Question: How does the Infinite Hotel Paradox actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Infinite Hotel Paradox actually work?

The hotel is a way to personify infinite sets with a more digestible example than using only pure math. What's really going on here is this takeaway point. **If you have two groups (say, hotel rooms and guests), and you can describe a way to pair them all off, the two groups must be the same size.** Sounds intuitive, right? I have a hotel with 20 rooms, you pull up in a bus full of 20 guests. I can pair each room off with one guest, therefore our groups are the same size, and now my hotel is full. If you showed up with a bus of 21 guests, I wouldn't have room, because one guest would get no room to pair with. When you introduce infinity, some of these intuitions break down. I have an infinite hotel, and it's full (how it got full doesn't matter, I just declared it to be full). You show up with a bus. I demonstrate there is a way to still pair off all of my guests to rooms while also accomodating the new ones, therefore I *must* have room in my hotel, despite already being full. Infinity + 1 = infinity. The Veritasium video demonstrates with several examples that no matter how many guests show up, as long as you can find a pairing trick, the number of guests and the number of rooms must be equal. The extra weird thing is that if one of your groups is ordered in a very specific way, that infinite group can be literally *bigger* than another infinite group. Veritasium explains this with the bus full of named monsters. He uses a version of the so-called "diagonal argument" to prove that, even if he assumed every guest could be paired off to every room, he could still generate the name of at least one guest that had no room. Since the two groups could not be shown to pair off 1-to-1, they must have different sizes. Therefore some infinities are literally bigger than others.


Question: - why do trains care what you charge in their power sockets? Does it make a difference if i charge my laptop or my toothbrush?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - why do trains care what you charge in their power sockets? Does it make a difference if i charge my laptop or my toothbrush?

Laptops and mobile phones draw relatively less power than something like a hair dryer or electric space heater. If several passengers used such devices it is likely circuits would be overloaded and breakers popped. Passengers are dumb so they restrict it to a few examples.


Question: Does the earths rotation cause airplanes to “fly faster”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Does the earths rotation cause airplanes to “fly faster”?

High altitude winds ("the jet stream") flow from west to east, making it about an hour quicker to cross my country (Australia) in that direction, about 4.5 vs 5.5 hours. So, quite a difference. The direction of the winds is due to the rotation of the earth. EDIT: From [ URL_0 :](https://www. URL_0 /jetstream/jet) "Jet streams are relatively narrow bands of strong wind in the upper levels of the atmosphere. The winds blow from west to east in jet streams but the flow often shifts to the north and south. Jet streams follow the boundaries between hot and cold air." "...the earth's rotation divided this circulation into three cells. The earth's rotation is responsible for the jet stream as well."


Question: Does friction act on light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Does friction act on light?

Light does "beam forever". It just spreads out in a wider and wider cone, so the brightness in a particular area gets lower as you get farther from the source.


Question: Our universe is 13.8 billion years old but how come we can see 46 billion light years away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Our universe is 13.8 billion years old but how come we can see 46 billion light years away?

The universe is continually expanding, and has done so at a phenomenal rate over those 13.6 billion years. It took the light 13.6 billion years to cross the distance, but in that time cosmic inflation has pushed those far distant galaxies another 30 billion light years away. Light they emit today will never reach earth - the void between us and them grows faster than light can traverse it.


Question: What causes trypophobics to fear or be made uneasy by the small holes?

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<answer>
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 What causes trypophobics to fear or be made uneasy by the small holes?

For me it has something to do with imagining things crawling out of those holes. A lot of times I see the pattern/small hole and my brain imprints that pattern onto some body part and then I can’t help but think of bugs or something crawling in and out of those holes *under and through your skin* and it gets me bad


Question: How do scientists determine what strain of influenza the flu shot will be made for each year?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists determine what strain of influenza the flu shot will be made for each year?

Afaik the three strains chosen are the three most virulent strains recognized during the opposite hemisphere's winter i.e. six months ago.


Question: Why does it seem that every company that updates their user interface makes it worse?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it seem that every company that updates their user interface makes it worse?

Because it changes from what you're used to, I'm sure if reddit changed from the new version to the old version there would be a lot more complaints.


Question: how do Netflix movies/shows make money individually if they don’t get paid from ticket sales/box office?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do Netflix movies/shows make money individually if they don’t get paid from ticket sales/box office?

