Question: How did x and y become the standard for unknown variables?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did x and y become the standard for unknown variables?

Rene Descartes wrote a book [a book]( URL_0 ) using them, it caught on.


Question: If lobsters don't stop growing and don't die naturally, why has no one tried growing one to be huge?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If lobsters don't stop growing and don't die naturally, why has no one tried growing one to be huge?

The largest lobster ever found was 44 pounds. The oldest known lobster in captivity was 22 pounds and 132-140 years old. I give those two data points as reference, so when you ask why no one tried growing one to be huge it would depend on why someone would want to do that. For commercial purposes most people don’t want to buy a 20 pound lobster, and the amount of time it takes to grow a 3 pound lobster is significantly less than growing a 20 pound lobster when you factor in grow costs. If you meant just for the sheer monument of growing a huge lobster, science behind lobsters growing without aging is relatively recent, so if it took 140 years to grow a 22 pound lobster, someone would have started growing a lobster hundreds of years ago, have someone keep taking care of it to truly see a massive lobster which would be unlikely


Question: How do international airport traffic controllers deal with multiple languages safely and efficiently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do international airport traffic controllers deal with multiple languages safely and efficiently?

The international language for air traffic control is English everywhere in the world. If both the controller and the pilot speak the local language, they can use that, but otherwise they'll communicate in English.


Question: What is the difference between Hasidic Judaism and standard Judaism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between Hasidic Judaism and standard Judaism?

There isn't one "standard" Judaism. There are 3 main branches - reform, conservative, orthodox. They differ on how strictly they follow the religion and how they observe. Reform are the most lax and have somewhat adopted practices of some Christian sects, such as musical instruments and choruses in services. They are also least likely to keep kosher, follow the sabath strictly, etc. Conservative are more tradition in service and more mixed in practice, ie. some don't keep kosher and only attend services on high holidays while others go to weekly services, keep kosher, observe parts of the sabbath rituals (maybe they don't drive, choosing to walk to temple). Orthodox follow the religion the most strictly, observing the sabbath and attending temple regularly, keeping kosher, modesty in dress, etc. But even within the Orthodox community there are different levels of custom/practice that often grew out of their originating community back in Europe or the Middle East and affect things like things like dress, assimilation with the general community outside orthodox Judaism. Because Hasidism arose in Eastern Europe, they tend to dress a certain way, speak Yiddish. And there are also certain practices and religious emphasis that's slightly different than other orthodox groups.


Question: why does the death penalty take so long to administer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the death penalty take so long to administer?

> What can a serial killer who has eye witnesses and dna evidence have that allows them to appeal for 15 years? Nothing to lose. In normal cases, your ability and desire to appeal is based upon the cost (time and money) weighed against the likelihood you will succeed. You're not going to spend 5 years for an unlikely appeal against a 6 month sentence. When you are *going to die*, **forever** that calculation is kind of skewed. Also, the justice system grants extra scrutiny for capital punishment cases because it's something we really, really, really don't want to be wrong about it.


Question: Why do we clench our teeth when doing something hard such as unscrewing a tight lidded jar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we clench our teeth when doing something hard such as unscrewing a tight lidded jar?

Humans have a "messy" nervous system, where signals sent to one set of muscles tends to bleed over into other muscles. If you squeeze something in your right hand with 20 pounds of force, your left hand has an unconscious tendency try to clench with maybe 1 pound of force. This effect is most pronounced when you're distracted, under stress, or in pain. Anyway, exerting the muscles in both hands in order to unscrew that jar will tend to make other muscles, like your jaw, tense up as well. You might even stop breathing very briefly if you're really putting some oomph into it (which is why women giving birth are constantly encouraged to breathe).


Question: How are the accuracies of the most accurate devices determined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are the accuracies of the most accurate devices determined?

What scientists really want is a base of measurement that can be confirmed in nature. For example, for a long time now metrologists have been unhappy about "Le Grand K," the human-created mass reference for all kilograms. The kilogram was the last SI unit based on a human-made reference piece, rather than some natural constant. Only in the past few years has it been possible to measure and derive the mass of the kilogram through the Planck's constant, and supposedly, the new kilogram will become official sometime this year. * URL_0


Question: How can dust float in the air? Surely the dust particles are heavier than air, so they should sink.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can dust float in the air? Surely the dust particles are heavier than air, so they should sink.

Because there is wind! The dust rides this wind like a paper airplane, except it doesn't need nearly as strong of a wind to stay up for a long time. Imagine the game I am sure you have played with a balloon and keeping it from touching the floor. The dust is the balloon, and the wind is the people kicking/hitting the balloon to keep it up. Except this happens at really tiny sizes. Because we are huge to the dust, we don't feel this "punching" from the wind, but the dust most certainly still does.


Question: What is “blue-light” from phones and other electronic screens? And how does it affect our eyesight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is “blue-light” from phones and other electronic screens? And how does it affect our eyesight?

