Question: why can't some animals be completely domesticated?

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 why can't some animals be completely domesticated?

There are several various reasons why certain animals easily able to be domesticated. Domestication takes an extremely long amount of time and significant effort, thus was only undertaken by early civilizations due to its benefits. I'm somewhat confident that with modern resources and technologies any animal could eventually be domesticated, though would require an absurd investment for little payoff (See modern fox domestication efforts). For animals that could be domesticated easily, there are 4 general criteria that are required. First the animal, with minor exception of cats and dogs, must be an herbivore, feeding large carnivores is too much of an effort and usually too dangerous. They should reproduce as quickly as possible, as observing and recording changes in animal behavior and breeding the ones that show these changes, over many human lifespans is extremely difficult task if there is only 1-2 generations per 60-80 years (Elephants). The animals also need some level of family structure that can be exploited to humans benefit. The classic example is horses vs. zebras, since if a human captures and tames the pack leader, the rest will follow it, greatly assisting with long term domestication. Zebras mill about with no structure it herds a few thousand strong making it nearly impossible to get them to do what you want. Lastly, though it should go without saying, they need to have some useful trait or reason to be domesticated to be worth the effort. See CGP Greys video for a way more in-depth explanation, including the difference between taming and domestication: [Link]( URL_0 )


Question: We see all those layers from millions of years ago... but how is new dirt constantly and consistently added to the surface? Where does it come from?

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 We see all those layers from millions of years ago... but how is new dirt constantly and consistently added to the surface? Where does it come from?

Dirt is mainly decomposed organic matter and eroded sediment from rocks. So, it kinda comes from everywhere. In an environment that only has eroded material and no organic material, you get a sandy desert. In an environment lush with life and with few exposed rock areas, you get rich dark soil.


Question: How do long exposure cameras work? More specifically, how do they layer the important parts of many images to make something look amazing?

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 How do long exposure cameras work? More specifically, how do they layer the important parts of many images to make something look amazing?

Long exposure is a technique for photography in dark places. The shutter remains open for longer, allowing the camera to pick up on more light waves from smaller light sources. I am less sure of how this has changed with digital photography, but with traditional, it gives the film more time to register light sources/reflections and burn their impression onto the film. Cameras perceive presence and absence of light, not importance of subject. Even digital cameras do long exposure by holding the shutter open and putting what happens on the other side into one image; layering isn’t going to do shit if it doesn’t have enough time to detect subtle light sources. This also means the camera has to be absolutely still — the longer the shutter is open, the more movement it also captures. You need some kind of camera stand and something to control the shutter from a distance because trying to do it with your hands, even just pushing a button, is going to make the camera wobble and the light sources will blur. A five minute exposure of the night sky will give you a really beautiful shot of the Milky Way. It will also show you the trail of any lit airplane that crossed the sky in those five minutes. If a car flashes its lights at the camera lens, the entire image will be ruined because no amount of restored darkness is going to un-flash the exposure.


Question: How hard would it be to just use cloning to create organ transplants for people?

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 How hard would it be to just use cloning to create organ transplants for people?

How hard could it be. Extremely or we would be doing it. We are years away from growing organs in a lab. It's a tremendously complicated problem. This is an area of active research, I mean it's an obvious solution to a wide spread problem. But replicating the biological processes that lead to our organs developing in a lab is really really really hard Also to be useless you have to do it quickly. Remember it take 9 months to grow a baby and then at least 15ish years for the organ to develop enough to adult size. 16 years with organ failure is pretty well a guaranteed death. You would need to be growing every organ for every person from a young age. At that point you might as well just straight clone a human and raise the child to be harvested. I.e. > ! the plot of the film "the Island"! <


Question: Are deep voices related to how long and thick vocal chords are?

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 Are deep voices related to how long and thick vocal chords are?

Your vocal folds are really two thin membranes sitting on top of your airway, at the top of your larynx, sitting ready to meet in the middle and close it off. When your airway is "open," the two membranes sit apart from each other like the two sides of a V, where if you look down at it, you're looking down between the sides of the V into your open airway. The membranes are always together at the bottom, but there are tiny muscles and cartilages at the tops of the V that pull the V closed into an I to close off your airway. Your "voice" works when you pit [the muscles closing your airway off] against [the muscles of your lungs pushing air up from underneath them]. The air pressure blows the membranes apart briefly, but the larynx muscles make sure they snap right back together. This, repeated over and over, creates sound. That sound resonates in your entire head and neck, basically "playing" your head like an instrument. The sound that goes out into the air is what other people hear as your voice. Now to directly answer your question: The more mass something has, the slower it will move relative to something with less mass, given the same amount of force. So, yes, the longer (or thicker - see*) the sides of that V are, the slower they will vibrate, and the lower the frequency. But also, it has to do with the way the head and neck are built, since these are the resonators that determine how those vibrations are going to come out sounding. *Thicker - this is why your voice sounds lower when your larynx is inflamed. The two membranes get swollen, i.e. thicker and bigger (just not longer), and so they move more slowly/ can't do their thing at as fast a frequency. Interestingly, when people (such as myself and many friends of mine) go on testosterone for gender reasons and their voices drop permanently, their vocal folds don't get much longer, but they do get significantly thicker, hence a lower voice but no Adam's apple, and hence why we generally become tenors and not baritones or basses (which would require much longer vocal folds). Source: master's in speech language pathology


Question: how was asbestos created, why is it dangerous?

