Question: What is terminal velocity and how does it happen along the vertical axis but not the horizontal plane of motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is terminal velocity and how does it happen along the vertical axis but not the horizontal plane of motion?

As you move through the atmosphere, the air causes a force known as drag. You can feel drag if you stick your hand out of the window as you're travelling in a car. Drag is related to the speed an object is moving through the air. The faster you move, the more drag you experience. If you are falling, accelerating faster and faster, the drag you experience also grows. Eventually, the force of drag matches the force trying to accelerate you (gravity in this case), and you experience no further increase in speed. This is known as terminal velocity. Terminal velocity can and does happen along horizontal planes as well as vertical. Ironically, it is experienced in planes. This is the reason jets travel so high. The get into the thinner air so the drag is less (and the terminal velocity is greater).


Question: how do optometrists get the prescription right for little kids that can't explain how their sight changes for the better/worse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do optometrists get the prescription right for little kids that can't explain how their sight changes for the better/worse?

Most vision problems are caused by slight physical defects in the structure of the eye. If the optometrist looks close enough they can see what's going on.


Question: What are the "cracking" and "popping" noises that occur when you make obscure movements in your hips, shoulders, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the "cracking" and "popping" noises that occur when you make obscure movements in your hips, shoulders, etc?

> In anatomy/physiology, we call this "cavitation". > This happens because of pressure changes inside your joints. > Some background info: > Your joint is covered by a layer of tissue called the "synovium". Think of this as a layer of shrink wrap around your joints, essentially creating a capsule around your joint. Your blood has the ability to carry dissolved gases, sort of like how a bottle of pop carries carbon dioxide gas. In the case of the human body, the dissolved gas in play here is nitrogen (which as a side note makes up almost 80% of the air we breathe). When you move a stiff joint, you actually create a change in pressure inside that synovium. That change in pressure it sort of like if you open a fresh bottle of soda. You know those bubbles that appear in the bottle? To a smaller extent, that's what also happens in your joints. This is because gas only dissolves in liquid at a certain pressure. If there's less pressure, then the gas will escape the fluid and become bubbles. > The popping noise you hear is a bubble forming in your joint and then popping as the pressure normalizes and gets reabsorbed into the blood stream. The popping noise is what we call "cavitation". > (Other possible causes for popping in joints, but somewhat less common, is tight tendons rubbing up against each other, or friction against bone surfaces in the case of cartilage wearing down - but if you're thinking of your knuckles cracking, 99% likely it's the cavitation phenomenon causing it.) Question has been posted before; here's [source]( URL_0 )


Question: Why does cracking your back/joints get easier the more you do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does cracking your back/joints get easier the more you do it?

Most joints are supplemented with ligaments, effectively bits of fibrous string that hold the bones together. When you crack your joints regularly the ligaments stretch and become less effective, making it easier to crack those joints again later. It's the same reason why people who have dislocated their shoulder once are more likely to do it again. The joint becomes less stable if the ligaments around it are lax.


Question: Why are FM signals interrupted when underneath buildings or bridges?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are FM signals interrupted when underneath buildings or bridges?

Radios use special waves to send their messages. Dense stuff like bridges usually have metal in them, and metal is really good at blocking those special waves. If those waves can't get through, your car's antenna can't pick them up. It's like putting a pillow over your ears- you might be able to still hear a little bit, but it's really muffled because the sound is being absorbed by the pillow. Slightly > 5 explanation: bridges/buildings often have rebar, which is concrete that is strengthened with metal bars. The metal bars often create a mesh which acts like a Faraday cage, which generally blocks incoming radio transmission. This is why you often get poor cell service in big buildings. Someone please correct me if I'm wrong here.


Question: Why does it feel good to procrastinate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel good to procrastinate?

Because we usually only procrastinate with things we *don't* want to do. So, letting yourself avoid that discomfort feels good. On the other hand, that good feeling can be short-lived since we know we need to do this thing we don't want and it just hangs over us.


Question: Why is cloud computing and virtual machines are so much more cost effective than traditional hardware?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is cloud computing and virtual machines are so much more cost effective than traditional hardware?

When you buy traditional hardware, you own it or lease it, you have to have a physical place to put it (data center), network hardware to connect it, physical lines to connect it to networks, power supply, cooling all the hardware, etc. those are significant up front and ongoing costs. With cloud hardware, you pay a monthly fee and someone else worries about all of it. You also have the ability to scale up based on demand... for instance if you’re a large AAA game dev company and you are launching a new platform in a few days, you may need 10x the web capacity to handle requests that you don’t normally have, cloud can do that for you. You pay (usually) by the minute instead of having to plan for maximum capacity, you can do just enough to meet demand. And when the spike is over, you can scale the web back to “normal”. Because you didn’t buy the machines to support it, you don’t have to sell them afterwards or take depreciation. It’s the same reason you don’t buy a car when you travel, you just rent it for the time you need it, then return it, someone else worries about the maintenance and cleaning etc


Question: how can photons and other elementary particles have 0 dimension yet comprise objects that are extended in 3 dimensions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can photons and other elementary particles have 0 dimension yet comprise objects that are extended in 3 dimensions?

