Question: How are mathematical constants like π calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are mathematical constants like π calculated?

Using infinite series. For example, it was proven that pi = 4 - 4/3 + 4/5 - 4/7 + 4/9 - 4/11 +... So if you take this series and just add more and more elements, you will get closer and closer to pi. This specific series actually converges into pi very very slowly (you need a lot of terms just to get a few digits), but there are other series which converge much more quickly. Another example is Euler's number e, which is equal to 1 + 1 + 1/2! + 1/3! + 1/4! +...


Question: Why do we consider sqrt(-1) to be imaginary but not abs(x) = -1? Is it a different kind of imaginary number or is it not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we consider sqrt(-1) to be imaginary but not abs(x) = -1? Is it a different kind of imaginary number or is it not?

Nothing prevents you from making up a new kind of number where |x| can be negative. The question is: what can you *do* with that definition? Can you get interesting results other that "I can now have a negative absolute value"? Can you combine those new numbers with "normal" numbers and perform operations on them in a way that is consistent? For imaginary numbers, the answer to those question is a resounding "yes", which is why they are important. For your new numbers, it's up to you to show that they're worth bothering with.


Question: If water is more dense than oil, then how do you dilute oil with water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If water is more dense than oil, then how do you dilute oil with water?

you don't really. oil and water don't mix, so you'll just end up with a mixture instead of a more dilute solution. you can thin oil by mixing it with a oil of a lower viscosity.


Question: What exactly is base 8?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is base 8?


Question: how do we know what's under the crust?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do we know what's under the crust?

By looking at the stuff that bubbles up through features like volcanoes. We can also use data from seismic measurements around the world. As the energy produced by earthquakes moves it will deflect as it goes through areas of different density. By collecting data from all over the world we can get a pretty good idea of the depths of different layers. We can also measure meteorites in our solar system older than the earth's crust to get an idea of the likely composition of the earth.


Question: Can someone explain blanks, squibs and live ammunition and their uses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain blanks, squibs and live ammunition and their uses?

Blanks are fake bullets. They make noise, but no bullet comes out of the gun. Squibs are packets placed under clothes, triggered by SFX people to make it look like you got shot. Live ammo... Well, real bullets come out, and you don't need squibs... Edit: As another poster mentioned, even blanks can be dangerous. They don't have a bullet, but they do blast hot gas and possibly a paper or plastic wad out of the barrel. If you get hit with the blast or the wadding, it can be dangerous. Back in 1984, [an actor shot himself in the temple with a blank,]( URL_1 ) [ and died from the injury that it inflicted.]( URL_0 )


Question: What happens when you pause a video game?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when you pause a video game?

I found this one cool and decided to do some google, the first video-game to feature pause was [Fairchild Channel F]( URL_0 ), probably different video-games had different systems for implementing pause. But the basic are as follows. The buttons on your controllers/console generate electric signals to a buffer, ie the console store the sequence of commands and runs it according to the game source code. When you press pause you generate what we call an interruption, it is a special instruction/signal with maximum priority which is promptly executed. The pause stops the game code execution and basically places it in a loop which will run until the same interruption is generated again (unpause).


Question: how do traffic lights work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do traffic lights work?

THere is a timer mechanism and an induction loop (magnetism based) mechanism. Your car is huge metal block of steel, which has iron, and iron is magnetic. In the road there are bundles of wiring (if you go to an intersection and look closely at the stop line you can see lines in the road which are where these wires are placed). The wire has electrical current passing through and a computer is always monitoring how strong this current is. When your car passes over it, your car will cause this current to decrease through electromagnetism, and thus the computer knows a car is waiting. If the traffic light has been red for a while, I think it instantly changes your light to green, so overriding the timer mechanism. But if the light has only been red for a short period, then the timing mechanism will continue to the end.


Question: What is Russell's paradox? and please explain like i am 5, i don't know anything.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Russell's paradox? and please explain like i am 5, i don't know anything.

A 'set' is a collection of something. A set of odd numbers, a set of triangles, etc. Some sets include the set itself as a set. Some do not. You can have a set of all planets in the solar system. If so the set itself is not part of itself because it is not a planet in the solar system. These type of sets are called 'normal'. A set of everything that is not a planet in the solar system does include itself as it is not a planet in the solar system. These type of sets are abnormal. Now take a set of all normal sets. Is that set 'normal' or 'abnormal'? If it was normal that set would not include itself and therefore be abnormal. If it was abnormal that would be the set didn't include itself and therefore be normal.


Question: Why do wheels look like they're rotating the opposite direction when moving at high speeds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do wheels look like they're rotating the opposite direction when moving at high speeds?

