Question: How does military check for people in radius of atomic weapon test?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does military check for people in radius of atomic weapon test?

The tests were generally done on areas that were under military control with low population densities. E.g., the Nevada Test Site is an Air Force bombing range. In the Pacific tests, this was more of a problem since while you could identify inhabited islands nearby, you could not always control for the seas themselves. Surveys were made with airplanes to confirm that ships were out of the "danger zone," and the danger zone itself was publicly known (ships were told in advance to avoid it). Keeping people outside of the area of the immediate explosion is generally not the problem, though it requires accurate understanding of the explosive effects, which can be complex (e.g. the first Soviet H-bomb test resulted in several fatalities because the blast wave reflected off an inversion layer in the atmosphere, which extended its power more than expected). The truly difficult problem is in keeping them safe from fallout, which depends on wind conditions that can change, and truly massive areas (tens of thousands of square miles). The most famous incident of this sort was during the Castle Bravo test, where the fallout plume was much larger than expected (and thus drifted over inhabited islands, which were evacuated), and a Japanese fishing boat, the Lucky Dragon, ended up exposed because it [was very close to the danger zone when the bomb went off]( URL_0 ) (it was within an "expanded danger zone" that was created after the fact). This lead to exposure of the crew to radioactivity, and one fatality. There were also issues with "downwinders" at the Nevada Test Site (people who lived in towns where clouds ended up crossing and depositing radioactivity) and downwind of the Soviet test site in Kazakhstan. In the US case, they would try to track the clouds and tell people living downwind not to go outside when it was passing over them — not an ideal approach.


Question: How does the brain reward dopamine when the effects are delayed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the brain reward dopamine when the effects are delayed?

Dopamine is not a reward, it is a motivation. Your brain does not release dopamine when you drink, it releases it when you think about your next glass, in anticipation of the actual reward.


Question: Why do we stop coughing during our sleep even if we've been coughing almost endlessly throughout the day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we stop coughing during our sleep even if we've been coughing almost endlessly throughout the day?

You often don't, you're just asleep and don't notice. Trying to get a good nights sleep next to my wife if she has a cold is a nightmare.


Question: Why do jets, when using an afterburner, does the nozzle at the end of the engine open up? Wouldnt the jet get better performance by narrowing it down, thusly increasing pressure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do jets, when using an afterburner, does the nozzle at the end of the engine open up? Wouldnt the jet get better performance by narrowing it down, thusly increasing pressure?

Because of the massive increase in back pressure it creates. The exhaust gasses while in burner are already flowing faster than the speed of sound, you don't want those air molecules to escape by flowing backwards into the engine and stalling it.


Question: How would would explain to an non-swimmer how to swim; particularly how to float?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How would would explain to an non-swimmer how to swim; particularly how to float?

The body will naturally float- barely. If you stay calm you won't sink. Actually you won't sink even if you DO flail about, but the idea is (obviously) to keep your breathing parts above the water in a controlled way. Begin in shallow water with your feet on the bottom and slowly make way towards the deeper part. Have a friend nearby for comfort. Feel the water start to lift you as you slowly become buoyant. Enjoy the sensation. If you start to freak out, just pause for a while and laugh with your friend. Be calm but make motions to keep yourself balanced and upright the deeper you get. You will need to balance yourself and keep your breathing parts above the water line by making corrections with you arms and maybe kicking with your feet a little bit. You will be surprised at how instinctual it is, almost effortless. Do you know what that's called? Treading water. Violá! You are floating.


Question: Why can't people donate insulin like they donate blood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't people donate insulin like they donate blood?

Your insulin is released from your pancreas as you need it to deal with the sugar in your blood. We can’t remove your pancreas to get at the bits that make the insulin because that would not only be inefficient but would also make you a diabetic. And you may carry diseases in your body parts that could infect someone else, which is not possible with the current manufacturing process. We used to grind up and inject animal pancreases (dog and cow) to use their insulin, but people had allergic reactions to them sometimes, and we worried about the possibility of contracting diseases. When synthetic human insulin was created, it sidestepped those problems entirely.


Question: What's the difference between gasoline and diesel? Why is the other used over the other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between gasoline and diesel? Why is the other used over the other?

