Question: Why is the formula for standard deviation different for a sample and a population?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the formula for standard deviation different for a sample and a population?

When you compute the standard deviation from a sample, you almost always have to compute it "around" the observed mean of the sample (not the true mean of the population) because the true mean of the population is unknown. The difference between the observed mean and the true mean causes a bias in the standard deviation which can be corrected by using a different formula.


Question: According to the laws of electricity, positive charges repel positive, and negative repels negative. We also know that inside an atom are protons and neutrons packed tightly together in the nucleus. What keeps these protons from repelling each other and scattering into space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 According to the laws of electricity, positive charges repel positive, and negative repels negative. We also know that inside an atom are protons and neutrons packed tightly together in the nucleus. What keeps these protons from repelling each other and scattering into space?

Because there's an even stronger force than electromagnetism holding them together. In fact, it's literally called "the strong force". If you've ever picked up a piece of metal with a magnet, you've seen that a force (gravity) can be weaker than another force (magnetism) in certain circumstances. In this case, there's an even stronger force (actually called 'the strong force') that's stronger than electromagnetism in certain circumstances - specifically, when the correct number of neutrons and protons are bundled up together. In actuality, protons and neutrons themselves are made up of smaller particles, called 'quarks', which are "glued together" by the strong force. When these protons and neutrons get close enough together, that "glue" sort of "spills out" a little (fnord - there's weird quantum stuff I don't wanna explain in an ELI5 response), and this "glue" gets the protons and neutrons to stick to each other - but it only happens in the right configurations. That's actually why some atoms are more "radioactive" than others - radioactive stability is basically a measure of how much the neutrons and protons in a particular atom are able to "stick together" due to the residual strong force.


Question: What is the most simple device that can be considered to have "software"? Does it have to be digital?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the most simple device that can be considered to have "software"? Does it have to be digital?

Here is an analog [programmable device]( URL_0 ) that ha been around for a long time. The software was similar to the punchcards we used to use with mainframe computers. I wouldn't say that the device is "simple," except in comparison to digital devices that are far more complex.


Question: How and why do objects lose their velocity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why do objects lose their velocity?

Newton's Second Law is the answer to this. It states that an object will maintain its momentum... so long as there are no other forces acting on it. There are quite a few forces acting on an object that moves in our world, just to name a few: 1. Gravity 2. Air pressure 3. Wind speed 4. Wind direction 5. Sound waves 6. The angular momentum of Earth itself All of these and more have some level of influence on how an object behaves when interacting with it.


Question: What does it mean that Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer program if computers didn't exist yet?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What does it mean that Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer program if computers didn't exist yet?

Basically, she did a lot of theoretical work about what would a computer be able to do, and what sort of math problems could you give a computer and get results from. She did a lot of brainstorming about how computers would work, based on the work of Charles Babbage, and realized that if that computer idea he came up with was made, that it could end up doing more than just math problems. So while computers didn't exist yet, the work she did was very important to the early computer programmers who could use the research she did as the start of their own work.


Question: How do ADHD medications like Adderall and Ritalin work? What exactly do they do to the brain at a physiological level, and how does that work to treat symptoms of ADHD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do ADHD medications like Adderall and Ritalin work? What exactly do they do to the brain at a physiological level, and how does that work to treat symptoms of ADHD?

ADHD is a misnamed syndrome - it’s much more helpful to think of it not as an Attention Deficit, but as an Executive Functioning Deficit. Think of Executive Functioning as the brain’s boss. It needs the most energy and resources in order to focus everyone else and tell them what to do. In an ADHD brain, the boss doesn’t have the resources they need, so they can’t tell their employees what to do. Employees dedicate their time to unimportant projects, waste energy on unimportant tasks, have trouble starting essential projects, etc. They spend too much energy on very visible output and not enough on day-to-day operations. In an ADHD brain, stimulants stimulate *the boss*. Suddenly, the boss comes online and can tell everyone where to go and what to do. The energy in the brain goes towards a lot of invisible but essential tasks - working memory, emotional regulation, self-activation - instead of being shunted towards the nearest possible output. The stimulant is working, but it’s working on less-visible tasks. A more helpful analogy might be a classroom. Imagine two classrooms - one where the teacher is asleep and the kids are running around crazy, and another where the teacher is awake and the kids are working quietly. In the second classroom, everyone is using more energy - *working harder* - even though they are not making as much noise. This is the ADHD brain on stimulants. Edit: I can’t respond to everyone individually but I hope everyone who is having a realization about themselves is getting the help they need and parents/friends/family are getting a better understanding. It took me until my thirties to even START to address my ADHD and it caused a huge gulf between my potential and my reality. It still hurts a lot and it’s a struggle but I feel like if I can pass that on, it’s worth it. Take care of yourselves. Edit 2: since so many people are asking about meds I’m posting this here again: I’m definitely a little bit of a different person on meds. But that different person helps me build a much better life for myself. My gf likes unmedicated me more than medicated me, but she also likes me to be successful and confident and competent, so she gets it. It’s usually recommended that you not take meds when you don’t need to - weekends, vacations, light work stretches, etc. Don’t be afraid to experiment. Brain medications are scary and weird but usually worth it. You may not get the right combo at first, don’t be discouraged. And sometimes you have to learn to adjust. For me I learned that I HAVE to eat a healthily high-fat breakfast and then throughout the day to avoid Ritalin jitters. Also: meds don’t magically solve your problems, they just make you better equipped. I’m still capable of spending all day on meaningless tasks when I’m on meds. The only difference is that off-meds it doesn’t feel like I have a choice or awareness; on-meds I have some semblance of control over my path.


