Question: How do lithium ion batteries work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do lithium ion batteries work?

A lithium ion battery uses charged lithium particles (ions) to move electricity from one end of the battery to another. As energy leaves the battery, these lithium ions move from the negative side of the battery to the positive side, forming a conductive lithium layer that releases electricity. When all the ions are on the positive side of the battery, the battery is spent and no longer releases electricity. When the battery is put in a charger, the sides flip temporarily, and the addition of electrical energy to the lithium causes the ions to move back to the negative side of the battery, making the battery ready for use again. Because of these properties, lithium ion batteries are among the more common rechargeable batteries for home electronic use.


Question: How do we know the universe is expanding and the light from those stars isn’t just now getting to the Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know the universe is expanding and the light from those stars isn’t just now getting to the Earth?

Judging from your phrasing, it seems like you have the picture that the universe is getting bigger around the edges, and the new material comes into our field of view. This is not the cosmological picture. Our current picture of the universe is that all of it exists, and all of it is spreading out from each other. When we say the universe is expanding, we mean that everything is getting farther away from everything else (on average - things close to each other attract gravitationally, and this counteracts the expansion, but on large scales galaxies are moving apart). You may have heard that the expansion of the universe brings new stars into our observable universe. This is true, but it's not the expansion we're talking about. That's just an indirect consequence of this spreading-out behavior.


Question: why is hand writing so unique when we were all taught the same font?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is hand writing so unique when we were all taught the same font?

I’m a pediatric occupational therapist so a lot of my day is spent working on handwriting for school aged kids. So the short answer is our handwriting is influenced by a number of things; hand strength, finger dexterity/fine motor control (how well you move your fingers in small movements), our vision, and our core strength (mainly our posture aka how we sit while writing). So since everyone doesn’t have the same strength or skill in these categories it’ll vary from person to person.


Question: How does music have a big impact on how someone feels while they listen to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does music have a big impact on how someone feels while they listen to it?

This is a deceptively large question as there are tons of neurological, cultural, and personal aspects that contribute to it and it's still not a completely answered question. Neurologically, lots of things happen when we listen to music. Some frequencies fall within the range of human speech and our brains tend to pay closer attention to those. Discordant tones (like tritones) resemble animal distress sounds, so those can make one feel anxious. Also, tempo can even alter our internal.perceptions of time! The same music can be interpreted in vastly different ways by different cultures as well as there being some "universal" interpretations. For example, here's one study of the Mafa people of northern Camaroon being exposed to western music. Despite there being large differences in structure, some motifs seem to evoke the same or similar iconic meanings. URL_0 Lastly, there's the personal. Music tends to be a great mnemonic device so listening to a certain song can definitely evoke memories of times, places, and emotional states. So, yeah...music is awesome and affects us in a ton of ways. For kicks, check out these scenes from Jurrasic Park without music - just a completely different effect and shows how much even background music can affect our perception of things. URL_1


Question: Where did all the different units of measurement come from? And how did we get a uniformed decision on what is what?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where did all the different units of measurement come from? And how did we get a uniformed decision on what is what?

For the most part, somebody just creates a unit, and if it catches on, we use is. One thing that you might find interesting is to read up on the 'Le Grand K'. Basically, the kilogram was (until last year) defined as 'exactly the weight of 'Le Grand K, which is stored in France. This causes some issues. 1. I can't really go there and measure it, and 2, the weight is not stable. Since that object ALWAYS (pre 2019) weights 1 kilogram, as it gains or loses weight, the definition of a kilogram should change. For many practical reasons, it doesn't, which is why there was an effort to replace the standard. Here is an interesting video about it (pre 2019), so this is an attempt to replace the standard. URL_0


Question: How do plants go extinct, cant you just plant them again?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do plants go extinct, cant you just plant them again?

For a plant to go extinct it means it no longer exists. Maybe it was eaten to extinction. Maybe the local climate changed and killed off all the species of plants. There are lots of ways that a plant could go extinct. But if it's extinct that means it no longer exists that means you cannot plant it because you cannot find it. It would be like asking how can the velociraptor go extinct if we can just mate two velociraptors together to make more?


Question: If obese people are constantly moving around 50-80 etc extra pounds, would they not logically be way more muscular than the average person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If obese people are constantly moving around 50-80 etc extra pounds, would they not logically be way more muscular than the average person?

They are often stronger, but they lack the cardiovascular fitness in many cases to support optimal output using that strength. It's functionality doesn't extend beyond moving themselves around. And that's not even getting into what it does to your skeleton.


Question: Why is it so difficult for many people to argue effectively?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so difficult for many people to argue effectively?

