Question: how come the moon waxes from left to right in the northern hemisphere, but bottom to top near the equator? Is it right to left even further south?

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 how come the moon waxes from left to right in the northern hemisphere, but bottom to top near the equator? Is it right to left even further south?

Australian here: right to left confirmed. Roughly speaking, the moon orbits the earth above the equator, so facing the moon means facing northwards in the Southern Hemisphere, whilst it means facing southwards in the Northern. So literally, our view of the moon is upside down relative to the northern hemisphere


Question: How do thrusters or flames move spacecraft in space when there is no air to push against?

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 How do thrusters or flames move spacecraft in space when there is no air to push against?

Thrusters don't really work because they're pushing *against* the air behind you. Once your exhaust is mixing with the air behind you, it's not in direct contact with you anymore and can't affect your movement. What's really going on is that you're being pushed forward by the act of propelling the exhaust backward in the first place, because the force doesn't just push the exhaust away, it pushes you and the exhaust away from each other. If you stand in the middle of a skating rink and start shooting a machine gun in one direction, then here's what happens: the bullet leaves the gun with a certain amount of momentum (mass times velocity) flying west, and *you* absorb an equal momentum sliding east, so the *combined* momentum of you and the bullet, remains zero. That's what "equal and opposite reaction" means. When you fire another bullet, you gain another bullet's worth of momentum travelling in the opposite direction. Basically the same thing is going on with the exhaust molecules in a rocket thruster.


Question: Why do atoms form ionic bonds?

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 Why do atoms form ionic bonds?

> How does gaining something make chlorine lose energy? Does the electon have negative energy? No. But Cl^- has less energy than the original neutral chlorine atom *and* a free electron. Energy of Cl < Energy of Cl^- < Energy of Cl + Energy of e^(-). So the reaction Cl + e^- - > Cl^- *is* exothermic. The electron doesn't have negative energy, but it has *less* energy than it would have if it were free. The energy released by attaching an electron to a neutral atom is called [electron affinity]( URL_0 ), and it's very high for the halogens (like chlorine) that tend to act as the negative ion in an ionic compound. For chlorine, you get 349 kJ/mol for it. The corresponding concept - the energy to *remove* an electron and produce a *positive* ion - is the [first] [ionization energy]( URL_2 ). For sodium, it costs 496 kJ/mol to remove an electron. Wait a minute, you say. How is it that you can get an exothermic reaction when you're getting 349 kJ/mol out of spending 496 kJ/mol? The reason is that these numbers are measured **in the gaseous phase** for both ions **in isolation**. But the final step is that those newly-formed ions are extremely attracted to one another and want to form a solid, because they're oppositely charged. Bringing the two ions together as a single solid produces an extra 500 kJ/mol or so (beyond just what you'd get condensing each out as a solid itself), and it's the attraction between the newly formed ions ("lattice energy") that is ultimately the energetic step. Forming isolated Cl^- and Na^+ would be endothermic. [See this page for a full walkthrough of the energetics]( URL_1 ).


Question: Why can't a company worth 18 billion dollars offer more than $800 to a passenger before beating them?

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 Why can't a company worth 18 billion dollars offer more than $800 to a passenger before beating them?

As /u/SoundBearier said, the law in the US is that a passenger denied boarding must be compensated with 4x the ticket price. Most people don't know about that law, so the airlines will look for volunteers to take $400, then try $800. As for why they don't just spring for the full 4x straight away, well in big companies, because of scale, costs can multiply quickly into very large sums. United operate out of 650 airports, so if they had to spend an extra $800 once a day in each of those airports, that would add up to nearly $200 million over the course of a year. Every company operates under a set of policies, and those policies are dictated by the compromise between service and economics. Nobody who wrote the policies wanted to see this guy get beaten up, I'm sure if money was no object they would love to fly everybody around on a private bed with a private masseuse. But especially in an industry like aviation where competition is intense and margins are low, they have to set policy in such a way as to waste no money. You can't get all 50,000 employees of a big company together to have a chat every time something comes up. So unfortunately the manager responsible must have found himself at the end of a long policy chain designed to cover a million different possibilities, driven by the desire to save as much money as possible. If they could go back and give that other passenger an extra $800 to avoid all this of course they would. But they can't now just change their policy to give out $800 willy nilly or they'll go broke. This stuff is trickier than it looks.


Question: Why does the infinite monkey theorem guarantee every possibility?

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 Why does the infinite monkey theorem guarantee every possibility?

