Question: Why was the electron planetary model incorrect, and what is the currently accepted model?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was the electron planetary model incorrect, and what is the currently accepted model?

Almost as soon as the planetary model was created, scientists recognized a problem with it. If the model was correct, why don't electrons gradually lose energy as they revolve around the nucleus? But initially, no one had a solution to this puzzle. It wasn't until quantum mechanics that it was recognized that electrons (and other subatomic particles) aren't just tiny little spheres. They are more like "matter waves" with poorly defined positions in space. Electron positions inside of an atom are described as [orbitals]( URL_0 ), and take on a variety of shapes, depending on the atom in question. If we try to pin down the position of an electron, it will *mostly* be found inside of that volume. One of the weird things is that electron positions are described using probabilities, and (in most cases) the probability never quite goes to zero, even for locations far away from the nucleus. So in theory, an electron from a given atom could be found anywhere in our universe.


Question: what does a neurologist do that’s different than a psychiatrist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does a neurologist do that’s different than a psychiatrist?

They're completely different things. A psychiatrist is a doctor who diagnosis and treats mental disorders. A Neurologist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats disorders, diseases, and injuries of the entire physical neurological system. Essentially, a psychiatrist is a doctor for your mind (although they can diagnose certain conditions in the brain and treat them with medication ), and a neurologist is a doctor for your entire actual physical nervous system.


Question: In countries where they only make like one US dollar per day, are they still poor in their country? Besides importing stuff wouldn't everyone be middle class because local markets would reflect everyone only making a dollar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In countries where they only make like one US dollar per day, are they still poor in their country? Besides importing stuff wouldn't everyone be middle class because local markets would reflect everyone only making a dollar?

a lot of people are living on less than a dollar a day because they are self sustaining. they are not ingrained into "society" as you and i where we would starve if the grocery store closed or if we lost power or utilities or such. there's this type of people called rural farmers where they are not living with the modern comforts that most advanced nations enjoy and are living on less than a dollar a day. basically a lot of the human population are living in conditions with very little "modern" amenities. they have no plumbing, no electricity, no a/c, no car, no paved roads, no grocery stores, no access to good healthcare, etc, etc. are they living in poverty? yes, by some standards. are they living well? depends who you ask. the advanced nations put out this metric that they judge all other nations. and if the other nation doesn't have the same standard of living as the advanced nation, then the journalists write articles like this one you read.


Question: Why is it good for the US economy that oil and other commodities be traded in dollars? Why do the US benefit from it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it good for the US economy that oil and other commodities be traded in dollars? Why do the US benefit from it?

It creates demand for US dollars, as companies need to buy US dollars in order to buy oil as oil is traded in US dollars. The law of supply and demand says that increased demand gives rise to higher prices, so oil being traded in US dollars tends to keep the value of the US dollar higher, propping up its value, allowing US dollars to buy more good and services than would otherwise be possible.


Question: How can anyone survive as an 'out of work actor' in New York City or LA when people with full time degree-required jobs can barely afford to live there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can anyone survive as an 'out of work actor' in New York City or LA when people with full time degree-required jobs can barely afford to live there?

Some “out of work actors” also work as waitstaff, temps, Etc. They just aren’t acting for money.


Question: how did we find out that there are 365.25 days in a year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did we find out that there are 365.25 days in a year?

Observation, and knowing when the sun should be where through relative position. When you chart the sun’s course every day of the year a pattern emerges (Note the position and degree of the light at the exact same time every day). That pattern is slightly off by a few degrees the following year, on a four your cyclical. This ellipsis is the foundation of time as we know it.


Question: Why do vitamin C tablets say stuff like 800% your daily value? Does that mean the rest gets wasted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do vitamin C tablets say stuff like 800% your daily value? Does that mean the rest gets wasted?

100% equals the minimum daily amount recommended by the FDA. You can easily surpass this by eating vitamin rich foods or by taking a pill. It doesn't mean that is all your body can process


Question: How do they fit 6.9 billion transistors on a 7 nanometer chip? Additionally, how do they connect them up correctly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they fit 6.9 billion transistors on a 7 nanometer chip? Additionally, how do they connect them up correctly?

7 nanometer technology refers to the smallest feature they can make. As for how they can be made they are produced through a process called lithography. Individual layers are made and projected onto the material with light, interacting with chemicals to either stay put or wash away to mask areas so other material can be deposited. Think about making art on a wall by masking things off with tape or paper, then rolling or spraying paint on the wall to stick wherever isn't covered. Then you take it off and repeat again many times to make complex pictures. With chips they can actually be 3D structures as each pass lays down a tiny layer of metal or other material.


