Question: why is Helium not flammable but when you see videos of birthdayparties with balloons and a candle comes close it it explodes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is Helium not flammable but when you see videos of birthdayparties with balloons and a candle comes close it it explodes?

> it explodes? It won't, not if it's filled with Helium. It will violently pop, just like any other rubber balloon under tension that disintegrates due to damage and sudden structural failure (caused, for example, by a candle). There will be no combustion.


Question: If frozen yogurt comes from cow dairy and ice cream comes from cow dairy, how is frozen yogurt "healthier"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If frozen yogurt comes from cow dairy and ice cream comes from cow dairy, how is frozen yogurt "healthier"?

It's not really. Yogurt is viewed as a healthy snack, so people assume frozen yogurt is healthy, when frozen yogurt is just as full of sugar as regular ice cream.


Question: How is electricity able to cool spaces (e.g. fridge, freezer)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is electricity able to cool spaces (e.g. fridge, freezer)?

It's hard to explain simply because there are a lot of thermodynamic processes involved, but I will try my best. A fridge or freezer works by having a coolant running in pipes or channels inside. This coolant vapourizes at low temperatures, lower than normal room temperature. This means that the coolant can absorb heat from the air inside the fridge. When this happens the temperature of the coolant increases enough so it is vaporized. The coolant vapour is then fed through a compressor (it's here the electricity comes into play). When a gas is compressed it's temperature is increased. So running the coolant through the compressor increases the temperature of the vaporized coolant even more. This makes the vapor significantly warmer than your normal room temperature which allowes the heat in the coolant vapour to be transferred to the air in the room where the fridge is standing. Heat can only be transferred from a warmer to a colder place, that's why the coolant vapour has to increase it's temperature in order to get rid of the heat it has accumulated. When the heat is transferred away from the coolant it's temperature decreases. The colder coolant vapour is then fed through a condensor which allowes the vapour gas to expand. When a gas expands it's temperature is lowered (the exact opposite as to when you compress a gas). When this happens the coolant vapour again becomes a liquid and has a temperature below normal room temperature and is ready to absorb heat from the air inside the fridge. A freezer works in the same way. Also a heat exchanger does this too. You can also heat things up this way by reversing the entire process.


Question: Does the velocity of light compound on top of the velocity of of our galaxy's movement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the velocity of light compound on top of the velocity of of our galaxy's movement?

No, it does not compound. The special thing about light speed is that it is absolutely constant. No matter how you launch it, and no matter how you look at it.


Question: How web apps like Akinator works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How web apps like Akinator works?

Well, it can gather a lot of data from the players. It's also not always right. If you consider 3 options for each of 20 questions (yes, no, other) There are already billions of different conclusions you could reach. Assuming you pick your questions well enough to always eliminate half the remaining options, you'd reliably be able to guess about a million different possibilities.


Question: How does Overtime work? How is it profitable for a company to pay it and why is it offered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Overtime work? How is it profitable for a company to pay it and why is it offered?

Paying overtime past 40 hours a week is required by law, otherwise companies wouldn't do it. People died to get labor laws like this to be passed so don't take it lightly. Staff cost money to train and maintain. Secondary costs like training, benefit, uniforms, insurance, etc cost money and the company has likely done the math and determined that paying staff overtime is cheaper in the long run then hiring more staff. It's also possible they are just badly understaffed and have to pay overtime because they can't get/retain enough people.


Question: How can your eyes focus on the information on "smart glasses" that is so close to your eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can your eyes focus on the information on "smart glasses" that is so close to your eyes?

Previous answers are missing something crucial: **a system of lenses** is used to refocus the light rays from the screen so that they appear to come from much further away. The same system is used for "red dot sights" on guns, heads-up displays in cars and airplanes, etc. To give more detail: light rays from an object spread out in a wide fan. The lens and cornea of your eye must bend those light rays so they converge on a single point at the back of your eye. Your eye only has so much "ray bending power", so that if the object is too close to your eye, the light will fan out too widely, your eye can't bend it to a point, and it ends up as a fuzzy spot. Adding extra lenses makes the light rays fan out less, so your eye can bring them to a focus.


Question: what are social security numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are social security numbers?

So basically America doesn't have official national identity numbers or cards. Social security numbers were just numbers handed out by the Social Security Administration as a way to identify people under the New Deal. Since the US never got national IDs, more and more institutions started using the SSNs as unofficial national ID numbers. Nowadays it is the defacto national ID for pretty much all purposes, including taxes. This is also the reason why SSN and SSN cards suck so much as national IDs. They don't have your photo or your address. Kinda usless as an ID. (Other countries actually have official ID cards with identifying info on the cards).


Question: Post injury, why lower inflammation/swelling if thats the body trying to heal you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Post injury, why lower inflammation/swelling if thats the body trying to heal you?

The body's immune system is far from perfect. You are correct that the swelling and inflammation is part of a very useful and successful physiological process of the body healing itself. But those artifacts themselves can cause new damage and certainly pain and mobility limitations by pressing on surrounding areas.