A photon acts like a wave, a particle, and a probability distribution (like an electron), meaning that it is not 0 dimensions. A photon has just enough force behind it that when a lot of photons are working together, they can propel objects (look into solar sails). From my understanding, photons are 1-dimension, in that they are a single point (not sphere) that expresses itself as a wave. Think "How thick is a wave of sound?" It doesn't have a thickness/volume, but it is present along its line. If you look into String Theory, it's main basis is that the universe is made of particles that aren't 3-dimensional. It is a "string" like a rubber band on a 2-d plain. When that band is "twanged" or shaken, it vibrates into a 3-dimension shape (smaller than quarks, which are what protons/etc are made of). The frequency of the "twang" is what is responsible for different particles being observed/formed. (This is ONE theory of the universe. When following String Theory, there are 10 (+ ?) dimensions.)


Question: Why do car dealerships do "cashback" instead of just reducing the price?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do car dealerships do "cashback" instead of just reducing the price?

Dealerships are all about numbers, they want to be able to report they sold the car for as high a price as possible. Most positions at dealerships are based on commissions, salesman get commission for the car, the detailers get incentives, managers get paid relative to total sales. So basically they just want to say to corporate we sold x amount of cars for a total of y. The higher y is the more the dealership can report and the mangers get paid relatively. So if they knock the price down they’re losing money but cash back comes out of the next months or a different pool. Source: Uncle has been a sales manager at several dealerships for 30 years.


Question: How was the transition to the Euro so easy? How did the currency have any value when it started and how were they able to make everyone switch to it so quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was the transition to the Euro so easy? How did the currency have any value when it started and how were they able to make everyone switch to it so quickly?

It wasn't easy, it was a lot of work. The currency had value because it could be exchanged for other currencies, and because (like any fiat currency) the governments agreed to accept as payment for taxes and fees.


Question: Why does salt make you thirsty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does salt make you thirsty?

The salt is carried along with your bloodstream. When the blood becomes saltier than normal, it zooms through your veins and arteries. The salt contains sodium. Hence the body detects an imbalance caused by the sodium rich fluids extract more fluids out of the cells. The cell chemical messengers carry the signals of high salt levels and then trigger the brain's thirst center that leads us to grab our glass of water.


Question: How do skateboarders survive falls from such heights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do skateboarders survive falls from such heights?

The body can take impacts pretty well. But, it isn’t just that, it’s how you land. If you watch that video, he hits the ground, beds his knees all the way up into his chest, and then rolls out onto his back. In that, he is using the muscles in his legs to start to slow his fall. And then he falls/rolls out onto his back, spreading the force of his landing out over a larger area. Then the fact that he spreads out the fall by rolling/sliding instead of one sudden stop lowers the impact on the body. If you made the same jump and landed poorly, you could easily break you leg, arm, head. Skateboarders learn how to fall.


Question: How does water evaporate from seas if the temperature never actually reaches 100 degrees. Does it just slowly gain energy from the sun until it has enough to break bonds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water evaporate from seas if the temperature never actually reaches 100 degrees. Does it just slowly gain energy from the sun until it has enough to break bonds?

Water is always evaporating, even at 0 degrees. The temperature of the water is an average value for all the molecules in it, some of them will be hotter than average and they evaporate.


Question: How do companies like AMD, Intel, NVidia etc make better cores?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies like AMD, Intel, NVidia etc make better cores?

Further research into computer technology sees the transitor (a key part of a processor) getting smaller and smaller, from 22 nanometers, 20, 16, 18, 14... As long as we are still able to shrink the transistor (until it gets too small for the basic principles of to work), companies will continue to find ways of jamming as many of them into a processor, and more is usually better.


Question: How does glue not dry up in a bottle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does glue not dry up in a bottle?

To dry up the water would have to evaporate out of it. The water can't do that in a sealed container because of something called vapor pressure. Basically evaporation is governed by the temperature of a liquid, the pressure it is at, and the properties of the liquid. The water can't evaporate out of the glue because it is in a sealed container and so the heat that causes it to evaporate increases the pressure which then condenses the liquid again. If you open the top of a glue bottle it can dry out because the water is free to convert into a gas without increasing the pressure.


Question: Why doesn’t marijuana get downgraded from Schedule I even though there’s scientific evidence that the current classification makes no sense?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why doesn’t marijuana get downgraded from Schedule I even though there’s scientific evidence that the current classification makes no sense?

