Question: Is there a reason why some people with Tourettes have swear words specifically as their tick? Of all words that could be their tick, why is it almost always profanity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a reason why some people with Tourettes have swear words specifically as their tick? Of all words that could be their tick, why is it almost always profanity?

It's actually one of the least common tics, its a condition called corprolalia. It's famous because its the one people think is funny. It's all pretty mysterious, even to doctors, but one theory is that it has something to do with the way our brain stores "taboos" in a separate part of the brain. An example of this is when you see Alzheimer's patients devolve into using foul language. They've lost access to their normal vocabulary, but this separate storage unit is untouched by the disease for now. So, if you think of TS as random muscle twitches, corprolalia is a twitch of the "say bad words" muscle. The most common response when I have to explain my TS is "I wish I had that, so I could curse whenever I wanted." I don't have corprolalia, but I still say "Fuck You." That's like saying you wish you were in a wheelchair, so you could park in the handicap space.


Question: Where does the carbon dioxide that we exhale go when traveling with many people in a car for many hours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the carbon dioxide that we exhale go when traveling with many people in a car for many hours?

The ventilation in a car doesn't just bring in fresh, O2-rich air...it also circulates out the CO2 with the stale air. Cars are not airtight by any means.


Question: What is blood doing when it congeals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is blood doing when it congeals?

The platelets in the blood are reacting to the chemical cascade of not being exposed to suppressive chemicals in the body. The default setting is that if they are exposed to collagen or air they begin to clot. Pretty nice fail safe


Question: Why does water have warm/cold spots?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water have warm/cold spots?

Water is much better than air (and a lot better than many other substances) at retaining heat. Oil, for instance, will heat a lot faster in a pan than the same amount of water will. It will also cool faster. So when in an ocean, a current or tide might take water that was warmer (for instances, water coming in from a shallow area that was warmed by the sun), you can feel the difference in water temperature as you pass into that new flow of water. Despite being surrounded by cooler water, the water that was warm retains its temperature for long enough to be noticeable. In pools, this might happen because wamed water can be introduced through jets in the side of the pool or from people peeing.


Question: What are floating numbers and why are they stored seperatly from integers in computers?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are floating numbers and why are they stored seperatly from integers in computers?

* Computers have a fixed amount of memory. * That means we have to decide how much memory we need to set aside to represent numbers. * Let's say we choose 5 digits. That means we can represent numbers from 0 up to 99999. * What about negative numbers? If we steal one of those digits to represent the sign (+/-) then the we can go from -9999 up to +9999. * That's pretty fancy but what if we really really really need to store the number 0.000000001 ? * We don't have enough digits, right? * Actually if we are very clever, we do. * We use one digit to store the sign (+) * We use another digit to store the number part (1) * We use another digit to store whether this number is greater than( > ) or less than( < ) 1. * Then we use another digit to tell us how many decimal places before the number. * So it would look like this: * \+1 < 9 * We could go the other way too and store: 100000000 * \+1 > 9 * This dramatically increases the range of numbers we can store using just a small number of digits. * But as you can see it takes extra effort to code and decode this numbers. * That's why in programming they are different types. * **NOTE** Some of this has been simplified for ELI5, mainly how I mix digits and characters, but this was to avoid having to explain binary which I feel would just further complicate a relatively complicated topic to begin with.


Question: why are there so many suicides in the military?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are there so many suicides in the military?

Stress. Stress from combat. Job stress. Stress from repeatedly interrupted sleep schedule. Stress from not getting enough time with your family. Constantly moving and feeling like you don't have a home. Moving so often that you don't have time to make serious and meaningful friendships. The military does all of this on purpose. It forces a person to depend on the military itself for a sense of community and continuity. Then, for all sorts of reasons, after they have been truly institutionalized, they aren't in the military anymore. A lot of the time it isn't currently serving members of the military that commit suicide. It's veterans who aren't in anymore. They struggle finding purpose and direction when for so long they haven't had to make any of those sorts of decisions. It can be extremely overwhelming. I've been out for about seven months. I was lucky that I came home to loving friends and family and a job. I struggled really really hard with finding a new "normal" and for a lot of people that never happens. I can't imagine what would have happened to me without that support network. The military often leaves veterans with nearly nothing. There is no severance package. You're given very little time to figure things out before you're broke and lost. Lots of service members don't figure out what to do after they get out BEFORE they get out because they've never had to make those kinds of decisions.


Question: Why does most garbage have the same smell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does most garbage have the same smell?

This isn't 100% true as different garbage can smell different (green waste vs solid waste, etc.) But in normal trash, like you will have in a trash can on the street, the primary thing you're smelling is decomposition of you're food, mostly the protein like old bits of meat. The reason it all has a similar smell is they all produce pretty much the same gases, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen. This is an extremely simplified way of putting it. But it's one of the key factors.


