Question: Why are Kings/Queens from Europe countries rich when their country is facing serious economy issues?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are Kings/Queens from Europe countries rich when their country is facing serious economy issues?

There are only 12 Monarchies left in Europe. Andorra, Belgium, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK, and the Vatican. Of these nations only Spain (to my knowledge) is really facing major economic issues. But that said, the wealth of the monarchy is inherited, and depending on the country also collected via taxes or incomes from the lands that they own. For example: The UK Monarch gets a stipend that supports them from the UK government, which makes it look like they are living off of taxes. But in reality they are not. The Monarch is the owner of all of the Crown Estate lands and are therefore entitled to the rents, and income produced from said land. A former Monarch centuries ago ran out of money so made a deal with Parliament to forfeit the operation and incomes from the Crown Estates (not the ownership) in exchange for his current debts being erased and his future income being a stipend. Every Monarch since has kept the deal, and as of 2011 their stipend is set to 15% of the incomes produced by the Crown Estates. So they are not living off of the taxes of their people, they are taxed at 85% of their income. What that example shows you is that Monarchs own a lot of property and goods, sometimes the entirety of a country and so have a lot of income even if parts of their nations economy is suffering. They have also had it for a long time so that wealth builds up.


Question: Plants are also made up of proteins (they express DNA etc), so why are veggies and stuff so low in protein?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Plants are also made up of proteins (they express DNA etc), so why are veggies and stuff so low in protein?

People use the word protein slightly different in different contexts. Every cell in everything is made of protein but when talking about food people use the word to mean 'the specific proteins that the human body doesn't make but can use" so you can eat a pile of nothing but protein and have it be zero percent dietary protein. & #x200B; sugar is the same way, a food can be 100% chemically made of sugars and be 0% sugar because none of the sugars are anything your body cares about or can use for anything.


Question: why do butter taste more salty when its melted?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do butter taste more salty when its melted?

Why *does butter taste more salty when *it’s melted? This is because all flavor, especially salt, is greatly dulled when in cold items, versus warm/hot items. This is also why Chefs will add more salt to dishes served cold, than in dishes served hot.


Question: Why do our feces release in multiple "intervals" rather than just as a whole?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our feces release in multiple "intervals" rather than just as a whole?

There's a Magic School Bus episode about this, kind of... Your intestines turn back and forth, drying and forming your poo. Also, your muscles contract in cycles to keep things going the right direction, not like a pincer on a tube at just the right moment. Also, you probably don't want poo strong enough to be one long piece.


Question: How does integration and differential calculus works ?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does integration and differential calculus works ?

I think the [simple Wikipedia page on Calculus]( URL_0 ) has a fairly good ELI5 (or at least ELI12) summation of the subject: > Calculus is a branch of mathematics which helps us understand changes between values that are related by a function. For example, if you had one formula telling how much money you got every day, calculus would help you understand related formulas like how much money you have in total, and whether you are getting more money or less than you used to. All these formulas are functions of time, and so that is one way to think of calculus — studying functions of time. > There are two different types of calculus. Differential calculus divides things into small (different) pieces and tells us how they change from one moment to the next, while integral calculus joins (integrates) the small pieces together and tells us how much of something is made, overall, by a series of changes. Calculus is used in many different areas such as physics, astronomy, biology, engineering, economics, medicine and sociology.


Question: What happens to the melted wax on a candle? If it evaporates, where does it go, how and what happens to it?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What happens to the melted wax on a candle? If it evaporates, where does it go, how and what happens to it?

That's what the flame is, burning evaporated wax. Heat radiating from the flame heats the wax which melts. Liquid wax is drawn up the wick by capillary action. As it gets closer to the flame it gets hotter and evaporates and burns. Feel the wick of a candle that's been put out and left to cool. It will be stiff because the liquid wax that was in it has now solidified.


Question: Why do people not get electrocuted when touching a charger?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do people not get electrocuted when touching a charger?

There are two ways in which chargers prevent electrocution. The first one is that everything that can be covered in plastic or rubber is covered in plastic or rubber. Electricity can't flow through plastic or rubber. If something on the outside of the charger or device is metal, the charger (in Australia as the example) will have a third metal strip which allows electricity to be "grounded". Electricity flows on the path with the least resistance to the ground, so if is a choice between flowing through you or flowing through the metal wire to the ground, or will choose the wire and you won't be electrocuted.


Question: What happens on a cellular level when you stop breathing?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What happens on a cellular level when you stop breathing?

Without oxygen there will be no ATP production (not nearly enough any way). Without ATP Na/K-ATPase won't work. Without Na/K-ATPase we can't uphold a membrane potential and neuron activity ceases. In addition even if the oxygen supply is restored, the depolarization from failure of Na/K-ATPase will cause [excitotoxicity]( URL_1 ) and cause cell damage. In addition reactive oxygen species will form, causing oxidative stress and cell damage ([reperfusion injury]( URL_0 )).


