Question: How did they figure out Mount Everest was the tallest mountain on the planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did they figure out Mount Everest was the tallest mountain on the planet?

In 1852, an Indian mathematician used some trigonometry to calculate its rough height, which was later confirmed by some Brits (Great Trigonometric Survey) who were surveying all of the highest mountains that had been reported at the time. It wasn't until 1955 that more accurate surveys were done using thedolites, and it wasn't until 1975 that the Chinese confirmed the newer surveying report. In 2005, some American guy anchored a GPS unit to the highest bedrock, which gives pretty accurate information regarding the measurements and shift due to plate tectonics.


Question: Why does pouring vinegar or peeing on jellyfish stings make them feel better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pouring vinegar or peeing on jellyfish stings make them feel better?

These cures are fictional. Vinegar may help, but it's more likely it won't. Jellyfish stings are a particularly nasty sort of attack, because it leaves behind its venomous cells to harm you. If you try to cleanse it with freshwater or likely even vinegar, the cells react to this change by pumping out MORE venom to sting you with. The best cure, from a cursory googling, is to wash out the nematocysts (stinging cells) with the same salt water you encountered the jellyfish in. Anything else is liable to upset the balance of the solution the cells are accustomed to, and they'll react by upping the ante with their sting.


Question: why do people say Jesus H. Christ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do people say Jesus H. Christ?

No one knows 100% for sure how this started, but the prevailing theory is that it comes from a monogram made of the first three letters of the Greek name for Jesus. In Greek, “Jesus” is ΙΗΣΟΥΣ in uppercase letters and Ἰησοῦς in lower. The first three letters (iota, eta, and sigma) form a monogram, or graphic symbol, written as either IHS or IHC in Latin letters. The [symbol]( URL_0 ), which is also called a Christogram, can be seen in Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other churches. It’s also the emblem of the Society of Jesus, the religious order of the Jesuits. As far as we can tell, “Jesus H. Christ” first appeared in writing in the late 19th century. The earliest example we’ve seen is from the February 1885 issue of Wilford’s Microcosm, a New York journal about science and religion.


Question: Is a hypothesis, in the scientific method, an explanation or a prediction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is a hypothesis, in the scientific method, an explanation or a prediction?

A hypothesis is a prediction of a law. Then that law is used to make a prediction. For example gravity. My hypothesis is that things will fall according to F=mg. Then I use that formula to calculate the speed at which something will fall. Then I drop the thing and see how fast it falls. If it falls at the speed I predicted then it means I'm probably right. If it falls at a different speed then it means that the formula is probably wrong.


Question: How do trees survive temperatures well below freezing that would cause frostbite/cell death in animals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do trees survive temperatures well below freezing that would cause frostbite/cell death in animals?

They cycle out water in the fall and replace it with pitch and antifreeze. This happens at a cellular level, not just in the trunk and branches. Since there’s no water in the cells that can crystallize, the cells are safe until much lower temperatures.


Question: What's with real estate lots that are slightly less than an acre?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's with real estate lots that are slightly less than an acre?

Are they an acre, minus communal land for roads or sidewalks?


Question: How can news outlets and others report on accusations? Even to the point they ruin peoples lives and careers before being found guilty...

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can news outlets and others report on accusations? Even to the point they ruin peoples lives and careers before being found guilty...

There is no law against reporting such things. The press would be pointless if they could only report on things *after* the government has had its say. It would basically make the news outlets a tool of the government, reporting only on the outcomes the government has decided. Accusations are relevant and important. While people lament trial by media, the alternative is worse.


Question: How does Spotify know which types of music I might like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Spotify know which types of music I might like?

Simple answer, it tracks what music you listen to and is able to extrapolate what you like from the list of things you play. Longer answer, this is a study called semantic audio. It's all about taking objective measurements of a signal to create identifiers, then connecting it to other measurements like how often you listen to tunes with the same or similar identifiers and then using probability and statistics to find things that are similar that you haven't listened to. Some of those things are baked into the metadata of the files, like genre or artist. Spotify employs people to categorize music by listening to it, then the algorithms are designed to make the connections automatically. Other things are computed, like tempo, instrumentation, song key. That kind of engineering borders on black magic. Then it's all fed into a machine learning system that adapts to users' tastes and feedback, as well as focus groups and trained listeners to tune the algorithms. It's a very complex and sophisticated system with many layers, and the technology overlaps with track identification and source separation.


Question: Do a certain number of germs need to enter my body in order for me to get sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do a certain number of germs need to enter my body in order for me to get sick?