The "white" that a screen displays can lean towards a blue or yellow (or even orange) tint. A blue tint looks nicer to most people, so screens are usually adjusted that way. However, looking at that for too long can cause eye strain, and (at least in some studies) interferes with sleep.


Question: What's the definition of Information in physics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the definition of Information in physics?

Information has been defined as the resolution of uncertainty. As a concrete example, say you flip a coin. Before you flip it, there is uncertainty because it could come up either heads or tails. But once you flip it and see how it landed, you have gained information about the flip. Information is sometimes said to be the opposite of entropy. To understand why, let's change our example to a pair of dice. A dice role of 7 has more entropy than one of 12. This is because there is only one way to role a 12 on a pair of dice, but there are six ways to roll a 7. If you re-roll a pair of dice after getting 12, you are more likely to get 7 than another 12. This illustrates the second law of thermodynamics, that systems tend to move toward states with higher entropy. Looked at another way, a roll of 12 has more *information* than a roll of 7. If I tell you that I rolled a 12, you know that my dice must be showing 6 and 6. But if I say I rolled a 7, you don't know which of the six combinations are showing. So one quantitative definition of the information in a system is the maximum possible amount of entropy in that system minus its current amount of entropy.


Question: How does soap actually clean things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does soap actually clean things?

Soap don't clean things, it makes things slippery so water can wash them off the surface you want to clean


Question: What makes gravity so strong inside a celestial body's core? (Why can the core of a planet hold said planet together?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes gravity so strong inside a celestial body's core? (Why can the core of a planet hold said planet together?)

The core of the planet isn't really what holds the planet together. The planet is what holds the planet together. Every single particle that composes the planet, or other celestial body, is attracted to all the other particles that compose that body (and everything else in the universe, but that's another story). Because of this, over time, they "congeal" or "coalesce" into a shape. Sometimes it's a lumpy shape, like a potato, if the mass is small enough. Other times, it's a spheroid, if the mass is large enough. The reason there's a dense core is because the heavier particles, like iron, nickel, etc, attract each other more strongly, and thus sink towards each other, eventually ending up in the core. But it's not really accurate to say that the core is what's holding everything together. If you magically removed the core, there would obviously be a catastrophic sequence of events. But if you observed the destruction from a safe distance, you would see the shell of the planet crumple inwards under it's own weight, and, over time, eventually a new core would form as the particles rearrange themselves into a new gradient based on density and mass.


Question: Why haven’t we started using graphene on everything (batteries, computer parts, clothing, etc)? What makes it so difficult to work with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why haven’t we started using graphene on everything (batteries, computer parts, clothing, etc)? What makes it so difficult to work with?

I am not an expert, but from what I know there's 2 main reasons: 1. It's still quite difficult to mass produce graphene to an amount where companies can incorporate it into there products. 2. As with a lot of nanotechnology, we are still learning about them. The truth is that while they may be useful for a lot of things, we still don't know much about the negatives. It's hard to really measure for example what the environmental impact of graphene might be, because there isn't much of it around in any environment yet, and due to it being nano-sized it's hard to track it once it has been exposed to the environment.


Question: How do waterfalls and rivers never run out of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do waterfalls and rivers never run out of water?

The quick answer is: they do! A lot of river and waterfalls have times of the year that they are just dry riverbeds or have just a trickle. Depending on the climate, they are usually fed by either a steady supply of rain water or by slowly melting ice chunks from the heavy snow season.


Question: Can anyone explain Bayes Theorem? I’m just interested in the math but have a hard time wrapping my head around.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can anyone explain Bayes Theorem? I’m just interested in the math but have a hard time wrapping my head around.

Let's look at an example. Say we have a population of 10000 people, and there's some disease that affects 1% of them. There's a test that's 98% accurate. Assuming you test positive, how likely is it you actually have the disease? Well, if 1% have the disease, that means 100 people have it. 98 of them will test positive, and 2 negative. The other 9900 people don't. So 9702 will test negative, and 198 positive. That means in total 296 people test positive. And 98 of those have the disease. So if you tested positive, you have a 33% chance of actually having the disease. (And if you tested negative, it would be a 0.02% chance.) Bayes' Theorem captures all this casework in a formula: P(A | B) = P(B | A) \* P(A) / P(B). In this example, P(have disease | test positive) = P(test positive | have disease) \* P(have disease) / P(test positive) = 0.98 \* 0.01 / 0.0296 = 0.33.


Question: Why does food get crispy instead of slick and slimy when you deep fry it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does food get crispy instead of slick and slimy when you deep fry it?

Most foods contain significant amounts of water within them. The oil is heated to above the boiling point of water which means the water in the food boils, forcing itself out of the food as bubbling steam and preventing the oil from penetrating into the food. This is why the food is crispy and not soaked with oil.