Video is just a series of still frames. Suppose that between two consecutive frames, the wheel rotates 350 degrees, ie., almost a full rotation. When you playback the video, your brain interprets this as the wheel rotating backwards 10 degrees per frame. Note: I'm assuming the shutter speed is high enough to ignore motion blur and rolling shutter effects. Edit: If the wheel is radially symmetric (like most wheels are) at some angle theta = 360/n degrees, then you can see this effect at any angular velocity slightly below n*theta degrees per frame.


Question: What purpose does VEVO serve? Why do artists let VEVO put their music on youtube?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What purpose does VEVO serve? Why do artists let VEVO put their music on youtube?

Vevo is a platform owned by Universal and, if I remember correctly, Sony that favors premium advertisments in order to have a stable revenue for sponsored artists (and labels). That *should* prevent unauthorized uploads from people who are basically stealing money from labels and artists by monetizing their videos.


Question: how come the Alphabet and Cyrillic share so many letters that are either identical or very similar looking, and are sometimes pronounced the same/similar and sometimes not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come the Alphabet and Cyrillic share so many letters that are either identical or very similar looking, and are sometimes pronounced the same/similar and sometimes not?

The *Latin* alphabet and the *Cyrillic* alphabet are both based very heavily on the *Greek* alphabet. Which is why "a" (alpha) is the same in all three, and why "gamma" is a г or "rho" (Р) are the same in Cyrillic and Greek. Historically, Slavs adopted a form of Greek Orthodoxy (one major branch of Christianity), but the Greek alphabet wasn't enough to express all of the sounds in the Slavic language so they had to create new ones at times, which is roughly how the Cyrillic alphabet came to be.


Question: What is the difference between a mixtape and an album?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a mixtape and an album?

This is from Wikipedia: In hip hop and R & B culture, a mixtape often describes a self-produced or independently released album issued free of charge to gain publicity or avoid possible copyright infringement. However, the term has been applied to a number of releases published for profit in the 2010s; in this context, a mixtape is comparable to a studio album or extended play.


Question: How do geologists determine the last time a volcano erupted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do geologists determine the last time a volcano erupted?

The most important piece of geology is the fact that if you have a stack of rock layers, the oldest layer is on the bottom. It seems obvious, but that was a wild idea in the early 1800s. Now with that fact in mind, you can start to look at the earth as a big puzzle 1. Layer A is on top of Layer B 2. If you drive down the road Layer A actually on top of different rocks called Layer C. 3. If A is on top of both B and C, then they are both older than A. 4. Oh, but Layer D is below all of them, so B and C are both in the same age range. For a long time geology was just a bunch of "older-than" or "younger-than" comparisons, but with a lot of study and a lot of other detective work from other clues they had a pretty good start. Now, say Layer A has a little bit of ash from a volcano. In the 1900s they started to understand that some of the atoms in volcanic ash change into other kinds of atoms at a certain rate that is the same no matter what (this is called radioactive decay). So, if you assume all the atoms are 'fresh' when the volcano erupted, and you know how fast the 'fresh' atoms decay into the other kind, then you can measure how many of each are in the ash and figure out when the eruption happened.


Question: Why can't you push something that you're in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't you push something that you're in?

Newtons second law. You need something outside whatever you're in to push off of (like how cars use the friction of the tires and the road) or else at the same time you are pushing the same force in the opposite direction. You could however roll something from inside to make it move. If you were in a giant ball you could use inertia of your body to make it start to roll from withing.


Question: What is a tax return?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a tax return?

You're correct. You get taxes withheld from your paycheck. But those taxes are just an estimate of what you will actually owe. When you started your job you filled out a W4 form which helped calculate how much taxes they would withhold, based on things like whether you have dependents, whether someone claims you as a dependent, whether you are the head of a household. At the end of the year, the amount you got withheld usually doesn't match exactly what actual tax you owe. If your withholding was more than your tax owed, maybe because you had a lot of deductions or something, you get back the extra amount that you've already paid in though withholding. That's you tax return. It's also possible you might owe extra money. Then you have to send payment in when you file your taxes.


Question: Adding salt to water makes water freeze at a lower temperature. Is there anything you can add to make it freeze at a higher temperature (33°+ F)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Adding salt to water makes water freeze at a lower temperature. Is there anything you can add to make it freeze at a higher temperature (33°+ F)?

Good question; got me interested -- here's what i found: "Its not quite so easy.... One is by using electricity, and the other is by adding alcohol or testosterone. These methods work only with pure water." Sauce: URL_0 Also this from 2013: URL_1


Question: How can different web browsers claim to run faster than others if the internet speed is fixed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can different web browsers claim to run faster than others if the internet speed is fixed?

When you're browsing web pages with few images you generally are impacted by the speed of your network connection, you're instead seeing delays due to how fast/slow your web browser can render the page it was just sent instructions for. Javascript has seen a huge increase over the last couple decades, so much that many pages now exclusively load content via Javascript calls. This means that the speed with which the web browser can handle javascript is extremely important in how quickly it appears to respond to your actions.