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 how was asbestos created, why is it dangerous?

Asbestos is a natural material, it is mined from the earth. It is dangerous because when it breaks, it realeases extreamly fine fibres that get stuck in your lungs and your body can't remove them. When too much builds up in your lungs, it causes all kinds of trouble, most commun being mesothelioma, which is a type of cancer.


Question: Why is that salty foods make us thirsty yet many sport drinks meant to rehydrate us contain sodium?

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 Why is that salty foods make us thirsty yet many sport drinks meant to rehydrate us contain sodium?

Because sports drinks are meant to replenish the sodium lost through sports during intense exertion. They really aren’t meant for just thirst.


Question: Why is a probability bell curve for the result of rolling 1 or 2 dice linear, but the probability bell curve for the result of rolling 3+ dice rounded?

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 Why is a probability bell curve for the result of rolling 1 or 2 dice linear, but the probability bell curve for the result of rolling 3+ dice rounded?

A single die is a uniform discrete distribution - it can only assume a fixed number of specific values, with an equal probability of each value. When you add two probability distributions (not just uniform discrete - any distribution), you use an operation called *convolution*. One way of thinking of this is imagine you've drawn the two distributions as functions on separate pieces of paper. You then 'slide' one function past the other, multiply the overlap and accumulate as you move onto the next bit. In some sense, you're adding every bit of the distribution to all the other bits of the other distribution. With discrete distributions, this ends up being a summation of multiplications. With continuous distributions, it ends up being an integral of multiplications. In either case, your expectation would be that if you were to start with zeroth order polynomials and submit them to such an operation, you'd probably end up with a first order polynomial of some sort. Which is precisely what you see. You take your two constant value distributions (zeroth order), apply our 'convolution' to them, and end up with a linear distribution (first order) that looks a bit like a triangle. If you continue this process, you'd go on to second order, third order... and so forth. If you repeated this an infinite number of times, you'd end up with a gaussian distribution - the base of your polynomial is decreasing at the same time the exponent is increasing and they end up counterbalancing one another. What you might find fascinating is you start with something as simple as an ordinary die and you ended up with a [function]( URL_0 ) that includes both pi (which normally implies some sort of rotation) and the natural logarithm base e (which normally implies something happening as you run away to infinity).


Question: Why does being in hot water feel so much better, than being in hot air?

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 Why does being in hot water feel so much better, than being in hot air?

There are two parts to this. One is that when you're in hot/warm water you typically aren't fully submerged but rather sitting or otherwise relaxing in it. This means that part of you is in the warm water and part is in the cold air, which both allows your body to regulate temperature more easily and makes the water appear that much warmer by comparison. The other part is that the warm water allows muscles to relax and release tension, something "outdoor" warm air isn't typically warm enough to do. That being said warm air in isolation can also be very comfortable. Picture a sauna, or even using a hair dryer on a cold day.


Question: can someone explain 1-800 numbers to me?

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 can someone explain 1-800 numbers to me?

Oof. You must be young then lol. The letters correspond to the numbers on your dialpad when you call someone. So 1 is ABC, 2: DEF 3: GHI etc. So if it was 1-800-DEAF The number is 1-800-2212 Edit: The numbers to letters start at 2. Been awhile 😅


Question: Why do the Vietnamese seem to have a monopoly on the nail salon industry?

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 Why do the Vietnamese seem to have a monopoly on the nail salon industry?

I'm pretty sure the bots or mods will delete my reply because it won't be long enough. However I cannot explain any better than this story: URL_0


Question: How Is Jeff Bezos so rich if Amazon wasn't profitable until recently?

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 How Is Jeff Bezos so rich if Amazon wasn't profitable until recently?

They were only considered not profitable because the company kept reinvesting in construction and expansion. The company has been constantly growing since it began. Since he has owned his stock from it's inception, his wealth has increased every time the company grew. His net worth is an estimate because it is dependent on selling all of his stocks at the current market value. As long as the kept building at a pace equal to their profits, they could claim not to have a profit during that period.


Question: If cold air sinks, why are high places like mountains so cold?

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 If cold air sinks, why are high places like mountains so cold?

Cold air sinks and hot air rises, yes. However, as you go up in the atmosphere to upper elevations the air also gets thinner. Thinner air means less to contain heat. That makes it get very cold, also the reason why people have to often wear oxygen in super high altitudes. Think of it this way. It's very cold outside, so you put on a very heavy jacket, and go outside. You feel comfortable, because your jacket is keeping you nice and warm. Now go back inside, and take off all your clothes except a t-shirt and shorts, and go back outside when the temperature reaches 40. You are cold right? but it's warmer. But you are cold because the level of insulation between you and the 40 degree weather is less and therefore you feel cold. Same basic concept. In upper atmosphere there is just a lot less air. So it can't keep the warmth.


