Question: Everyday we breathe CO2, and it's everywhere on our lives, but if you take away an Oxygen molecule and get CO, it becomes poisonous (Carbon Monoxide). Why is this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Everyday we breathe CO2, and it's everywhere on our lives, but if you take away an Oxygen molecule and get CO, it becomes poisonous (Carbon Monoxide). Why is this?

The reason why Carbon monoxide is dangerous is because it has a strong binding affinity to hemoglobine - the molecule that binds and transports oxygen through our blood. In fact, the affinity with Carbon monoxide is higher than oxygen. So what will happen is that your bloodcells will take up carbon monoxide in the lungs, instead of oxygen, and your blood will not contain enough oxygen for all your cells. CO2 has a far lower binding affinity to hemoglobin and is in fact used to regulate breathing. (High co2 in the blood causes us to breath more instead of low oxygen)


Question: Why does the milk frother on an espresso machine make such a godawful screech?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the milk frother on an espresso machine make such a godawful screech?

The death screech is a sign of poor technique! It should be a sort of churning noise but not offensive. Search for _steam wand screeching_ and you'll see lots of tips on how to avoid it.


Question: Why do we have different sizes for audio jacks (like 2.5mm and 3.5mm)? Does it make any difference other then the size of the plug?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we have different sizes for audio jacks (like 2.5mm and 3.5mm)? Does it make any difference other then the size of the plug?

The larger size audio jacks are preferred in pro-level gear because it can be built much sturdier, and with high end beefy metal parts withstand thousands and thousands of plug/unplug cycles. Functionally, there isn't a big difference. But since for musicians this stuff can spend a ton of time getting thrown around on stages and run over with carts and stomped on and rattling in cases, they'd like it tough.


Question: Why does pouring a beer diagonally into a glass make it froth less?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pouring a beer diagonally into a glass make it froth less?

Because the liquid isn't experiencing the same energy from hitting the side of the glass at an angle, so fewer pockets of carbon dioxide are created and there's less froth. You can compare the force of the side of a glass with the difference between going off a 30 foot slide and a walking off a 30 foot wall.


Question: Why does soap bubble up when you disrupt the water it’s in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does soap bubble up when you disrupt the water it’s in?

Soap reduces surface tension of water, which is to say, it makes water able to be thinned out/stretched easier. When you disturb soap water, you are pushing air into the water. This air wants to escape due to buoyancy, and when it tries to, it pushes water above upwards. With reduced surface tension, it is able to push water all the way out of the waterline forming a bubble.


Question: How can a Police Officer be expected to uphold the law, without personally knowing all of them in depth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a Police Officer be expected to uphold the law, without personally knowing all of them in depth?

Part of this is actually an important part of how the law works and evolves. Cops don't know all the laws, so they can't possibly enforce them all. If a law is not obviously bad enough for a cop to know that the act is illegal that leaves an opening for people to "break the law" without causing any trouble. When this happens for a while eventually someone in a position to change the law can get things started to remove an old law that no longer makes sense. TLDR some laws shouldn't be laws anymore and the best way for us to find out is for people to break the law without actually hurting anyone or getting in any trouble.


Question: If white is a combination of all colours, do people with red/green colour-blindness perceive white differently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If white is a combination of all colours, do people with red/green colour-blindness perceive white differently?

No they still see white as normal. In your eyes you have 2 different kinds of cells responsible for receiving light and sending it to the brain as neural impulses. The first type are know as "rod cells". These are the cells responsible for black and white colors, and every shade of gray in between. They also use that information to detect the "brightness" of the light. The other type of cell is known as a "come cell" and there are three subtypes of cones, for red, green, and blue light detection. Those with red/green colorblindness have genetic defects in bith of those cone cells causing the activation of one to be difficult to detect from the other. So any color with any amount of red or green pigmentation will activate both cells and the brain won't be able to interpret the difference very well.


Question: How exactly do solar panels work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly do solar panels work?

