Question: Barcodes. Who "assigns" them? When do you need to get them? Is there a "barcode register"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Barcodes. Who "assigns" them? When do you need to get them? Is there a "barcode register"?

Bar codes consist of a "prefix" that identifies the specific manufacturer and then an "item number", which identifies the exact item. There is a global registry of prefixes and you have to register and buy the prefix, but there's not a global directory of individual items. If you're running a grocery store, it's up to you to fill your cash register database with the bar code data from everything you're selling. That's why you can go into a store sometimes and the cashier scans your item and the register comes up with "item not found". Either it wasn't added or it was deleted somewhere along the way.


Question: How do Horses in the wild deal with trimming their shoes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Horses in the wild deal with trimming their shoes?

Wild horses don't have shoes. The OP titled their post incorrectly - those would be the horse's hooves, not their shoes. Hooves just keep on growing, because they are made out of keratin (The same stuff your toe and fingernails are made out of.) Wild horses keep their hooves trim by walking on hard surfaces, bashing their hooves against rocks, etc. A human owned horse that only ever walks on grass and sand won't be able to keep its own hooves trimmed, so the ferrier will file their hooves down when he changes the horse's shoes.


Question: - Why does light become blurry in the dark?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why does light become blurry in the dark?

Retention of visual perception of an object even after the rays of light proceeding from it have stopped to enter the eye is called persistence of vision. Normally an image remains on the retina for 1/16th sec after removal of its stimulus. This phenomenom is the same used by displays, movies films, TV and other in which rapidly changing images seem to be in continous motion to the human eye.


Question: How come Neanderthals are considered not human if we could successfully interbreed and communicate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come Neanderthals are considered not human if we could successfully interbreed and communicate?

They can be recognised as human, just not the same species.


Question: Why is roadkill always on the side of road instead of where it was hit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is roadkill always on the side of road instead of where it was hit?

It *isn't* always on the side of the road. There are plenty of times where the carcass is run over and smashed to bits in the middle of the road. Have you ever seen vultures or other birds picking on roadkill in the middle of the road? Past that, debris will get flung by vehicles until it's at a spot where it's not being flung by vehicles, whether it's trash or an animal's remains. Also, some animals are not instantaneously killed and fixed to the spot, and are bumped out of the way and/or have enough life in them to try to escape, only to die on the side of the road.


Question: Do toxins break down at high heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do toxins break down at high heat?

"Toxins" aren't any coherent grouping of chemicals, it's sort of an umbrella term for shit that's bad for you. Sure, some of them might break down at temperatures comparable to the temperatures that kill the bacteria while others might require you to burn your food to blackened chunk of charcoal to eliminate. If you live in an industrialized country during the 21st century, food is cheap and plentiful so it's **always** advisable to err on the side of caution. Getting the shits for a week is not worth saying a $5 burrito.


Question: I read that lightning produces enough energy to power a city. Why can't we harness the power of lightning as a form of clean energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I read that lightning produces enough energy to power a city. Why can't we harness the power of lightning as a form of clean energy?

All the lightning in the world wouldn't meet but a meager portion of demand. Definitely not enough to power New York for a year from a single strike, but certainly enough to power a light bulb for months. It would be hard to harness the power because of it being delivered in a single instant surge, requiring a specialized infrastructure we don't have. You've probably seen that lightning strikes are generally *not* great for most equipment. It would also require a cumbersome infrastructure to capture, because lightning is not particularly predictable. It happens in uncertain times, in uncertain locations. It's not very practical to set up a 'world wide' capture network. Let alone how much of it is at sea or other 'hard to get to locations' and you simply would miss most of it. So basically, it's just not useful enough to be worth the trouble.


Question: How does an air fryer works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an air fryer works?

An “air fryer” is just another name for a table top sized convection oven. Instead of immersing your food in hot oil, the fryer blasts your food with superheated air.


Question: Why does gum become harder to chew after drinking water with it in your mouth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does gum become harder to chew after drinking water with it in your mouth?

The gum base is very sensitive to temperature changes. When you drink water (Particularly cold water), the elasticity of the gum base goes down and it becomes stiff and hard to chew. The temperature range of gum base is very narrow.


Question: Why do fermented foods turn into alcohol and cause intoxication?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do fermented foods turn into alcohol and cause intoxication?

Yeast. Yeast is a microscopic fungi that is intentionally added to the process of making alcoholic drinks. It consumes the sugars, and excrete alcohol. As the alcohol content rises, the yeast dies off. They also produce CO2, which is why beer is carbonated (at least traditionally, now its added) So beer is essentially fungal shit


Question: Why is .3^.3 larger than .4^.4?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is .3^.3 larger than .4^.4?