Question: Why does a single proton change everything about an element and it’s properties?

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 Why does a single proton change everything about an element and it’s properties?

For ELI5 purposes, you can think of an atom as being made up of three parts: * Protons, which have a positive charge and have a relative mass of 1. * Neutrons, which have no charge and have a relative mass of 1. * Electrons, which are negatively charged and have a relative mass of basically zero. (It's actually 1/1836, but for our purposes we can say it's negligible.) The protons and the neutrons chill out together not really doing much in the centre of the atom -- what we call the nucleus -- and the electrons exist in variously shaped clouds floating around the nucleus. You can think of them as buckets, if that helps; more electrons will always, *always* fill up these buckets in a particular order, which give them predictable properties. (We call these buckets 'orbitals'.) So, how do you put together an atom? Well, the golden rule is that for it to be an atom, it has to have a neutral charge. Given that there are only three particles to choose from, and only two of them have a charge -- +1 for every proton, and -1 for every electron -- that means you have to have the same number of protons and electrons. Stick an electron to a proton, and you have an atom of [hydrogen]( URL_0 ). (You might remember [Doctor Manhattan]( URL_7 ) in *Watchmen* burning [a symbol]( URL_8 ) onto his forehead; that's a representation of a hydrogen atom, with the proton at the center and one electron at the outside.) Adding a new proton, then, means that you have to add a new electron to keep things balanced -- and that's why elements act differently. Remember earlier, when I said that electrons fill up those orbitals in a particular order? Well, only the ones on the very outside can interact with other atoms. (It's not exactly a *correct* model, but for ELI5 purposes you can think of these as being like the layers of an onion; that's how they're often taught, especially at lower levels. We're only really interested in what the outer layer is doing at any given time.) When it comes to reacting with other elements, each layer of an atom has a specific number of electrons that it wants to have in it -- two electrons in Layer 1, closest to the nucleus, and eight electrons for every subsequent layer. We call the number of electrons in this outer shell the *valence* of the atom. (It's *slightly* more complicated than this, but for the most part it holds up.) When these electron shells are full, the element is very unreactive. But that's OK! Atoms are perfectly happy to share electrons in order to get these shells full. Think back to the [symbol for hydrogen from earlier]( URL_8 ). You have one electron in a shell that really wants two, and so two hydrogen atoms come together to make one molecule of hydrogen, sharing their electrons so [they both have two in their outer shell]( URL_10 ). This is called a *covalent bond*. When you talk about a chemical bond, you're *usually* talking about this. When a chemical reaction takes place, it does so by breaking and forming these bonds. Everything from using the energy in the food you eat, to breathing, to [dropping alkali metals in water]( URL_11 ), to [thermite]( URL_1 )... it all depends on how many (and which type) of these bonds form, which is directly related to how many electrons you have -- which is, as we've seen, directly related to how many protons you have. (Sidenote: you'll sometimes hear about the 'noble gases' -- helium, argon, neon and so forth -- and how they don't react; that's why they're called the *noble* gases, after all. The reason for this is that their outer electron shells are full, so they can happily exist on their own without any interaction with other elements. It's for this reason that argon is used in welding, because the high temperatures involved would make the metal you're welding react with other gases, such as the oxygen in the air, which you *do not want*.) The number of electrons in an outer shell can also change the *shape* of the molecule. It's easy to think about electrons orbiting the nucleus in rings, like a solar system where [everything is on a flat plane and the nucleus is the sun in the centre]( URL_6 ), but that's not how it is; atoms exist in 3D space, with the electrons buzzing around in [weird shapes]( URL_4 ). It's because of these shapes -- and the negative charge of these electrons pushing atoms out of the way, that molecules have the shape they do. [Ammonia]( URL_2 ), for example, is a [pyramid shape]( URL_9 ); water isn't a straight line, but has [a little kink in it]( URL_5 ). This is *also* very important, because it means that the charge isn't equally distributed all around the molecule. (In the case of water, even though there's a net neutral charge, the mass of the oxygen and the positive charge of its eight protons pulls the electrons ever-so-slightly away from the poor hydrogens, with their one proton each; this greedy oxygen, then, has a slightly negative charge at its end, while the two hydrogen atoms have a slightly positive charge.) We call molecules that display these properties *polar*, and it changes how they interact in a lot of ways. If you've ever wondered why ice crystals form such regular structures, or why water drips down the side of a glass when you try and pour it slowly, that's why: interactions between the slightly-charged parts of different water molecules. All of that depends on the electron structure, which depends on the number of electrons, which depends on -- you guessed it -- the number of protons. Finally, there's one more way that protons can change an element's properties -- one that *doesn't* include electrons. Remember how earlier we were talking about the relative mass of an element -- that neutrons and protons have a mass of 1, and the mass of an electron is barely there? Well, that mass makes a difference. Adding protons makes things heavier, which is why -- along with the extra neutrons -- that hydrogen (with one proton in its nucleus) is lighter than gold (with 79 protons and 118 neutrons in its nucleus). Quite aside from the expense, this is why trying to get an zeppelin to fly by filling it with gold is a *very bad idea* -- although in fairness, it would be less reactive and therefore less flammable, so... call it a draw? **Because it's been requested: [so how do neutrons fit into all this?]( URL_3 )**


Question: Does the cliche "Don't talk, save your strength" have any actual merit to it?

