Question: Why do humans enjoy eating hot/spicy foods? Is there a biological reason? Do other species eat jalapeños, for example?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans enjoy eating hot/spicy foods? Is there a biological reason? Do other species eat jalapeños, for example?

Most things don’t like spice. Bacteria don’t like spice, so humans put spice on food to keep away pathogens like bacteria. The people who liked spice ate good food and lived, the people who did not like spicy food died of food poisoning. However, in colder places like europe, they didn’t need spicy stuff as much because it was colder, and the world is your refrigerator.


Question: How does an electric eel generate and deploy enough electricity to use it as a weapon?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an electric eel generate and deploy enough electricity to use it as a weapon?

Electric fish use modified nerve or muscle cells to generate electricity. Basically, the cells spend all their time pumping positive(Ca+ and K+) ions out of the cell. When the fish wants to emit electricity, it opens sodium channels, which allow Na+ ions into the cell. This momentarily reverses the polarity of the cell, allowing it to emit a pulse of electricity. These cells individually generate about .15V, but they're stacked in series so the electrical potential adds up. Electric eels have up to 6000 cells in each stack which can drive 800+ volts, and 80% of their body is made up of these cells.


Question: How do deer antelope reindeer type animals carry such heavy horns on top of their head?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do deer antelope reindeer type animals carry such heavy horns on top of their head?

The antlers are not very heavy, but are very strong. It does require some neck muscles to carry them but it is not very dificult to do so.


Question: Why do we feed birds bread?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Why do we feed birds bread?

Bread is cheap. Single, lonely people will often have stale bread at home because they didn't finish their last loaf. Birds **appear** to like it, even if it's not the best thing for them. ...and like lots of stereotypes in TV and movies, you keep seeing it because writers & directors *know* that everyone will automatically understand what's going on without exposition because it's how every other movie has ever dealt with the situation.


Question: How do bases and acids actually harm your skin at the physical level?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do bases and acids actually harm your skin at the physical level?

It depends on the type of acid/base, some are inherently nastier than other (like hydrofluoric acid). But if you meant acid/base in the way there are defined (i.e. pH < 7.0 = acid, pH > 7.0 = base), then you can think of it as acid have an excess of H+ ions, and bases have an excess of OH- ions which they really want to get rid of. Without getting into details a series of reactions occur when these H+ and OH- ions eat away at fats and proteins, which is what your skin is mostly made up of.


Question: Does cooling a sealed bottle/can of soda and then letting it come back to room temperature cause it to lose carbonation?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Does cooling a sealed bottle/can of soda and then letting it come back to room temperature cause it to lose carbonation?

No. The sealed bottle or can is much closer to an enclosed system than an open container - it can stay very well carbonated for months. It would be a reasonable simplification to say that the carbonation hasn't changed at all. However, there is another property that is important, Solubility. When you open up the can, the drink itself will lose carbonation due to relatively low levels of CO2 compared to the container it was stored in as time goes on. When the drink is colder, CO2 (and other gases) are more soluble. So, as the temperature increases, there is less dissolved CO2, which likely causes the impression that the drink was less carbonated to begin with.


Question: what is Mandelbrot set ?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 what is Mandelbrot set ?

Say you have a tabletop. You pick any spot on the table and you measure how far over your spot is (left to right) and how far up (bottom to top). That gives you two numbers. You "do a math" on these two numbers and that gives you two new numbers, and you can measure to find out where you are now on the tabletop. Then you "turn the crank" by doing the math thing again on the new spot, and so on, to get your next spot, and again, and again. Depending on where your starting spot is, as you keep "turning the crank", your sequence of next spots might: * Quickly end up off the table * Bounce around somewhat but stay on the table Most of the time, if you pick two starting spots that are very close to each other, as you "turn the crank" each starting spot leads to a very similar sequence of next spots. But the cool part is that there are some places where even a tiny change in where you place your spot can have a huge change in where you end up. We call those parts "chaotic". If you color each spot based on how many times you can turn the crank before the answer flies off the table, you get extremely beautiful color patterns and curls and wiggles around the chaotic parts. And if you could somehow zoom in, it would never get smooth, you would keep seeing ever tinier curls, forever. And all this beauty comes from some fairly simple looking math (not simple to a 5 year old, but lots of 12 year olds can grasp it).


Question: Does grinding up ice really “sharpen” the blades in your garbage disposal?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does grinding up ice really “sharpen” the blades in your garbage disposal?

