Question: What are financial bubbles and what does it mean for it to pop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are financial bubbles and what does it mean for it to pop?

An item’s price continually rises, to the point where people are paying more than what it’s worth under the assumption that the price will continue to rise - allowing them to make a profit. A bubble “popping” refers to the point at which the price stops rising and even plummets - causing all those who invested earlier to “lose their shirts”. When the bubble is big enough, the effects of it’s popping can ripple into other sectors of the economy, e.g. the housing bubble pop back in 2007.


Question: Why does sneezing feel so good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sneezing feel so good?

My grandmother told me that when you sneeze that all the demons are coming out or maybe it was Daniel Tosh.


Question: What exactly is a logarithm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a logarithm?

There is addition. And when you add the same thing many times, it becomes quickly annoying: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 So we have multiplication. 2 × 4 = 8 And we can determine how many additions were performed, using division: 3 × n = 27 n = 27 ÷ 3 ----- There is multiplication. And when you multiply the same thing many times, it becomes quickly annoying: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 So we have exponentiation. 2⁴ = 16 And we can determine how many multiplications were performed, using *logarithms*: 3ⁿ = 27 n = log₃(27) ----- Just like a division will not always give you whole numbers (7÷3 for instance), and it might seem absurd to perform an addition a non-integer number of times, logarithms will not always you give you whole numbers and it appears equally absurd.


Question: How does property income work ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does property income work ?

- You buy a house for $100k, putting down a 20% down payment, or $20k. - your mortgage payment is about $500/mo. You also pay money into an account each month that your mortgage company uses to pay your annual home owners insurance and property taxes, so let's say the total monthly payment is $750/mo. - You rent out the house for $1000/mo., which covers the $750/mo. - You'll also have other expenses, for things like repairs/replacement of stuff in the house. You'll also want to have a reserve of cash for the times when a tenant moves out and you haven't yet rented the place out again. So say you're break even at the $1000 a month. - but over time you can start raising the rent, so you can start pulling some of that out as income. - also, you are building equity in the house, both by making the mortgage payments and any appreciation in value. - so 5 years later, maybe the house is worth $120k and you've grown your equity from the initial $20k to a total of $50k from the mortgage payments, plus the additional $20k in value means you sell and walk away with $70k from your initial $20k investment, and that $50k gain came all from the tenants' rent payments.


Question: How come that professional cameras rarely have above 40 Megapixels but some phones have 50 or even 100 Megapixels?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come that professional cameras rarely have above 40 Megapixels but some phones have 50 or even 100 Megapixels?

Megapixels say little about camera quality. The value of a full size professional camera is in the huge sensor and the large, very complex interchangeable optics. A phone camera physically can't be as good because the laws of physics regarding optics require set sizes and lengths in the optical path to produce a good image. In fact, the higher the megapixels, the worse the camera is - increasing pixel density makes each pixel noisier and worsens low light performance. Those 40-100 megapixel cameras are there because of the marketing departments dickwaving with large numbers. The iPhone and other fancy phones use machine learning and other software tricks to automatically fix up the image afterwards.


Question: how does the moon's gravity influence the Earth's tides?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the moon's gravity influence the Earth's tides?

Take a bowl that's half full of water, and swirl it slightly while holding it level. After a while of doing this, you'll get a slosh of water that travels around its edge. However the bowl itself doesn't slosh around and change its shape. This is because the water is liquid but the bowl is a solid. The water's molecules are free to move about and respond to the forces that are applied to them, however the bowl's molecules are locked in place next to each other. And the gravity between the earth and the moon is a force - although a pretty weak one - that can do the same. It pulls the air, the water, and the ground from the earth all toward the moon... but the locked-in-place ground can't really respond to that pull while the water can. And the more water that gets pulled, the greater the pulling pressure that's created, which is why you can see the tide in an ocean but not in a puddle. So you get a "hump" of water in the ocean, kind of like the slosh in the bowl, that follows the moon because gravity is pulling that water away from the earth. But you get a hump on the other side of the earth too.. because the gravity is pulling the entire earth's solid mass away from the water that's there. That's why we get two tides a day and not one.


Question: Why are pixels made up of red, green and blue lights? Surely the green should be replaced with yellow for the primary colours to work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are pixels made up of red, green and blue lights? Surely the green should be replaced with yellow for the primary colours to work?

Red, Green, and Blue *are* primary colors -- in *additive* coloring, which is the type of coloring we're talking about when we're dealing with computers and computer graphics. In additive coloring, yellow is, surprisingly enough, *not primary* -- it is made of red and green! In *subtractive* coloring, though, like painting, you'd be right; red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors. ETA: Additive coloring deals with things that emit light (like computer monitors), while subtractive coloring deals with things that *reflect* light -- ink, paint, things like that.


Question: How do artificial flavourings work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do artificial flavourings work?

Nature produces some compounds that we find particularly tasty. We're able to identify the structure of some of those compounds, and some of them are also pretty easy to synthesize, so we do.