**The Fuels** Both fuels are a mix of hydrocarbons, with diesel molecules having more carbon atoms on average. Gasoline behaves roughly like octane (8 carbon atoms) under combustion, hence the octane rating. Diesel behaves roughly like hexadecane (cetane, 16 carbon atoms), hence the cetane rating. The actual numbers of carbon atoms in gasoline molecules are around 4-12, and diesel molecules are around 12-20. **The Engines** Gasoline and diesel work well in engines that use the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle, respectively. The diesel engine reaches a higher pressure, and relies on auto-ignition of the fuel due to the high temperature associated with the increased compression. The higher pressure in a diesel cylinder means more force on the piston, and therefore more torque. Torque is useful for getting heavy loads moving (towing), so diesel is popular in trucks. The increased pressure also increases the efficiency of the engine. The drawbacks to diesel are: diesel engines are more expensive to build, it's harder to burn diesel cleanly, and diesel engines tend to run less smoothly.


Question: Why does the sensation of getting your head scratched from someone else feel better than scratching your own head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the sensation of getting your head scratched from someone else feel better than scratching your own head?

Because you're a good boy, yes you are! who's a good boy?


Question: Why does a single violin often sound harsh to the ear, while a group of them playing together can sound much more soothing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a single violin often sound harsh to the ear, while a group of them playing together can sound much more soothing?

Well I don't personally think that a single violin sounds harsh I know that some people upon hearing A violin played badly I will think it harsh. When multiple instruments played together there is an affect called chorusing in which the individual instruments are just slightly out of tune with respect to each other . This creates a sort of sweeping gliding effect which is that so called smooth sound you hear.


Question: Why does honey never go bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does honey never go bad?

Honey doesn't have any water content....it's essentially super dried flower nectar Usually food go bad when bacteria or other organisms eat it before us and reproduce and poop over it after eating. Any bacteria or other microorganism trying to build his territory on honey is doomed to failure as as soon as it comes in contact with honey.... The water from its cell is sucked up by honey. To balance the higher concentration of water in cell and none in honey.... The water let's itself out of cell and the bacteria or other microorganism dies unable to reproduce and poop over honey... Besides this... There are many enzymes in honey (as it is taken from flower) which inhibit the microorganism growth... Hope it helps 😊


Question: If coordinates use minutes and seconds because of the Earth’s rotation, what do they use for other planets and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If coordinates use minutes and seconds because of the Earth’s rotation, what do they use for other planets and why?

Coordinates use minutes and seconds because that's how we chose to divide angles into smaller segments. It is because earth is round, and has nothing to do with earth's rotation.


Question: Does the ocean continually erode the beaches, reducing land sizes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the ocean continually erode the beaches, reducing land sizes?

No, sometimes the ocean washes sand up onto beaches.


Question: If an increase in CO2 leads to an increase in the global temperature, why is it also bringing us closer to an ice age?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If an increase in CO2 leads to an increase in the global temperature, why is it also bringing us closer to an ice age?

Increase in co2 is not bringing us closer to an ice age. There is a predicted circle of cooling and warming that takes millions of years, with natural oscillation of co2 and other causes, but a sharp co2 increase will lead us to a sharp and catastrophic global warming. Ice reflects a lot of light back to space, when the ice caps melt it only warms the planet more, but for some time oceans will have localized colder water, which influences temperatures. In summary: Globally the average temperature will increase, and it might be irreversible after the starting kick, but not everywhere will feel immediately warmer, some places will be initially colder. The wost ending result is Earth becoming Venus. Also, the average temperature is 18 celcius I think, an increase of just 3 degrees is a lot. "Only 3" is missleading. I don't recall precisely, but there are criteria to define weathers, and the difference of tropical to colder ones is sometimes less than 3-5 degrees in the average.


Question: the thought process behind adding "last seen" to apps. Isn't it only really useful for crazy partners?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 the thought process behind adding "last seen" to apps. Isn't it only really useful for crazy partners?

True, but also to see if the user is still active on the app or not. and if they are active, when was it last time they were.. It is useful for a lot of scenarios, crazy partners will find their way eitherways


Question: How do album remasters work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do album remasters work?

Mastering is just transferring the final mixed tape onto a new media for sales (vinyl, CD, cassette). & #x200B; The original recording tapes for the album are very high fidelity and sound quality. Assuming it's not going to be re-mixed, they will transfer the original tape sound onto a new master. If the process of mastering has improved (or was originally not done well the first time), you can probably get a better sound out of it. & #x200B; This is similar to films. If you've ever wondered how films from the 1950's can be 4K, it's because film is incredibly high quality. It's already 4K quality when it was recorded, but, for example, VHS video tape is nowhere near 4K. It was the equivalent of 480 at best (VHS wasn't digital so it doesn't directly translate to digital resolutions). So a film from the 50's gets mastered onto VHS and it's x quality. Then DVD's come out (720p), and that movie gets re-mastered to DVD at higher quality (but it's still lower quality than the original recording), then Blu Ray comes out (1080p) and it gets remastered to that format. & #x200B; If there's an audio format improvement, the originals can be remastered to it to give you a better quality sound than previous releases on old formats or mastering techniques.