No, and they aren't really supposed to be sharp. What it does it knock loose any gunk that may be built up around the blades and in the nooks and crannies. So it does help clean your disposal.


Question: if the sun is constantly bombarding the earth with energy, isn’t the earth continually gaining energy?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 if the sun is constantly bombarding the earth with energy, isn’t the earth continually gaining energy?

It is. But it also is constantly losing energy too. The Earth is both gaining and losing massive amounts of energy all the time. Ideally the energy going in and the energy going out would balance out. If they don't balance out you get a problem. We currently seem to have a problem along those lines.


Question: How does the body heal from some viruses but not others?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does the body heal from some viruses but not others?

This thread explains it best :) URL_0 I'll try to summarize for you. Some viruses are easier for our immune system to fight than others. Some actually modify a cell in such a way that they can remain dormant. The viruses that modify cells can actually cause a whole host of other problems like cancer. Colds and flus are more acute, in that once our body creates fighting agents, they can be warded off. I hope that helps.


Question: If the Universe is Accelerating, How do We Know It Isn't Much Bigger?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 If the Universe is Accelerating, How do We Know It Isn't Much Bigger?

For the size, as far as we know, the universe is infinitely big - the age of the universe hasn't got anything to do with that. As for the age, we don't really know how old the universe is - we can run the clock backwards on the expansion of the universe, and when we do it looks like everything crunches together and gets really hot and really dense. We call that the "singularity". A lot of people think this is the start of the universe, but in reality, it's called the singularity because it gets so hot and so dense, the laws of physics as we know them break down and we can't look any further back. We don't know what, if anything, happened before that point - it could be much older and it just bounces between being sparse like it is now, and really dense like it was then; it could be very different. We just don't know.


Question: How come humans can be sexually attracted to drawings? E.X. hentai/rule 34

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come humans can be sexually attracted to drawings? E.X. hentai/rule 34

Same way we are attracted to smears of colored ink on smashed tree pulp or light and shadow projected on a screen. They look like real or real-ish things and at some level we interpret them as such.


Question: Where do the names for each day of the week originate from?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 Where do the names for each day of the week originate from?

**Short answer:** Sun, Moon, and gods... mostly Norse gods. **Medium answer:** Monday: Moon's day Tuesday: Tyr's day Wednesday: Woden's (Odin's) day Thursday: Thor's day Friday: Freya's day Saturday: Saturn's day Sunday: Sun's day. **Long answer:** [Days of the Week]( URL_0 ).


Question: What is the process behind counting TV votes? (As seen in talent shows, etc)

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the process behind counting TV votes? (As seen in talent shows, etc)

Normally you phone into a number which will play an automated message before ending the call. From the production side of things they can see the number of calls to each number. This is a pretty standard part of telephony technology and is used in virtually every call centre for recording stats. If required they could report on unique calls vs total calls to get an idea of how many times people are voting multiple times etc.


Question: how do online retailers like Ebay and Mercari stay afloat?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do online retailers like Ebay and Mercari stay afloat?

eBay takes a small percentage of every sale on their site, and requires you to pay to have a listing there as well. With millions of listings, that money adds up to making eBay, and other companies with similar business models, very profitable.


Question: Who benefits from asbestos being allowed in manufacturing?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Who benefits from asbestos being allowed in manufacturing?

Well, if you look at the pro's of asbestos which include; \-Fire resistant \-Sound absorbing \-High tensile strength (that means how easily it tears) \-**Affordable** \- Electric & heat insulation I would extrapolate the reasoning from those and it would probably be the manufacturers of e.g: a robust industrial machine, it would cheapen the manufacturing cost, could be used for multiple things and since they're not supposed to be internally opened by the customer i suppose it shields them from the negatives. All of these pro's with the promise to contain the negatives probably tipped them over. *That being said i would like to say i fact checked those headlines and the current ban is not being lifted they are simply going to allow approvals for new uses of the material.*


Question: The pain from a headache or migraine. Is it 'real' or perceived and what's causing it?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 The pain from a headache or migraine. Is it 'real' or perceived and what's causing it?

Pain is a subjective perception so if you feel it, it is "real". If it represents actual harm or damage is another issue. As for why migraines occur it seems to have something to do with dilation of arteries within the cranium. This results in the perception of pain.


Question: If the chemical properties of an element are dependent on the number of electrons, then why is the element determined by the number of protons?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 If the chemical properties of an element are dependent on the number of electrons, then why is the element determined by the number of protons?