Question: Why do human ears have crevices and folds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do human ears have crevices and folds?

The shape of the ears is probably important in allowing us to perceive the direction of a sound. We don't hear a sound until it arrives at the eardrum. To get there, it has to bounce around the folds in our ears and down the ear hole. High frequency (higher pitch) sounds, including things like s, t, k etc in speech, bounce off the folds in the ears in different ways. The brain can process the tiny differences in the arrival time of the different pitches so, even with one ear, we can roughly locate the direction of a sound. Add to that, we have two ears, they are not identical and the differences from one ear to the other also help. The [Wikipedia article]( URL_0 ) is not exactly easy reading. In fact, some of the scientific research articles are easier to read. Some of the early research is here URL_1 and here URL_2 Note that this work has been critiqued and refined. URL_3


Question: why are most of philosopher & writer from past?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are most of philosopher & writer from past?

* there is a lot more past than present * it would be pretty hard for them to be from the future * their contributions are often only appreciated from a certain historical distance


Question: Why does a breeze feel cool even in 100°F weather instead of like hot air blowing on you out of the oven?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a breeze feel cool even in 100°F weather instead of like hot air blowing on you out of the oven?

It's about water saturation of the air. We cool down by sweating. The evaporation of this sweat into the air removes heat from the surface of our body. But air can only hold a certain amount of water. That's why the same temperature can feel hotter when the air is humid - our sweat isn't evaporating as fast as it usually is. A breeze shifts the air, removing the air saturated with our sweat and bringing in new, dryer air which lets sweat evaporate better. Air also absorbs heat from us outside of sweat evaporation, and moving this heat away from us and bringing in cooler air takes heat away faster. Heat transfer is faster when there's a bigger temperature difference.


Question: Why is it safe to wash dishes by hand with a drop of washing up liquid and warm water, but domestic dishwashers need to spend up to 3 hours washing, using caustic cleaning materials and ejecting their contents at the temperature of the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it safe to wash dishes by hand with a drop of washing up liquid and warm water, but domestic dishwashers need to spend up to 3 hours washing, using caustic cleaning materials and ejecting their contents at the temperature of the sun?

Because they need to use water, heat, and "caustic" cleaning agents to replace the "mechanical friction" of your hands doing the scrubbing. Technology Connections on YT has a GREAT video on this topic.


Question: Why does microwaving continuously for sixty seconds heat food so much more effectively than two consecutive thirty-second cycles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does microwaving continuously for sixty seconds heat food so much more effectively than two consecutive thirty-second cycles?

The magnetron inside your microwave that generates the microwaves is a vacuum tube, and the cathode inside it has to warm up before it starts emitting electrons. (literally warm up, as in temperature) You will usually be able to hear a difference in the noise it makes a few seconds after you start it, this is when it's really starting to work.


Question: Why do two single digit integers that equal 10 when added together both have the same last number when squared?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do two single digit integers that equal 10 when added together both have the same last number when squared?

Let y = 10 - x. Assume x is an integer. Then y^2 = (10 - x)^2 = 100 - 20x + x^2 Notice that in the expression 100 - 20x + x^2, since x is an integer, 20x will end in a zero, just like 100 does. That means that the last digit in the sum will be 0 + 0 + whatever the last digit of x^2 is.


Question: How come spent nuclear fuel is constantly being cooled for about 2 decades? Why can't we just use the spent fuel to boil water to spin turbines?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come spent nuclear fuel is constantly being cooled for about 2 decades? Why can't we just use the spent fuel to boil water to spin turbines?

Spent nuclear fuel just doesn't produce enough heat to make it useful for producing steam. The amount of power you'd get out of it that way simply would never pay for the cost of building and running the system. It can be recycled however. Spent fuel still contains a lot of useful radioisotopes and there are types of reactors designed to recycle the spent fuel back into usable nuclear fuel. The problem is, that on top of the normal political concerns with nuclear reactors, recycling can produce plutonium, which is used in nuclear weapons. Because it is very difficult to tell the difference between a fuel recycling plant and a weapon-making plant from outside, many countries have decided to not recycle to avoid political and diplomatic troubles.


Question: How come it's possible to have better than 20/20 vision naturally, but glasses cannot make one see better than 20/20?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come it's possible to have better than 20/20 vision naturally, but glasses cannot make one see better than 20/20?

You're mistaken. Glasses can make you see better than 20/20. Easy example. With my glasses, I test better than 20/20.


Question: What’s the difference between OTC pain relievers such as ibuprofen/aspirin/Tylenol/acetaminophen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between OTC pain relievers such as ibuprofen/aspirin/Tylenol/acetaminophen?