Question: In math, what exactly is a Manifold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In math, what exactly is a Manifold?

A manifold is a space that "looks like" regular old Euclidean space (like a line, a plane, 3d space, and so on) if you zoom in enough. More formally, every point in a manifold has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to ("the same as") a neighborhood in some Euclidean space. Easy examples include circles and spheres. A circle is curved in a global sense, but if you're realllllllly close to a circle, it looks like a line. Similarly, a sphere is curved in a global sense, but if you're really close, it looks like a plane (which is why the Earth looks flat when you live on it). If you cut off a little chunk of circle, it's essentially just a line (that is, it's the same as 1D Euclidean space). If you cut off a little chunk of sphere, it's essentially just a plane (that is, it's the same as 2D Euclidean space).


Question: Why do cheap quality or lower voltage chargers cause devices to heat up so much more than oem and higher voltage ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cheap quality or lower voltage chargers cause devices to heat up so much more than oem and higher voltage ones?

Different types of metal have different conductivity, gold is one of the metals with less conductivity, imagine using it for cables? Well cheap or low quality metals can be used to make cheap or low quality chargers. Also keep in mind that energy can’t be created nor destroyed, so it transforms into heat, possibly damaging the circuits and or burning plastic and or the silicone plate the circuit it’s mounted on.


Question: I planted a seed in a 5 gallon bucket of soil. Now there's a plant with a huge root ball in the space where the soil was, but the soil didn't rise or overflow. Where did that much volume of soil go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I planted a seed in a 5 gallon bucket of soil. Now there's a plant with a huge root ball in the space where the soil was, but the soil didn't rise or overflow. Where did that much volume of soil go?

The soil has pockets where the plant grew. You're not supposed to pat down the soil because these little pockets act as easy areas for plants to grow so they dont meet resistance. The plant grew around these little pockets. It's like filling a glass vase with rocks and then sand. The sand doesnt cause the rocks to rise because it's just going around the cracks of the rocks.


Question: How can soft-bodied organic lifeforms like luminescent fish survive at pressures that would instantly crush a human being to the size of a 6-sided die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can soft-bodied organic lifeforms like luminescent fish survive at pressures that would instantly crush a human being to the size of a 6-sided die?

Three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Applying pressure to a solid or liquid has no effect on the matter. Only gases (and, in some cases, plasmas) are affected by pressure. Simply put, these little fish at the bottom of the ocean have no gases in them. No air pockets inside their bodies means no effects from the extreme deep-ocean pressure. You know how our lungs and ear drums would immediately be crushed by the pressure if we were too deep in the ocean? Well, guess where air is found... Also, fish in the midnight zone do not require much oxygen at all to survive and have extremely low metabolisms, which are obviously evolutionary features allowing them to live in such an environment.


Question: How do digital scales/microbalance work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do digital scales/microbalance work?

Strain is the technical name for when things change shape due to mechanical forces. So, a strain gauge type of load cell is usually just a piece of something conductive that will change shape slightly (ie strain) when a force is applied. The resistance of a conductive thing is related to the length and area of the thing. So when the conductive part of the load cell is subjected to a force, it changes shape slightly which changes the length and area, in turn changing resistance of the thing slightly. Hook up a known voltage across the conductive thing and the changes in resistance will cause the current flowing across the thing to change slightly. Hook a current meter into the circuit and you now have a numeric read out that varies in proportion with the weight placed on the cell. Calibrate it with some known weights and you're away.


Question: Why is the reception for musical hold for the majority of business phone lines so terrible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the reception for musical hold for the majority of business phone lines so terrible?

The quality of sound and music has come a long way, but the technology of the way we call didn’t evolve as fast. A standard for telephone is around 13 kbits. When you listen to music on Spotify its 96 or even 160 kbits. To compress audio from 160 tot 13 kbits, means you have to get rid of 92% of your data / information (since 13 is about 8% of 160). When you lose so much data, the quality greatly suffers.


Question: Why do American vehicle manufactures pile incentives on their cars to sell them, instead of just lowering the prices to begin with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do American vehicle manufactures pile incentives on their cars to sell them, instead of just lowering the prices to begin with?

It’s a marketing ploy. It makes people believe that they are getting a great deal, when they are actually getting the same deal everyone gets.


Question: Why do foods like rice, pasta, or beans take minutes to soak up water when it's hot, but hours upon hours if the water is cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do foods like rice, pasta, or beans take minutes to soak up water when it's hot, but hours upon hours if the water is cold?