Question: How does the music industry and artists stay afloat with how easily music is accessible online?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the music industry and artists stay afloat with how easily music is accessible online?

Merchandise. Percentages from subscription services. Concerts. Any endorsements they might have.


Question: How do interest rates affect housing prices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do interest rates affect housing prices?

People are explaining the math right but not understanding the human element. Look at it this way: You have a housing budget. Based on your income and other expenses, you can afford, say, $2500/mo on housing costs. Let's also say you have $50K in the bank for a down payment on a house. Also, let's ignore taxes/insurance/etc for this part. * At a 4% mortgage rate, you can afford a mortgage of $524K, plus your original $50K, you can buy a house with a list price of $574K. * If rates go up to say 5%, your $2500/mo can now get a mortgage for $466K, plus your original $50K for $516K to spend on a house. ($58K or 11% less than the 4% scenario) * If rates go up to say 6%, your $2500/mo can now get a mortgage for $417K, plus your original $50K for $467K to spend on a house. ($49K or 9.5% less than the 5% scenario) Repeat this across an entire economy, and when rates go up *all* people simply have to buy cheaper houses. If the total demand for houses goes down, then the prices of houses have to go down. So now you get the relationship between interest (mortgage) rates going up and housing prices going down. In the example above, you'll notice the change in the amount of house you can buy fluctuates buy about 10-11% for every 1% increase in mortgage rates. However, the guy you're quoting says they experience 7% change. The reason for this difference has to do with the ratio of downpayment to mortgage size you need. In an extreme example, if you just had a lump sum of $500K and were not interested in having a mortgage at all, you are completely immune to interest rates (you're putting your full $500K to the house regardless if rates are 5% or 50% - your house budget is $500K). In the opposite extreme example where you have 0% down you are *extremely* sensitive to mortgage rates. In the 7% example above, their average buyer has a 'downpayment to mortgage ratio' that results in an average of 7% change.


Question: Why is first-past-the-post still the voting system in many countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is first-past-the-post still the voting system in many countries?

No one wants to mention that FPTP is something people understand. It's easy to grasp that one person equals one vote, most votes win. You start to try to explain any other system and it gets confusing and people get worried that suddenly their vote isn't such a simple choice anymore. The worry there is that people simply don't vote because the results are 'fuzzy' to them. Also people like winners, each election has one, people who voted for that winner feel great. People who didn't feel cheated. It's just like sports, and regular folks love sports and totally get that sometimes you are fans of the victor and sometimes not. We've had referendum recently on switching and it failed. It's almost impossible to explain a new system to folks who are fine with things as is.


Question: How do pacemakers actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do pacemakers actually work?

I have had a pacemaker for about 3 years. Most of the time, I don't even know it's there! A pacemaker, under normal conditions, works along with the heart's normal rhythm. Most people with pacemakers don't have complete failure of the heart's natural pacemaker. In these cases, pacemakers are used to correct irregularities in conduction of electrical signals through the heart (such as left bundle branch block,) or for patients with an irregular heartbeat, to bring the heart back to a regular rhythm by sending electrical pulses as needed to the heart muscle. A modern pacemaker, usually of the ICD (implantable cardioverter/defibrillator) type, has a very powerful (for its size) computer that monitors the heart from two or more leads inserted into the right side of the heart via the subclavian vein in the left upper chest, the area where the device is implanted. There are currently three major manufacturers of pacemakers: Medtronic, Boston Scientific and St. Jude Medical. Much of the time (depending on the patient's heart condition and the device's computer programming), it sits and monitors. When an abnormality is detected, it makes decisions whether to send electrical pulses to pace the heart or, in rare cases, send a larger shock to remedy an abnormally fast heartbeat (230 beats per minute or greater, IIRC) or ventricular fibrillation (uncoordinated contraction of the heart muscle that can quickly be fatal as the heart does no useful work.) Fortunately, I have never received a shock from my device. I am told that it feels like having a fastball pitched into one's chest! My pacemaker was installed because of a condition called left bundle branch block, brought on by congestive heart failure (essentially an enlarged heart) that was exacerbated by chemotherapy for my Hodgkin's lymphoma. My heart beats fine, but the signal doesn't make it efficiently down the middle (septum) to the left side of the heart. The cardiologist inserted an extra wire through one of the coronary veins to the left side of my heart, so a signal can be sent simultaneously to the right and left sides of the heart, a process known as Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT). It provides an improvement in pumping action of the heart, when used in conjunction with standard heart medications (digoxin, ACE inhibitors and beta blockers.) Pacemaker batteries generally last 5-7 years, after which the device must be surgically replaced. Rechargeable batteries have not been released for general use due to liability issues (e.g., a patient who needs a pacemaker to live forgets to charge the device and later dies.) Replacing the device also ensures that the patient has the latest technology device (and of course makes a bundle for the pacemaker company!) Battery life nowadays is improved by special programming in the computer (Medtronic calls theirs "AdaptivCRT.") The technology only sends out pacing signals when they are needed. My device has a wireless device built in so they can grab all sorts of data from it and/or change the programming when I go in every 6 months for a check-up. Also, I have a bedside monitor that collects data from the device every few months or if a major event occurs, then it sends the data to the manufacturer over the cell network.