The answer is **0.367879441171442321595523770161460867445811131031767834507** Disclaimer: IANAM Why is an interesting question to answer! I'm assuming you want an intuitive answer as the mathematics is self-evident. I'll try to do this without using [logarithms]( URL_1 ), though that's probably a mathematicians preferred way of reasoning around exponents. We're talking about x^x between 0 and 1, we can think of the exponent x as a fraction 1/z. So x^(1/z) where x=0 to 1, z starts very large (1/large-number≅0) and ends at 1 (1/1=1). Why do we want to do this? because remember that x^1/z is the same as taking the z-th root: ^z √x Let's start with x=0.5, which means z=1/2. So ^2 √0.5, Square root! There's something we're familiar with, **we need the number multiplied 2 times** to create 0.5: which is ~0.707. As x goes down from 0.5 to 0, we are taking **higher** roots. So the cube root (^3 √) **we need the number multiplied 3 times** to get 0.333333 (or 1/3) : which is ~0.693 We can intuit that we need smaller inputs (0.707 to 0.693) to get smaller outputs from 0.5 to 0.3, but *why does this number go back up as x gets to 0?* The way I think about this, as we approach 0, we're taking a very high root, **so we the number multiplied many times**. So even if we only need an output of 0.1, **we need the number multiplied 10 times with itself**, which is ~0.794 Why the bottom of this function ends up at the ~0.3678? I don't know if there is a **why** answer, that's why it's a constant! [Euler's number/constant]( URL_2 )! Let's look at a [fun graph from Wolfram|Alpha]( URL_0 ) (great tool if you don't want to pull up excel all the time). As we can see the minimum is at 1/e


Question: Why are all of my older memories in 3rd person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are all of my older memories in 3rd person?

We often think of memory as something like a video recorder in our brains, but science has shown that most of our memories are constructed and reconstructed throughout our lives. The reason you can often see yourself in your memories is because those memories are built from stories that you’ve told and heard as well as the actual experiences you’ve had - and that memory is tied into other things that you associate with being that age, including what you looked like. Psychologists have shown that, with relatively little prompting, they can manipulate people’s memories of events to change minor or major details, from convincing people that a stop sign at the scene of a car accident was actually a yield sign, or even implanting memories of visiting Bugs Bunny in Disneyland as a child (which we know are false, because Bugs Bunny doesn’t appear in Disneyland). Remembering events that actually happened from a point of view that was impossible is pretty simple by comparison.


Question: Why haven't FIFA or the IOC been shut down for corruption?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why haven't FIFA or the IOC been shut down for corruption?

By this logic if someone on a team cheats we should disband the team. The organizations aren't fundamentally corrupt, certain people are.


Question: How come when we go underwater our noses and ears don't get flooded?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when we go underwater our noses and ears don't get flooded?

You've never been upside down in water, or swimming in turbulent water. Kayakers tend to use nose plugs to keep water out; there are plugs for your ears too.


Question: How is a country able to “Shut off” the internet? Is there a switch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a country able to “Shut off” the internet? Is there a switch?

The government will instruct ISPs to disconnect or null route the internet coming into the nation. Basically they disconnect the fiber optics coming into the country. More likely they change the routing so that traffic coming in/out of the country gets blackhole, ie goes nowhere. They do this so that they can allow internet traffic to continue to certain places like government offices if they so desire.


Question: What would happen if nobody was there to buy the stocks you sell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if nobody was there to buy the stocks you sell?

When a company goes public, they have an initial public offering of stock in the company (or an IPO). The public buys these initial shares from the company, allowing the company to raise a large amount of money. All stock trades after this point are between people who bought those initial shares and other people who are interested in buying those shares. Financially, this has no effect on the company except that the shares represent a per ownership of the company, and thus who decides to buy or sell shares will, in part, determine who has control over the company, and if the company wants to offer more shares in the future to raise more money, the stock price will determine how easy it is to raise the desired amount. Every stock sale happens between someone who currently owns a share or shares and wants to sell, and someone who wants to own shares in the company. If you want to sell a share and no one wants to buy it, then you keep lowering the sale price until you either find someone willing to buy it, or you stop trying to sell. Likewise, if you want to buy a share and no one wants to sell to you, you keep offering a higher purchase price until someone sells to you or you give up trying to buy it. The “stock price” is whatever price it was last recorded as being bought buy someone at. This is how stock prices go up and down. If more people are trying to sell a stock than are trying to buy, they’ll lower their price trying to get someone to buy from them. If more people are trying to buy, they’ll offer more money to get someone to sell to them.


Question: What happens if you freeze an acid and turn it solid? Is it still corrosive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if you freeze an acid and turn it solid? Is it still corrosive?

Acids are acids because they're in solution with water, they have free hydrogen and hydroxides floating around that want to go make friends. When you turn the acid solid, its no longer in a solution. The water forms back up into its H2O configuration and the acids regain their full form. With everything bonded and nothing looking to make new friends the acid won't be reactive Until it starts to melt, then it starts to dissociate and is an acid again


Question: Why is it dangerous that some big companies like amazon for example, have too much money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it dangerous that some big companies like amazon for example, have too much money?