I get into a lot of arguments and I can tell you that there are a lot of answers to this question. The first answer, probably the biggest driving force, is that often people argue to achieve an objective as opposed to have a discussion. Argument, at its most basic level, involves an attempt to find the truth or correct outcome in a given situation and if someone is engaging in the argument to get what they want as opposed to figure out who should have it, they often get angry when the conversation turns against them. For example. I want you to pay me $3,000. Your excuse for wanting that money is that I bumped into your car. But that really isn't what it's about, for you this is just about you wanting $3,000 and the argument is your chosen path to achieve that objective. When I point out that your car isn't worth 3,000, that I didn't damage it at all, and that I might be willing to pay for a car wash so any smudge I left on it is removed, you get angry because you might actually agree with my logic but it is going against you getting the result you want. This is really arguing in bad-faith and it happens A LOT. Second, the argument can touch on a deeply held belief that you start to feel is being threatened. If you believe in God and I start to raise questions about god's existence or lack thereof that are convincing and trigger something in your core to go "shit... what if he is right?" your reaction could be to be afraid, "and fear leads to anger, anger to hate". Third, an argument is a contest of sorts. Now its a contest where the facts matter more than anything else, but presentation, whit, rhetorical ability do have a big influence and if you feel like you are losing because you don't have a mastery of the facts or debate skills it can be frustrating. Ever lose a basketball game? It is frustrating as hell to feel like your body isn't doing what you tell it to do as well as the other person's body is. There is this innate frustration when we can't perform the way we want. Again this can lead to anger. Fourth, an argument is inherently competitive and no one likes to lose. This is different from point 3 which is a thing about skill, and just focuses on our natural desire to win contests of every kind. Fifth... And this is the really hard one and is going to make me sound like a jerk. Intelligence is on a bell curve. Statistically you are smarter than half of everyone, and dumber than half of everyone. That means your opinions, thoughts, and a lot of pride that you take in yourself and your opinions/beliefs have been arrived at with an average amount of consideration and intelligence brought to the task. When you run into someone smarter than you who has given these topics more thought, used better reasoning, done more researched and better understood the research in question, you are going to find that the argument is revealing not only that you are wrong, but that you are dumber than the person you are arguing against. There are certain faux pas in our society and being shown to be dumber than someone else is one of them. Which again leads to getting angry.


Question: How do genes control your learning abilities and the way you perform in academics? Do smarter parents tend to have smarter children?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do genes control your learning abilities and the way you perform in academics? Do smarter parents tend to have smarter children?

from an iq test view intelligence of parents and children is not highly correlated. Some birth defects which affect intelligence are genetic, but general intelligence does not seem to be genetic within the species. Academic performance is highly correlated to parents academic achievement. Parents with a doctorate or more likely to have children with a doctorate. Parents who do not graduate high school are more likely to have children who do not graduate high school. But this seems to be based on expectations and opportunity not intelligence.


Question: When you cut something, isn’t there a chance that you will cut an atom and there will be an explosion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you cut something, isn’t there a chance that you will cut an atom and there will be an explosion?

Imagine you have a cube made out of little magnetic balls. You've probably seen them. Make a knife out of those magnetic balls. I'll let you use glue to hold it all in place. Now, cut the cube with the knife and try splitting one of the magnetic balls in half doing so.


Question: Sometimes when it’s quiet you will hear like this sudden faint sound in your ears. It doesn’t have a sound yet it feels loud. What is it? It happens like when u get surprised or something.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Sometimes when it’s quiet you will hear like this sudden faint sound in your ears. It doesn’t have a sound yet it feels loud. What is it? It happens like when u get surprised or something.

If its not tinnitus or the wind outside then it's most likely an auditory hallucination. Our brains are used to pretty much constant noise in some form or another, so when they're genuinely exposed to silence or near-silence they tend to send their own signals to the ear. People who have experiences with sensory deprivation Chambers for even as short a time as an hour have reported hearing muffled sounds voices, sirens, birds and even music.


Question: What exactly is a pyramid scheme?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a pyramid scheme?

First, send me 10 dollars. Then ask 4 of your friends for 10 dollars each. Ask them to do the same thing. You can keep half of whatever money you get but give the rest to me. Then you'll find out what a pyramid scheme is.


Question: If a fusion reactor combines light elements into heavier ones and a fission reactor breaks down heavy elements into lighter ones and both processes produce energy why can't you keep feeding the same material through the two reactor types to get unlimited power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a fusion reactor combines light elements into heavier ones and a fission reactor breaks down heavy elements into lighter ones and both processes produce energy why can't you keep feeding the same material through the two reactor types to get unlimited power?

The short answer is, look at [this chart]( URL_0 ). You can see there's a sort of hump in the middle with iron at the peak. Elements on the left will typically release energy when fused. Elements on the right will typically release energy when fissioned. It's obviously way more complex than this, but that's your ELI5 generalization. It's theorized that the ultimate state of the universe at the end of time will be an empty void full of nothing but giant iron spheres, the cores of stars that have fused every element imaginable, and the remnants of every element that can decay.