Question: if every country suffers the same global catastrophe and we as nation's dictate the value of money, how can all economies crumble and not all recover at the same time?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if every country suffers the same global catastrophe and we as nation's dictate the value of money, how can all economies crumble and not all recover at the same time?

Because the economy isn't about money. It's about all scarce resources; food, energy, medical care, toilet paper, etc. If people aren't working and producing anything, it's not going to be long before there's nothing to consume. And people need stuff to consume.


Question: what exactly is blue light and why is is so dangerous? Why is it more dangerous than the other colours of light within the spectrum? Also, if my phone background is black, would that reduce the amount of blue light taken in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is blue light and why is is so dangerous? Why is it more dangerous than the other colours of light within the spectrum? Also, if my phone background is black, would that reduce the amount of blue light taken in?

Blue light tells the brain to produce the wake up chemical dopamine. It's not dangerous but can disrupt your sleep cycle if you are using a screen late at night. Using a dark screen will help as will turning on the eye comfort or whatever your chosen device calls it in the settings.


Question: how do baby cot deaths happen ? Is it just an random thing or is it the cots fault

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how do baby cot deaths happen ? Is it just an random thing or is it the cots fault

According to Wikipedia: > Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child less than one year of age. So it's *by definition* unexplained. In cases where it's known exactly why and how the baby died, it's called something else. Generally, the biggest risk is suffocation, and of course the design of a cot can increase or decrease the risk of suffocation. Anything that could cover the baby's mouth is potentially dangerous, so the recommendation is for cots to be bare, with no toys, loose sheets or blankets. One theory is that for babies, sometimes the reflex that makes you panic and struggle when you're suffocating does not work, so that they can end up dying simply because they're lying on their belly and turned they face down so that they can't breathe, and don't feel likey there's anything wrong.


Question: why do "knock-off" and "dollar-store" brands try to imitate some better-known product's packaging rather than establish a brand of their own?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do "knock-off" and "dollar-store" brands try to imitate some better-known product's packaging rather than establish a brand of their own?

Making a brand for yourself takes money and time, but piggybacking on an existing brand lets the consumer know what sort of product you are selling without very much investment involved. Making their own brand is a bigger goal than they are looking to achieve.


Question: How does alcohol in hand sanitizer kill bacterial cells but not our own cells?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does alcohol in hand sanitizer kill bacterial cells but not our own cells?

It absolutely does kill your own cells. If you drank hand sanitizer you would die. It can blind you if you get it in your eyes. Your skin keeps it away from the rest of your cells because that is its job, but it absolutely does kill your cells.


Question: Is it better for your eyes if a screen is too bright or too dim, and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it better for your eyes if a screen is too bright or too dim, and why?

It's best if the screen matches the surroundings. A bright screen in bright light means it's easier to see, and less work for your eyes. A dim screen in low light prevents too much light harming your eyes from a directed source.


Question: How am I able to pass gas without having an accident?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How am I able to pass gas without having an accident?

The lower intestines is the part of the digestive system where moisture is removed from the waste material as much as possible, in order to conserve the valuable resource. As it is mostly dry it tends to be solid and won't move even if a little gas is allowed to pass beside it.


Question: How does vyvanse boost your metabolism if it causes you to eat less throughout the day which would slow down your metabolism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does vyvanse boost your metabolism if it causes you to eat less throughout the day which would slow down your metabolism?