Yes, typically a single bacterium will not be able to cause any infection. The number that is needed is highly variable depending on the type of bacteria and probably on the strength of your immune system though. Of course, it's not like there's an exact "cutoff" at which point a certain number of bacteria are guaranteed to infect you, it's a function of probability. The Wikipedia article for [minimal infective dose]( URL_1 ) actually does a pretty good job of explaining it, and showing how much it can vary (e.g., compare number of bacteria needed for 1% chance of infection between enterohemorrhagic *E. coli* vs. *Listeria*, which is over a billion times higher). And if you want to read into it more, here's [two]( URL_0 ) [papers]( URL_2 ) that discuss the relationship between virulence and infective dose for different pathogens.


Question: What is a Planetary Conjunction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a Planetary Conjunction?

A conjunction is, roughly speaking, just one planet passing by another one in the night sky. But thats not something you can really see in a single night. You would have to take a photo each day, then you can trace the movement of the planets on them. To the layperson, a planetary conjunction would just look like two bright dots in the sky (like stars) being close to each other. Thats actually kind of the case with Jupiter and Saturn right now. But aside from that, there is nothing mysterios to be seen. Could you explain what exactly you did see there? For example, if it moved across the sky, it certainly was not planets, but rather probably satellites. It would also help if you could tell us when this was (are we talking about "shortly after dusk" or rather "midnight"?) As a side note, you cannot see Neptune with your bare eyes.


Question: What is a semi-Thue system and how can a human being put such a system to use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a semi-Thue system and how can a human being put such a system to use?

...I want to meet the five year old asking about formal language systems and string rewrite rules. Assume you have a set of words or characters (an alphabet) and a set of rules that allow you to translate certain members (symbols) of that set into other members. If those rules allow you to map each member (or combination of members) to another member (or combination of members) and back again (meaning they share symmetric binary relation), then it's a semi-Thue system. Something that would be of practical concern to an individual with this would be in writing. Suppose you want to use concise language in something you're writing. The alphabet would be the words and phrases you know. If you have a set of rules that would allow you to map non-concise language to concise language on a one-to-one basis, I suppose that would be an example. Consider specifically the sentences "he left the party owing to the fact that he caught on fire" and "he left the party because he caught on fire." "Owing to the fact that" -- > "because" would be one of the members of the set of rules.


Question: Why do I, after having graduated years ago, still have nightmares about missing school examinations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do I, after having graduated years ago, still have nightmares about missing school examinations?

It's basically very very very light PTSD. People think only war or some other really terrible things trigger it, but it's a spectrum like all mental stuff.


Question: Why does very hot water sometimes feel almost cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does very hot water sometimes feel almost cold?

You have both hot and cold temperature receptors. Obviously the hot receptors are activated but considering this is very hot water, your body is overstimulated considering the danger you're in. As a result, the cold receptors are also activated along with pain receptors.


Question: Are babies ever physically awake while in the womb?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are babies ever physically awake while in the womb?

Yes. They spend most of their time sleeping but they do spend time awake and aware. They will react to things outside the womb and move around more when they're awake.


Question: How De We Know What Dinosaurs REALLY Looked Like? Why has/is what Dinosaurs Looked like been changed/disputed ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How De We Know What Dinosaurs REALLY Looked Like? Why has/is what Dinosaurs Looked like been changed/disputed ?

We don't "know". we are making our best models based on the information we have. In the past, we had less information, so our models were likely worse. Now, we have more information, so they *should be* better. That's not to say we are certain. If new information presents itself that leads to other interpretations, then those interpretations will become the dominant theory. It's not a flaw that the scientists changed their minds, it's a feature. And we are fairly confident that some dinosaurs had feathers because there have been feather imprints on fossils.


Question: How were people able to play a game like 'World of Warcraft' back in 2004, when the average internet speed was around 350 kb/second?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were people able to play a game like 'World of Warcraft' back in 2004, when the average internet speed was around 350 kb/second?

I don't know about WoW specifically, but for a lot of games of the era, they just handled a lot more of the things client side, and your computer and the server just communicated in short bits of binary. All of the graphics are stored on your computer, and the server just need to send a single byte to tell your computer which way a certain character moved and what not and your computer would render it itself.


Question: How does squinting help us see just a little better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does squinting help us see just a little better?