Here's an old thread that explains it URL_0 Tldr: starches have a structure that don't allow the absorption of water. Heat breaks down the structure, allowing water to be absorbed faster


Question: how does a good immune system keep you healthy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a good immune system keep you healthy?

The immune system is one of the most complex parts of are body, it involves several organs and dozens of specialized cells all working together. There is an entire field of study on it, immunology. Over simplifying, white blood cells travel the body looking for invaders, if some are detected it will try to kill it. If that doesn't work, reinforcements will be called in. Killer T-cells and other types of cells will rush the area and try to kill the invaders. Here's a couple good [videos]( URL_1 ) [explaining]( URL_0 ) better than I ever could. Also most symptoms are actually caused by your immune system fighting back. A fever, is your body trying to kill the germ with heat, inflammation is caused by the rush of blood to the area, etc.


Question: Why does a bad score on a final drag your grade down more than a good score raises it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a bad score on a final drag your grade down more than a good score raises it?

It's all about a number's distance from the mean \- the farther away from the average a number is, the greater its impact. Let's say that you're sitting right on A\- territory for a class, 90 & #37;. We've all been there, right? Well a good grade on the final would probably be in the 90\-95 & #37; range, or even up to 100 & #37; if you really nail it. At the end of the day, that's not too far from your average of 90 & #37;, so it can't have too big an impact \- you might go up a few & #37;, depending on how much of your grade the final is worth. But now let's assume you get a bad score on the final \- maybe something in the 60's. Now you're 20\-30 points below your average, and it's going to drop your score significantly more. But if you got a score that was only a few points below your average \- say an 85 & #37;, it would drop you the same amount as a score of 95 & #37; would raise you. Basically, we tend to be closer to the higher points on the spectrum, so the lower grades tend to be farther from our average, meaning they affect the averages more. If you were averaging a C\- at 70 & #37;, then a bad grade of 60 & #37; or so would actually drag your grade down *less* than a good grade of 90 & #37; would raise it.


Question: How does electricity cause sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does electricity cause sound?

those are 2 very different phenomenons. the pop or crackle of static electricity is caused by a corona discharge, which is where the potential difference (voltage) between two conductors becomes so high that the air inbetween them can conduct the electricity, leading to a rapid ionisation of the air, accompanied by a flash of light, and a crackling noise. the noise is caused by the ionisation of the air molecules. More common humming and buzzing noises are caused by induction. As AC electricity passes through a wire, it causes an alternating magnetic field which will magnetically attract or repel nearby metallic objects at the frequency of the AC electricity. This is evident near big transformers, which carry a lot of current. The massive AC currents will cause the laminations of the transformer to move backwards and forwards at the mains frequency (50 or 60hz depending on where you are) resulting in a deep humming noise. You can also hear it in cheap power supplies, which use high frequency AC to switch small currents efficiently. They operate at a much higher frequency but the metal components they oscillate might only ring at a lower audio frequency, which can sound like a whining noise.


Question: Is there a limit to how much a person can gain from a single cheat meal or day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a limit to how much a person can gain from a single cheat meal or day?

Unless the cheating is so hardcore that you actually throw up or ..throw up from the other end without digesting, there is no limit. Even though there is only so much a body can process at a time, the rest of it is just going to sit around in your intestines waiting its turn. 3500 kcal/pound is about right, it might be an oversimplification given other effects eating has on the body and how that might affect your metabolism during that specific time but in the long run that is the amount of weight change you are going to see per that amount of calories. I think the reason that "cheat day" is often a part of diets is because several studies have found that people who regularly eat less than is required to maintain their weight don't actually cheat too bad during the cheat day so maybe they figured the morale boost outweighs the little setback. The most recent one I red was about alternate day fasting so basically one day you don't eat (just 0 calorie drinks drinks) and the other day you eat as much as you want. They found that people ended up eating 120% - 160% (with 130% being the highest point on the curve) of their caloric requirement during their eat day which overall resulted in the same pace of weight loss as if they had eaten 60-80% of their caloric requirement every day. Good for weight loss, not so good for the study though since they were looking into ways of incorporating regular fasting into daily lives due to its health benefits and not everybody needs weight loss.


Question: Can I get mononucleosis from one sip of the supposedly mononucleosis-infested beer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can I get mononucleosis from one sip of the supposedly mononucleosis-infested beer?

Yes its possible Probable? Dont know Impossible? Doubt it & #x200B; Wont know till you test or show symptoms


Question: What happens when the central bank of a country "injects" cash to it's economy? Where does the money come from, and where does it go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when the central bank of a country "injects" cash to it's economy? Where does the money come from, and where does it go?


