Question: How does a calculator work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a calculator work?

Do you mean on hardware or "software" level? The field of [numerical analysis]( URL_0 ) is how one approximates functions, which is to say arrives at a "close enough" solution to problems which are either hard to solve, or don't even have a "simple" exact solution. Most of the time this involves solving some kind of [system of linear equations]( URL_4 ), which is a collection of simple calculations. This is the "software" level. On a theoretical level, we can write some functions as simpler functions. [For instance, the sine function can be expressed as a polynomial]( URL_1 ). Computers calculate sine by taking enough parts of that series that we get close enough approximation for our needs. If you mean on hardware level, they are basically just miniature computers. /u/speculative_goat gave you a link the Adder wikipedia article, which are one of the building blocks for computers. The basic idea is like thus: * The final result is an electric component with multiple outputs. Each output can either have electricity coming out, or not. You can imagine the output as a collection of little lamps. We then agree that the way the lights are lighted corresponds to a [(binary) number]( URL_3 ). * Two of our inputs are the numbers we operate on. Maybe we want to do something with the numbers 5 and 2. * An additional input tells us what kind of operation we want. Let's say we want to sum aforementioned 5 and 2. * There is an electric circuit which manipulates the flow of electricity such that we get 5+2 to the final output (as in, the lamps light to show number 7). The details of this would be a bit cumbersome to explain because there are multiple levels of detail to it, but it is always about using simple components to build more complex components. If you want to learn more about how calculators and computers work, I recommend [nand2tetris]( URL_2 ). It's a collection of exercises through which you first build electric components, out of which you build a small calculator, out of which you build a computer, to which you implement an ~~compiler~~ assembler, etc.


Question: How do USB splitter hubs work? How do multiple devices simultaneously transmit signals through a single port without stuttering?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do USB splitter hubs work? How do multiple devices simultaneously transmit signals through a single port without stuttering?

They don't simultaneously transmit. Rather, they transmit one at a time. However, USB transmits so quickly that you'll rarely run across situations where it matters. Most USB peripherals - your mouse/keyboard, for example - use a tiny fraction of the available bandwidth. Even mass storage devices don't generally reach the limits of USB transmission speed.


Question: How are noble gas compounds formed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are noble gas compounds formed?

You pretty much have to chemically torture it. Noble gases are very inert, meaning they don't like to react and form compounds. They are content unto themselves. & #x200B; To make it form a compound, you have to pair it with a really reactive element like fluorine. Then you use high pressure and high heat, because these force reactions to happen. Eventually, the noble gas bonds with the fluorine.


Question: what is the science/psychology behind why we get sick of a song after hearing it a lot? Even if we love the song at first.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the science/psychology behind why we get sick of a song after hearing it a lot? Even if we love the song at first.

Emotion is a physical response you can feel that is triggered by external stimuli. Like a song making you feel happy or intense or wistful or whatever. But repeated exposure to the stimulus causes what's called habituation, meaning the same stimulus doesn't trigger as strong a response. Think of Pavlov's dogs. Keep ringing the bell without presenting the meat and eventually the dogs stop salivating to the sound of the bell. You may notice yourself enjoying the song again sometime in the future after you haven't listened to it for a while.


Question: Do perfect circles exist in nature and can we recreate them?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do perfect circles exist in nature and can we recreate them?

Pi isn't an estimate -- by definition, it's the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. There are various math techniques for calculating its value as precisely as you care.


Question: how do all fixed costs become variable costs in the long run?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do all fixed costs become variable costs in the long run?

Fixed costs are only set at a specific cost for the contract period. When the time comes to reevaluate the contract, there could potentially have been changes in cost of operation that would require a change in cost for the next contract. Rent would be a fixed cost. You and your landlord have contractually agreed to a fixed rent price per payment period; probably monthly. Somewhere along the way, there could potentially be rennovations or increased costs in maintenance that your landlord has to eat for the time being. Then, when you go to renew your lease, your rent has gone up because you are now taking on the added costs that accrued over the last lease period.


Question: why weighted blankets make people feel better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why weighted blankets make people feel better?

I probably won't explain this well but it has to do with proprioception, or the "6th sense", one's awareness of body position in space. Things like pushing and pulling create propreoceptive input. When you see babies jumping in seats it's not only that they have too much energy or strengthening muscles, they're providing input to their brains- their feet hit the floor which puts pressure on their knees and hips. If you feel antsy and taking a walk helps you feel better, part of that is the propreoceptive input, same with crossing your arms tightly in front of you. Pressure is a good word to use. Straighten your arm, grab your wrist and push towards your elbow, or walk around on your toes and feel the increased pressure, that's proprioception. The blankets activate pressure points which increase serotonin and decrease cortisol which means decreasing stress and activating relaxation.