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 Does the cliche "Don't talk, save your strength" have any actual merit to it?

Talking demands particular breathing patterns. Physical exertion requires different ones. If you talk while trying to engage in physical activity you won't take in enough oxygen and you won't be able to do the activity as well. Furthermore, humans are terrible at multitasking. Talking distracts you from whatever else you're doing so you won't do it as well.


Question: Why do our funny bones feel so... funny?

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 Why do our funny bones feel so... funny?

It's not actually a bone. It's a big cluster of nerves that connects signals from your entire arm. When it gets hit all the signals fire at once, and it shorts out the nerves for several seconds.


Question: Why does microwaved food seem to go cold faster than oven- or stove-heated food?

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</answer>
 Why does microwaved food seem to go cold faster than oven- or stove-heated food?

It takes longer to heat something in the oven then in the microwave. So if you heat something in the oven it is going to get a very even temperature. However in the microwave the food does not have time to even out the temperature. So you can have some parts of the food at boiling temperatures and other parts at close to freezing. When you leave the microwaved food on the table it is going to even out its temperature and therefore the hot parts will get cold quite fast. However from that point on the microwaved food will have a more even temperature since the microwave heats the food on the inside as well as the outside while the oven only heats the outside so the inside might be colder then the outside. So if you reheat the microwaved food after letting it rest for a few minutes it will likely go cold slower then the oven heated food.


Question: Why would a nuclear war be the end of the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would a nuclear war be the end of the world?

People do exaggerate the effect of nuclear bombs sometimes. You are correct. A few bombs would not end the world. Although they could kill millions of humans. At the same time, thousands of bombs blown up in a short period of time above ground is different than a few hundreds of bombs over decades with many of them underground. Kicking up large amounts of dust is a big deal though. In the past things like volcanoes and asteroid strikes have darkened the sky for years or decades and it's been a big deal. Mix in radioactivity to the dust and it's a huge big deal.


Question: Why is there so much trash in the ocean? Are transport ships that sloppy? Or where does it all come from? And why haven't we figured out a way to stop it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there so much trash in the ocean? Are transport ships that sloppy? Or where does it all come from? And why haven't we figured out a way to stop it?

It isn't coming from ships. The vast majority comes from the land because water picks trash up and carries it downhill. All the runoff from the land goes into rivers, and ultimately those rivers then go into the oceans. Trash on land ends up in rivers which ends up in the ocean.


Question: - why does it rain all the time in washington state but not in california when they're both on the same coast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - why does it rain all the time in washington state but not in california when they're both on the same coast?

Ocean currents play a huge role in it. There’s a huge clockwise current in the Pacific that pushes weather systems (mostly rain) straight into the Pacific Northwest. Meanwhile, along the California coast, the currents run almost exclusively north and south (depending on time of year) which carries weather systems parallel to the coastline instead of pushing them inland.


Question: Why is Netflix in huge debts but at the same time it overtook Disney for a while a few weeks ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Netflix in huge debts but at the same time it overtook Disney for a while a few weeks ago?

Short answer they aren’t. They have less than 5b in debt and a market cap of 159b. They have less debt than Disney and a greater *potential* for earnings long term. It’s this *potential* that allows them to carry the debt.


Question: why is it that when I'm boiling pasta with a lid on the pot there is foam trying to escape, but it goes down as soon as I take the lid out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that when I'm boiling pasta with a lid on the pot there is foam trying to escape, but it goes down as soon as I take the lid out?

When cooking pasta the boiling water will start to bubble because of the steam that is created in boiling the water, the starch that is released into the water by the pasta causes the foamy look. When you take off the lid, the steam that caused the bubbles can escape so the bubbles lower.


Question: How does melanin protect the skin by making it darker? Doesn't a darker skin tone mean that the skin absorbs even more light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does melanin protect the skin by making it darker? Doesn't a darker skin tone mean that the skin absorbs even more light?

Absorbing the light is how it helps. Light skin will allow UV rays to penetrate the skin and get absorbed by cells and their DNA which can lead to either the cell going through cell death or mutations such as thymine dimmers where two thymines bind to each other on the same side of the DNA. But in a dark skin, most of the light will be absorbed by the skin, causing as little of it to go through into the body.


Question: Why is it that your brain does such a good job of removing your nose from your field of vision normally, but once you think about your nose being there you somehow can’t not see it, that is until you forget to think about it being there again?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that your brain does such a good job of removing your nose from your field of vision normally, but once you think about your nose being there you somehow can’t not see it, that is until you forget to think about it being there again?