1. Private prison companies lobby against it. They would lose prisoners. 2. Big pharma lobbies against it. They can’t claim patent on a natural product and would lose market share to it. 3. DEA argues against it. They would lose funding. Money...


Question: What proof do we have of Mole Theory?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What proof do we have of Mole Theory?

The same way we know that a dozen is 12. We made up the term mole. As for how we know how much a mole of something weighs, we know what 1 atoms weighs, and we know how many atoms are in a mole. If you want you can make up your own term and make it have 84 atoms


Question: Why do different parts of the world have different emergency numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do different parts of the world have different emergency numbers?

Interesting question! In the USA, AT & T recommended 911 back in 1967 as the nationwide emergency number. AT & T chose 911 as it fit into the North American Dialing Plan N11 code system (dial 411 for directory assistance, 611 for repair telephone repair, etc.) and 9 hadn't been allocated at that time. Canada also adopted the 911 emergency number. 111 is the emergency number (adopted in 1958) in New Zealand whilst in the UK the emergency number is 999. This is because with the old rotary dial systems the number of "pulses" sent were reversed in NZ vis-a-vis the UK. In NZ dialing"1" on a rotary phone sent 9 pulses whilst in the UK dialing "9" on a rotary phone sent 9 pulses. So the equipment used in NZ and the UK for the phone exchanges worked for both 111 in NZ and 999 in the UK. Across the ditch in Australia the emergency number is 000. This is due to the historic need to dial two zeroes in remote Australian areas to reach an operator; adding one more zero for the national emergency number seemed like the smart thing to do. Australia briefly considered using 911 but those numbers were already in use for regular phone numbers.


Question: counterfactual thinking. Why do humans do this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 counterfactual thinking. Why do humans do this?

Because it can help make better decisions about future actions that are similar to past actions. By considering what might have happened if something had been done differently against a known past event you can see what might happen in a future unknown event.


Question: What does it mean for a planet to be in retrograde?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean for a planet to be in retrograde?

Long ago, we looked up at the stars and saw that stars traverse the sky in a predictable, somewhat linear pattern over the course of a year. But humans saw other objects in the sky. They were planets - but we didn't know what a planet was, it was just a bit of light just like a star as far as we could tell at the time. Planets, from our perspective, move back and forth, and not the same way as stars did when you track them in the sky. They don't actually change direction, it's just that they're so near to us (compared to stars), their relative position to us changes more dramatically than a star would. & #x200B; So when we see a planet "moving" from day to day in our field of view, and it then changes direction, we call that retrograde. I bring up their distance to us because stars would do the same thing if we weren't so far away from them. Because of that distance, we really don't see much of a difference in how they pass through our field of view.


Question: I empty a glass full of water. I tilt it upside down and shake it, yet there are still small bits of water in the glass, the small bits of liquid don't fall down too?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I empty a glass full of water. I tilt it upside down and shake it, yet there are still small bits of water in the glass, the small bits of liquid don't fall down too?

Not friction but surface tension. Water stick very well to itself and to other surfaces, such as the side of your glass.


Question: How do beer koozies work and are they actually efficient in keeping beer cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do beer koozies work and are they actually efficient in keeping beer cold?

Beer koozies act like a barrier between a can/bottle and the outside temperature. It keeps the cold in and the warm out. It depends on what the koozie is made of, but yes, they are efficient


Question: If honey bees make and store honey for food, why can we take so much from them without harming them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If honey bees make and store honey for food, why can we take so much from them without harming them?

Hi! I'm a beekeeper. The honey is indeed intended as a store of energy for the winter. However, when we take it (called 'extracting'), we replace it with either blocks of sugary fondant (kind of like what you get in Christmas and wedding cakes) or a sugar syrup. Both have loads of energy and a similar composition to honey which bees can break down and use just like they would the honey


Question: Why is a number divided by 0 "undefined"? Why can't it be represented and manipulated just like other numbers that don't exist on the number line, such as i?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a number divided by 0 "undefined"? Why can't it be represented and manipulated just like other numbers that don't exist on the number line, such as i?

ELI5ing without calculus: Division in math is identical to division of a physical object, like a pie. You can divide a pie into any positive number of pieces 3,6,27, whatever. You can even "divide" a pie into 1 piece: it's the whole pie. How would you divide a pie into 0 pieces? It's not possible; the question doesn't even make sense. So in math, division by zero is undefined.


Question: Why are your hands slippery when dry, get "grippy" when they get a little bit wet, then slippery again if very wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are your hands slippery when dry, get "grippy" when they get a little bit wet, then slippery again if very wet?