Question: How are music and audio recordings synced in the music videos?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are music and audio recordings synced in the music videos?

The finished audio recording of the song is played back on loudspeakers during filming. It’s loud, and there’s plenty of noise on set from foot steps, fans, directors comments, etc. The audio from the film is replaced by the officially released recording during post-production. Even if it wasn’t, video editors are advanced enough these days to be able to slide each clip forward or back to line it up with the music track, and then stretch or compress the length of the speed happens to be off. As an additional benefit, most music these days is recorded to a metronome (click track) at a known tempo, so everything should be performed in the video at the same speed.


Question: Why does spinning in circles make you sick/nauseous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does spinning in circles make you sick/nauseous?

Your ear contains three tubes filled with liquid and tiny hairs. When you change orientation, this liquid moved around and hits the hairs, signaling your brain. This is your sense of balance. When you spin around the liquid starts whirling and doesn't stop, even when you do, just like when you stir water in a glass. So your brain thinks your body is moving while it obviously isn't, causing a dissonance.


Question: Why does WD 40 work? And why does it have such a huge scope of application?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does WD 40 work? And why does it have such a huge scope of application?

WD-40 isn't actually a lubricant, it behaves more like a solvent. It doesn't make things slippery, it cleans off the stuff that keeps things from being slippery. So if your door hinge squeaks, instead of covering the hinge in lube, it's kinda like you're *cleaning* the hinge instead.


Question: In pre-biblical times, how were years tracked, as there was no BC and AD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In pre-biblical times, how were years tracked, as there was no BC and AD?

Typically, they used the crowning of a new ruler as ‘year 1’ and started counting up. And they referred to past years based on who ruled then. So, some dude could be born in the 6th year of the reign of King Philip I, but is now 25 years old because it is now the 14th year of the reign of King Philip II.


Question: Toothpaste. "A white smile in X weeks"; How does it work, is it only marketing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Toothpaste. "A white smile in X weeks"; How does it work, is it only marketing?

Usually the claim is a "whiter smile" not a "white smile". The toothpaste usually gets you a whiter smile by using baking soda as grit to clean crap off your teeth. It's not purely marketing BS as you do get a whiter smile compared to not brushing at all or brushing with a non baking soda toothpaste but how well it works really depends.


Question: What are lagging and leading indicators?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are lagging and leading indicators?

A leading indicator is a piece of data that points towards future events. A lagging indicator is a piece of data that changes in response to trends. For example... daily temperatures are a leading indicator for flu diagnoses. The flu spreads when it's cold out and people spend more time indoors, so when you notice daily average temperatures starting to drop, it's a leading indicator that there will be an uptick in flu cases. Lagging indicators are things like the Coronavirus death rate. It follows the infection rate by a few weeks - which is how you see the daily death rate go up even when daily infections are going down, because the people dying of Coronavirus today are ones who contracted it a few weeks ago.


Question: What makes a fluid either compressible or non-compressible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a fluid either compressible or non-compressible?

Can't wait to hear this discussed. I was an electrician on aircraft in the Air Force, and we often ventured into some components where we overlapped with the hydraulic mechanics. I've heard numerous times that water isn't compressible, so wouldn't make a good hydraulic fluid on aircraft, while the red petroleum based fluid we used did. I never could wrap my brain around that.


Question: - How are companies and the government actually spying on us? What information do they collect and how do they store it? Do they have people who sort through it, or is there a computer system that does it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How are companies and the government actually spying on us? What information do they collect and how do they store it? Do they have people who sort through it, or is there a computer system that does it?

Its a big computer that sorts through all your information and looks for key words and matches algorithms. If you match a certain pattern, or someone close enough to you does a person may look into it further. If you are an average person you do not have your own fbi agent watching you. There are not enough agents.


Question: I got badly sunburnt about 8 years ago. Why does it reappear in the shower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I got badly sunburnt about 8 years ago. Why does it reappear in the shower?

Did you burn badly enough to peel a lot? You probably just grew back skin that happens to have more capillaries in it, so it gets redder faster. Little variations like this happen all the time during healing but you probably notice this one because of the very defined area.


Question: Why do house plants require so much maintenance and still die easily, where as their wild/outdoor family with no maintenance survives for decades?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do house plants require so much maintenance and still die easily, where as their wild/outdoor family with no maintenance survives for decades?