The element is determined by the number of protons, because that's much harder to change than the number of electrons. Electrons come and go, but it takes quite a lot of effort to add or remove a proton. > Would Nitrogen + 1 electron behave like oxygen? In some ways, yes. I think a better example would be sodium chloride, or table salt. (Note: I'm not a chemist, so I may get some things wrong) First, noble gases are interesting, because they basically don't react with anything. They don't react with anything because they have a sort of magic number of electrons. Helium has 2, neon has 10, argon has 18. Other elements react with each other, because they do not have these magic numbers. Sodium is element 11. It has one extra electron beyond neon's magic number. Chlorine is element 17. It has one fewer electron than argon's magic number. Chlorine really, really, really wants to grab an electron from somewhere to get to the magic number 18. Sodium wants to give away an electron so it can get to the magic number 10. Because these elements are so eager to exchange electrons, that what makes them so reactive. Sodium metal in water catches fire and explodes. Chlorine gas is very reactive and was used as a weapon in WW I. However, put them together and something neat happens. Chlorine steals sodium's extra electron. Now chlorine has its magic number 18, and sodium has its magic number 10. When this happens they become very inert, sort of like how the noble gases are inert. However, they have not become noble gases. Our sodium *ion* has a positive charge, because it's missing an electron. Our chlorine *ion* has a negative charge, because it has an extra electron. So even though these ions don't necessarily want to undergo chemical reactions, they still interact differently than neon and argon due to their electric charge. Also, note that salt is not exactly inert. It can be corrosive, but compared to elemental sodium and elemental chlorine it is quite inert.


Question: With gold prices relatively much higher now than in the past compared to the cost of living, why are there very few individual gold panning/mining operations in e.g. California like the gold rush in the past?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With gold prices relatively much higher now than in the past compared to the cost of living, why are there very few individual gold panning/mining operations in e.g. California like the gold rush in the past?

Because humans have been extracting gold from the crust of the Earth for a very long time. That doesn't mean it is all gone, but it does mean that what is left is the stuff that was hardest to get to. Since it is harder to get to, on average it costs a good deal more per ounce to mine it. So unless a site is particularly rich in gold, it isn't really worthwhile.


Question: Why do the pages of a book or magazine become wavy when they’re dropped in water and then dried?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do the pages of a book or magazine become wavy when they’re dropped in water and then dried?

The paper absorbs water and more of it for into the edge that toward the center of the page. As wood swells it get longer. Since it can not still fit into the same space as before it has to expand in some direction but keep the same overall length further in. It is similar to what happens when you use a belt to wear pants that are too big for you. They bunch up to the inside diameter of the belt. Or like drawstring pants that start out too big and get tied tight. The length of the outside edge is now longer than the interior of the page and that extra has to go somewhere.


Question: Is salt really a “flavor enhancer” or does it just make foods taste saltier?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is salt really a “flavor enhancer” or does it just make foods taste saltier?

Salt is an electrolyte and an important nutrient. It is a “flavor enhancer” in a way, in that it draws water out of living cells. If those cells carry chemicals we can taste, the taste is made stronger, because it's no longer bound up quite so tightly to whatever we're eating.


Question: Why do some webpages/applets only load if you're actually looking at them in your browser?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some webpages/applets only load if you're actually looking at them in your browser?

Page Visibility API ( URL_0 ). The JavaScript running on the site can detect whether the tab is currently being viewed.


Question: Why is the same exact text message sometimes received twice when only sent once?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the same exact text message sometimes received twice when only sent once?

Phone: Please send this message and let me know that it's sent. Provider: I got the messag- a... it... ...ved. Phone: It's not properly sent? Let me send it again. Provider: It has been received! I got the message and it has been received! Phone: Two confirmations? I only care about one of them. Message sent. If there's disruptions in service, your phone will try to send the message again, causing a double transmission if both get through.


Question: how does UV light work to cure gel nail polish? And why is it specifically the UV spectrum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does UV light work to cure gel nail polish? And why is it specifically the UV spectrum?