Question: Why does Minecraft have to look like a game for the Commodore 64?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Minecraft have to look like a game for the Commodore 64?

Answer: That's an aesthetic choice. It doesn't look the way it does because of technical limitations. There are many other successful modern games that went for that retro/pixelated look, and Minecraft isn't alone in that (Terraria, Enter The Gungeon, Celeste, Shovel Knight, etc). And I am just writing more than one sentence because this sub requires me to do so. But yeah, there's not much more to say about it.


Question: What do pressure cookers do to food that traditional cooking methods can’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do pressure cookers do to food that traditional cooking methods can’t?

They allow the food to be cooked at a higher temperature than is otherwise possible. Food at atmospheric pressure, if it contains water, cannot itself get hotter than 212F/100C (at sea level). It may be exposed to higher temperatures than that, but it can't be higher because the extra heat energy will go into evaporating the water. A pressure cooker allows the temperatures to go higher because the pressure increases the temperature at which the water will become steam.


Question: Why is it that when you push on your eyes you see weird shapes and patterns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when you push on your eyes you see weird shapes and patterns?

When you push on your eyes, you're activating your optic nerve, but it's not due to incoming light. Your brain does the best it can to interpret the incoming signal, because that's what it does -- so that's why you see random shapes.


Question: Why do vultures eat corpses instead of hunting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do vultures eat corpses instead of hunting?

Vultures have many biological adaptations that make them well-suited to being scavengers. Most have excellent eyesight and a strong sense of smell. They use these keen senses to locate rotting carrion while they are soaring high over land. Unlike raptors, or birds that hunt, vultures have weak talons and beaks. Raptors use sharp talons and beaks to kill, while vultures do not need to overpower or secure their prey. Many vultures are also bald, meaning they have no feathers on their head. This prevents bits of carrion, which can carry toxic bacteria, from sticking to feathers and infecting the bird.


Question: How can drug companies be sure that new drugs won't have serious side effects years later?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can drug companies be sure that new drugs won't have serious side effects years later?

2 simple answers to this. First answer is that they have been testing the drug for a very long time and are confident that there are little to no adverse side effects. Second answer is that they have no friking idea and are hoping really hard.


Question: Why does pouring a beer result in more foam than pouring a soda?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pouring a beer result in more foam than pouring a soda?

Beer is made with grain. The grain contains proteins That contribute to the foaming you see. Soda only contains sugar and flavorings that do not foam as much.


Question: Why does water amplify the taste of mint?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water amplify the taste of mint?

I think it's less the TASTE and more the cooling sensation that mint causes. Mint has a lot of menthol in it. Menthol reacts with the nerves in your mouth and tricks them into sending a fake "cold" signal to your brain, which is why mint feels so refreshing. When you drink water, the menthol is spread around your mouth and triggers even more nerves to send a cold signal, so the refreshing sensation is amplified. This is actually very similar to why water also amplifies spicy things. Spicy foods have capsaicin, which reacts with your mouth the same way that menthol does, expect it causes a fake hot signal to your brain instead of cold. Water spreads that signal around your mouth, and makes everything feel like it's burning.


Question: why has there been such a rise in autism rates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why has there been such a rise in autism rates?

Because our methods of diagnosing have improved and our definition of what autism has changed, broadening the term and allowing more people to be diagnosed with autism.


Question: How can apps like Google Maps or Waze be so consistently accurate with their predictions for ETA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can apps like Google Maps or Waze be so consistently accurate with their predictions for ETA?

they draw upon their large userbases to make this assumption: "anywhere with any traffic will have at least a couple of our users caught in the traffic". They can also take advantage of the fact that you can break down segments of a journey and make time measurements on individual segments of road. let's say you want to get from A to B to C to D. First step is to get other users data from users who's route included A to B recently. for example, a van driver 5 minutes ago made a route X-A-B-Y, passing along A-B. This prediction on it's own might not be much use, because the van driver made a stop to drop off a delivery and got caught in a traffic light. Not to worry, since 10 other users had journeys including the segment A-B. The algorithm can average/filter out all the results for segment A-B to get an average route time, taking into account traffic jams and things that will definitely slow you down, and rejecting disturbances that won't affect you. Bear in mind as well, this data will be going back in time for years, so it will build up data relevant to the time of day, day of the week, etc.. for example if you travel at 3am, the data will show that historically, cars travelling at 3am travel A-B really quickly, so it will compensate for that in the ETA. Now all it has to do is break down your route into individual segments and repeat this method across the whole route, allowing it to build a very good estimate of time. All this depends on having a large userbase, say 10-20% of drivers have google gathering location data, having accurate and quickly delivered location data. They need to be able to break down the route into small segments, typically lasting from junction to junction, and be sure that a given vehicle actually took this route. it needs also to be time-accurate since traffic data is so rapidly shifting. They also need lots of storage and computation power. typically for something like this, the servers will spend most of their time providing live estimates to users, and during the quiet hours at night the servers will revise the days data to get their data for the day into an easily useable form for future predictions.