The issue you're having here is in understanding the concept of infinity. Infinity is not just a really big number. It is endless, without borders, never stopping. Given an infinite amount of time in your monkey scenario not just Shakespeare would get written, but literally every possible combination of letters, spaces, and punctuation. At some point the monkeys would then run out of things to type, having typed all possible things, and they'd still have exactly the same amount of time left. Infinite means infinite.


Question: First time being on own health insurance. How does one go about using it?

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 First time being on own health insurance. How does one go about using it?

You probably got a list of medical providers from your insurer. Look up a primary care provider. Look up reviews for the provider and the organization they work for. Repeat until you find a good one. Call them and ask if they're taking new patients. If you have a specific ailment you want treated, make an appointment. Otherwise, wait until you're due for a checkup to make the appointment. Then go wild.


Question: what are the typical day-to-day roles of a Vice President of the United States?

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 what are the typical day-to-day roles of a Vice President of the United States?

This *really* depends on the administration. On paper, the *only* actual responsibilities of the VP are to cast a tie breaking vote in the senate, and to step in for the president in the event of death or illness. That’s it. Historically, VPs have done many varied things. Gore did quite a lot of environmental work. Cheney was basically shadow president, calling a lot of the shots. Biden assisted with foreign policy and with the Ebola epidemic a lot. Pence has been mainly a policy communicator.


Question: if produce has a use by date of 2 weeks time and is immediately frozen, when defrosted will it have 2 weeks from that point?

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 if produce has a use by date of 2 weeks time and is immediately frozen, when defrosted will it have 2 weeks from that point?

Freezer burn is the biggest consideration after texture changes from freezing. Spinach will defrost in a state like it had already been boiled, I only find frozen spinach palatable for creamed spinach. Citrus, and some fruits like apple freeze well enough for juicing or use in fillings or sauces. Generally your assumption is correct, because freezing extends shelf life by several months sometimes. But things rot faster after freezing because of lost integrity. Freezing coupled with vacuum sealing can get you a year or more with some fruits, as this minimizes freezer burn. Dried fruits and dry stuff not subject to freezer burn keep indefinitely. Edit: for got to explain after assumption. Edit: dried fruit lasts for years longer in the freezer. Raisins go rancid or dry out, dried apples mold and go stale. Deep freezers are good for buying large quantities. Nuts are the best target after fruit for the deep freeze. Nuts go rancid fairly quickly. But when you live in a rural area, grocery prices are so high trips to stores 60 or 90 miles away are cheaper, and cheaper to buy bulk. karma on reddit though, use the f-word to look smart.


Question: Why do some stars that are from afar twinkle the colors red, blue, white and yellow at the same time?

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 Why do some stars that are from afar twinkle the colors red, blue, white and yellow at the same time?

It's called scintillation. It's caused by moving bodies of air in our atmosphere. Different densities of air refract light differently, so different wavelengths of light take different pathways so may or may not reach your eye different times. Because a star is a single point source of light the result is that you get this flickering of colour.


Question: Why does the US use specialized drugs for lethal injection. Wouldn't an overdose of morphine suffice?

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 Why does the US use specialized drugs for lethal injection. Wouldn't an overdose of morphine suffice?

Lethal injection uses at least 3 different cocktails designed to reduce suffering, prevent a ghoulish spectacle, and to ensure immediate death. This is harder to do using drugs than you might think. Morphine overdose does not kill instantly, and a killing dose in one person may be a bad nightmare in another. It would also not guarantee loss of consciousness prior to asphyxiation which would be torture. So we have the 3 cocktail system. 1. Sedate the person to induce loss of consciousness. This is to prevent cruelty or excessive pain or torture. The patient is given an IV dose of a sedative that either renders them completely unconscious, or semi conscious and unaware. 2. Immobilize the person so that there is no ghoulish spectacle. No muscle spasms or shaking as the person dies, no injury to themselves or others as the muscles contract during death. 3. Administer the lethal dose to stop the patients heart nearly instantly. It has a gruesome side effect of causing severe convulsions and a racking spasming gruesome scene if the patient were not immobilized. It would also cause great pain as it burns through their veins and stops their heart were the person not unconscious. This type of 3 cocktail setup is very close to what terminally ill patients might undergo if they request euthanasia. If all 3 cocktails do their job, the person falls asleep, then they stop moving, and finally they die. If they do not do their job, a person could be conscious but unable to move or cry out and they would be in great pain. Or a person may be unconscious and immobile but not die when the last cocktail is delivered. Or a person may be unconscious and dying, but the muscle relaxer may not inhibit movement and they unconsciously writhe and twist as they die. Details on the drugs used, and the problems with reliable drug quality and availability are in the wikipedia article outlining the [botched execution of Clayton Lockett in Oklahoma.]( URL_1 ) You can read up more on the 3 cocktail system in the "Thanatron" section of [Jack Kevorkians euthanasia machine wikipedia entry.]( URL_0 )


Question: One bag of supermarket white rice has 345 calories per 100g. The same product from another supermarket only has 158 calories per 100g. Where did these extra ~200 calories come from?