Question: Why do you not bleed during surgery like when you would get a cut or scrape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you not bleed during surgery like when you would get a cut or scrape?

Patients most certainly bleed during surgery, but surgeons block larger blood vessels leading to the area and cauterize smaller ones they have to cut through so the blood doesn't spill all over.


Question: why is cereal (and dried milk) so hard to clean off a bowl if you let it dry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is cereal (and dried milk) so hard to clean off a bowl if you let it dry?

It's mostly the dried milk to blame. Milk is full of dissolved protein, the same sorts of molecule found in eggs and meat. Dried protein makes a very good glue, and once it's dried it's very difficult to re\-wet and remove. If you just ate the cereal with water \(an unpleasant thought\) and let it dry, then you'd just be dealing with some residual sugar from the cereal, which would dissolve in water no problem.


Question: If I'm driving up a mountain and reach the clouds, what differentiates the low lying clouds from fog?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I'm driving up a mountain and reach the clouds, what differentiates the low lying clouds from fog?

Fog is just clouds at ground level. The elevation that water vapor precipitates is dependent on temperature and humidity. Most of the time, the ground level humidity isn't high enough. Sometimes it is.


Question: Why are credit/debit card processing fees so high?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are credit/debit card processing fees so high?

Credit card companies are providing security of funds, both guaranteeing payment and safety from robbery, etc. they are also proving liquidity for consumers to allow them to buy more. The fees also cover rewards (1% cash back) and chargebacks/disputes where the credit card company ends up eating the cost.


Question: Why are ATMs in places likes bars, clubs, and casinos always from third parties with high fees rather than well-known banks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are ATMs in places likes bars, clubs, and casinos always from third parties with high fees rather than well-known banks?

Banks don't usually make money off of ATMs. They are a convenience they provide for their customers, so they have no direct profit motive for putting them all over the place. It costs money to maintain an ATM, so they are going to try to get away with as few as possible, mostly at bank branches and the occasional mall or supermarket. Third party ATMs make their money off of the fees, often in partnership with the property owner. Given a choice, people are going to use their bank's ATM for free, so those ATMs are going to only be profitable in places people need cash impulsively...like bars, clubs, and casinos.


Question: What’s happening when you’re reading something, and subconsciously skip over words or add words to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s happening when you’re reading something, and subconsciously skip over words or add words to it?

It's because your brain doesn't read every single individual word in a sentence, it's able to skim over words quickly and get the idea across with context clues and filling in the gap. If it did see each word individually, it would take forever to get through a paragraph. So the more you read, the better your brain gets at it.


Question: Why is a cloud gray when raining , but white if not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a cloud gray when raining , but white if not?

Clouds are just little pieces of water in the air, that have grouped up enough to start reflecting light from the sun. At first clouds are white, because they aren't very dense. Light moves through them pretty easily. As clouds gain more water mass, they start blocking some of the light, making the cloud grow darker. Then once heavy enough, the water in the cloud collects enough to rain. The cloud remains darker.


Question: How does water get from your basement to the top floor? It seems like as soon as you turn on water anywhere it is immediately ready. How is this always the case?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water get from your basement to the top floor? It seems like as soon as you turn on water anywhere it is immediately ready. How is this always the case?

Water flows into your home under pressure. When the water service is first turned on, someone opens the taps, and the incoming water forces out any air that was in the pipes. Once that's done, the pipes are full of water. When you open a faucet, the pressure of the incoming water (all the way down in the basement) forces the water that's already in the pipe to come out of the faucet. The water that comes out of your tap right away has been sitting at the tap all along.


Question: Was music discovered or invented? How did we reach a consensus on saying what is a note and a half note (instead of vice-versa) and an octave before we could measure wavelengths?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Was music discovered or invented? How did we reach a consensus on saying what is a note and a half note (instead of vice-versa) and an octave before we could measure wavelengths?

Take a string, pull it taught and pluck it and you hear a note. Divide the string in half and you will hear an octave. Cultures have different definitions of what counts as a note, the same way they have different definitions of what counts as a distinct color. One of the earliest people to establish the basis for pitch in western music was Pythagoras. As the legend goes, he divided a string into various ratios and got the overtone series, which he then modified into the 8-note modal system. Then in medieval times, polyphony was invented and moving in 5ths was very popular. However, eventually moving in perfect fifths brings about the tritone, the devil’s interval (B and F). To avoid this, monks would lower B by one half step to create B-flat, but only when paired with F. Thus, accidentals were invented! (This is also why in some traditions B-flat gets its own letter “H” and not any other accidentals). Eventually the full chromatic scale was invented and we had 12 notes to work with, although we stuck to modes most of the time. Then Bach was born and he established rules for when we use notes outside the key (along with codifying western harmony). During his life, we tuned with harmonics, so you couldn’t really change keys unless you were moving to a closely related key because natural tuning is not symmetrical. However, soon equal temperament was invented, which put all 12 notes roughly the same distance from each other. Now playing in the key of C sounds the same as playing in F-sharp. Bach explores this in the Well Tempered Clavier and within a century equal temperament was standard practice, as it is to this day.