Question: What does kombucha do for the body exactly and what makes good bacteria different?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does kombucha do for the body exactly and what makes good bacteria different?

Nothing that any other fizzy sweet drink doesn't do. Kombucha has no real health benefits. It's all hype.


Question: Why do schools, specifically public, not make math classes mandatory that involve finance, how to file taxes, economics, but will teach you basic calculus and trigonometry, which you will most likely never need to know?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do schools, specifically public, not make math classes mandatory that involve finance, how to file taxes, economics, but will teach you basic calculus and trigonometry, which you will most likely never need to know?

There are a couple of reasons. * To use a physical analogy, the math we teach in school is more like weightlifting for your brain, vs the applied math in finance, econ, etc are more like learning a sport (so by learning geometry, algebra, trig, and calculus you'll be better equipped to succeed in fields using applied math later--for example the income statement is very close to the first derivative of owners' equity in finance). * The math required for most of those fields is just arithmetic (with a healthy application of logic and following directions). Balancing a checkbook and filing your taxes are tedious and high stakes not hard math. * You'll have many opportunities to use algebra (many areas in life involves lots of story problems common to almost everyone are those in cooking), possibly geometry (many crafts, but more importantly the logical applications of rules is very similar to proofs, etc), and calculus (calculus is the math of change and change is almost constant) in daily life.


Question: If the 10 wealthiest people in the world withdrew as much money from the world economy as they were practically able, would it have any kind of effect on the global economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the 10 wealthiest people in the world withdrew as much money from the world economy as they were practically able, would it have any kind of effect on the global economy?

What do you mean by "withdraw". Note that most assets don't have a fixed value. Whatever Bill Gates has now in Microsoft shares, if he tried to sell them all he would never get that much for them. You can only sell what some else wants to buy. More people could buy cheap Microsoft shares which would be good for them. Bad for investment funds that invested in Microsoft stock. Similarly, if someone sells lots of houses, the value of the houses goes down. Good for people who want to buy a house. Bad for people have a house. Suppose they sold all their assets (getting some tiny fraction of what they are worth) and then tried to withdraw it out of an ATM and do a Scrooge McDuck, the government would simply print more bills so that there was enough for everyone. That wouldn't be inflationary even, since the government is only replacing money the wealthy people are removing from the economy. Suppose they tried to buy all the gold, the price of gold would go up until they run out of money. This would be bad for all the actual users of gold (electronics mostly), they would become more expensive. Fact is, it's really quite hard to spend that much money, it would take a really long time and lose most of it's value in the process. It would cause some movement in the price of assets. But other that generating lots of news articles, the actual impact on ordinary people would probably be fairly limited.


Question: How come my fingertips feel so "stuffed" after a change in temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come my fingertips feel so "stuffed" after a change in temperature?

this happens to me too. from what i understand, the cold essentially causes your blood vessels in your fingers and hands to constrict and become smaller, thus not allowing as much blood flow to your fingers.


Question: why can’t you donate menstural blood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can’t you donate menstural blood?

Well more or less because its basically uterus wallpaper not exactly just blood like you would find in your veins.


Question: What is the Atwood machine good for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Atwood machine good for?

When students are learning physics, they tend to use simplifications such as frictionless machines. That makes experiments difficult, as we don't have frictionless machines. The goal of experiments is to give students something real-world to work with, to increase engagement. Atwood's machine can be made relatively frictionless, particularly the multi-bearing version Atwood really built. This machine produces results that match the formulas to 2 significant digits. We don't use them much anymore, because air-glide bearing machines can do these sorts of experiments with 3 significant digits of frictionlessness.


Question: Why do flames always burn upward? When you light a match, why do they continue to burn upward even if you twist the match around in your fingers, or flip it upside down?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do flames always burn upward? When you light a match, why do they continue to burn upward even if you twist the match around in your fingers, or flip it upside down?

Put simply, hot air rises, however given a strong enough current flames can be sucked any direction, and in specific conditions even lay down and stick to the surface of objects


Question: how does money laundering work? Why is it important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does money laundering work? Why is it important?

If nobody had to do taxes, and nobody cared about income, money laundering wouldn't be necessary. If however you worked flipping burgers at McDonalds and you suddenly rolled up in a brand new Tesla, someone's gonna notice, and sooner or later, when you turn up with your new Rolex, and your fitted suit, realize that something doesn't add up somewhere. Then suddenly you get investigated for people to work out where all this extra money is coming from and ultimately you end up with a bedroom with bars on the window. So money laundering. What that is is carefully and slowly introducing the illicitly gained money into the accounts of a legitimate business (known as a 'front') Extra sales, extra services bought, extra income to the business, from entirely imaginary customers. Enough so it looks legal. It's treated as ordinary income to the business, and goes through the same inspection, and you pay the same taxes on it. So yeah it costs you some money versus just spending the money directly. But it's money that you wouldn't have otherwise had. Obviously how much you can deal with without raising suspicion depends on the business you're using as your front, which is a whole point in Breaking Bad (spoilers) where Water is making way more money than their laundering business, the car-wash, can realistically take in, which is why he ends up with that massive storage locker of money that he can't spend, because it can't be laundered fast enough.