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 One bag of supermarket white rice has 345 calories per 100g. The same product from another supermarket only has 158 calories per 100g. Where did these extra ~200 calories come from?

One is probably cooked, and the other uncooked. Cooking the rice adds a bunch of water. The numbers look about right. The rice I have in the house is 130 cal per 100g cooked 350 cal per 100g uncooked


Question: Why are phone batteries measured in mAH and car batteries measured in kWH? Why aren't the measured the same?

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 Why are phone batteries measured in mAH and car batteries measured in kWH? Why aren't the measured the same?

You calculate Wh by multiplying the voltage of the battery with the capacity in Ah. Phone batteries all have the same voltage, so you can just look at the (m)Ah rating. A 3000 mAh battery always has more energy than a 2500 mAh battery. EV batteries have different voltages, depending on the make and model, so the Ah rating alone doesn't tell you much. A 200 Ah/400 V battery contains more energy than a 250 Ah / 300 V battery.


Question: was Mona Lisa a real person?

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 was Mona Lisa a real person?

Initially, there were a couple of theories; the first wass that she is a feminine representation of Da Vinci himself. This has been raised as a possibility because of the measurements between pupils, ear positioning etc. The second theory, which is by far the most accepted and was proven in 2005 as definitive fact, is that she is a real person, Lisa Gherardini, or Lisa del Giocondo, which is why the painting is also known as ‘la Gioconda’ . She was the wife of an Italian Nobleman, so this painting, despite all it’s mystery is sadly just a commissioned work of a mans wife :)


Question: How exactly is the high ground a strategic advantage?

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 How exactly is the high ground a strategic advantage?

Imagine two groups are fighting, one on top of a cliff and the other at the bottom. If those at the bottom want to throw something at their enemy it is very hard to get it up there, but those at the top can basically just drop things. If those at the top want to avoid being seen or hit by projectiles they just need to step back. Those at the bottom are always exposed unless they brought a roof with them. If those at the bottom want to attack they need to climb uphill, while those at the top go down. You tell me which is easier. Those at the bottom might be looking into the sun while those at the top will rarely have that problem. Those at the top can see greater distances, gathering information more effectively, and can also signal more easily and over greater distances.


Question: how do some areas have more than one power supplier since I would assume they would be using the same power lines and infrastructure?

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 how do some areas have more than one power supplier since I would assume they would be using the same power lines and infrastructure?

There are a number of ways thus can be done, but in general the model breaks the system up into different parts. The first part produces electricity. There are numerous power suppliers, e.g. dam operators, coal plant operators, nuclear plant operators, etc. These power generators sell their output to various distributors who are the second part of the system. People then buy their power from these distributors who are paying the producers to generate electricity. All the electricity produced within a region by the generators then gets put into the electricity pool or grid. There is a third part of the system that handles transferring generated electricity to the consumer. They own the wires, transformers, etc. They charge the distributor a fee to use their equipment to sell it to the end user. So there are a bunch of different producers generating power, a bunch of distributors buying power from generators and selling it to consumers but usually only one grid operator that delivers electricity from the producer to the consumer.


Question: How does some piano music have the higher pitched notes sound dominant, while others others have the lower pitch notes as dominant?

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 How does some piano music have the higher pitched notes sound dominant, while others others have the lower pitch notes as dominant?

if it's a recording, it might be that they had 2 tracks and adjusted the volume, but in live music the pianist is hitting the notes harder with one hand and softer with the other to change the sound.


Question: Why is it that after batteries die, If I wait like a day the machine still has more power than it did before dying again?

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 Why is it that after batteries die, If I wait like a day the machine still has more power than it did before dying again?

batteries don't store electricity, they're tiny chemical power plants. once the battery dies and you turn off the device, the reaction continues. it's slow, but given some time it can be enough to power the device again.


Question: What actually is a headache?

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 What actually is a headache?

As far as I know, there are not solid answers to this as of yet. Correct me if Im wrong, reddit. Some head pain is believed to be caused from a swelling of the brain and is relieved when the pressure decreases. Other times head pain is thought to be caused by a lack of the proper amount of water in your brain and your circulation is lacking because of it.


Question: Why does cold water taste better than room temperature water?