Question: If my girlfriend is drinking 8oz of a 10% beer and I am drinking 16oz of a 6% beer, who is getting more alcohol?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If my girlfriend is drinking 8oz of a 10% beer and I am drinking 16oz of a 6% beer, who is getting more alcohol?

8oz of a 10% abv drink is 0.8 ounces of ethanol, 16oz of a 6% abv drink is 0.96 ounces of ethanol.


Question: Why does it feel hotter when the sun is beating on me, but the temperature on the thermometer remains the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel hotter when the sun is beating on me, but the temperature on the thermometer remains the same?

So the sun is warming the surface of the Earth, which in turn warms the air near to it. So if you were standing in the shade, you would feel this temperature, as the air in turn warms you. But if you are out in the sunshine, then not only is that process occurring, but the sun is also warming you the same as it warms the surface of the earth. Some of that light is being absorbed by your skin and turned into heat. In truth, lots of things affect your perception of temperature, and it is much more complicated than simply "it is what it is." This is why, for example, if you go outside in the winter, a piece of metal will feel much more cold than a piece of wood, even though both are ambient temperature. What you *feel* is only partially related to what the temperature actually *is.*


Question: Whats the difference between rhetorical strategy, rhetorical devices, and parts of rhetoric?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats the difference between rhetorical strategy, rhetorical devices, and parts of rhetoric?

Rhetorical Devices: Any techniques that a writer might use to get their point across, such as metaphors or hyperbole (exaggeration). Basically, they help the reader understand what the writer is trying to say a bit more easily for specific situations, unlike... Rhetorical Strategy: Any specific way that a writer uses to achieve the desired goal, or to get a point across to the reader (e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, narration, etc.). These are more generally applied to the entire piece rather than an individual example. Parts of Rhetoric: These 5 parts all come together to make our communication (and likely also our use of rhetorics) more powerful and effective. They are Invention (coming up with what you are trying to say), Arrangement (the way you structure your writing to explain your idea or narrative), Elocution (the way you put the point across, such as vocabulary you use or your sentence structure), Memory (evidently, the audience's memory of your communication or what you say/write), and finally Delivery (more used when vocally or verbally using rhetorics, it is the way you express, with feeling and emotive language, your point or belief). Here are some links to help you out with work: [ URL_2 ]( URL_2 ) [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) [ URL_0 .]( URL_0 .)


Question: Do people with lazy eyes have more "field of view" or does your brain automatically fix it and make it a normal image?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do people with lazy eyes have more "field of view" or does your brain automatically fix it and make it a normal image?

"Lazy eye" is sometimes used to describe [strabismus]( URL_0 ) (eyes target different points in space) and sometimes used to describe [amblyopia]( URL_1 ) (both eyes can physically see but the brain only uses one of them). Amblyopia is that "brain fixing it" you're asking about, and it can often result from childhood strabismus. Adults who develop strabismus will often experience double vision instead (two offset views of the scene). This technically increases the field of vision, but it tends to be pretty confusing data that's hard for them to use.


Question: Is a bar of soap still clean after I use it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is a bar of soap still clean after I use it?

Soap has a property where all of its molecules are REALLY sticky to water on one side, and REALLY sticky to grease, dirt, and germs on the other. So when you scrub your hands with soap, the soap pulls all the germs off, and when you rinse with water. The water pulls all the soap off, therefore pulling all the dirt off So if you rinse the soap bar when you are done, then no, essentially no germs stay on the soap


Question: What's the difference between a "startup" and just a new company?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between a "startup" and just a new company?

It’s mostly branding these days but a start up is typically a tech company that is funded by investors and intends to lose money for a few years while doing something innovative, risky, and new. Often a start-up isn’t designed to be profitable ever but instead get purchased by a larger company. So, if you just open a store (online or not) selling t-shirts or candles or whatever, it’d be a small business. It’s not a new concept and you want to make a profit from day one. If you invent some cool new tech but the business model isn’t clear, you’d be more of a start up. An example of that might be if you came up with a new way to detect SPAM. Is it a business? Not really. But investors see it could have value if Google, Microsoft, etc. see the potential. So, it’s a start up. You (and your investors) eventually want to make money but maybe the end-game is being bought by a bigger company interested in your technology or patents rather than just selling a product to consumers. That being said, “start-up” became a trendy term and every company looking for investment said they were one. So, the distinction is blurry nowadays.