Question: If the sun is constantly adding heat/energy to earth, then why has the temperature always stayed the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sun is constantly adding heat/energy to earth, then why has the temperature always stayed the same?

heat leaves via radiation = the same way heat gets to Earth from the Sun, despite no air between them.


Question: Why does refreshing a page sometimes help it load faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does refreshing a page sometimes help it load faster?

One reason is that certain technologies let the web server go to sleep if not processing requests, so it can serve other sites that are. There is overhead (code to run) to wake it up and spin it up into processing requests. Once that's complete, subsequent page loads are faster.


Question: Why does honey last forever?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does honey last forever?

It's so hyper saturated with sugar that microbial cells would be immediately shriveled by the osmotic pressure. All the water would SCHLUP out of the cell and into the honey solution. Bacterial spores and toxins can survive, which is why honey can be a source of botulism, but bacterial cells, or fungi or anything else, can't grow in honey.


Question: Why are spousal hires so prominent in academia but not other industries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are spousal hires so prominent in academia but not other industries?

In academia they often need someone with a very specific skillset. A posting may be sponsored by the Biology department, but they actually are looking for someone who specializes in a particular subset of the field and whose research interest both fits with the mission of the university and complements (but doesn't compete with) the work being done by other faculty. Out of 100 applicants for a faculty position, many times only four or five are even worth bringing out for an interview, and many times those are just using your posting to jockey their home institution for a retention package. What's more, academics often tend to marry other academics, and since faculty jobs aren't like many fields where there are a lot of opportunities to do them most anyplace, spousal hires are a powerful tool for recruiting and retaining star faculty. (Source: married to a faculty member at an R1... was not a spousal hire fwiw)


Question: What's the difference between a formula and an algorithm? How does an algorithm work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between a formula and an algorithm? How does an algorithm work?

An algorithm is a sequence of steps. A formula, on the other hand, is an expression of information. For example: The volume of a sphere is represented by the formula: V = 4/3 π r3 That formula encodes the volume of a sphere based on it's radius. There are no steps in the formula, just information (The relationship between the radius and volume of a sphere). To calculate the volume of a sphere you might use the algorithm: 1. Cube the radius 2. Multiply by π 3. Multiply by 4/3 but notice that the above algorithm doesn't describe the formula it self, it describes how to apply the formula and get a result. A Genetic algorithm, however, can be expressed as a series of steps, but there is no concise representation for the information within a Genetic algorithm. i.e. there is no formula.


Question: Why are most classical calculation not possible to be accelerated through quantum computing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most classical calculation not possible to be accelerated through quantum computing?

So with quantum computers you have qubits instead of regular bits. The cool thing about qubits is that they can exist in a super position of a bunch of different states at once, which means they can do also do a bunch of calculations at the same time while in this super position. The problem is once you try to measure these qubits the superposition collapses. The qubits pick one position to be in at random, and so you get the one output for the one position they happened to settle in. For most regular computation this isn’t really useful, you still get one output and it’s random, so they don’t really offer any benefit over a regular computer (and actually have substantial drawbacks). If the problem is 2+2, there’s no benefit to doing a bunch of calculations simultaneously and then getting one random output when you could use use an already very fast computer to just do the one calculation you need. However some computations you can sort of work around this to still get useful results. With something like factoring large numbers the only way to do it is to just guess every number and see which ones work. For large enough numbers this can take literally centuries because there’s so many numbers. But with a quantum computer you can use a few tricks to shorten that. You can take advantage of the super position to guess a ton of numbers at once like with any other problem. And then unlike with other problems, you can basically set up logic that cause the wrong answers to sort of cancel each other out before you actually measure it. So instead of getting a random answer out, you get the one answer you actually want. How exactly you do that is a bit beyond an ELI5, but I could try to go into more detail if it’d help. But the TL;DR is that these kinds of guess and check problems (and I’m sure some other specific ones) can be sped up since you can use super position to check a bunch of answers at once and then have the wrong ones cancel each other out. For regular computations it’s just a bigger slower computer that gives you a random output.


Question: why do neatly folded clothes take up less space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
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 why do neatly folded clothes take up less space?

Picture a ream of paper. It's as long and as wide as a sheet of paper, and about two inches thick. Now picture what would happen if you took those five hundred sheets, crumpled them into balls one by one and threw them in a bin. Takes up more space, doesn't it? The trick to packing things tightly is to lay broad, flat surfaces against one another. Wherever that *isn't* possible, there's a crack or a gap that takes up space. The thing that makes folding clothes neat is that you lay it flat, and when you fold it in half, flat lies against flat, with no gap in between. When clothes are rumpled, there are all these ridges and scrunches that keep the cloth from fitting against itself.


Question: Why do boys tend to have worse handwriting/spelling abilities? Don't all the students (boys/girls) get the same education?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do boys tend to have worse handwriting/spelling abilities? Don't all the students (boys/girls) get the same education?

Boys learn fine motor skills required to write later than girls do. It's much harder for boys to control the pencil at the age we teach writing at than it is for girls.