Question: How do archeologists determine the age of fossils and other prehistoric prints?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do archeologists determine the age of fossils and other prehistoric prints?

Carbon-14 dating is usually how old living things are aged. Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon that is assimilated by living things as they eat or absorb CO2 in the case of plants. Carbon-14 decays over time into Carbon-12, the most common form of carbon. Carbon-14 has a known half-life, the period of time in which half of the substance remains. Scientists know how much carbon-14 a living thing usually contains when it dies, so they can make a quite accurate judgement of how long a living thing died based on how much carbon-14 it has in it when it is found.


Question: How does taxing Mexican imports 20% to build a border wall not just pass the costs on to American consumers?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does taxing Mexican imports 20% to build a border wall not just pass the costs on to American consumers?

It will pass on the cost to consumers. The idea being that now what used to be cheap Mexican goods are now more comparatively priced to more expensive American made goods so now, why wouldn't I just make my goods in America where I can have a higher quality of living thus bringing jobs back. We all know that there's been a problem with outsourcing jobs to developing nations where you can pay slave wages. Applying tariffs to goods coming in from nations with slave wages and no labor protections is a way to even that playing field. I don't know if it is good policy or not. Unfortunately Trump's isolationist and protectionist policies haven't been debated much for being isolationist or protectionist. Instead they've been criticized for being "racist" or "insensitive", so IMO it's not like any debate has been settled about whether isolationist policies are decent. We just don't know. It's also important to remember that this is only one aspect of his economic plan which will include regulatory reductions and is aimed at improving the business limits in America. Like it or not, Trump policy isn't like anything we've seen in my lifetime and quite frankly no one knows what to expect. I'm not a fan of the man. I think he's a bad fit for the job and I'm already alarmed. This was my attempt at being reasonable and impartial.


Question: How do we measure and calibrate time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we measure and calibrate time?

A second is defined internationally as the time that elapses during 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation produced by the transition between two levels of the cesium 133 atom. That's the most precise, scientific definition of a second. There are a number of atomic clocks around the world that are all synchronized to keep time accurately (they still accumulate error, albeit very slowly. The most accurate atomic clocks would be off by no more than 1 second in 100 million years). These atomic clocks keep the time for all the things that need that level of precision, like satellites, cell phones, the internet, power grids...etc. As for the clock on your microwave or oven or even in a high end watch, they might accumulate error in the neighborhood of 1 second per week, but for those things it doesn't really matter.


Question: Why do cameras have different framerates for different video resolutions?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cameras have different framerates for different video resolutions?

There is typically a limitation in how much data can move or how fast it can be processed. Much like a highway can be filled with fewer trucks for more cars, you can evenly trade off resolution (length of vehicle) for more frames (more vehicles). 720p frames are exactly half the data per frame compared to 1080p. 60 fps is double 30 fps. The amount of data generated by 720p60 is the same as 1080p30.


Question: what is more dangerous for the human body. High ac or dc and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is more dangerous for the human body. High ac or dc and why?

The biggest advantage to AC is that it fluctuates the level, which gives you more of a chance of disconnecting from it. DC will lock your muscles and keep you from letting go.


Question: How does the birthday problem work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the birthday problem work?

The key thing to remember is that it's the probability of anyone being born on the same day, but that day can be any date on the calendar. The probability that two people are born on, say, September 9th, is quite low. But the probability that any two people have the same birthday on any day at all within the calendar is much higher. It just doesn't seem high at first.


Question: What is the difference between gold-backed currency and fiat currency? What is purchasing power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between gold-backed currency and fiat currency? What is purchasing power?