They don't is the short answer. Nothing on Netflix makes money on it's own. The purpose of most of the content is to keep users coming back, month after month, keep them paying those monthly fees. A few things they make are aimed at drawing in new users, like their higher production original content, but at the end of the day it's all meant to serve that subscription renewal.


Question: Why are American kids shows are dubbed in the UK?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are American kids shows are dubbed in the UK?

I would assume so kids aren't learning the American pronunciation for certain words?


Question: If a Canadian gets an acting role from a company in LA and the film shooting takes place in Europe, how would they pay their taxes/with what government?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a Canadian gets an acting role from a company in LA and the film shooting takes place in Europe, how would they pay their taxes/with what government?

You'd still pay taxes in/to Canada. It depends how long you're working outside of Canada and determination of your factual residency. But for a few weeks or months, no, pay taxes as normal to Canada. If in doubt the lovely people at Canada Revenue's help line can sort you out. URL_0


Question: Why is there an entire discipline of mathematics devoted to triangles and not other shapes like circles trapezoids or hexagons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there an entire discipline of mathematics devoted to triangles and not other shapes like circles trapezoids or hexagons?

Geometry applies to all shapes. The principles of trigonometry apply to all shapes; it just takes a little analysis. Triangles are the simplest polygon, so analysis of triangles is like prime factorization for large numbers — it’s simpler to work with triangles than with larger polygons.


Question: How is video and music data stored digitally when there isnt any power in the device (battery dies)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is video and music data stored digitally when there isnt any power in the device (battery dies)?

When you toggle a light switch at home and the power goes out, it remains toggled in that direction until/when the power is restored. The 0/1 toggle stays where ya put it.


Question: what the purpose of the black strips of wire/rope that I see from time to time across several lanes of traffic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what the purpose of the black strips of wire/rope that I see from time to time across several lanes of traffic?

Those are pneumatic axle counters - there's a traffic study being done for that location, they want to see how many vehicles use that piece of road in a given time. One at a place is necessary, more than one is backups in case one is damaged. Vehicle crosses the rubber tube, the air impulse advances a simple counter in the box off to the side of the road.


Question: Why is the inside of a refrigerator cold, but the sides hot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the inside of a refrigerator cold, but the sides hot?

Refrigerators cool your food by pumping heat energy out of the inside of the fridge. They then dump that heat into the air around the outside of the fridge, typically from the back of the unit. As long as the fridge has sufficient insulation, the heat doesn't really get back in.


Question: Why are some humans smarter than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
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</answer>
 Why are some humans smarter than others?

As you might expect, its a complicated question from just about every angle. - To even start, how do you measure someones intelligence? This test would also have to be culturally neutral, which is something IQ testing has comically failed to achieve in the past. - Lets say you can do that, what kinds of intelligence are the important ones to consider? Mathematical skills, social ability, spatial reasoning, pattern recognition, logical reasoning, emotional regulation? How will you balance these factors to come to your final score? - You have to control for the effects of the obvious stuff like education, nutrition, how they were raised, economic standing, training, etc to hope to determine someones 'innate' intelligence. So before you can even start to figure it out scientifically, there are a lot of points of ambiguity and entryways for bias (unintentional or otherwise). This will likely never be conclusively determined simply due to the inherent subjectivity of the task and inability to divorce environmental factors from the innate (ie, nature vs nurture).


Question: What exactly is a normal distribution?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a normal distribution?

A normal distribution shows that it is more likely that numbers in the middle will occur than numbers at the end. Like in a class, few people are likely to get 95 or higher, and few people are likely to get a 65 or lower. You're likely to get a lot of grades in in the 80-85 range. An easy example to think about is rolling two dice. To get a 2, you need to roll two 1s. That's not very likely. To get a 12, you need to roll two 6s. That's not very likely either. 2: 1+1 3: 1+2 4: 1+3, 2+2 5: 1+4, 2+3 6: 1+5, 2+4, 3+3 7: 1+6, 2+5, 3+4 8: 2+6, 3+5, 4+4 9: 3+6, 4+5 10: 4+6, 5+5 11: 5+6 12: 6+6 Do you kind of see how the numbers in the middle have more options? This gets more pronounced with the more dice you roll. So you could flip this on the side and draw a line above the number (or make them into bars if you want). The ends are less likely because there are less possibilities, and in the middle it's more likely because there are more combinations that lead to a higher probability of getting that.