It doesn't boost your metabolism *by* making you eat less, it boosts your metabolism *and* makes you eat less. Amphetamines kick your body into high gear and make you move around, increase your heart rate, boost muscle movement, etc. This is what "boosts" your metabolism. (think of running a car in a lower gear while maintaining the same speed. There are more RPMs doing the same amount of work) The loss of appetite is simply a side effect.


Question: Why the hell do people bother replacing the first “0” with a “K” when writing a year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the hell do people bother replacing the first “0” with a “K” when writing a year?

I think OPs point is the K and the 0 take up the same amount of space and take the same amount of time to write. OP, back in the aughts (2000-2009), it would have saved one digit’s worth of space to write 2K7 vs. 2007. I imagine it’s just a holdover from the first decade of the new millennium.


Question: Why does Tokyo not have an hourly weather forecast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does Tokyo not have an hourly weather forecast?

Google gets most of its weather data from URL_1 . Japan’s comes from URL_0 , and that site just doesn’t appear to provide hourly forecasts more than a day ahead. It’s not just Tokyo: I checked Kyoto and Okinawa as well.


Question: What is the difference between chromosomes and DNA floating in the nucleus? Isn't DNA one long string?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between chromosomes and DNA floating in the nucleus? Isn't DNA one long string?

Chromosomes are the DNA floating in the nucleus. Each chromosome is made up of a [single strand of DNA tightly coiled]( URL_0 ) into an X-shaped bundle. Other than this, there isn't normally any DNA free-floating in the nucleus.


Question: Are Earths tectonic plates actually separate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are Earths tectonic plates actually separate?

They are both connected and separate in much the same way as plates stacked in your cupboard are both connected and separate. There are large parts of their surface which are in physical contact with each other, but they are "free" to move past and under or over each other.


Question: Why is 1 not a prime number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 1 not a prime number?

It's mostly because it's a lot more convenient to define it that way, because it makes things shorter to write and clearer. We could have defined prime numbers as including 1, but then basically every theorem about prime numbers would have to exclude them. For example, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic says (in one formulation): > Every positive integer greater than 1 can be represented in exactly one way as a product of one or more primes, up to the order of the factors. If you defined prime numbers such that 1 was also prime, you'd have to write: > Every positive integer greater than 1 can be represented in exactly one way as a product of one or more primes greater than 1, up to the order of the factors. There are lots and lots of theorems that would have to be rephrased in the same way, so as a practical matter, it's just more useful if the term "prime number" doesn't include 1.


Question: What causes bad breath in the morning even though you brush your teeth the night before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes bad breath in the morning even though you brush your teeth the night before?

The mouth is a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and other microorganisms since it’s dark, warm, and moist. Flossing to remove dental plaque, and brushing helps to remove bacteria (brush your tongue too!) but it’s impossible to get rid of all and they grow back overnight until they literally cover the insides of your mouth again. Furthermore, as we’re sleeping and not eating, we stop producing as much saliva, which helps to wash away bacteria. As these bacteria grow and multiply, their waste products produce the “morning breath” we all know and love.


Question: How does the price of gold and petroleum fluctuate in market?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the price of gold and petroleum fluctuate in market?

The way a market (whether for stocks or commodity futures or whatever) works is that there's a list of people who want to buy or sell, called the *order book*, along with the amounts and prices they want to buy or sell at. All the prices for the pending buy orders will be below the prices for the pending sell orders, because if they weren't the compatible orders would get paired up and executed. When a new order comes in, it gets compared with the best order (either the lowest sell order or the highest buy order) on the other side of the book, and if they're compatible, they get matched up and the seller sells their stuff to the buyer. The price that you see listed is the last price that a trade happened at. The price goes up when a bunch of new people want to buy that good: they start to eat up the lower sell prices and need to offer higher and higher amounts in order to get anyone to sell them some. Similarly, the price goes down when a bunch of new people want to sell it, because they need to accept lower and lower amounts in order to sell to anyone.


Question: How do airlines calculate ticket prices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do airlines calculate ticket prices?

Airline ticket pricing is determined by a complex algorithm that takes account of a lot of factors, but is mostly driven by history. airlines have sold a lot of tickets, and I mean a lot of tickets, over the years. They have every bit of data associated with the selling of those tickets. The date they were sold, the day of the week, the time of day, whether they were bought online, through a travel agency, who paid for them, whether the flight was taken, or cancelled, or rescheduled, how close to the time of departure, what kind of seat the ticket paid for, etc. Computer programs can detect patterns in all of that data, and construct pricing models designed to maximize revenue accordingly. however because they're in a dynamic environment, with competition and other factors that can impact day to day and minute-to-minute pricing, the algorithms rely not just on the historical data, but on constant feedback about current ticket sales, what the competition is doing, etc. Very clever and sophisticated programmers have managed to create a tool that allows the airline to change ticket prices hour-by-hour, route by route, and even purchasing method by purchasing method, so that it maximizes the amount of revenue the airline receives. Typically, pricing is highest the closer you are to the time of departure, because most people who are buying a ticket on the same day of the flight have very little choice about whether to take that flight. But there are far more subtle details in the patterns and computers are far better able to tease that out than humans are.