There are really three kinds of money to talk about: * Commodity money * Representative money * Fiat money **Commodity money** is a money whose value comes from what it is made out of. So gold or silver coins are commodity money. **Representative money** is an intrinsically valueless currency (i.e. a paper certificate) whose value comes from what it *represents* -- typically a share of a commodity (such as precious metals like gold and silver) that is held in reserve in a stockpile. Gold-backed currency falls into this category. Up until the early 20th century, if you wemost US dollars were gold or silver certificates that (theoretically) could have been exchanged for an amount of physical gold or silver held in reserve at Fort Knox. **Fiat money** is an intrinsically valueless currency (i.e. a paper certificate) whose value is determined by (a) the government that issues it and (b) the people who use and exchange it. The value is often guaranteed by the issuing government, and, thus, is only as stable and valuable as people's perception of the stability and value of that government/country. In modern times, nearly all currency is fiat currency. Increasingly, though, currency (coins and paper notes) is irrelevant. Today, most transactions take place through an exchange of information among trusted institutions. When you swipe your credit card, that's an exchange of information between you, the vendor, the vendor's bank, and your credit card's issuing bank. The monetary value is still measured in the same units as the currency, but no currency is involved. It's not hard to foresee a currency-less future. **Purchasing power** is a measurement of what goods/services can be bought for that money. Say, for example, it's 1950. You make $1/hour at your job. With that $1 you can buy ten candy bars that cost 10 cents each. Fast forward to 1990. Because of inflation, a single candy bar now costs $1 instead of ten cents. So the *purchasing power* of a single dollar is now 1/10 of what it was in 1950. Back then you could buy ten candy bars for a dollar; later you could only buy one for a dollar. However, it's important to understand that purchasing power is, by itself, not a very meaningful statistic because it has to be compared against wages. In 1950 you were making $1/hour. If in 1990 you were making $10/hour, then the value of one hour of *your labor* could still be measured as the ability to purchase 10 candy bars. Your purchasing power would have remained flat. This is why it's such a problem when wages don't keep up with inflation. Let's say in 1990 you're only making $7/hour. So one hour's worth of labor only nets you 7 candy bars. Since back in 1950 your $1/hour wage would net you 10 candy bars, you're worse off than you were back in the past.


Question: Why do landlocked countries have naval forces?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do landlocked countries have naval forces?

Landlocked countries are usually defined as those without a coast. However this doesn't mean they have no access to the sea necessarily. For instance Paraguay would appear to be landlocked, but it is connected to the ocean through rivers. They have a navy which patrols these rivers for protection against the usual things like piracy, smuggling, or that sort of thing and of course defense against aggressive neighbors if it comes to that.


Question: why FM radio stations from far distances can be crystal clear one moment, and then reduced to nearly inaudible static without warning or apparent reason?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why FM radio stations from far distances can be crystal clear one moment, and then reduced to nearly inaudible static without warning or apparent reason?

In radio, the further you get from a radio transmitter, the weaker the signal gets until you can't tell if you are seeing a transmission or just background radio noise. With AM radio, this is a problem, because the sound information is encoded in the strength of the radio transmission. The further you are from an AM transmitter, the stronger the radio noise is compared to the signal, and you end up hearing that noise in the speakers. In FM, however, rather than encode the audio in the strength of the radio signal, FM encodes the audio in the frequency the transmitter uses. So, an FM receiver is just looking to see what the frequency of the signal is to determine what signal should be sent to your speakers not really at the strength. So as the strength goes down, the FM receiver can still determine what the sound should be. Background radio noise can be picked up and confuse the receiver, but it will affect only part of the sound signal. At some point, however, the strength of the FM signal is too low for the receiver to really detect reliably, and at that point the entire station cuts out.


Question: What exactly does defragmenting a Windows PC’s hard drive do, and how is it beneficial to the system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly does defragmenting a Windows PC’s hard drive do, and how is it beneficial to the system?

Mac's don't need to be defragmented. It comes down to how the files are stored. Windows likes to write files right next to each other. Then if a file grows it has to be split up (because it's sandwiched by 2 other files). This can cause slow reading since the drive has to find multiple parts of the file. Think of it like taking notes on a sheet of paper. If you write single spaced and really close together it's hard to go back and add in more information. Other operating systems don't put the files so close together. They're much more spread out on the disk. This means when a file needs to expand it usually has plenty of room to do so. Going back to the notes analogy, this is like double spacing so you can make future edits to your notes.


Question: How do engines react so quickly to changes in air/fuel intake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do engines react so quickly to changes in air/fuel intake?

Sensors feeding information to a computer that electronically controls the fuel injectors. Your foot on the gas pedal opens a valve that lets air into the engine. There are sensors before, at, and after that valve talking to the computer. Then there are more sensors telling that computer when to ignite the spark plugs to combust the fuel/air intake valves/injectors let into each cylinder. As long as all those sensors are telling the computer what it needs to know, the whole process goes pretty smooth at 700RPM, 5000RPM, or whatever speed you rev the engine.


Question: How does PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) work?

It's like playing with a ceiling fan switch: the speed of the fan is not going to drop instantly down to zero the instant you turn the switch off, nor is it going to get to max speed the second you turn it on. So, using this delay, you can switch it on and off, on and off, making it faster or slower, to make it go the speed you want at the time you want. (Dammit, driving was a much better example but oh, well.) Suppose you want the current delivered to a component to be in the form of a particular signal (maybe a sine-wave of so-and-so frequency, or going up then down, etc.) But the only control you have is to switch the power supply on and off. You can switch the supply on and off very fast, in a pattern, rapidly sometimes and slower other times, to effectively controlledly 'push' the average signal higher and lower in discrete steps as needed. The switching on-and-off is the pulse. The duration for which is the pulse is held is the pulse-width. And modulation is the function of all this: to end up with the signal you want.