Question: how do Vegas oddsmakers decide what the spread will be in football, and how do they seem to get it right most of the time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do Vegas oddsmakers decide what the spread will be in football, and how do they seem to get it right most of the time?

So we have to toss out one part of your question because its actually wrong, and it'll make it even more confusing for you! > and how do they seem to get it right most of the time? They don't get it "right", and they aren't even trying to, thats not their goal. Their goal with the line(s) is to put them in a position where they have about a 50/50 bet on each way of the bet. It's NOT to predict the actual score, its to find the perfect line that will get about half the bets one way, and half the bets the other way.


Question: How does power affect speakers in regards to volume?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does power affect speakers in regards to volume?

When you change the power you're just rotating something in the circuit that changes the amplitude of the wave that the circuit uses.


Question: Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?

It's a combination of two major factors: - Ice cream has a lot of surface area, which means more nucleation points. More nucleation points mean more bubbles. - Milk and cream have a higher surface tension than water. This means the bubbles are stronger. ----- The reason why Mentos in soda makes it fizz is because all the pits and holes means the surface area is ***huge*** compared to the volume. You could get similar effects from a spoonful of sugar or sand. Easy experiment: Get a bottle of seltzer or clear soda. Get it nice and cold before opening and pour it into a glass. Pour slow so it doesn't fizz too much. Wait for the bubbles to stop and drop in a few grains of sugar or salt. You will see that the bubbles will form around the granules until they dissolve. Use a few grains of sand and it the bubbles will keep forming until there is none left, which will probably be longer than you are willing to sit around. ----- /u/GaidinBDJ has the dissolved gases issue backwards. Hot liquids will hold more solids (salt, sugar, minerals, etc.) while cold liquids will hold more gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) One of the worries with global warming is the amount of methane dissolved in the ocean. Warm up the ocean and the methane comes out. Methane is a much more effective greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. If enough methane gets into the upper atmosphere, the global temperature will skyrocket in a runaway reaction and life as we know it is ***fucked***.


Question: How does our brain classify a food as tasty or not? Does it work as a primitive defense against harmful or poisonous food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our brain classify a food as tasty or not? Does it work as a primitive defense against harmful or poisonous food?

It is two-fold - foods that are 'tasty' are foods that contain nutrients that we need to survive and foods that are 'gross' are foods that were likely to contain poisons or other items that are harmful. So, for example, we tend to like savory, salty and sweet things because those contain good nutrients for us (proteins, salts and sugars, respectively). Mildly sour items are also appealing, as they contain important vitamins. We tend to dislike bitter things because those are often poisonous, and we dislike the taste of foods that are rotting because those likely contain harmful bacteria/fungus that could also poison us. Our brains are also exceptionally good at developing food aversions based on past experiences. A food that would normally be good for us, but happened to poison us at some point in our history, will seem 'gross' to us to help prevent us from eating it again. Case in point, I ate a bad batch of coleslaw in my youth that made me very ill and to this day I can't stand the sight of the stuff.


Question: When it is said that matter and anti matter annihilate each other into pure energy, what is meant by pure energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When it is said that matter and anti matter annihilate each other into pure energy, what is meant by pure energy?

It means they're broken down into massless particles: the photon. Pure energy is a meaningless term. Energy only exists in the context of stuff, particles. When an electron and positron interact, the result is two (iirc) photons which collectively have the energy of the two interacting particles. So when they annihilate, the energy contained within them is released as light.


Question: How does soap clean any sort of greasy surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does soap clean any sort of greasy surface?

The same way soap kills viruses on your hands. Soap is specially formulated to have one side that attaches to water, and the other side attaches to oil(fats). So the oil side grabs onto oil molecules, and the water side grabs onto the running water, which pulls it all away. Viruses have a fat layer outside their "bodies" that the oil side grabs onto and breaks apart, before again, being washed away by the water.


Question: Why cant we make all sorts of compounds and substances by manually forcing ions to combine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why cant we make all sorts of compounds and substances by manually forcing ions to combine?

We can, but it doesn't happen spontaneously. All chemical reactions happen at random, but dependent on the energy state. We can force hydrocarbons to form by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high temperature in the [Fischer–Tropsch process]( URL_0 ). It takes a tremendous amount more energy than it takes in, so we can't use it to turn CO2 in the air into fuel.


Question: What is actually happening to your body from a pathological perspective when you are tired/sleepy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is actually happening to your body from a pathological perspective when you are tired/sleepy?