Your body needs moisture to work properly. So the grip of your hands is kind of determined by all the ridges, and their ability to sell swell and squish. All those little lines, like your fingerprints and such, they fill with water when there's moisture, and then when you grab things, they are able to apply extra pressure, creating better grip. Obviously this swelling is near microscopic, but have you ever stayed in the water until your hands prune? That is your skin swelling to give you grip in such a wet environment. I'm using this to train for teaching my kids(1yr), hope this is good. EDIT:: Apparently this is not true, some say at all, some say partially. I really appreciate the likes and awards, but I hope all you people that are calling me out for being wrong are also down voting this, and upvoting the correct answers. This is what I learnt through my life.


Question: Why is it instinct to close our eyes when we get something in them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it instinct to close our eyes when we get something in them?

My guess would be to protect our eyes. Sharks eyes roll back in their head. Crocs and Gators have an inner transparent eye lid. We can't really do either so it's just squint and prey. No eyes no life in the nature world...


Question: What does a virus do to your computer? What does virus protection do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a virus do to your computer? What does virus protection do?

A virus is just a program that runs on your computer at its core. However, things that get classified as "viruses" tend to be programs that: - Install without the user's knowledge or permission - Do nefarious things that the user does not want done What it "does" depends on the virus. Some may delete or change files, some may turn your computer into an agent of a botnet, some may mine bitcoin, some may act as an email spam relay, etc. It is just a program, and it can do anything that a program can do. I had one may years ago that changed everything you typed into ethnic slurs. Virus protection scans your system for known "viral" code and either isolates or deletes it. Since viruses are "bad" programs, the software is designed to find them and disable them without user interaction and in a way that limits further damage to the computer operating system.


Question: If oil is hydrophobic, how can it perform capillary action if capillary action operates by using hydrophilic bonds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If oil is hydrophobic, how can it perform capillary action if capillary action operates by using hydrophilic bonds?

Capillary action does **not** operate using hydrophilic bonds. So that's the short answer. Capillary action is propelled by surface tension and the adhesive force between a liquid and its container. It has nothing to do with a particular substance's interaction with water.


Question: How does GPS know it's inaccuracy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does GPS know it's inaccuracy?

It's about how the GPS actually works. Your phone is "listening" to signals that a series of stalactites are putting out. Basically these satellites are all constantly sending signals that contain the current time. Your phone takes the signal, compares the time codes to the other signals and is therefore able to determine how far it is from the satellites. So my phone knows it's a certain distance from a satellite, and the position of the satellite is a known thing. Problem is my phone has no idea what direction the satellite is in. However if it can hear 2 satellites, or even better 3 or more, it can use those 3 distances to figure out with a lot more accrual where it is. It's drawing circles around where the satellites are and where those lines intersect is where you are. SOOOO accuracy is based on how many satellites it's currency hearing. It's also based on the strength of those signals. In addition the older satellites might be less accurate and so on. There's 2 other factors. Your phone does not only use GPS to get it's location. It can also use the cell phone network, it knows what tower it's connected to and the location of that tower. So sometimes your "GPS" location actually shows the location of the cell tower. So when you first open maps the location will be HUGE and way away from you. Then it will snap to something much more accurate. That's your phone swapping from using the cell tower location to using your actual GPS location. Lastly your phone can use it's wifi network to determine location. I'm somewhat understand on how this one works but it's some combination of the wifi network being able to tell the phone what address it's at combined with the major phone makers having access to some kind of wifi network map that the phone can use to see what networks are around and use that to determine what it's rough location is. So your phone has 3 methods, all 3 methods have differing impacts on location accuracy along with battery consumption so your phone will attempt to get the best accuracy with the least battery impact.


Question: How do subtitles on streaming services work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do subtitles on streaming services work?

Yes, someone did have to sit down and type them out. Usually it's done by the studio for closed captioning (on TV) or subtitles for the DVD/blu-ray release, then they just send the files along when they license the content to streaming services. For Netflix Original stuff, then yeah Netflix would have to hire somebody to type everything out. I suppose they could also work from a digital copy of the shooting script and just add the timecodes.


Question: . How do we know everything is made up of atoms if we can’t see them? How did someone get the idea that atoms make up everything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . How do we know everything is made up of atoms if we can’t see them? How did someone get the idea that atoms make up everything?

The original idea is actually really old.. Democritus came up with the concept that if you had a rock and broke it into small pieces, they could be broken into even smaller bits.. but at some point you will reach particles that can not be broken down any further. He named those particles indivisible- in Ancient Greek that’s ‘atomos’ which is where the word atom came from. Edit: Democritus not Aristotle.


Question: How does 3 phase power work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does 3 phase power work?

Normal power is like pedalling a bike with two pedals; it's very hard at the instant when one of the pedals is all the way down and the other is all the way up. If you could have a bike with three evenly-spaced pedals (and three legs!) then that problem is solved and the power flows more efficiently and smoothly.


Question: There’s millions if not billions of creatures in the ocean and they all pee, so how do they not get sick from essentially inhaling each other’s urine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 There’s millions if not billions of creatures in the ocean and they all pee, so how do they not get sick from essentially inhaling each other’s urine?