Question: Why does stretching feel so good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does stretching feel so good?

Why does stretching my hamstrings feel so unpleasant, while stretching my calves feels good?


Question: Why can you see the colour of the sky within the shape of a crescent or half moon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you see the colour of the sky within the shape of a crescent or half moon?

The sky is between you and the moon. Not enough light bounces off the dark side to overpower the blue sky, which is caused by sunlight interacting with the atmosphere. Space is not blue.


Question: why does oil sizzle and “jump” out when cooking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does oil sizzle and “jump” out when cooking?

Indeed it is the reaction between the oil and water. Since the oil is much hotter than the water molecules, the water heats up very quickly. The water evaporates very quickly, and when surrounded by oil, can pop when the steam expands rapidly.


Question: -What happens if two black holes meet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 -What happens if two black holes meet?

They spiral inwards, releasing huge amounts of energy in gravitational waves, before merging into one larger black hole. This, along with neutron stars, is pretty much the only predicted source of measurable amounts of gravitational waves.


Question: why are the world's strongest men all in their 30s and not 20s?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are the world's strongest men all in their 30s and not 20s?

It takes a long time to build up that much strength. Let’s say that a man isn’t fully physically developed until about age 22, the road to massive amounts of strength starts there. At around 25 they hit hit their peak metabolic fitness, which is good for speed and endurance, but not useful for strength. As they train, the stronger they get, the harder and slower it becomes to get even stronger. By the time they’re 28 they might be 90% of the way there, but that last 10% is the hardest and slowest to get. So in their early to mid 30s men hit their peak muscle mass (strength) and after 40 they lose muscle fairly rapidly with age.


Question: Why are juices made from concentrate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are juices made from concentrate?

It's more efficient to transport concentrate. Water is everywhere, so there's no need to ship around the water that's present in unconcentrated form.


Question: How is it that an american agency (FCC) can give approval for Space-X's global internet with more than 4000 satellites in orbit around the globe. What gives this agency the authority to make this kinds of decisions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that an american agency (FCC) can give approval for Space-X's global internet with more than 4000 satellites in orbit around the globe. What gives this agency the authority to make this kinds of decisions?

There are no global space cops. That is, no global regulatory body for outer space activities. The Outer Space Treaty says "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty" That means if you're an American company that wants to launch stuff, you have to get permission from the US government, if you're Chinese, from China, etc. Each nation is responsible for damage or harm caused by its citizens' stuff. In the US, that approval happens through the Federal Aviation Administration, which regulates the rocket launch, and the Federal Communications Commission, which regulates satellite radio communications, and orbits to the extent that they affect communications. To my knowledge, nobody regulates the actual "being in space" part of it.


Question: Why do most countries have a different kind of electrical plug? Does/can a universal plug exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most countries have a different kind of electrical plug? Does/can a universal plug exist?

Electricity propagated before international travel was common for most people and international manufacturing was nascent. Each country developed their own standards because there was no incentive to do otherwise - the US manufactured its own electrical appliances and sold them almost exclusively to US citizens, so all that mattered was that everyone in the US used the same standard. A universal plug can exist, and many people are pushing for USB-C to become the universal standard of electronic devices.


Question: How and how quickly does fat loss occur? During a day of eating on a deficit, is my body constantly taking energy from the fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and how quickly does fat loss occur? During a day of eating on a deficit, is my body constantly taking energy from the fat?

Even while not in a deficit, fat is your primary avenue of energy consumption. Different intensities of exercise determine where energy is converted from. Easiest example I will use is track and field. (anaerobic)100-200 meter sprint= ATP-PC (adenosine tri phosphate/ phosphocreatine) (glycolytic)400-800 meter sprint= carbohydrates (oxidative)1600 meter+ = fat (which is why distance runners are always super lean) Now each of these metabolic pathways do have over lap. You will never burn purely one energy source at a time. During a normal sedentary day, you are burning primarily fat but not very much. Same with while you are sleeping. Now on a low carb day, once your body uses up all its carbs (glycogen/ carbs that have been stored in the muscle) it will then resort to only breaking down muscle into to glucose. Lastly, breaking down fat will occur since it is the most abundant source of energy. In addition the process of gluconeogenesis occurs when there are non carb sources left which is the body's way of "creating sugar from sciency components such as lactate or glycerol because sugar in a more readily available form such as a carbohydrate does not exist" But I will need a bio chemist/ exercise physiologist to confirm that process because that is still foreign to me. The average person can walk 500 miles on the fat energy stores alone. It is the primary source for energy, but the hardest to convert, which is why losing weight is so difficult. Having a lot of fat is ideal for survival, so while it is the largest source of energy, it is the hardest to convert. SOURCE- Kinesiology graduate EDIT: hey neat, GOLD! Judging by comments and corrections, take this information as general explanation, all the reddit biochemists/med students are tearing me up! My degree has prepared me for "this is how you can lose weight" more so than "physiologically, this is HOW you lose weight" so I apologize for some misinformation