Squinting your eye decreases the size of the aperture you are looking through. In an imperfect optical system (for example the eye) rays of light that are close to the optical axis are affected less by defocus than those away from the optical axis. A smaller aperture has more rays of light passing close to the optical axis, so more light in focus, and less blur. The same principle is why looking through a pinhole also ‘corrects’ refractive error (ie. a need for spectacles). Light that passes through a pinhole travels very close to the optical axis, is hardly affected by defocus and has a very long depth of focus.


Question: how do “ambulance-chasing” lawyers find out about minor violations you’ve committed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do “ambulance-chasing” lawyers find out about minor violations you’ve committed?

Police reports are public records. Any time the police have an official interaction with you, there is a file of it and anyone can request it. These lawyers likely create a FOIA request and send it to the local police department.


Question: Why does stretching your muscles feel good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does stretching your muscles feel good?

Stretching feels good because muscles, like joints, tend to get stiff if left unused, as most of our muscles are in our sedentary lifestyles. Also, due to the way we have become (sitting for a big portion of the day, taking cars / ubers around rather than walking to and from places, on our phones and computers all day), our muscles tense up and shorten over time in the position where it finds it easiest to do so. Stretching helps open them out and give them a little more flexibility and motion-ability. The increased range of motion and flexibility makes you feel more open and nicer overall.


Question: Why is it when you snort water, you get a burning sensation at the back of your throat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when you snort water, you get a burning sensation at the back of your throat?

The salinity of freshwater is much lower than your body, so when water gets into your nose and into your sinuses, some of the cells that line the sinus and nasal cavities burst open and die because they rapidly suck in water - like overfilling a water balloon.


Question: How can the NYSE put a freeze on buying stocks but not on selling? Are there not 2 sides to every transaction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the NYSE put a freeze on buying stocks but not on selling? Are there not 2 sides to every transaction?

The NYSE doesn't put holds on one side of the transaction - as you suspect, for every buyer you must also have a seller. They do sometimes flip the 'circuit breakers' and stop _all_ trading for a few minutes (to give a cool down and help prevent panic behavior). Individual brokerages or clearing houses, however, can stop processing orders for specific transactions. In the case of Robinhood, they stopped allowing people to buy, but still allowed sales. The main market still allowed buying, which is why the sale orders placed by RH could still be processed.


Question: how is it that small birds like sparrows can fly around in freezing temperatures without dying of cold in minutes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is it that small birds like sparrows can fly around in freezing temperatures without dying of cold in minutes?

Its because of the way their blood vessels are structured. Some birds even have a natural "anti-freeze" in their blood. URL_0


Question: When we want to emit a signal, how do we pick a certain wavelength? What are the advantages and disadvantages of short and long wavelengths?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we want to emit a signal, how do we pick a certain wavelength? What are the advantages and disadvantages of short and long wavelengths?

The old way was crystal oscillators, when electricity is applied it resonates at a frequency determined by its size, shape, and composition. Longer frequencies like AM radio can travel through and around manmade obstacles easily while higher frequencies begin to struggle to get through thinner and thinner things depending on how short the wavelength is. On the electromagnetic spectrum, radio is below/longer than microwaves which, broadly speaking, is anything from cordless landline telephones at 2.1 ghz to 2.5-5 ghz for wifi, and up to cellphone towers operating at higher wattage outputs to compensate for needing a better line-of-sight between emitter and receiver. Infrared is above that which television remotes use and need true line-of-sight, and some parts of IR can only go through some forms of cloth or dust/haze. Once you get to visible light you pretty much have to use fiber optics but this allows so much tighter wavelengths that you can modulate signals with much more dense packets of signal fluctuations which is why the internet currently runs on it.


Question: Why is US currency so bland in color and construction when compared to paper currencies of basically every other nation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is US currency so bland in color and construction when compared to paper currencies of basically every other nation?

As the world's most powerful currency (at least until the euro), the dollar has a very strong brand. The US Government is reluctant to change it too quickly, for fear of damaging the reputation for stability. URL_0


Question: How could the internet grid's infrastructure usage after the emergency not be considered a utility if it's essential now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How could the internet grid's infrastructure usage after the emergency not be considered a utility if it's essential now?

And all those internet companies that have capped data or paid data teirs are going to be outted. They can't pretend anymore that people's level of internet data usage needs to be regulated and paid for to maintain service. Clearly, after all this, the level of data that is being consumed is at an all time high and the system has no problems coping. Hopefully the cash grab is over.


Question: why do costumes cost more money than regular clothes despite using seemingly cheaper fabrics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do costumes cost more money than regular clothes despite using seemingly cheaper fabrics?