Money is power, both economic and political. At some point, it becomes much like a hundred thousand kittens trapped in a room with a gorilla. Sure, as long as the gorilla likes kittens, they're going to be fine. But if the gorilla gets it in his head that he can improve his situation by abusing the kittens, well...too bad for the kittens.


Question: Why are the twists in Cat V strands so important? Why can't they just be straight wires?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the twists in Cat V strands so important? Why can't they just be straight wires?

The twists reduce the "magnetic flux" caused by magnetic fields in the environment, reducing interference. Nearby electrical circuits will cause fluctuating magnetic fields in the region of the cable. These fields will create an "induced voltage" in the cable circuit: the induced voltage depends on the magnetic flux, which is the number of field lines which poke through the gap between the two strands. This induced voltage will interfere with the signal. So clearly you want the two strands close together to minimize the gap, but because of their physical size and insulation, you can only get them so close together. But if the wires cross over each other, the magnetic field pokes through in one direction for the first half-twist, then pokes through "backwards" for the other half-twist, and so on: each half-twist cancels out the previous one, so the total magnetic flux is much closer to zero. URL_0


Question: If fluorine is such a dangerous substance, why is fluoride, a derivative, not similarly dangerous? How do you safely add fluoride to water, and why is it beneficial for teeth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If fluorine is such a dangerous substance, why is fluoride, a derivative, not similarly dangerous? How do you safely add fluoride to water, and why is it beneficial for teeth?

Because compounds and their constituent elements are different. Hydrogen and Oxygen will, separately, readily combust in a fiery explosion. However, that explosion happens simply because water is way more stable than Hydrogen and Oxygen separately. Once they're bound up in water, they can no longer make that transition from unstable to stable and release a bunch of energy. Fluorine is dangerous because it is *extremely* reactive. It will react with basically anything. However, in fluoride, the Fluorine has already reacted with something (and then been placed in something that dissolves the compound like water). To get the slightest bit into the chemistry: Fluorine is extremely electronegative, meaning it is extremely prone to pull an electron off of other chemicals around it. Fluoride is Fluorine after it has already pulled an electron off of something and is much more stable.


Question: What does a cpu core do when no program is using it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a cpu core do when no program is using it?

Unused cores are "idling". They are basically doing nothing (actually doing "NOOP"="no-operation" commands every cycle, afaik) while waiting for some work to arrive. Modern CPUs are often able to underclock them on the fly, i.e. run idle cores at lower speeds, which preserves energy and helps with cooling.


Question: Why do we turn up the volume if we like the music, even though we can hear it perfectly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we turn up the volume if we like the music, even though we can hear it perfectly?

Human hearing is not equally sensitive across the frequency range, but this lack of linearity diminishes as you turn up the volume. See [Wikipedia here]( URL_0 ). So to hear bass and treble well, the music needs to be loud enough. When you turn up the volume, the music will dominate your senses, giving you a more intense experience. Once you have it loud enough, you will feel the bass sounds too, enveloping you in the experience.


Question: How do astronomers determine the distance of planets millions of light years away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do astronomers determine the distance of planets millions of light years away?

First of all, we never detected planets millions of lightyears away, only a couple of hundred tops. Second, measuring distances in URL_0 quiet challenging and there are multiple methods, each for different distances. For close things a method called paralax is used. Imagine putting your thump up and your hand as far asay as possible. If you look through different eyes, your thumb appears to be at different distances to something in the background. With stars that are close by, we can measure this paralax against background star. Our "different eyes" in this case is Earth, measuring twice six months apart. From the measured angle we can calculate the distance. For galaxies we can use the explosion of s special type of supernova, called type Ia (one a). Due to the nature of this type, the explosion has always the same brightness. If we now measure the apparent brightness here at earth we can calculate the distance. This method needs a supernova, which does not happen often. Another method is to use sepctra of stars and the Hubble constant. Light emitted from stars has strong signals at certain wavelengths, so called spectral lines. We the star moves away, we see these lines shifted to longer wavelengths, we call this redshift. Hubble found, that things that are further away, also move faster away. Using the measured redshift and combined with the hubble constant we can calculate distance. It should be said that the value if the hubble constant is still meaured precisely. Also using this method one needs to take the actual movement of the star/galaxy into account. Hope that gave an understandable overview.