Question: How do people spend large amounts of illicit money without getting caught?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people spend large amounts of illicit money without getting caught?

Money laundering. He runs the money through a front. This can be as simple as having a friend that owns a bar, lists the drug dealer as an employee, rings in an extra $500 a night in sales and gives the drug dealer a paycheck. Or they get payouts as an investor in the front organization. Either way, in the eyes of the IRS, the drug dealer is legally making that money.


Question: Why does the ring finger have different "mechanics" to the rest of the fingers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the ring finger have different "mechanics" to the rest of the fingers?

The tendon from the wrist lies partially below the tendon for the middle finger. The middle finger position restricts the movement of the ring finger. If the middle finger is curled up (tendon fully stretched), the ring finger can't move. If you leave your hand flat on the table and lift repeatedly the ring finger, you'll see the tendon of the middle finger moving upwards too.


Question: Why do some movies/shows with a smaller budget make much better fight scenes than those with a larger budget?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some movies/shows with a smaller budget make much better fight scenes than those with a larger budget?

You know how when you are super passionate about something? You pour your heart and soul into it, right? I think the same goes with small budget movies. Someone has a passion strong enough to get this movie made despite not getting a huge budget, so they put all the love and soul and feeling into it. And it shows. Movies with big budgets are like the spoiled rich kid at school “eh whatever, here’s my half-ass work, but you’ll give me a good grade because my daddy donated all the books”


Question: Why does ice stick to the bottom of the glass?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does ice stick to the bottom of the glass?

There is an adhesive force between the ice cube and the glass mediated by a thin layer of water. Basically, when any two things get close enough together, there are both attractive and repulsive electrostatic forces that occur, called Van der Waals interactions. These forces can overcome gravity in certain situations, like when a gecko crawls on the ceiling. Water is a permanent dipole, which means the molecules act kind of like tiny magnets. It sticks to itself very well (coheres) and sticks to other things pretty well (adheres) depending on their surface chemistry. If your ice cube is smooth and flat enough that a large, thin film of water can adhere it to the glass, it will stick. If it's light enough, it can probably hang vertically from the bottom of the glass.


Question: Why do some people laugh when they are scared, stressed or hurt themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some people laugh when they are scared, stressed or hurt themselves?

We laugh to show one another that a threatening thing/situation has passed. We're somewhat hardwired to do so. It calms the group and bonds members sharing the feeling. These days, we have relatively few things in our lives that actually threaten our survival, so we've created all sorts of stressful experiences (competition sports, haunted houses) to give us the pleasure of "surviving" through and laughing about. The more you laugh, the more you're hardwired to feel/predict invincibility or "I'll survive anything". The less you laugh, the less you're hardwired to feel "I will survive" which is a symptom of depression.


Question: Why are our feces brown? Is it because we eat foods of all different kinds of colors that end up mixing and creating brown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are our feces brown? Is it because we eat foods of all different kinds of colors that end up mixing and creating brown?

URL_0 When red blood cells get old and worn-down, white blood cells eat them. The hemoglobin (the stuff that makes them red, and carries oxygen) is broken down into a chemical called bilirubin. Your liver extracts the bilirubin from your blood and turns it into bile, which helps digest fats in your small intestine. Later, in your large intestine, it ends up being oxidized into stercobilin, which is brown in color. So the color of feces has nothing particularly to do with the color of food. It is, rather, the color of a specific chemical that is both (1) formed from broken-down blood cells, and (2) involved in digesting fats.


Question: Are the minutes between snoozing the alarm and getting out of bed more restful than regular sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are the minutes between snoozing the alarm and getting out of bed more restful than regular sleep?

Well actually, I think it’s the opposite. When you go to sleep you enter the sleep cycle and you need to finish all stages to wake up rested. When your alarm goes off, and you hit snooze and go back to sleep, you actually start that cycle all over again and you certainly can’t finish it in 10-ish minutes. So, when you wake up you’ll feel more tired than just waking up when your alarm goes off. I’m not 100% sure this is correct but that’s what the internet told me when I was researching the same subject :)


Question: Why is Tesla having higher networth than Ford or GM, when the former hardly produces a small percentage of cars than latter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Tesla having higher networth than Ford or GM, when the former hardly produces a small percentage of cars than latter?