Because costumes are specialized equipment that is produced in significantly lower numbers than regular clothing and the demand for specific costumes has a *very* high variance. The materials used in a product have almost no bearing on the eventual price. That's mainly determined by demand and supply.


Question: heat rises, so why is it that higher elevations are usually colder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 heat rises, so why is it that higher elevations are usually colder?

There are different factors at play. Yes, heat rises when the air is all at the same air pressure. So in a house, the warm air rises toward the top floor. But when factoring 1000's of feet of elevation, there are dramatic air pressure differences and other physics at play. Much of the warmth felt closer to see level is the sun's heat absorbing into the ground and radiating back up. At higher elevations, you're further than that heat source -- think of standing next to a radiator vs. across the room. And with less atmosphere between the mountain top and space, the amount of heat loss of heat to space vs. heat gained by the sun's warmth shifts.


Question: How can we be certain that the maths we use is correct?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can we be certain that the maths we use is correct?

TLDR; It is correct because we say it is correct. We keep using it because it is good at what it does. **This is not a stupid question**. This is in fact one of the most profound questions ever asked and humanity may never know the answer to it. Math is a language used to convey relationships like one thing is the same as another thing. It is one of the most beautiful languages every made because it is based on some simple statements called **Axioms**. An axiom is something that is true because we say it is. There is no other requirement needed. Let's play with some axioms and do non-mathy versions too: ||Mathy Version|Non-mathy Version| |:-|:-|:-| |Reflexive Axiom|a = a|The color of the sky is the color of the sky| |Symmetric Axiom|a = b therefore b = a|The color of the sky is blue so blue is the color of the sky.| |Transitive Axiom|a = b, b = c therefore a = c|The color of the sky is blue and my shoes are blue. Therefore my shoes are the color of the sky.| There isn't any universal truth in any of those statements. We could say that the color of the sky is red, taupe, banana, or florg and the statements are all still true only because we say they are. The assumption may be wrong (the sky obviously is not banana) but we say it is true so it is true. You can make any axioms you want but if they don't do a good job at describing things then it'll be hard to get other people to use them. All of math is based around a few axioms. The amazing thing is that these simple things we say are true, allow us to perfectly describe the universe with such amazing precision that we have to ask is the universe made of math or do we make math to describe the universe.


Question: Why is labor so cheap in China?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is labor so cheap in China?

Costs of living are different, standards of living are different, there is a huge supply of poor people who are willing to work to be less poor. Much of china is still substance farming. So for them to move to a city and work in a factory 15 hours a day and live in a 10x10ft. room with 4 other people may be viewed as an upgrade when it means they can afford a cell phone or to buy some new clothes, send money back to the farm to help family get by when crops aren't as plentiful.


Question: Why isn't it the same to cook a recipe at a higher temperature for a shorter amount of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't it the same to cook a recipe at a higher temperature for a shorter amount of time?

In addition to what others have said, I'll add chemistry. Some things happen to food differently at different temperatures. Proteins 'harden' in high heat, and in some cases other compounds change under differing heats. High heat oils, for example avocado, 'burn' at 505 degrees. Using 550 degrees for half the time would just burn the oil, not cook it faster or correctly. So using a much hotter pan will not work with oil (or butter, etc) because instead of getting hot and being great for sauteing, it'll just catch on fire. (Oil has a flash point, it doesn't boil, it just 'flashes' on fire)


Question: If atoms are mostly empty space, how can things be solid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If atoms are mostly empty space, how can things be solid?

Think of a propellers blades spinning around but only way way way way way way way faster, a fan spinning looks like a solid and kind of acts like barrier nothing can pass though, small enough, tight enough together, enough of them, spinning fast enough, and in all directions, solid surface.


Question: How does your body know when to wake you up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your body know when to wake you up?