Question: When you receive a local anaesthetic, although you don’t feel pain, why do you still feel pressure? Also, why does that area sometimes feel big or heavy (for example your lip when you get local anaesthetic for dentistry)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you receive a local anaesthetic, although you don’t feel pain, why do you still feel pressure? Also, why does that area sometimes feel big or heavy (for example your lip when you get local anaesthetic for dentistry)

This is a good example of how we really have more "senses" than can fit into the usual five. Think about a finger. It can tell you all kinds of stuff: Hot/cold, rough/smooth/sharp/dull, vibrations, pressure, pain, and even where it is in space. (A good neurologic exam can look at all these separately.) They're often a bit different in the way they're sensed and how that information is passed along, which means drugs may hit them differently: "Local anesthetics have greater affinity for receptors within sodium channels during their activated and inactivated states than when they are in their resting states.1,2 Therefore, neural fibers having more rapid firing rates are most susceptible to local anesthetic action. Also, smaller fibers are generally more susceptible, because a given volume of local anesthetic solution can more readily block the requisite number of sodium channels for impulse transmission to be entirely interrupted. For these reasons the tiny, rapid-firing autonomic fibers are most sensitive, followed by sensory fibers and finally somatic motor fibers... The dentist is generally spared this consideration because the trigeminal nerve branches anesthetized for dental procedures are comprised only of small, rapid-firing sensory fibers. However, the many classes of sensory fibers also vary in their diameters and firing rates. For example, pain fibers are more sensitive than those carrying pressure and proprioception. A patient may remain disturbed by a sense of pressure despite complete anesthesia of pain fibers." ( URL_0 ) **ELI5: To shut someone up by throwing a sock in their mouth, their mouth has to be open. A pain nerve is like five people who are always chattering, so throwing five socks will shut most of them up. A pressure nerve is like ten people who only talk when it's important, so even ten socks may bounce off.**


Question: How can an EKG give an accurate reading of the health of your heart in such a short amount of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can an EKG give an accurate reading of the health of your heart in such a short amount of time?

It's the current electrical activity of your heart. It is a great diagnostic tool for the heart but obviously can't predict the future. They don't need more than a 6-12 second printout to check that your heart is working normally and not dying. That same printout won't tell them in the least if you have all kinds of plaque buildup outside your heart that could cause a heart attack 2 days later. An EKG gives tons of info. All the info the EKG gives can be obtained really quickly. You may be doubtful because you think it's diagnosing more than it really is. To further expand. Dead tissue in the heart causes electricity to move different, an EKG sees this. A normal EKG means all your heart tissue is alive. Irregular structures in the heart can cause feedback loops and cause electricity to move abnormally, the EKG can show this. Electrolyte imbalances cause electricity to do weird stuff, EKGs can see this. Electricity also corresponds with the speed of your heart, which combined with a pulse can tell a provider if there is a mismatch. Hearts also beat regularly so abnormal beats that don't match the other rhythm can be seen in an EKG (though these are sometimes harmless). Seeing the degree of electrical activity and the path it takes tell you a lot about the heart. Printing out a 6 second strip to look over can give you 90% of that info. But like I said before it can't tell the future. A lot of heart health relies on other parts of your body and general health and an EKG can't tell you if those are about to fail.


Question: At the airport, the airport cops swab you with pieces of paper and then put in a machine. What does the machine check for? How common are false positives and what do they usually come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 At the airport, the airport cops swab you with pieces of paper and then put in a machine. What does the machine check for? How common are false positives and what do they usually come from?

So it's a bit off topic but those machines are extremely sensitive and can detect the tiniest amounts of anything they are looking for. My local airport uses 2 machines, one to just identify *if* there's anything on your hands. If that one picks anything up they bring you to a small holding area and test your hands again this machine figures out exactly what's on your hands. How do I know this? Well... I worked on F-15's for the air force. My grandmother passed away so I flew home for a week to visit my family. A full week of washing my hands and showering daily (I shoild mention Im always very thorough ti wash the backs of mya hands). On my return trip I went to go through airport security and accidentally forgot a foil wrapper in my back pocket. They had to swab my hands as a precaution. It dinged positive. Talking to the TSA agent he was former air force and we chatted casually while he ran my hands through the bigger machine. After a minute or 2 he gets a print off from the machine and chuckles "You said you work on airplanes? That explains why you have jet fuel on your hands." So yeah, even after all that time, washing my hands frequently (funeral lots of hand shaking etc.) And showering daily. Some how that machine was still able to pick up the JP-8 on my hands. I don't even work directly with the stuff it just leaks all over the place from tiny leaks in the jet's skin.


Question: How did the 2008 crash effect General Electric?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the 2008 crash effect General Electric?

"How did you learn to do your own homework"?


Question: [Chemistry] How are chemicals mass-produced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 [Chemistry] How are chemicals mass-produced?

Short answer - you do Industrial reactions in a big ol' bucket. All you do is scale the reactions up till they're as big as they need to be. And some industrial chemistry gets done on a monumental scale. The precursor chemicals are either base chemicals (e.g. natural gas, water, air, etc); or they've been refined somehow into a form that's fed into a reaction (e.g. Nitrogen is separated out of air and fed into the Haber-Bosch process for making Ammonia for fertilisers). As for running out of helium - yep. That's a thing. It's interesting stuff - there's helium in the air around us, but there's hardly any of it (like 5 parts per million), and it's super hard to extract. The Helium we do have is stuff that got trapped in gas pockets millions of years ago. The places where we're getting it from are nearly tapped out. Helium is an element (i.e. it's the simplest form of a chemical there is). We can't make helium out of something else (well, you can - but you need a convenient star; and those things are a bit hot and a long way away).