Solar panels are made of many photovoltaic cells linked together. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity. They do this by allowing little particles of light, called photons, to knock electrons free from atoms. When these electrons are knocked free/separate from the atom, this generates a flow of electricity. How this works is the photovoltaic cells are made of semi-conducting material (like silicone. Semi-conducting refers to how well the material conducts electricity. We say “semi” because it isn’t the best conductor nor is it the best resistor, it falls in between, which makes it more versatile). This semi-conducting material is stacked on top of each other in two layers, which together are called the photovoltaic cell. Each layer of the semi-conducting material is given an opposite electrical charge (one positive and one negative), which produces an electrical field (did you ever do the experiment in school as a kid where you took two magnets, one positive and one negative, and tried to make them touch but they pushed back? That was because of a magnetic field. Electrical fields are the same, but with electricity). Now that we have an electrical field, the sun gets added in. Light has a physical form, called photons (light particles). The photons hit the solar panels and the photovoltaic cells that make up the solar panel. When they do this, the photons don’t just go through the panels, instead they knock electrons free of the photovoltaic cells. These electrons get caught in the electrical field and pushed out of the junction of the semi-conductive material. These electrons get forced by the electrical field to conductive metal plates on the side of the solar panel. They are then transferred to wires, at which point they’re like any other kind of electricity.


Question: - Why are some LEDs unsuitable for use with dimmers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why are some LEDs unsuitable for use with dimmers?

Dimmer switches don't work by changing resistance. They essentially work by PWM, chopping the voltage on and off. And the PWM frequency is quite low because it's synced to the mains frequency st 60Hz which makes the electronics super cheap to make. The thing with LED lights is that they respond very quickly to changes in voltage. AC power runs at 60Hz so in order to not have a 60Hz blinking LED the voltage needs smoothed out. Generally one does this with a rectifier (turns ac to dc) and a capacitor filter. Unfortunately this also tends to render dimmer switches useless for a basic LED light. Dimmable LED lights have some smarts built in that look at the incoming voltage, determine if it's being dimmed, then adjust the brightness of the LED output. Using a non dimmable led bulb can have any number of results from flickering, just staying off, to being damaged.


Question: What are the differences between guitar pickups for electric guitars and acoustic guitars, including those which mean acoustic pickups need a battery as well as the amplifier?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the differences between guitar pickups for electric guitars and acoustic guitars, including those which mean acoustic pickups need a battery as well as the amplifier?

There's 2 types of pickups that I know of. The first one is the most common and uses an electromagnetic field to transpose string vibration to an electric signal that can be amplified. When the strings vibrates, it changes the electromagnetic field around the pickup. These changes depends on the size of the string and how fast the string vibrates, and are picked up by, well, the pickup. The resulting low voltage electric signal is then sent to the amplifier which makes it louder (and optionally add effects to it) and then out its speaker. These pickups are available for both acoustic and electric guitars, and come in passive or active models (active work with a battery and give more gain and control over the sound). It produces a clean, "dry" tone. For acoustic guitars, it is either installed directly under the saddle in the sound box or over the opening of it. They usually come with a small control box and are active. The second type is basically a small piezo microphone installed in the sound box. They produce a richer tone, and usually come with an equalizer in a control box embedded on the side of the guitar. Piezo mics work similarly to standard microphones but they exploit the ability of some minerals to produce electricity when subjected to pressure. They usually have a tiny quartz crystal that will be compressed on each microphone diaphragm vibration. The voltage output from the crystal depends on the pressure it was subjected to and how fast the string vibrates. This signal is then sent to the control box for sound control and pre-amplification, then to the amplifier. Hope that helps!


Question: What’s the psychology behind commercials that barely mention or show their brand but still gain popularity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the psychology behind commercials that barely mention or show their brand but still gain popularity?

> For instance, Zillow just had a commercial about a girl with split personalities but the personalities all took physical form as her in a bunch of chairs in an office. The name Zillow was barely visible and not mentioned till the end and even when mentioned it wasn’t really emphasized. You say it’s not effective but you’ve gone out of your way to ask this question and mention their company name twice. I’d say that’s an effective ad.


Question: How can the scientists who photographed a single atom be sure it is only one, and how did they get it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the scientists who photographed a single atom be sure it is only one, and how did they get it?

[In the center of the picture, a small bright dot is visible – a single positively-charged strontium atom. It is held nearly motionless by electric fields emanating from the metal electrodes surrounding it. […] When illuminated by a laser of the right blue-violet color, the atom absorbs and re-emits light particles sufficiently quickly for an ordinary camera to capture it in a long exposure photograph.]( URL_0 ) I think they kept repeating the experiment while reducing the number of atoms trapped. When the number got small enough they could match the level of light. It would step down as the number was reduced. When no more light was visible all the atoms were gone. So they could show a stepping down in light. The last step down before extinguishment must have been one atom. The level above, twice as much light, was two atoms.