Question: Why is the earth closer to the sun during a full moon?

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 Why is the earth closer to the sun during a full moon?

When a body orbits another body in space, they are actually both orbiting a single point in space, which is their combined center of mass (known as the *barycenter*). [Here is an example of what it looks like]( URL_0 ) if the two bodies have a similar but slightly different mass - imagine that the larger body is the Earth while the smaller body is the Moon. In reality the difference in mass is much larger, so Earth's orbit around it and the moon's barycenter is much smaller, but it does exist.


Question: How did people discover all these patterns in Conway's Game of Life?

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 How did people discover all these patterns in Conway's Game of Life?

The walkers are generated pretty frequently from random starts on Game of Life. So I’d imagine whoever came up with walker generators just reverse engineered it carefully by knowing the simple rules of the 2D cellular automata.


Question: How is work divided in a communist country?

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 How is work divided in a communist country?

**In theory**.....Under communism, the end result of socialism, work is voluntary and lacks any material incentives. The number of mentally and physically healthy people who would not want to work, especially when work has become less alienating and less strenuous, is minuscule. A post-scarcity society can more than support them. Apathy is often a sign of mental illness, such as depression and many forms of psychosis, and the mentally ill would receive the necessary support as well.


Question: How does a pyramid scheme work?

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 How does a pyramid scheme work?

Let's start a pyramid scheme. You are Level One. You start by finding two people who are willing to buy into it. Say each person pays you ten dollars, with the provision that they recieve 50% of the entrance fees from each person who they recruit into it. You now have gained twenty dollars, and have two people in Level Two. Those two people each recruit another two people each, and collect twenty dollars each in income. They keep half, and pass the rest onto you. You gain another twenty dollars in income, Level Two has made their money back, and you have four people in Level Three. Those four people each then recruit two people each. Eighty dollars comes in, half two paying back what the Level Threes paid, a quarter goes to the Level Twos, who now have gained ten dollars each, and twenty dollars more goes to you. Repeat until the whole thing collapses because you can't find enough people to keep feeding it, and walk away rich.


Question: Why do mountains look blue when there’s snow on them?

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 Why do mountains look blue when there’s snow on them?

[Everything far away looks blue]( URL_0 ), for the same reason the sky is blue. Blue light gets scattered by the atmosphere, so you're seeing light scattered by the air between you and the mountain. I'm guessing it looks more apparent when the mountains are covered by snow, because snow it white, so the blue is more noticeable than against another color, like green.


Question: How do gyms get away with making it extremely hard to cancel your membership while any other subscription can be cancelled online easily?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do gyms get away with making it extremely hard to cancel your membership while any other subscription can be cancelled online easily?

try quitting a charity, then youre talking. depending on your local laws everything may have to be cancelable by a simple email though


Question: Why are clinical trial drugs given along with placebos?

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 Why are clinical trial drugs given along with placebos?

I think you missunderstood. one group ONLY gets the trial drugs ANOTHER group ONLY gets the placebos. the reason for this is that "positive thinking" (I believe this drug will cure me, so it does) actually has a healing influence (called the placebo-effect) and drug companies need to prove their drug does MORE than just convince people it helps them but needs to actually help beyond this purely psychological factor


Question: How do condoms not work other than when they break?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do condoms not work other than when they break?

- Using the wrong size. By using a condom that is too big for you, you run the chance of it slipping and sperm leaking out. - By using them incorrectly like putting on two over each other or reusing them. - By not pulling out quickly enough afterwards. Though it can be tempting, if you are using a condom, you really should pull out, take off the condom and throw it away fairly quickly after orgasm. If the penis gets entirely soft inside of the condom, there is also the possibility of it slipping. - By not leaving some room at the tip while you put them on. You should always leave a little receptable where the sperm can go. Without that, there is also a much bigger chance of it leaking out. (especially if combined with staying in too long or the wrong size) - Using the wrong lubes. Not every lube is compatible with condom usage! Condoms are made of latex and oils or petroleum jelly can break that down. - Condoms expire. In an expired condom, there is no guarantee the latex is still in proper form. Don't risk it, and just toss out those expired old condoms. Similarly, though they tell you to always keep a condom in your wallet just in case, that is also not the best idea. The heat (especially if you carry it against your body) and the constant bending and tearing can also create invisible micro tears.


Question: Why can't we base units of time on a decimal system. That is, each unit is a part of, divisible by, or a power of, 10. i.e. 1 minute = 100 seconds, 1 hour = 100 minutes, 1 day = 10 hours, 1 week = 10 days and so on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why can't we base units of time on a decimal system. That is, each unit is a part of, divisible by, or a power of, 10. i.e. 1 minute = 100 seconds, 1 hour = 100 minutes, 1 day = 10 hours, 1 week = 10 days and so on?

We could, decimal time exists. I think the French tried to implement it but it just didn't catch on. There is a huge amount of inertia behind the current timekeeping system and there doesn't seem to be a pressing need to change it.