Question: why are there so many different currencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are there so many different currencies?

Currency developed as a way to trade with people without having to exchange goods every time. Each civilization/culture comes up with their own currency, ranging from precious objects like salt and gold to government backed standards like coin and paper. Today, $1 in the US is still $1 all over the world, but that can be exchanged for an appropriate amount of local currency.


Question: Why are liquids over 100ml allowed to be stored in the cabin of a commercial plane but not on overhead luggage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are liquids over 100ml allowed to be stored in the cabin of a commercial plane but not on overhead luggage?

It's not about security, they just want you to spend money in the airport. The TSA is an excuse to normalize the police state mindset while serving profit based interests.


Question: Shouldn’t cars driving through fog dispel the fog?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Shouldn’t cars driving through fog dispel the fog?

When a submarine drives through water, does it blow the water away, or does the water stay all around as the car moves through it? Yeah some of the water might move with the sub, but other water just takes its place. Same as what happens to normal air when you drive through it, yeah you push some and create some wind, but the stuff taking its spot behind you is more air There's no other type of air to rush in and take the fogs place. It's all fog.


Question: How do lakes get fish inside them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do lakes get fish inside them?

It depends. A lot of lakes is connected to the stream and another lake with the water stream. Remember that it do not need to be a permanent connection, a single flooding even can bring fish to a lake that is isolated most of the time. For small lakes in a remote area, a not uncommon explanation is that there was no fish or the "wrong" type of fish there in the past and humans have intentionally transported fish there so It is a possibility that bird transports fish eggs. The evidence has been lacking but [fish eggs from avian fecal matter have]( URL_0 )[ hatched.]( URL_0 ).


Question: If we are "just a rock floating a million miles per hour through space", why are Mars and the other planets always the same distance away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we are "just a rock floating a million miles per hour through space", why are Mars and the other planets always the same distance away?

Instead of saying we are just a rock floating through space, it'd be /slightly/ more accurate to say the sun is just a fireball floating through space, and all the planets are orbiting around it as it floats, floating along with it. Earth and mars both orbit around the sun at different speeds, so the distance between earth and mars varies between ~37 and ~240 million miles. Check this for visual: URL_0


Question: After you draw with your finger in the condensation on the mirror after a shower, why are you still able to see it faintly the next day after you take another shower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 After you draw with your finger in the condensation on the mirror after a shower, why are you still able to see it faintly the next day after you take another shower?

You've smeared skin oil and disturbed the dust layer on the mirror. That will change the way water condenses on the mirror next time, and every time until the surface returns to "normal," which can take a very long time.


Question: How countries could technically erase any debt they have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How countries could technically erase any debt they have?

If a country was to say, "We don't have debt now. We just magic waved it away," then 5 minutes later when they go, "Oh, we still need to borrow money," the rest of the world would tell them to get lost. There's also the possibility that they might even get invaded by their neighbouring countries who want the money they're owed.


Question: Why is a fresh water stream close to the mountains rather blue-ish and not transparent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a fresh water stream close to the mountains rather blue-ish and not transparent?

The blue comes from the sunlight. Water is usually most pure at the head of the watershed. So local minerals and dead plants have not had enough time to stain the water. The creamy appearance is from glaciers grinding the rock that it slides over. Bonus fact: Make sure never to drink that type of water without filtering and boiling. The finely ground rock will help you become a human fountain from two ends.


Question: How do planes slow down before landing, meaning how do they go from 400 knots 25 mins from landing to 140 knots when landing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do planes slow down before landing, meaning how do they go from 400 knots 25 mins from landing to 140 knots when landing?

while in cruise the engine is constantly fighting aerodynamic drag. turn engine partially off and the plane naturally slows down. same as if you lift your foot off gas pedal on a car. at lower speeds, the plane's wings do not generate as good lift, so pilots deploy flaps, which increase lift and responsiveness but add on even more drag, slowing the plane down even more.


Question: Legally speaking what is the correct answer to the trolley problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Legally speaking what is the correct answer to the trolley problem?