This is a hard one to eli5, but I'll try. Living cells generate some really cool, really large, and really complex molecules and we've been playing around with them for a long time now. We learned that a certain combination of molecules can lock together when thoroughly mixed, like epoxy glue. Think like the actual shape of the molecules fit well in a pattern, like puzzle pieces but there are magnets that guide them to lock together correctly when the box is shaken up. After a lot of testing, we figured out a few molecules that would combine, but only when we heated them up first because one of the molecules was crimped and curled and had to be unfurled first - heat does that to a lot of larger molecules, it's also why a lot of fats are liquid when warned up. But then we figured out that we could heat ONLY those molecules if we shined a very specific light on them. Different molecules react differently when struck with light of varying wavelengths - that's why things are different colors. That same property allows these molecules get unfurled when energized (heated) by the light of that specific wavelength, which allows them to lock with the other kind of molecule they're mixed with.


Question: Why does cold kill plants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does cold kill plants?

It literally destroys cells. Cell membranes contain water, if the water in the cell membrane freezes then the cell membrane ruptures, destroying the cells.


Question: How does drafting work? Is it possible for humans to run behind a large vehicle that’s traveling at speeds faster than they are capable of reaching?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does drafting work? Is it possible for humans to run behind a large vehicle that’s traveling at speeds faster than they are capable of reaching?

Drafting reduces the air drag forces by moving within a pocket of low pressure air left behind a vehicle or object moving forward in front of you. As a big truck (for example) drives along a road it has to push the air out of its way and it takes some time for the air to collapse back in behind it as it moves. So there's a slipstream in its wake (kind of like the wake left in water as a boat moves through it) that has less air in it. Since drag opposes forward motion, then it allows for a car behind the truck to move forward faster with the same engine RPM and fuel consumption (or the same speed with less engine RPM and fuel consumption). In theory the idea of drafting would work with runners as well, but the effects are likely negligible (Not only do runners not run fast enough for drag to be a big factor is slowing them down, but also the object in front needs to either be moving very fast or be very large to create a big enough area behind it that you could fit inside and get the benefits from the slipstream). Race Cars take advantage of it from like-sized other cars because they're moving so quickly. Highway driving takes advantage of it because of not only speeds, but the large size of the big trucks behind which you can draft. Two runners on a track probably don't get MUCH benefit (but technically should get SOME).


Question: How is the mobile phone signal different for each phone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the mobile phone signal different for each phone?

Two phones may be subscribed to different providers. One of the providers may have technical issues or just have a cell tower far away. Additionally, two phones may be from different manufacturers and have different sensitivity to low level signals.


Question: What does a virus do to your computer? What does virus protection do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a virus do to your computer? What does virus protection do?

A virus is just a program that runs on your computer at its core. However, things that get classified as "viruses" tend to be programs that: - Install without the user's knowledge or permission - Do nefarious things that the user does not want done What it "does" depends on the virus. Some may delete or change files, some may turn your computer into an agent of a botnet, some may mine bitcoin, some may act as an email spam relay, etc. It is just a program, and it can do anything that a program can do. I had one may years ago that changed everything you typed into ethnic slurs. Virus protection scans your system for known "viral" code and either isolates or deletes it. Since viruses are "bad" programs, the software is designed to find them and disable them without user interaction and in a way that limits further damage to the computer operating system.


Question: What makes isopropyl alcohol better at sterilization than soap, for example?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes isopropyl alcohol better at sterilization than soap, for example?

When you use soap you don't exactly kill germs. Instead, you wash them off the surface they're attached to. Therefore there is a chance that some of them will remain on the surface. Alcohol on the other hand along with the washing capacity also degenerates (kills) the germs so even those that won't be removed from the surface will be heavily damaged and harmless.


Question: If different types of soaps (shampoo, bar soap, etc) mostly different because of the Ph then how does dr. Bronners do an 18 in one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If different types of soaps (shampoo, bar soap, etc) mostly different because of the Ph then how does dr. Bronners do an 18 in one?

All soap has the same basic principles. All soap can work for all things, but maybe not as well as other things. Dr Bronners works fine for everything, but not great for everything.


Question: How and Why does a magnetic field exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and Why does a magnetic field exist?

There are a large number of forces that don't require touching. For instance gravity. Objects get pulled towards each other based on their mass. There is another force called the electric force. Objects with a negative charge repel other objects with a negative charge and attract objects with a positive charge. The reason for this has to do with subatomic particles. There are things called electrons which are the negative particle. They repel other electrons and attract the positive particle protons. Just like gravity they don't need to touch for this to be the case. They experience a force away from each other that gets weaker the farther apart they get. So, objects with more negative charge than positive charge experience have an overall negative charge. Magnetism is when you move a charged object in reference to other charged objects. When that happens the object experiences a different force perpendicular to the the direction of it's movement and the force of the attraction or repulsion. A magnet is an object where all the electrons are moving ways that they all create a magnetic force in the same direction. They build on one another and create a large magnetic force.