Question: Why are Reporters allowed to chase and constantly ask people ask questions on the street? If a random person did that to a person on the street, wouldn't that be considered harassment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are Reporters allowed to chase and constantly ask people ask questions on the street? If a random person did that to a person on the street, wouldn't that be considered harassment?

No, asking people questions in the street isn't harassment. Harassment generally requires an ongoing pattern of harassing behavior that has no legitimate lawful purpose.


Question: If I tan easily does that mean my skin is damaged faster? Does sun tan lotion negate all damage from the sun?

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 If I tan easily does that mean my skin is damaged faster? Does sun tan lotion negate all damage from the sun?

Hi! This is a really good question. While I can't answer your first question, I can answer the second one. The way most sunscreens work isn't by repairing damage, but by blocking the sun's UV rays. Basically, all light exists on a spectrum of colors. Past the colors we can see is ultraviolet rays(UV rays). They are at the end of the spectrum, indicating that they have the most energy. UV rays are radiation, so thats how they damage your cells. If you block those rays out, they aren't going to damage your cell's DNA and give you cancer. While sunscreen is very effective, even high SPF can't filter out 100% of UV rays, so you will still be absorbing some, but not enough to cause significant damage. **This is also assuming you apply enough of it and reapply frequently.** Sunscreen can't repair pre-existing damage or heal sunburn, but it can ensure that more damage does not happen. I hope that made sense. Just make sure you apply a sunscreen with at least SPF 30, preferably every day to minimize everyday exposure to UV rays. :)


Question: Why you shouldn't vomit after accidentally ingesting chemical products?

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 Why you shouldn't vomit after accidentally ingesting chemical products?

Some chemicals can burn you even if they’re not hot. If you drink one of these chemicals it will burn on the way down. If you puke it back up it will burn on the way out too, hurting you more.


Question: how the hell do you read those Twitter screenshots? I feel like everytime I see one they are in a weird order, and I never know the chronological sequence of comments.

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 how the hell do you read those Twitter screenshots? I feel like everytime I see one they are in a weird order, and I never know the chronological sequence of comments.

Especially on newer screenshots there will be a white line connecting the profile pictures of the people conversing. Simply read those from top to bottom.


Question: If soaps emulsify fats, why do sink drains (esp. in kitchens) still get greasy pipes?

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 If soaps emulsify fats, why do sink drains (esp. in kitchens) still get greasy pipes?

Because PVC pipes are non polar so they catch more grease naturally. If you look at old galvanized pipes you’ll notice they attract less grease and more minerals like calcium and iron.


Question: Why can't you see pixels on a phone screen as easily as you can on a monitor?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why can't you see pixels on a phone screen as easily as you can on a monitor?

Say you have a phone that is 1080p and a monitor that is also 1080p. You have the same number of pixels, but they are closer together on the smaller screen of the phone.


Question: If every major country is in billions (if not trillions) of debt, where are they borrowing from?

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 If every major country is in billions (if not trillions) of debt, where are they borrowing from?