Unfortunately, the legally correct answer to the trolley problem is to walk away. If you choose to pull the switch, you have personally killed someone, which is going to get done as either murder or manslaughter depending on how good the lawyers are. If you do nothing, then you are a bystander, and most countries don't have laws that allow criminal prosecution of bystanders. Even countries that do have lighter penalties for doing nothing than for doing something. Of course, there's no real legal precedent for the trolley problem. If you actually found yourself in that situation, your sentence would be entirely up to how good your lawyers were compared to how good the prosecution's lawyers were. You would effectively *become* the blueprint legal case on which the legal precedent for the trolley problem is built for future cases. I'd be trying to get off as a bystander, but a good prosecutor could probably frame it as wilful manslaughter of 5 people and get me done for quintuple manslaughter, as opposed to one count of manslaughter if I pulled the switch.


Question: Why does cordial/concentrate fall to the bottom of a full glass of water yet saturate the water if already in the glass prior to adding water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does cordial/concentrate fall to the bottom of a full glass of water yet saturate the water if already in the glass prior to adding water?

Cordial is denser than water, but can be dissolved in water and/or exist in suspension within it. When you pour water into a small amount of cordial, the agitation caused by the water being added results in it being mixed effectively, resulting in dissolving or suspension of the cordial. If you tip cordial into water, there is far less agitation, and the cordial sinks to the bottom because it is not being dissolved or suspended, and is denser than the water it's put in.


Question: Why can't we just fix the economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we just fix the economy?

Say I run a small business. The business had to close since I couldn't sell anything. I had to fire my workers. Those workers now have less money to spend. Their lack of spending causes other businesses to see less sales. Those businesses also have to lay people off and close. This is not a make believe thing. That's real. We can't just "pretend" it's not. Those people are actually out of work and those businesses that sold stuff and employed them are actually closed. You can't simply dictate that productive businesses exist and employ people. The government can send people money and try and support businesses to keep spending going in the economy and keep as many businesses from closing. However, the government can't spend at nearly the scale necessary to completely mitigate the impact of the recession and such actions also have a whole host of negative side effects.


Question: why do a lot of people hate communists?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do a lot of people hate communists?

Since this is an ELI5, let’s see if this does the trick: Once upon a time there were two rich boys, one of them liked to look after others, the other one liked to look after himself. Soon enough the boy that looked after all the others got pretty popular, although every time it became harder and harder to look after everyone, and he started to think about how it would be easier if everyone just did as he said. The other boy, well he got richer, and his life looked so good that others around him benefitted from his wealth, making them also think that his was the way to go. At some point they couldn’t stop talking about how their way was better, and about how much the other was doing things wrong. Everyone started talking about it too. Tragically, the boy that liked to help others left, and nobody really picked up the work. It didn’t help that the other boy helped himself to whatever he wanted, whether he was “allowed” to have it or not. Eventually their friends developed their own version of what they knew, still thinking that the other was wrong. Some of the more enlightened of their friends decided not all was bad from the other side and merged some ideas. To this day, everyone is still talking about why the boy’s idea of helping everyone failed, but can’t really talk louder than the other boy who is still screaming about how his way is better, and more proactively sabotaging any attempt to diminish how much wealth he can take. Long story short: it’s because the propaganda machine that started trying to discredit communism and socialism is still very much running strong. Just in case anyone gets the idea that capitalists aren’t entitled to hoard all the wealth.


Question: Where the US get the $2.2T for the CARES Act?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where the US get the $2.2T for the CARES Act?

Great info here explaining that there's actually several places where the money is coming from (savings, portfolio shifts into U.S. Treasury debt, and central banks): URL_1 Also, here's an explanation about how Federal Reserve leveraging works to create more money as needed: > How the Fed’s Magic Money Machine Will Turn $454 Billion Into $4 Trillion URL_0


Question: Why so many videogames have the "glitching through surface and shaking furiously" bug and why does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why so many videogames have the "glitching through surface and shaking furiously" bug and why does it happen?

It's a result of a game's physics engine trying to approximate things "bouncing off" each other when they're trapped. So first what happens is the objects clip through each other, due to one of ten billion possible bugs or reasons. Exactly what gets 'em going through each other depends on the game. But what then happens is the game detects that these objects are touching & moving, and therefore attempts to bounce one the other way. If they weren't clipping together, this behavior would look like realistic physics. It's simplified from real physics but looks believable, so lots of games implement this. The problem? The new "bounced away" position is *still* clipping through the other object, so it qualifies as "moving and touching" again, and the game then moves it *back*, leaving it stuck in a loop.


Question: Why does one full rotation equal 360°?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does one full rotation equal 360°?

360 is a relic of ancient base 12 mathematics from the middle east. The Mesopotamians were big fans of 12 and its multiples because of how simple the mathematics are. 360 is evenly divisible by: 180, 120, 90, 60, 45, 40, 30, 24, 20, 18, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2. It has a *huge* number of clean divisions. 100 is way less functional. 50, 25, 20, 10, 5, 4, 2.


Question: Why does time seem to pass much quicker the older we get?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does time seem to pass much quicker the older we get?