Question: How does the eye clean itself when lashes, tiny cotton strands, makeup, etc. go on the eye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the eye clean itself when lashes, tiny cotton strands, makeup, etc. go on the eye?

It all gets washed out. If you pay attention when you feel you have something in your eye, you will notice that your eye tends to water a lot more - this is your body reacting to the debris and trying to help wash it away. Things like an eyelash stuck under your eyelid are a bit more awkward because of the larger shape, but the same still happens - as you blink it will be slowly moved down into the corner of your eye, and it will eventually work its way out of your eye and either fall away naturally, or be brushed away by you without realising. This is why you may also find a small clump of eye makeup appear in the corner of your eye, or the gunk left behind after sleeping - your eye has slowly been washing out any debris that has gotten into it over the day, which will collect at the corner of your eye. As the moisture dries out you are left with the makeup/gunk.


Question: Why do mathematicians obsess over prime numbers so much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do mathematicians obsess over prime numbers so much?

All positive integers correspond to unique combination of primes, which when multiplied together, give you that number. This can be useful for example in trying to figure if an integer is evenly divisible by another integer. Say, 36 has prime factorization of 2^2 * 3^2 . If you wanted to divide that by 8, you'd only have to know that 2^3 = 8, and thus because 8 has more 2's in its factorization than 36, it can't divide 36 evenly. There's a whole branch of mathematics dealing exclusively with integers, so for these, a large number of questions go back to asking questions about primes. And vice versa, answering questions about primes tends to resolve lots of other questions since so many things hinge on understanding exactly how primes behave.


Question: Why do the walls to a nuclear reactor have to be so thick, if a hazmat suit is fine while you’re inside the chamber itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the walls to a nuclear reactor have to be so thick, if a hazmat suit is fine while you’re inside the chamber itself?

There are a few misconceptions here. First, the walls of a nuclear reactor aren't _that_ thick because they are blocking radiation. The water in the reactor absorbs a lot of the radiation by itself. The "thick" part of the reactor building is the containment dome, and it's just meant to keep anything inside if there is a leak or internal explosion. It's deliberately overkill — it's part of a philosophy that says, "spend a little extra money on concrete and rebar so that if you have a problem it's probably not a HUGE problem." When the reactor is running at full power, you don't want to spend too much time in the room with it, as it will have some elevated radioactivity. But once you turn the reactor off, the radioactivity drops a lot pretty immediately. Second, there are basically two types of radioactive threats. The first is the radioactivity itself: the radioactive particles, the alpha, beta, neutrons, and gamma rays. Of these, the gammas are the hardest to shield from, and are why you need lots of mass (of any kind) between you and them to be safe. The other threat is radioactive contamination: bits of matter that are themselves radioactive to some degree that can get inside your body if you are exposed to them. Under normal operation these are always kept inside the reactor. The hazmat suit is mostly protecting you from the latter threat: small, not-that-radioactive particles that, if they get inside your body, can be a real chronic health problem. It is not really protecting you much against the first threat: lots of high-energy gamma rays. So if your reactor has a problem, you turn it off and go inside in the hazmat suit. The fact that you have turned it off turns off most of the acute radiation. But if there is a contamination threat, you're going to want to make sure you don't breath it in, which is why you need the suit.


Question: why are suicide rates rising despite society seemingly improving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are suicide rates rising despite society seemingly improving?

I don’t believe society is improving rather I believe the opposite. I have trouble imagining a better future


Question: if your voice sounds different to you than it does to everyone else how do people get good at impressions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if your voice sounds different to you than it does to everyone else how do people get good at impressions?

Some people may have less difference between what they hear and what others hear. This makes it easier for them to change their voice to match someone else's voice. Other people can figure out the differences between what they hear and what others hear and compensate. For example, recording their voice and playing it back or practicing with another person. With trial and error, you can change your voice to "sound" correct to others.


Question: How are movie crews allowed to block off busy public areas (e.g. Times Square) for filming?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are movie crews allowed to block off busy public areas (e.g. Times Square) for filming?

It's money, sorry. You go through the city office, file a variety of permits and such. And then hand over a heaping pile of money for the right to block off streets, pay for it all and such. If you're wondering, these are all public and you can actually go to your city office and look at all the public filming permits (young go-getters trying to get in the film industry sometimes stalk these and show up on set looking for a job!) Cities can make a boatload of money by doing this. It can be a serious revenue source.


Question: Why is math usually done on a base ten system, but music is usually based on meters of 2, 3, 4, or 6?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is math usually done on a base ten system, but music is usually based on meters of 2, 3, 4, or 6?