Sleep is controlled by various different processes, which are complex and not fully understood. However, the different processes can be broadly assigned to one of two categories: process C and process S. Process C is everything to do with circadian rhythm, which is the body's (roughly) 24 hour cycle which corresponds to the day/night cycle of our environment. This is mostly orchestrated by a part of your brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which controls other 'oscillator' cells throughout the body. Process C doesn't change much, though the 24-hour cycle can be shifted by light, to help our bodies adapt to our environment. Process C involves a lot of things like neural activity and the release of hormones at different times of the day, trying to encourage sleep at appropriate times. Process S relates to 'sleep homeostasis'. This represents the need for sleep after long periods of wake, so can be thought of, essentially, as tiredness. When we go through a good nights sleep, S is reset to a biologically acceptable level. Over a period of wake, it increases until it reaches a level whereby the body begins to try to recover by resting, in the same way that the body will make behavioural changes to respond to thirst, hunger or temperature. S is more of an abstract concept, but can be measured in certain markers, like the strength of certain brain waves recorded via EEG during sleep (so, after a period of sleep deprivation, the brain waves will be different compared to the recordings of someone who has slept adequately recently). While we know some of the processes involved in C and S that occur when they are promoting sleep (release of certain hormones, certain brain wave patterns emerging even before sleep, etc.), we don't know exactly what is directly causing the sleepy feeling. But essentially, some combination of your C and S systems are promoting sleep. If it's getting towards nighttime, this might be primarily parts of process C driving your 24 hour cycle; if you have not slept in a while it might be a more homeostatic drive from factors in process S. Ideally, the two processes work in tandem, but they often do not, and sleep disruption is linked to lots of illnesses. It's also interesting to note that we still don't have a good idea of why we sleep - although it's clear that there is a homeostatic drive to sleep after a period of wake, we don't know what's going on that makes it necessary.


Question: - Why is it bad to throw fruit/veggies into the woods if they don’t grow there naturally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why is it bad to throw fruit/veggies into the woods if they don’t grow there naturally?

If they have seeds in them, they will grow and could become a pest. If you are in a set camping ground, and everyone does it you will attract animals to the camp because there is a good source of food constantly. You should leave absolutely nothing behind from your stay, so that it is nice for the next person.


Question: why is urine yellow when our body is dehydrated and clear when hydrated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is urine yellow when our body is dehydrated and clear when hydrated?

The amount of material flushed from the body is relatively constant. In aggregate the "color" is yellowish. When there is ample water flowing within the body to flush, there is a higher water-to-waste ratio, the waste is more diluted, thus the color is lighter.


Question: What are those guys shouting on the floor of the stock exchange actually doing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are those guys shouting on the floor of the stock exchange actually doing?

Quick point of order - Outside of the movies and the Commodities exchange in Chicago there are very few or any open outcry markets left. So a floor of people shouting isn't really a thing anymore. What they *were* doing was buying and selling. They are shouting because it's loud as all hell and they need to be heard as they sell or buy whatever they were told to buy/sell.


Question: If Internet cables can carry a lot of data per second, why won't these cables replace HDMI/VGA/DVI standards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Internet cables can carry a lot of data per second, why won't these cables replace HDMI/VGA/DVI standards?

"If trains can carry a lot of people very fast, why don't they replace walking, biking, cars, and planes?" Different strengths and drawbacks is the short answer. Being single-purpose (only image data) has advantages over a genera purpose bus, and point-to-point connections also don't need to have a forwarding or routing protocol to go with them. Data can be preprocessed in a way that is easier for the end device to decode, so the receiver can be simpler and cheaper. Physical connectors and cable can be made without caring as much about long-range performance if you can assume that the devices will always be close to each other. And on and on. "Data" is always the same in an abstract sense, but in a physical sense there's a lot of possible paths you can take to create a data transport system.


Question: Where does the energy from an engine go when the car is in drive, but the brakes are applied and the car is stationary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the energy from an engine go when the car is in drive, but the brakes are applied and the car is stationary?

Torque converter. It basically means that the engine is spinning in fluid, and the another turbine I'm the fluid pushes the wheels, but when stopped, the engine spins freely in the fluid. [This video]( URL_0 ) explains it pretty well. This applies only to automatic cars but from your question, I'm assuming that's what you mean.


Question: Is that spinning circle of leaves that spins around a few times technically a tornado? Why does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is that spinning circle of leaves that spins around a few times technically a tornado? Why does it happen?

The way air moves can create a 'vortex' (like water spins as it goes down a plughole) the leaves actually make the vortex seeable. Vortexes of wind happen pretty often.