Question: how do the likes of ALDI get away with clearly copying branded products labelling?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do the likes of ALDI get away with clearly copying branded products labelling?

In at least some cases, products sold at Aldi are in fact made by the big brands, but under a different name. When you pay more for a big brand, you're really just paying for the name on it. In Germany you can actually buy books listing all of Aldi's "generic" brands and telling you which companies actually make them.


Question: 4K 60 fps games are so smooth , but we don’t see things like that when we look around in real life. How can something artificial look smoother than it’d be in real life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 4K 60 fps games are so smooth , but we don’t see things like that when we look around in real life. How can something artificial look smoother than it’d be in real life?

Reality is much, much more complicated. It would be super smooth, if everything were smooth and uniformly lit. But, almost everything in reality has 3D texture, and there is this super bright unshielded nuclear reactor in the sky every day making super harsh shadows.


Question: ; Why is it said that it is very difficult to change your IQ to a higher score?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; Why is it said that it is very difficult to change your IQ to a higher score?

Whomever is saying that is blatantly incorrect. It is in fact almost *inevitable* that your IQ score will change as time goes by, since the IQ test is meant to measure a person's (very specific) academic potential *compared to other people of the same age/background*. That is **not** something that remains static!


Question: Why is low dose aspirin 81mg, and not an even 80?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is low dose aspirin 81mg, and not an even 80?

I believe it dates back to when the historic system of measurement, called the apothecary system of weights and measures, was in use. They used a grain of barleycorn as the base weight (grain) and it was equivalent to 64.8 mg. The standard Aspirin dose was 5 grains and low dose Aspirin was 1/4 of the standard dose, so 1.25 grains, which converted to 81 mg.


Question: What are "depleted" uranium rounds and why are they so bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are "depleted" uranium rounds and why are they so bad?

Uranium comes in two forms, U235, which is the fissile kind that runs power plants and explodes under the right conditions; and U238 which is far less energetic. Depleted uranium is mostly the 238 form, which has different useful characteristics: uranium metal is an extremely hard, dense, and non-malleable substance. The kind of substance that, if you put a whole lot of kinetic energy into throwing it at a target, will blast through even the thickest pieces of armor without shattering or deforming (which reduce the kinetic energy it has). So, a lot of depleted uranium is used in armor-piercing bullets and other projectiles, and a lot of them get fired during war. Those bullets and warheads end up in the ground, or laying around, or embedded in the sides of people's houses, and in rivers and lakes and other watersources. It's not just the entire intact projectile; they do chip and melt and break apart under some circumstances. Now, just because they're "delepleted" doesn't mean they stop being uranium -- they're far less likely to cause radiation sickness and other problems, but they still experience some radioactive decay, which can potentially cause health problems for the people around where depleted uranium ammunition has been used. Plus, since it's a heavy metal, it can have bad affects on humans like lead and mercury does.


Question: Why do our toe nails choose to grow towards different directions instead of straight up like finger nails do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our toe nails choose to grow towards different directions instead of straight up like finger nails do?

It is because you don't wear shoes on your hands. Shoes, those with narrow toes, push on the toes and toe nails. When I started to wear wider size shoes (width EEE in my case) I stopped getting ingrown toenails. Make sure your shoes have room for your toes to move.


Question: Why waves always seem to go directly to the beach and no elsewhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why waves always seem to go directly to the beach and no elsewhere?

Throw a rock into water and you see waves going into each direction like a circle. Throw 2 in different spots and they overlap. That's basically the whole ocean in tiny, the waves go everywhere but you probably only were able to watch them from the beaches.


Question: what would a vessel need to be made out of in order to capture lightning? Can lighting be captured?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what would a vessel need to be made out of in order to capture lightning? Can lighting be captured?

Lightning is electricity jumping from one location to another. You could capture the energy but not the lightning. Think of it like capturing wind.... What kind of bottle would you need to capture wind? You can capture the air, but it's not wind anymore.


Question: How do retail stores make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do retail stores make money?

retail stores pay wholesale prices for goods. They then resell them at higher prices. That's all there is to it. They buy so much of the same goods that the original company is willing to sell it to them for cheaper.


Question: Why is the real estate business commonly used as fronts for money laundering?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the real estate business commonly used as fronts for money laundering?

I don't think it is, as real estate has lots of documentation and large sums of money at a time. Money laundering is usually things that are cash heavy and small transaction sizes, meaning no paper trail. Do you have some examples?


Question: Does math exist in nature or is it just a human construct and what about things like music or chess?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does math exist in nature or is it just a human construct and what about things like music or chess?