Tesla does *not* have a "higher networth" than Ford or GM, it has a higher *market capitalization*. That is a very different thing and has a large speculative component, i.e. people are hoping that Tesla will take over a large segment of the car market *in the future*.


Question: Why does Pi go on forever if it can be expressed as a fraction circumference/diameter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Pi go on forever if it can be expressed as a fraction circumference/diameter?

A number is only rational if it can be expressed as the ratio of two *integers*, i.e. positive or negative whole numbers Another way of saying pi is irrational, is to say: there is no such thing as a circle with both an integer radius and an integer circumference.


Question: Why does alcohol leave such a recognizable smell on your breath when non-alcoholic drinks, like Coke, don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does alcohol leave such a recognizable smell on your breath when non-alcoholic drinks, like Coke, don't?

The smell lingers as long as you're drunk because it's not coming from residual booze in your saliva, it's the smell of your blood itself. When you imbibe an alcoholic beverage, ethanol (the active ingredient that gets you drunk), is absorbed into your bloodstream. Ethanol is a volatile chemical (it evaporates easily), so when alcoholic blood passes through your lungs, some of the ethanol evaporates into the air that you exhale. It's this process that allows a breathalyzer to measure BAC based on your exhalation.


Question: Why does Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) happen with muscles? Why does it take your muscles 12-24 hours to become sore and feel pain, whereas with injuries the pain is instant and doesn't buildup slowly over the days

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) happen with muscles? Why does it take your muscles 12-24 hours to become sore and feel pain, whereas with injuries the pain is instant and doesn't buildup slowly over the days

Source DOMS pain is from inflammation, which is need time for immune response to release specific agent (Prostaglandin E2) so we can feel pain. For usual injury, we feel pain directly from stimulation to nerve pain.


Question: Why does Reddit search often fail.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 Why does Reddit search often fail.?

I remember some redditor saying that most search engines refreshes the search automatically after a certain amount of time if it doesn't go through but for reddit instead of refreshing it just goes 404


Question: Since magnetic north is not the same direction as true north, when and how did navigators figure this out, how did they compensate, and does the advent of GPS navigation render the magnetic compass completely obsolete?

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 Since magnetic north is not the same direction as true north, when and how did navigators figure this out, how did they compensate, and does the advent of GPS navigation render the magnetic compass completely obsolete?

> Since magnetic north is not the same direction as true north, when and how did navigators figure this out Quoting Wikipedia here: > The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1, 1831. Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island in 1947. Navigators use a number of different tools. A sextant can be used to determine latitude by looking at stars, specifically Polaris. When explorers found the magnetic North Pole they found that their compasses spun because they couldn't find north. But a sextant measurement would have shown they weren't at true north or ~~0 degrees~~ 90 degrees latitude. But navigators knew there was a deviation between compasses and true north for a while before that. > how did they compensate, Once Magnetic north was discovered they could adjust, maps will often have the declination adjustment written on them that tells you how to adjust your compass to point to true north. But navigating up north is still a challenge because of it. Markers like Polaris are unaffected by magnetic north. Which doesn't really help when you have constant daylight during parts of the year. > and does the advent of GPS navigation render the magnetic compass completely obsolete? No, compasses are still widely in use and navigators and soldiers for example are still widely instructed on their use. A compass is tiny and doesn't need batteries so it's still a very useful tool.


Question: how do lots of people in the same area’s Bluetooth devices work without interference?

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 how do lots of people in the same area’s Bluetooth devices work without interference?

One technique is by dividing the bit of the radio spectrum into channels, much like channels on a television. But there's only about a dozen channels, which isn't enough for 'lots of people'. So as well as channels, a technique called CDMA is used. Basically, you have a shared, randomly generated signal between a pair of devices. If you like, you can think of it as being like a voice. You then use that to generate the actual signal that you broadcast. What this means is, you can listen out for the shared signal, and use it to find out what was sent. This is a bit like talking to someone in a crowded room, and picking out the voices you want to listen to, but far more mathematical. If the room is too crowded, you simply won't be able to hear your friend over the noise. Bluetooth can similarly be overrun by noise, but you'd need a lot of bluetooth devices in a relatively small space.


Question: Why is √4 = -2 false?

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 Why is √4 = -2 false?

It’s really just convention that sqrt(x) only means the positive square root. You’re right that 4 has a positive and negative square root, but we write +-sqrt(4) to mean 2 and -2, whereas sqrt(4) just means 2. However, when solving the equation x^2 =4, we include both solutions 2 and -2 unless there’s some other information that tells us that x can’t be negative.