Question: why do they list sugar and carbohydrates on foods if sugar is just converted into carbohydrates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do they list sugar and carbohydrates on foods if sugar is just converted into carbohydrates?

Other way around. Carbohydrates are converted into sugars. And it's the same reason why you have to list saturated and unsaturated fats separately, even if they have the same components, not everything is the same.


Question: How does traffic work in movies ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does traffic work in movies ?

Sometimes the vehicles are actually going down a street and following the traffic. A stunt driver could be placed on top of the car, driving for them but out of camera view to the actors “driving”. And sometimes the entire car is on a trailer pulled behind a truck with camera crews at all angles filming as they drive down the street. You’ll occasionally see them with police escorts in LA.


Question: How is the White House over 200 years old but still able to keep up with modern security standards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the White House over 200 years old but still able to keep up with modern security standards?

It has been updated and renovated on several occasions since it was last burnt by the British.


Question: What does "virtualization with amd" mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does "virtualization with amd" mean?

Virtualization is a technique where you run software defined virtual machines (VMs) under the control of a small hypervisor operating system. AMD support isn't available from several hypervisors, because they instead use Intel virtualization extensions to the x86 instruction set. So "no virtualization with AMD" might be a true statement, under certain prevailing wind conditions, but why would you care. You're making a PC, presumably to run Windows, browsers and maybe some games. These are not VM technologies, so the fact your computer can't do something you don't want to do is ?? True but not interesting?


Question: Why are there no more big bangs happening?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there no more big bangs happening?

The big bang refers to the point when the universe started to rapidly expand in all directions. We are currently inside this continuous expansion. If there was another big bang somewhere it would have to be outside of the universe. If there ever was another big bang we would never be able to see it.


Question: Considering that they cause dehydration, why are alcoholic drinks so appealing when it's warm outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Considering that they cause dehydration, why are alcoholic drinks so appealing when it's warm outside?

They taste good and are cold when chilled, your body only worries about things like dehydration after the deed is actually done and it notices, in the meantime it will consider anything thats safe to drink as a suitable source of hydration.


Question: Why, in an acid-base reaction, do dislocated, negativly charged ions not get attracted to dislocated, positivly charged hydronium ions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, in an acid-base reaction, do dislocated, negativly charged ions not get attracted to dislocated, positivly charged hydronium ions?

Water is highly polar, it has a negatively charged oxygen and two positively charged hydrogens. When you drop an ionized or highly polar molecule in there dozens of water molecules pile on to it like tiny magnets. In the case of HCl that piling on is enough to split the molecule apart since bonding to a dozen water molecules better distributes the charge than one poor hydrogen atom. So it's not Cl- just floating around by itself, it's got a shell of water molecules wrapped around it that dilutes and stabilizes the charge. A passing H3O+ ion is also dragging a busload of molecular deadbeats, and the two charges never really "feel" each other because of the wall of water molecules dispersing the charge. That's not to say such collisions never happen though, there are almost certainly transient H3OCl complexes that momentarily form and decay in solution.


Question: If red tide causes bad shellfish, aren't all the fish impacted as well? And how does the local wild life not get sick or die after digesting, while humans do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If red tide causes bad shellfish, aren't all the fish impacted as well? And how does the local wild life not get sick or die after digesting, while humans do?

The fish are equally impacted. A red tide is usually followed by dead fish washing up onto beaches for the next few weeks. Shellfish is immune to the toxins but will not metabolize it either so they will concentrate it. This means that sealife which feast on shellfish such as otters and seabirds are some of the most impacted species to red tides. These events are quite devestating to the local wildlife and will cause deaths long after the red tide is over. But it does not kill all sealife at once. So even if it is tragic it is something that the local wildlife will recover from. But that does not mean that humans should also suffer the same fate.


Question: Why do some tasks become more difficult to do when you think about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some tasks become more difficult to do when you think about it?