Question: Why is it when you get intoxicated from alcohol you're drunk, but if you get intoxicated from something else you're high?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when you get intoxicated from alcohol you're drunk, but if you get intoxicated from something else you're high?

[Slang changes over time]( URL_0 ). It used to be “getting stoned” and being “high” were euphemisms for being drunk on alcohol. If you’re asking about the physiology of intoxications, each drug acts on the brain (and body) in a different way, so the perception of intoxication is different.


Question: why does your bum hurt/rash if you don’t wipe properly? Is there something in faeces which reacts to your skin, or is there something like bacteria eating it that inflames it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does your bum hurt/rash if you don’t wipe properly? Is there something in faeces which reacts to your skin, or is there something like bacteria eating it that inflames it?

There’s bacteria and acid which irritate the skin. Add friction from the cheeks constantly rubbing and you’ve got a stew going.


Question: What is the factual difference between Hamiltonian mechanics and classical Newton mechanics? Why is Hamilton mechanics useful? Aren't Lagrangians the way to go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the factual difference between Hamiltonian mechanics and classical Newton mechanics? Why is Hamilton mechanics useful? Aren't Lagrangians the way to go?

Newtonian, Lagrangian, and Hamiltonian mechanics are all complementary methods which make identical predictions in systems where they can be applied. They each have their own benefits and drawbacks. Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics give you an easy and systematic way to derive equations of motion for any system where the forces can be described in terms of a potential energy. However if you're working with forces which can't be written as a potential energy, you may have to use Newtonian mechanics, or some other method. Lagrangians are very nice because they make it easy to treat relativistic systems in a way that works in any frame of reference. Hamiltonians are nice because rather than giving you a single second-order differential equation for each coordinate, they give you two first-order differential equations for each conjugate coordinate/momentum pair. First-order differential equations can be easier to solve than second-order differential equations.


Question: How do the game servers and game clients communicate with one another in online games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the game servers and game clients communicate with one another in online games?

For the purposes of this post, I'll use your example of a multiplayer shooter game. The simpler part of the question is the spawning positions: typically, that would be the server's job but there is no technical aspect why that wouldn't be done in the client (other than to curb cheating, but that kind of cheat is typically trivial to detect server-side). As for the rest of the question: because of the time it takes for a message to get from client to server (and vice versa), the server and each game client actually have slightly different game states. That is to say, the game you're seeing is, in fact, *slightly different than what it actually is*, because the server is the source of truth for what happens in the game (read: whatever the server says, goes). Every client is a little bit late to the party, so what you see on your screen has actually already happened (i.e., you're playing in the past). Each individual update from the server to client (and from client to server) is sent via packets, which you can think of as boxes containing tidbits of information, going either direction. How often these updates are sent by the server and the client in shooters is what is referred to as "tick rate". So, in a 128 tick server - that's *ticks per second* \- you'll get and send updates 128 times a second. In figuring out how to display an accurate game state, the client actually has to do some guessing (how exactly that's done is fairly complicated) because displaying an exactly correct game state would require zero network latency, which is (physically) impossible. Another aspect of this is to answer the million dollar question: who shot first? In CS:GO, for example, the server does what is called "latency compensation". To simplify, the server takes into account the time that it takes for it to receive a message from clients 1 and 2 (the two players shooting at each other), and factors that when calculating the real time either shot was fired. That's also why there is a peeker's advantage: what you're seeing has already happened, *unless you're doing it yourself* (in which case, you're on time and *everyone else is late*). Since the other guy sees you later than you see him, you get a few extra milliseconds to take his head off before he does the same to you. & #x200B; TL;DR: the server is typically the source of truth in a multiplayer game (and *should always be*), but the client holds a game state to be shown to the player. The client receives inputs, processes them, and simultaneously shows them on the screen and sends them to the server, which processes them, updates its own game state, and sends updates to the other clients). & #x200B; edit: if you wanna read more, the folks over at Riot have a *great* writeup of how a lot of this works (jsyk: it gets technical). I highly recommend this one, it's a great read: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: How can healthcare be free in a country like Canada, but cost thousands and thousands of dollars in the US, when insurance companies still charge monthly rates/deductibles etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can healthcare be free in a country like Canada, but cost thousands and thousands of dollars in the US, when insurance companies still charge monthly rates/deductibles etc?