When we are 1 year old that one year is our whole life. Then when we turn 2 that year was half our life. When we turn 20 that year was 1/20th of our life. When we turn 50 that year was a mere 1/50th of our life. The longer we live, comparing one year to our whole life, that one year is a lot less.


Question: why Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems is very important in mathematics and philosophy? I’ve been reading but I somehow can’t absorb the technical stuff

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems is very important in mathematics and philosophy? I’ve been reading but I somehow can’t absorb the technical stuff

Incompleteness shows that there will always be true, but unprovable statements for any axiomatic system you have. That's important because mathematics and philosophy are axiomatic systems. This gets rid of any hope of "100%ing math", and also introduces proof of unprovability. My favorite example is that if you can prove that the Rieman Hypothesis is unprovable, then it has to be true, because any counterexample has to be provable.


Question: How are cities affected after a lot of buildings are burned down and looted. I’m more curious on the financial burden. Who takes the burden the most? How will it affect the local economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are cities affected after a lot of buildings are burned down and looted. I’m more curious on the financial burden. Who takes the burden the most? How will it affect the local economy?

The business owners probably collect a lot of insurance. Then they probably leave. The employees will be forced on government unemployment. When South LA burned in 1992, it was a bump in Los Angeles economy. South L.A., as a neighborhood, was blighted for a decade.


Question: How is Voyager 1 still sending NASA information from interstellar space, 39 years after it's launch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Voyager 1 still sending NASA information from interstellar space, 39 years after it's launch?

Some other commenters have covered really well how it's still *transmitting*, so I'll cover a bit of how we're *receiving*. The signals Voyager transmits are really weak when they get here, and there's a lot of noise in the electromagnetic spectrum, so the signals are way weaker than the noise. "But wait" you might say, "if the signals are weaker than the noise, how can we hear them?" It's a challenge comparable to hearing your friend whispering from across a room full of people talking. We came up with a really clever way to hear them, though. Basically, it's like this: we take two giant receiver antennas. We point one directly at Voyager, and one just a fraction of a degree off. Both receivers get all of the noise from that area of the sky, but only the first gets Voyager's signal as well. If you subtract the noise signal from the noise + Voyager signal, what you've got left is just the Voyager signal. This methodology is combined with a lot of fancy error correction coding to eliminate reception errors, and the net effect is the pinnacle of communications technology: the ability to communicate with a tiny craft billions of miles away. edit: typo


Question: Why is that when you photograph a television or phone screen, the picture shows squiggly lines all over the screen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is that when you photograph a television or phone screen, the picture shows squiggly lines all over the screen?

You might be seeing something called a moire pattern - it's caused by two grids (in this case, the tv pixels and the camera pixels) being slightly different scales.


Question: Why is it more credible if 97% of people agree on something than if 100% agreed on it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it more credible if 97% of people agree on something than if 100% agreed on it?

Because 22% of the time 77% of the people can't agree with 86% of the facts. That all sounds made up because it was. It's difficult to think that 100% of a large group of people can agree on anything so it too just sounds made up. 97% sounds credible. It sounds like a fact when you say the vast majority agree on something with a few that don't.


Question: Is there any difference between drinking water and taking water with tea, coffee, soup etc. biologically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there any difference between drinking water and taking water with tea, coffee, soup etc. biologically?

No. But the added sugar, salt, etc will be added load on to your kidneys and liver to extract/process. That might require even more water to flush out, so you do lose some water by taking in those liquids versus straight water.


Question: If a phone screen can have a 1080p (or even higher) display, and are magnitudes smaller than flat screen TVs, why can't flat screen TVs have much, much higher resolutions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a phone screen can have a 1080p (or even higher) display, and are magnitudes smaller than flat screen TVs, why can't flat screen TVs have much, much higher resolutions?

They could, they make 4K flat screen tvs, and even 8K ones. The problem with having a 100 megapixel TV is that there isn't any 100 megapixel video to show on it. 4K has been around for years, and it's still not common to have 4K video sources.


Question: Why do artists performing on stage need in-ear pieces?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do artists performing on stage need in-ear pieces?

Speakers are typically pointed towards the audience, not the performer/artist. If you point speakers at the performer, they’ll play into their mic, the sound will come out of the speaker, the sound coming out of the speaker will play through the mic, *that* reproduced sound will playback through the speaker, which the mic will...you get it. An endless loop results, this is called feedback. That squeaky riiiiiiiiiingiiiiiiiing sound you hear when Bobby stands nervously on the stage for his spelling bee, is feedback and should always be avoided. You can direct all your speakers away from the performers, however the performers need to hear themselves too. So, in order to reduce feedback you can use monitors, which are smaller speakers that direct sound close to the ground (away from the mics on the stage) or you can play the mix back to the performers through ear pieces. Even if feedback wasn’t an issue, another reason to use ear-pieces is that sound is awfully fickle. Sound bounces off walls, is absorbed by materials (and people) and can be reflected in all sorts of crazy ways. Playing back the “pure” feed to the artist helps them gauge their performance as they perform and ensures that what they’re hearing is what their audience is hearing. One last reason a sound engineer may want to use ear-pieces is that they can control what the audience hears versus what the artist hears. If you have a multi-person band, the drummer and guitarist may have different preferences on what they need to hear. A sound engineer can playback a mix that is specific to each member of the band so the members can better coordinate timing and tempo with each other.