This is a big philosophical debate and you won’t get a definitive answer. Math is artificially invented by us but the core ‘truths’ (axioms) we founded them on were decided to be true because they reflect real life. Whether or not the rest of math works because it’s intrinsic to the universe or because we conveniently made it that way is debated. I’ll admit I don’t actually know much about philosophy and my knowledge in math is early uni-level at best, so you can try searching up the terms “Mathematical Realism and Anti-Realism” for more in-depth answers.


Question: How the heck did the Apollo space program successfully land man on the moon and return them safely to earth with the computer systems that they had on-board their spacecraft?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How the heck did the Apollo space program successfully land man on the moon and return them safely to earth with the computer systems that they had on-board their spacecraft?

In the Apollo program they could do much of their required calculations in advance. The Moon doesn't change direction, it doesn't move under its own power. Because it orbits on a regular path there is no reason the calculations for its position would need to be done on board the spacecraft. > I've also read that the astronauts used star maps? They would be useful for determining which direction they are pointed. Stars are so incredibly distant that no matter where the astronauts were the relative position of the stars would be the same. If you have a small window there are only a few directions that are going to point toward Earth, the Moon, or the Sun which are likely recognizable with the naked eye. By having star maps they could determine where their ship was pointed with the stars as reference.


Question: What is "ping" and why is it bad when the number is high?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "ping" and why is it bad when the number is high?

A ping is how long it takes to send and receive data. The higher the number the longer it takes a piece of information to go from point a to b and back.


Question: What is non-Euclidean space or geometry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is non-Euclidean space or geometry?

So, to consider this properly, we need to consider what Euclidean geometry is. Euclidean geometry is any framework in which the following five postulates are true: 1. A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two points. 2. Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line. 3. Given any straight line segment, a circle can be drawn having the segment as radius and one endpoint as center. 4. All right angles are congruent. 5. If two lines are drawn which intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two right angles, then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough. ***This one's the important one!*** The first four postulates can be used to describe an entire geometric system, along with a series of definitions and notions. Euclid's Fifth Postulate, also known as the *parallel postulate,* has mainly to do with triangles, because that's the shape you get if you construct three lines in that manner. However, Euclid was never able to prove the fifth as a theorem. In 1823, mathematicians Janos Bolyai and Nicolai Lobachevsky figured out that ***you could ignore the parallel postulate*** and make geometries that made sense! *Non-Euclidean geometry, then*, is any framework in which the Fifth Postulate does not hold -- that is to say, where the interior angles of a triangle do not sum to 180 degrees. Further, as a consequence, parallel lines don't stay the same distance from each other forever. Edit for clarity regarding parallel lines: Under Euclidean geometry, the following is true: * Given a two-dimensional plane P, a line L, and a point A not on L, there is exactly one line that can be drawn through the point A that does not intersect L. In hyperbolic geometry, there are infinitely many such lines that can be drawn; in elliptic geometry, *any* line drawn through A will intersect L.


Question: Why are most sounds muffled underwater, but if you drop a coin on a hard surface underwater it sounds as clear as it would in the air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most sounds muffled underwater, but if you drop a coin on a hard surface underwater it sounds as clear as it would in the air?

When the sound wave in the air hits the surface of the water, most of it bounces off, and only a little bit enters the water, but sounds that start underwater don't have to cross that boundary. The general principle is called impedance matching.


Question: In movies a situation is often portrayed where founder/owner of a company is fired. Is this accurate to the real world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In movies a situation is often portrayed where founder/owner of a company is fired. Is this accurate to the real world?

There are two ways that an owner/founder could be fired from being the CEO. 1. They sell more than 50% of the company to investors and the majority shareholders vote them out. 2. The company is created with a rule that the board of directors can vote out the CEO regardless of ownership, and the people on the board do just that. Often founders of companies can become really emotionally invested in their company and make decisions that might not be the best for the company. Also, someone may successfully start up a company and when it really starts to take off not have the skillset to grow it. For this reason, when investors give money to a startup it often comes with requirements for having seats on the board, or other methods of ensuring their financial interests are looked after and sometimes that means replacing the CEO.


Question: Why do toothpastes advertise being fluoride free (therefore better) when dentists prescribe fluoride toothpaste for teeth sensitivity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do toothpastes advertise being fluoride free (therefore better) when dentists prescribe fluoride toothpaste for teeth sensitivity?

Depends on what kind of toothpaste youre talking about. You arent supposed to swallow fluoride so toothpaste for kids under 5 tends not to have it. And some people dont want fluoride in their mouths where it can be absorbed by the skin (the skin inside the mouth is one of the fastest ways to get something into your bloodstream which is why some urgent meds are given under the tongue).


Question: What is the hot material they pour into the rolling thing to line stripe & write things like “stop” on the road and how does it instantly dry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the hot material they pour into the rolling thing to line stripe & write things like “stop” on the road and how does it instantly dry?