Question: how do fractals have unlimited perimeter but limited area?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do fractals have unlimited perimeter but limited area?

Imagine it in 3D. Take a ball of dough, or any squishable material, and roll it out flat. Its volume is still the same but its surface is now much greater. Now imagine that you can keep rolling out the dough, that there is no limit to how thin it can become. Its volume is still exactly the same as the start (you have not added or taken anything away) but its surface area just keeps getting bigger and bigger and bigger.


Question: Why do products that have an active ingredient need other ingredients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do products that have an active ingredient need other ingredients?

One good example is artificial sweetener. 99% of what's in those little packets is filler, because most artificial sweeteners are *super* sweet. So sweet you only need a tiny, tiny bit to make your coffee sweet. They have to bulk out the contents with filler because most people aren't going to deal with trying to put a milligram of sweetener in a drink.


Question: how do devices like phones, tablets, etc. get the signal to turn on when you push the power button? Is there still some power being used to do this even when they are off, or is the process mechanical when you hold the power button to turn on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do devices like phones, tablets, etc. get the signal to turn on when you push the power button? Is there still some power being used to do this even when they are off, or is the process mechanical when you hold the power button to turn on?

Around 1995 when I got my first computer it had a mechanical switch that turned the computer on. The power supply had a thick wire that ran from the power supply to the front of the case to a switch that then ran back to the power supply. In order to turn the computer on, that switch needed to be closed to allow the main current to flow in the first place. This makes it much like the light switches in your house, where first the current flows to the switch, and from there to the light fixture. A few years later I built a new computer that had a slightly different setup for the power situation. Instead of the big black wire carrying main current to the switch, it had a very tiny wire and the power supply itself had a switch. Essentially the 'hard' switch was moved the the power supply and it was replaced with a 'soft' switch. The advantage of having this soft switch was that it was one of many ways of turning a computer on/off. Other means of doing so included an internal clock set to a time, a key stroke/mouse movement or a packet coming in over the network interface. These soft switches were often prefixed with the name "Wake on" (ie Wake on LAN) URL_0 In the ATX standard this is accomplished by a few special pins between the power supply and the motherboard. The 5V Standby line supplies a small amount of power even when the rest of the power supply is "off". When you push the power button on the front of the computer, this shorts out the 5Vsb line that leads back to the power supply via the PS_ON pin. The power supply then begins to stabilize itself for a small amount of time before sending another signal back to the motherboard via the PS_GOOD pin. Once this signal is sent the computer then begins booting up. For devices like phones and tablets, while the standard might be different, the process is much the same.


Question: Why does pee get more yellow the more dehydrated you are?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pee get more yellow the more dehydrated you are?

Because you are peeing less to conserve water which means you are loading your pee up with more waste.


Question: Where does lever effect come from? Referring to atomic levels, since the formula is F*d, what would the atomic level explanation be for this phenomenom.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does lever effect come from? Referring to atomic levels, since the formula is F*d, what would the atomic level explanation be for this phenomenom.

Molecules in a solid hold their structure when the object as a whole is moved/rotated/altered. This is what makes them a solid. I'll assume a homogeneous material for the lever. What's happening at an atomic level is that the individual molecules are essentially held together magnetically. The negative parts of one molecule attract the positive parts of the other. These forces are strong enough to keep the molecules connected to each other, but not strong enough to rip the atoms in said molecules away to a different molecule. A movement like a human-scale lever isn't enough acceleration to break these magnetic attractions between the molecules. When molecules at one end start to move, the little magnets pull on the other magnets down the line at the speed of sound in that material. The speed of sound is the speed of "push". So imagine you had a 4 mile section of steel. If you somehow pushed one end a foot quickly, it would take about one second for the part 4 miles away to push as well, so for a while the section of steel would be 4 miles minus one foot. The speed of sound is about four miles per second in steel.


Question: why won't companies like Valve make games such as Half Life 3 which would pretty much guarantee them unimaginable profits? Is there another reason for not doing it apart from the risk of it not being that good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why won't companies like Valve make games such as Half Life 3 which would pretty much guarantee them unimaginable profits? Is there another reason for not doing it apart from the risk of it not being that good?

Valve is making money hand over fist with Steam. Half Life 3 has impossible expectations to live up to so I'm sure they'll wait until the risk doesn't outweigh the reward. Why risk messing things up right now when they're doing really well? Square long ago said they would never remake FF7. They're now remaking FF7 because something about their situation changed and they think it's good for business. That might happen in the future to Valve but there is really no way to tell without waiting for it to happen.