Arguably the main purpose of urination is to get rid of excess nitrogen-based chemicals (e.g. ammonia, urea, or uric acid depending on the organism). These chemicals can be quite dangerous to most forms of life in high concentration, so it's true that if they were to build up in oceans this would cause problems. Fortunately though, there is a well established [nitrogen cycle]( URL_1 ) in which various bacteria and other organisms convert ammonia to gaseous dinitrogen (N2), which is relatively harmless but also unusable by most living things. From there, other microorganisms carry out nitrogen fixation, converting dinitrogen back into other forms that can be used in building various molecules that are important to life, and the cycle continues. [This website]( URL_0 ) provides some more detailed information if you're interested.


Question: Why do you feel hotter after walking into an air conditioned room after working in the heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you feel hotter after walking into an air conditioned room after working in the heat?

Is the wind blowing outside? Do you have air moving indoors? Is it relatively less humid outside than inside? There are basically 3 parts to how air feels. Temperature, moisture content (humidity), and movement. Going with air temperature being lower than outside my guess is a combination of humidity and air movement. As a personal experience, I was in Kuwait for 9 months. It is very hot there 115+. I would not sweat noticeably though because it was windy and dry. My sweat did it's job of evaporating and pulling heat away from my body. However as soon as I walked into the dining facility I would start dripping with sweat. I was still hot but the air was much cooler inside. But it was also more humid and barely any air movement. For your sweat to work at it's best, it has to evaporate. Higher humidity makes that harder. If there is little air movement that makes it even harder. Air by itself isn't that great at moving heat, so when you walk into a cooler, but more humid and less "windy" area, you may feel warmer because you are still hot but aren't getting the cooling benefit from your sweat.


Question: If it labor usually takes hours and hours how are twins born a few minutes apart?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If it labor usually takes hours and hours how are twins born a few minutes apart?

The labor process may take hours, as in the time until the [cervix is fully dilated.]( URL_0 ), which is where the cervix expands to become large enough to accommodate a human baby head. Until the dilation is complete, it the woman may experience contractions for several hours, which is commonly called "in labor." The actual birthing process is only a few minutes in most cases.


Question: Why exactly do we need differential calculus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why exactly do we need differential calculus?

It is no exaggeration to say that anything university level that requires mathematics will need calculus. In fact it is probably the basics of what you need. Things only get more complicated from there. Differentiation is basically calculating a rate of change. Turn that around and you get integration, which basically allows you to find out different things given a function, i.e. a graph. It is easy to calculate the area under a graph if it is a straight line. Once it becomes more complicated, like a curve, then it becomes more difficult. So you use integration. Many topics in advanced education begin to use mathematical models to define things. Even things you wouldn't expect. And often these mathematical models will involve the use of calculus. For example, in psychology you are often required to take statistics, which uses calculus. Even in a management class you can be given a formula which may model a market or effect of change in prices on demand. **These will use calculus to find an optimal solution to something.** How would that work? well we know differentiation is finding the function that defines the rate of change. How would you find the optimal solution to a function; say the profitability of a product is defined by a curved function; it goes up, then starts slowing down (i.e. curving) before going down, due to the idea of diminishing returns. What would be the optimal solution? how do you find the "peak"? well that is simple. You find the precise point where the rate of change is 0; it is the precise point from when it increases to decreases. The peak of the curve. What happens if you differentiate that profit function? you are finding the marginal profit; how much more profit you get per unit of production. What happens if you integrate that function? you get the total amount of profit. You can even use it to define the amount of profit you get at different points of the curve.


Question: If red and purple are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum, why does red seem to fade into purple just as well as it fades into orange?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If red and purple are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum, why does red seem to fade into purple just as well as it fades into orange?

This question leads down a rabbit hole. Ready? **Purple is not on the visible spectrum** ROYGBIV. No P at all. Violet =/= purple. Violet is not the same as purple. Let that sink in. The similar color is an illusion. Violet is actually a color we can't really precieve (directly). Purple is a mix of red and blue pigment. Violet is the thing to the right of blue on the rainbow. Purple is a fake color - so is brown. We "see" violet because of harmonics. We don't have a violet color receptor; just red blue and green. There is a sensitivity in the red cone that makes it activate a tiny bit from violet light. Thus is essentially a harmony like in music - because the wavelength is almost doubled. Notes have the same similar sound to their harmonic partners. Because this is similar to a red mixed with a blue (purple) our brains use the same sensation to represent them. In reality, they are as different as yellow and indigo. **Edit: people seem interested so here is more of the rabbit hole** They sky isn't blue. Ever heard of Rayleigh scattering? This is the explanation often given for why the sky is blue. It states that nitrogen and oxygen (thanks /u/rrtk77) refract light to favor shorter wavelength and it's true. But violet is shorter than blue. So why isn't the sky violet? **The sky is violet** If you hold a colorimeter up to the sky, it will tell you that your eyes are lying to you. The sky is actually violet but our eyes don't see violet very well (for the reasons above). **Edit 2: pink is also not real** URL_0


Question: When keeping your eyes closed, why do you see different colours and patterns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When keeping your eyes closed, why do you see different colours and patterns?