Your brain does this all the time! you’re breathing subconsciously right now aren’t you? Well not right now anymore because I’ve brought it to your attention, but don’t worry you’ll forget again soon. And probably while you were thinking about your breathing you forgot your nose was there.


Question: How come batteries can die out without being used just from placing them in a device, but keep their energy stored if not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come batteries can die out without being used just from placing them in a device, but keep their energy stored if not?

Lots of devices aren't entirely off. They maintain a clock, volatile memory and such. So if you leave the batteries in there is a slow drain on them that isn't present normally. Of course, batteries don't strictly speaking keep their energy when stored. Single use batteries can hold a long time, but rechargeable often leak away their charge in a month or so.


Question: Why do so many Australians idolize Ned Kelly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many Australians idolize Ned Kelly?

While he was a criminal, his story is much more in line with the likes of Robin Hood. Ned Kelly was a poor man who got the hell kicked out of him basically for being poor and decided to do something about it. The British dominated colonial government was basically just rich landowners beating the ever loving hell out of the poor Australians So Ned start robbing them. He robbed the rich, gave to the poor, and frequently used his ill gotten gains to help the communities of Australia. So while he wasn't a great guy in the scheme of things, idolizing him isn't unreasonable.


Question: why does “freezer burn” happen, and what actually is it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does “freezer burn” happen, and what actually is it?

The meat is dehydrating. Even though it's frozen, the air in your freezer is very dry and water molecules in the frozen food can end up becoming vapor even though they're frozen. Freezer burn isn't bad in the sense of the food being rotten or spoiled; in effect, you're slowly turning the meat into jerky. That's what makes the 'burned' parts have a weird texture to them. For meats it's hard and chewy because you can't turn jerky back into meat. For veggies it's limp and gross because plant cells need water inside to hold themselves up.


Question: How is a heart transplant possible ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a heart transplant possible ?

Their blood is "re-routed" through an external pump while the hearts are being swapped out. Your heart is basically just a pump. As long as "something" is pushing the blood through the other vital organs you can live without it (for a while anyway)


Question: Why are non-stimulants like Strattera less effective than stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall for ADD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are non-stimulants like Strattera less effective than stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall for ADD?

This is where the dopamine hypothesis for ADHD starts to break down. As a little bit of background, Strattera was approved because the FDA was desperate for a non-stimulant medication for ADHD (I have some more background from a practitioner who was there when Strattera was undergoing FDA evaluation and the BS Eli Lilly pulled once it was approved). Anyway, the current hypothesis is that stimulants act as stimulants (i.e. cause stimulation) by increasing the concentration of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the brain. So the theory was, let's use other things that increase those same neurotransmitters in the brain but aren't stimulants. Enter atomoxetine (Strattera), a failed antidepressant that some thought helped for ADHD (spoiler: it didn't). The proposed mechanism for atomoxetine was that it would increase the concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. One of the current theories of ADHD is that there is a deficiency in dopamine. However, it can't be that simple. Why? Look at atomoxetine. It increases dopamine selectively in the prefrontal cortex (the area of the brain some people think is the area that ADHD affects). Atomoxetine does not work well at all for ADHD. So what if we supplement with dopamine directly? You can't take dopamine as it is because it doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier, so you have to give L-DOPA (the precursor that gets converted to dopamine in the brain). That also doesn't treat ADHD at all. Let's move on to the stimulants. There are 2 forms of amphetamine (dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine) and 4 kinds of methylphenidate (MPH) (dextro-threo-MPH, levo-threo-MPH, dextro-erythro-MPH, and levo-erythro-MPH). Of those 6, only dextroamphetamine and dextro-erythro-MPH treat ADHD effectively. What makes those special? We don't know. If you look at any package insert for any stimulant that is used for ADHD, you'll see the language "the exact mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is unknown." Anybody who says they know how stimulants treat ADHD is either lying or misinformed. We know how stimulants act as stimulants, but we don't know how they treat ADHD. And it has to be something other than stimulation, otherwise all the forms of amphetamine and methylphenidate, plus cocaine, caffeine, MDMA, phentermine, etc. would be useful in treating ADHD. But they're not. And think about what happens when somebody with ADHD takes a stimulant medication at a therapeutic dose : they SLOW DOWN. For some people, stimulant medications help them SLEEP (!). I have my own theories about how stimulant meds work for ADHD but this post is too long already. So to answer your question: Strattera doesn't work as well as stimulants likely because its design was based on a faulty interpretation of how ADHD works. We don't know why some stimulants work, but we know that they do. Much of the pathophysiology of ADHD is still being uncovered, but be wary if anybody ever says "oh, we just need more dopamine." It's almost certainly not that simple.


Question: If every particle is bound by rules and can only act withing those rules, how is it that humans have free choice, since there is no part of the brain that can change how one particle reacts to another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If every particle is bound by rules and can only act withing those rules, how is it that humans have free choice, since there is no part of the brain that can change how one particle reacts to another?