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 Why does cold water taste better than room temperature water?

Our brain uses sensors in the mouth and throat to measure water intake and stop us when we've drank enough so we don't get sick. Those receptors react more strongly with cold temperatures than warm, resulting in the brain getting a stronger "quenching" sensation than from warm water.


Question: why do judges wear those wigs?

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 why do judges wear those wigs?

The UK judiciary website answers this better than I could . I was surprised at how different this was to answers I'd been given in the past (disguise, syphilis etc) URL_0


Question: When you turn a cable television on with a remote, is the TV or cable box actually responding directly to the remote, and how is the other triggered?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you turn a cable television on with a remote, is the TV or cable box actually responding directly to the remote, and how is the other triggered?

They are both always listening for a signal. When they receive a signal they are programmed to respond to in a certain state then they act. Example: Your TV recognizes when you hit the volume button even when off, but will only turn the volume down when the TV is on. If the remote is set up to trigger the cable box then the TV, it’ll send a power on signal to both devices. Some TVs will power on when they receive a new video signal such as when a connected device turns on. It really depends on by the capabilities of your TV and your remote.


Question: The US National debt is reaching $30 Trillion. Why does this matter and how can it hurt us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The US National debt is reaching $30 Trillion. Why does this matter and how can it hurt us?

The raw number on the debt, strictly speaking, is not important, or at least is kind of meaningless without context; what does matter are things like debt-to-gdp, or the ratio of the amount of debt against the actual amount of economic activity going on. In the US's case, debt-to-GDP bounces around between 100% and 107%, which is high but not really that unusual (greater Euro area is between 90% and 100%). However, the more important thing to understand is that the US economy is not like other economies because it's simply so much larger than everything else, thus trying to compare the US to other nations in this regard is not exactly useful. As a result, not only does the rest of the world not really care about the US debt being "high," but they ***want*** US debt to be high, because that means more extremely safe debt for them to buy, and which they turn around and use to underpin their own central banks. Put another way, if the US starts having issues in paying that debt, literally every other country on the face of the Earth (including the highly disconnected nations like North Korea) will have a bigger problem than the US will, entirely because there is no alternative for the global economy than US dollars and US debt-based financial instruments. There also isn't about to be an alternative for US debt because every other major economy has pretty serious issues, hence why 90-95% of international trade ends up involving dollars, even though the US isn't directly involved in the overwhelming majority of that trade.


Question: Fevers. I understand the purpose, being to make the body an inhospitable place for diseases in the organism. But, I don’t understand the actual cell actions that cause this. What cells sate responsible for causing fevers, and how do they do it? How do the complex body systems beat the heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Fevers. I understand the purpose, being to make the body an inhospitable place for diseases in the organism. But, I don’t understand the actual cell actions that cause this. What cells sate responsible for causing fevers, and how do they do it? How do the complex body systems beat the heat?

I don't pretend to understand all the nuances of it, but the ELI5 version of it I was told was this: Your immune system can detect invaders and can release hormones into your body. These hormones, rather than telling your body to heat up, tell you to instead stop cooling down. If it weren't for your active cooling systems (most notably sweat and skin flushing), your body's metabolism could actually run hot enough to start slow-cooking yourself from the inside out (especially when you're already on high-alert for fighting an infection). Your own body's cells are hyper-specialized for their jobs and have the support network that comes from living in a body all the time, while also having evolved to do so. Bacteria don't have that sort of support structure, so when we start turning up the heat, they can't cope as well. We're literally slow-cooking the bacteria inside our bodies, causing proteins to miss-fold and inhibiting their ability to reproduce. Unfortunately, we're not all that much tougher, and a lot of our own cells die as collateral (hence why fevers are so dangerous and make you feel like shit). It's a game of super-lethal chicken, in which we raise the heat and see who drops dead first. It's worth noting that our immune system's optimal temperatures are actually higher than our normal temperature, so for our white blood cells (and only them), their environment goes from too cold to just right when you get a fever.


Question: Why do different people feel different levels of cold/warm while in the same surrounding?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do different people feel different levels of cold/warm while in the same surrounding?

Body fat, or lack of, poor blood circulation, clothing worn, cigarettes, drugs and or alcohol, high metabolism, just got done running....those are a few off the top of my head.


Question: How can smart electricity meters send the readings to the energy supplier without any SIM card or Wi-Fi access?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can smart electricity meters send the readings to the energy supplier without any SIM card or Wi-Fi access?

There are many options, but you also need to consider that there are "wires" from the meter to the energy supplier. Not everything needs to use the phone network.