Question: In games why are maps always high in the world box?

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 In games why are maps always high in the world box?

Typically they aren't, they near zero height, but the game is happy to give your character or vehicle negative height, so if you fall 'through' the map you just keep falling. If the game has been sensible there'll be a failsafe that activates when the character height gets too negative, for example resetting it so the character is teleported to safety. The way that decimal numbers, called 'floating point', work on computers means they're more precise the closer to zero they are. So that's a good reason for the map to be around zero height.


Question: How did the New Deal by FDR help the US?

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 How did the New Deal by FDR help the US?

The idea goes under Keynesian economics. Basically, in classical economics, the economy is self-regulating. If, for example, demand drops, people lose jobs and their spending money goes down, then prices will go down as well, which balances it out. Keyes said that prices are sticky--and that that drop in demand will cause a downward spiral, a crash in the economy. The only thing that can prop it up is government spending. So, in a recession or depression, have the government inject cash by either spending a lot of money on public works or lowering taxes. That's what the New Deal was. In the end, it was the massive spending during WW2 that really put the economy back on track, but the New Deal helped and gave people hope.


Question: How does human intelligence work? Is there a limit to how smart/dumb a person can be?

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 How does human intelligence work? Is there a limit to how smart/dumb a person can be?

We don't know. The human brain is a massively parallel supercomputing intelligence engine more complicated than anything else that exists on Earth. Making a supercomputer with an even remotely similar amount of processing power costs billions, and even then such a computer wouldn't be as smart and versatile as a human because we have no idea how our brains have become as insanely flexible as they are.


Question: I've read that a newer CPUs can be much faster than an older CPU even if both have the same amount of cores and the same clock speed. It says that newer CPUs can do certain tasks faster. How is that possible with the same architecture?

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 I've read that a newer CPUs can be much faster than an older CPU even if both have the same amount of cores and the same clock speed. It says that newer CPUs can do certain tasks faster. How is that possible with the same architecture?

There are multiple things that can affect the performance of a CPU: **Number of cycles per instruction** - A CPU executes instructions at a low level. There are for example instructions to add two numbers, or to multiply them. Where an old CPU might for example take two cycles to multiply, a newer CPU might only taken one. This effectively doubles the speed of multiplication without increasing clock speed. **Speculative execution** - When the CPU executes an instruction, it might need to wait for a component to respond. For example when you read from RAM memory, RAM memory chips have their own speeds. While older CPUs just waited for the RAM to respond, newer CPUs perform speculative execution of the instructions after the read, where possible. This way it doesn't have to wait for the RAM, and is thus faster without increasing clock speed.


Question: What is a virus and how is it different from bacteria?

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 What is a virus and how is it different from bacteria?

Microbiology PhD student here! A bacteria is a fully complete living organism, just a very small one composed of a single cell (and a smaller, simpler cell than those in your body). It does everything you would expect a living organism to do - it senses it's environment, often moves towards food and away from harmful conditions, eats (one molecule at a time), uses its food for energy and growth, and reproduces by dividing. It's the littlest kind of organism, but definitely an organism nonetheless. A single bacterium is called a "bacterial cell". By contrast, a single virus is called a "virus particle", which gives you some sense of the difference right off the bat. Viruses are a pattern of molecules that can reproduce, but must hijack the energy and biological machinery of a living cell to do so. They don't do most anything characteristic of life except reproduce. Viruses are a genome (made of either DNA or RNA) packaged up in a container that helps protect it against the environment and gets it inside living cells. Once the virus genome (and some other molecules that come with it) gets inside a host cell, it hijacks that cell's reproduction mechanisms to reproduce the virus instead of the cell. The cell is reprogrammed to use the energy from its metabolism and the machinery of its biological factories (ribosomes!) to make more virus particles, more virus genomes with protective coats that invade other cells, which are then released from the hijacked cell. Basically, a virus is a genome that fools living things into reproducing it. The name "computer virus" is apt and gives a good analogy - cells are like computers and viruses are snippets of code that invade them. When the computer executes the code, it makes the computer reproduce and distribute the virus, often getting damaged in the process. And like computer viruses, real viruses often invade a cell and then lie dormant until they are activated. Let me know if there's anything that's not clear or if you have any more questions! TL;DR: Viruses are genomes that trick living cells into reproducing them.


Question: why isn’t cost of housing include in the CPI? It seems like it’s the largest inflationary factor in most people’s lives?

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 why isn’t cost of housing include in the CPI? It seems like it’s the largest inflationary factor in most people’s lives?

The cost of a fridge or a car or a loaf of bread doesn't vary much between NYC, San Francisco, and Topeka. But housing varies drastically from market to market. Also, if you're locked into a 30 Year Fixed Rate mortgage, your housing costs don't vary much year to year, but if you're a new buyer or a renter they do. Modeling this into CPI would be difficult, I imagine. & #x200B;


Question: What’s the benefit of a seed box in relation to torrenting?