It's hot melted stuff. It's not "drying" so much as "cooling" when it hits the pavement. The pavement has a lot of heat capacity, so it only takes seconds to get the stuff to the ambient pavement temperature.


Question: How does strength work? Is carrying 50 kgs for me the same as carrying 50 kgs for you? If a stronger person can lift a 100 kg with ease and I struggle to lift that same weight. Does picking up 30 kgs for me feel the same as the stronger person picking it up, or is 30 kgs lighter for them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does strength work? Is carrying 50 kgs for me the same as carrying 50 kgs for you? If a stronger person can lift a 100 kg with ease and I struggle to lift that same weight. Does picking up 30 kgs for me feel the same as the stronger person picking it up, or is 30 kgs lighter for them?

It's a great question but more complex than you might have imagined. Perceived difficulty when carrying a load can be attributed to a number of things including how sensitized or "well calibrated" your neuromuscular system is (the interface between neuron and muscle, basically how fast or well muscles respond to neural signals) and the actual size of the muscle. When you are a stronger person (I'm going to take the example of a resistance trained athlete, aka a jacked guy), you have bigger muscle fibers due to an increase in size and number of myofibrils. There is something called a motor unit, this is basically the neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates, that's one unit. There are different sizes of motor units, some stimulating more and smaller or less and bigger fibers. When you carry a load, as a normal person, you start by recruiting small motor units and recruit more and more to accomplish the lifting. This process of needing to recruit more is what feels "difficult". A stronger person already has bigger fibers and may not need to recruit much more (some studies suggest you can increase the number of fibers per motor unit but that's not really supported or thought to be the case), and advanced weight lifters actually also change the recruitment algorithm: whereas you usually start with small motor units and recruit bigger and bigger as you need for a specific action, a stronger person can already start by recruiting their bigger motor neurons. This change in recruitment order is an adaptation at the level of the central nervous system, it enhances initial force and speed of a given action but also reduces how finely you can move (this is not fully corroborated, but it would mean that being a giant body builder is not a good combination with a career in neurosurgery). There are also other adaptations, for example to a smaller extent you also have change of muscle fiber type. This is debatable and is thought to only happen in up to ten percent of fibers. But you can change your fibers from "endurance" type to "resistance" type which is basically reducing their efficiency at using oxygen and increasing their ability to produce force. It's a quite complex field and not studied enough, and unfortunately it's plagued by bro-science from weight lifters who state their anecdotal experience as fact on some forums. I'm not an exercise physiologist, I'm more of a cardiac/neuro/renal physiologist, so I'm also not an expert, but this is what I know.


Question: If all planets were flat, including stars, moons, etc, how would that effect the solar system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If all planets were flat, including stars, moons, etc, how would that effect the solar system?

They would all immediately start cracking and crushing toward their centers and end up roughly spherical. They're spheres because of gravity.


Question: If the universe is full of stars, why is space completely black and not bright?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the universe is full of stars, why is space completely black and not bright?

This is an age-old question known as [Olber's paradox]( URL_0 ). In short: the stars have not been around forever, and light takes time to travel. Any star that is far enough away will be invisible to us, since none of its light has yet reached us. The space that we can see and the stars within it are both finite, and most lines of sight within that space do not intersect with a star.


Question: How do you do something for Pi seconds? How does that work? [Scenario below]

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you do something for Pi seconds? How does that work? [Scenario below]

This appears to be a variation on one of [Zeno's paradox]( URL_0 ), though I'm not versed enough to fully refute that. But I'll give a try. While pi is endless, that doesn't mean it is infinite. It rests between 3.14 and 3.15, so at some point between the two, that person will have completed a pushup. If you want to be more accurate, you could say that it rests between 3.141 and 3.142, etc. This doesn't mean that it takes longer for that time to pass, just that you are being more accurate. Just because you can say that it goes infinitely deep, that doesn't mean that as time passes, it'll never reach that point. You could also say the same for 3 seconds. We know 3 seconds happens between 2.9 and 3.1, or that it happens between 2.99 and 3.01. Your example of 3 is also an infinitely long number when you become extremely precise, just that the long parts are zeros (3.000000...).


Question: What happens to the “lost” iron, that disappears when steel rusts? Like, does it just enter the water system and then the ocean, or do we reclaim it in any way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to the “lost” iron, that disappears when steel rusts? Like, does it just enter the water system and then the ocean, or do we reclaim it in any way?

The iron isn't lost. It is an "ingredient" of rust. The iron in the steel binds with the oxygen in the surrounding air or moisture to make rust. It's like when you mix red paint and yellow paint to make orange paint. The original red and yellow never really go anywhere, but they combine to make a new color.


Question: How do stealth planes & drones actually work ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stealth planes & drones actually work ?