Question: what causes severe negative reactions to any irl contact in people with anxiety?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes severe negative reactions to any irl contact in people with anxiety?

From how I understand it, it's mostly just recalled trauma and learned patterns. One had a bad experience with a thing, one's mind stored that thing in the "in case of emergancy" box, and now when you encounter the thing or something similar, it causes kinda like a mental allergic reaction. As for the more "invisible wall" kind of anxiety, I really don't know. I, personally, don't concider stopping what I want to do, but I just can't bring myself to do it. I'd imagine it's the same as other types, mentally. I think it's mostly just how people process certain stimuli, and sometimes the thing begets a squiffy response which would have been reasonable before, but isn't here.


Question: if a 213g potato has .2g of fat, 4.3g of protein, and 37g of carbs, what is the other 171.5g?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if a 213g potato has .2g of fat, 4.3g of protein, and 37g of carbs, what is the other 171.5g?

Water, fibre, and other things that humans don't digest into energy.


Question: If exercise is so good for your mental health and takes advantage of your brain's reward system, why do people forget to do it? Shouldn't it be highly addicting purely for its own sake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If exercise is so good for your mental health and takes advantage of your brain's reward system, why do people forget to do it? Shouldn't it be highly addicting purely for its own sake?

Because it’s a long-term gain more than a short-term gain. A donut i eat now gives me instant satisfaction. Whereas exercising for a month will start to be enjoyable after a while but not as much in the beginning. This is especially true for people who never worked out before.


Question: Why do phones have separate speakers for calls and media?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do phones have separate speakers for calls and media?

Generally one speaker is designed to sound good at very low energy, very close up; the other is designed to put out many times that amount of power, and if it started playing in your ear, it could damage your hearing. So they mount it separately, facing the other way. it's also used for speakerphone.


Question: How effective is regenerative braking on electric vehicles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How effective is regenerative braking on electric vehicles?

Roughly 60-70% efficient overall. That is considering the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle and how much of it can be converted into kinetic movement of the vehicle later, not the efficiency of the braking in turning movement into electricity.


Question: What does a tornado sound like? I'm told it's like a train but does that mean the engine, tracks, horn or something else? Explain like I'm five...for real.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a tornado sound like? I'm told it's like a train but does that mean the engine, tracks, horn or something else? Explain like I'm five...for real.

tornado hit my house a little over a month ago and yes, id say it sounds like the rumbling a train makes as it passes. It sounds like youre standing right next to the tracks and can hear the train "roar" and shaking about. although the shaking sound was probably my actual house. then a tree came crashing into our living room.


Question: What does the 'Narrative Fallacy' actually mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the 'Narrative Fallacy' actually mean?

Humans have a natural tendency to connect events and find patterns, it's a much stronger disposition for us than the inclination to believe things are just random. So much so that even if given a lot of truly random pieces of information, events, etc, people will still be able to find connections, or a "narrative", between them or an overarching idea for what it is they have in common. Any idea that infers a connection where random coincidence is a possibility for no other reason than because of a bias towards patterns over randomness, is guilty of the narrative fallacy.


Question: Decongestants and Antihistamines = Dehydration. Where does the fluid go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Decongestants and Antihistamines = Dehydration. Where does the fluid go?

I know that some decongestants pull water into the mucus to make the consistency less viscous and therefore easier to expel. So, snot steals your mucus.


Question: How gravity affects plant growth. Could we grow an infinite height of crops in a zero-gravity atmosphere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How gravity affects plant growth. Could we grow an infinite height of crops in a zero-gravity atmosphere?

Plants seem to have trouble establishing a good root system in microgravity. This limits their health greatly, and they don't grow as well as with gravity.


Question: Why is the President allowed to appoint people to their positions without any prior or relevant experience?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the President allowed to appoint people to their positions without any prior or relevant experience?

The idea is that, at least for positions that require Senate confirmation, the Senate would reject anyone unqualified, and the President wouldn't nominate them in the first place with that knowledge. In modern times, the Senate just serves as a rubber stamp for nominees if the Senate majority is the same party of the president, and if they're the opposition, obstruction at all costs.


Question: What exactly do each component of a computer do? Ex: cores/threads in a processor, a graphics card, RAM, the disc, etc.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly do each component of a computer do? Ex: cores/threads in a processor, a graphics card, RAM, the disc, etc.