You can determine that a human makes a decision before the brain thinks it is making the decision ([Bereitschaftspotential]( URL_0 )). Besides, a completely free will is a logical paradox anyway. If it is determined by previous experiences in some way, it is not free. If it is not, it is indistinguishable from randomness - what is free about that?


Question: Why does lightning have a zig-zag shape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does lightning have a zig-zag shape?

Lightning travels from areas of high charge to areas of low charge--but it doesn't know what that path is ahead of time. So it takes every path, at least a little bit. That's just how electricity works. But it's nature, so the best path is never a straight path--the air is chaotic, so the lightning zigs and zags all the way to its destination, following the lowest-resistance paths.


Question: Why are water drops a specific size?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are water drops a specific size?

It's all about when the drop detaches from the liquid. Different liquids have different specific drop sizes. The drop will form until its mass exceeds the limit of the surface tension of the liquid, and then it drops away because it is now too large and too heavy. You can alter the size somewhat by changing the shape of the container, or by changing how quickly the liquid is moving, or by changing the surface area that the drop has to form in, or by changing the viscosity of the liquid. These all alter the maximum limit of the surface tension of the liquid.


Question: Why does Windows even allow deleting system32 if doing so will make it unusable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Windows even allow deleting system32 if doing so will make it unusable?

The reason that they allow you to do it is because sometimes it is fundamentally necessary to delete, change, or add files to system32 in order to fix bugs in the system or upgrade things. The user either has access to the files or doesn't have access to the files. If they have access to the files, they can do what they want with them, including deleting them. If you create an account that isn't an administrator account you won't be able to delete System32, or many other important things. You also can't install programs. Windows has a very extensive permissions system and you can tune the permissions to change what certain users can and cannot do. Ideally, you should be running as a non-administrator all the time, and then only switch into the admin account when you actually need to do something that requires the extra permissions.


Question: How do bullets go out of the barrel without destroying the gun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do bullets go out of the barrel without destroying the gun?

Something nobody has mentioned yet is that bullets are generally made of a much softer metal than the barrel. The barrel is steel (very hard), and the bullet is lead, which is extremely soft. It may be jacketed with a copper alloy, but those are also much softer than steel. A soft metal has a lot of trouble damaging a much harder one. (Steel-jacketed bullets exist for special purposes, but they're rare exactly because they wear out the barrel quickly.)


Question: How do lotteries/casinos calculate a current jackpot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do lotteries/casinos calculate a current jackpot?

Every lottery has a certain payback percentage. Say for every dollar you put in, you get 60 cents back. Most lotteries also have smaller prizes. Some of that 60 cents that they pay back has to go into those, each one taking a chunk out of that expected 60 cents. Now maybe only 40 cents of every dollar that is spent can go to the jackpot. You might note that the jackpot has a fine print next to it, saying that it's an estimate. The lottery basically has to predict, based on past data, how many tickets they will sell. You might recall during some of the really big national lottery jackpots, they will re-adjust this value upward because they underestimated the demand. It also creates a feedback loop where even more tickets get sold because the advertised jackpot is higher. Finally, you might also notice that the jackpot is usually advertised as the sum of payments in an annuity. This lets them advertise a higher jackpot. The cash option is less, because a dollar today is worth more than a dollar 1-20 years from now. The 40 cents in my example is the *cash* value they can add to the jackpot. Because with an annuity they can invest the cash and not pay until later, the 40 cents contribution may end up being more like 80-90 cents in the advertised jackpot, depending on what the interest rates are. This concept is called Time Value of Money if you are interested.


Question: What happens to farmers that don’t have tainted romaine lettuce when the FDA or CDC suddenly recommends no one consume it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to farmers that don’t have tainted romaine lettuce when the FDA or CDC suddenly recommends no one consume it?

Speaking as a farmer, most farms carry crop insurance. That way if you have a catastrophic event you don’t lose everything. It doesn’t generally cover for profits but it will generally cover your inputs.


Question: Why does turning something 'off and on again' fix it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does turning something 'off and on again' fix it?

I think it was on reddit that I read an explanation comparing a PC (or other device) to an orchestra, here’s my slightly sleep deprived version: When then device is running smoothly the orchestra is in time, playing a symphony. Over time some parts of the orchestra slip out of sync with the conductor, so the music falters. If you ask the conductor to get that area of the orchestra to re sync then you risk losing other areas and everything gets discordant and messy and slow / it completely falls apart. By turning it off and on again you allow everyone to re-sync with the conductor and everything works together again nicely.


Question: How does CO2 trap heat? And why is it that methane traps even more heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does CO2 trap heat? And why is it that methane traps even more heat?

The sun's energy comes to earth largely as visible light. CO2 and methane are transparent to visible light. The light heats up the earth. The warm earth radiates energy back into space, cooling it. The energy radiated back out is primarily infrared light. CO2 and methane are opaque to infrared light, so they prevent that energy from going back into space. A greenhouse gas is any gas that is transparent to visible to light and opaque to infrared light. "Stronger" greenhouse gasses are more opaque to infrared than weaker greenhouse gasses.