Question: Where did 360 degrees came from? Why is it 360 and not another number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where did 360 degrees came from? Why is it 360 and not another number?

360 is a highly composite number, which means it can evenly be divided in many fractions without decimals 1/2 rotation is 180º 1/3 rotation is 120º, 1/12 is 30º 1/4 is 45º And this can be better than fraction decimals or fractions


Question: What is P2P network? I know it has already been answered here but I still don't get some basic things. Details below.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is P2P network? I know it has already been answered here but I still don't get some basic things. Details below.

What you're asking for is called [IP routing]( URL_0 ) and is one of the fundamental structure of the internet as we know it today. The basics of it is everything with an ethernet or WiFi adapter keeps a routing table which tells them if I want to access X address, send the packet to Y because he know how to get to X. In case they don't know, they have a default address to send it to and this address will do the same process. To take your example, you PC never know where your friend is, but it knows someone that knows someone that know where your friend is.


Question: Why did colonization of NA lead to hugely successful nations but decimated SA and other nations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did colonization of NA lead to hugely successful nations but decimated SA and other nations?

Broadly speaking, the colonies settled by the English are more prosperous than the others, due to the radically better approach to colonial government taken by the English. This can also be seen globally in other places settled by the English, such as Hong Kong and Australia. They showed no respect for the local indigenous populations at all, but the new (imported European) populations were well governed and became very prosperous, and in some cases eventually started treating the locals better too.


Question: What are the consequences of the USA being in increasingly high debt as a country?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the consequences of the USA being in increasingly high debt as a country?

When a government spends money, it funds activities that result in more incoming tax revenue. Therefore, paradoxically, spending more can actually result in an increased funds available to the government (but not always). For the US, borrowing is basically free. Interest rates are so incredibly low, that borrowing money almost always guarantees that the US will end up a richer nation for it. What this means is the absolute value of debt doesn't really matter. What matters is the US's ability to keep paying it's ongoing debt obligations. The downside is that the US is now locked into low interest rates, and cannot easily raise them. Also, there is a risk of debt spiraling. This is when the debt obligations are higher than the country can pay, so they must borrow money to pay the debt obligations, which creates higher debt obligations in a vicious cycle that leads to economic collapse (see, 1930s Germany, Greece, Venezuela). The US is very far from this, as servicing debt is only 8% of the federal budget.


Question: If all pro sports never played another game ever again... what's the big deal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If all pro sports never played another game ever again... what's the big deal?

Humans value entertainment. It *is* important to a lot of people, whether you personally enjoy it or not.


Question: Is there a specific reason/influence that there was such a wide variety and popularity of tobacco/alcohol shaped candy for kids (bubblegum cigars, candy cigarettes, gummy beer bottles, chewy bottle caps)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a specific reason/influence that there was such a wide variety and popularity of tobacco/alcohol shaped candy for kids (bubblegum cigars, candy cigarettes, gummy beer bottles, chewy bottle caps)?

Not an expert but not long ago it was normal for everybody to smoke and drink. It was what Grownups did so kids started searching for something that made them feel just as mature. Somebody saw a way to make money out of that. People try to make money from everything and kids are an easy target group cause they don’t care about background Info and consequences.


Question: Why does water poured onto already moist potting soil soak in faster than water poured onto completely dry potting soil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water poured onto already moist potting soil soak in faster than water poured onto completely dry potting soil?

When the soil dries completely there are hydrophobic residues on the surface that prevent the water from being absorbed until the surface tension is broken. ELI5-er: When the soil dries completely, waxes and oils in the soil protect the surface. Kind of like the way it is hard to wet a new towel. Source: asked this exact question in hydrology class once.


Question: If breaking the sound barrier makes a sonic boom, what would the equivalent reaction be for breaking the light barrier?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If breaking the sound barrier makes a sonic boom, what would the equivalent reaction be for breaking the light barrier?

There is a thing called [Cherenkov radiation]( URL_0 ), which happens when particles are travelling faster than the speed of light in that medium. It happens around nuclear reactors, when β and γ particles, travelling at close to the speed of light in a vacuum, travel through the surrounding cooling water. The speed of light in water is about 0.7 times the speed of light in a vacuum (*c*), so these particles have to shed their energy and slow down, which they do by emitting a pale blue light.


Question: When people “die of old age” what is actually happening?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When people “die of old age” what is actually happening?

As we get older, the cells that make up our body die and are replaced with new ones every so often. Every time this happens to a cell, the ends/covering (I don't remember which) of our DNA wear down just a little. Think of a document that's photocopied, then that photocopy is photocopied, and so on - it becomes more blurry and distorted each time. Eventually, it breaks down enough to where things start to decline or stop working. This is why aging happens like losing elasticity in our skin, to hair becoming gray, our vital organs giving out on us, and eventually death.