I know someone who is blind because she has no eyes at all. She says her world is a dirty grey colour, and that she was explained that even though she has no light perception at all, she can “see” the grey because our brains can conjure it up, and tell us that’s something we are seeing.


Question: Why some areas of skin scar way worse than other areas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why some areas of skin scar way worse than other areas?

I’m not a doctor but this is my understanding based on some courses I’ve taken in school. Essentially, when you get a cut or an injury, the body does it’s best to heal the wound which usually involves trying to close it or heal-over any injured tissue. As a result, you sometimes get fibrous scar tissue which never quite “integrates” with the surrounding cells. In the case of your knee, the skin around joints has to be very elastic - and at the very least, it experienced more stretching and compression than say a spot on your forearm. As a result, the healing process tends to take longer. Additionally, the constant stretching of skin in that region makes it harder for the body to cleanly heal a wound which tends to lead to more noticeable scarring. There may be a more scientific explanation but I think the amount of pushing and pulling a region of skin experiences has a lot to do with how easily injuries can heal.


Question: Why is there so much variety of alphabets/ language but so few differences in numbers/ math?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there so much variety of alphabets/ language but so few differences in numbers/ math?

math is universal. people used different symbols (roman vs arabic), but they represented the same thing. so it doesn't really matter which set of symbols you use. but languages are a construct, they rely on people agreeing on what each sound means. and the phone didn't exist for most of history, so they only had to agree with the people of their own region. so their language developed in a different direction than that of the tribes on the other side of the mountains. they used different sounds and different meanings. and only then did they invent writing, and created an alphabet that suits their language but not whatever those other guys are speaking


Question: How do swipe card and their readers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do swipe card and their readers work?

There is a strip of magnetic tape on the back of the card. There is a magnetically sensitive reader head in the swipe machine. As you slide the card through the machine the tape on the card creates a tiny electrical signal due to the interaction of the magnetized tape and the reader head that changes as the card slides through. These small changes represent the data stored on the card which includes the card number and I believe also the expiration date.


Question: Are fishes and other underwater creatures in danger when there are storms or is it still relatively safe for them beneath the surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are fishes and other underwater creatures in danger when there are storms or is it still relatively safe for them beneath the surface?

Most of the water movement occurs very near the surface so fish which wanted to avoid the storm could simply move deeper. As a rule of thumb at depths of greater than half the wavelength the water motion is less than 4% of that at the surface. Also a fish in open water is unlikely to be given much trouble by a strong current because, being fish, they can breath perfectly fine and don't really have anywhere to be.


Question: Why is streaming Netflix so bad for the environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is streaming Netflix so bad for the environment?

It is not inherently bad for the environment if it were not for the fact that most of our power is generated from fossil fuels. Watching netflix, or streaming in general, uses a crapton of power (think multiple data centres for your lag free high res watching). Also because it "needs" to be available 24/7. In my opinion these studies are more aimed towards shifting blame. Rather than blame the fossil fuel based power generation it is shifting blame to the consumer "watching netflix makes us burn more fossil fuels!". Even if they could produce power by solar, wind or nuclear. Again this is just my opinion


Question: What happens when you have an orgasm? Is it the same for men and women?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when you have an orgasm? Is it the same for men and women?

Interestingly enough - we don't really know. Historically, biological research about humans has been heavily skewed towards men. So while we have a good idea of what goes on in a man - ie, sperm gets mixed with fluidy stuff and then gets shot out at high velocity - we know very little about what goes on in a woman. We haven't even settled the 'is female ejaculate urine?' debate yet. Of course, a significant part of the problem is that ethics committees are going to raise a bit of an eyebrow at "yes we'd like to ask thousands of women to perform sexual acts while we watch and take detailed notes".


Question: why do some liquids evaporate faster than other liquids (like alcohols versus hydrocarbons)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do some liquids evaporate faster than other liquids (like alcohols versus hydrocarbons)?