Medical doctor here. Our body is controlled by a circadian rhythm, which is like a clock we have it in our brains to control when it's time to wake up and when it's time to sleep. Our eyes can capture how illuminated the environment around us is and send signals to our brain. The brain, with this information, not only "calculates" how long the day lasts, but also tries to organize your activities (bodily functions, sleep time, awaken time etc) accordingly to the time of the day. This "time organizer" is called the pineal gland. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is the hormone that makes us fall asleep. Eyes see it's dark outside, the brain notices that and the pineal gland releases melatonin. Its secretion peaks at night, when it's time for us to rest. You feel sleepy and your body temperature falls. In the morning, when the sun goes up, the brain sends to your body a message to raise your temperature and your adrenal glands start to produce another hormone called cortisol. It's when your body realizes it's time to wake up. That's why using your computer at night makes you stay awake all night long, for example. The blue spectrum of light that comes from your computer screen deceives your brain, making it think it's still sunny outside. That way, your pineal gland doesn't release melatonin and you stay awake. ETA - If you find it difficult to wake up, try to leave the window curtains open before you go to bed. That way, when the sun goes up it will illuminate your bedroom, making it easier for you to wake up and feel awaken. Another good tip is, right after waking up, opening the window and looking at the sunshine, to give your brain the message that it's daytime. **TL;DR: When it's sunny outside, your brain releases cortisol, that keeps you awake. When it's dark outside, your brain releases melatonin, that makes you feel sleepy.**


Question: why do most companies use standardized connections but companies like Apple have their own?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do most companies use standardized connections but companies like Apple have their own?

If you have a standardized connection, it is easy to replace your device with some other brand that uses the same connector. If you have your own connector, it becomes more difficult (or expensive) to switch to other brands. It is a way to help cement customer loyalty.


Question: Can a physical effort cause a nosebleed? And if so, How does that happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can a physical effort cause a nosebleed? And if so, How does that happen?

Yes it can. When you do physical excessive the heart beats faster and harder. That increases the blood pressure and makes vessels more likely to burst. On top of that, blood vessels become a little thinner and leakier to allow more oxygen to pass through faster (so they are easier to burst).


Question: is there a mathematical theory that explains/predicts ‘good’ music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there a mathematical theory that explains/predicts ‘good’ music?

There is a field of study called "music theory" that involves finding common patterns in music that has already been written. However, there's no mathematical method to *predict* musical "goodness" any more than there is a formula to predict a great poem or a funny joke. And personally, that is a huge relief.


Question: Why are precious metals (gold and silver) predicted to still be of value in the event of society's collapse? Why wouldn't something of more practical value be the de facto currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are precious metals (gold and silver) predicted to still be of value in the event of society's collapse? Why wouldn't something of more practical value be the de facto currency?

In the event that society was to collapse people would likely do exactly what the worlds first civilizations did for currency, find something rare but not too rare as to be impratical, durable so it won't breat down overtime. And preferably shiny ((no idea why on that last part) and gold and silver are some of the two best materials that fit that criteria and is why almost all civilizations used gold and silver as currency Something like bullets or food like you see in many apoc settings are honestly to easy to produce and acquire to be a proper currency, anyone with the tools to produce bullets in mass or a good harvest would cause chaos to the economy.


Question: What is "fresh air"? Is air not just air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "fresh air"? Is air not just air?

Air near human habitat, especially big industrial cities, has higher concentrations of co2, smoke, nitrogen oxides, smog etc. When we go away from it to the country or to a mountain, we sense (and smell) the difference and we call it fresh air


Question: Why does pure food coloring stain your skin, but it doesn't stain when cooked into food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pure food coloring stain your skin, but it doesn't stain when cooked into food?

Pure food coloring is extremely concentrated. It is never at that same concentration when used in food. Often an entire bowl's worth of food would get 1 or 2 drops, so it dilutes out.


Question: what is wood and how is it different from plants? and is wood a living thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is wood and how is it different from plants? and is wood a living thing?

Wood is a bunch of cellulose fibers that are wound very tightly together to make a hard, usually thick/dense material. It's the material that tree trunks and branches are made out of, and many bushes and shrubs (though these are smaller). Wood itself isn't "living", but it's part of a living organism. Sort of like how skin isn't "living" but it's part of living animals.


Question: Is music that I download from the internet a good or a service?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is music that I download from the internet a good or a service?

If you download a file that you can store on your computer separately from the software, that's a good. If the song is streamed to you, or the download can only exist within the software, that's a service because you never take real ownership of a copy of the song. Rather, you're paying to access it.


Question: The skin's cells are regenerated every 27 days, and the entire body's cells regenerated every 7 to 10 years. If this is the case, how do skin imperfections like freckles, scars, and birthmarks persist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The skin's cells are regenerated every 27 days, and the entire body's cells regenerated every 7 to 10 years. If this is the case, how do skin imperfections like freckles, scars, and birthmarks persist?