Question: Scientists say the universe is expanding. What is it expanding into? What is the ‘area’ it’s expanding into made up of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Scientists say the universe is expanding. What is it expanding into? What is the ‘area’ it’s expanding into made up of?

Analogies about balloons or raisin bread or rubber sheets are inherently flawed. As far as we can tell, the universe is not expanding *into* anything. There's no "super universe" that contains our universe. This is a subject that cannot be explained by using ordinary frames of reference. All we can say is that our observations of celestial objects show that everything is moving away from everything else (roughly) and the only explanation we have that accounts for this is that the universe is expanding. What is causing this expansion or what, if anything, lies beyond the confines of the universe are not questions we can currently answer.


Question: If Windows 10 is the final version of the OS with updates being free, doesn't that mean Microsoft would lose a lot of money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Windows 10 is the final version of the OS with updates being free, doesn't that mean Microsoft would lose a lot of money?

People will always buy new PCs, and hence new Windows licenses. Sure they lose out on money from people upgrading their existing PCs to new versions of Windows, but in the grand scheme of things, how many people do that? Looking back, PC hardware has gone out of date much faster than versions of Windows. Also Microsoft make money from providing services. Services that they can push via Windows 10. As well as other advertising pushed out to users. There's also the Windows store where they get a cut of all sales.


Question: When you get a cut on your finger your skin will usually grow back after a few days. How come the foreskin does not grow back after a few days?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you get a cut on your finger your skin will usually grow back after a few days. How come the foreskin does not grow back after a few days?

The body needs a matrix upon which to generate. If you have a cut on your finger, then the body has a framework—the finger, to grow on. But when you amputate a body part, it has no framework upon which to build. The foreskin is gone so it’s not going to grow. However, I understand that some guys do some kind of stretching of skin to recreate a foreskin.


Question: Why can women keep going after getting an orgasm, while most men can’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can women keep going after getting an orgasm, while most men can’t?

The shape of a man's penis, mostly the head, is designed to remove ejaculate from previous mates. The male refractory period (the time after orgasm) developed as a safeguard to prevent men from removing their own sperm. Note that the question itself is also somewhat misleading, as both women and men may or may not have uncomfortable refractory periods wherein they can't continue sex after orgasm; the timing of this refractory period is specific to the individual, i.e. some men have almost no recovery time or can achieve multiple orgasms, while some women orgasm once and describe any further stimulation as uncomfortable or even painful. It's just more common for men to be unable to continue after orgasm for the reason I described above. Edit: wording/spelling


Question: In movies, ads, photos, etc. doctors are wearing a headband with a silver/chrome circle. What is that and what is it’s use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In movies, ads, photos, etc. doctors are wearing a headband with a silver/chrome circle. What is that and what is it’s use?

It's a [head mirror]( URL_0 ). It was used back before small handheld electric lights existed. It's a concave mirror with a small hole in the middle. The doctor places it in front of their eye, and looks through the hole. They then line the patient up with a light source behind them. The mirror then projects a ring of light toward the patient without the doctor's head getting in the way, allowing them to examine the ears, nose, and throat. It's obsolete these days, but it was common for so long that it's become sort of a "symbol" of doctors.


Question: how does the geometry of a bike change performance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the geometry of a bike change performance?

There are a huge amount of factors that go into the geometry of a bike, but the main idea is changing the relationship between the various contact points and components to alter how they work in comparison to each other. For a few examples; The angle of the head tube controls the angle that the forks sit at - by changing this angle you change how the forks steer, with a steeper head tube making the forks easier to steer (and more twitchy), a slacker angle harder to steer (and more stable). The height of the bottom bracket basically sets the height of the rider on the bike - and is a balanv beteeen a higher BB giving more ground clearance for the pedals, while a lower BB drops the centre of gravity and makes it more stable. The length of the wheelbase (the distance between the wheels) affects how maneuverable a bike can be - the longer the bike the harder it will be to get it round a corner, but the more stable it will ride at speed. The relationship between the angle of the seat tube, chainstay and top tube length will affect where the riders weight is positioned on the bike and how it will balance - forward is good for ascending, rear descending, and a balance somewhere in the middle. A lot also affects the riders position - narrower bar is more aerodynamic (loved by the roadies), while a wideone gives more control (loved by the mountain bikers), a long stem stretches out the rider and makes the steering react slower, a short stem moves the rider back/upright and makes the steering twitchier. Rider comfort is also a big consideration - the best positions for aggressive riding and control, or for aerodynamics are typically not the most comfortable, while a very relaxed, upright position that is comfortable going to the shops is inefficient and gives much poorer control and balance in more challenging terrain. The biggest thing is that everything alters everything else, so designing the geometry of a bike is a giant balancing act. If you want to use narrower bars for example then that will make your body more upright, so you would have to change your stem length (which changes the steering characteristics), or get a frame with a longer to tube to compensate. A bike with shorter chainstays will be more maneuverable, but will also have a shorter wheelbase so will be less stable...