The cost is taken care of by taxes. In the UK a percentage of all general taxation is used towards the NHS. So anyone who is saying it's free, no it's not. It's a standard tax rate paid by everybody. The difference is, if you suddenly end up in a huge accident, have horrific long term cancer or something like that, you don't have the worry of whether your chosen insurance coverage will cover it or not, nor do you have the battles with your insurers to make sure you get it paid. It's just dealt with, and everyone's entitled to it. There's a line touted by people in the USA in an effort to justify their weird system in that "You can choose to pay for it" and "you're not paying for other people". Firstly, really the main reason you'd choose not to pay it is if you can't afford it. For everyone else, health insurance is a fact of life. And as for not paying for other people let me just give a quick recap of how insurance works: You pay a premium. Your premium is paid, along with the premiums of everyone else, into an insurance pool out of which claims are paid. The insurance company uses statistics, and analysis to determine the likelihood of insured people making a claim, and importantly **that is used in part to determine the premium paid by anybody**. Translated: If more people claim, the insurance paid by everyone will increase. How could you put that another way? Oh yeah, *you're paying for other people*. Its baffling to other Western countries how some people in the USA have convinced themselves that they're doing the smart thing by using health insurance, covering their own back, screw everyone else, and somehow failing to realize that the whole business model on which insurance works means by definition, you're very much paying for everyone who uses the service. With taxed health coverage like we have, because nearly *everyone* pays it, it's a lot cheaper, and because there aren't insurance companies looking to make a quick buck, it doesn't create that feedback loop with the pharmaceutical companies that means drugs in the US cost well over five times as much as they do here on average, nor do you get situations like that arsehole Martin Shkreli from a few years ago.


Question: is there really a security difference between http:// and https://? Should I not browse http:// sites unless I’m in incognito mode?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there really a security difference between http:// and https://? Should I not browse http:// sites unless I’m in incognito mode?

HTTP means that you and the website are sending postcards back and forth. Any mail carrier could just read the postcards, if they wanted, before delivering it to you. Sending your credit card number on a postcard would be horribly insecure. HTTPS means that you and the website are putting each postcard into a metal box and locking it, then passing those locked boxes back and forth. A mail carrier still knows that you and the website are communicating with each other, but all they can do is look at the locked box and shrug before passing it along.


Question: How does 3D modeling work in video games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does 3D modeling work in video games?

You could use the same model in all of those cases. But for performance reasons most games don't. It doesn't matter what angle you're looking at the character. That's the point of 3D models, you can look at them from any angle. Unlike 2D sprites where you needed separate images for different angles. But there's not much point in using a highly detailed model when it's too far away to see that detail. So games usually use a model with a lower Level Of Detail (aka LOD), which gets switched out for one with more detail when you get closer. In some games you can see that happening if you look closely enough when moving towards something. They might do a similar thing for cutscenes, where a model with higher detail is used for cutscenes particularly when there's a close up of the face.


Question: Do minors pay need to pay taxes? If so how do you I do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do minors pay need to pay taxes? If so how do you I do it?

I’m assuming you’re in the US? If so, you do have to pay taxes on your earned income. Try out turbo tax.


Question: What is GAP insurance? Why is it an option on my Lease agreement but not my auto insurance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is GAP insurance? Why is it an option on my Lease agreement but not my auto insurance?

Since new cars depreciate quickly at first, there will usually be a period when your car is worth less than the outstanding amount you owe. Gap insurance covers you for that gap in value if your car is written off and your insurance doesn't pay out enough to clear the finance. It's not a bad idea to have it, but it's likely that a policy offered through the lease company will be quite expensive. If you want the cover, it's worth checking whether you can get it more cheaply elsewhere.


Question: Humans have developed amazing prosthetic technology. Could we give those protheses to people with degenerative diseases like ALS so they could regain the use of their limbs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Humans have developed amazing prosthetic technology. Could we give those protheses to people with degenerative diseases like ALS so they could regain the use of their limbs?

TLDR: not likely There's no point getting a new toaster if the power line to your house is cut. ALS is a disease that affects the nerve cells in the body as well as the brain. So replacing an arm wouldn't do you any good if that part of your brain and the nerve pathway that controls that arm is damaged. Cybernetics isn't the solution for ALS, some form of nerve regeneration may be closer to the answer.


Question: How does those heat packs with a tiny metal disc inside work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does those heat packs with a tiny metal disc inside work?

The packs contain a liquid (actually a gel, usually made from a solution of sodium acetate) which has the property that it releases heat when crystals form in it. When you flex the disc it simply causes a sudden sharp point to occur within the substance. This is enough to start the crystallisation process which then rapidly spreads throughout the entire gel. It therefore heats itself up and then gradually emits that heat over the next hour or so as it slowly cools down.


Question: If the moon can pull tides, why can’t humans feel the effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the moon can pull tides, why can’t humans feel the effects?

Gravity is affected by size of both things involved. Big moon + Big Ocean -- > Effects of gravity big enough to see. Big moon + Small human -- > Effects of gravity too small to see.


Question: How do scientists record rainfall?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists record rainfall?

[Rain gauges]( URL_0 ). They're just a little tube that collects water & lets you measure it. It doesn't really matter how big the tube is (within reason) - an inch of rainfall is an inch of rainfall whether it's the size of a DVD or football field.


Question: Why can’t people who’ve gone through treatments with growth hormones donate blood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t people who’ve gone through treatments with growth hormones donate blood?