Stealth aircraft use two main techniques for avoiding radar detection: Using radar-absorbing materials and having certain angles of outer surfaces to reflect radar waves away from the receiver. Radar works by sending out an electromagnetic signal out into the air. Those electromagnetic waves hit aircraft and are bounced back to a radar receiver. The size and location of that aircraft is calculated based on the waves that are reflected by the aircraft from the emitter to the receiver. If you build an aircraft out of material that absorbs rather than reflects radar waves, those waves can't return to the receiver and give information on its whereabouts. Also if the radar waves hit the surface of the aircraft and are deflected upward or anywhere other than the direction of the receiver, the radar station does not have any information on where it is. So using visible light as an example. Let's say you have a searchlight looking for aircraft at night. What you would do is build an aircraft that is black so a lot of visible light is absorbed and not reflected. Then you also design the surface of the aircraft to reflect what light isn't absorbed away from the eyes of the searchlight operator. No light returning to the eyes of the searchlight operator means he cannot see the aircraft. The same principle works with radar.


Question: Why does there appear to be a maximum egg size among vertebrate animals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does there appear to be a maximum egg size among vertebrate animals?

### An Eggscelent Question An egg is a spectacular little feat of engineering. It has to be porous enough so that air and moisture can get through, but still keep out bacteria. It has to be hard enough to protect its contents but soft enough for the chick to break through. It has to protect the chick from the elements, but transfer enough heat from incubators. Some eggs are meant to stand up, others to roll back into the nest if they're tipped over. Each egg and each animal has evolved to suit its environment and needs quite specifically. ###Sheer Volume The first issue we run into is volume to surface area. As an egg grows bigger, its volume grows by a power of 3, while its surface area grows by a power of 2. This means that an egg gets proportionally less oxygen as it grows. As an egg gets larger, it also weighs more, which puts more strain on its shell. If the shell gets too thick, the chick won't be able to break out easily. If it's too thin, on the other hand, it's much more likely to break during incubation, especially when a parent sits on it. ### Airing Grievances Remember airflow? Well, if the shell is too thick, it also makes it difficult for air to go through. This ultimately becomes the limiting factor to egg size, much like it became the limiting factor to _insect_ size. URL_0 ### Practice Makes Perfect But quite importantly as well, an egg has to be small enough so that it can be carried about by the mom, yet big enough to contain enough nourishment for the developing chick. The kiwi has an incredibly large egg for its size. Could you imagine carrying that around? URL_1 All this means that there's a maximum _practical_ egg size for most modern species, which is somewhat smaller than the adult animal itself. An egg could get really large, but past a certain point we don't have large birds- and hence no large eggs. There are advantages to large eggs and small eggs, and disadvantages for ones that are too big or too small. In the age of larger egg-laying animals, they did certainly run into the _physical_ limitations of laying eggs. A higher oxygen concentration in the air might push those limits up a little.


Question: Math theorems. Why are they important and what's the point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Math theorems. Why are they important and what's the point?

A theorem is a series of mathematically rigorous statements that **must** follow from your starting assumptions, these assumptions are known as axioms. If you can prove something with a theorem, than anything that can be characterized by the situation can be described with the theorem as well.


Question: Why does some metal sometimes taste sour/sweet ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does some metal sometimes taste sour/sweet ?

The answer is, it shouldn't really. You have several types of taste receptors. The "sweet" receptors are on the lookout for sugars, which are organic molecules (read: mostly carbon based and so not made from metallic elements). On the other hand, your "sour" receptors sense changes in H^+ concentration (though strangely, they sense the concentration INSIDE the receptor, so the acid molecule must first get in the cell). As you can imagine, metallic ions aren't going to activate either of those. If anything, metallic salts (apart from table salt, NaCl) tend to taste quite bitter (though I wouldn't recommend you try - they also tend to be quite poisonous). This leads to the conclusion that what you're tasting is not metal, and so whatever you're licking is probably not totally clean. Source: UK Med student who just had lectures on the 5 senses


Question: why when walking into the wind is it warmer with your back turned walking backwards than walking forward ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why when walking into the wind is it warmer with your back turned walking backwards than walking forward ?

Direct wind contact results in the coldest feeling because of evaporating moisture and because the air around you that is being continuously warmed by your body is quickly taken away and replaced by colder air, so that's why the side facing the wind is colder. A couple things are usually a bit different about the front of our bodies than the back. This helps explain why exposing our back feels different from the front. First and foremost, our faces are the most sensitive part of our external body, so it naturally feels nice to protect our face from the cold. Also, depending on things like clothing and if you're wearing a backpack, our fronts tend to be more exposed (think of neckline, for example). Lastly, when walking backwards, it's easier to block our hands from the wind as well (it's easier to walk with your hands somewhat in front of your body than somewhat behind your body).