Base 10 for math is completely arbitrary, and most likely a result of us having 10 fingers. Other cultures in history used other bases such as 12 and even 60, and computers use base 2 and base 16 (and sometimes base 8). Musical beats, meanwhile, actually have a meaning. 2, 3 beats and 4 beats all sound different from each other.


Question: What is Q Factor measuring?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Q Factor measuring?

When you have some kind of system that oscillates (e.g. a pendulum, mass on a spring, LRC electrical circuit), in an ideal world, the oscillations start and continue forever because there are no losses. But when you knock a pendulum irl, it starts swinging but the swings get smaller and smaller until they stop completely. This is called *damping* and is caused by energy losses in the system due to friction, electrical resistance, whatever and a system with damping is called a *damped system*. Q factor is a dimensionless quantity (just a number, no units like seconds or kg) that describes how *undamped* a system is. A pendulum with high *Q* will swing for a long time after being knocked, whereas a pendulum with small *Q* will stop much sooner. As a real-world example, a bell has a high Q-factor because it rings for a long time when you hit it (doooonnnnnnng!), but a frying pan has a low Q-factor because it barely rings at all (dong!)


Question: Why did CRT televisions have curved screens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did CRT televisions have curved screens?

There was a combination of factors. First, spheres are stronger against implosion. A totally flat screen would be too weak to hold vacuum. Second, maybe most important, the electron beam is more like a water hose than a laser beam. An electric field focuses it to a point, and that point needs to coincide with the CRT inside surface. The focus electronics is simpler for a spherical surface because the beam length stays constant. Thirdly, for a similar reason, the scan/sweep electronics had to account for non-spherical beam lengths in order to maintain a constant transverse speed. Interestingly, they could also have moved the beam source farther back from the screen so the beam length was more constant. In other words, larger spheres have flatter surfaces. However, the market wanted thinner TVs they could set closer to the wall.


Question: Seriously, assuming trickle down economics really trickles anything down, why then does the income inequality gap keep on getting wider?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Seriously, assuming trickle down economics really trickles anything down, why then does the income inequality gap keep on getting wider?

The fact of the matter is that "trickle down" or "supply side" economics have been hyped since Regan took office 40 years ago... and it DOES NOT work. The belief that businesses will invest in equipment/create jobs because they have lower interest rates or lower taxes doesn't hold water if the demand isn't present, too. And on the flipside, a business will almost always find some way to invest in something that's sure to make them more money, even if they have to borrow, issue equity, etc. So at the end of the day, it's just a way to justify to the many poor people that cutting taxes to the rich will help everybody out and not just the rich. But, as you pointed out, the rising inequality in wealth suggests it's not working.


Question: If SSRIs all do the same thing (prevent the reuptake of serotonin), why are there different SSRI meds that have varying levels of usefulness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If SSRIs all do the same thing (prevent the reuptake of serotonin), why are there different SSRI meds that have varying levels of usefulness?

They don't all do the same thing, really. SSRIs interact at a LOT of receptors, and with different affinities. They have different pharmacokinetics from drug to drug. All SSRIs "do the same thing" the same way that all hot sauces "make stuff hot." That doesn't mean every hot sauce is the same, have the same taste, or can be completely interchangeable.


Question: How does sugar seemingly boost all other flavours of anything it’s added to and have it work well no matter what it is? As in, instead of adding generic sweetness, it seems to instead emphasise other flavours.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sugar seemingly boost all other flavours of anything it’s added to and have it work well no matter what it is? As in, instead of adding generic sweetness, it seems to instead emphasise other flavours.

Good question. As a start, when adding sugar to e.g. black tea, these two become one. Meaning that they aren't like water and oil which don't really mix. Ever eaten white sugar without anything else added? It got a kinda "dominant" taste which captures one's attention. Before, that black tea was a bitter liquid. And now it is less bitter or even purely sweet. It became one with that other ingredient which is sugar. And that one didn't lose its "dominant and attention capturing" property, so it still exists even in the black tea and sugar mix.


Question: how are we supposed to keep our ears clean if q tips are bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are we supposed to keep our ears clean if q tips are bad?

By not sticking things in your ears. The ears are designed to be self-cleaning. Earwax is normal and if you leave it alone, it should fall out on its own. If you start sticking fingers or other foreign objects in there, you'll cause the earwax to become impacted or bunched up in a way that the ear cannot naturally filter out and start having problems. I personally have a lot of earwax but it never builds up anymore since I stopped sticking things in my ears. For removal if you DO have a buildup, you can either have a doctor do it (they'll use a metal tool) or get an earwax removal kit that consists of a liquid that softens the wax and a bulb that you fill with water and squirt into your ear to essentially flush out the wax.


Question: What is the process of recreating the taste/flavour of different food, or even random things (like in Jelly Belly jelly beans for example)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the process of recreating the taste/flavour of different food, or even random things (like in Jelly Belly jelly beans for example)?