Question: If the moon has a big heavy mass that is not in the center, why is it on the far side of the moon and not the side closest to us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the moon has a big heavy mass that is not in the center, why is it on the far side of the moon and not the side closest to us?

You know how, when you hang a bucket of water by a rope and spin it around really fast, the water presses to the bottom of the bucket, the side farthest from the center of the spin? It's like that, except with big rocks held together by gravity.


Question: What is the cause of lightning storms during explosive volcanic eruptions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the cause of lightning storms during explosive volcanic eruptions?

It's actually the same general concept as what happens during a regular thunderstorm. The updrafts bang particles together (water drops in a rainstorm, ash in a volcano) and as they bang together, they strip electric charge from each other (just like what happens when you rub a balloon on your hair). The differently charged particles migrate to different parts of the cloud. Eventually, the static electricity difference is enough to overcome the resistance of the air and \*BANG CRASH THE LIGHTNING FLASH\*.


Question: what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone?

A spatial dimension is literally just a direction. As far as we know, the universe has three such dimensions: you could call them forward/backward, left/right, and up/down; or north/south, east/west, and up/down; or whatever else you wanted. The important thing is that no matter which labels you use for the directions, there are always three of them. But there's no reason you couldn't imagine a universe with only two directions to move in, or four, or twenty-seven. You can describe them all equally well with mathematics, so we can reason about them logically even though we can only ever experience three-dimensional space.


Question: Why do most animals have many babies at once but humans usually only have one at a time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most animals have many babies at once but humans usually only have one at a time?

R vs k selection. Humans put tons of energy into one offspring at a time so it has a higher chance of survival. Some other animals put their energy into having tons of offspring but don't spend much energy on them each individually after birth, so even if some or most (in some cases) die, it's a net win


Question: If gravity is not as a force, but a consequence of masses moving along geodesic lines in a curved spacetime then what is a Graviton?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If gravity is not as a force, but a consequence of masses moving along geodesic lines in a curved spacetime then what is a Graviton?

That's the entire reason quantum physics and general relativity don't get along. If quantum physics is right, gravity is a force that must be mediated by a particle...we call that particle a graviton. We've never been able to isolate one but the Standard Model has a very good track record of predicting particles that we later find, so this isn't necessarily an issue. If general relativity is right, it's not a force but warped spacetime. One (or both) is wrong. They can't both be right in their current formulation. A graviton makes no sense under general relativity, but we don't have a theory of quantum gravity that "looks like" general relativity at large scales (where we can do very successful experiments) but still plays nice with quantum physics.


Question: Why does resetting a router make it magically faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does resetting a router make it magically faster?

Software crashes and bugs occur in any reasonably complex program. While good programming will allow you to minimize disruption to the program, the cumulative effect of those bugs can have an overall negative performance impact. Resetting allows everything to get cleared the software to start fresh, restoring performance to normal.


Question: If natural satellites (moons) are remains (or even consequences of collisions) of our planets, why do the orbits of the majority of them stay in the same plane as the orbits of the planets? Couldn't they be random?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If natural satellites (moons) are remains (or even consequences of collisions) of our planets, why do the orbits of the majority of them stay in the same plane as the orbits of the planets? Couldn't they be random?

Most moons don't actually orbit in the same plane as their parent body. Our moon, for example, actually orbits with about 5 degrees of inclanation. But yes, generally speaking, they will adopt a similar orbital plane, and the reason for this is that when all this ejected material slowly gravitates towards other particles and collides with them, they cancel out in their vertical momentum. Similar to how the protoplanetary disk around our sun started out as a cloud, but over time flattened into a reletively flat disk. None of the planets occupy the exact some orbital plane because this cancellation of vertical momentum was not consistent across the entire disk, but is "close enough" to have similar inclinations.


Question: why does the Body crave carbs in the form of a cookie but doesn’t crave carbs in a form of an apple ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the Body crave carbs in the form of a cookie but doesn’t crave carbs in a form of an apple ?

Cookies tend to contain a decent amount of fat in addition to carbs, as well as some sodium. Additionally, cravings aren't 100% tied to any specific nutritional category or deficiency although it definitely can be a factor.


Question: The Fed announced they will likely be raising interest rates soon. What does this mean for people who are in the process of picking out a house to buy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Fed announced they will likely be raising interest rates soon. What does this mean for people who are in the process of picking out a house to buy?

