses come out of solution & form bubbles. Often, the bubbles form at the side of the glass where there's little imperfections ('nucleation sites') for the gas to stick to. It's not a lot different than a carbonated beverage except that the carbonated beverage has a *lot* more gas dissolved in it, so you get get streams of bubbles at the nucleation sites, growing large enough to float to the top.


Question: What is it that makes knots work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is it that makes knots work?

The simple answer is friction and obstacle. By twisting the strands through loops and around each other, we create pockets of friction and genuine blockers that keep the string or rope from retuning to a straight form.


Question: How do people who wing glide manage to do so while being parallel to the ground?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people who wing glide manage to do so while being parallel to the ground?

You mean in wing suits? These only work on steep downhill runs. They are not able to fly parallel to level ground for more than a moment.


Question: On a wine label "grapes picked at night for flavour" - what is the basis for this claim or is it cobblers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On a wine label "grapes picked at night for flavour" - what is the basis for this claim or is it cobblers?

Napa winegrower here. 99% of quality winegrapes in California are picked at night...or very early morning. The vast majority of lesser quality fruit is also picked at night...or very early morning. Picking during the heat of the day during the late summer would mean the crop would enter the winery extremely warm and would actually begin oxidizing or fermenting on the truck...then need to be cooled in the winery anyway for winemaking. There are also traffic considerations...hundreds to large double trailer trucks moving on the roads during rush hour would be a bad idea. During harvest, most winegrowers and industry workers sleep during the late day and work all night...for 2-3 months...starting early with champagne and ending with the dark reds like Zinfandel or CabSauv. Update: Yes by champagne (or sparkeling wine for sticklers) I am referring to Chardonnay, Pinot noir, and Pinot munier...it's just a whole lot easier to say champagne...again, this is Reddit...not winemaking 201)


Question: How do new words get popularized? Sometimes I see a synonym to a word an think, how was that word thought of and popularized? How do words and synonyms become popularized?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do new words get popularized? Sometimes I see a synonym to a word an think, how was that word thought of and popularized? How do words and synonyms become popularized?

Somebody starts using it, then people who spend time with that person keep hearing it. Eventually, they start using it too, and so it spreads. Before cars, people lived in smaller populations that were much more isolated. Each of these towns and villages would develop their own dialect, and so lots of variations crept in to languages. Then, when travel became easier, the different synonyms began to mix. Britain is a great example of this. The rivers and hills meant there were loads of small populations that were isolated from each other, even though they were only a few miles apart. It's part of the reason why British accents are so diverse, and how you can work out pretty well where someone is from with just a few questions about language use.