It's mostly historical at this point, now that synthetic human growth hormone is a thing. If you had synthetic growth hormone there's no medical issue. However, before we figured out synthetic HGH, the only source was cadavers (dead bodies)...we'd extract the hormone from the pituitary glands of dead people. This greatly increased the risk of transmitting disease from the cadaver to the recipient, and someone getting HGH from an external source could be exposed to hundreds or thousands of cadaver sources. Rather than expect everyone to know the exact source of every HGH shot they ever got, it's a lot simpler to just say "If you had HGH, don't donate." Source: my brother was on synthetic HGH for years


Question: -Why is it, that when it’s cold outside, my eyes immediately start to water and my nose runs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 -Why is it, that when it’s cold outside, my eyes immediately start to water and my nose runs?

So when it’s cold and windy, there is more evaporation of the fluid on your cornea and in your nasal passages. Your body perceives this and tries to compensate by ramping up tear and mucus production.


Question: What happens inside they body that cause hiccups? Also is there a way of actually getting rid of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens inside they body that cause hiccups? Also is there a way of actually getting rid of them?

The sudden involuntary snapping shut and opening of your diaphragm is what causes hiccups. I'm not really sure about the ways to cure then but I've heard sugar helps


Question: What makes 0 such an odd number? (is it even odd, or even?).

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes 0 such an odd number? (is it even odd, or even?).

Most of its unusual properties come from the fact that 0 is the "additive identity": if you add 0 to anything, you end up with the same thing you started out with. This is basically the defining characteristic of 0, and using this and basic properties of arithmetic you can derive all of its other unusual properties. For example, 0 times any number is 0 because, using the distributive property: 0\*x = (0+0)\*x = 0\*x + 0\*x, which is only possible if 0\*x is 0. From here we can produce other facts like the fact that 0 is evenly divisible by any integer, since 0 can be written as 0\*x for any x. So 0 is in fact even, since it is divisible by 2. Other facts that can be proven using properties of the integers and the definition of 0 include: * x - 0 = x for any x * x/0 must be undefined if we want to keep the usual properties of arithmetic * x^0 = 1 for any x * 0^x = 0 for any nonzero x In the end it all goes back to the fact that adding 0 to a number doesn't change it. From that definition, everything else follows.


Question: Why is running on a treadmill easier than running in the street?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is running on a treadmill easier than running in the street?

For one, there is no air resistance when running on a treadmill. When running outside, your body has to physically push the air you move through out of the way. It may not seem like much, but try running outside with a tailwind (or conversely into a headwind) and you quickly notice the difference air can make.


Question: Who gives certain websites the authority to sell domain names?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who gives certain websites the authority to sell domain names?

The highest level of domains are so-called “top-level domains” (com, .edu, .org, etc). Each TLD has a single organization responsible for maintaining a database of names within it. To register a domain name, the average person has to go through a middleman, who communicates with the TLD to register the name. That is what GoDaddy does.


Question: What the heck happens to sugar when you melt it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What the heck happens to sugar when you melt it?

Sugar is a fairly complex molecule. And when you heat it up you enable lots of different chemical reactions to take place resulting in hundreds of different chemicals. Some of them do produce simpler molecules like water and carbon dioxide but others produce long complex polymers which gives caramel its unique color, aroma and texture. Depending on the temperature you end up with different types of chemicals.


Question: Why will lack of sleep eventually lead to death?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why will lack of sleep eventually lead to death?

It's more of a "co-morbidity" thing than the actual cause of death. Your brain needs sleep to process the day's thoughts. Skip a night or two and it's no big deal. Skip a week and you will start having problems sorting between reality and imagination. Anecdotal, but I know my limit is when someone is talking to me but I'm hearing two separate (but coherentish) conversations like a split reality. Assuming you don't pass out from exhaustion somehow, you'll eventually lose your grip on reality and go nuts. Suicide starts to look like a pretty good option, if you don't accidentally walk into traffic getting there. Even just normal exhaustion can "kill" if you fall asleep behind the wheel after a long day at work. So it's not the lack of sleep that kills you but the mental break and loss of key motor skills that get you. Another risk factor is overdosing on whatever drug you're taking to stay awake. Cocaine and Meth make for a fun Saturday night, but if you're staying high enough to not sleep for a month there's gonna be some health implications.


Question: How does exhaling or yelling provide more power when lifting/pushing something heavy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does exhaling or yelling provide more power when lifting/pushing something heavy?

It causes you to tense your diaphragm and in doing so, you're adding structural integrity to your core body which allows you to feel like you're capable of more load-bearing allowing you to force it to happen.


Question: How does our brain decide what to remember?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our brain decide what to remember?

The brain stores memories of things that are novel. When you’re young everything is new and interesting so more memories are stored. When you’re older fewer things are novel so less gets stored. This also explains why time feels like it’s moving faster when you’re older. When you look back at the recent past there are fewer memories so it feels like it went by faster.


Question: Is there a limit to how far electricity can travel through water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a limit to how far electricity can travel through water?