All natural flavors are made of a mixture of chemicals, but there's usually one or two main chemicals that are responsible for most of the taste. These are called esters. If you add these esters to a product, the product will taste, to some degree, like orange or banana. To make more realistic flavors you add other chemicals in the correct proportions to get closer and closer to the real thing. This is why many artificial flavors (banana, grape, watermelon, for example) don't taste much like the real thing: they're a cocktail of flavors from other chemicals. Most watermelon flavored candy actually contains an ester found in pears. Creating a new taste is can be done by trial and error or by chemical analysis of the real thing. There are hundreds of chemicals known to be flavoring agents. They are normally mixed to create "known" tastes (fruits, etc) but can be experimented with to achieve other tastes (meaning, yes, someone had to taste all the attempts at a vomit flavor) More in-depth explanation at [howstuffworks]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do Formula 1 drivers need to watch out for the condition of the car over multiple races?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do Formula 1 drivers need to watch out for the condition of the car over multiple races?

The number of engines and other parts are limited by the regulations. This is exactly to limit the advantage richer teams like Mercedes have over poorer teams. It’s supposed to make for closer racing.


Question: Why do hotels have check in / check out times instead of people coming in and leaving as they please?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do hotels have check in / check out times instead of people coming in and leaving as they please?

It's to give the housekeepers a designated window to clean the rooms, so they have a set schedule instead of possibly spreading work force thin by trying to have at least few housekeepers in house 24/7. Efficiency.


Question: How does any number to the power of 0 equal to 1? (5^0 = 1)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does any number to the power of 0 equal to 1? (5^0 = 1)

Start with some givens: x^1 = x x^2 = x * x x^3 = x * x * x Every time you increase the exponent, you're adding an X to the list to multiply. So x^2+1 = x^2 * x If adding 1 to the exponent is the same as multiplying by the base (x), then subtracting 1 from the exponent is the same as dividing by the base. x^1 = x x^1-1 = x/x x^0 = 1 (because any number over itself is 1)


Question: What does a producer do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a producer do?

A Producer is like a manager of a baseball team. The team is the Production, The Coach is the Director, the players are various crew working with plays to put on a show. The manager is in charge of overseeing the team’s success by hiring a top Coach, finding diverse players (writers, creatives), and making sure everyone gets paid (Production finance). The manager is also the corporate head of the team, and takes blame for both positive and negative results. But for the most part, managers stay behind the scenes while the Coach is the public leader of the team.


Question: Are calories from drinking processed the same as calories from food? How are some heavy drinkers thin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are calories from drinking processed the same as calories from food? How are some heavy drinkers thin?

“Heavy drinkers” may appear “thin” because they tend to lack a balanced diet and often lack essential dietary vitamins, which prevents proper absorption of other essential nutrients. Notable dietary deficiencies tend to be folic acid, thiamine (vit b12), magnesium. They also can be chronically mildly dehydrated. There are myriad of symptoms related to these deficiencies; thin or brittle nails and hair, headaches, fatigue, pale skin, dry skin, poor circulation, anemia, heart palpitations, arrhythmias... obviously a non-exhaustive list. If you have ever heard of an alcoholic getting a “banana bag” IV hung, either for detox treatment or as a precaution if one is ever admitted to the hospital, it is just these essential vitamins and saline. Other precautions usually include a mild benzodiazepine to prevent detox seizures.


Question: how does Youtube pay its content creators?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does Youtube pay its content creators?

Content creators past a certain subscriber count can apply for an AdSense account. If approved, Google places ads on their videos. Ads generate revenue per view, and bonus revenue for clicks. A content creator with a lot of views gets a lot of ad views/clicks, thus a lot of revenue. However, some content creators don't make content that is in line with what Youtube wants to promote, thus they don't get approved for an AdSense account. Instead they usually get their money through sponsorships or Patreon. (Edit: spelling)


Question: What is the principal agent problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the principal agent problem?

It references the conflict of interest that an agent finds themselves in when they're entrusted to make a decision on behalf of someone else, the principal, where one way of making the decision is better for the principal and the other way is better for the agent. Take for example a financial advisor. Your grandmother brings her life savings down to his office and asks him to manage her retirement funds for her. He is the agent, she is the principal. The financial advaior could put her money in one of two mutual funds. One of the funds is likely to return 3% per year on investment and will give the advisor a 2% commission for each share of it he sells someone. The other is likely to return 4% per year, but only yields a 1% commission. The principal agent problem arises in that the agent, who is supposed to be making decisions in the principal's best interest, *should* put Granny's money in the second fund, but might put it in the first fund because he gets twice as much money for himself that way. It comes up in politics too. Which bill should a politician put his weight behind; one where the government would spend $200 million on needed goods or services, or one where the government would spend $250 million on the same goods and services, but from the politician's frat buddy's business, who will contribute 10% of the difference back into the politician's campaign?


Question: Why does maturity of sperm matter when a drop of semen can impregnate a woman?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does maturity of sperm matter when a drop of semen can impregnate a woman?