A few reasons! Rainwater is generally better than tap water as it contains more nitrates for plant nutrition. You might also get general detritus more commonly outside, contributing to soil health. Human watering habits are also usually inconsistent, and unless perfectly balanced pot plants don't have the combination of water retention and drainage that natural earth does, meaning the plants are usually under or over watered... Light levels inside are also usually inconsistent, not to mention low.


Question: why is it easier to drag something heavy than it is to lift it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it easier to drag something heavy than it is to lift it?

First off, that isnt always true. When you lift an object, you have to overcome the force of gravity holding it down. When you drag the object, you have to overcome the friction between the item and whatever it is sitting on. Gravity is constant, but the friction can change depending on the object and what it's resting on. Take a sports car. Some sports cars with racing tires on good asphalt can turn at over 1g because of how much friction they make with the road- they are easier to lift vertically than to push sideways. But if it was on ice instead, a lot of that friction would go away, and it would be easier to push the car on the slippery ice than to pick it up.


Question: Which point on earth is the most remote and far from civilisation on land, besides Antarctica?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Which point on earth is the most remote and far from civilisation on land, besides Antarctica?

Tristan da Cunha, a series of volcanic islands between Africa and South America - URL_0


Question: When loading a page with bad internet connection, how come the ads are always fully loaded while the rest of the page is struggling to load in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When loading a page with bad internet connection, how come the ads are always fully loaded while the rest of the page is struggling to load in?

World wide sides like Youtube use an algorithm where the video you are trying to load is uploaded to the nearest server to the uploader then as viewers go, it gets uploaded to servers that are the closest to the majority of previous viewers. So if you are have issues with the video, chances are you are one of the firsts to wan to see it in your area (or some connection issues). On the other side, the ads are only local ads: so 100 ads are uploaded to the closest server, your video from a random country asks for an ad and the server randomly sends an ad first because they are located in the same servers that sent you the youtube homepage.


Question: How does Hydrogen Peroxide clean your ears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Hydrogen Peroxide clean your ears?

I don’t know about the chemistry, but the dilute peroxide reacts with the dead skin/moisture/was in the ears causing effervescence. This lifts and break off debris from the drum and canal walls making them easier to remove via suction. Source: I clean ears


Question: what is the psychological motivation for advertisements for games that depict a person failing at them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the psychological motivation for advertisements for games that depict a person failing at them?

I’m no expert, but my personal theory, based on how I feel about watching it, is that they fail on purpose at “easy” puzzles to make you think “psh, I could do that! Why can’t this person figure it out?! It’s so easy I could probably dominate that game!” That’s how I felt when I saw my first ad depicting this. By the second, I figured it’s intentions were to make me feel like that so I get frustrated or prideful and get the game only to find that it’s not even remotely close to what was seen in the add lol Hopefully, someone with actual knowledge on this subject will prove me wrong/right so I too can rest easy!


Question: If the exoplanet HD 100-546 is larger than some stars, how come it hasn’t collapsed into a low-mass star?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the exoplanet HD 100-546 is larger than some stars, how come it hasn’t collapsed into a low-mass star?

We have just started to research the HD 100546 star system. It is a fairly young system and still have its acreation disk which planets form from. So it is very hard to see things in it. Adding to this there are not may star systems of this type so we do not know these very well. Whe do have some indications of one planet or maybe even two planets in the star system. And one of these is large enough that it could be a brown dwarf but it could also be a regular planet. There is some overlap in masses between brown dwarfs and gas giants because they can have different densities, composition, temperature, core material, etc. which does affect its ability to burn deuterium or not. We do not know if HD 100546 b does burn deuterium which would make it into a brown dwarf but from what we can tell now it does not look like this process have started making it a gas giant.


Question: what causes the dark “eye bags” when we are tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes the dark “eye bags” when we are tired?

The skin underneath your eyes is thin and covers muscles, fatty tissue and blood vessels. Dark circles are the result of light being reflected back from blood vessels sitting just below the skin's surface. ... As to why they're more prominent when you're tired, it's because your blood vessels increase in size. -Google


Question: Why do apples make water "taste dry" in your mouth after you eat them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do apples make water "taste dry" in your mouth after you eat them?

It's partly tannins and partly it's astringent, or known to make the tongue pucker a little which leads to that feeling of dryness you're talking about. It's also what causes red wine to have a similar sensation as the grape must sits much longer allowing the tannins to leak out. Not all apples have the same tannin levels so some are sweeter and taste more juicy, and others are more tart and pucker inducing.


Question: How does gentrification push poor people out of neighborhoods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does gentrification push poor people out of neighborhoods?