Kind of. Don't think of electricity like a fluid that flows. Think of electricity as tiny marbles (charge carriers) that live in a maple syrup bath where gravity can pull you either up or down. Some of the marbles like to travel up and some like to travel down, depending on if they are charged positive or negative. Lightning is charged negative. Lightning happens when a lot of negative marbles build up together in clouds. Their combined weight makes them able to push through the think maple syrup of the air and reach the ground all at once, causing lightning strike. Water is a lot easier for the marbles to move through than air because water almost always contains ions- little stepping stones that the marbles can travel across to get to where they want to go. However, the limit of how far they can get is based on how badly they want to get there (the difference in voltage) and how permissive the water is (resistance). If the difference in voltage was huge, the marbles would do anything to get there, and they could jump very very far across a very resistive material. So to answer your question: water with a lot of crap dissolved in it will carry electricity farther, but if the electricity is "strong" enough, it'll go as far as it wants.


Question: why is an 8 electron shell more stable than 7 or 9 or any other number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is an 8 electron shell more stable than 7 or 9 or any other number?

There are two directions for electron spin (Up and Down). That means 2 electrons can fit in the inner shell, 2 plus 3 dimensions times 2 (2+6=8) in the second shell. Then 18 in the third. It's 2*n^2 in the general case.


Question: What is preventing youtube from utilising adblock detector and disallowing users from watching videos until they disable the web extension?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is preventing youtube from utilising adblock detector and disallowing users from watching videos until they disable the web extension?

Blocking the browser extension will encourage people like myself to block ads at the router level which takes my whole household of five people off their ad network


Question: why American physicians and surgeons earn so much money. Would it be possible to create an equitable, universally accessible and affordable American healthcare system that didn't significantly reduce physician income?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why American physicians and surgeons earn so much money. Would it be possible to create an equitable, universally accessible and affordable American healthcare system that didn't significantly reduce physician income?

Physicians aren't the issue with the healthcare system. They make a lot of money because it's a very highly skilled profession that requires a lot of education and training just to begin working. A typical physician will be about 31 years old when they begin working. Until then, most are collecting debt from school that must be paid off. I'll provide information for something I have witnessed. Years ago, if you sprained an ankle, you'd visit an orthopaedic surgeon and they'd look at it, maybe get an x-ray to make sure it wasn't broken, and give you a brace. Over the years, different regulations have required more documentation on even the smallest thing. If you walk in with a sprain, they no longer treat the sprain, but instead they must make sure it isn't anything else. To eliminate everything else, they need to do more tests so you might have to get an MRI in addition to an x-ray. What required a single person to transcribe a note and a tech to do the scan now requires multiple office assistants and numerous techs to run the machines and note everything. There's also the issue of frivolous malpractice lawsuits and the awarding of uncapped punitive damages which are only for punishing doctors and don't go to the patient. Malpractice insurance rates are astronomical in areas with uncapped punitive damages and those rates are transferred to those who pay. Health insurance companies don't want to pay any claims so will deny absolutely everything they can to save money. Doctors used to file simple paperwork to get paid. Now, they have to file a full case report for a nurse (rarely a doctor, but could be) to review and if that reviewer isn't convinced they deny and the doctor has to gather more evidence and resubmit. In order to prevent denials, they run more and more tests to verify the issue they're treating is not only needed, but can only be that issue even if those tests aren't needed to diagnose the problem. This requires more people, more software, more equipment, and more tests. Costs only ever go up. The amount of money doctors make doesn't matter and contributes nothing to the healthcare problem. They are actually getting reimbursed a lot less now than they used to. The system needs to be overhauled and streamlined but not by lawyers who have created the mess. In Florida years ago, they passed a law forbidding doctors from owning their own test equipment like x-ray machines. Their justification was if doctors owned the equipment, they'd needlessly charge for more scans just to make more money. They didn't consider the reason doctors bought the equipment was because they already ran many scans. They eventually repealed the law, but while it was on the books you had to make an appointment with a doctor, then another somewhere else to get a scan, then a third to have the doctor examine the scan to diagnose and treat the issue. With a scanner in-office, there's only a single appointment because you'd get the scan while you were there. For stuff like workers' comp, them owning the scanner saved everybody money even though the doctors made more themselves which would otherwise have gone to companies running the scanners anyway. Now take this example's original misguided logic and apply it to everything in the healthcare world and you can see how it just makes a mess of everything eventually.


Question: Why is the Canadian government selling companies and firms such as Norsat to China?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Canadian government selling companies and firms such as Norsat to China?

The government is not selling Norsat; the government is allowing Norsat to be taken over. Generally speaking, the government wants to be consulted (for various purposes) when companies larger than a certain size are merged or outright purchased. They want to ensure that monopolies are not being created, that the consumer is going to be safe, that kind of thing. This is very true in industries like telecommunications and aviation, things that the government regulates very heavily. It also has a softspot for "sexy" industries like aerospace because the jobs are high-quality, high-wage, skilled jobs that create "prestige" for the government and the country at large. Norsat is one of these. It is further complicated by the fact that it is in the satellite communications industries, so the US military is concerned that they are doing business with a company that the Chinese now own. With that said, the government is allowing the takeover because it wants to improve relations with China...eventually leading to free-trade of some sort. And they want money.