The cells in the superficial or upper layers of skin, known as the epidermis, are constantly replacing themselves. This process of renewal is basically exfoliation (shedding) of the epidermis. But the deeper layers of skin, called the dermis, do not go through this cellular turnover and so do not replace themselves. Thus, foreign bodies, such as tattoos, implanted in the dermis will remain. Our skin is primarily made of the protein collagen, which is produced by cells known as fibroblasts. When the skin (or any other tissue, for that matter) is wounded, the wound-healing process initiates the generation of new fibroblasts to produce scar collagen, which is different from the collagen in normal skin. Even though individual cells within the skin periodically die and are replaced with new cells, the scar collagen remains. The only time when wounds will heal without producing scars is during the fetal stage of life, when the skin produces fetal collagen, a protein that is different from adult collagen. If we could find a way to turn on the production of fetal collagen after birth, then we could, presumably, perform scarless surgery.


Question: Why do atoms possess Spin? Do all atoms possess spin or only some?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do atoms possess Spin? Do all atoms possess spin or only some?

Elementary particles have spin, it's an intrinsic property like mass or charge. The Higgs Boson is a spin=0 particle, but it still "has spin" even though the value is 0. Atoms and composite particles have spin, as an aggregation of the spin of the elementary particles that make them up.


Question: Why do game companies not support their games better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do game companies not support their games better?

For most heavily marketed AAA games, most of the profit is made during the spike of sales when the game is initially released at full price. There may be additional spikes later on when the game price is marked down but because of the lower sale price, the profit per sale is reduced. Therefore, a game company, knowing that they get most of their profits immediately after release, will only care about the release and not supporting the game afterwards. It's better to allocate people to work on a new game which will have a profit spike when released than to have them work on patches for an old game which will not make much more money as time passes. Furthermore, continued support for older games means gamers will stick to playing the old versions rather than buy the new versions. Game companies can't sell their new yearly iteration if people are content with playing the previous year's version. And for upsetting the loyal customers? It turns out sale records are broken time and time again with this strategy. Why worry about loyalty and support if people are still buying it up upon release? There are a few exceptions to the model. Certain games that offer a "service platform" for gaming tend to have continued support (DOTA 2, Overwatch, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Rainbow 6 Siege, CS:GO etc.). A great deal of the profit comes from players spending money on microtransactions as they continue to play.


Question: Why is it generally a bad idea to use your computer while it’s charging?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it generally a bad idea to use your computer while it’s charging?

That is a myth. There is no reason to not use your computer while it’s charging. I can post link after link to show this is the case.


Question: How does Bayesian statistics work and what is it useful for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Bayesian statistics work and what is it useful for?

Consider the following hypothetical: After your last checkup, your doctor tells you that you tested positive for a very rare disease. The test that they used is correct 99.9% of the time. What are the odds that you have that disease? At first blush, you might say "99.9%". However, if that disease is present in 0.1% of the population, then a random testing of 1000 people will yield 1 true positive result, and 1 false positive result. If all you know is that you test positive, you could be either, making your odds around 50%


Question: Why do citrus fruit have segments?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do citrus fruit have segments?

1. Segmentation inside the citric fruits are due to its development from the ovary, as each of the segment is evolved from the ovary locule, the number of segments varies according to species 2. *Citrus* fruits are segmented because it's an ancestral trait and that's just how they evolved. Breeding is irrelevant and has made no difference to segmentation, except some are easier to separate than others. 3. There are other segmented fruits, such as durians, pomegranates, mangosteen, bananas, cucumbers, watermelons, cantaloupes, tomatoes, bitter melons, and so on. 4. All *Citrus,* Durians, pomegranates, mangosteens, bananas, cucumbers, watermelons, cantaloupes, tomatoes, bitter melons, and so on, are only one of those things, because they are segmented not citrus fruits. Segments may be either loose, semi-fused, or fused. Pineapples, blackberries, and raspberries are aggregate fruits. 5. finally there is debate if having seeds within segments aided the dispersal of seeds as the consumer was less likely to break the seed within a segment


Question: How do daylight headlight sections on freeways make roads safer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do daylight headlight sections on freeways make roads safer?

They are often done in places where visibility issues are common. Be it fog, mirage, dust, smog, whatever. It may not always have those issues, but it's easier and safer to just say "turn your lights on here" than to hope people use good judgement as to when they should turn them on.


Question: where do all the bugs go when it rains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 where do all the bugs go when it rains?

When it rains most small bugs (and other animals) hide under the surface. They usually hide in tree holes and under leaves, plants and rocks, but when it's really pouring they go further underground until it stops. In the ground, there are multiple layers of tunnels to protect them from floods, predators, and heat. Some bugs are very light so the rain doesn't bother them.