Question: how did a cloud form inside the garage with the dryer running?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did a cloud form inside the garage with the dryer running?

A cloud indoors is possible but you need PERFECT EXACT proportions of everything from temp, light, humidity and some other factors to be able to achieve it. It's been done before by some artist who took the time to create a cloud inside of a building(I believe it was a church)


Question: According to scientific sources, a nuclear conflict involving just 100 nukes would have catastrophic consequences for the environment (mass crop failure etc.) due to athmosferic pollution, so how come the 1000+ nuclear bomb tests during the cold war did not cause such effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 According to scientific sources, a nuclear conflict involving just 100 nukes would have catastrophic consequences for the environment (mass crop failure etc.) due to athmosferic pollution, so how come the 1000+ nuclear bomb tests during the cold war did not cause such effects?

Most of them were detonated underground which mitigated a lot of the environmental damage (although they ended up causing a few earthquakes which is not ideal).


Question: why would a company ever go public and accept investor money, which they have to pay back indefinitely, over loaning money, which only has to be paid off with interest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why would a company ever go public and accept investor money, which they have to pay back indefinitely, over loaning money, which only has to be paid off with interest?

Companies only see the money earned by the initial public offering. (IPO) The money exchanged during further trading does not go to the company, nor does money earned from selling stock come from the company. Stock represents a share of ownership of the company, and if you hold enough of it, you get some level of say in the company's operation. Only if the company chooses to buy back the stock does the company pay out to stock holders.


Question: When running, it is more beneficial to inhale through your nose or your mouth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When running, it is more beneficial to inhale through your nose or your mouth?

I was a competitive runner for half a decade (top 8 in my country) and this is a myth (the fact that you have to choose). Generally if you aren't gasping for air, you mouth is partially open and you use both. Its really natural and there is no reason to limit your air intake by choosing to use only one, because in the end, you are just making your lungs do more work for the same amount of air when you cut out wither nose or mouth. Tldr: Both, just let it happen naturally, because its a myth that one is better than the other.


Question: Is it possible to put out a fire by lowering the temperature alone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it possible to put out a fire by lowering the temperature alone?

Yes, it's possible. A very common way to lower the temperature at the source of a fire is by adding water to the fire. The water absorbs the heat as it makes its phase change from liquid to steam.


Question: Why/how did animals get trapped in amber and fossilized?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why/how did animals get trapped in amber and fossilized?

Amber is just plant sap that has become dried out and hardened with time. If a small animal drowns in some sticky tree sap, and that tree sap eventually becomes amber, it protects the animals body from the normal outside forces that decay it. Bacteria can't live in it, oxygen can't get in, etc.


Question: How does calculus work in more than two dimensions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does calculus work in more than two dimensions?

Calculus is a mathematical process, it works essentially the same way in an arbitrary number of dimensions. Some of the visualizations, like derivative is the slope of the line, aren't as meaningful but the underlying math is the same.


Question: Why does water heated to room temperature feel colder than the air around it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water heated to room temperature feel colder than the air around it?

Water transfers heat more efficiently than air. When something feels cold it's because heat is being transferred from your skin to whatever you're touching. Since water absorbs the heat more readily than air, it feels colder.


Question: Why doesn't the ISS (or anything in space) cast a huge shadow across land directly beneath?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why doesn't the ISS (or anything in space) cast a huge shadow across land directly beneath?

In order to cast a shadow, it would have to block out the sun for some point on Earth. But it can't, because visually it is much smaller than the sun. [Here]( URL_0 ) is an illustration of what the ISS looks like passing in front of the sun. Obviously it can only block out a tiny, unnoticeable portion of sunlight.


Question: Why does Gas/Petroleum go bad after a few months?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Gas/Petroleum go bad after a few months?

Petrol is a mix of a lot of light chemicals. Its properties depend on that mix. The different chemicals have different boiling points, different abilities to evaporate. As the lightest of the chemicals evaporate away, the properties of the petrol change, and it no longer works as well as it should in your car or mower. Some chemicals can also react with each other creating heavier chemicals, even waxes. The fuel can oxidise without igniting, and water can also be absorbed by the fuel. Believe it or not, there are even mould, fungi and bacteria that grow in petrol! These also consume parts of it and create gunk that can damage engines. There are ways to preserve it. A sealed, or nearly sealed, container helps. There are also additives called fuel stabilisers that prevent the formation of waxes, reduce evaporation, and prevent growth of gunk.