Question: how does light pollution work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does light pollution work?

In this case, pollution just means 'something where it doesn't belong'. For example, street lights are intended to light the street, but light spills onto other areas, lights the sky. It makes the area abnormally light, makes it hard to see stars, disrupts nature and human sleep cycles, etc.


Question: Why is evidence found illegally by police inadmissible in court?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is evidence found illegally by police inadmissible in court?

In the simplest way it's because they broke your rights, typically either legally or your constitution, and if we allowed cops to break these rules for evidence that defeats their purpose in the first place.


Question: Why do acetone and paint thinner feel "cold"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do acetone and paint thinner feel "cold"?

They evaporate very quickly and evaporation creates a cooling effect. That's why sweating cools us down and putting a fan on us to increase the rate of evaporation feels cooler.


Question: How did Cinderella's shoe come off if it was the perfect fit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Cinderella's shoe come off if it was the perfect fit?

A perfect fit doesn't mean it's impossible to remove. It just means that her foot isn't obviously too small or obviously too large for the shoe. Remember, it *is* a glass *slipper*, so it's intended to be slipped into and out of.


Question: Why isn’t health insurance sold like car insurance, or is it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn’t health insurance sold like car insurance, or is it?

Yes, sorta. The difference is that everybody† buys individual auto insurance and nobody† has auto insurance provided by their employer. The health insurance marketplace is very different, so people buying individual health insurance policies aren't as desirable a customer as their corporate counterparts. † neither is as extreme as this, but it's a simplification LI5.


Question: Why is eating meat devastating for the environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is eating meat devastating for the environment?

It's not so much eating meat that's a problem. It's eating huge quantities that are raised the way we raise them. We feed cattle tremendous quantities of grain, when their natural diet is mostly grasses. That means huge amounts of energy go into growing and harvesting and transporting that grain. We confine them to feedlots to live up to their ankles in their own excrement, which leads to huge sewage problems that lead, sometimes, to the discharge of raw sewage to waterways. We confine chickens to concentrated sheds, also feeding them huge amounts of grains, which leads to high mortality, the need for tremendous amounts of antibiotics, and large energy costs for things like ventilation and some heavy machinery. None of this is part and parcel with eating meat. It's part and parcel with the American demand for huge amounts of meat of acceptable quality at the lowest possible price.


Question: Where does sand come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does sand come from?

Sand is basically just really small bits of rock and rock-like things. It gets weathered off rocks in mountains and on the coast by wind, rain and other weathering processes, makes its way to the sea and waves push it up against shores to create beaches. Most of the sand you'll find is silicate sand - basically, little grains of quartz. This is eroded from granite up in the mountains, and it gets washed down rivers to the sea. The second mineral in granite (feldspar) gets weathered into clay minerals, which stick together in water and get deposited as clay, typically on the river banks. The third mineral (mica) gets broken down and dissolved as metal ions which usually end up deposited in soil as nutrients.


Question: Why do substances of the same mass and temperature cause different temperature changes to their surroundings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do substances of the same mass and temperature cause different temperature changes to their surroundings?

This is a property known as specific heat. Water requires a certain amount of energy to increase in temperature. The specific heat from thing to thing will be different. This is why calories are based on how much energy it takes to increase the temperature of a fixed amount of water. There has to be a standard. The amount of energy it takes to increase water by one degree is different from the amount of energy it takes to increase steel by one degree.


Question: How do we know that fusion reactions take place on the Sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that fusion reactions take place on the Sun?

Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, followed by helium. When nebulae condense to form stars, there is immense pressure and heat generated. These conditions enable the hydrogen atoms to fuse in a series of steps to form helium. The proof lies in the by products formed by the reaction, like neutrinos, positrons and gamma rays. These have been detected by scientists and agree with the established equations for nuclear fusion.


Question: What makes the winter air smell so nice and fresh?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes the winter air smell so nice and fresh?

Maybe the "clean air" is just air without natural contaminants like pollen and animal pheromones. It could also be the physical feeling of your turbinate bones warming and humidifying the air entering your nose.


Question: How do hairs on your arm know when to stop growing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do hairs on your arm know when to stop growing?

Hair of all types is created by a follicle under the skin that grows it and pushes it upwards. Each follicle can make multiple strands, and each strand has 3 phases of life, and as it ages through these stages it grows less and less as the follicle focuses on a younger hair. Once it reaches the final phase, which for arm hair can last about 100 days, it doesn't really grow at all, and then naturally falls out to be replaced by a new hair at phase one again. This process is repeated throughout your life, though each type of hair in each part of your body has different lengths on each of it's phases. Human hair tends to fall out semi-randomly, which allows us to have quite a lot of variation in our hair length, unlike the fur of many other mammals which often has a very reliable life-cycle based, and is why they have totally uniform hair lengths.