Acetaminophen and Tylenol are the same. I'll refer to this drug as Paracetamol though, because that's what we call it in the UK. Ibuprofen and Aspirin are a different class of drugs, they're part of a class called NSAID (Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs). They help reduce inflammation, as the class name suggests. Paracetamol doesn't really do that. To first know how paracetamol helps relieve pain, we first need to look at prostaglandins. These are lipids that are produced in the brain and spinal cord, and they're believed to make nerve endings more sensitive. The current theory of how paracetamol works is by reducing the amount of prostaglandins being produced, therefore making nerve endings less sensitive; giving you the pain relief. Paracetamol is also really good at reducing fever, as it effects the part of the brain that helps regulate body temperature (the hypothalamus).


Question: Leveraged Buyouts, siphoning off debts, and who is holding the bag?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Leveraged Buyouts, siphoning off debts, and who is holding the bag?

The basic answer is, when a private equity firm does a leveraged buy-out, often the company being bought out is the collateral for the loan. So the bank is taking the risk that the equity firm rebuild the company successfully, or at least that the bank may become the first creditor and recover enough to cover the loan. Because TRS is a corporation, it's a separate legal entity, the owners of the company, be it a private equity firm, or share holders aren't legally responsible for the debts. If for example coca cola went bankrupt, the bank can't come and repossess your home just because you were a share holder.


Question: How do Fitbits count the steps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Fitbits count the steps?

Fitbits have a small accelerometer inside. This is a piece of hardware that can detect changes in velocity, in both intesity and direction. Your smartphone has one inside too, albeit maybe not as sensitive. Software tells the accelerometer what a step "feels" like compared to other random motions. You can even teach the fitbit what your paticular step or gait is so that it can be more precise.


Question: When did big motor companies stop making good products?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When did big motor companies stop making good products?

They didn't. By any reasonable metric, virtually every car coming off a line today is much, *much* better than an equivalent (by "class") vehicle coming off the line 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 years ago. More power per unit displacement and/or better fuel economoy per unit power, safer in an accident, easier to drive, more reliable...take your pick. The one area you could make the case would be the styling, but that's personal preference. People - most *especially* gear/petrol heads, IME - pine for some old days that either never really existed or was much worse than they choose to recall. Guys will lament about how easy working on cars used to be (and they're right, to be clear - working on a '67 Le Mans was way easier than working on a 2012 GTI is), but they conveniently ignore that you had to work on the '67 Le Mans *all the time*. You had to tune it up at least once a year - at least pulling and cleaning all the plugs, often rebuilding the carburetor, swapping out all the fluids, cleaning the points in the distributor cap, on and on. And that's before the routine maintenance of new oil and general lubricant every 3,000 miles. Meanwhile, modern cars often specify an oil change every 6, 8, or 10,000 miles...and very little else. I'm ~80,000 miles into my current car, and I haven't needed a new brake pad or a rotor turned. The plugs have never been out of the head since I bought it. What *has* changed is various manufacturers' car quality *relative to other manufacturers*. GM (or Ford, or Chrysler, depending on what team you're on) used to make the best cars in the world. They absolutely do not anymore. But in absolute terms, a Dodge you buy today will be better than a Dodge you could have bought ten years ago, much less twenty or thirty.


Question: How is the Earth still spinning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the Earth still spinning?

Conservation of momentum. While the moon and sun's gravity has caused a bit of drag and slowed the earth, it hasn't been enough to stop it.


Question: Why do we feel sleepy in warm temperature rather than cold temperature ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel sleepy in warm temperature rather than cold temperature ?

I learned at least one of the reasons for this from a professor last semester. He's a kineticist (that's a field of chemistry) and very into endurance running -- and he told us just exactly why the perfect running temperature (high 60s to low 70s) is what it is: Pyruvate kinase Essentially, the heat outside actually interferes with the body's ability to make ATP, the energy molecule, out of the food we digest. This happens because pyruvate kinase, a crucial enzyme in ATP synthesis, is concerted mostly into a biologically inactive conformer at around 85 degrees F. This conformer is present in some portion at 70 degrees, but it's mostly the active form that dominates. After about 85 or so, you have a 60/40 ratio of the inactive to active forms. TL;DR heat slows down your metabolism and you run out of energy.


Question: How come our non-dominant hand is less capable than our dominant hand? Why isn’t everyone ambidextrous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How come our non-dominant hand is less capable than our dominant hand? Why isn’t everyone ambidextrous?

You get more specialized in that certain hand, that's why. Let's play a game: We have two characters Leftie and Ambie Ambie does everything with two hands equally dominant. So she prefers going one right, one left at all times. Leftie only does left hand. Let's give them a task with a reward Task reward: 1 experience points You get a level up at each 5 experience points. Ambie does it 10 times. She gains 5 experience for her left hand, and 5 experience for her right. Her both hands are lvl 2 now. Leftie does the task also 10 times, only with left hand. He gains 10 points for the left hand, while right gets nothing. Left hand is lvl 3 now, while right, he uses it for other purposes. Leftie is better at this task than Ambie now, due to his focused experience. Now imagine if you were an artist, or a surgeon, or any other skill based worker. You can see the advantage. Hope it helped!