Question: In mathematics, what is moment matching?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In mathematics, what is moment matching?

In statistics, a distribution’s moments provide measures of the distribution’s shape. They come in two flavors: a raw moment and a central moment. The difference is that the central moments are centered on the distribution’s mean while the raw moments are not. You probably know some of the moments by other names. For example, the first raw moment is usually called the distribution’s mean, the second central moment is called its variance, the third central moment is called its skewness, etc. Moments are a way for us to think of these different measures as being part of a connected family of functions, rather than a series of weird formulas that your stats teacher came up with. To match moments means you’re coming up with a distribution that has the same, say, first 3 moments as some other distribution. So a distribution whose shape is similar to another distribution’s, in a statistics sense, but may show differences in the higher moments.


Question: How does a food company acquire all the detailed "Nutrition Facts" listed on the back of the product?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a food company acquire all the detailed "Nutrition Facts" listed on the back of the product?

they send it to a food nutrition analysis lab that does all that for them. Protein by analysis of total nitrogen, either by Dumas or Kjeldahl methods, Total fat, traditionally by an solvent extraction, but often now by secondary methods such as NMR, Crude ash (total inorganic matter) by combustion at 550C, Estimated dietary fibre by various AOAC methods such as 985.29, Sodium (and thereby Salt) either by flame photometry, AA or ICP-OES, Total sugars, normally by a liquid chromatography technique, such as IC-HPAED or HPLC-RI, Fatty acids by GC-FID, Carbohydrates and energy values are normally calculated from these analytical values. Cholesterol by Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography etc, very complicated stuff. but food manufacturers send it to a lab. or if they're big enough, they do it in house.


Question: How is time effected by gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is time effected by gravity?

> However i still don't know if we have found any proof/ observed it or if it is just a very good theory It is a very good theory **because** we have observed it countless times. A theory is a consistent set of laws and predictions that have been verified over and over again. Time runs slower close to large masses. This has been observed with: * GPS satellites and a couple of other satellites * Various spacecraft traveling through the solar system * Light leaving stars * Radio signals passing close to the Sun * Light moving up/down a few floors in a building * Clocks on mountains vs. clocks at lower altitude * Clocks on airplanes vs. clocks on the ground * Clocks on the same floor at different height (quite recent, requires excellent clocks) * And a couple of other measurements I forgot


Question: what are the main questions in cartography nowadays?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are the main questions in cartography nowadays?

A big one is datums, or standard reference points. For example, a vertical datum that everyone is familiar with is “sea level” lots and lots of things are measured based on how high they are “above sea level”. But what exactly is sea level? Seas are constantly changing and shifting all over the earth and changing at the same location everyday with tides. So, to answer that(At least one North America), back in the early 1900s the US Government ran a program to find this standard, and they originally based it on the average sea level across a bunch of different tide stations to find a good average. Which was good enough for their time and technology. They also did the same thing horizontally, they picked a reference point, a place in Kansas, (cuz it’s near the center of the country. gave that its Official latitude and longitude measurements and put a metal disk in the ground with that information on it as well as a number you could reference in a giant chart. Because they then went around the entire Country and installed millions of these reference disks to act as official latitude and longitude marks for the surrounding area to base itself of off. And again that worked well enough for their time and technology. Well, as technology progressed, we did it again in the 80s to make it even more accurate. And nowadays, this process has actually been underway for the past couple years, and a new North American Datum is expected to be put into place in the mid 2020s that is even more accurate than before because again, we have new technology. Traditional cartographers still exist as well, because even though we can pull up satellite images of most of the world, putting a big picture up on the wall is difficult to use as an actual map, so towns and cities and states still hire cartographers to make these maps, though they aren’t necessarily charting new area, a lot of work goes into improving how maps are designed.


Question: Why are certain drugs (Ex: Methotrexate) better to take once a week and not daily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are certain drugs (Ex: Methotrexate) better to take once a week and not daily?

To allow a higher (efficacious) dose and then recovery from (horrible) side effects. In the case of methotrexate, it is highly toxic. You take it once and then spend a week recovering from the damage it has done before having another dose. There would not be enough time for recovery otherwise. This is the same reason some other chemotherapy drugs are taken intermittently too.


Question: Why is laughter a response to funiness? Why laughing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is laughter a response to funiness? Why laughing?

This is well studied but not well understood. We know that laughter is vocalized same reason that screaming in pain is vocalized. They are both announcement for those around us about what we are feeling for social benefit.