Question: Why smoking when bloated/ after a big meal feels” digestive”? Is it the smoke going in and out the lungs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why smoking when bloated/ after a big meal feels” digestive”? Is it the smoke going in and out the lungs?

I assume this is due to the effect that nicotine has on receptors of a neurotransmitter called Acetylcholine. This substance is crucial for a ton of activities, but a big part of its use is in motor control. In is one of the main substances in the parasympathetic nervous system, that controls our resting state like breathing and (you guessed it) digestion. It basically replaces Acetylcholine in these functions, activating more synapses thab you normally would.


Question: Why do belly buttons collect so much lint from clothes but other crevices and orifices don't collect hardly any throughout the day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do belly buttons collect so much lint from clothes but other crevices and orifices don't collect hardly any throughout the day?

The body hair on a human makes a path directly there. There's a video somewhere, if you watch it it's pretty informative.


Question: What actually makes just iron, nickel, and cobalt magnetic, but all other metals not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually makes just iron, nickel, and cobalt magnetic, but all other metals not?

spin and half empty shells an atom is a nucleus of protons and neutrons in the center with shells of electrons. in the old maps of atoms they were described as orbits and shells where electrons are circling around the nucleus but today we know its more areas where the electrons are most probably are. The idea is that for each position where electrons can go, there can be 2 electrons, each spinning in inversee to the other. the thing is that the important thing for a atom to be stable is an equal positive and negative charge (same amount of protons and electrons), after that is how full the "shells" are, and then if the shells are "full" and if there are electrons that aren't paired up with another electron with inverse spin. Shells which are not fully complete affect somewhat, but electrons which don't have a equivalent inverse spin electron on the same electron position will make a metal magnetic. Or at least that's how i remember it from school 20 years ago.


Question: Why is zero often placed after nine instead of before one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is zero often placed after nine instead of before one?

The "natural numbers" are the set of *non-negative* integers (0,1,2,3...). Sometimes people exclude 0 from this set, but that's now sometimes referred to as the "counting numbers," the set of *whole positive* integers (1,2,3,4...). As the name implies, these are the numbers used for counting and ordering things in real life. 0 isn't usually very useful for counting and ordering things in real life, because 0 is a completely abstract concept. However, in our numbering system 0 is used to denote groups that are divisible by ten (10=1 ten, 20=2 tens, 30=3 tens, etc), and as a placeholder for larger numbers like 105 (ten groups of ten plus 5). So you need to have the 0 in order to represent some numbers greater than 9, but usually when you're counting or ordering things you don't start counting at 0, you start counting at 1. So in many contexts, 0 is only useful when dealing with numbers larger than 9.


Question: Is it possible to predict the path of a tornado, how random is it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it possible to predict the path of a tornado, how random is it?

From a *general* perspective; their paths are somewhat predictable. Generally, tornados will track along a route following whatever storm they're associated with. Thus, to trained storm spotters and meteorologists, 9 times out of 10 they'll be able to tell where the tornado will go to within about a mile or so. However, that remaining 1 time out of 10 some wonky things can happen because the storm can do strange things. The perfect example is the [El Reno Tornado]( URL_0 ) from back in 2013 that killed a few storm chasers and sent most of the rest scattering around it, entirely because the storm behaved very very strangely. Further, while the overwhelming majority of a tornado's damage is constrained to it's immediate vicinity, the tornado can still chuck debris over a pretty wide area. This debris, and the intense storm that the tornado is associated with, are often violent enough that, even if the tornado isn't going to hit you, it's still quite advisable to take cover until the storm passes.


Question: How are Native Americans so tan, if they migrated to North America from Siberia through the Bering Strait?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are Native Americans so tan, if they migrated to North America from Siberia through the Bering Strait?

Cause they weren't caucasians...nor Chinese Han. If you compare Native American vs Siberian, they're not that far off


Question: How does a sinus infection work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a sinus infection work?

your frontal sinuses are just above your eyes, and the ethmoid sinuses are between your eyes and your nose. If they get infected and swollen, they can put pressure on/near your eyes, causing pain. Your nasal passages are tied to your ears via the eustachian tube. It's pretty common for any upper respiratory bug to cause migrate to/from the inner ear, causing blockage or an ear infection.


Question: Does a hard drive change its weight if it's full storage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does a hard drive change its weight if it's full storage?