Question: What is mass spectroscopy and how does it work?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is mass spectroscopy and how does it work?

It's spectrometry, not spectroscopy* but at a very, very basic level: Stuff is made of molecules. Those molecules are made of atoms. Each atom of a specific type weighs a specific amount. Therefore if you know what a molecule weighs, it can tell you something about which atoms it is made up of. Spectroscopy covers a wide range of techniques that separate the components of a substance out so you can detect them one at a time. Mass spectroscopy separates the components of a substance out according to their molecular weight. You mash some stuff up into little bits. You make sure those bits are 'ionised' - i.e. you break a molecule apart into + and - charges (basically where the electrons from the atoms end up). You fling those bits down a long tube, through a magnetic field and round a bend. Depending on the charge of the ion and the weight of the molecule, the bits of stuff get deflected a varying amount to one side or the other of the long tube. The stuff hits a detector. Depending on where it hits the detector, that tells you how heavy the molecule was and what charge it had. So positive molecules of a certain weight always hit the same spot of the detector. That, combined with a few other techniques to understand what stuff you're putting on or can then put the molecules through afterwards helps you work out what molecules hit the detector. *spectroscopy is studying the phenomenon, spectrometry is using it to measure things. One really simple version of something very similar to spectroscopy that you will have seen - called chromatography - is where you drop water on ink. The ink spreads out into the different colours that it is made of based on the size of the molecules and how fast the water can carry them through the structure of the paper.


Question: I saw that Cardiff is the wettest city in the UK, so my question is, why does it rain more in Wales than elsewhere in the UK?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 I saw that Cardiff is the wettest city in the UK, so my question is, why does it rain more in Wales than elsewhere in the UK?

It's got a lot to do with the warm moist air coming from the Atlantic. Wales is mountainous so the air rises, cools and dumps it's water as rain or snow, depending on the season. On the east side of the Welsh mountains there's a bit of a dry(er) spot, which happens to be where I live, just over the border in England.


Question: I just learned that having 6 fingers is the dominant trait and having 5 fingers is recessive. If that’s so, why don’t more humans have 6 fingers rather than 5?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 I just learned that having 6 fingers is the dominant trait and having 5 fingers is recessive. If that’s so, why don’t more humans have 6 fingers rather than 5?

Dominant trait doesn't mean common. It just means that it tends to express itself whenever it is present. On an anthropological level, if 6-fingered people were more highly preferred that 5-fingered ones, then the vast majority of the population would have it, but apparently humanity didn't find it a desirable trait. Edit: Used 'than' instead of 'then'. It's been fixed.


Question: how are some magnets "stronger" than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how are some magnets "stronger" than others?

Fundamentally, every material is magnetic, because the electrons in their atoms are magnetic - however, those electrons often form pairs that cancel out the net magnetic force by pulling in opposite directions. The materials with an apparent magnetic field are the ones that have electrons *not* in matched pairs - the more electrons not in pairs, the stronger the field. However, these unmatched electrons (known as domains) themselves sometimes have the same problem as the paired electrons: because they can direct the force in any direction, the apparent magnetic field could be limited. This is why you can use one magnet to turn a piece of iron (or a magnet that used to be strong but got too hot or physically jolted, that energy causing the domains the move) into another magnet - you pull on the domains to align them Tl;dr the more electrons whose field is not cancelled out in direction, the stronger the field can theoretically be, and the more electrons "spinning" in the same direction, the stronger the available field will be


Question: How does carbon dating work, (e.g. “... between 13.2 to 14.8 million years old”)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does carbon dating work, (e.g. “... between 13.2 to 14.8 million years old”)?

[Carbon dating]( URL_0 ) doesn't go nearly that far back; more like 50k years. But the way it works is radioactive carbon-14 is being created in the atmosphere constantly, and some of it is incorporated into plant and animal tissue, along with the much-more common carbon-12. After the plant or animal dies, it stops taking in carbon. The C-14 decays, with a half-life of 5730 years -- half of it's gone after that much time, half of the rest is gone after the next half-life, and so on. So, if you take a sample of the tissue and measure the ratio of C-14 to C-12, you can work out how long it's been since it died.


Question: Why do skydivers pull their parachutes so early, seems like they don't need THAT much time to slow down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do skydivers pull their parachutes so early, seems like they don't need THAT much time to slow down?

1- probably to enjoy the view and experience of being up that high for a longer amount of time. 2- maybe to give them more time for plan b if the shoot doesn’t open properly


Question: Why can't we imagine colors we have never seen before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why can't we imagine colors we have never seen before?

Because you can't describe a color without using that color or an object of that color. If I asked you to describe "red" to a person born without sight, you can't describe it in any way that makes sense to them. You can describe objects that are red, but that doesn't tell them what "red" *looks* like.