Your property rising in value isn't necessarily a good thing. It's good if you own it and want to sell it, sure. But if you want to keep owning it, it means you have to pay more in property taxes every year. If you *don't* own it, then it's even worse. It means your rent will go up, oftentimes so dramatically that you can no longer afford to live there.


Question: Why did the U.S. Consumer Price Index become pseudolinear after 1980?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did the U.S. Consumer Price Index become pseudolinear after 1980?

the "market basket of goods" used to define the CPI isn't what you think it is. The components that go into it, and the relative weights used in it, are changed all the time to reflect the Fed's intent. Using it as a true unbiased measure of inflation isn't ideal.


Question: How do people know which clocks are more accurate than others? How/why are atomic clocks more accurate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people know which clocks are more accurate than others? How/why are atomic clocks more accurate?

The more slices you can make in an object the more precisely you can define any group of those pieces. In a mechanical clock we split time into turns of a gear, clicks of a ratchet etc. Then we define a minute to equal a specific number of those pieces. But because those pieces are made by people there can be minute variations from clock to clock. In an atomic clock we measure the vibration of atoms themselves, a very very rapid movement. Since these movements do not vary we can define a second as a specific number of these vibrations. Because there are so many more of them, and they have essentially no variance, we can say that definition is more precise, or accurate.


Question: How come sometimes when you take a drink, it causes extreme pain and discomfort as it goes down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come sometimes when you take a drink, it causes extreme pain and discomfort as it goes down?

The bolas you've formed to swallow is too large and stretching out the muscles of your esophagus as it travels down your throat. Edit to add: The throat is a tube with muscles that can squeeze or relax but no muscles that open the throat wider. So what happens is each section of the throat widens because the section above it squeezes a football shaped pocket of food down like getting the last glob of toothpaste out by squeezing the tube from the very bottom and working it out. The tongue is what kicks off the process. If the ball of food in your mouth is too large, the ball working its way down stretches the muscles as it passes through the tube.


Question: How does milk put the flame out in your mouth after eating spicy food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does milk put the flame out in your mouth after eating spicy food?

Spicy food is spicy because of an oily compound called capsaicin. Oil isn’t soluble in water so drinking water doesn’t wash it off, it just glides over it. The fat and protein in milk bind to the capsaicin and dissolve the oily compounds, removing it from your mouth when you swallow.


Question: What exactly happened to make Julian Assange and Wikileaks go from loved to hated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly happened to make Julian Assange and Wikileaks go from loved to hated?

He didn't go from loved to hated. He was and remains incredibly divisive. People tend to have very polarised views and either love or hate him. What he did, and continues to do, is release private (often classified) information from governments, corporations and organisations. He is variously viewed as a vigilante, a traitor, a whistleblower or a hero. Really, it depends on whom you ask.


Question: What are “32-bit games” and why the heck can’t my Mac run them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are “32-bit games” and why the heck can’t my Mac run them?

Some Number-bit in computing refers to how many bits of data (a 0 or a 1) can be transmitted/computed together. Computers started as 8-bit, then 16-bit, then 32-bit, and now 64-bit. 64-bit computing has been the standard for about 10 years now. Backwards compatibility for 32-bit software when the computer is running in 64-bit mode requires an abstraction layer to help a computer expecting data in 64-bit chunks process data coming in 32-bit chunks. In MacOS Catalina, Apple made the decision to remove that abstraction layer. You can still play 32-bit games but you will need to emulate a 32-bit operating system.


Question: Why does it feel like your running faster in a small area, such as a hotel hallway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel like your running faster in a small area, such as a hotel hallway?

It's a phenomenon known as parallax. This is when two objects appear to move at different speeds because they are different distances away. When you run outside, the trees etc are far away, so they don't seem to move much. When you run inside, all your points of reference are much closer, so they seem to move quickly. Our brain then wrongly reports our perceived speed.


Question: how does the color in a bruise represent it’s healing progress or how bad it is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the color in a bruise represent it’s healing progress or how bad it is?

Well a bruise is just blood under the skin. So the concentration of the blood determines the colors you see. As the body works to remove the blood the bruise gets lighter in color and eventually fades away. Source: am 30. Have had bruises.


Question: Why is it recommended to breathe in through the nose and out through the mouth when exercising?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it recommended to breathe in through the nose and out through the mouth when exercising?

It slows down your breathing and that then slows your heart back down. Also, your nose helps warm and moisten the air so it doesn’t damage your lungs.


Question: why does a sphere fit into a cube more efficiently than a circle into a square?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does a sphere fit into a cube more efficiently than a circle into a square?