The CPU does math. The threads are amount of arms that can hold a pencil to do math with. The RAM is how many books can be open at a time, how many eyes there are to read them math problems. The disk is like the notepad of answers to the math problems. The GPU is the one kid in class who is amazing at advanced math but struggles to open his milk carton at lunch time.


Question: Why do different elements burn different colours in flame tests?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do different elements burn different colours in flame tests?

It’s to do with the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atoms, how much energy they absorb and give back when they burn, and the wavelength and frequency of the energy emitted in doing so.


Question: How does stock investing/trading work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does stock investing/trading work?

“One Up on Wall Street” by Peter Lynch is the best beginners guide. It’s very simple and will help prevent you from falling into “get rich quick” traps.


Question: Why are so many pipes bursting in Texas but not in other cold weather areas like NY?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are so many pipes bursting in Texas but not in other cold weather areas like NY?

Far less insulation both in homes or in main water lines/sewer lines than in areas that expect cold weather. Insulation and heavier duty pipes that are more resistant to extended and severe freezing temperatures are more expensive - why pay 10% more to cover you for a circumstance that may only happen once every 100 years? Problem being, climate change is and will be making these sorts of events more and more likely, so 100 year events might become 50 or 20 year events.


Question: How come hard liquors don't freeze in your household freezer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come hard liquors don't freeze in your household freezer?

The melting point of a mixture of water and ethanol is below the temperatures most household freezers maintain. 40% ABV spirits freeze around/below -15 degrees Fahrenheit.


Question: Why do some chemical makeups not exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some chemical makeups not exist?

Atoms are not like legos. They don’t just snap together. Electrons mediate chemical reactions and there are certain rules governing their behavior which preclude certain combinations of atoms.


Question: How do telescope long exposures work, considering earth rotation and movement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do telescope long exposures work, considering earth rotation and movement?

Equatorial mounts are used, which are devices that once aligned with the north or south celestial pole (depending on location), will move with the rotation of the Earth so things don’t appear to move. When people say they did a 24 hour exposure, it is often not a single 24 hour exposure, but rather a bunch of smaller exposures, often done on different nights. These smaller exposures are aligned and stacked, to reduce noise. For example, 1440 1 minute exposures would be equivalent to a 24 hour exposure. The reason why this is done is for mainly two reasons. The first one being that like you said, the sun would interfere with the capturing of the image and the object would also likely be no longer visible as it goes below the horizon. Planes and satellites also cause trails in the pictures, so if we expose for too long then you might only see satellite or plane trails (especially with Star Link). The second reason is that as you open a camera shutter and let the sensor absorb light, the sensor will generate heat. Too much heat and the image will be super noisy, and the sensor could also be damaged. A lot of people use specialised cooled cameras with fans, but they’re expensive and you still won’t be able to take a single 24 hr exposure. If you’re interested in astrophotography, I suggest checking out r/askastrophotography and r/telescopes, both subs of which have friendly people who are willing to answer all your questions. Be warned though that you’ll need a big wallet; a setup can cost thousands of dollars. :)


Question: How do the same programs run on different operating systems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the same programs run on different operating systems?

There are development languages that are cross platform. This is one way this can be accomplished. The same code base will run in various environments (Linux/BSD/Windows) and then OS specific code can be ran inside the software that is called based on what environment the code detects. Also, a second way would be runtime emulation such as WINE, but I don't think that is what you are referring to


Question: What are apertures, f-stops, How does depth of field work, and how does lens measurement factor into the equation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are apertures, f-stops, How does depth of field work, and how does lens measurement factor into the equation?

An ideal lens focuses light from a single plane (called the focal plane) onto its sensor. However, that's not super useful, as we often want to take pictures of things that are thick. As it turns out, there is a region around the focal plane where the image is still well focused. This is called the "field" of the photo, and the "depth of field" (DOF) measures the thickness of this region from the point nearest the camera that is well focused to the farthest point that is well focused. As it turns out, actual lenses are not ideal lenses. This matters when it comes to DOF. At small apertures, much less light enters the lens, and it all enters through the middle part of the lens. The result is a larger DOF. In fact, you can make pictures with no lens at all using a pinhole camera. The aperture is so small that the DOF is essentially infinite. Since the amount of light that comes through is similarly small, you need a very bright scene. Since aperture effects both amount of light and DOF, it's not exactly a DOF control. As less light comes through, more integration time (or exposure time if you're still thinking of a film camera) is required to get an image. f-number (or f-stop) is a ratio of aperture to focal length. This is a camera-specific idea, but the exposure time for similar f-stops is similar. This was a more interesting parameter when light meters were separate from cameras. Almost all modern cameras use through-the-lens metering and automatic (or at least semi-automatic programs) to select appropriate f-stops and exposure times.