Question: How do retail credit cards (including those you can use in any store) work and how do they benefit the issuers and retailers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do retail credit cards (including those you can use in any store) work and how do they benefit the issuers and retailers?

Retail credit cards are backed by a particular bank, just like a regular credit card. They benefit retailers because they allow people to spend money they don’t actually have, exclusively at their stores. Many retailers will even provide additional incentives just for using their credit card, like point systems/rewards or additional discounts. For example: using your Victoria Secret credit card on purchases earns you points. When you reach a certain number of points, you’re issued a $10 reward. With the Target Red Card, your purchases at Target are automatically 5% off. Many stores will also provide an additional discount on your purchase just for applying. While sometimes the benefits of a store credit card might seem worth it, if you’re not careful, they can really bleed you dry. They generally carry absurdly high interest rates, think 25% and higher. Anyone not paying their balance off every month is paying a lot for the privilege. They typically have high late payment fees as well. And while many regular cards will not increase your credit limit unless requested, you might be surprised to find your store credit card limit increased multiple times a year. Anything they can do get you to do borrow more money and pay it back very slowly. And for a lot of people, a store credit card will be their very first credit card because they are not as discriminating against those with little to no credit. It’s definitely an easy way to build credit, but again, if you’re not careful, its an easy way to build debt too. Credit cards that bear a company’s name but function like a regular visa/MasterCard, etc. are a little better. They can usually offer a better APR (depending on current starting rates and your credit history), and better benefits, like cash back options. The Chase Amazon Card offers 5% cash back on all Amazon purchases, 2% on gas and 1% on everything else. Not bad if you’re someone who shops on Amazon a lot, and you can still use (and earn cash back) the card anywhere that accepts Visa too. Hopefully this answers some of your questions!


Question: How did Hollywood become the center for pop-culture and the film industry both globally and in just the USA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Hollywood become the center for pop-culture and the film industry both globally and in just the USA?

Mostly just a coincidence. Back when movie cameras were new, they were under patent and had to be licensed, and that was expensive, and it was easier to dodge that if you went out west. And once you have film studios in a place, well then you have actors going there for work, and stagehands going to build sets, and seamstresses making costumes, it snowballed into a lot of film industry stuff being built around LA. It could have been anywhere, could have been Salt Lake or Seattle just as easily. Nowadays the industry is physically spreading out, what with it being a lot easier to move people and stuff around. A lot of physical filming these days is done in Georgia and Texas because they offer tax breaks for movie and TV production. As to why it became a global center of film too, the really simple answer is: America was left economically strong after WWII right when the movie industry was picking up, Europe had been bombed to hell and what industry they had was still rebuilding, and America was exporting *everything* back then, which included a lot of cultural exports like film and music and literature.


Question: How do they make fireworks that assume a specific shape when they go off?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they make fireworks that assume a specific shape when they go off?

Shapes like a circle are easy. You place small charges with delayed fuses around a bigger charge that blows them away from the center point equally in all directions. Shapes like a heart or other more complex ones need the central "spreader" charge to be specially shaped or have some sort of interference so that the smaller delayed charges that makes the shape are the right distance away from the center when the pop.


Question: Why and when is Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling preferred over Monte Carlo sampling?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and when is Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling preferred over Monte Carlo sampling?

It is the difference between roulette and craps. If you wanted to measure how often black comes up on a roulette wheel, all you need is simple random number generation, because each event is completely independent. If you want to measure how likely you are to make your point in craps, you need your simulation to be stateful.


Question: How can light be both a particle and a wave? What even are particles and waves?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can light be both a particle and a wave? What even are particles and waves?

It is not both a particle and a wave. It has *properties* of both particles and waves, and, at different times, can be described with math that describes one or the other. But it is something else, and we don't really have a *name* for what it is, unfortunately. All matter has the same properties, it isn't exclusive to light, though photons behave differently than protons or electrons. Usually these are all just called "subatomic particles" even though 'particle' doesn't fully describe them.


Question: How exactly does a nail keep two wooden planks together?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does a nail keep two wooden planks together?

Friction. The nail breaks the wood fivers apart causing mini sized splintery pieces around the nail that when they try to return to their original position, grip onto the nail tightly.


Question: Why does alcohol (isopropyl) evaporate so much faster than other liquids than say water?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does alcohol (isopropyl) evaporate so much faster than other liquids than say water?

Well thats a very relative question. It is a liquid at room temperature, which puts its boiling temperature above that of any gases. Water has a higher one, wood/metal has a higher one still. The boiling point is determined by the intramolecular forces in the liquid state. They are weaker than water. Also importantly they can lower the boiling point of a mixture when added to water (which it always is) so its just about how well the molecules stick together (cause they always want to escape).


Question: How do those glasses that correct color blindness work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do those glasses that correct color blindness work?