Most liquids are bound together by *Van Der Waals* forces. This is a very weak form of electrical interaction. Take hydrocarbons. The simplest group of hydrocarbons are the [alkanes]( URL_1 ). These are simply carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms. They are electrically neutral. Ie, they have the same number of protons as electrons. The electrons are constantly "moving" in their orbits. This results in occasional moments when the electrons are distributed more towards one area of the molecule than other areas. These moments are very brief, but the constant motion means that they happen a lot, and they are essentially random. Consider two alkane molecules in proximity to one another. As their electrons shift about, they go through periods of attraction and repulsion to one another, being pulled together in some areas, and potentially pushed away in others. This is known as Van der Waals interaction, also called Temporary-dipole to temporary-dipole interaction. Only a small amount of energy is needed to break these temporary bonds, which is what causes a molecule to evapourate. Many liquids have different behaviour in this matter based on where their electrons are distributed, the mass of the molecules and the shape of the molecules, ie, how tangled the molecules can become. (For example, elastic bands are very long chain hydrocarbons held together almost entirely by Van der Waals forces, and stretching the band straightens out these coiled, tangled messes. [Here's a great video of legendary science communicator Richard Feynman describing them]( URL_0 )) Water is very different, however. Water molecules are comprised as most people know, of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Oxygen is an exceptionally *electronegative* atom. This means it is very good at pulling electrons closer to itself. Hydrogen is not very electronegative. It pulls very weakly on electrons by comparison with oxygen. So when a hydrogen and an oxygen decide (or are induced) to share an electron, that electron (rather than sitting evenly between the two atoms) is pulled almost completely over towards the oxygen atom. This results in water being a very *polarised* molecule. One side (the oxygen side) has two more electrons than it has protons. The other side (the hydrogen side) is essentially two lonely protons floating in space. Exposed protons are very positively charged. Large groups of electrons (as we see on the oxygen side of the atom) are very strongly negatively charged. So in a large collection of water molecules, those exposed protons will be drawn near to the electron clouds of nearby water molecules, and vise-versa. This attraction between the two (known as *Hydrogen Bonding*) is very strong. And takes much more energy to break, than simple *Van der Waals* interactions seen in other liquids. Edit: This is an interesting topic, which can explain loads of the properties of materials we're used to taking for granted. If I've been a bit brief, or explained or defined some of my terms poorly or incorrectly, then let me know and I'll either expand or correct anything in this post. Alternatively, googling any of the terms I've written in *italics* will find you some great further-reading/watching on the fascinating subject of intermolecular attraction, interatomic attraction and the macroscopic properties of materials.


Question: How do you interpret standard deviation and your mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you interpret standard deviation and your mean?

(What do you speak besides English? If you know French I can try that if it helps.) The mean is the average, so it's like the 'center of mass' of all the data. For normally-distributed data, it's the most common value at the middle of the bell curve. The standard deviation is a measure of how much variety, or difference, there is in the data. A small standard deviation means all the values are close to the mean, and a large standard deviation means it is more common for values to be far away from the mean. In your assignment, is the data just lists of numbers, or do they give a situation like "the following are the ages of people in an art class" or something? These two concepts are usually easier to pick up when there's some context.


Question: What does Marx mean when he talks about the spectre?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does Marx mean when he talks about the spectre?

Hegel (a philosopher whose ideas Marx studied and developed and ultimately kinda rejected) was very into talking about certain ideas as "ghosts" that persistently haunt the collective human mind. So when Marx talks about a spectre haunting Europe, he's basically saying the idea of Communism is all around even if people aren't talking about it directly (ie, what people mean when they talk about the *zeitgeist*)


Question: In some shows, why are some of the opening credits just the actor's name, while certain actors will have their name and "as (character they play)" ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In some shows, why are some of the opening credits just the actor's name, while certain actors will have their name and "as (character they play)" ?

It's called final billing and is usually used for a formerly top star who's older and/or playing a supporting character. So they don't deserve top billing, but also deserve some sort of callout other than just being in a long list of lesser stars.


Question: What does one unit of any currency signify? How is comparison of two country's currencies considered a metric for comparing two economies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does one unit of any currency signify? How is comparison of two country's currencies considered a metric for comparing two economies?

Well the short answer is no, it won't be stronger. & #x200B; The longer answer is there is no "official" exchange-rate between different currencies, it all comes down to what people/companies/countries are willing to pay for your currency. If you have $1000 and want to buy something from someone who only accept Indian currency, you will have to find someone you can buy rupees from who accept dollars. These things I guess are usually done on exchanges (similar to stock-exchanges). So if a country decides to devalue (is that a word?) their currencies, most people who are looking to buy that currency are going to be willing to pay less. In reality a currency is a "Debt-paper" from a country, stating "if you give us this piece of paper we will give you something that is valuable back". If nobody thinks a country has anything of value to give back (most countries keep a percentage of the value of their printed currency in gold) the value of those "debt-paper" is going to go down. & #x200B; PS. Not an educated economist DS.


Question: Why is beef/red meat bad for the environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is beef/red meat bad for the environment?

Basically to produce a pound of beef you need a lot more water and fodder than you do for a pound of chicken. Of course if you eat plants and water directly you of course need even less than if you use them to feed a third party animal.


Question: Why do solar plants emit CO2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do solar plants emit CO2?