Question: Since sunburn is your skin cells DNA killing themselves to prevent cancer, does that mean people who heavily tan and not burn are more susceptible to cancers like melanoma?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since sunburn is your skin cells DNA killing themselves to prevent cancer, does that mean people who heavily tan and not burn are more susceptible to cancers like melanoma?

Whether you burn or you tan, the sun exposure damages your skin and increases your risk of cancer. Just a few bad sunburns at a young age dramatically increases cancer risk.


Question: Why does the real length of a river divided by its linear distance from spring to mouth almost always result in pi?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the real length of a river divided by its linear distance from spring to mouth almost always result in pi?

[It doesn't.]( URL_1 ) Sorry. It's a nice idea, but it's just a coincidence if it happens at all. It's been suggested that it might have something to do with pi, but [later studies just haven't found that to be the case.]( URL_0 ) Any river with a sinuosity of more than 1.5 is considered to be 'meandering' -- that's a high sinuosity -- but the average is under 2... or a long, long way from 3.14.


Question: If countries switch to electric vehicles only, is crude oil still distilled for the other products (plastics, oils, tar, etc) ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 If countries switch to electric vehicles only, is crude oil still distilled for the other products (plastics, oils, tar, etc) ?

I suspect that we will still need lubricants,and heavy fuels such as kerosene, and JP4. But the requirement will be greatly reduced as gasoline will become a byproduct rather than the primary product. With luck, once we move away from our dependence on internal combustion for transportation, more focus can be placed on development of efficient engines for things such a generators. Also. Oils and plastics can be recycled, it’s not a 100% recovery process, but it can significantly reduce the need for new crude oil.


Question: How does furniture polish work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does furniture polish work?

Wood is naturally porous - like a sponge. Wood is sometimes treated with oil, but typically it's vanished. Wood is basically coated in something to make it shiny. This coating can be too many things: * The excretions of lac beetles is very traditional (shellac, lacquer) - this is also used on many candies to make it shiny. * Nitrocellulose was popular in the early 1900s * Urethane or acrylic plastic is common today * Linseed oil is sometimes used * Natural waxes like beeswax, or synthetic wax from crude oil can also be used * Natural resins like amber, copal, and mastic can be used * Epoxy resins are used for extra durability The actual polish typically contains an oil or wax - when you rub this on it leaves a residue that makes it shiny. Some polishes can contain acids (vinegar, lemon, or synthetic ones), or solvents that can dissolve or thin some of the original finishes. Sometimes this can make it shinier, remove scratches, etc - but it can also weaken and degrade the finish. I would typically recommend a wax - like a paste finishing wax. These don't remove or damage the old finish, you're just adding something on top to make it shiny. If it's in bad shape - gel paint stripper to remove the old finish and a can or spray bottle of polyurethane will give it a good maintenance free finish that will last for many years.


Question: What exactly is digital money? Does it represent physical money that banks store, or is it completely digital?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is digital money? Does it represent physical money that banks store, or is it completely digital?

Strictly speaking, it is debt, the promise of an institution to pay on the terms of the account. Because of something called **fractional banking**, the institution that you have an account with may not have enough bills on hand to pay off all their accounts. That is because some of their assets are in longer term investments (like a mortgage). Generally banks will have an asset sheet (money lended out generating a return) and a debit sheet (deposits owed and interest paid), as well as reserves (cash on hand needed to meet their obligations under the terms of the depositors accounts). So a healthy bank your deposit represents a share of the banks current reserved/ future investment incomes. At the end of the day, the bank has assets to back up its digital money, but not necessarily currency. The **Reserve Banking** and **interbanking systems** system provides a way for banks to square with each other, so if uneven digital currency changes hands one bank will end up transferring assets (usually treasury notes) to another.


Question: Does it take more muscle to keep your eyes open or to keep them closed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does it take more muscle to keep your eyes open or to keep them closed?

Neither. The resting position of the eyelids is what is experienced when you have your eyes open without blinking and without forcing bug eyes. That's why corpses eyes can shoot open for no reason


Question: Is it at all plausible that we could be in a simulation? How could we tell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it at all plausible that we could be in a simulation? How could we tell?