They don't "correct", really, but they do help differentiate shades. Our eye has three types of color sensors, or cones. One type mostly picks up blue, another green, and the last red. Note that I said "mostly", because they all overlap some. If someone with normal vision looks a piece of turquoise, their blue cones fire more, but the green and red fire some, too. Take a look at this graph. The colored curves show how responsive each type of cone is to the hues below. URL_0 Now, for the majority of colorblind people, the basic physical problem is that some of their cones are defective and those curves overlap a lot more. If you were to go back to that graph and shift that green curve 50nm or so to the right, it would almost exactly match the red curve. If someone's cones responded like that, their eyes would respond "green" as much as they do "red" when they look at something like a ripe tomato, and it would be almost impossible to tell red from green - which is the most common type of colorblindess. So, what Enchroma glasses do to help is what those gray bars in the background of the graph are showing. They block out a lot of the incoming light at those two big dips in the graph, where the cones tend to overlap and give conflicting information the most. Those glasses help their wearers to tell green from red and blue from green, but they can't actually make their wearers see new colors. They also only work for people with partial color blindness, because without *some* response from all three cones, their trick doesn't work.


Question: - If I had a bottle of CO and a bottle of O2, would opening them in a completely empty room cause the creation of CO2 and if not, what would we need to make that happen?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - If I had a bottle of CO and a bottle of O2, would opening them in a completely empty room cause the creation of CO2 and if not, what would we need to make that happen?

If you had the right mixture, it would be similar to propane gas or other fuel gasses. Strike a match, and boom; CO2.


Question: How does the musical/broadway community standardize their thresholds of excellence if nothing is typically recorded and people are only able to see shows live?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the musical/broadway community standardize their thresholds of excellence if nothing is typically recorded and people are only able to see shows live?

Are you talking about for awards like the Tonys or for long runs of the show? For the Tonys, Tony voters are given tickets to every show. They are certainly not required to see every show, though. I have been given Tony voter tickets in the past. There are no super secret video recordings that Tony voters get (there are recorded versions of the show but they are for archive purposes). To keep up the standard during the run of the show, that is the stage manager and associate director's job. Their job is to execute the vision of the director and give notes as things change. The SM sees the show every night and can give notes on small performance things. The associate director usually stops in every so often to give notes as well.


Question: Why are there so much economic inequality and will it continue getting worse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there so much economic inequality and will it continue getting worse?

Have you ever played Mario Kart? When you're playing Mario Kart and you're in last place, you're more likely to get good items from boxes, like stars or lighting bolts. When you're in the lead you're not likely to get these. These mechanics make it easier to make up ground when you're in the back, and harder to stay in the lead when you're in the front. This kind of mechanic is sometimes called "rubber banding" because its effect is to pull the higher and lower ranked people closer together. This isn't the case in the modern economy. Being in the "lead" makes it easier to stay in the lead. As a result, when people become wealthy or powerful, it becomes easier for them to get even *further* ahead. Over time this results in the concentration of wealth amongst a small group of people. Or to put it another way, this results in greater inequality. Of note is that since this is "inverse rubber banding", two people who are theoretically equal in skill or competency would still become unequal over time if one of them started out in a better position than another. So its not purely a matter of the people on top having earned their place. So why does this inverse rubber banding effect happen? Well, a few main reasons. One is that money can be used as influence, and so people with lots of money have lots of influence, and can use that influence to make things easier for themselves, while the people without money can't. For example, if you were raised in a wealthy family you can afford to pay to go to a high end school, and that will help you be successful later in life. But if you are just as intelligent but poor, you can't afford to go to the best school, so you're forced to go to whatever is available, which might be of lower quality. On a larger scale, wealthy people can also use their influence to change the rules of the economy to be more favorable to them. This is called "lobbying" and rich people are able to do it more effectively by spending large amounts of money to get the attention of policy makers. Another reason is that money can be used as a *replacement* for competency. Amazon sells diapers online. One time a company called URL_0 started selling diapers too. They did a better job and as a result started taking money away from Amazon. So what Amazon did was sell their diapers at a loss for a long time, selling them so cheap that URL_0 couldn't compete and got bought out. Then Amazon raised their prices again. Amazon didn't win because they did a better job than URL_0 , they won because they had more money, and no one could compete with that. But perhaps the most egregiously unfair aspect of the economy that ensures inequality will arise is that our economy is strongly built on exponential growth and investments with exponential return. This is a problem because more traditional ways of gaining wealth, like through labor, are linear, not exponential. And exponential growth is faster than linear. So you make more money, and make it faster, if you make your money through intangible means like investments or capital ownership. You make less money if you try to make it through hard work. This is a problem because in order to effectively make money through capital ownership or investment, you need to already have a lot of money. See how thats a problem? The richest people have more access to the money making method that makes money the fastest. So if you are richer than another person, you are able to make more money faster than they can, which will increase the gap between you. Hence the inverse rubber banding.


Question: Why do we find comfort in hugs/cuddles/human contact?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we find comfort in hugs/cuddles/human contact?