Question: how does Microsoft profit from the Microsoft rewards program? It’s basically just free money.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does Microsoft profit from the Microsoft rewards program? It’s basically just free money.

It’s there to encourage you to buy more Microsoft stuff. They lose a little bit of money giving you back some stuff, but they make more money than if you just bought some other company’s version or used a free/open source version. Also Microsoft is trying to encourage you to use their search engine, so they can collect data about how you’re searching, so they can sell it to other people to target ads better.


Question: How does the machine measure oxygenation through the skin of your finger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the machine measure oxygenation through the skin of your finger?

The process is called "Pulse oximetry". To simplify the way it works, the device which is placed somewhere on the body where the skin is thin, in your case the finger, and it emits specific light wave lengths, and its sensors detects what waves are being absorbed through the blood, giving them a fairly accurate approximation of the oxygenation of your blood.


Question: how does one do a reverse image search, and how does this technology work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does one do a reverse image search, and how does this technology work?

Let’s look at drinks. For each drink, we’ll keep a running total of ‘points.’ If it’s hot, it gets one point. If it’s cold, it loses a point. - Coffee is hot, +1 - Tea is hot, +1 - Milk is cold, -1 So we can see coffee and tea are more similar to one another than to milk, using this system, right? We could make a similar system vastly more complicated, using hundreds of properties so that only a computer could check them all - color, shade, shape, texture, etc, anything you can name that makes an image unique and recognizable - to relate images to one another. You upload your image, the computer checks the image, gets the score, and then cross references that with the scores of other images - and it shows you those images under the assumption that they are similar.


Question: Why does rubbing alcohol, vinegar, etc have expiry dates? How can they go bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does rubbing alcohol, vinegar, etc have expiry dates? How can they go bad?

The FDA requires expiry dates on nearly everything aside from alcohol and cosmetics. The manufacturers have to put something, so they generally choose a date a few years out, that they are willing to guarantee the product will meet or exceed that date. URL_0


Question: Why do mentally ill people listen to voices in their heads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do mentally ill people listen to voices in their heads?

I wanna preface by saying I have psychosis, which is like diet schizophrenia in a lot of ways, so I don't have it as bad as many others. Picture this. You're on the train, earbuds in, listening to your favorite band. Not a whole lot of other people around. Suddenly, someone was sitting next to you says "that guy over there is looking at you funny". You look over to where it came from, but no one is there. Whatever, no big deal. But then it comes from the other side "no, really, he thinks there's something weird with your face". Again, you look around but no one's there. Just the guy that's supposedly looking at you, but he's reading a book and seven seats down, with earbuds of his own in. You think to yourself 'great, I'm hearing things again' and try to ignore it. But this goes on all day long. Voices of people who don't exist follow you everywhere, telling you things like "that person just gave you a nasty look. They think you're ugly." and "that person that just laughed did it because you're a freak." and "everyone thinks you're weird and don't belong." You can try and ignore it all you want, but when it's *so* constant, it gets difficult. When that voice, or voices, tell you to do something, you start thinking about doing it just to make the noise stop, then you do it. You don't want to hate yourself, or hurt yourself, or do whatever they're saying to do, but you haven't slept in a week because of the voices and you'll do anything just to make it stop. Just to get a break. At least, that's my experience with voices. To put it in ELI5, pretend you have an imaginary friend, maybe you can see them, maybe not. They keep telling you to do things you don't want to, and won't leave you alone, or let you sleep, or go away until you do what they say. You try to ignore them, but eventually you're just so sick of them that you have to do what they say, just to get them to stop for a while


Question: Why does simulations with the same circumstances and factors affecting it give different results?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does simulations with the same circumstances and factors affecting it give different results?

Let me explain it with a simple game like NBA 2K that has simulations in it. The factors affecting the simulation are the ratings of each player of the two teams and any overall team ratings such as team chemistry, home advantage etc. Now let us take the case of a possession by possession simulation starting with the tipoff factors - height of the two centers fighting for the tip and their jumping capacity and wingspan. Now the result of the tip can be done in two different ways 1) deterministic simulation - we can make a formula for an attribute called tip off rating = Jumping capacity + height + wingspan. And we can declare that whoever has the highest rating will win the tip off 2) probabilistic simulation - again we make a formula for the tip off rating but we determine in terms of a comparative percentage. e.g. tip off success of A w.r.t.B = Height (A) + Wingspan (A) + Jumping Capacity (A)/Height (A+B) + Wingspan (A+B) + Jumping Capacity (A+B). Now say for a particular couple A-B, this percentages are 64% and 36% respectively. That means A wins the tip off 64% of the time and B wins it 36% of the time. Now whenever a tip off happens, the computer generates a random no. between 1 and 100 and if it is less than or equal to 64, it considers A to have won and B otherwise. So similarly in battle strategy games there will be lot of such interactions between forces where probability is used. And on each run it changes


Question: How theoretically big would a species need to be in order to be intelligent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How theoretically big would a species need to be in order to be intelligent?