Question: What is surface tension and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is surface tension and how does it work?

Liquids are liquids because the molecules in the liquid stick to one another. They're not attached strongly enough to avoid sliding around, but they're attached enough that they don't move independently of one another. Inside the liquid, each molecule is pulled equally in all directions by this force, at least on average, because there are always particles above/below/left/right/etc of them. But at the surface, there are no particles above them (or the much sparser particles of a gas). This means that molecules at the surface tend to get pulled back into the bulk of the liquid, because there's a net "downward" force on a particle at the edge of the liquid. Put another way, the liquid wants to have "as little surface area" as possible, because every particle on the surface is trying to get back to *not* being on the surface. Now, suppose you're a little water strider. You put your leg on the water. It *could* compress the water and displace it into a "hole" the shape of your leg, but in order to do so, it creates a lot more surface area, because rough surfaces have more surface area than smooth ones. Because the water "wants" to have a smooth surface (that is, the lowest possible energy state for it to be in is a smooth surface), displacing the water takes force - and the necessary force is more than the weight of a water strider. So the surface stays smooth and the strider can walk.


Question: What is a derivative function?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a derivative function?

the derivative is the slope of a function at every point. f(x)=2x has a slope of 2 on the entire graph, so f'(x) = 2. take a look at the cos and sin functions, one is a derivative of the other. at the highest and lowest, the slope is 0 so the derivative is 0, at 0 the slope is 1 so the derivative is 1. also look at e^x that derives to itself. its value at any point is also the value of its slope


Question: How do bars and cafés keep flies away ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do bars and cafés keep flies away ?

Well - many of them don't. For those that do - ridding yourself of insects basically boils down to two approaches. 1 - Repel them Insects are repelled by things like citronella and DEET - basically the more you can get into the air the better 2 - Attract and kill them Make an artificial carbon signature (by burning some kind of fuel) and getting them close enough to kill them or trap them Also maybe the bar is just cleaner than your house and/or has less still water nearby


Question: If your stomach acid so acidic that it can melt almost anything, why do other foreign organisms and objects still pass through like nothing happen? Why do tapeworms continue to survive and other bacteria?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If your stomach acid so acidic that it can melt almost anything, why do other foreign organisms and objects still pass through like nothing happen? Why do tapeworms continue to survive and other bacteria?

Lots of focus on the acidity of the stomach and too little focus on the tapeworm going on here. Tapeworm eggs/larvae (can't remember exactly) are inside a cyst, basically a little fatty bubble, inside of meat. When that meat is eaten, the fatty wall of the cyst is broken down in the stomach, but the tapeworm is safe inside it's bubble. It can then move into the intestine, which is a much friendlier environment for a parasite. For other pathogens, it depends a bit. Salmonella actually is very sensitive to our stomach acid and will not survive it if you just swallowed a solution with it mixed in. However, if that bacteria can hide out in some meat you eat (fat/protein), it can survive the acidity and move on the gut to wreak havoc.


Question: how we know that every snow flake is unique? With all e snow flakes that have ever fallen, could there have been two that were identical?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how we know that every snow flake is unique? With all e snow flakes that have ever fallen, could there have been two that were identical?

Yes, theoretically it’s just almost impossible to confirm due to the fact they have such a short life span as an individual. There is also no financial or scientific reason to prove or disprove this.


Question: What is Ideal Mechanical Advantage and how can I calculate it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Ideal Mechanical Advantage and how can I calculate it?

Ideal mechanical advantage is the number that your force is multiplied by in the absolute best case scenario when using a simachine (no friction or other ways to lose force applied.) How it's calculated varies depending on the machine you're using but can be generally expressed as: amount of force output divided by, force applied


Question: How does a fan make air cooler ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a fan make air cooler ?

Fans don't make air cooler. If anything, they make it warmer as some of the work being done is converted to heat. They can make *you* feel cooler. Around your body is hot moist air, because you've made it hot and moist. This makes it harder for your body to release more heat and moisture to the air. which means instead its heating you up, and your sweat isn't evaporating as readily. The fan moves that air away and replaces it with new air you haven't heated and moistened.