Your math is incorrect. The area of the enclosing square isn't r^(2), it's (2r)^(2) = 4r^(2) (the length of the square is equal to the circle's diameter, not its radius). Similarly, the volume of the enclosing cube isn't r^(3), it's (2r)^(3) = 8r^(3). Therefore the ratio between the circle and square areas is π/4, while the ratio between the sphere and cube volumes is 4/3 \* π / 8 = π/6.


Question: Why did the dollar have to be put off the gold standard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did the dollar have to be put off the gold standard?

Money didn’t lose gold value. It was just a convention at the time. Dollar and most other currencies were on silver standard much longer than they ever were on gold; until a ton of new silver deposits were found and flooded the market. So if you can manipulate a currency by simply throwing in more of a commodity in the market, it’s clearly a poor idea. Gold, because it was significantly rarer than silver, was thought to be the solution to this, but that also meant that there can only be so much money as one had gold; I.e. the economy was only as big as the gold reserves. Since you can clearly create value by manufacturing say cars, or giving people haircuts, putting an artificial ceiling to the value an economy creates was not a great idea either. Or theoretically you could keep the gold standard and keep changing the exchange rate every time new economic value is created - today $1=1g of gold, tomorrow $1=0.9g of gold, two days later it’s 0.8 etc...not very meaningful, and honestly, impossible to do. So, instead of artificially creating a sum of value, you create what is known as fiat currency - backed by trust in the economic and political system: people trust that they can exchange X amount of currency for Y amount of goods & services; and the social system supports that belief.


Question: Why are we so certain that math is the system by which the universe is understandable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we so certain that math is the system by which the universe is understandable?

Math is merely an aid to the human brain -- a way of organizing what we understand. It does not create any new conclusions, but only shows us what must already be true based on logic. And why do we believe the universe operates according to logic? Because experiment after experiment keeps showing us that this is true. Things that happen fall into an extremely clear pattern, which can be described (using math if we like), and sure enough this description accurately predicts what else will and won't happen.


Question: What prevents our eyeballs from being able to look left and right at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What prevents our eyeballs from being able to look left and right at the same time?

Eye movement is one of the most complicated aspects of the nervous system. There are 6 main muscles and 3 main nerves that control each eye around 3 axes. As others are saying it's very common for the left eye to look right and the right eye to look left at the same time (i.e. cross-eyed)—this happens when we look at something close to us and is called convergence. However, we are generally not able to make the left eye look left and the right eye look right at the same time. This is due to a connection in the brainstem called the medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF). This is a difficult ELI5. If you want your left eye to look left, you need the left lateral rectus muscle, which is controlled by the left abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI). If you want your right eye to look left, you need the right medial rectus muscle, which is controlled by the right oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III). The MLF runs from the abducens nucleus on one side to the oculomotor nucleus on the other side and is activated whenever the brain activates the abducens nerve, so when your brain sends a signal to look left with your left eye, your right eye also gets a signal to look left. Thus in people who are neurologically intact, when one eye moves outwards, the other eye essentially always follows. The MLF specifically can be affected by a variety of neurologic disorders, classically multiple sclerosis.


Question: How significantly does piracy really effect a films income? And how frequently do people actually get punished or caught for piracy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How significantly does piracy really effect a films income? And how frequently do people actually get punished or caught for piracy?

It's way more complicated than that. [This great article at Stephen Follows]( URL_0 ) explains how the money gets split up. The theater gets half of the ticket money after taxes (approx). They also have costs (building, electricity, workers, ...) so their profit on the ticket sales is pretty thin. They need a certain number of tickets sold or they can't afford to stay in business and try to make money selling popcorn. Lots of other people divvy up the money from the movie. Most people profit from tickets **and** video sales/streaming. That means that piracy impacts two of their sources of money. However piracy impacts both ways. Watching a pirate copy could get some to like the movie and buy it on bluray for future viewing. Piracy could cause some to say good things about the movie to their friends, and increase sales in the long run. There are no "with and without piracy" studies that don't have lots of agenda and dubious assumptions.


Question: Where does the dark color of liquids, like coffee, go before you expel them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the dark color of liquids, like coffee, go before you expel them?

The brown-ness of coffee is produced by the products of the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction, which happens when certain foods are exposed to heat without water, produces many things, including large molecules called melanoidins which give the brown color of roasted coffee, toast, grilled meat, etc. The fact that urine isn't brown after drinking coffee suggests they're not being excreted unchanged, and are rather probably being broken down through digestion or metabolism. The exact details haven't been totally worked out. URL_0


Question: How come the person in the back of the canoe has more control over direction than the person in the front?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come the person in the back of the canoe has more control over direction than the person in the front?