Question: How do skateboarders manage to jump from such insane heights and land comfortably whereas the same jump from the same height would most probably obliterate their knees/ankles without the board?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do skateboarders manage to jump from such insane heights and land comfortably whereas the same jump from the same height would most probably obliterate their knees/ankles without the board?

I haven't taught physics in a lot of years (math teacher here), but in general the amount of force (probably the wrong word, but to a layman it works in this case) that you experience in an impact is related to how fast you stop moving in a given direction. For instance when a stunt person jumps onto an air bag they are uninjured because the kinetic energy of their fall is expended more slowly than if they hit the ground. Similarly, with a half pipe the wheels rolling down the wall into a plane that is level (or approaching level) causes the force in the downward direction to be expended over time rather than on a sudden impact. A skateboarder falling from height and landing in the center of a half pipe wouldn't have a good time of it. Skateboards do have some flexibility on the deck that could slow the impact a tiny bit though. Fun side fact: the two sides of a half pipe aren't actually quarter circles. Properly constructed half pipes have a non constant radius generated from cycloid. (we built finger board sized half pipes a project one year when I had a lot of kids into skateboarding in my class).


Question: How is world debt handled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is world debt handled?

Countries have vast resources at their hands. There should be no problems for a nation to increase their taxes a bit, reduce their expenses on infrastructure or army or in the worst case sell off state owned land or goods. The argue when a country have too much loans is that this have to be done in the best way for the people as possible. However there is quite easy to get trillions of dollars of valuables from a country and leave it in ruins and this have been done before. Contrary to popular ideas the national debt is usually a good thing if you can manage it. For example if a country loans a lot of money to invest in a good school system they will end up with a lot of debt but as soon as the kids grow up with a high education they can easily afford the extra taxes and then some extra. This is what the US did in the 60s and 70s to build their great economy. As to when the debt will disappear it is usually not in the best interest of the countries or the lenders to get rid of them as it is beneficial to both parties. Loans is an effective way to make sure money is distributed to where it does most good. If a country gets more money then it can effectively spend then it will pay off its debt and then start lending the money to countries that do need more money. The same with private citizens. If you think Bill Gates have his money in a bank vault like Scrooge McDuck then you are mistaken. As for the initial loans that gets taken up there is no hurries to pay them back as money can be more effectively spent elsewhere. When the loans come due it is often more effective to get new loans to pay for the old ones as long as you can manage them and pay down so much that the interest does not become crippling. It took England over 400 years to pay for the navy that Henry VII built for instance.


Question: why can’t quintic equations be solved using the same method that is used for other equations of lower degree?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can’t quintic equations be solved using the same method that is used for other equations of lower degree?

First off, a little correction. *Not all* quintic equations can be solved. There are many simpler cases of quintics which absolutely can be solved. A short answer is: it's not strange that there are quintics that aren't easily solvable; it's more of a miracle everything below is. For the exact reasons, you'd need a course in Galois theory (the guy who proved it; his work's importance was discovered only after his death in a duel over political argument), but I'll try to briefly summarise. Let's look at an example of a simple ass quintic, x^5 = 1. It has five roots, let's call one of non-1 roots w; then our solutions are w, w^2, w^3, w^4, and 1 (note w^5 = 1 as well). Now imagine I define u = w^2. Now we can rewrite our roots as u^3, u, u^4, u^2, 1. This transformation maintains the general form of our solutions - reordering u's will make then just like w's - but permutes the order of solutions - from {12345} to {31425}. Another transformation could send solution t to w*t, resulting in w^2, w^3, w^4, 1, w; again, same elements but order went to {23451}. There are many other transformations achieving similar results, many of them achieved by combining the above - maintaining the same form of the solution, but permuting the members. Not only that, but those solutions form a mathematical construct known as a group - all you need to know is that combining two permutations gives a permutation, and you can 'reverse a permutation' by applying another certain one (in this case, w = u^3 ). We move away from actual substitutions and focus on the possible permutations we can achieve; for any polynomial this group is inside the group of permutations of all its roots (for quintic - {12345} to {abcde} in any order). They're called subgroups for this natural reason. Now the magic step Galois did was proving that there is a method of using arithmetic operations to find the roots if and only if this group of permutations of the roots of the polynomial satisfies a certain property (being a normal subgroup of all permutations). That property is well studied and easy to establish. I'm afraid I can't retell the proof in simple terms as I hardly understood it in university terms. Final touch is just noting that if we permute 4 or fewer things, all possible subgroups have this property. For 5 and more things this is no longer true; and we can find specific quintics where permutation groups do not have this normality thing, which implies we can't solve for their roots in standard ways. I'm sorry is this isn't too clear, it's been a while since I learned this. If you want actual thorough proof I'd look into Galois theory, but beware that in my case it was a 24hr lecture course in my third year with several prereq courses (group theory most notably), so it's not at all going to be eli5.