You can borrow from your own people. The money that is printed is **FEDERAL RESERVE** (thanks for the corrections) notes--it's *technically* a debt that the Reserve owes the bearer of the note (but printing money does not technically increase the debt supply--the role of money has changed since fiat currency). When you print more money, you are devaluing the rest of the currency that is already in circulation. This means that if the govt decided to print $100,000,000,000,000,000 (1 quadrillion dollars) in the span of a week, the value of the dollar would probably crash pretty hard (probably...). This is related because people use money to buy US debt--we're loaning the US govt the very money it prints. The only reason that this results in anything favorable is because people all over the world value USD and that paper currency represents potential labor, new assets, etc. If you own a baseball card of Sammy Sosa, there is a chance it could be worth a lot of money. Now imagine if the card company just mails a Sammy Sosa card to every family in America. Your Sammy Sosa card isn't worth anything anymore because there are so many of them and everyone has it now. Now imagine if they mailed another 5 to everyone--the value crashes even harder because there are SO many of them now. That's the same idea with money. You can't keep printing more money or else the value of it will deteriorate. But the gov't keeps issuing more debt and we still look at $20 like it's $20, right? Eventually, there could come a time when we look at a $20 bill and it means nothing to us. This is what happened in Zimbabwe where a billion dollar transaction might happen for a loaf of bread. They printed so much money (without proper secure backing by the gov't) that it just became worthless. So they started to just increase the numbers on their currency so you can actually pay for something. Because the gov't theoretically owes its population money, they issue paper as a certificate of this. You might not have physically went to the bank and traded something in return for paper but you did something that warranted the earning of that dollar. If you work for a company, they pay you that money because it has value and you can buy things with it. The only reason it has value is because the US gov't says it does. You can pay gov't-related fees and bills with the money they issue and because the gov't is well-secured, people accept it. If our gov't was unstable, no one would trust the dollars they slept under for warmth because the gov't could just come out and say, 'Sorry we're not paying you guys back'. Well what would they be paying back? To whom are they paying back to? It used to be gold. But as we grew as a planet, we ran out of gold to back every dollar with and it just became a nightmare to handle. Enter, fiat currency, a piece of paper that means nothing except what the gov't says it means. People used to go to banks with gold and receive 'money' for it. The banks would literally hold their gold and give them an certificate that says they own a claim of gold in their vaults. If ANYONE brought that certificate to the bank, they could expect to receive gold for it. That's what gave it value. You could say you want that farmer's potatoes and he can go get $1 of gold from the bankers at his convenience or he could hold onto it and use it just like the person did before him--'trade' it for something else like new shoes. Why? Because everyone liked gold and everyone believed gold had value. Eventually, this took off and people stopped trading for things and we developed currency with quantitative values that allowed for easy exchanges to take place. So you might think, 'Well, now that there isn't gold behind my dollar, how is it worth anything even if the gov't say it is? They won't give me anything in return for it". The same thing applies to gold. No one wants gold unless other people want gold. If you can't reasonably trade your gold for something else, then what value does it have? (Someone did point out you can shave gold flakes into your water and drink it, like some companies have chosen to do, but that's on you) As long as people continue to value dollars, it doesn't matter what it's worth, sans some certain supply and demand laws. So gold is no different in that regard. The ONE difference between paper currency and gold is that $100,000 in cash weighs a lot less than $100,000 in gold and is a lot easier to hide too. EDIT: I made some slight revisions to correct errors and to try and relate things better to the main topic at hand. Sorry, I kinda started rambling. I have also posted below in response to u/penny_eater to correct my errors and explain them in a little bit further detail but it kinda strays away from ELI5 territory. This kinda seems all over the place but it should be good starter information for someone trying to understand debt markets and macroeconomics, in general. Monetary supply and debt are pretty hand-in-hand, even if they're not exactly the same thing. Larger and more complex economies warranted the development of fiat currency which ultimately changed the role of currency, in general. It no longer represents a claim, per se, but it represents value because the gov't says it has value and will accept it for gov't related transactions and business with foreign entities. Also, don't get me started on the petrodollar. ------------------- **Sorry I wanted to just double clarify. My main answer to the question "Who does the US Gov't borrow from?" was "It's own people". My money talk (everything after that first sentence) was just to lead into the topic of increasing debt, economics, and the value of this debt in the coming future. ** I thought "It's own people" would be a sufficient answer to that but started to get into the reasons why that is starting to look like a bad idea especially in our current economic environment.


Question: How did early natural philosophers explain things not "falling off" from spherical Earth?

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did early natural philosophers explain things not "falling off" from spherical Earth?

In the 4th century BC Aristotle thought that the 4 elements just naturally wanted to come together. 1st century BC they knew density mattered. 11th century they knew it was some acceleration attraction and started making theories similar to potential energy. 17th century they knew the acceleration was constant. Newton came later in the 17th century and put gravity into math, which was then modified by Einstein.


Question: Why is it that you sometimes feel bugs crawling on you when nothing's actually there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that you sometimes feel bugs crawling on you when nothing's actually there?

Also possibly the hairs on your skin are moving, which makes it feel like bugs on your skin, even though it’s just wind or fabric


Question: Is there a way to describe multiplication of two negative terms vividly/picturesquely/descriptively?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a way to describe multiplication of two negative terms vividly/picturesquely/descriptively?

Multiplying by negative one (-1) is like making something opposite, that is turning it around. So taking something like $100 of debt and multiplying it by -1 turns it around to a $100 credit. Multiplying by -2, turns it around AND doubles it... So if you owe me two apples (so you have -2 apples) and I multiply it by -2, it turns it around so that I now owe you AND it doubles it... Now I owe you 4 apples... you have +4 apples... (-2)(-2) = +4 tl;dr Multiplying by a negative makes things opposite


Question: How was the automobile invented before gasoline? And how did gasoline become the standard fuel for automobiles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was the automobile invented before gasoline? And how did gasoline become the standard fuel for automobiles?

When "oil guys" first started refining oil, they knew it produced many different types of substances as you increased the boiling temperature. We've found a use for almost every substance that crude oil can make nowadays, but back then gasoline was considered a waste by-product of the manufacture of kerosene for lamps. After about 30 years they found a use for it, powering the new automobiles.


Question: Why do some planes leave a trail of clouds and others do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some planes leave a trail of clouds and others do not?

When you burn fuel you get water vapor, carbon dioxide, and some soot. If the air is cold and moist enough then the water vapor will condense out of the air, and the soot gives it something to condense on. Some planes are flying through air that's cold and moist enough, while some aren't. (This is a simplification; rapid changes in pressure can cause condensation trails as well, but the typical con trail is from moisture in the exhaust condensing on soot).