Interest rates are likely to be higher than lower. The change is probably small, 0.25%, but you should expect that banks will pass the cost on to you. Much of the increase is already baked into estimates, so don't expect a square wave in rates the next day.


Question: Why does time slow down when you go faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does time slow down when you go faster?

1: All motion is relative. If a train rolls by and someone is bouncing a basketball, the person in the train sees it going straight up and down. A person outside the train will see it travelling in arcs, since the train moves forward. In physics, both of these interpretations are correct, depending on whether your frame of reference is the train or the ground outside. 2: No matter what frame of reference you're in, light is always travelling at the same speed relative to you. Now, you might have noticed something that seems off. How could a person standing stationary on the ground and a person driving 60mph in a car see a beam of light travelling at the same speed? Surely one of them should see it moving about 60mph faster or slower than the other one? It turns out that time dilates to force this to happen. Each observer sees the other person as travelling slower in time. This difference lines up exactly such that both observers see light travelling at the same speed. A lot of people at this point are tempted to ask: what makes the time slow down? It's a direct consequence of those 2 facts I listed at the top, the so called "postulates of special relativity". Because those 2 things are true, time dilation must happen for the rules of physics to remain consistent. Similarly, all of the other weird things that happen in special relativity (length contraction, universal speed limit, etc.) are a direct result of these 2 postulates being true.


Question: How can salt have less Sodium?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can salt have less Sodium?

You're thinking of sodium chloride, which is what most salt is. Sodium on its own is a silvery gray metal that explodes when it gets wet. I'm guessing if you have a salt package with "less sodium" then some of the sodium chloride has been replaced by potassium chloride.


Question: in what ways would it be benefitial to freeze Cows Milk (the blue capped bottles) in a household?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 in what ways would it be benefitial to freeze Cows Milk (the blue capped bottles) in a household?

Blue capped bottles mean 2% or 1% here in Texas (depending on brand). They do not mean frozen. I have never heard of freezing milk as a beneficial thing. In fact I think it would generally be a bad thing as it would cause the milk to lose homogenization and separate.


Question: Why does turning airplane mode on and then off sometime fix my internet issues for a very short period?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does turning airplane mode on and then off sometime fix my internet issues for a very short period?

Possible explanation: When your cell phone connects to a cell tower, it remembers the last one it successfully connected to. That doesn’t necessarily mean the one your phone is connected to is the closest / best connection available. When you cycle through airplane mode, your phone forgets what tower it’s connected to, so it starts looking for one all over again. It’s the same process of how “turn it off and on again” can solve so many router issues. This might solve any hangups that might be caused by that tower. Now why your internet goes back out after 1 min? Not sure about that, get a tech to check out your device. Helpful note: you can switch on a secret mode for both Apple and android to display your current signal strength. Google “how to measure signal strength for phone”


Question: Why the WWII generation could afford to raise a large family and retire in Florida on the wages of one blue collar job, and the current generation can't afford to buy a house with the combined wages of two college graduates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the WWII generation could afford to raise a large family and retire in Florida on the wages of one blue collar job, and the current generation can't afford to buy a house with the combined wages of two college graduates?

The Standard of living was lower (fewer electronics and gadgets expected), cost of rent was lower, and in comparison to those costs they were paid more. Wages have barely kept up with inflation, and have not come close to keeping up with the cost of living since that era.


Question: Why do so many actors end up directing some of the episodes of the tv show they are starring on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many actors end up directing some of the episodes of the tv show they are starring on?

It is a way to expand professionally. Being on a mid-tier basic cable TV series isn't something you can ride for the rest of your career...especially if you were cast for being young and good looking, and that is becoming less true each passing year. If you don't want to go back to doing dinner theater and TV commercials, directing is a career path you can continue one with when you are balding and overweight. Also, not to disparage a career, but it isn't that hard to do with an established TV show. The producers and writers have all the creative control, the actors know their characters, the sets are build, the wardrobe stocked, and there is an experienced assistant director standing right next to you. It is more than just yelling "action!" and "cut!", but with a bunch of people who've done a hundred times before, it is a pretty gentle way to break into the craft. Finally, sometimes it is in the contract. If you are a lead in a long running TV show, there is a temptation to leave and find something else before it loses its popularity and before you lose your looks. The show has to provide inducements for you to stay, money, more creative control, and sometimes the opportunity to direct.


Question: How are proteins and complex structures encoded into our DNA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are proteins and complex structures encoded into our DNA?