Question: How are NCAA players not being paid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are NCAA players not being paid?

NCAA players are college students, not professionals. They are not supposed to be paid because it is not a job for them, it is a college activity. It would be no different than a high school paying their players with the excess the football booster club makes. Ideally, the excess goes to support the less lucrative sports.


Question: How many "types" of electromagnetic radiation are there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How many "types" of electromagnetic radiation are there?

Hot materials usually glow in infrared, and that's what thermal cameras and [touch-free thermometers]( URL_0 ) detect. So "thermal radiation" is usually a term used for the infrared part of the EM spectrum. Otherwise, there's ONE type of EM radiation: EM radiation. It just has different "colors."


Question: Why is there a sudden shortage of seemingly abundant items like coins and aluminum cans for beer/soda/food? Are we importing or resourcing less metals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a sudden shortage of seemingly abundant items like coins and aluminum cans for beer/soda/food? Are we importing or resourcing less metals?

Different causes. Coins got locked up because the supply chain for coins (the mints) got disrupted at the same time as people's spending habits radically changed (more online shopping and less overall spending). Combined, it caused the flow of coins and the supply of new ones to slow way down. All the coins still exist, they're just mostly sitting in people's houses and not circulating. Aluminum got screwed up because the US get a lot of aluminum from Canada and there's been an on-again/off-again tariff war over aluminum. Every time the US hikes the tarriff the price of aluminum jumps up and things that need aluminum, like cans, slow down production. Aluminum and soft-wood lumber (for construction) are the two favorite trade-war targets between the US and Canada.


Question: Why do some scents travel and persist longer than other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some scents travel and persist longer than other?

I would hope your body doesn’t produce farts in the same consistency and strength as cooking ware. You’d have to bare ass fart, non stop for as long as it would take to make your toast.


Question: Do advertisers know when I've bought their product? If so why do they continue advertising?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do advertisers know when I've bought their product? If so why do they continue advertising?

Advertisers do not know whether or not you bought the product. What they do know is exposure to thousands upon thousands will get people to expose their products and brand. As long as a couple people buy the advertised product its a win. Companies don't advertise expecting everyone to buy. Its all about exposure. More people know about a product or brand the higher chance it will get talked about amongst the viewers.


Question: Why does it take longer for wounds to heal in Winter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take longer for wounds to heal in Winter?

Colder temperatures can slow blood flow. Your blood contains a chemical named: fibrinogen. When you have a wound, this chemical will be converted into another chemical named fibrin by a special enzyme called thrombin. The fibrin will form little wires on the wound (you can't see those, they're too small). Your blood also contains little platelets which will get 'stuck' into these wires. This network will harden up and you'll have that crust on your wound. & #x200B; So basically: if your blood flow is slower, less blood will be transported in a period of time. This means the transportation of fibrine and platelets from point A to B is slower and thus takes it longer for enough fibrine and platelets to reach the wound.


Question: What exactly is happening when your muscles get stronger, allowing you to carry more weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is happening when your muscles get stronger, allowing you to carry more weight?

Depends. If you are meaning what happens when you gain strength without gaining size it is something called neuromuscular facilitation. Essentially your brain and nerves learn how to fire the muscles more efficiently and you activate more of the muscle fibers. This accounts for the quick strength gains you see when you first start working out. As you get past the facilitation you get into actual mass gain. Then it's physics. Greater cross section of fibers equals more strength.


Question: If housing is a basic human right (according to most states and Canadian law) how does the pricing of houses beyond average affordability not violate that right?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If housing is a basic human right (according to most states and Canadian law) how does the pricing of houses beyond average affordability not violate that right?

The right to housing isn't a right to own your home, just having housing accessible for you. As long as renting is possible then the right isn't violated.


Question: How were game cartridges copied back in the NES and Atari days?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were game cartridges copied back in the NES and Atari days?

A normal user wouldn't make a copy of it. As for manufacturing them, I believe most of them were masked ROM, so the contents would be built into the chip as it was manufactured. You couldn't erase them and put something else on them. There were EPROM and EEPROM chips that you can write to after manufacture, but you'd need a purpose built programmer to read the cartridge and write the copy. I expect anyone selling such a device commercially would have been sued for enabling piracy.


Question: why do game or website servers have to go down for maintenance? What’s being done during these times and why does it require them going offline?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do game or website servers have to go down for maintenance? What’s being done during these times and why does it require them going offline?

Seen many car mechanics fixing a car that is currently running?


Question: How is there Oxygen in deep caves that span several miles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is there Oxygen in deep caves that span several miles?

Air tends to circulate and mix, even if only through tiny cracks in rock. While there might not be enough air movement to continually replace the air within such caves for constant occupation, their volume is likely such that explorers will have no trouble breathing. Remember that the current makeup of the atmosphere has been this way for a very long time.