Think of it in terms of fulcrums; if you're paddling at the front of a canoe, you're dragging the boat through the water, and can only drag from one side or the other; it's like pulling a box across the floor. However, when you're at the back, you're pushing the boat. You have the ability to create a force equal and opposite to the resistance of the keel through the water, plus extra impetus for a driving force. From the back, you can just change the angle you're thrusting the water around the stern (using a J and Canadian J stroke) to both direct and push the boat. From the front, you don't have that control, as your paddle is pushing water back ahead of the pivot point.


Question: How come when you constantly play a song that you love, you end up hating it after a little while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you constantly play a song that you love, you end up hating it after a little while?

There is a fairly well-explored psychological phenomenon called the "mere exposure effect." Frequently it is used to describe the way that people prefer listening to familiar music rather than songs they've never heard before, but the same sorts of studies that show that people like a song more when they're familiar with it also show that this effect peaks and reverses if we hear a song too many times ([here's a short popular article describing this effect in relation to holiday music]( URL_0 )). This just ***describes*** the phenomenon, though, it doesn't ***explain why*** it happens. I'm not sure that there is an explanation that isn't at least a little bit speculative, as providing a "why" here might concern broader, murkier questions in aesthetic theory, but at the risk of breaking the "no speculation" rule I'll hazard a guess that seems to explain why this phenomenon happens. Part of what seems to make music work is the way it sets up expectations (for instance, with rhythmic and melodic repetition) and also undermines those expectations with surprises (bridges in pop songs, improvisations, and creation/release of tension). If a song is too predictable, it's boring and uninteresting. If it's not predictable enough, it's too chaotic to have any points of particular interest. An enjoyable song has to find a balance between repetition and novelty to be the sort of thing we enjoy. We can apply this hypothesis to hearing the same song over and over again. At first, the familiarity helps sediment expectations and this makes the surprises more surprising and interesting. But after more exposure, even the surprises aren't surprising anymore, and the song is (at least temporarily) played out, as it can't find the balance between expectation and surprise that we initially came to love about it. Hope this isn't too speculative!


Question: variable change using the ‘goat/car behind the door’ and picking door 1. Door 3 is exposed as a goat, why should you now change your selection to door 2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 variable change using the ‘goat/car behind the door’ and picking door 1. Door 3 is exposed as a goat, why should you now change your selection to door 2?

Remember, the guy opening the other door Knows wich door the goat is behind. Think of his action as introducing new information to the problem Say there were ten thousand doors, you chose door 9567. He then opens nine thousand nine hundred and ninety eight other doors. Leaves one closed. Remember, he knows where the goat is. Is it behind your door, or his?


Question: Why is harvard university so famous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is harvard university so famous?

It’s the first university in the US. It’s older than calculus. Plus, a lot of famous and successful people have gone there.


Question: why isn’t there a metric system unit for measuring time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why isn’t there a metric system unit for measuring time?

It is because of the Egyptians and the Babylonians. Egyptians had a base 12 number system (counted on their knuckles, no thumbs) so two hands equals 24 hours. Babylonians had a base 60 numbering system and Babylonian mathematicians did a lot of work with geometry and angles so this is why we have 60 seconds in a minute and 60 min in an hour


Question: How are different cheeses made? (i.e swiss, cheddar, blue cheese, etc)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are different cheeses made? (i.e swiss, cheddar, blue cheese, etc)

Different types of cheeses are a result of a lot of sifferent factors. These factors include things such as age, certain molds, humidity, temperature,and I think air ratio but don't allo quote me on that.


Question: How are British Bailif's able to have you arrested for not paying debts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are British Bailif's able to have you arrested for not paying debts?

You can't be arrested for not paying debts to private companies. You can only be arrested and sent to prison for not paying debts on things like council tax. If a bailiff tells someone they can be sent to prison for not paying their debt, then they can be punished for doing so. You don't have to let bailiffs into your home, but once they're inside, you can't use physical force to remove them and they can take anything they want. The law attempts to ensure fairness for both sides.


Question: Why is it more difficult to wake up when its raining/cloudy outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it more difficult to wake up when its raining/cloudy outside?

Your body produces a hormone called Melatonine, and the production of this hormone is tied to the day/night cycle, or more explicit to your exposure to (day-)light. If it gets dark, your body starts producing the hormone which makes you tired and sleepy (this is why some people have trouble sleeping when exposed to cold, blue light in the evening for example by staring at a computer screen before going to bed). The daylight in the morning inhibits the production of Melatonine and thus helps you getting up and feeling awake. In winter or when it is cloudy outside, you don't get as much light as you might need to stop the Melatonine quickly.