Because we are [social animals.]( URL_0 ) Tens of thousands of years ago our ancestors found there was a distinct survival advantage in working together in familial groups. As such, we gradually augmented our existing survival attributes with social behaviours that would cause us to stay together when under stress. Facial expressions, grooming each others fur, crying, touching, vocalisations etc. All of these things help communicate individual feelings and establish social structures. When you are being hugged or touched, your brain is rewarding you for taking part in actions that will improve your overall survival chances by releasing Oxytocin to calm your nervous system. Remember, you are a product of a very, VERY long and unbroken chain of surviving organisms, stretching back millions of years. The actions that kept you alive were rewarded with *pleasure* hormones (eating, drinking, bonding, fucking, hugging etc). The actions that reduced your chances are either not rewarded at all, or marked by an unpleasant sensation we call *pain*. This is why most people get lonely when away from other people. You're reducing your survival chances and so your body is trying to compel you to return to your kind. And hugging feels so good because you're being rewarded for bonding with said kind.


Question: When the U.S. was founded, how was currency distributed to citizens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When the U.S. was founded, how was currency distributed to citizens?

When the US was founded the there was the only coin and based on the Spanish milled dollar. It was equal in size and composition. The Spanish dollar was at the time widely used around the world. The Spanish coin was legal us tented until 1857 The first federal paper currency was treasury notes issued during the war of 1812. There were some federal banknotes during the civil war but us banknotes as are known today start with the Federal Reserve Note issued in 1913. There were private banks that had notes before that so a lot of different types and but all based on the collar coins and there was the regulation of the reserve in the banks needed to have. US use gold and silver standard for most currency until 1971 for most currency. So it was backed up by metal. So common paper currency not backed by precious metal is quite new in the US


Question: Is it coincidence that some measures are "perfect"? Like, 1 mL of water is equal to 1 cm³ and so on. How did they match this up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it coincidence that some measures are "perfect"? Like, 1 mL of water is equal to 1 cm³ and so on. How did they match this up?

No coincidence -- that is how they defined the units, on purpose! The definition of a centimeter is based on the size of the Earth, but the definition of a liter is based on the definition of a centimeter. A liter is defined as the volume of a cube 10cm on each side. And a kg was originally set as the weight of a liter of water.


Question: what is the difference between genuinely dark and edgy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between genuinely dark and edgy?

Intent. Being dark for the sake of being dark, or to be *seen* as being dark is edgy. Being dark for some other reason is genuine dark.


Question: Why do planets in the solar system orbit the sun in almost the same axis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do planets in the solar system orbit the sun in almost the same axis?

When the solar system was forming, it was made out of gas, and at some point the gas started spinning. Gravity caused the gas to continue to spin, and over time, particle collisions canceled out upward and downward spin, resulting in a single flat disk of gas that was spinning in the same direction. That planets formed out of this disk, which is why they spin the same way.


Question: Why are tanks and armored vehicles usually carried on the back of a truck to the war?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are tanks and armored vehicles usually carried on the back of a truck to the war?

1) Tank engine are really strong, which make them ideal in bad terrain, but also make them use a lot of diesel per mile. If you put them on a specially design truck, you can drastically cut your diesel consumption. 2) Tank are really expensive piece of equipment, they are a lot more expansive them these trucks that can carry them around. So if you can cut down on the driving time of your tanks when it's possible, then they will last you longer. Your trucks will last you less time, but they cost a lot less than tanks. 3) Tank can create a lot of damage on road because their contact to the ground is make of steel instead of rubber. That's one of the reason why some urban fighting vehicle are on tires, to limit that problem.


Question: What's on the other side of your belly button?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's on the other side of your belly button?

What's left the umbilicus cord. It connects to the liver and it's mostly just remnant, but there are still some small veins in there, which can expand if you have certain blood pressure issues. If you are up for a less ELI5 explanation, check out [this]( URL_0 ) post from r/askscience.


Question: Three 1/3 is equal to 1, but three 0.33 is 0.99. What exactly happens to 0.01?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Three 1/3 is equal to 1, but three 0.33 is 0.99. What exactly happens to 0.01?

An infinite string of 0.9999's is exactly equal to 1. You have just proven it in one of the ways that are shown to students learning about this stuff. Keep thinking that way - it's awesome!


Question: What is the point of ads that infect your device with viruses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the point of ads that infect your device with viruses?

Why are you asking about ads specifically? The reason to infect someone via an ad is the same as any other infection, and there can be a multitude of answers ranging from botnets to trojans to just plain causing havoc


Question: Why Blood turns brown after it dries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Blood turns brown after it dries?

When the liquid from the blood is seeped into the bandaid, the only thing left outside are the dead red blood cells. That is what you are seeing. Also: the brown colour of poo is caused by the dead red blood cells filtered out by your liver. The contents of your guts before this is added is grey.


Question: How does 1 - - 1=2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does 1 - - 1=2?