Question: What does the liquid in electrolysis do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the liquid in electrolysis do?

Depends what kind of electrolysis you're talking about. Sometimes it's a medium to dissolve the stuff you split by electrolysis, sometimes it IS the stuff you split (like water to hydrogen electrolysis)


Question: What does hypothermia do to the body and why is it deadly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does hypothermia do to the body and why is it deadly?

Your body works best when its temperature is close to 98.6 F (or 37 C). Your body generally can maintain this temperature even if the temperature outside is much hotter or much colder. If your body can't maintain this temperature though, it can affect some chemical reactions within your body. Your blood doesn't flow the way it should and your nervous system doesn't work the way it should. As body temperature gets lower, you become more confused and these effects become worse. At some point, your heart could stop. One thing that can happen is that as a person's body temperature goes down and causes some nervous system and brain problems, they may actually become so confused that they start to take clothes off which only makes it harder for the body to increase temperature.


Question: Why do we consume Sodium Chloride and not any other salts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we consume Sodium Chloride and not any other salts?

We do consume a few other types of salt, just not as much as sodium chloride. If you look at the container of salt in your kitchen, it probably says that it's "iodized salt", meaning it contains a small amount of sodium iodide or potassium iodide in addition to the sodium chloride. A lot of packaged foods also have potassium chloride, although people don't usually keep that in the kitchen. As for why? Sodium chloride tastes salty, is non-toxic, and is widely available. Many other salts lack in one or more of those three areas.


Question: If you spin an object in space would it ever come to a stop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you spin an object in space would it ever come to a stop?

No, an object in deep space would never stop spinning due to conservation of angular momentum. Unless you really, truly mean "never". In that case, then you probably have to take all sorts of advanced physics into account to know if a spinning thing will be spinning at the same rate in a googolplex years. There's momentum effects of light, and even in the deepest space the object would be interacting with starlight. There's probably interactions with quantum foam and all sorts of other nonsense, and then of course if we're in for a Big Crunch it's angular momentum will get absorbed back into the entire universe at some point. Something else will probably happen if we go the other direction and experience heat death. But to answer your question: No, it won't stop.


Question: What is "Chinese currency manipulation?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "Chinese currency manipulation?"

Say you are American and want to buy an American car. You spend $30,000 on a car and get a $30,000 car in return. Say you are American and want to buy a German car. 1 Dollar is equal to 1 Euro You spend $30,000 to buy $30,000 Euros. Then you buy a 30,000 Euro car. But now say the value of the Euro decreases. 1 Dollar is equal to 2 Euros. So you spend $15,000 to buy 30,000 Euros. Then you buy the 30,000 Euro car. This has two effects. You can get a German car for cheaper than a comparable American car in the US. This means most Americans will want to buy German cars. It also means that American cars are twice as expensive in Germany. So most Germans will want to buy German cars. This means it's more advantageous for a country to have a low currency value. Countries can devalue their currency on purpose. The International Monetary Fund tells countries not to do this, but sometimes they don't listen. There are risks for the country that does this too. They could end up with greater inflation, which forces interest rate increases that slow economic growth. It also makes foreign investors less likely to want to invest in a given country. Finally, it irritates other countries. China's currency has relatively less value than the dollar. So Chinese goods are cheaper than American ones. It's a strange dynamic because China has about 400 million middle class people. But it also has about 900 million impoverished people. So if you say it's a powerful country with lots of rich people in it, you'd be right. Then the currency seems undervalued. But if you say it's a developing country with a billion poor people, you'd also be right. Then the currency value seems reasonable. Trump has accused China of not just having a relatively undervalued currency compared to the US. He accused them of purposely devaluing their currency to screw over the US. This is called Chinese currency manipulation. URL_0


Question: How there can be so much money in network TV advertising and so little in comparative online advertising?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How there can be so much money in network TV advertising and so little in comparative online advertising?

First off, Youtube is not struggling to profit; neither is Netflix. Netflix made more than $2 Billion in profit and $20 billion in revenue last year, far more than any TV station. Alphabet Inc (parent of Google/Youtube) is the 3rd largest company on earth with a value of $988200000000. Secondly, there are few TV stations. There are only 5 broadcast networks in the US: ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox, and The CW. There are a few dozen pay channels available via cable. There are literally millions of websites. It's very easy to start a website. It's very difficult to start a TV station; you either need a license to broadcast or an agreement with a cable provider. So a TV station doesn't have to fight as hard for viewers. Everyone sees the same ads on TV, whereas ads on websites are individualized. An ad that 50 million people see is worth more than an ad that 1 thousand people see.


Question: How did the Wellerman find whaling ships to meet up with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the Wellerman find whaling ships to meet up with?

Whalers would render the blubber into oil and that produced a lot of smoke that could be seen far away. I can suggest you watch "Master and Commander", where they disguise their ship as a whaler to lure in the enemy.