Because it really is "auto-pilot". You've learned, probably through repetition, how to do something well enough that your consciousness isn't involved in the process anymore. When you focus on this process you get in the way of automation, like you're stopping someone going through a checklist to bother them about the weather or something so they can't keep doing this job, so you to start over to re-activate the routine (or just slowly do it manually yourself again). There also seem to be other factors. Our consciousness seems to actually be pretty shit at most things. For example, you can give someone a problem and then either have them sit there and think about the problem for a couple of minutes before trying to solve it, or instead distract them for that time so they can't think about it before making them try to solve it, and generally people seem to do better when they *don't* have the opportunity to consciously think about the problem. Basically, most of your thinking goes on 'below the surface' and is managed by modules whose processes are completely invisible to the person, who only experiences their results as a general feeling that the answer is probably X but they can't tell you why (though if they are intelligent they can come up with plausible-sounding lies to justify those feelings, without even realizing that that's what they're doing). Conspicuous exceptions to this are problems that our brains are bad at. Randomness is one of those. Human brain can't do randomness to save its life, unless you teach it how first - and even then you gotta keep reminding it. Statistics is another. We're decent at somehow acting like intuitive bayesians (our brain isn't *actually* doing bayesian statistics, because it doesn't know statistics, but whatever it is that it is doing generates results at a close approximation of it) when it comes to stats we have direct personal experience with, but for anything else your intuitions are just crap and you have to whip out the pen and paper or otherwise consciously employ methods that you have learned how to use that aren't intuitive at all. TL;DR is our "auto pilot" systems are better at just about everything than our conscious systems are, though they need to be trained to get to that point. This does kind of beg the question of what's the point of consciousness to begin with it it keeps getting in the way of more effective processes, but you'd have to ask someone smarter than me for that one.


Question: When something has a 25% chance of success, how can it fail four consecutive times?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When something has a 25% chance of success, how can it fail four consecutive times?

Each individual occurrence isn't impacted by the previous or subsequent occurrence. If you flip a coin and it lands on heads 9/10 times. What is the chance it lands on heads the next flip? 90%? Nope, still 50%. The coin doesn't give a shit about the results of the previous flips.


Question: Why do cigarettes have to contain all the nasty carcinogens, toxic chemicals, and poisons that they do? Why can't people just smoke tobacco like they would marijuana?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cigarettes have to contain all the nasty carcinogens, toxic chemicals, and poisons that they do? Why can't people just smoke tobacco like they would marijuana?

You can smoke tobacco like marijuana. Marijuana smoke is also chock full of nasty carcinogens and shit. That's what happens when you burn things. Wood smoke is just as bad, but hopefully you're not taking straight puffs of *that* on the daily.


Question: Why do some substances say "Do Not Induce Vomiting"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some substances say "Do Not Induce Vomiting"?

In general, that warning is used on chemicals that will do more damage being expelled than being dealt with other ways like charcoal for one simple example. I can't speak to that chemical specifically.


Question: Why do humans produce so much sweat under the armpits? They are poorly ventilated, so it doesn't make any physical/biological sense to me.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans produce so much sweat under the armpits? They are poorly ventilated, so it doesn't make any physical/biological sense to me.

There are two types of sweat glands in our body: apocrine and eccrine. The eccrine type is the most common and is almost everywhere on the body, and is primarily responsible for cooling. The sweat made by these glands is primarily watery and odourless. Meanwhile, the sweat glands under our armpits are apocrine, and these release an oilier substance, which is broken down by bacteria and results in body odour. While these glands also provide some help with cooling, especially in non-primates, they aren’t all that useful in humans. The sweat made by these glands just feels more noticeable, while they don’t really produce all that much more sweat compared to other places (with the soles of your feet having the most sweat glands), but since the armpit area has little ventilation, it lingers for longer time


Question: when ads say that something will increase your winning chances by 100 % does that mean that if you had a 1 % chance it will become 2%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when ads say that something will increase your winning chances by 100 % does that mean that if you had a 1 % chance it will become 2%?

Yes. To increase anything by 100% means to double it. It's the original number plus 100% of the original number.


Question: what is a standard deviation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is a standard deviation?

In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range. Large standard deviatoon is an indicator of possible out of control of your process or subject of meadurement.


Question: How do street signs get their names?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do street signs get their names?

It varies, in some areas, particularly in planned towns and cities, streets are given numbers and named sequentially, so the west-most north-south street might be called 1st Street and the East-most north-south street might be named 10th street, and east-west roads would be named similarly, although they might be called 'avenue' in order to distinguish it. In some cities, particularly those that weren't planned, the roads are named for significant people from the area, or notable places or whatever the local politicians want. Some cities have some other schema for naming their streets, in Washington D.C. East-West Roads are named with Letters, and many roads are named for states, while north south roads are named with numbers.