Question: Why does gas prices continue to rise when renewable sources of energy are creating a surplus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does gas prices continue to rise when renewable sources of energy are creating a surplus?

Electric buses are not causing a surplus of gas. The article you read was about how electric buses were reducing the demand for gas from municipal bus services. But municipal bus services form a very small fraction of the overall demand for gas. Overall demand for gas has consistently increased by about 2% per year going back decades. But as to why gas went up 10 cents last week, its a combination in a rise in oil prices caused by whats going on with Syria and Iran right now as well as the world entering into the "summer driving season." Gas prices tend to rise during the summer and then fall during the winter because people drive more when its warm outside. edit: To put the electric bus thing another way - electric buses are not causing the demand for gasoline to fall. Rather, they are slowing the rate at which it increases. And they aren't even having a meaningful impact on that.


Question: How do compressed files work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do compressed files work?

Say you have the following string: AABAAAAAABAAAABAAAAABABABAAAA You can compress it to A2BA6BA4BA5BABABA4 (A2 means AA, A4 means AAAA etc) This is lossless compression as it can be restored fully. It is also just one of many, many ways compression can be done.


Question: Why are armies able to get away unpunished with civilian kills, but if a civilian killed someone by accident, he would be punished?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are armies able to get away unpunished with civilian kills, but if a civilian killed someone by accident, he would be punished?

I guess you can put a US vs anti-US spin on any issue if you want to ignore inconvenient facts. A cynical but perhaps realistic view is that for the most part of humanity's history, "Might makes right". If you have the biggest force, the will to use it and the wealth to maintain it; you set the rules. This is still evident when you consider the number of military supported governments and authoritarian states, Russia annexing parts of Ukraine, stuff happening all over the world. If you are willing to use force and no one with sufficient force is willing to oppose you, you get your way. Although we may declare matters of universal human rights and sanctity of life, these are just words unless they are backed with sufficient force. The reality is that when ideals meet reality, reality usually wins. If you want to enforce a moral viewpoint, it is very likely you'll have to violate that moral viewpoint in order to have it adopted broadly. Irony.


Question: How does your body know when you have chewed your food enough to swallow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your body know when you have chewed your food enough to swallow?

Practice. Years and years of constant practice. We use our tongues and the other senses of our mouth to "test" the texture, moisture, and consistency of food constantly as we consume it and consider whether it is to a state in which we can easily ingest it. Sure, it's not an exact science but we can pretty well know the limits of our own body to safely ingest food very quickly through a little trial and error and learning from when our parents feed us when we are young. Consider why babies are fed milk first, then soft foods, then hard food. Not only is the nutritional value of the foods we eat when we are babies important but it also "trains" us, in a sense, from birth that soft foods are more easily ingested and to remember the consistency, texture, and moisture of food in that state.


Question: If just a couple "specks" of fentanyl is enough to kill a person, and one can overdose merely by touching it, how is it that people are able to ingest it without dying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If just a couple "specks" of fentanyl is enough to kill a person, and one can overdose merely by touching it, how is it that people are able to ingest it without dying?

As always, the dose makes the poison, and your mileage may vary. Fentanyl patches are meant for patients receiving large chronic doses, as in cancer pain, where tolerance is already high. If a child, weighing a third of what the intended patient does and never having received opioids, sticks the patch on, there's risk. But plenty of people would take that same dose without dying. Lethal doses are usually given as the amount required to kill 50% of people, because it's just not predictable for any individual. In a controlled medical setting, giving a one tenth of a milligram of fentanyl isn't much different than giving ten milligrams of morphine. For that matter, we use botulinum toxin (Botox) for all kinds of medical purposes, and it's one of the deadliest substances by weight in the world! As long as you can be sure the dose is accurately tiny, it's mostly an arbitrary number. On the flip side, taking 500 milligrams of Tylenol is very safe by any measure. Yet precisely because people aren't afraid of Tylenol, and because it's so widespread, it's a leading cause of liver damage. The other thing is that opioids usually kill by shutting off your drive to breathe. In an intensive care unit, where most patients are on ventilators, they don't get that option. High doses of fentanyl are used safely every day in the ICU for pain control and sedation.


Question: How do Youtubers that make "movie mistakes" videos monetize their videos? Aren't they using someone else's creation to make money without their permission?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Youtubers that make "movie mistakes" videos monetize their videos? Aren't they using someone else's creation to make money without their permission?

In the US there is a "fair use" doctrine which allows the quoting or in this case inclusion of copywritten material for such purposes as criticism. Typically this would be used for things like reviews but a "movie mistakes" video still falls squarely under the category of criticism and therefore fair use.


Question: Is it possible for original content to dry out, like everything has already been used or thought before? Why or why not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it possible for original content to dry out, like everything has already been used or thought before? Why or why not?

Technically possible, however the amount of possibilities is just so absurdly large that it would be impossible to use them all in a billion lifetimes