This is a tricky one. DNA is divided into three letter words called codons which each determine one amino acid (piece of a protein) in a protein chain. Each AA has chemically charged groups on it that cause it to bend and stick to other bits of the chain as it is constructed. This produces a glob of protein that has some function. (Look up protein translation gifs) Over the hundreds-of-millions-of-years optimization process known as evolution, DNA was copied and changed and copied and changed so much that one gene and one protein became hundreds with different, often useless, functions. Generally a new protein is formed when one gene is accidentally duplicated. Then one of the copies gets changed but that's okay because there's still a spare. The changed one often degrades (also by random accident) because its product is useless, but sometimes it gains a new function and is conserved because it gives some benefit to its host organism. It isn't as if DNA codes for the structure of cells, but it codes for the workers (proteins) that build the structure of cells. Different cell types have different workers. (Additional bit: There are many regulatory proteins too, that tell other proteins when they should be produced. Changing one regulator can make many cell types change drastically. Hormones are a good example (though not necessarily proteins). Testosterone/Estrogen have wide ranging effects on many cells, etc.)


Question: What is the Fourier decomposition technique?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is the Fourier decomposition technique?

i don't know how it applies to astrophysics, but i see no answers so i'll write what i do know basically, fourier decomposition is breaking down some function into simpler trigonometric functions. literally any function can be turned into three parts. 1- a constant 2- sine waves 3- cosine waves this applies to ANY function. even a square wave or a random scribble can be broken down into these parts. most require an infinite series of sine/cosine waves, so for any applications (such as signals in electrical engineering) they must be approximated. but just reading a little bit in the paper makes it seem like they use the sine/cosine equations to represent light curves. which makes sense, since it's a good way to represent irregular signals/functions with math.


Question: Why does air become/feel cooler when it moves relative to you? eg: a breeze, from a fan, through the window of a moving vehicle. Does it feel colder the faster it is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does air become/feel cooler when it moves relative to you? eg: a breeze, from a fan, through the window of a moving vehicle. Does it feel colder the faster it is?

Moving air assists evaporation. Evaporation takes energy with it, cooling the skin. Faster air feels even colder. The felt difference with and without wind is called the wind chill.


Question: Where do liquids go when you drink them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Where do liquids go when you drink them?

The liquids you take in do indeed go into your stomach, then into your intestines. During these steps, they are absorbed into your bloodstream and distributed throughout your body to the cells that need them. One way that the water you drink is used is as a way to dilute and eliminate toxic wastes that your body makes (like urea and ammonia). Your blood carries that water and toxic waste to the kidneys, where it's filtered out, and stored in the bladder until you pee. Other wastes, like alcohol and sugar etc. from what you drank, are also eliminated this way. But technically, the water in your pee has done a lot of work from the time you drink it to the time you pee it.


Question: Does nutritional research vary so much because our species is evolving to counteract our diets or do we just know so little about nutrition?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does nutritional research vary so much because our species is evolving to counteract our diets or do we just know so little about nutrition?

We know very little about nutrition. It is a remarkably complicated subject with some really advanced chemistry. Almost all of our advice is empirical, people tried it and it worked, they figured out how much of x people needed on average because people were getting sick without it. Evolution takes place over hundreds of thousands of years, and we as humans only started having easy access to food in the last century or two.


Question: On a chemical level, what is happening when a food is transitioning from being cooked to being burned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On a chemical level, what is happening when a food is transitioning from being cooked to being burned?

The outer substances of a food dry out as volatile compounds are driven from the food by heat. In a high heat, but low oxygen environment that is below the ignition temperature of the food, proteins and carbohydrates first undergo the maillard reaction and then further pyrolysis. Pyrolysis means that the chemicals break down due to heat. The pyrolysis leaves behind char, which is mostly carbon, with the oxygen and hydrogen driven out. Pyrolysis is a form of incomplete combustion. Pyrolysis can't take place when water is present because it requires temperatures above the boiling point of water.


Question: why does it seem that for all the animals that eat bamboo, bamboo is the majority of its diet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does it seem that for all the animals that eat bamboo, bamboo is the majority of its diet?

Eating bamboo is hard, e.g. it requires a highly adapted digestive system to get energy out of it. Animals that eat bamboo have that, so they adapted to eat bamboo, yet the downside is that their digestive system doesn't work too well with other things.


Question: why does the US spend so much money on military?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the US spend so much money on military?