Question: I heard your body makes 17 million red blood cells a second. I don't know if this is completely true, but I started to think. What happens to dead blood cells? Does your body recycle them or throw them out with the rest of your waste?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I heard your body makes 17 million red blood cells a second. I don't know if this is completely true, but I started to think. What happens to dead blood cells? Does your body recycle them or throw them out with the rest of your waste?

As red blood cells age, they eventually reach a state called "programmed cell death". Their outer membrane changes, and your body's immune system sees them as a target, then kills them. Most of the stuff left over is recirculated and re-used or filtered out by the liver and kidneys.


Question: What is that good sensation right before you sneeze and what triggers it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is that good sensation right before you sneeze and what triggers it?

Wait until you’ve had children and the sensation right before sneezing is fear related to peeing yourself. Good times.


Question: Why do raisins (and almost all dried fruit) upset my stomach but grapes do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do raisins (and almost all dried fruit) upset my stomach but grapes do not?

This sounds like the sort of thing you should probably be discussing with your doctor. It sounds like a medical issue.


Question: How did astrological signs come to have certain characteristics about them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did astrological signs come to have certain characteristics about them?

The predictions are so vague as to apply to anyone some of the time. The characteristics are made up.


Question: Is there a reason concerts are painfully loud?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a reason concerts are painfully loud?

It's because everyone is talking and shit and you can't have the crowd be louder than the band. I'm a sound guy. But I also agree with you. I don't blast it like that because I feel people should shut the fuck up and pay attention to the artist they paid to see


Question: How does it work out that blue and red are both primary colors of light and pigment but yellow is the third primary pigment color and green is the third primary color of light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does it work out that blue and red are both primary colors of light and pigment but yellow is the third primary pigment color and green is the third primary color of light?

/u/Blackheart595 gave the correct answer but I guess that's not what you were looking for so I'll elaborate. Red, green, and blue are "primary colors of light" because that's how our eyes work. We have color sensors (cones) that are centered at those colors. If we look at yellow, for example, we see a mixture of our red and green cones being excited. Pigments work a bit differently. Let's look at printing. We start with a white substrate (paper), which reflects all colors. We then print inks that subtract colors from the white. So, * White - Red = Cyan * White - Blue = Yellow * White - Green = Magenta Blue and red are not primary colors for pigments, cyan and magenta are. But, many of us grew up calling them "blue" and "red" because they look somewhat similar. In reality they're a blue-green and reddish-purple respectively. To repeat, blue and red are _NOT_ primary colors in both additive and subtractive color mixing, so the question you are asking is flawed.


Question: Why does a face droop during a stroke? Is a stroke the only thing that causes this 'phenomenon'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a face droop during a stroke? Is a stroke the only thing that causes this 'phenomenon'?

During a stroke parts of your brain recieve little to no oxygen causing them to stop working properly/at all and can lead to cell death if starved of oxygen for long enough. This being said the reason why one half of the face droops, your speech is slurred you have difficulty understanding/reading/recognizing stuff... all those symptoms depend on what area/s of your brain are affected. The reason only one half of the face becomes paralyzed is due to the fact that our faces are split into two halfs when youre looking at only the nervous system, one right and one left bundle of nerves supporting their side. If the area of the brain which controls one of these nerve groups is affected these nerves will no longer recieve the correct or any signals from the brain meaning you have no control over it meaning it is paralyzed. This can be either temporary (if treatment can be administered in time) or permanently depending on the damage and cell death due to the lack of oxygen


Question: Why do people say no one can beat the market returns when people have gotten 1000% returns before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people say no one can beat the market returns when people have gotten 1000% returns before?

No one can reliably beat the market returns is a more accurate statement. Sometimes you get lucky at a slot machine. Sometimes you don’t. No one can reliably tell you they are going to win at slots. Same goes for the market.


Question: if identical twins are genetically the same, how do they get different fingerprints?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if identical twins are genetically the same, how do they get different fingerprints?

Fingerprints are not generated genetically. Fingerprints are generated when we are in the womb from pressures present on the fingers. 2 people can have similar to even nearly identical fingerprints as well, in fact the chance of 2 people having the same fingerprints is about 1 in 64 million but when you have billions of people on the planet, well, it becomes pretty much bound to happen.


Question: What is the difference between a discrete and continuous value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a discrete and continuous value?