It almost definitely has to do with the manufacturing of solar panels. Precious metals are used in solar panels and the mining for these metals isn't exactly free. Still a great alternative


Question: How are our muscles able to "fall asleep" during R.E.M. sleep etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are our muscles able to "fall asleep" during R.E.M. sleep etc.?

The body paralyzes itself to prevent us from acting out our dreams and potentially injuring ourselves. The precise mechanism and chemicals involved are still being studied.


Question: Why is space oftenly referred to as a fabric?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is space oftenly referred to as a fabric?

If you look at [the defintion of fabric]( URL_0 ) one of the meanings is "the basic underlying structure of things", such as in the phrase "the fabric of society". Don't try to read into it too literally.


Question: Why does your body/bones ache when it’s cold or rainy outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your body/bones ache when it’s cold or rainy outside?

Ok, theorized explanation that a lot of doctors do believe (my orthopedic surgeons and pain management doctor... shoulder surgery and lumbar fusion)... Barometric pressure drops, which causes the fluids and air inside the body to expand and press on and compress nerves. It's on a microscopic level but it's a cumulative effect.


Question: How does an investor of a company who owns a relatively small amount of its stock force CEO changes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an investor of a company who owns a relatively small amount of its stock force CEO changes?

It is enough to propose a motion at an AGM or similar, if the motion gets enough support it may induce direct changes or if it has less support the board may be nervous of what is coming and make changes, but 1% isn't enough to get anything done without other shareholders.


Question: What’s preventing people from dropping out of high school, immediately getting a GED, and then going to college early?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s preventing people from dropping out of high school, immediately getting a GED, and then going to college early?

Nothing. There might be some colleges that won't accept a GED, filtering on class ranking, for example. Otherwise, as long as you're fairly compared, like ACT scores, it shouldn't matter. By that I mean that you owe it to the school and other students to price you belong. There might be a lot of college things that depends on the prep that a high school experience offers. It can be hard for a 14-year old to fit in, for example.


Question: How do touch screens know the difference between your skin and any other object?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do touch screens know the difference between your skin and any other object?

Anything that conducts electricity can be used as an input for touch screen (so the screen never really knows if it's your skin or another metal) When you wear gloves, you are not able to usr me it because gloves are not conductor


Question: Could you ever, in theory, have such a large density of radiation particles that you could see them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could you ever, in theory, have such a large density of radiation particles that you could see them?

First, I will make the assumption that you are somehow not dead due to the sheer amount of radiation passing through you. Maybe you're a ghost, idk. To understand this, we need to know what radiation is first. In the nucleus of an atom, we have neutrons and protons, held together by the Strong Nuclear Force. The number of protons tells us what element it is, and the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element. When we say a "radioactive isotope," we are really referring to an atom that has so many neutrons and protons in its nucleus that it is unstable. It's like a water drop; the bigger it gets, the more likely it is to fall or split in two. So what is radiation? Radiation consists of single neutrons flying through space without being part of an atom. Unstable isotopes will eventually "decay" wherein they lose some of their neutrons to reduce their size and become more stable. These neutrons careen off into space and become radiation. If a flying neutron hits another unstable atom, or even a stable one, it can split it and disrupt its nucleus. As for seeing the neutrons, that's a little more tricky. The reason we can "see" atoms is actually due not only to their high density, but the electrons in them. When a photon of light strikes an atom, it gives the electrons orbiting the atoms energy, and they move further from the nucleus. Eventually, the electrons move closer to the nucleus again, and lose that energy by emitting it as a photon of light. That is how light is "reflected" and we are able to see things. So no, we wouldn't be able to see these particles of radiation, no matter how dense. If a photon of light were to hit the flying neutron of radiation, it would give the neutron more energy in the form of kinetic energy and speed of motion. However, since the neutron isn't orbiting a nucleus and has no motive to fall down to a lower energy state, it will keep that energy and the energy won't go back to a form of light. It may be transferred to another particle, and give that particle kinetic energy, but not as photons. There is such thing as a material constructed completely of neutrons. It's called neutronium, and it's what neutron stars are made of. Basically, when a star goes supernova, the heat can get intense enough to dissolve the strong nuclear force holding the nuclei of the atoms together. Neutrons will conglomerate (because they don't repel each other like electrons and protons), and eventually their intense gravity is enough to hold them together and form a neutron star. Neutronium is so incredibly dense that if any were to be created on Earth, it would sink to the core of the planet, through anything solid. One teaspoon weighs about as much as an aircraft carrier. Scientists have actually never seen a neutron star, and we're not sure whether this is because they don't give off enough light for our telescopes to see, or because they don't interact with photons of light at all. Most likely the latter. TL;DR We can't see radiation because it is comprised of neutrons, which won't reflect photons of light, unlike the electrons orbiting atoms that allow us to see normal matter.