Question: How does an SD card become write protected when you slide the little switch down on the side?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an SD card become write protected when you slide the little switch down on the side?

This was also done with floppy disks, music cassettes and VHS cassettes, and they made it work the same way on SD cards as they did on those older media: depending on the position of the switch, it either trips or doesn't trip a little microswitch inside the card reader, telling the card reader whether it's allowed to write to the card or not.


Question: When it comes to computer parts, how does cpu/ram/ssd have "speed"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When it comes to computer parts, how does cpu/ram/ssd have "speed"?

Speed comes down to things; how quickly the data can be read or written, and how quickly an instruction can me executed. RAM, ROM, SSD and hard drives all play on getting at sata while the cpu plays on speed of execution. Before you upgrade for speed you need to identify what is slowing your computer down. You can use a bunch of benchmarks to give you an idea of where the bottleneck lives. For example your CPU is being strangled because you can read data from the hard drive quick enough. Therefore it would be pointless to put in a faster CPU. You would first need to upgrade to SSD.


Question: how did "hunter" followed by a few numbers become a stereotypical bad password?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did "hunter" followed by a few numbers become a stereotypical bad password?

It came from an old meme about an IRC chat conversation where someone revealed their password as 'hunter2' URL_0 It's not necessarily a stereotypically bad password - it is a bad password though - but it gets used a lot when someone is guessing someone else's password so it just evolved to become the "standard joke password" as a meme.


Question: Why does light need to consist of particles to explain the photo effect?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does light need to consist of particles to explain the photo effect?

We know from the wave picture of light that there are two ways you can increase the energy you are delivering to a system if you shine light on it. You can either: * Increase the amplitude of the light wave i.e. the height of the wave, making it brighter. * Increase the frequency, i.e. the number of wave peaks packed into a certain time period, shifting the colour. Now, when you shine light on the surfaces of certain metals, you can liberate electrons. What you find is that you will only see a photocurrent (current of electrons liberated by light) above a certain frequency of light, unique to each metal. As you turn up the frequency, the number of electrons reaching your collector will increase. But, importantly, the same effect is not observed if you increase the intensity of the light. So what are our observations? * There is a minimum frequency of light required for electrons to be liberated, and therefore a minimum energy. * Turning up the frequency increases the number of electrons we detect. * Changing the intensity has no effect on the observation of electrons. This means the energy has to be delivered to the electrons all in one go. The only logical conclusion is that the light must be delivering energy to the electrons in discrete packets, or quanta, to push them out of the metal, and that the energy of each packet is proportional to the frequency. When one of these packets, which we call a photon, hits the electron, it delivers it its energy, which will free it from the metal if it's enough. Any excess will be given as kinetic energy, meaning faster moving electrons that can travel further and hence more will reach our collector. The photoelectric effect is fundamentally inexplicable by the wave nature of light, and the particle nature is the simplest explanation which turns out to also give us views into a whole world of other phenomena related to quantum mechanics. Indeed, QM gets its name from quanta, which refers to discreteness.


Question: How do you tell if something is an actual ROCK and not something made by man?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you tell if something is an actual ROCK and not something made by man?

There's no single answer to this because it really depends what specific example we're talking about. The most common material we see misidentified as rocks on /r/geology is slag, which is relatively straightforward to identify if you know what you're looking for and it looks fairly distinct from rocks you will naturally find in nature. It can, however, be much more difficult, since it's possible to grow minerals synthetically that mimic the natural processes that form them, to the extent that it's extremely difficult to distinguish the artificial product from a natural example, physically (and potentially even chemically). For instance, experimental petrologists will create artificial rocks in special furnaces which can be essentially impossible to distinguish from a natural rock.


Question: with wildly different writing styles, left to right, right to left, and more importantly in columns, how do international programmers make everyone's name display correctly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 with wildly different writing styles, left to right, right to left, and more importantly in columns, how do international programmers make everyone's name display correctly?

Most online only sources use the standard English model when they're expected to be used internationally; even ones that are developed in places like Japan or Korea. If possible, they also like to make regional specific alternates, which is called "localization". With regards to things like news agencies, they tend to localize their websites. If you're accessing from China, for example, they'll have their site formatted in the Chinese standard. This involves having native speakers on staff, but it definitely pays off for making things accessible.