Discrete values have clear steps and nothing in between, like how many people are in a room. Realistically there can be 0, 1, 2, et cetera, but not 3.44349 people, or how many times have you been to Canada, where you could have been there 0 times or 1 time or 2 times but there's no such thing as having been there a quarter of a time. Continuous values are ones where the value can be anything, like how loud a sound is, where it could be 20.decibels, 20.1, 20.11, 20.111, et cetera.


Question: How did marijuana become illegal more or less worldwide?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did marijuana become illegal more or less worldwide?

The biggest thing is that it is a mind altering substance. It does cause a shift in how you react to things vs normal. Same idea as in alcohol. The big difference is that marijuana did not have regulators or industry titans with lobby money. A movement got started to get rid of some of these things and it was easy to legislate out since there were no large industries there to argue back. If alcohol was invented today, it would probably have a hard time becoming legal.


Question: Why do bartenders mix drinks with ice then strain it out if they are going to add it to a glass already filled with ice anyway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do bartenders mix drinks with ice then strain it out if they are going to add it to a glass already filled with ice anyway?

The ice they use is not just for chilling the drink, it also helps to mix the ingredients together, like the ball in a can of paint.


Question: why does breaking the sound barrier cause an “explosion”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does breaking the sound barrier cause an “explosion”?

It does not, if anything it's the opposite. As you approach the speed of sound the sound energy moving away in front of you doesn't travel far before the sound energy from your leading edge is added to it. It's a compressive effect that can damage the airframe unless it's specially designed.


Question: How do video games (i.e Chess) change the AI depending on the level set (Easy, Medium, Hard)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do video games (i.e Chess) change the AI depending on the level set (Easy, Medium, Hard)?

The harder you set it, the more time the computer gives itself to examine every possible future situation -- what you might do next, then what it might do in response, then what you might do after that, etc. On low difficulty it won't look too far ahead.


Question: how are there so many different types and flavors of cheeses when they all have the same two or three ingredients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are there so many different types and flavors of cheeses when they all have the same two or three ingredients?

Bacteria differences, milk origin differences, storage temperature differences, length of time left sitting, whether it was stored above ground or in a cave, and on and on and on. Primarily the different types of bacteria though.


Question: What does a combustion engine do with the energy it's not using?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a combustion engine do with the energy it's not using?

I stand corrected. TIL: in modern, fuel-objected cars, Deceleration Fuel Cutoff (DFCO) cuts off fueling completely when going downhill in gear. Thank you!


Question: How are modern cartoons made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are modern cartoons made?

Anime is still hand drawn. If you watch the after credit, there are keyframe animator (原画), secondary keyframe animator (第二原画), and much more. Most of them are drawn on paper and scan to computer.


Question: - Do things hurt even when they don’t seem to? For example, if I hit myself but it doesn’t necessarily hurt, does my body still register it as painful? Do people with a high pain tolerance still register the pain but just don’t feel it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Do things hurt even when they don’t seem to? For example, if I hit myself but it doesn’t necessarily hurt, does my body still register it as painful? Do people with a high pain tolerance still register the pain but just don’t feel it?

Pain is just your body’s way of saying “stop! You’re damaging yourself.” If you don’t feel pain, it’s because those signals aren’t firing. So in that sense, no, the pain doesn’t exist In terms of low pain tolerance, it depends. Some people are accustomed to pain so they can tolerate more of it, like tolerances to anything else. So they still feel it, it just doesn’t disturb them as much Having the inability to feel pain, though (which is a real thing) is an incredibly dangerous condition. For example, imagine you set your hand on the stove without thinking and didn’t feel pain. You wouldn’t know until you’d damaged the heck out of your hand, probably permanently


Question: Why some objects orbit and don’t get pulled directly into another objects center?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why some objects orbit and don’t get pulled directly into another objects center?

It *is* unlikely for an object to fall into orbit. Many objects are orbiting because they formed there, from debris themselves that were in orbit. For instance, the planets formed out of a rotating dust cloud that was orbiting the center of the system. Some objects fell into the center. Others were ejected from the system entirely. The planets formed from material that remained.


Question: Why is the ocean blue when water is transparent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the ocean blue when water is transparent?

Water is blue; it's just an extremely faint color. Snow, ice, and foam are typically white because of the way light refracts when it hits the air/water interface. When there's a lot of those interfaces, a lot of light gets reflected and looks white. When there's just a lot of water or [ice]( URL_0 ) with no air in it, it looks blue.


Question: - Difference between excise tax, import tax and tarrifs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Difference between excise tax, import tax and tarrifs?