Odds of survival. Mature sperm is more likely to survive the trip up the Fallopian tube to the egg. One single sperm cell CAN impregnate, but the odds are against it by design. The female reproductive system is hostile to sperm (acidity, etc.) to weed out damaged or incomplete candidate cells.


Question: People when they get old seem to be shorter than when they were young with at least a few inches. Why??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 People when they get old seem to be shorter than when they were young with at least a few inches. Why??

Besides older people who 'stoop' or are unable to stand up completely straight due to arthritis and the such, the cervical discs in between each vertebrae get compressed as people get older. Each disc gets a little smaller, but with like 16 discs, even 1/16th of an inch per disc will shrink you by an inch..


Question: Why is there a chip shortage? Can't they just make more chip factories?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a chip shortage? Can't they just make more chip factories?

Demand increased too fast and unexpectedly. Building new chip production lines takes **at least** 2 years, so unless demand goes down again (unlikely) the shortage will last for a while until they can catch up. Chip production is a highly complex process with many substeps that all need very specialized equipment. You propably won't find that many companies that build silicon crystal crucibles so everyone trying to expand at once further slows it.


Question: In what circumstances could inflation be seen as a good thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In what circumstances could inflation be seen as a good thing?

Inflation is good for people who have borrowed money; for example, let's say I own a business and I bought a bunch of inventory for $100,000, with money I borrowed at 4% annually. So, at the end of the year, I've sold $500,000 of my inventory, but my total debt I owned(not counting what I've paid back) is $104,000. Now, I'm in year two, and due to inflation I've increased my prices by 6%, so I can sell my remaining $500,000 for $503,000 -- so I've sold $103,000, and my interest for the two years comes to roughly $108,000 on the loan -- 103,000 is 95% of 108,000, or 5% over two years, or 2-1/2% annually. I know that's not figuring any profit or compound interest, but it's a close estimate in round numbers. For an extreme example: you know those people who bought a house in the 1980s for $50,000 and had a 30-year mortgage payment of $97 per month? Inflation is the reason those prices sounds so crazy. Their debt shrank immensely due to inflation in the housing market. So, inflation can be seen as a reduction in interest charged on debts.


Question: How did this guy manage to glide across the whole pool?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did this guy manage to glide across the whole pool?

Buoyancy isn't necessary when you have lift. The way he is angling his legs means he is more or less forcing the water under him down, which of course means the water pushes him up because of Newton. His entire body is acting sort of like a wing, lifting him up out of the water. If he slowed down too much, he would sink. But the pool is just narrow enough for him to reach the other side before losing all forward momentum.


Question: how do we distinguish between the atmosphere and the surface of a gas planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do we distinguish between the atmosphere and the surface of a gas planet?

We have no idea if Jupiter has a solid core or not. It is believed that if it does exist, the core is probably between 12 and 45 times the mass of the Earth (the whole planet is roughly 320 times the mass of the Earth). Why would we not count the mass of the atmosphere when considering Jupiter or any other gas giant? Gas is still matter.


Question: How do postage stamps hold their value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do postage stamps hold their value?

They are basically a gift certificate for sending mail that don't expire as long as they are physically intact.


Question: How does internet banking works? Is there real money for every digital one? How did they start adding numbers to 'the system' or how do they manage to trade it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does internet banking works? Is there real money for every digital one? How did they start adding numbers to 'the system' or how do they manage to trade it?

No there is not a "real" as in physical dollar for everyone you bank online. However that has little to do with the internet and stated long before we had online banking. Money existed in theory only and without any physical coins or banknotes to back it up for long before computer banking came along. This is how banks can lend more money to different people than they actually have in deposits. The system breaks down when everyone who has money in the bank on paper (or digitally) wants their physical money at the same time, because there is not enough physical money for that. In practice it is actually very hard to keep track of what "real money" is anyway. The US and other government keeps track of "the money" called the money supply in various forms of things that can be counted as money and the physical currency is only the tiniest fraction of it.


Question: What is a "memory leak" (in a PC/phone/etc..) and how does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "memory leak" (in a PC/phone/etc..) and how does it happen?

In its simplest form, a memory leak is what happens when a program doesn't discard memory it isn't using anymore. Think about it like a bookshelf. Every time your program needs some memory (a book), it goes and gets it from the shelf. When it's done with it, it frees up the memory (puts the book back on the shelf). If it doesn't return the book, you'll eventually run out of books to get (memory to place objects in). Things will run slowly (or crash that program).


Question: Why is volcanic soil so fertile?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is volcanic soil so fertile?

The lava that comes out of a volcano is full of minerals containing phosphorus, potassium, etc. The things that plants need to grow. As the lava rock gets broken down and mixed with organic material, it creates a nutritious soil for plants. Over time, nutrients get washed or blown away by rain and wind, returning nutrients to the sea or other areas. The soil becomes less fertile as the nutrients are lost.