Question: How does resolution upscaling and remastering works in retro video games and movies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does resolution upscaling and remastering works in retro video games and movies?

Imagine you have 5 dots on a piece of paper, in a line. You could take a pencil and draw that line through the 5 dots. Now, looking at your line, you could draw lots more dots on the same line - maybe 50 or 100! A computer can use math to look at an existing picture/shape/whatever and basically compute where to add new dots (ie upscale resolution) - the same as you did with your line and pencil.


Question: Are hotel managers not obligated to compensate you if one of their cleaners steals your belongings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are hotel managers not obligated to compensate you if one of their cleaners steals your belongings?

Can you prove that the money ever existed, and that it was the hotel cleaner who took it? If not, I don't see why they would be obligated at all


Question: What do people mean when they say “Time is an illusion”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do people mean when they say “Time is an illusion”?

Well when you sit there for an hour and actively think about the time it will seem like it's taking ages to pass But if you go and have fun with friends that hour could feel like a few minutes. But when you look back on them the hour sitting seems like it was quick while spending time with friends was longer because of how full the time period was. If that makes sense to other people


Question: Why do so many customer support lines say "We're experiencing higher than normal call volume" when it they say it every time I call?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many customer support lines say "We're experiencing higher than normal call volume" when it they say it every time I call?

Because there are QUITE A FEW less people working those call centers than you might imagine. It's easier to tell you they're busy as opposed to only having like 3 people on the phone


Question: What does talking with a psychotherapist do to you, that makes you recover?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does talking with a psychotherapist do to you, that makes you recover?

First, you're talking to someone who is empathetic towards you but objective towards the situations you need to talk about. Second, talking about situations sort of takes them out of your head and makes them easier to process. Third, a therapist can give insight on how to moderate emotions and teach skills to use when you're in a difficult moment. Fourth, they can challenge or validate your feelings and opinions about something. This assumes you're seeing a good practitioner and not a shitty one. Edit: it also normalizes talking about difficult things so that you can talk to friends and family about them a bit easier.


Question: how do radiation measurement units work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do radiation measurement units work?

A lot of your confusion comes from the fact that for any quantity in this field there are *TWO* units of measurement. For example, *Becquerel* and *Curie* both measure the same thing: for a given amount of stuff, how many of its atoms will decay per time unit. One Curie is equal to 37000000000 Becquerel, which is equal to 37000000000 atoms decaying per second. Becquerel is the SI unit and the one you should be using. Then there are *Sieverts*. Sieverts are a measure of how much damage your body receives from radiation. Most radiation sensors will be able to measure Sieverts. Sieverts replace the older unit *rem*, Roentgen Equivalent Man. Then we have *Gray*. Gray is a measure of how much energy is absorbed from the radiation. The *rad* is an older unit. You should use Gray, not rad. Finally there is *Roentgen*, which is no longer used and there is no equivalent SI unit. If you see someone using Roentgen, smack them upside the head with your geiger counter.


Question: How did Alan Turing's first conception of a "computer" work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Alan Turing's first conception of a "computer" work?

The way that a Turing machine works is that it has a long tape with information on it and a device that reads information off of the tape and can also write information onto it. The tape is divided into small blocks that each contain a piece of information. At some point in the tape there's a series of instructions, and the device reads the instructions one at a time and follows them. The instructions contain commands about what to do with other information on the tape, and can sometimes tell the device to skip over instructions or jump back to previous instructions. There are many different sets of instructions that a theoretical device could understand, but Turing was interested in finding out which set of instructions was the absolute smallest while still making it possible to write instructions for basically anything. The bare minimum set of instructions a device must understand to be able to follow basically any kind of procedure is called "Turing complete." Turing complete sets of instructions have commands for doing basic math on numbers on the tape, moving information from one part of the tape to another, comparing two things on the tape, and jumping from one instruction to another based off of that comparison. Any Turing machine which has these instructions can, in theory, be given instructions on how to do literally anything. It can be given instructions on how to clean a room (obviously with the addition of some instructions that talk to other circuits the Turing machine is connected to), to come up with a theory for the most efficient way to clean a room, to simulate every atom inside of a messy room, or even simulate a human brain which will ponder the philosophy of cleaning rooms. Turing complete instruction sets can contain more instructions than that, but they must have those kinds of instructions. An example of an architecture which is not Turing complete would be one that can only do math calculations but offers no way of skipping over instructions. If there is no way to skip over instructions then it can't make decisions because it always has to do every instruction and can't skip over the ones that are irrelevant. In the modern world Turing machines are used universally for computing. Real world Turing machines do not have infinitely long tape like the theoretical version did, instead they have memory circuits. They store information as ones and zeros instead of just drawing it on the tape, and the device that deals with the instructions is the processor. Sometimes there will be more than one processor and they will cooperate to run multiple programs.