Excise tax is at the moment of sale and is regardless of the origin of the product. So you pay a excise tax on gasoline regardless if it is imported or produce locally. Import tax and tariffs is to the best of knowledge synonyms. That is what you have to pay to import a product to the country. Locally produced item are not imported so they do not pay the tax.


Question: What does it mean when a film is "remastered"? And how do they do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when a film is "remastered"? And how do they do it?

Remastering a film can include audiophonic, cinematic and/or videographic improvements. The term "remastering" typically refers to taking the "master" release of a film (the final version intended for end user or audience consumption) and transferring it's elements from an analogue to a digital medium. Digital audio provides a clearer and crisper sound, and allows for the introduction of new sound mixing elements. (A 50's film used a metal sheet to create a thunder sound effect and is remastered to include an actual recording of thunder.) This process can also include adjusting dialogue decibel levels and adding surround sound/immersive audio capability. Cinematic and videographic remastering usually involves scanning the actual film, one frame at a time, at no less than 2K resolution. (More recently films have been remastered at 4K and up.) This allows the use of software to artificially enhance and/or filter lighting, as well as remove any signs of damage that would have been seen on a reel - dust, scratches, oils, etc. Today, the process also allows for addition or subtraction of elements via CGI and animation. See the scene in the 2002 remastered version of Spielberg's E.T. where guns were replaced with radios.


Question: Why do Japan ministers insist on dumping the Fukushima Daiichi radioactive cooling water right into the Pacific Ocean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do Japan ministers insist on dumping the Fukushima Daiichi radioactive cooling water right into the Pacific Ocean?

Well the problem is they are constantly generating radioactive water. Its not that they have to. Its that unless they get more money and build more tanks they will have to. That being said, diluting it and dumping it isn't that bad of an idea. The only thing they can't filter out before the dump is tritium, and diluted down to what qualifies as safe levels usually means levels that amount to like an extra hour of sunlight a year. Tritium in particular is super harmless. Its "radioactive decay" is essentially spitting out an electron.


Question: Why does everyone say to get a lot of Vitamin C when you are sick/how does Vitamin C help the immune system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyone say to get a lot of Vitamin C when you are sick/how does Vitamin C help the immune system?

In a nutshell, it doesn't. This is a myth propagated by companies that sell things like orange juice or fruits. An increase of vitamins has no bearing on immune response or recovery time, and studies show that an overabundance of vitamins may actually be detrimental. Thank you for coming to my TED talk.


Question: Why can computers not make curves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can computers not make curves?

They can. In 2D, [vector graphics]( URL_3 ) can draw curves using [splines]( URL_1 ). If you use a vector graphics program like Adobe Illustrator, or an image format like [SVG]( URL_0 ) you'll see first-hand that you're working with smooth curves that never become jagged no matter how much you zoom in. For 3D graphics, one common technique is called [Constructive Solid Geometry]( URL_2 ). You can zoom into a CSG model as far as you want and it will continue to be smooth. Many CAD programs use a technique called [NURBS]( URL_4 ) to specify curve surfaces like airplane wings and car bodies. But developers often don't use these techniques because it's slower to render. The root cause is that polygons are natural fit for the kind of parallelization a modern graphics card can do, while techniques for dealing with curved surfaces are not. A modern graphics card will have over 1,000 processors working in parallel. A modern graphic pipelines will take the vertices of a 3D model, rotate and scale it in the scene, transform it into triangles, use a texture to paint it to a 2D screen with a z-buffer, then apply various shaders and effects on top of that, all inside the GPU, all at a parallelization factor of 1,000. It's very hard for fancier techniques to compete with that!


Question: How do additive alphabetic numeral systems express decimals or numbers several orders of magnitude larger than their largest numeral? Or are they necessarily limited compared to positional numeral systems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do additive alphabetic numeral systems express decimals or numbers several orders of magnitude larger than their largest numeral? Or are they necessarily limited compared to positional numeral systems?

I believe I've seen some examples of using multiplication to describe large numbers, like "their army numbered one thousand thousands" and such. Decimals by definition require a numbering system like ours, but if in general you mean tiny fractions, I have seen expressions like "the hundredth part" or "like one drop in the ocean".


Question: If plants and trees provide the Earth’s oxygen, how is there oxygen in areas that are devoid of plant life such as deserts and Antarctica?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If plants and trees provide the Earth’s oxygen, how is there oxygen in areas that are devoid of plant life such as deserts and Antarctica?