Question: How do scientists determine historical CO2 levels?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists determine historical CO2 levels?

They go to the arctic or antarctic. The ice there formed slowly over the last few thousand years, and it trapped air bubbles in layers. They can measure the CO2 in those little air bubbles. They can verify the process with past measurements over the past hundred years or so, and they can look at tree rings over the last few hundred years.


Question: How did the "standard tuning" of a guitar develop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the "standard tuning" of a guitar develop?

It was a complex compromise, that managed to ease the transition between simple chords and common scales with a minimum of difficult hand movements. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [How Standard Tuning came to be - Fender Guitar article]( URL_1 ) 1. [Guitar tunings - Wikipedia ]( URL_2 ) 1. [Why is the guitar tuned E A D G B E? - Stack Exchange]( URL_0 )


Question: Why can’t we drink sea water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we drink sea water?

after a certein amount of salt concentration, our kidneys don't filter the salt out, therefore just doesn't let us absorb what we need to survive, it is at around 6% when our kidneys fail. funfact: the sea water is only around 7-8% salt concentration. If you would have a liter of water with you, you could easily mix 4 liters of salt water and have 5 Liters of drinking water. We just never knew these numbers.


Question: how can a photon act as a wave and a particle at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can a photon act as a wave and a particle at the same time?

A wave is a disturbance in a medium which propagates. Sound in air, a wake from a boat on water, or a vibration in a string. The commonality between those things is that the wave is the disturbance not the medium itself. The wave isn't the water, it is the movement of the water. Sound is not air, it is some movement of air. Waves can interact in different ways. They can reflect or refract or spread or diffuse. They can be stationary or propagate. Particles are just what objects are made of. Think of them as billard balls. Particles have a position and some momentum. They can be moved and bounce off other particles on impact. In normal human experience waves and particles are separate things. Billard balls don't spread out like waves, nor do they interfere with each other. Sound waves don't bounce off other sound waves like particles do. Photons have a different behavior. When you look at a sunset you are seeing light ~~diffract~~ refract like a wave. Same thing at the boundary of water when light bends. But shine a light at metal and it will bounce off electrons like a particle smacking into them. The thing to understand is that your common sense experience, of human sized objects, composed of a trillion-trillion particles, which are either wave like or particle like, does not carry over to photons. They act in a unique way that you can interpret as wave like or particle like. But really you should just understand that photons act like photons. Don't try to understand them using common sense human sized notions.


Question: Why does hot water feel cold to our skin when it is really hot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot water feel cold to our skin when it is really hot?

This phenomenon has a name: "Paradoxical Cold." Just barely under your skin, you have two types of temperature receptors: hot and cold receptors. Cold receptors activate primarily between 68 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit, while hot receptors activate primarily between 86 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit. The weird thing is that at extreme hot temperatures (over 113), cold receptors flare up and activate. It's not known *exactly* why this happens, but the main theory is that it's a malfunction. Cold receptors use roughly the same nerve pathway to your brain as other pain receptors that respond to harmful heat levels, so your brain confuses those incoming pain signals as cold signals. (Paradoxical heat also happens!)


Question: How come there aren’t any tablets to make sparkling drinking water (the Soda Stream way), although there are tablets that can make the it sparkling, i.e. water soluble Vitamin C tablets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come there aren’t any tablets to make sparkling drinking water (the Soda Stream way), although there are tablets that can make the it sparkling, i.e. water soluble Vitamin C tablets?

You need to get carbon dioxide into the water. CO2 is a gas. You can't really put a gas into pill form. However, CO2 is a fairly simple gas, and is produced in many reactions. You could, for instance, make a tablet out of sodium carbonate and citric acid. When it dissolves in water, it immediately begins to form CO2. The trouble here is that you're also dissolving other stuff into your water. You're going to have some sodium citrate flavored water, described as "tart" by wikipedia. Whatever combination you use, you're going to be adding something else to the water. Additionally, you'd need to seal your bottle to make the CO2 dissolve. This runs the risk of the bottle exploding if too much is produced - something which is difficult to regulate with tablets in various-sized bottles.


Question: Why is it bad to shower during a thunderstorm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it bad to shower during a thunderstorm?

I have never heard of this before. Is this a cautionary tale, or something muth busters should be solving?


Question: What is and what causes lumpy "knots" in back muscles? Do we only get them in our backs? why/why not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is and what causes lumpy "knots" in back muscles? Do we only get them in our backs? why/why not?