Question: Why does muscle growing from weight training does not damage or irritate arteries and tissue around the muscle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does muscle growing from weight training does not damage or irritate arteries and tissue around the muscle?

I'll give this a crack.. Your arteries are high pressure pipes, so they aren't in the business of being squished easily. Building muscle is done slowly and you also create new veins with new muscle so blood can get to your new muscles easily. Your heart also can change how much blood is pumped to suit your needs by pumping harder or faster. That's as ELI5 I can get.


Question: Why are large flies attracted to the sound of my tile saw, circular saw, grinder? (They could at least wait until my project is done to determine it’s sh*t)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are large flies attracted to the sound of my tile saw, circular saw, grinder? (They could at least wait until my project is done to determine it’s sh*t)

The motors of those machines put out steady vibrations into the air, and from a distance a fly may mistake the vibrations for vibrations caused by the wings of another fly. They come closer to investigate whether it’s a potential mate, etc.


Question: Why are little kids, specifically boys, so often obsessed with dinosaurs and/or sharks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are little kids, specifically boys, so often obsessed with dinosaurs and/or sharks?

Ooh! I know this one! So I went to a lecture once from this child psychologist who was talking about how children understand power dynamics, even before they can properly talk. He said that the highest form of power to a young kid who doesn’t yet understand money, politics, or influence (all of which are forms of power in the adult world), the only kind of power they grasp is the most primal one - consumption. What makes one animal stronger than another is who can eat the other. Cats eat birds - cats are more powerful. Spider eats flies - spiders are more powerful. What eats humans? Sharks and dinosaurs. That makes them cool and powerful.


Question: - What are blood groups? Why do they differ from person to person? Why can't a person of one blood group receive blood from a person of a different blood group?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - What are blood groups? Why do they differ from person to person? Why can't a person of one blood group receive blood from a person of a different blood group?

In some blood types, it's like the blood cells are wearing little hats. If you get some blood cells wearing hats and you don't normally have them, your body is like, whoah, these shouldn't be here, and it attacks them. Type A only likes type A hats, and type B only likes type B hats. Type AB is cool with either kind of hat. Type O doesn't have any hats itself, so the bodies of Type O people will attack A or B or AB blood cells. People with A, B, or AB blood types are ok receiving the hatless Type O blood cells. The positive and negative refers to Rh blood types. Rh blood types are like the cells have mustaches. Rh+ types, they've all got mustaches but they're ok accepting blood cells with no mustaches. Rh- types, they don't want any of those stupid mustaches. Maybe they could tolerate it a bit, if it's an emergency, but really no mustaches would be better. So an AB+ person is cool with blood that has any kind of hat and mustaches or no mustaches, so they can take any kind of blood, while an O- person can only accept blood with no hats and no mustaches. There are other accessories that affect blood type, representing more detailed blood types. For surgery and stuff usually ABO type and Rh type are all that matters, but for some transplants you really need the closest type possible, like blood with the exact same hat and facial hair and jewelry and clothes and haircut. That's why people who need kidneys or bone marrow will sometimes ask lots and lots of people to check if they're a potential match, and maybe never find anyone.


Question: When a new currency enters the global market, how is it decided how much it's worth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a new currency enters the global market, how is it decided how much it's worth?

Yes, they could. What you're describing is called "pegging", which is when a country "pegs" their currency to another at a fixed rate. Many countries do this for various reasons, they usually peg to the American Dollar, Euro, Pound, or another major currency. The other way to do this is through the free market. Currency is a product just like any other, supply and demand will set the price just like any other good if left alone. In practice, most countries are somewhere in the middle of the two options: they allow the free market to determine the price, but their central banks also intervene to keep the price in a certain range.


Question: I saw a comment the other day that “steel forged before the nuclear age is very valuable.” and talked about the lengths they go to salvage old battleships etc. for steel made “before the Manhattan project.” What does this mean? How did nuclear testing permanently affect steel worldwide?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I saw a comment the other day that “steel forged before the nuclear age is very valuable.” and talked about the lengths they go to salvage old battleships etc. for steel made “before the Manhattan project.” What does this mean? How did nuclear testing permanently affect steel worldwide?

To keep the topic simplified, the usage of nuclear weapons introduced trace amounts of radioactive isotopes (atoms) into the atmosphere. Because the process of producing iron involves air, it's impossible (or very expensive/difficult) to avoid a slight radioactive contamination of the finished iron. As such, steel produced before the era of nuclear weapons is very desirable for applications where little background radiation activity is required. [Wikipedia could probably also provide a better explanation]( URL_0 )


Question: How much money can a country issue? What are the consequences of doing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How much money can a country issue? What are the consequences of doing it?