Question: What are the orbs of light in photos that everyone claims are ghosts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the orbs of light in photos that everyone claims are ghosts?

Most often dust on the lens or in the air, either way they’re tiny particles that reflect light.


Question: Why is the US national debt not a problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the US national debt not a problem?

A few reasons, though it's a complex question. These are the three biggest ones: (a) The most direct one is that since the debt is payable in dollars, and the US government can create dollars at will, it will never be in a position where it is forced to default. There are other effects of printing money to pay debt, but missing payments is not on the table. (b) The debt is not that large, in relation to the US government's ability to pay it, even without printing money. Although it's a similar size to the GDP, GDP is only a single year's output, and most of the debt is payable on a much longer-term basis. Plus, unlike an individual borrower who will one day get old, stop working, and die, the government's time horizon is indefinite, so very long-term arrangements are possible. (c) Interest rates are currently very low: under 1% even for a ten-year bond. That means that the cost of borrowing is very low, and you get the benefits of spending money in 2020 and only paying it back in 2030. As long as you do something even mildly beneficial with it, you come out ahead.


Question: Why do companies doing an IPO need to "secure $X billion from Y investors" and need Z investment companies to "sponsor" them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do companies doing an IPO need to "secure $X billion from Y investors" and need Z investment companies to "sponsor" them?

They are sponsors in that they have committed to pay at least some amount of money to buy shares of the company. If there was no secured funding, the private owners of the company might have no bidders at all. The secured funding also sets a floor on the price so that they don't get unlucky and sell the whole company for peanuts. In addition, there are many rules in place for IPOs so that ordinary investors don't get defrauded by the current owners of the company or other bidders. If they weren't in place, the first bidders might pay 1 cent per share while everyone else paid much more.


Question: what causes the reduce in potency of medicines like ibuprofen after they expire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes the reduce in potency of medicines like ibuprofen after they expire?

Many medicines are comprised of both active and inactive ingredients. The inactive ingredients serve as stabilizers, fillers, absorption enablers, etc. Over time, and with exposure to air and potentially other contaminants, there ingredients begin to break down, degrade, and otherwise change the way the body interacts with the active ingredient. In addition, various contaminants, oils, dirt, etc may be introduced into the container as the user invariably dumps out several and puts the remainder back. These too can potentially allow for bacterial grown and weakening/changing of potency.


Question: If our body keeps making new cells, how do we retain most of our memories?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If our body keeps making new cells, how do we retain most of our memories?

From what I understand, neurons do not regenerate that quickly, if at all. That’s why traumatic brain injuries are so devastating. Therefore, your “memory cells” wouldn’t replicate and die in this manner. Another way to put it is brain plasticity. Your brain is constantly creating new neural pathways and integrating them into circuits at a quick pace. The memories could just keep getting reintegrated (and likely will be slightly reshaped and degraded over time). This is my basic understanding. This is probably a gross simplification.


Question: Why is dental insurance not part of overall medical insurance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is dental insurance not part of overall medical insurance?

Finally someone asks the right question. I have like the best medical insurance available in my area, and it doesnt cover dental which is so annoying.


Question: How does foreign aid food compete with local markets if people can't afford food anyway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does foreign aid food compete with local markets if people can't afford food anyway?

It's not necessarily that they can't *afford* to buy food, but that well-meaning agencies don't always think things through. If the problem is an acute shortage of food -- such as during a time of famine or immediately after a natural disaster -- then giving free food is entirely appropriate and necessary. But if it's a general feeling that there are poor countries around and so we should give them free food, that may not be the most helpful thing to do. We need to actually look closely at what the challenges and needs of different communities actually are, and apply a little common sense. Just because an economy is described as "third world" doesn't mean ordinary people are penniless; but if we simply give them food for free, local farmers can't sell their produce any more and then they *will* end up penniless. Of course, the local farmers could just stop farming and accept the food we give them, but what happens when that supply dries up? Maybe a war flares up preventing supplies getting through, or our own governments change their foreign aid policies. Suddenly, these communities are left to fend for themselves, but there are no farmers any more.


Question: Why do police (or in older times, military) horses not panic when in a dangerous situation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do police (or in older times, military) horses not panic when in a dangerous situation?

They are trained not to. If you put a normal horse in a crowd of screaming people then it would be very nervous and panic, much like a person might. If instead you train that horse to be unconcerned by a lot of people screaming nearby, such as by gradually introducing it to loud sounds and nearby movement, then it won't panic. On the battlefield if you want a warhorse to not react to muskets firing nearby then you need to spend a lot of time before that battle with the horse firing muskets and reassuring it that everything is OK.


Question: how do our nerves/ body know whether a sensation should be interpreted as pain or pleasure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do our nerves/ body know whether a sensation should be interpreted as pain or pleasure?

There are different types of sensors in your skin. Bare nerves sense pain and temperature. Pacinian corpuscles at the ends of some nerves sense vibration and pressure. Meissner's corpuscles sense light touch. Your brain receives signals from one or more of these sensors, and translates it into the proper feeling.