Question: Why do humans enjoy spicy food, despite the pain it causes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans enjoy spicy food, despite the pain it causes?

Because capsaicin produces endorphins that people enjoy. I also use spice as an alternative to salt and fat for flavour as it's much healthier as well as being an anti-inflammatory.


Question: How are vegitables sold all year round?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are vegitables sold all year round?

Potatoes specifically hold up well in cold storage and can be shelved for months. More generally, the growing season is inverted in the Southern Hemisphere so some crops that are difficult to store are cultivated in multiple locations around the world to try and overlap seasons. There are also greenhouse and sub-optimal condition methods to keep produce available when it’s out of season in both hemispheres, but you may find that these out-of-season fruits and vegetables have been negatively impacted by poor growing conditions. Out-of-season apples are quite mealy.


Question: When we pay for internet, is that because there is a limited amount of it? Or because it is intangible, couldn’t we all use it for free if companies let us, without any problems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we pay for internet, is that because there is a limited amount of it? Or because it is intangible, couldn’t we all use it for free if companies let us, without any problems?

When you pay for internet you are paying for all the cabel satellites servers etc. That your service provider uses to connect you to the internet. It is expensive to upkeep all of that infrastructure, thous the customer gets charged.


Question: Why did British use non decimal currency, and how did it’s colonial decimal currencies compare?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did British use non decimal currency, and how did it’s colonial decimal currencies compare?

I recall the Mathematical Games section at the end of Scientific American, which frequently had puzzles based on Pounds, Shillings, Pence and also Guinea (1 pound plus 1 shilling), half a crown (there was no whole crown), Florin.


Question: Why is it dangerous to mix alcohol and antidepressants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it dangerous to mix alcohol and antidepressants?

Maybe you are talking about calming drugs like clonazepam or valium? If so, thats because The alcohol itself have a depressing effect in the body, when you mix it With other drugs you run The risk of depressing The nervous system tô a degree that Basic functions stop working like breathing


Question: What is the difference between sterling and regular silver?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between sterling and regular silver?

Fine silver, consists of 99.9% pure silver. On the other hand, sterling silver consists of approximately 92.5%. [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: Why does Farquad have one of his henchmen break a mirror, when his kingship is questioned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Farquad have one of his henchmen break a mirror, when his kingship is questioned?

It’s a threat to the mirror on the wall...if the mirror on the wall doesn’t say what lord farquad wants they’ll break his mirror (him).


Question: What is the easiest way to calculate percentages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the easiest way to calculate percentages?

On a calculator? Turn 37% into 0.37. 250 x 0.37 = 92.5 In your head? You can get 10% by dropping one decimal place, and 1% by dropping two decimal places. 10% of 250 is 25, so 40% of 250 is 100. To get 37% you have to subtract 3% from 40% - 100 - 2.5 - 2.5 - 2.5 = 92.5


Question: why can't you sell your own data for money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't you sell your own data for money?

One set of data isn't worth a lot. People who sell data sell thousands and even millions of user profiles. You can actually sell it, you will receive some cent compensation for answering market research questions. Oh and more valuable data is the one you don't want others to have ever. Like your social security number than can be used to take loans in your name.


Question: When you’re drunk, how come when you speak it sounds like you’re speaking normal but to everyone else, you’re slurring your words?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you’re drunk, how come when you speak it sounds like you’re speaking normal but to everyone else, you’re slurring your words?

Your own perception of your outputted creations is not how others perceive it. The human nervous system handles other people's speech and your own in completely different ways. As such, alcohol can attack/disrupt sections of the human body which are responsible for synthesis of speech while either sparing or also disrupting those parts which are responsible for your perception of your own created stimuli.


Question: Why does it take ages to encrypt and decrypt a hard drive, but you can access the data instantly by simply giving it the password?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take ages to encrypt and decrypt a hard drive, but you can access the data instantly by simply giving it the password?

When you enable encryption, the computer has to read every byte of data on the drive, encrypt it, delete the old data, then write the new encrypted data back to the drive. This requires a read, a write, a delete, and some computation for EVERY piece of data. This is a massive amount of work to get done. Writing is especially slow. (Deletion is just fancy writing.) When you disable encryption, the same process is required in reverse, which is about as slow. However when you request a specific file or folder structure from a drive that is already encrypted, the computer only has to read and decrypt *that* data. There is no slow deletion and writing involved (until you save your file) and only the files you request are decrypted. This is a much much smaller task, so it can be accomplished much sooner.