The more money is issued the less each individual note is worth and eventually it becomes cheaper to use banknotes to wallpaper a room than wallpaper.


Question: How does a country "give money" to another country with a different currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a country "give money" to another country with a different currency?

Here in the USA, foreign aid isn't airplanes full of cash (that's done for different reasons) or wiring them a deposit. It's more like the country gets a USA gift certificate to buy stuff here and bring home. So if you read that the USA gave Tiny Country $50 million in aid, that really means Tiny Country can place orders with US companies for that much worth of construction machinery, farming equipment, machine tools, etc. and also pay for the US flagged ships it has to be delivered in.


Question: Why do people go pale when they feel tired, ill, or shocked? How can it happen so quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people go pale when they feel tired, ill, or shocked? How can it happen so quickly?

Well, when you are in a fright or flight scenario, your body redirects your blood to your vital organs and your leg muscles (so you can run away faster) causing you to look more pale ( this is also one of reasons your tummy often hurts when you're nervous). I suspect the same may be true for illness and fatigue. Your body redirects resources from your face to areas that need it more.


Question: What's the difference between the effectiveness of doing demonstration outdoors (e.g., crowd marching, etc.) VS the good 'ol calling/writing/contacting senators and congress people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between the effectiveness of doing demonstration outdoors (e.g., crowd marching, etc.) VS the good 'ol calling/writing/contacting senators and congress people?

They are related. Congressal members and staff pay more attention to lobbying groups that have proven they can organize. If you can organize a protest, you can organize a voting drive. Sending a letter by yourself makes you a person with an opinion. Sending a letter as an official representative of a national lobbying group makes you a potential boon or threat to reelection. Going to an organized protest adds proof of weight to that representative's leverage.


Question: ; Why do statutes of limitation exist? What’s the benefit of having certain crimes “expire?”

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; Why do statutes of limitation exist? What’s the benefit of having certain crimes “expire?”

It encourages people to act with due diligence, stops the courts getting clogged up with old cases that there is little or no evidence for. It also stops people waiting for opportune moments in civil claims.


Question: if granite is an intrusive igneous rock that forms below ground, why do things like the Sierra Nevada range exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if granite is an intrusive igneous rock that forms below ground, why do things like the Sierra Nevada range exist?

Here's a timeline Granite forms in hot spot - > granite moves with continental plate - > continental plate hits oceanic plate/other continental plate - > all the rocks get thrust upward into into a mountain range - > all the rock above the granite gets worn down by erosion - > granite on the surface. Granite is a very strong rock, and so it doesn't wear down quite as easily as others, leaving large portions of it on the surface or poking out.


Question: how is light considered both a particle and a wave?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is light considered both a particle and a wave?

In some cases light behaves like a wave in others it behaves like a particle, depending on what you are measuring. Why that is, is still unclear (as far as I know).


Question: Why is it when our body experiences moments of stress, sicknesses in the body seem to momentarily disappear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when our body experiences moments of stress, sicknesses in the body seem to momentarily disappear?

The symptoms are caused by your body, not the disease. Your body raises your temperature to kill whatever is causing you to be sick because that’s better than the damage that would otherwise be dealt. In times of stress, sickness is less important than your immediate survival and so the body focuses on getting tf out of there rather than fighting the sickness.


Question: how does soap make bubbles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does soap make bubbles?

Soap molecules have a side that wants to be in contact in water (hydrophilic), and a side that does not (hydrophobic). If you put a bunch of them in water, they'll naturally clump together with the hydrophilic sides facing out and the hydrophobic sides facing in. They can also organize into a longer, straight membrane (a double layer of soap molecules with hydrophobic sides together and hydrophilic sides pointing out), and that's when you get bubbles. On a side note, the lipid bilayer membranes of living cells are made in a very similar way.


Question: Why do mobile apps (facebook/twitter/etc) have updates so often?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do mobile apps (facebook/twitter/etc) have updates so often?

There are multiple reasons. One is because there are so many devices, at least on Android. Those hundreds of devices all have different screen sizes, processors, OS versions, and many other differences. As users find bugs, they can report them, and with the hundreds of millions of devices out there, that is a lot of bug reports. Also, new things are being added all the time, like Facebook's Stories, which also induce more bugs to be found. Other things are added, or fixed language translations, patches for security flaws, or removal of outdated features.