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 What’s the benefit of a seed box in relation to torrenting?

A seed box is an external box that is dedicated to seeding torrent files. They are usually VMs on an external server. People use them because many private torrent trackers require seed to leech ratios, so you need to seed a torrent for longer than you leech (usually at least 2x). You _can_ do this from your home PC, but it would require the PC be on all the time, using your bandwidth, and potentially exposes your IP address to the swarm (which can result in lawsuits). A seedbox resolves both of those concerns


Question: The US Economy is in debt, and borrows more every year. What's the long term effects?

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 The US Economy is in debt, and borrows more every year. What's the long term effects?

The government is in debt, not the economy. Most of that debt is held by US citizens in the form of bonds, commonly used as a stable investment to stave off the effects of inflation on retirement savings. The amount of the debt isn't as important as the ratio of that debt to the GDP of the country, which has been fairly stable. As such, the bond rating agencies have consistently held the US at a AAA Rating, aside from a brief blip when Congress was having too many showdowns over raising the debt limit. As long as that bond rating holds, we're in good shape. We can print a little more money if necessary, but that will drive up inflation and interest rates, so it's a temporary fix, but one that can buy some crucial time. We won't be Greece in 50 years. We've got too much capacity for growth and innovation to become Greece


Question: why do sounds like ambulances or ice cream trucks drop in pitch as they drive past you?

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 why do sounds like ambulances or ice cream trucks drop in pitch as they drive past you?

This is known as the Doppler effect. Sounds waves bunch up as an object is moving towards you - hence going higher in pitch. Then they spread out as they go away from you, dropping in pitch URL_0


Question: Does poison become more poisonous when it has passed its expiry date, or does it lose its toxicity? Why is this?

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 Does poison become more poisonous when it has passed its expiry date, or does it lose its toxicity? Why is this?

You will need to pick a poison. Everything is a poison if you have enough of it. Most medical drugs degrade overtime becoming less effective. Somethings degrade into harmless things and others degrade in a harmful process. Water stagnates and grows bacteria, aspirin breaks down and becomes inert, alcohol will become more acidic. So pick your poison but its not consistent.


Question: How come Digg died but Reddit thrived?

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 How come Digg died but Reddit thrived?

I came here from Digg when the collapse came. Before that day, Digg had a far superior look to it.. it was “Web 2.0” CSS – rounded buttons, soft edges. Reddit was a “Wall of text” and muddled with data. On my normal day, I would open URL_0 and scroll through the first few pages of stories to see what I had missed over the night. Then I would head to the submitted articles section and see what was worth ‘suggesting’ to other people. Bury the story if it was stupid, or just spam or trying to sell stuff we didn’t want. But Digg needed money. They couldn’t figure out how to turn the website into a cash cow, so they decided to have advertising websites (like Tech crunch or cnet) just automatically feed their articles into Digg like an RSS feed. You didn’t get any imaginary points for submitting it yourself! You couldn’t bury sponsored articles! Control and curation of content were no longer something users felt we controlled. (Perhaps you’d say we never had the control, but we had the PERCEPTION of it at the LEAST) We were being shown/told what to like by marketers. The exact opposite of the core system behind why people enjoyed Digg. Reddit, the ugly step brother, still offered us control over content. So we submitted our content to Reddit, got all the content we wanted to see, then posted Reddit to Digg. One day the entire front page of links on Digg directed to Stories ON Reddit. ( < 3 ). Soon after, everyone just stayed on Reddit, and the crappy design of Reddit started to grow on you like Moss.. or shingles..


Question: why do some sudden emotional traumas, (i.e. a neath death experience or a scary moment) make you feel so tired even though you put in barely any physical effort?

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 why do some sudden emotional traumas, (i.e. a neath death experience or a scary moment) make you feel so tired even though you put in barely any physical effort?

Mental trauma and physical trauma are basically the same thing. Having a near death experience is to the brain what suddenly bench pressing 50kg is to your body. You could probably do it and push through the pain, but you're gonna feel like crap afterwards. People often underestimate how truly real mental trauma is and how it affects your body. Your brain is a muscle, just like your bicep, so Treat your brain like you treat any of your other muscles; warm up before use, don't overtax it if possible, excercise regularly, and rest as needed.


Question: How can the CDC trace the exact specific source of an e. Coli outbreak?

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 How can the CDC trace the exact specific source of an e. Coli outbreak?

Pretty much. Supply chains are tracked and catalogued pretty extensively, so when dozens of people get sick with the same (relatively rare) bacterial infection spread across multiple states, it's relatively easy for investigators to find a common denominator.