Question: how pop-ups ads makes money? Does someone actually buy from popup ads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how pop-ups ads makes money? Does someone actually buy from popup ads?

A lot of people will immediately close the window, there are many who won't. Many will maybe look at it, read the name of the company or something, and then leave. It works the same way as a banner advert, a billboard, a poster, etc. Most wouldn't take a second look, but there are some people who will. That little interaction between your advertisement and the consumer is what those advert popups are for. The companies pay for the opportunity for consumers to learn about their products. The more potential customers, the better. Edit: I guess to be more focused on the question, small amount of people who see the advertisement = more potential money for the company. If they're lucky, they get enough money back that it pays off the cost of the advertisement.


Question: Why do some exercises feel harder at a lower heart rate (like 143 bpm for squat jumps) than running with a way higher heart rate (170 bpm)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some exercises feel harder at a lower heart rate (like 143 bpm for squat jumps) than running with a way higher heart rate (170 bpm)?

Anerobic vs aerobic exercise. Doing a squat is generally much more taxing on the muscles for each rep than a few steps of running would be. Couple that with the fact that your body has muscle memory for walking/running, so it’s much more efficient at converting energy (regardless of heat rate).


Question: Why do women live longer than men?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do women live longer than men?

While the social and cultural reasons here may be true, a big reason is simple genetics. Male humans have an X and a Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. The X chromosome has all the genetic information needed to make a human, but most animals have 2 chromosomes to support each other with dominant healthy genes when one chromosome might have an unhealthy recessive gene (albinism, for example). In Albinism, a person can have the expressive gene for it on one chromosome but not exhibit the trait because the other chromosome has the dominant healthy gene overpowering it, and therefore albinism is not present in the organism and it does not suffer the detriments that it otherwise could. Unfortunately for males, though, the Y chromosome is much shorter than the X chromosome and does not have code for all traits that can be expressed. In most cases the X chromosome has the healthy gene, but for some sex-linked diseases like colour-blindness, the gene responsible for seeing colours is only found on the X chromosome and not the Y. This means that if a male child gets the recessive gene from their mother, there is no other chromosome to pick up the slack and express the dominant gene for seeing colour and they are colour-blind. If the child is female and they get a colour-blindness gene in one of their X chromosomes, they have another chance for the other X chromosome to cover for it. Therefore colour-blindness is extremely rare in females but affects about a tenth of males in some degree. This is just one example of a sex-linked disease, but I used it to demonstrate that every single dangerous sex-linked disease is much more harmful to men than women because they only have one 50/50 chance to resist the disease when given a recessive gene from their mother's X chromosome (the egg) as the father's Y chromosome does not give instructions on that particular part of development and function. Women however have two chances to resist the disease, because if one of their X chromosomes loses the 50/50 chance then their other X chromosome can take over if it succeeds in its own 50/50 chance (assuming both the mother and father are passing on the recessive gene, which is very unlikely). In summary this means that men contract more genetic diseases than women, and on average die sooner due to any number of these diseases.


Question: what causes that chalk in teeth feeling after eating spinach?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes that chalk in teeth feeling after eating spinach?

Spinach has excess calcium that's looking for something to bond with. When you eat it, you release the calcium, which bonds with minerals in your water or saliva. Calcium carbonate or calcium oxalate, once formed, don't like to stay dissolved. So they solidify on whatever surface is available. That's sometimes your mouth!


Question: What is a short squeeze in trading?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a short squeeze in trading?

There are a LOT of shorts on gamestop ticker GME. Shorts are stocks that are borrowed from a lender and then sold at a price and then bought back later and returned to the lender. if the stock goes down they make money (sold for $100 buy back for $90). but if it goes up they lose money (sold for $100 buy back for $110) So they hold on to the short until it goes down because gamestop is kind of a failing business and no one bets on a failing business, so it’s bound to go down right? The problem is a bunch of people on the internet decided to jump on a bandwagon and started to buy and hold a bunch of GME shares which means the price won’t go down. more people see this news and buy more which causes the price to go up. eventually the lenders feel like the shorts might lose too much money and won’t be able to return the shares they lent them and force them to cut their losses (sold at $100 but have to buy back at $150) this causes the stock price to go up. as long as the price goes up, the shorts will have to cut losses by buying shares, causing the stock to go up more. Thus short squeeze.


Question: Why is there nothing like the metric system for time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there nothing like the metric system for time?

Some of those things just can't be turned into decimal based units. A day is based on the time it takes the Earth to do one rotation about its axis\*, and a year is the amount of time it takes to complete one orbit around the sun. They simply do not divide evenly into each other. So the only way to have a metric calendar is to either stop counting time in terms of days or stop counting in terms of years. But they are both meaningful periods of time for human society, so a metric calendar like that would not be as useful. As years are such an odd number of days, that means months can't be a power of 10 number of days either, unless they stop being in sync with years. Again, that would not be very useful. In theory hours, minutes and seconds could be made metric. A day could be split into 10 hours, split into 100 minutes, split into 100 seconds. But that means redefining seconds. And seconds are already effectively the metric unit of time because it's one of the base SI units. That means lots of other units are defined in terms of seconds, so they would all have to be changed too. To be honest I can't think of a logical reason why a week isn't 10 days. I guess it would just be really difficult to switch over. It would completely change society's working schedules. \* Technically the length of a day is the time between midnight and the next midnight, which also takes into account the distance the Earth has moved around the sun as well as the Earth's rotation. So a day is exactly 24 hours even though a single rotation only take 23 hours 56 minutes.