Question: Why was there a power shift from manufacturers to retailers in the 80s/90s?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was there a power shift from manufacturers to retailers in the 80s/90s?

Retailers consolidated. Instead of manufacturers supplying 1000's of smaller retailers, many industries were overtaken by "big box" retailers like Best Buy, Home Depot, Target, Wal-Mart who have more influence because of the quantities they buy. If one of 1000 mom & pop appliance stores doesn't like the new Whirlpool washing machine and decides not to carry it, no big deal. If Home Depot chooses not to carry the brand then that's losing a significant part of their sales channel. Another factor was the rise of store brands and them no longer being considered value/generic brands for only the most price concious. Manufacturers often just white label/contract manufacturers and don't get the benefit of selling their "brand" and the retailer benefits from the bigger margins.


Question: How are CGI model movements executed in an efficient manner?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are CGI model movements executed in an efficient manner?

* > > why haven't any CGI assets ever leaked from say, Disney Pixar?* There are multiple reasons. * Mind-bogglingly tight contract language, with armies of people specifically tasked with controlling access. Seriously, the projects I've been in touch with had people whose *only job,* 9-5, M-F, was acting as the Fun Police. * Very few people will ever have access to all the bits and bobs. It's kept as separated as possible, so actually getting a complete set of data in order to leak it in the first place is difficult. * Relatively speaking, very few people "work at Pixar." When you're watching the credits of a movie, it's mostly a list of people brought in for specific projects, and when the project is done, they're out of a job and need to go find a new project. Want to keep getting projects and stay gainfully employed? Make friends and don't fuck around. Word travels *remarkably* fast. Most leaks *don't* come from the people you think. The leaks come from the folks on the margins, in other disciplines like marketing, PR, studio corporate, etc.


Question: Why do things seem to be more aromatic when they’re hot and less so when they’re cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do things seem to be more aromatic when they’re hot and less so when they’re cold?

Heat makes volatile compounds float into the air easier and in greater quantities. These volatile compounds are what give things their smells, and the more readily they can get into the air and then your nose, the stronger things will smell.


Question: What would happen if you take a compass into space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if you take a compass into space?

A compass is problematic, because they are designed to work with gravity. At the center of the magnetic needle is a cup, and that cup rests on a support needle. You have to hold the compass level, so that the needle can swing freely. If you are off-level, the needle will jam or drag on the housing. Essentially, compasses only works in a single plane. However, in the microgravity environment of Earth orbit, there is nothing to keep the magnetic needle from drifting off of the support needle and jamming against the housing. There is no way to hold it so that the needle is constrained to pivot on the support needle. So, you will not get accurate results. However, if you just let a bar magnet float free, [like they did on the International Space Station]( URL_0 ), it will align itself with the strongest magnetic field. In general, this will be the Earth's field unless a stronger magnet is closer.


Question: At what point does response to stimuli cross over into what we would call awareness or sentience or intelligence, and are there any "borderline" cases where we're not quite sure whether a life form possesses one of those traits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 At what point does response to stimuli cross over into what we would call awareness or sentience or intelligence, and are there any "borderline" cases where we're not quite sure whether a life form possesses one of those traits?

Generally we don't know. A big question is whether animal behavior we see is what we call "sentient intelligence" versus "chaotic emergent behavior". In the former you consider the animal to be a thinking, reasoning entity. In the latter you simply have a set of rules that can generate apparently complex behavior even when followed slavishly. For example, [Langton's Ant]( URL_0 ) is a thought experiment where an ant walking across a sheet of paper follows only two rules (governing when it turns left or right) and yet it can create complex, organic-looking patterns. Moreover, we don't know the full behavior of this system even though it only has one actor that follows two rules. If you let the ant wander it will apparently always start wandering off the paper eventually, but so far nobody has been able to prove that this is the case or furnish a counter-example. We know that Langton's Ant is an example of chaotic emergent behavior, and yet we can't always identify it as such even though we have perfect knowledge of its universe and the rules by which it operates. For any sufficiently intelligent-looking animal, it will be hard to say whether that animal is just following an internal set of rules or whether it's actually an intelligent, reasoning entity. Some people even believe that our behavior is always determined by things such as our brain chemistry, and those people would say that even human beings are just following a long, complicated set of rules that determines our behavior (even if we're not aware of it).