Question: Why do super dry rooms turn dust or particles into charged particles with electrostatic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do super dry rooms turn dust or particles into charged particles with electrostatic?

Dust gets electrostatic charge when it bumps into other dust particles or surfaces due to airflow. However normally the humidity of the air allows them to discharge through the air at a low rate. However when there is low humidity the charges can build up to high levels.


Question: Directions of electric current electrons are opposite. How does that work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Directions of electric current electrons are opposite. How does that work?

The reason for conventional current being positive to negative is because we discovered electricity long before we discovered the electron and have just stuck with it since. Doesn't really impact anything important. For an electric current to flow you need two things a potential difference and a resistance to connect the two. A potential difference is a difference between two or more energy levels, for example if you stood on the first floor of a building you'd have more potential energy than someone on the ground floor and we call that difference the potential difference or 1 volt if it was electricity rather than gravity. Some one on the second floor would have 2 volts relative to the ground and 1 relative to the first floor etc. A resistor is something that connects two potential differences. If we have two pools of water side by side no water will flow between the two unless we have a potential difference and a connection between the two. So we could raise one tank up and put a hose between the two and bingo bango we have a water current that we could use to power something. The water started flowing as soon as the connection was made. But hang on that won't continue indefinitely. Either the top tank will run out of water or the bottom tank will fill up. So we could connect both to a pump that will send water back to the higher tank and complete our water circuit. That's our power supply. Q.2 lightning is a bit more complicated. Lightning is actually a change of state from a gas to a plasma, in the same way water changes state from ice to well water. I usually describe this process through a dinner party wedding event but don't really have the time right now to go through it in full. But essentially a really large voltage exists between clouds and ground that causes a thing called electrical breakdown. When this happens the lightning is able to make a path to ground, it doesn't follow the path of least resistance it actually makes a path of lower resistance.


Question: What do household spiders eat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do household spiders eat?

If you are seeing empty cobwebs, then the answer is that spider was not eating anything. That is why it left the cobweb and either made a new one somewhere or died. Spiders are very versatile, so they will eat basically anything they can catch. And exactly what they will catch is going to vary depending on where you live. But very small flies like fruit flies typically make up a large part of their diet.


Question: Why do we perceive 100 or 10 as "complete" ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we perceive 100 or 10 as "complete" ?

One way to think about it is that we use a decimal system. In other words, once we hit 10, we start a new round of counting. But...do we really perceive 10 as complete? Or, to put it another way, do we *only* perceive 10 as complete? We also think of 3 as complete. Olympic winners are given gold, silver or bronze. We also think of four as complete: four seasons, four elements, four personality types, four Beatles. We also think of 5 as complete...who are the top 5 of a sport is often a question. There are just certain numbers that we use a lot...and they can give us a sense of completion.


Question: If Net Neutrality (NN) fails and ISPs can then block and throttle at their any desire, then what is stopping another new ISP (say someone like google) from coming in and offering an internet service that is inline with open and unfiltered internet use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Net Neutrality (NN) fails and ISPs can then block and throttle at their any desire, then what is stopping another new ISP (say someone like google) from coming in and offering an internet service that is inline with open and unfiltered internet use?

The ISPs have monopolies/duopolies in almost every area of the United States. They have no reason to offer this, as they have limited or no competition. If there was proper competition, then this would be a great way to attract users. As it is, Verizon or the company formerly known as Time Warner Cable do not give two shits about your opinion. Your options are them, your cell phone, or a 56k modem.


Question: How can "analysis of competing hypotheses" guide decision making?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can "analysis of competing hypotheses" guide decision making?

The key advantage of ACH is that it maximizes the chance that you avoid false conclusions. It does this by forcing you to take the evidence you have and see what it negates, rather than what it supports. Imagine, for example, that there is a murder and two possible people that might have committed it. There might be 1,000 pieces of evidence relating to motive or opportunity that point to one of the two suspects. Maybe Suspect A hated the victim, and owned a gun of the same kind that was used in the killing, and stood to make money if the victim perished when he did. Maybe suspect B was seen in the vicinity of the crime scene, and had threatened the victim in the past, and also stood to make money after the suspect's death. Based on that, you could probably come up with strong arguments that either one committed the crime, but in reality, none of that evidence is really conclusive. What would be conclusive, though, might be evidence that Suspect A wasn't in town the day of the murder. That's not because it adds anything to the case against suspect B, but rather because it tells you that Suspect A could not have committed the crime. Focusing on disproving hypotheses -- something that the right evidence can do fairly reliably -- rather than on the nearly impossible task of proving a hypothesis, ends up leading to better decisions.