I'm not a physicist, so take this with a grain of salt. There are a number of proposed tests for this hypothesis. One of them involves the idea that if the universe is a simulation, there may be an underlying "lattice" which underpins everything and imposes limits on it. Physics might say that we can do X, but for some reason we're limited to Y. Such a discovery would suggest that Y is an artificial limitation imposed on the universe by someone who basically didn't have the hardware power to do it better, the knowledge do it better, or got lazy. By way of analogy: imagine you buy a car with an engine rated to 200km/h, but no matter how hard you push the car you can only do 100km/h. You open it up and find that there's a governor on the engine which prevents you from going the full speed. That limitation when you should be able to go 200km/h tells you that something is "wrong" with the setup. [Further reading]( URL_0 ). There is also the idea that our 3D universe is actually just a 2D hologram that looks 3D when interacted with in a certain way. Essentially, the idea goes, our universe is comprised of incredibly small bits of information, which in turn "output" the particles and fields we know. While this doesn't necessarily mean that the universe is a simulation, the fact that it's encoded as information and is not intrinsically particle/field based could suggest that it is. [More further reading which doesn't go into the simulation idea, but from which you can see how the conclusion may follow]( URL_1 ).


Question: How can the Last Universal Common Ancestor not be a single organism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the Last Universal Common Ancestor not be a single organism?

There was at some point in history a single organism that is the ancestor of all life on Earth today. However, that organism was not alone, and would have belonged to a population of other similar organisms. Since there's no meaningful way to say anything about the differences between individuals of this population though, most people just discuss characteristics that would have been shared among all members of LUCA's species; the actual LUCA organism was in all likelihood unremarkable and pretty much the same as the rest of its population. To put it another way, think about a different common ancestor, such as the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. There are actually two time points you can think about here. First, there was a point at which one population split into two different populations which would eventually go on to become humans and chimpanzees. This is what people most commonly mean when they refer to the divergence time of two species, and in this case it happened roughly 6-7 million years ago (though in reality this split was likely a gradual process, not an instantaneous one). Additionally, there is a point in time at which a single individual who is the common ancestor of all humans and chimpanzees lived. This point in time is by necessity earlier than the divergence time of human and chimp *populations*, since all of those individuals would have been her descendants too. In fact, it's possible that the individual common ancestor of humans and chimps would not even be considered the same species as the *group* that eventually split into humans and chimps if we could compare them side by side. To demonstrate this visually, look at the [bottom part of this figure]( URL_2 ) from [Hubert and Hanner 2015]( URL_0 ). At the present (on the right of the diagram), we have two distinct species which diverged some time in the past. This divergence event happened at one point marked by the dotted line labelled "t1", and this is the point I was referring to where two groups that will eventually go on to become different species split. However, there is also an earlier point labelled "t0" which is the *individual* most recent common ancestor of all individuals in both modern species, and the diagram helpfully labels the path connecting the modern individuals to this ancestor in bold. Here's another [slightly more colourful figure]( URL_1 ) (though it is not as well-labelled) that shows the same kind of thing; the actual *divergence time(s)* of the three species happen later than their *most recent common ancestor* (the first blue point at the bottom). So to summarize, there does indeed *have to be* a single, individual organism that was the common ancestor of all living things, but it probably didn't live at the same time that the major groups of life (e.g., bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes) actually separated. And as I mentioned already, LUCA most likely would have been indistinguishable from her contemporaries, which is why we generally refer to features that LUCA's species as a whole would have had, since LUCA was definitely not the first living thing by any means. Also, to address the second part of your question, no, most uses of the term LUCA are only considering cellular life, and do not take into account any viruses or proteins. It's unlikely that all viruses share a single common origin in the same way that cellular life does, though the origin of viruses is still debated. There is some suggestion that at least certain types of viruses (e.g., [Megavirus]( URL_3 )) may actually be descended from single-celled organisms that became increasingly simply until they totally lost the ability to reproduce independently, and if this is true, then maybe an argument could be made that they should be included in discussions of the common ancestor of all life. Although unless they are descended from some mysterious extinct group of single-celled organisms, they might not actually push back LUCA any further (e.g., if it were found that Megavirus just derived from some known group of bacteria).


Question: what happens when someone rich dies with nobody to pass it on to? Where does the money go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens when someone rich dies with nobody to pass it on to? Where does the money go?