Question: How are we able to distinguish real-life sounds from sounds we hear on a speaker?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to distinguish real-life sounds from sounds we hear on a speaker?

Your subconscious mind is really good at telling the difference between different types of sounds. In the case of speakers, there are lots of characteristics that clue your mind in that it isn't real life. The size of the speaker, the type of material it's housed in, the way it's pointing, etc all function to make it sound different from the real thing. If the sound is something that's supposed to be all around you, but is actually coming from a single point, your brain can tell that too. (think those speakers in sounds from museum rain forest scenes that always sound off)


Question: Why does paper become transparent in contact with water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does paper become transparent in contact with water?

Matter can bend and scatter light, but different kinds of matter (air, paper, or water, for example) do this more or less strongly. If light is not scattered as it travels through matter, we call that matter transparent. Paper is made of cellulose, which scatters light much more strongly than air, so light passing through a sheet of paper gets scattered around making the paper look opaque white. Water scatters light less strongly than paper, so it is easier for light to travel through wet paper.


Question: Why are tornadoes more common in some areas but never happen in others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are tornadoes more common in some areas but never happen in others?

Cold air off the Rockies hits warm air from the Gulf usually around north Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.


Question: How does Schönehage-Straussen multiplication work and why is it so much faster for computers to perform than traditional multiplication?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Schönehage-Straussen multiplication work and why is it so much faster for computers to perform than traditional multiplication?

So first you need to remember that multiplication really means adding multiple times. So normally to multiply 12x31 you'd need to go: 12+12=24 24+12=36 36+12=48 and so on.. 31 times in a row And that would be very long. So we all learned in school how to do it faster. That faster method is basically to multiply units and decades separately and sum the results. That's in fact an algorithm that allows faster multiplication based on how we break down numbers to write them down. Well, the Schonhage strassen is another algorithm, that uses another way to break numbers down to multiply them. And it happens that while the decomposition is a bit more complex, the multiplication is faster so for very large numbers, it's worth it.


Question: How can we prove every integer except 1 and 2 can be "a" in the formula a^2+b^2=c^2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can we prove every integer except 1 and 2 can be "a" in the formula a^2+b^2=c^2?

First we'll note that we only need to worry about prime numbers. All the non-primes can be dealt with by scaling up the triangle for one of their prime factors. For example, we can get a side length of 12 by scaling up (3,4,5) to (12,16,20). If we pick any two integers *m* > *n* > 0, then we can prove that there's a right angled triangle with the sides *a* = *m*^(2) & minus;*n*^(2) *b* = 2*mn* *c* = *m*^(2)+*n*^(2). So now we need to show that all odd primes can be expressed as *m*^(2) & minus;*n*^(2) for some integers *m* and *n*. For a prime *p*, we can do this by taking *m*=(*p*+1)/2 and *n*=(*p* & minus;1)/2.


Question: How are tanks used on a modern battlefield, and aren't they sitting ducks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are tanks used on a modern battlefield, and aren't they sitting ducks?

There have not been a battle between two modern armies in a long time so it is hard to say. But modern tanks are far from sitting ducks. Their armor protects against most incoming fire and they can accurately shoot while still moving at top speed over rough terrain. The only reason to stop is to refuel, rearm or because you reached your objective. Most aircraft are not fully equipped to handle the armor of the tanks and even if they managed to do some damage they risk not having a place to land as the approaching tanks and mobile infantry will take the airfields. This was a common theme back in 1940. Artillery does have the firepower to deal with tanks but only if they are stationary as a shell might take minutes to hit its target and they have the same problem as the aircrafts in that they risk getting captured. RPG and other anti-tank infantry weapons can be a problem but it usually takes more then one hit to breach a tank. And you need a lot of skill and tactics to get close to a tank and set up a shot. Tanks are not unbeatable but they do have a central place in a modern battlefield and are far from sitting ducks.


Question: why the United States doesn't go bankrupt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why the United States doesn't go bankrupt?

Because debt payments are still manageable. There are plenty of people out there making $100k doing just fine with a $300k mortgage and $40k worth of car loans (so 340% of income). As long as the federal government continues making its monthly obligations, people will continue to loan them money.


Question: in the show Silicon Valley on HBO they create a decentralized internet. What is that and in reality how would it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 in the show Silicon Valley on HBO they create a decentralized internet. What is that and in reality how would it work?

In a way it's already happened with the likes of torrents and blockchain for example. It's the concept of data and routing being hosted by individual nodes opposed to sitting on a single server or server farm.


Question: Why are there many free art software, but no free music making software?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there many free art software, but no free music making software?

It's a fair question, although Sunvox exists. I think part of the cost is most music creation software depends on samples. Unless you're digitally creating the effect totally from scratch, those drumrolls and piano notes were probably lifted from the real thing and cleaned up. That took someone's major time and effort and they probably wanted to get paid for it. So a FOSS music app would take a coder working for free AND musicians (likely multiple) working for free.