Question: How is it not dangerous to breathe in the CO2 that we breathe out into our masks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it not dangerous to breathe in the CO2 that we breathe out into our masks?

Think about the fact that when we perform CPR we are literally exhaling directly into their lungs. If there was enough CO2 in a human exhale to harm someone why would we perform life saving CPR with that exhale? Our exhale does have some CO2 in it but our exhale is also still full of O2, we don't use all of the O2 we inhale and whatever isn't used comes back out in our exhale. The average human exhale is entirely safe to breathe in, it just is, which is why we're able to use it to save people's lives with CPR.


Question: How does gravity keep us on earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does gravity keep us on earth?

The question is rather, why does gravity keep anything on anything (because the law of gravity applies to every mass object in the universe). Nobody 'really' knows what gravity is. Just that when something has mass, it has gravity. The bigger the mass, the bigger the gravity (e.g. the sun has a lot more mass than Earth, so the sun has bigger gravity). On the moon, which has a lot less mass, the gravity is not as strong. A black hole, which is really just a really **really** massive the star, the gravity is so strong that not even light can escape it (which is why we perceive it as a 'black hole'). Some think gravity is an effect of mass distorting space-time. Where there is a mass large enough, space bends around the mass, resulting in gravity. Some think it has to do with energy, if something has a lot of energy, it attracts stuff. And some even believe that there are these particles called 'gravitons', which get emitted by an object of mass and pulls stuff towards them. All just theories though (Einstein has a pretty cool one). Figuring out how gravity works (and if we can simulate it), will be the biggest achievement humanity can dream of, and it would launch us into a new type of civilisation.


Question: Why do we see a 3-d object?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we see a 3-d object?

We have two eyeballs. Each offering a slightly different view, which the brain then blends together to give us a perception of 3 dimensions. 3d camera systems usually have two lenses to take two images from slightly different angles. Then using some device or trick one is viewed by one and and the other image by the other eye and our brian does its think...boom 3D.


Question: Why is some rain little droplets and some rain are big old fat drops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is some rain little droplets and some rain are big old fat drops?

Rain forms when little particles of dust start getting water stuck to them in the cloud. When they get heavy enough, they fall. Sometimes, the wind is blowing upwards and the drops have to be heavier before they fall; this is how hailstones are made, too. Sometimes there's no wind blowing upwards, but the raindrops form way high up in a really thick cloud and keep collecting water as they fall. They don't fall very fast, so they have time to pick up a lot sometimes. When they form close to the ground they don't have enough time to pick up much extra water. Edit: huh, needed a semicolon for once.


Question: Why has the housing market inflated so much more than our income?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why has the housing market inflated so much more than our income?

Demand for land has increased. Demand for labour has decreased and supply has increased. The human work hour just isn't as valuable anymore.


Question: While wearing a full suit of armour and chainmail hundreds of years ago how could someone kill you? It seems as nothing they had could pierce steel so how did people die in combat? Especially from arrows

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 While wearing a full suit of armour and chainmail hundreds of years ago how could someone kill you? It seems as nothing they had could pierce steel so how did people die in combat? Especially from arrows

English longbows had enough drawpower to puncture plate armor. Most combatants did not have armor and chainmail. Those were generally reserved for nobility. Your average men at arms might have some leather padding, which were much easier to penetrate. Just because plate armor can't be pierced, doesn't mean it doesn't transfer force or was perfect. A hit with a blunt weapon like a mace to the helmet could still transmit enough force to break the skull. A dagger could find the gaps in the plate armor at the joints. If someone knocked you down, you would be hard pressed to get back up.


Question: what is the purpose of HSAs and FSAs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the purpose of HSAs and FSAs?

Both are accounts meant to help offset the out of pocket deductible for prescriptions and healthcare copays. The difference is that an HSA has money put into it by you out of your paycheck and possibly matched by your employer that remains one the card issued until expiration. An FSA has an amount of money put onto it at the start of the benefits that you pay back over the enrollment period that disappears at the end of the period. So if you were to enroll in a $3600 plan for an HSA it would start off at $0 and every month the plan puts $300 into it, if at the end of the year you only spent $500 then the remaining $3100 carries over to next year. If you enrolled in a $3600 plan for an FSA then the plan starts off at $3600 available for medical expenses, and you pay the plan back $300 per month, at the end of the year if you've only spent $500 then the remaining $3100 dissappears. (So if you see people in December pushing a shopping cart full of eyeglasses cleaning fluid, that's why.)