No, it doesn't. Data is stored as electrical charge, either on the platters of the drive, or within the solid state memory chips on an SSD. Adding electrons to or removing them from sections of the storage does not alter the weight. Additionally, the "empty space" on a hard drive isn't just a bunch of zeros. It generally has either old deleted data, or random data. What gives each sector of the platter meaning is the record of what files are located in what locations on the drive. So, the actual difference between a full and empty drive is a little bit of the structure of that index.


Question: How can you play music while in a call and the other person not hear it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you play music while in a call and the other person not hear it?

It's an echo cancellation. Your phone knows what's being played from the speakers and so it can subtract (remove) that before sending your voice.


Question: Why is it that people who become close tend to form the same mannerisms and think the same things at the same times?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that people who become close tend to form the same mannerisms and think the same things at the same times?

Well, the thinking the same thing at the same time thing is probably confirmation bias more than anything else - you notice when it happens far more than you notice when it doesn't happen (which is 99% of all the thoughts being had). The same mannerisms thing is an artefact of our social systems, particularly the ones that allow us to learn language and communicate. We're designed to communicate with one another, and language isn't a divine gift that we automatically know - it's something we learn by mimicking the speech we're exposed to. That means we're going to pick up the speech patterns of the people who we listen to most, ie close friends and family, because we subconsciously mimic not just their words but the way they use those words. Biology is very good at evolving the *on* switch, but it's often quite bad at evolving the *off* switch, especially when turning an ability off wouldn't have a significant survival advantage or would only need to happen after the organism has had the chance to reproduce. The high tendency to mimic the language forms we regularly engage with and adopt those forms into our way of thinking and speaking is extremely useful when you're a baby learning your first language, and when you're a child expanding your vocabulary, and although it decreases in usefulness later in life, it never becomes detrimental, so we never evolve the ability to turn that mimicking ability off later in life. We tone it down a lot, but it never goes away completely.


Question: When horses were used in war, how were they trained to continue to charge into open and obvious danger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When horses were used in war, how were they trained to continue to charge into open and obvious danger?

Lots and lots of training. With enough time you can get them accustomed to combat by simulating battlefield conditions. They eventually get used to wearing armor, bearing a rider in armor, having a rider swinging weapons, charging in cavalry formations, etc. Over time the horse will suppress the majority of its instincts, even the instinct to avoid loud noise, the smell of blood, or other negative stimulus.


Question: Why hasn't Bluetooth been replaced by another technology such as infrared wireless, ultra wideband, induction wireless, etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why hasn't Bluetooth been replaced by another technology such as infrared wireless, ultra wideband, induction wireless, etc.?

Infrared requires line of sight. Bluetooth which uses radio waves does not. Bluetooth has a 20-30ft of range. Inductive has millimeters of range.


Question: Can someone without language think?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone without language think?

They would have severe developmental disorders. It's likely they would not grasp that murder is wrong in the same way we do. However they still may have empathy to other humans unless that had been rotted away by the torture they had endured. Yes they would have thoughts and feelings. The internal monologue would likely be visual. There are some interesting stories in history of studies conducted by ancient figures trying to determine such things by locking children away. Often it was done to figure out if humans had an innate language, those studies concluded by them interpreting the garbled noises as one of the languages. You could also read stories about children who had been lost in the woods raised by animals although that's a bit different as they usually act like the animal which adopted them. Great question by the way. There are many historical incidents you could look up surrounding this.


Question: What is the difference between GDP (nominal) and GDP (PPP) and when do you use each of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between GDP (nominal) and GDP (PPP) and when do you use each of them?

GDP is the total productive output while the PPP compares how many goods and services that particular amount of currency can purchase. & #x200B; PPP basically is like a cost of living index. where you might have high or low GDP but the amount of goods and services you can purchase is more or less compared to another country with the same nominal GDP.


Question: Why are almost all flavored liquors uniformly 35% alcohol content, while their unflavored counterparts are almost all uniformly 40% alcohol content?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are almost all flavored liquors uniformly 35% alcohol content, while their unflavored counterparts are almost all uniformly 40% alcohol content?

Alcoholic beverage developer here! The main reason is the solubility of sugar. Most of these flavored spirits have a large amount of sugar in them, and sugar is not very soluble in alcohol. Therefore, to get the sweetness they want, they have to dilute the strength of the spirit.


Question: What is Torrent seeding and how does it help?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Torrent seeding and how does it help?

Torrenting works on the basis that instead of you getting a big file from a single source you instead have a bunch of people who each give you a little piece of the file you want, and you give them little pieces you have that they need. A person who is giving away pieces of the file to others, even if they already have all the file, are seeders. They are "seeding" the file.