Question: What is counting cards and how do casinos know that someone is doing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is counting cards and how do casinos know that someone is doing it?

Counting cards just means keeping track of what cards have been played and what cards still remain in the game of blackjack. If you keep a running count, you can actually increase the odds of you beating the dealer to over 50% - which is something that casinos actively try to avoid. Casinos combat this by using multiple decks shuffled together and by shuffling every few hands - your count becomes far less useful if there are 6 decks shuffled all together. Card counting is actually not too hard to spot, because counters are trying to use it to their advantage. People who are counting cards will often wait until the odds of the deck shift in their favor (more 10's and face cards, fewer small cards), and then start placing bigger bets to take advantage. Dealers and pit bosses are trained in card counting and the dealer is usually keeping a count himself - if a person's bet seems fishy he'll notify the pit boss, and the people watching the game on camera will take note as well. Hell, I'm a terrible card counter and I don't tend to adjust my bet because I can't keep track of much beyond what's currently on the table, but I've had the pit boss called over plenty if I double down on a weird hand or something. As long as you don't do it too much and as long as you don't pack up as soon as you win, they won't interfere unless you're being very obvious about it. At the end of the day, you're still pretty likely to keep playing and give the money back. Often people try to work in pairs or groups to make it harder to spot them - one person playing normally, then signalling to the big better when a deck gets hot. The big better swoops in, wins a few hands, and backs out when it cools off. At the end of the day, there's nothing *illegal* about card counting, so all that a casino can do is kick you out. They're private companies and have the right to refuse service to you for any reason - being too good at their game is a valid reason in this case.


Question: how does 1s complement subtraction algorithm work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does 1s complement subtraction algorithm work?

Looking at the link you gave it's no surprise you're confused, it's like he's deliberately trying to make it bad. The idea is this: Say you want to figure out what 15 - 10 is. This is the same as figuring out what 15 + (-10). 15 in binary is: Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 10 in binary is: Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 to get negative numbers in 1's complement you just flip every digit Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -10 Now just do the long addition Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -10 1's place is 0, carry 1 2's place is 0, carry 1 4's place is 1, carry 1 8's place is 0, carry 1 signs place is 0, carry 1. Since there was a carry from the signs place, we move that carry to the 1's place. That's a quirk of one's complement. so we end up with: Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 One thing to note though, I can't really name any modern computer system that uses's one's complement Most use two's complement. Which works roughly the same way, except to get a negative number, you flip all the digits and add 1. And you just discard the sign's carry digit.


Question: How do supermarket/grocery stores' supply chains work (from farm/manufacturers to isles)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do supermarket/grocery stores' supply chains work (from farm/manufacturers to isles)?

My example if chicken. I work for a chicken feed manufacturer in the uk which supplies thousands of tonnes per week. These different types of feed go to our companies farms where thousands of chicks are fed and grown until full size if approx 6 weeks. Then they goto the killing plants and killed and cut into pieces which are then sold to all the supermarkets. Side not. The chicken are grown very quickly with various additives to help grow which are then removed when then near maturity so no additives are present in the final chicken.


Question: I get that wine has “notes” of things (like pear, apple, cedar) but since those things aren’t actually in the wine then how does it get those flavors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I get that wine has “notes” of things (like pear, apple, cedar) but since those things aren’t actually in the wine then how does it get those flavors?

Because grapes, and/or the fermentation products, contain certain chemicals also present in those items — so we detect the similarity in taste/smell.


Question: How do refrigerants like HFCs and HFOs work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do refrigerants like HFCs and HFOs work?

The way they absorb heat to act as greenhouse gases (absorption of infrared radiation) and the way they absorb heat to act as refrigerants (phase change at convenient temperatures and pressures) are unrelated to each other. They don't correlate because there is no reason for them to correlate. Many substances are good at absorbing heat during phase changes. But most of them do so at temperatures or pressures which aren't practical to use in everyday refrigeration. Or, they are toxic, explosive, or corrosive.


Question: why does this type of geiger counter work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does this type of geiger counter work?

The wrapped wire type works primarily with the alpha and beta particles and less with the x-ray/gamma. This has to deal with the penetrating distances of types of radiation. Since alpha and beta are charged particles they have shallow penetrating distances making them interact close to the tube wrapped wire. This particle charge creates a change in the voltage potential as it interacts with the electrons which is then measured by the counter.