Question: Why does water evaporate over time even though it's not at boiling temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water evaporate over time even though it's not at boiling temperature?

Because some of the water molecules have enough energy to escape into the air. That's why it doesn't take much energy to boil water, room temperature is already pretty close to its boiling point.


Question: why do giants in shows and movies always look like they’re moving so slow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do giants in shows and movies always look like they’re moving so slow?

Because our brains calibrate everything we see to our own scale. This sometimes causes problems, like perceiving the moon as being bigger than it actually is when it is low in the sky. It takes a certain amount of time for us to take a step of a certain distance; a giant step would cross a larger distance. It takes a certain amount of time to move a lighter object, but more to move a heavier object. Since it takes more time for *us* to cross a larger distance or move a heavier object, our brains associate 'larger distance' and 'larger mass' with 'longer time'... so to fool our brains into seeing a 'giant' as larger than us, to see it as being more massive than we are, we need to slow it down. A giant moving at human speed just looks like a human... even placed against a correspondingly-smaller background, a tiny little village perhaps, moving at human speed would look totally wrong because from the scale of the village - the way *we* would be experiencing things, if we were little people in that little village - the giant's foot would be *whizzing* past at a speed that we ourselves aren't calibrated for. It looks fake. We must slow it down, make it fit our own experience of the world, to make it look reasonable. Correspondingly, a tiny character crosses much smaller distances with each step, so to fool our brains into seeing it as small it needs to move faster than we do. edit: spleling


Question: Why are "bot verify checks" becoming so hard? If bots became too smart would somrthing else be implemented?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are "bot verify checks" becoming so hard? If bots became too smart would somrthing else be implemented?

If captcha programs have not been upgraded, it's basically just a matter of time. A computer would likely recognize and select which image has the designated object much quicker than a human. Just give a few seconds and make your best guesses. Although I have to say, I have never come across a captcha with anything more than mild difficulty. Even then, it was really just me not being sure if an object qualifies. Like if a van or truck counts as a car.


Question: I read that if a tornado looks like it isn't moving, it's coming towards you. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I read that if a tornado looks like it isn't moving, it's coming towards you. Why?

You would know if had just passed over you so you've ruled out going directly away from you. It's easy to track things motion against the background and see if it's moving left or right, but much harder to judge closer and further way. So if it looks static assume it is coming your way.


Question: On a chemical level, what differentiates carbohydrates, protein, and fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On a chemical level, what differentiates carbohydrates, protein, and fat?

Lots. They are fundamentally different classes of molecules. Carbohydrates are heavily hydroxylated hydrocarbons (that is, lots of -OH groups. They often form small rings. Your body digests them for energy. Proteins are fragile and complex structures formed from chains of amino acids (nitrogen-containing acids) which are then folded into a unique form so that they can serve specific functions in the body. Fats are long oily acids (long-chain hydrocarbons with a small acid group on the end) which are bond to a glycerol molecule on one end.


Question: Why is the past underground?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the past underground?

It isn't, always. Items from the past are preserved underground in locations where deposition, the accumulation of dirt and so on, is faster than the rate at which it is removed. So for instance, a low area near a river might result in the addition of silt, washed in by the water, covering nearby surfaces and burying them. On the other hand, the top of a hill is very unlikely to behave this way. In all likelihood, stuff is going to wash away down hill faster than any source, like windblown dust, piles it up. So the surface of a hill may be thousands of years old, while the surface of a flood plain may be one season old. Then you have to consider the survivorship biases at play. We might find a lot of ancient artifacts buried underground, and not many sitting out in the open on a hilltop (although these DO exist), but those buried artifacts can be much more protected than the ones sitting exposed to the elements, animal activity, scattered by water or wind, scavenged by other people, and so on


Question: How come we can see planets on the night sky even though they don't generate their own light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come we can see planets on the night sky even though they don't generate their own light?

Well, almost everything you see isn't projecting it's own light. You see your car (in daytime), your parents, the book you're reading, etc. but the light is coming from the lightbulb or sun. You're just seeing the reflection of light, just like the sun (light source) and moon (reflecting).


Question: How does everything, like fossils, abandonded civilizations, and old roads get buried meters deep over time? Where does all the dirt come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does everything, like fossils, abandonded civilizations, and old roads get buried meters deep over time? Where does all the dirt come from?

Each case would have a unique answer, but the major causes would be floods, wind, volcanoes, erosion of surrounding hills/mountains, geological movement of the Earth’s crust, people building on top of old sites and vegetation (one layer of plants grows on top of an old layer of plants - it’s slow but over thousands of years they can lay down quite a bit of organic soil).