Imagine counting how far you have walked. 1 = a step forward. -1 = a step backward. Do a step forward and then a step backward. 1 + -1 = 0. You're back at the starting point. Do a step forward and then *undo* a step backward. It's the same as taking two steps forward. 1 - -1 = 2.


Question: Why haven't we started domesticating tiny bears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why haven't we started domesticating tiny bears?

What practical purpose would domesticated bears serve? All of our domesticated animals came from a practical need. Dogs? Descended from wolves that we captured as pups and raised. Dogs were (and still are) a pretty effective security system. Cats were domesticated for pest control. A house with a cat was healthier than a house without a cat, because it would kill off some of the rats and mice that spread disease, and scared off the rest. So, what benefit would a bear have in the house that would outweigh the costs and risks of keeping it?


Question: how are molecules and atoms studied?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are molecules and atoms studied?

A lot of discoveries are made using very very clever experiments. Take the nuclei of the atom, how do we know it is there if we can never see it? we can take a small sample, and place it in the centre of a ring of detectors and fire particles at it. If the atom is a blob of protons/electrons (plum pudding model) then we expect there to be a hole the size of the sample on the detector. But when we ran the experiment, not only did we have particles hit the otherside as if nothing happened but we also got reflections as if they hit something hard and bounced off, and also refractions like it was pushed by something off its trajectory, which would make sense in a nuclei + orbiting electrons. & #x200B; Later with things like molecular structure, we can use other things we know that are true about the atoms. If we know Nuclei are charged and have spin, we can see how their magnetic fields interact with their neighbours in an NMR experiment. From the way their magnetic fields interact, we can say this atom must be next to that atom. & #x200B; There are a plethora of tests we can do by taking theoretical calculations and matching them to real world results.


Question: Why is it so hard to make good counterfeit currency if there’s obviously a method of making real currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to make good counterfeit currency if there’s obviously a method of making real currency?

The paper used in US currency, and similarly for many other countries, is not used for other purposes, which makes it extremely hard to mimic the exact paper used. Security features within the paper itself are either expensive and/or difficult to mimic. Watermarks created by variable thickness of the paper at ceartain points, embedded plastic strips that glow a specific color under UV light, etc. The printing process itself is also rarely used outside of currency, so you just can't buy it off the shelf a supermarket. Add in specialized inks with magnetic and optical properties and that's even more work. Cost: you aren't going to to be a profitable criminal if you spend more money making notes than you can get rid of them for.


Question: Why does matter have gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does matter have gravity?

Matter has gravity because it has mass. Just like the source of electromagnetism is electric charge, the source of gravity is mass - it is the charge of gravity. What is it about mass that causes gravity? Well, general relativity tells us that the presence of mass *bends space*. This is quite a tough concept to get your head around. If a light ray is moving through a completely massless space it will travel straight forever and ever. But if it encounters a mass, the bending of space which mass causes changes the direction of the light ray. Same with anything moving through space. This change in direction through space is what manifests itself as the force of gravity. If you're wondering how space can be bent, well, it's a mathematical property of spaces that allows them to do so. A simple example is how the angles of a triangle drawn on a sphere no longer add up to 180 degrees - the 2D space which that triangle exists in has curvature. Now if you want to ask why do things have mass, well, you're going to struggle to find an answer beyond "they just do". It's a fundamental property of some particles and we have no explanation (currently) for why they have it.


Question: Other than just being awesome, what benefits does space exploration have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Other than just being awesome, what benefits does space exploration have?

Mastering spaceflight (i.e making it cost and time efficient) has several benefits to it. Being able to travel to other planets and moons would give us more living space when the Earth gets too crowded, not to mention it would give us the capability to save our species from extinction in the event of a disaster like a planet-wrecking meteor. Asteroid mining would be a huge step on the way to a post-scarcity society, as many of them contain massive amounts of minerals, just like moons and other planets contain different gases and resources that we desire and will eventually run out of here on Earth. It would present a new, endless frontier for us to explore and science would be advanced in response to the plethora of new needs and research opportunities presented by space exploration. It could answer one of the oldest questions there is - are we alone out here? Arguably the most dangerous thing we can do, but it'd be possible to find other intelligent, possibly spacefaring species out there.


Question: Why does depression make simple tasks feel like hard tasks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does depression make simple tasks feel like hard tasks?

Depression makes you tired. It makes you feel like all you want to do is sleep and then when you do sleep you feel like you haven't gotten enough sleep or you feel guilty for sleeping when you knew you had other things to do. So then when you're awake you see how much stuff you should have done or need to do and get overwhelmed and don't do it. At least that's how it is for me. To counter this I do a little at a time. On my first day off during the week I will just do laundry and put away stuff. On my second day off I do the dishes and scrub the counter tops and the floor. I try to look at it as, "do I have enough energy to complete this entire task?" If yes I do it if not I find something else to do this way things don't pile up and I feel like I did something.