Knots are just areas of muscle in a state on permanent contraction. We can get them anywhere, but they often occur in the back because these muscles are responsible for posture. If your posture is poor or unnatural, some back muscles may contract or relax to compensate & keep you upright. This can lead to knots because the muscle is overused or not used enough. You can also get them from sleeping weird or chronic stress.


Question: how do we know x^0 is 1? How did we figure this out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do we know x^0 is 1? How did we figure this out?

It follows from a fundamental property of exponents: x^n+1 = x & middot; x^n Let n = 0. Then: x^1 = x & middot; x^0 x / x = x^0 (when x ≠ 0) 1 = x^0


Question: Why is extreme toxicity advantageous in nature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is extreme toxicity advantageous in nature?

> if they die during their very first encounter with one, how is that info passed along to other predators? The predators are evolving too. Some birds like green caterpillars and some like red ones. The green ones taste bad, the red ones are lethally toxic. When the bird population goes eating caterpillars most of the birds that prefer the red caterpillars simply die and don't reproduce. The next generation of birds trends towards not liking red caterpillars. No information is conveyed, the population just gets sorted by natural selection. As the caterpillars evolved toxicity their predators were evolving at the same time, acquiring an aversion to the toxic prey... or even a resistance. By the time another predator enters the environment a red caterpillar that gives their adapted bird a tummy ache will instead kill the new predator right away.


Question: How do freezers/refrigerators work? (And why does the word "refrigerator" not have a "d" like in "fridge?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do freezers/refrigerators work? (And why does the word "refrigerator" not have a "d" like in "fridge?)

They work the same way, in that they have a compressor, a working fluid, an expansion valve, and a heatsink. The working fluid used to be freon, now it's often something a little less harmful to the environment like Isobutane. This fluid needs to have the property that within a reasonable range of temperatures and pressures, it will undergo a phase change from liquid, to gas, and back to liquid. This transition allows the system to pump heat using this working fluid. The way it works is the fluid starts off warm, and at low pressure. This is fed into the evaporator, which allows the liquid to absorb heat from the region you want to cool. In the case of fridges and freezers, it's the inside of them. This causes the liquid to boil, and become a gas, but still at low pressure. This low pressure, warm gas is fed into a compressor, which "squeezes" the gas back into a liquid, which is now at high pressure. This high pressure, warm/hot liquid is fed into something called the condenser, which allows the gas to expand and release heat. This is usually done in a series of metal tubes, over which a fan will blow to speed up the process. At this point you've moved heat from inside the fridge, using the working fluid, to the outside environment. The result is that the gas condenses (hence the name) and returns to a liquid state, still at high pressure. This is then fed through an expansion valve which allows the liquid to return to the initial state of low pressure... then it's fed back to the evaporator... and so on and so on. This is exactly how an air conditioner works, just with the difference that instead of cooling a sealed box and pumping heat into your room, it pumps heat out of your room to the outside, through the same mechanism. If you'd prefer more technical detail, and a video, this is a good one: URL_0


Question: How does de-icer spray work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does de-icer spray work?

Mixtures freeze at lower temperatures than the parent substances. Mix alcohol with the ice on the windscreen and the freezing point drops, hopefully below that of the outside temperature so the whole mix melts. Anti-freeze works the same way.


Question: why do migratory birds fly back to the North instead of living in the warm South all their lives?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do migratory birds fly back to the North instead of living in the warm South all their lives?

Few birds live year round in the north so there is little competition for food. And the north produces a lot of food in the summer when the days are long.


Question: Why does tap water taste different, stale, if it sits out for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does tap water taste different, stale, if it sits out for a while?

There are a few reasons it might taste different. First is temperature. Water coming out of the tap will usually be a little cool. And cold can help mask the metallic flavor of the minerals in your tap water. Leaving a glass of water out lets the water warm up and changes its flavor. Next is aeration. Water coming out of your tap can have a lot of air dissolved in it from being under pressure. This is why there are some bubbles in your water. Those gases can have an effect on the taste. Letting the glass sit for a while gives the gases a chance to escape and changes the flavor. Finally, if 'for a while' means a day, the taste change is probably due to microorganisms that are starting to grow in the water.


Question: What's a mortgage and why is it so important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's a mortgage and why is it so important?

A mortgage is a loan, often quite large, that is secured on your house and often used to provide the money to buy the house. For example if you want to buy a 200K house but only have 20K then you can ask the bank for a mortgage of 180K so you can buy the house. Should you fail to make your payments to the bank then they have the right to take your home, massively reducing their risk.