What does "intelligent" mean? As intelligent as humans? Not quite as capable, but close? Parrots and a few other kinds of birds are quite intelligent and relatively small. Octopuses are generally very intelligent, and some can be very small. Cuttlefish fall into this category as well. I won't pretend I have an answer for you, but I think you need to be more clear if you want one. Minimum size for *how* intelligent? Where are you drawing the line?


Question: Why does eating a large meal result in sleepiness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does eating a large meal result in sleepiness?

Essentially all your energy goes to your belly who now has the big job of breaking down, sorting, and distributing all that food. You go into rest and digest mode, your parasympathetic nervous system kicks on conserving energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. Also a lot of blood gets diverted towards digestion to help everything move around and provide oxygen. Mother evolution found this to be very useful for proper nutritional extraction. This is also the real reason people get tired at Thanksgiving.


Question: Why does stuff videoed from far away look like its going in slow motion until it gets close?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does stuff videoed from far away look like its going in slow motion until it gets close?

Part of it is we track motion in general by how fast it travels across our eyes. And stuff farther away has to move a longer distance to cover the same angle as something a foot away. Another part is that there's no real evolutionary reason to treat fast moving objects that are far away with too much importance. If a car is moving at 60mph a mile away it's still going to take close to a minute before it's your problem and that's only it's directly aimed at you perfectly which it probably isn't. So it isn't as immediately important to dodging/interacting with,etc as bike moving 5 mph a few feet from you.


Question: Why when installing programs on my PC they can take/reserve more then twice the amount of space then their folder actually is after the installation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when installing programs on my PC they can take/reserve more then twice the amount of space then their folder actually is after the installation?

It's sort of like when you order a toy, and it arrives in a big box full of packing foam panels. You have to open the box, take out the foam, and then you get your toy. Once you have the toy, you can throw out the foam and cardboard box. Many programs are compressed to save space while in a state meant for shipping, aka transfer (downloading, on a disk). When installing, you need to "unpack" or decompress the program. Those temporary files, (like the packing foam), are then deleted once the program has been installed. Maybe someone else has a more concise explanation, but that's how i have always thought of it.


Question: Why does Netflix offer different/more content depending on what country you live in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Netflix offer different/more content depending on what country you live in?

Netflix has to buy a separate license for each country (except for the stuff they own outright themselves) For some content someone else may already own or buy the license instead of Netflix. For some other stuff they may just decide there's not enough of a market in that country to justify paying for a license. On very rare occasions something may not be legally allowed to be streamed in a particular country.


Question: Why is water considered a newtonian fluid despite behaving like a solid when impacted at high enough speeds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is water considered a newtonian fluid despite behaving like a solid when impacted at high enough speeds?

"Newtonian fluid" in simple terms means resistance of the liquid linearly grows with speed you try to push it away, hit it at high enough speed and it'll still feel like a solid. In most common examples of non-newtonian fluids it's a dependency that grows faster than linearly, so it starts to feel solid after much smaller increase in speed than needed for water.


Question: How come gigantic eyes in cartoons (Anime, Pixar, Disney, etc.) are seen as acceptable/cute and not creepy? They would be massively creepy in real life.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come gigantic eyes in cartoons (Anime, Pixar, Disney, etc.) are seen as acceptable/cute and not creepy? They would be massively creepy in real life.

IIRC it's partially because slightly distorted features are amusing and humorous in animation, but the reason many find it cute is that it evokes the same emotions that people feel when they see babies. Humans are hardwired to like babies since it's kind of important for the species to survive. The eyes don't grow much, if at all, as kids grow, but obviously the head does. So when kids are very young, that difference is obvious and kids look like they have huge eyes. The large eyes of cartoon characters are supposed to reflect that look of infants and young children.


Question: What’s the difference between Zionism and Judaism? Is Judaism anti Zionism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between Zionism and Judaism? Is Judaism anti Zionism?

Judaism is the religion and Zionism is the effort to re-establish a Jewish nation in Israel. Not all Jews agree with the politics of its establishment.


Question: I often get spam emails from people who obviously did not send the emails. How does this happen? Is someone hacking their account?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I often get spam emails from people who obviously did not send the emails. How does this happen? Is someone hacking their account?

Often times, the account that appears to be sending the message did not actually send it. The “from” address is basically being forged. In internet parlance this is called “email spoofing.” There is phone spoofing too (fake caller ID information) which is a freaking epidemic in the U.S. these days. The person whose email/number is being spoofed can’t do anything to stop it.