For one thing a major part of our breathable air comes from algae in the ocean. To answer your question more precisely. Wind coming from the ocean brings a lot of air with it usually. This may not be the only reason but the best reason for eli5.


Question: Are there any restrictions on the world’s richest people and how they could spend their money? For instance are they allowed to just buy out an entire city companies and just fire everyone for the sake of causing chaos in the economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are there any restrictions on the world’s richest people and how they could spend their money? For instance are they allowed to just buy out an entire city companies and just fire everyone for the sake of causing chaos in the economy?

It depends on where you live and where you plan to use your money that way. Some countries have more laws than other about what people are allowed to do with their own money. Many countries have laws that in theory should prevent people from creating a monopoly or acting in ways that negatively affect society as a whole. Enforcing such rules on people who can afford the best lawyers and officials that money can buy can be difficult. For example Article 14 of the German Basic Law (constitution) says that "Property entails obligations" an idea somewhere between Peter Parker's "with great power comes great responsibility" and the classic "Noblesse oblige". Of course trying to make a case for this is not easy, but with a case like you suggest it should be possible.


Question: How does a galaxy move?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a galaxy move?

Galaxies move based on gravity of their components (stars, planets gases etc) . Most galaxies have a black hole at the center , it's mass and gravity also affects the motion. Over large periods of time millions and billions of years galxies may colesce with other galaxies affecting each others movements


Question: What happens to the money a site like Youtube would make off ads from a video later deemed illegal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to the money a site like Youtube would make off ads from a video later deemed illegal?

Im sure google does the only thing they can do with that money and that is give it to whatever company claims and can prove it belongs to them. Any ad revenue generated for your example would go to HBO. This is probably why they have such an aggressive copyright system. I know my own videos I have with music in them are basically always automatically flagged on posting and any revenue goes to the owner. I usually get a warning saying that its being monetized on their behalf and that I can either just let that happen or prove that I have the right to use it. If google didn't actively seek and destroy things like a pirated copy of GoT, I'm sure they would be in much deeper legal troubles. As of right now everyone understands that anybody can post to youtube and the systems in place arent perfect but they also know it would be an incredibly long battle against google if they wanted to take action. In this regard, as long as google is actively trying to protect others copyrighted content there is no reason to try to battle the titan on legal ground.


Question: If foreign donations to national US elections are illegal, why are out of state donations allowed for governor/congressional races?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If foreign donations to national US elections are illegal, why are out of state donations allowed for governor/congressional races?

Because Americans are considered to have a legitimate interest in *every* seat in Congress, since they will be directly governed by the laws these people pass.


Question: Why can no two files have the same name while in the same folder on most computers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can no two files have the same name while in the same folder on most computers?

Imagine there's 2 guys in a room named Steve. Outside of how they look, sound, etc. how could you tell which Steve was which if all you had to go off of was their name? If you called out "Steve", both would answer and there'd be confusion. How do computers handle confusion? Crashing. It's the same with Folder. C:/Users/User1/Desktop/Steve can only reference one Steve. If there's more than one Steve the computer will throw an error, so instead of throwing an error it just doesn't let you have 2 files named Steve.


Question: What are the benefits and drawbacks of having an overvalued or undervalued currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the benefits and drawbacks of having an overvalued or undervalued currency?

Overvalued- It's easier to buy imported stuff cos they're cheaper than your domestic stuff. Even though your currency is worth more, theirs is worth the same, so their prices will decrease from your perspective. On the downside, your domestic market suffers, and so do your country's exports, because they are costly relative to the world market. Undervalued- Pretty much the opposite. Imports become costlier, and your domestic market thrives. Your exports also thrive because they become cheaper to other countries. On the downside, other countries don't take kindly to you dumping your cheap exports (like China does) and you could face embargos and stuff. Obviously this isn't a comprehensive overview, but it goes through the essentials.


Question: why flying takes so much out of you physically and mentally when you haven't done anything but sit there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why flying takes so much out of you physically and mentally when you haven't done anything but sit there?

A few reasons. First, airplanes are pressurized to an altitude above sea level; usually between 6,000-8,000 feet. This means there's not as much oxygen as at sea level. While it's not enough of a decrease for you to be aware of, it does tax your body a bit more, especially on longer flights. If you've ever done any hiking or mountain climbing at high altitudes, you'll recognize that you get fatigued much more quickly than at sea level. Second, airplane is is very dry. This tends to make people dehydrated. Third, travel is just plain stressful. You're packed into a small area with a bunch of other people (and their germs) for hours on end subject to engine noise, various cabin noises, people bumping into you...etc.