Question: why is the fridge door harder to open again right after you’ve closed it? Feels like there is extra suction holding it closed

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is the fridge door harder to open again right after you’ve closed it? Feels like there is extra suction holding it closed

You are right. When you open the fridge you let hot air into the fridge. When you close it the hot air will cool down which means that the pressure gets lower sucking the door to the frame. There are small vents in the back which will let air into the fridge (these can freeze up with ice and should be checked from time to time). However it takes a bit of time for the pressure in the fridge to equalize. So the fridge door will be sucked into the frame of the fridge for a bit.


Question: How are we able to have a voice in our head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to have a voice in our head?

Your brain is a very complex machine we don’t understand, therefore there is no current explaination. Listen to who’s voice it is though. It’s often not yours and will change throughout your life sometimes completely at random. Funny huh.


Question: why did the stock exchange automatically stop for 15 minutes this morning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why did the stock exchange automatically stop for 15 minutes this morning?

To give everyone some time to catch their breath, so to speak (this is a real answer, I'm not making this up.)


Question: - Why does it sometimes become colder in the morning just as the sun comes up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why does it sometimes become colder in the morning just as the sun comes up?

The earth is always losing heat to space, right? So throughout the night it gets colder. The first second the suns shines on the surface it will deliver just a bit of energy, not enough to compensate for the loss, so it will continue cooling, slower, until the amount of energy given by the sun is equal to the energy lost to space. & #x200B; In my experience its about 0.5 to 1 hour after sunrise in the tropics, faster in the equator, slower in the poles. But of course there are winds, tides, and other effects that make everything more complicated, but that's mostly it.


Question: Why do birds getting sucked into a jet engine cause such trouble? The engine can lift a jet, so how is it not powerful enough to chew up some bird bones with no problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do birds getting sucked into a jet engine cause such trouble? The engine can lift a jet, so how is it not powerful enough to chew up some bird bones with no problem?

Jets are extremely sophisticated machines. It can chew up bird bones, but not without clogging the very fine tolerances and air path needed for compression and the production of thrust. Not to mention turbine blades are not meant for cutting, especially at the extremely high speeds that they will hit birds. I work in aviation repair and have seen the nicks and dents created in them. Every little imperfection is a loss of efficiency, so a big deformation on multiple blades might be enough to kill the jet's power entirely.


Question: What was the original motivation behind the F-35 program that would have justified how much it's been funded?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What was the original motivation behind the F-35 program that would have justified how much it's been funded?

Jets have a limited lifespan; as they fly and pull Gs, heat up and cool down, their materials eventually fatigue, crack and break. The F-16, Harrier, A-10 and F/A-18C/D are all approaching their use-by dates. The F-16 in particular is the main jet of the USAF, the F/A-18C/D makes up half the Navy / Marine air combat fleet and the Harrier is the only jet that can operate off Marine Corps LHDs / LHAs. In addition, Russia, China, Iran, North Korea, etc have continued to develop new weaponry (tanks, jets, air defences, etc). Sure, the US is not at war with either, but militaries are designed to fight the wars you can't afford to lose. That means you're just wasting money if you intend to buy more of the same old aircraft. A big factor in all of this is that it takes a long time to develop a modern fighter - the first US jet fighter took < 18 months to go from concept to flying. A modern fighter (F-22, F-35, Typhoon, Rafale, PAK-FA, J-20, etc) takes about 20 years to go from concept to in service. To just manufacture an already-designed fighter takes about 2 or 3 years. Combine that with the expectations that a near-pear war (eg NATO vs Russia or China) would be a lot quicker than WW2, and also the fact that the supply chains of these jets reach around the world, and you end up with a situation where if you're going to fight a war, you're only going to be able to fight it with what you already have. In the case of the Joint Strike Fighter (F-35), the US is building a "5th generation" (same as the F-22) strike fighter that provides qualitative (it's been getting > 20:1 kill ratios against F-15s and F-16s) and quantitative (the US + allies are buying > 3000 F-35s; that's more than Russia and China's fighters combined) advantage to ensure that the US / NATO can control the skies and win any conventional war. If you're thinking about nukes at this point, you have to understand that the understanding of the global and military effects of nuclear weapons today is much different to what it was 30 years ago / during the Cold War. The Soviet Union believed that after they and the United States exchanged nuclear missiles and bombs, that they'd be able to have a considerable number of forces survive, with those forces then being sent out across Europe to try and conquer as much as possible. Today we're aware how unrealistic that scenario is and so even if WW3 broke out, there's a decent chance that nuclear weapons would be used in a more sparing fashion, if at all (look up NUTS - Nuclear Utilisation Target Selection). If you're Vladimir Putin, etc, you'd probably like to retain the option of having you and your family escape to some secluded island or 3rd world country without worrying about radiation and dramatic climate change destroying your hope of survival.