Question: What exactly is going when a ballpoint pen seems unwilling to write in one area of a piece of paper but writes just fine elsewhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is going when a ballpoint pen seems unwilling to write in one area of a piece of paper but writes just fine elsewhere?

You have to get the ball rolling so to speak. The way ball point pens work is by rolling a ball through ink then onto paper. Pen ink dries when exposed to air, this lets it flow onto the paper then stay there without smudging or making an outright mess, the ball serves not only to transfer the ink in a controlled manner but to seal the unused ink from air. The seal isn't complete though since there needs to be enough space for the ink to get out. When this ink dries it takes a fair bit of friction to break up the dried ink and free the ball to roll and the ink to flow. Even without dried ink there is still a minimum amount of friction that is needed to roll the ball, sometimes there are parts of the paper that are too smooth where as the rest of the paper is fine.


Question: How do people come up with Rubix cube algorithms??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people come up with Rubix cube algorithms??

You get a Master's in Group Theory. There are mathematical algorithms dealing with matrices that allow you to figure this stuff out. Barring that you just look up the instructions. I will guarantee you 99.9% of the people on youtube do not have the ability to calculate the algorithms, they simple saw them and copied them and have learned the specific maneuvers to move a square to a specific location.


Question: Why Do Some Brands Hide or Don't Show The Price Tag of Their Products or Services?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Do Some Brands Hide or Don't Show The Price Tag of Their Products or Services?

These are brands that if you have to ask, you can't afford it, and it's a simple way to avoid awkward situations.


Question: Why is having debt a good thing for a country?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is having debt a good thing for a country?

For the same reason having debt is good for a person: It allows us to utilize future earnings to buy things today. If a dollar today is worth more to me than a dollar tomorrow (not an unreasonable proposition), being able to borrow money is a hugely valuable service. That's not fundamentally different for an organization like a firm or a government.


Question: What was the “dot com” bubble and how did it pop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What was the “dot com” bubble and how did it pop?

Basically, people were really excited about the prospect of using the internet to make money. This included people who had no idea what they were doing. However, everyone was sure that every internet business was going to make it big, so investors kept offering them more and more cash. Businesses that were plainly terrible ideas kept getting funding. Eventually all these terrible firms went bust and their investors lost lots of money. The amounts loss was actually enough to cause a noticeable contraction in the wider market and a small recession.


Question: What's going on with "black money" in India?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's going on with "black money" in India?

A bunch of people aren't reporting their income, mostly because it's gained through illegal means (like the black market). This income is kept hidden in their homes generally, and isn't stored in banks. In order to combat this, the Indian government surprised everyone by suddenly announcing that all their most common bills no longer have value, and must be exchanged for new bills. It would be like if the US government said "we're getting rid of the $10 and $20 bills and replacing them with $15 and $30 bills." Anyone who wants their money to have value must take it to a bank to exchange it, where the amount they exchange will be recorded. Those with a ton of "black money", i.e. money gained through illegal means and not reported for taxes, will be exposed.


Question: Is there a scientific reason for presuming life doesn't exist on Europa or Enceladus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a scientific reason for presuming life doesn't exist on Europa or Enceladus?

NASA uses exactly that assumption in sterilizing spacecraft that might land on such a body. We don't want to wipe it out with Earth microbes.


Question: why is muscle sometimes referred to as "lean"? Can muscle be "fatty"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is muscle sometimes referred to as "lean"? Can muscle be "fatty"?

Humans do not have fat intermixed with muscle the way we've engineered some domesticated species to. Our fat is almost entirely stored subcutaneously, or viscerally. Subcutaneous means it's below the skin (and above the muscle in this case), viscerally means it's around our organs. In our abdomen we have a structure called the omentum which is like sheets of connective tissue and fat storage that extends between our loops of bowel and other abdominal organs. We have a greater and lesser omentum. When you get obese, you not only have fat stored under the skin, but giving you the belly is this expanded layer of visceral fat in the omentum that pushes your abdomen out. "Lean muscle", as I understand it, is referring to eating enough calories that you build muscle but you don't develop a lot of extra fat. Diet is an important part of muscle gain, but it can also lead to weight gain if done to excess. Often bodybuilders use "bulking" and "cutting" periods where they simply eat a very large amount of calories to ensure they are building as much muscle as possible, and then they will eat at a caloric deficit to lose fat without also losing muscle. So it's not really the muscle itself that is lean or fatty, but rather whether you're gaining fat with muscle, or simply eating enough to gain muscle but remain at a consistent level of fat (aka. "lean muscle").


Question: If you block someone on your phone, and they send you a message, do they know they're blocked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you block someone on your phone, and they send you a message, do they know they're blocked?

No there is no notification. Depends on your phone but some phones have the messages from blocked contacts saved in a spam section.