Question: When volcanoes erupt, does that mean that the core of earth is slowly running out of lava?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When volcanoes erupt, does that mean that the core of earth is slowly running out of lava?

No. Plenty of the crust is sinking down into the mantle and melting at undersea fault lines. It's just swirling pudding with a slightly hard top layer you live on.


Question: What is the effect of sinking ships on the sea floor and surrounding marine life? For example the titanic, when it sunk, was it damaging in anyway? So sinking ships cause any specific effects or change the ecosystem? Does the impact of large sinking objects have any large effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the effect of sinking ships on the sea floor and surrounding marine life? For example the titanic, when it sunk, was it damaging in anyway? So sinking ships cause any specific effects or change the ecosystem? Does the impact of large sinking objects have any large effects?

While you might consider a ship to be "large", they are *tiny* compared to the ocean. Yeah, they might crush whatever was directly underneath them, but again, that's negligible. Now, if an oil tanker breaks and leaks a crazy amount of oil, we have documented cases of the harm that does. But a regular ship, even a large luxury liner, that's a tiny, localised issue.


Question: Why can we feel hot/sweaty, but when you touch your skin (or someone else does) the skin feels cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we feel hot/sweaty, but when you touch your skin (or someone else does) the skin feels cold?

Because sweating is your bodies natural cooling mechanism. The moisture is evaporated away taking heat with it. This is more evident at the surface of the skin, hence it feeling cooler.


Question: Why does uncovered chocolate left out for a few hours taste really weird, even though it's not stale?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does uncovered chocolate left out for a few hours taste really weird, even though it's not stale?

It's called rancidification, or "going rancid". It's a chemical reaction between the fats in the chocolate and the ambient air, as oxygen oxidizes the fatty acids in the chocolate. We add preservatives to food to stave off this effect but it can't be completely prevented in most foods.


Question: theres a youtube error where you get a wall of random letters and they say show it to the monkeys, how does this work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 theres a youtube error where you get a wall of random letters and they say show it to the monkeys, how does this work?

It's an encrypted error message. The server had a problem and spat out a detailed log of everything it thinks might be relevant, but they don't want to show all those details to the general public. It's possible in theory someone could use that information to figure out how to routinely screw up their servers, or access something they shouldn't. So the server encrypts it before showing you, then their support team presumably has the decryption key. This is why they want you to copy/paste and not screenshot, because if it's a screenshot they'd actually have to type all that jibberish into the decryption tool instead of just pasting it, and ain't nobody got time for that.


Question: Why is 10 days the furthest out we can predict the weather?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 10 days the furthest out we can predict the weather?

Because the weather is an extremely chaotic system. We can only predict the weather as accurately as we can gather current measurements. Meteorologists will take all sorts of measurements about the weather, and plug that info into a model that can predict the weather based on the input. The issue is that an extremely small change in any of these input measurements can have a really drastic effect on the weather that is predicted, and this is compounded the further out in time you go. So if 1 input is measured at (made up number for sake of the explanation) 2,304 and the actual value is 2,299, this likely won't have a massive effect on a 3 day weather prediction, but it creates a massive butterfly effect where predictions beyond 10 days can be very inaccurate. This is an extremely simplified version, but I think it's pretty close to the truth.


Question: Why is population decline bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is population decline bad?

Economically speaking it is bad environmentally speaking it is good. Population expansion grows the economy, more people more goods and services need to be created to fulfill the needs of the expanded population, additionally expanding population means there are enough people to look after the elderly population in terms of carers and taxes. There is something called the lump of labor fallacy where people talk about others coming over and taking their jobs as if there is a finite amount of jobs in the economy which is false. URL_0


Question: What's the difference between neurotoxin and muscle relaxant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between neurotoxin and muscle relaxant?

Neurotoxins are poisonous to neurons and can destroy them altogether rendering them useless/unable to repair. Muscle relaxants target particular neuron pathways and inhibit them so that action potentials (energy aka the information being sent to the muscle in this case) cannot reach the end target. i.e. your brain is sending a message to a muscle to move or tense but there is a chemical blocking its message so it doesn't do anything


Question: Is light directly affected by gravitation, like objects with mass, or is it indirectly affected through the bent space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is light directly affected by gravitation, like objects with mass, or is it indirectly affected through the bent space?

Technically, gravity *is* the bending of space. Light doesn't have mass, but it does have momentum, which is still affected by gravity.