Question: how does those bracelets or necklaces help with balance and stuff like that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does those bracelets or necklaces help with balance and stuff like that?

It doesn't affect you, that is the easy part. However, you think it helps you and thus you are willing to press your body further. Also, muscle stretching is easier the second time than the first time.


Question: For those with vision problems, why can’t we see things that are far away in a mirror even though the mirror is right in front of our face?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 For those with vision problems, why can’t we see things that are far away in a mirror even though the mirror is right in front of our face?

The mirror doesn't change the light that hits it, not focusing it, it just redirects it. The image seems to be *behind* the mirror, at the distance the object is away from the mirror. If you want to see something without glasses, use your phone camera instead. Your phone will produce an image that is actually on the surface of your phone, so you can hold that at whatever distance you can see clearly at and it will be in focus.


Question: How do you make beers/lagers alcohol-free?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you make beers/lagers alcohol-free?

Most non-alcoholic beers are made by taking the normal beer from the brewing process and removing alcohol before carbonation and packaging. There are two methods for this: the easiest is to boil off as much alcohol as possible by heating the fermented beer for an extended period of time, then replacing the lost volume with water to make the beer taste as similar as possible to its alcoholic counterpart. The second is to use a reverse osmosis process where only water and ethanol are forced through a membrane, the alcohol distilled off, and the water returned to the beer. Since water and ethanol form an azeotrope (it is impossible to separate them completely without additives like drying agents) non-alcoholic beer is typically allowed to contain up to 0.5% alcohol.


Question: How do games "tone down" the graphics for low graphics settings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do games "tone down" the graphics for low graphics settings?

There are many options. They can reduce the draw distance, when objects get too far away, the graphics engine stops drawing them. They can change what this distance is, so that there are less objects to draw. You'll see this a lot in old games where objects just pop into existence as you move towards them. Textures can be lower resolution or not used at all. Different models can be loaded that are made out of less polygons. Features can be turned off completely: shadows, advanced lighting, particle effects, antialiasing.


Question: Why is it, that when I'm (very) tired and I close my eyes (even while sitting) it feels like someone is pulling me away from my conscious body and I begin to feel distant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it, that when I'm (very) tired and I close my eyes (even while sitting) it feels like someone is pulling me away from my conscious body and I begin to feel distant?

Some would say that you (your consciousness) is indeed leaving your body, just as you do when dreaming. At the point of not-quite-asleep, you are still aware of both self and body, and thus notice the separation.


Question: The moon is bright enough to be seen from 240,000 miles away even in daytime, how could astronauts look directly at it during the lunar space landing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The moon is bright enough to be seen from 240,000 miles away even in daytime, how could astronauts look directly at it during the lunar space landing?

The moon is just acting as a mirror. It is not producing it's own light. Take a regular mirror. Turn on a bright light. Set up the mirror about ten feet from the light. Now stand about ten feet from the mirror and look at the light in the mirror. Not too bright to look at. Now get right next to the mirror, less than a foot. The light should still be about the same brightness. Now consider that the moon is quite a bit less reflective than a mirror. It's gray dust. An interesting thing to note is that there is video from a moon landing in which an astronaut is in the shadow of the lander, and yet is fully visible. Conspiracy theorists say that this is proof of a secondary light source, a stage light. It's actually light being reflected from the surface *up* onto the astronaut.


Question: How did mathematicians come to the conclusion that it takes about 8 minutes and 20 seconds for the sunlight to reach the earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did mathematicians come to the conclusion that it takes about 8 minutes and 20 seconds for the sunlight to reach the earth?

Distance to sun is 93 million miles, light travels at 186,000 miles per second. Then some maths.


Question: How is polyphonic music encoded and read in the grooves of a vinyl LP?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is polyphonic music encoded and read in the grooves of a vinyl LP?

Polyphony as a concept doesn't exist in records, it only exists in sheet music or equivalent human-readable forms. The record doesn't know that there are multiple instruments playing, it just saves the resulting sound wave. When you listen to it, your brain decodes the sound wave into multiple melodies or instruments.


Question: What is the role of Gaddafi's death in todays slavery in Libya?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the role of Gaddafi's death in todays slavery in Libya?

Removing the regulatory body allows illegal activites to operate in the open. The slavery industry always existed but without a practical government they can operate in the open now.