600 billion. But your concern is legitimate. The US has funded a security umbrella that extends over much of the world. And, on the whole, promoting security overseas by helping allied nations has paid off tremendously. It is also very important to maintain technological superiority. But a lot of politicians perceive the military to be a revenue source they can use to promote spending and jobs in their voting blocs, and the idea morphed into what is called the "military industrial complex" in which military, politicians, and manufacturers all feed each other.


Question: Are we really able to feed 60 billion farm animals but not 7.8 billion humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are we really able to feed 60 billion farm animals but not 7.8 billion humans?

It’s a question of distribution. More than enough food is produced to feed every human on the planet. But the food simply isn’t supplied to all the people.


Question: How does state citizenship work (USA)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does state citizenship work (USA)?

First of all there's no such thing as citizenship from state to state. Your residence is where you get your mail. You can vote in any state you are in. If you are a resident in a different state, you can still vote either through a mail-in ballot or online. You will probably be able to vote in the state you are living in though


Question: How is vanta black actually made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How is vanta black actually made?

Vantablack is made from specially aligned nano tubes. When light strikes it, the light gets reflected into the tube and not away from the surface. & #x200B; \[Quick Wikipedia Article link\]([ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ))


Question: Why is it that our senses of sight and hearing seem to be much more prone to being defective at birth than our other major senses? ex: I have never heard of someone being born without taste. Or is it just as common, but less noticible in that in doesn't interfere as much with every day life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that our senses of sight and hearing seem to be much more prone to being defective at birth than our other major senses? ex: I have never heard of someone being born without taste. Or is it just as common, but less noticible in that in doesn't interfere as much with every day life?

Sight and hearing are used as our main social communication. Defects in taste and smell are less noticeable and have limited impact on life. Touch defects are rare as its generally difficult to not die before reproductive age without it.


Question: What is radioactivity and what does alpha, beta and gamma particles got to do with it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is radioactivity and what does alpha, beta and gamma particles got to do with it?

Radioactivity = when atoms in a sample of matter (like, molecules in a block of Uranium) are unstable because of their structure and they are trying to find stability. To do this, they break down into other elements by losing physical parts (in the form of alpha and beta particles) or energy (in the form of photons, which is what x-rays and gamma rays are). Alpha particles are heavy - they are two protons and two neutrons. Beta particles are lighter and faster moving - it's basically an electron from inside the nucleus of the atom. In other words, radioactive decay (the breaking down of unstable elements into other elements) causes radiation (physical, subatomic elements or electromagnetic waves that get emitted outward).


Question: How do calculators calculate trigonometric functions for every reel number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do calculators calculate trigonometric functions for every reel number?

What many have said is incorrect. Calculators do NOT use Taylor series, it would take a lot more time and computational power to use Taylor series for these computations. Taylor series are super important and have their uses, but calculator trig functions are not one of those things. Calculators use the [CORDIC Algorithm]( URL_1 ). The idea of this is that there are some really easy trig values to compute, and if you already have, say, the trig value for an angle X, then you can easily get trig values for things like the angle X/2 using half angle formulas. You then use these things to bounce around the angle that you want, getting extremely close to it, but only using the values that are easy to compute. For example. If want to find a trig value for, say, 37.992 degrees, then you can start at 45 degrees (whose trig values we already know), note that 37.992 < 45, so we go from 45 to 45-45/2=22.5, which is an easy value to compute. We next note that 22.5 < 37.992, and so go from 22.5 to 22.5+22.5/4 = 28.125, which is also easy to compute. From there, again, 28.125 < 37.992 and so we go from 28.125 to 28.125+28.125/8 = 31.64. Etc, etc, etc, until you get to an angle close enough in order to get the degree of accuracy you require. There are choices and adjustments to this that make it better, and there is a bit more going on under the hood, but this is a good way of illustrating how it works. See [Here]( URL_0 ) for more details.


Question: How does your social security number contain so much information about you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your social security number contain so much information about you?

[CGP grey did a video on this.]( URL_0 ) I don't think there'll be a better ELI5 explanation. It's only 8 minutes, but I'll give you a summary anyways. Basically, it's the **only** form of national ID we have, so nation-wide companies (such as credit companies) use it as the de-facto way of having a single way to identify citizens. Pretty much everyone that wanted a way to track US Citizens across multiple states now uses Social Security Numbers. The problem is, there's absolutely **zero** security built into it. It was *never meant* to be a form of ID, so when it was created they didn't include any protections at all.