A person who dies intestate, or without a will or beneficiary, will have their assets distributed "by law". There are laws everywhere to govern this sort of thing and vary by location. For example, the laws in England are different than those in the United States. In fact, in the US, the laws are by state. For the most part, the assets are placed into an account, an administrator is hired and assigned to locate the nearest living relative/s. Failing that, the assets will eventually go to the State Treasury. Generally speaking.


Question: What makes a gel pen write so much more smoothly than my other pens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a gel pen write so much more smoothly than my other pens?

I’m no pen expert, but it could do with the their being water in the ink. Other pens would often dry up or are uneven, resulting in skipping, ink drying as your in the middle of writing a sentence, and can look more rigid depending on the hand writing. A gel pen is more smooth, though smudging is more readily apparent and more likely to occur compared to other pens.


Question: How do amateurs keep long exposure astonomy shots from blurring?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do amateurs keep long exposure astonomy shots from blurring?

A ten-hour single exposure is difficult, requiring good equipment and experience. These days you can “stack” a series of shorter exposures in software to reach the same total exposure time. This has the advantage of being able to throw away bad exposures so a single adverse event doesn’t ruin everything. The software can also align all the shots, effectively correcting for any long-term drift in the tracking system.


Question: How does the weather change so fast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the weather change so fast?

The distance to the horizon is typically a few miles to maybe 15 miles depending on your elevation, so looking all around you might be able to see 30-40 miles worth of sky (15-20 in either direction). If clouds above your head are moving at 20mph, they can easily blow over the horizon in under an hour. Also, clouds dissipate, sometimes quickly, depending on lots of factors (temperature changes, wind speed an direction changes, humidity changes, etc.). Combining your limited view of the sky with ever-changing clouds, it's not unusual to have a cloudy day turn into a sunny day, and vice versa, in under an hour.


Question: Why do motion sensor nightlights sometimes turn on even when nothing is there to trigger it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do motion sensor nightlights sometimes turn on even when nothing is there to trigger it?

Wind, dust in the air, bits of leaf debris, small wildlife, bug on the sensor, if the sensor is particularly sensitive it could well pick any of these up.


Question: How did large congregations of people hear speeches (i.e. Lincoln's address, and countless other older speeches) without the use of microphones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did large congregations of people hear speeches (i.e. Lincoln's address, and countless other older speeches) without the use of microphones?

If people are quiet, and there is no traffic or other sources of noise nearby, the voice of a single shouting man can be clearly heard for quite a long way away. In addition the large congregations were usually held at big amphitheaters which are specifically designed to help the sound from the stage carry outwards. The stages usually had reflectors and resonators at strategic places to make this happen. Where there were problems hearing the people speaking they would use megaphones. These are large cones that a speaker could shout into in order for his voice to become louder and more directed so that more people could hear them. Popular speeches would also be written down or memorized so they could be retold. A lot of the people attending political congregations would be campaigners who would go back to their home towns and recite the speech word for word so that even more would be able to hear it.


Question: Why do things that are burnt often turn black?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do things that are burnt often turn black?

If you burn something organic (food, wood, plastic), then it is because a layer of amorphous carbon (soot or charcoal) is formed on a surface, due to incomplete burning of the material being burnt.


Question: How does capillary action pulling a fluid up a narrow tube result in a more stable state than if the fluid stayed at the same level?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does capillary action pulling a fluid up a narrow tube result in a more stable state than if the fluid stayed at the same level?

Molecules are made of highly electrically charged particles and all interact with each other like little magnets. Some are attracted to each other, some strongly repel, and some are indifferent and neutral. When a liquid is climbing up the inside of a narrow tube, that's an indication that the liquid molecules are more attracted to the tube wall molecules than they are to eachother. They're quite literally climbing all over eachother trying to touch the wall as that's the more optimal energy state. But! As the liquid column grows, so too does the force of gravity. The low energy bonus the molecules are getting by touching the tube is eventually offset by the sheer weight of the column and it can climb no higher. Climbing up the tube is increasing the surface area of the liquid, which typically means an increase in system entropy.


Question: Why are (seemingly) all primes +/- 1 away from a product of 6?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are (seemingly) all primes +/- 1 away from a product of 6?

Let's start with thinking what primes could possibly be, considering relation to multiples of 6. Could a prime be a multiple of 6? Obviously no, since if it were, you would have it be divisible by 6, and that means it's not a prime. Could a prime be 3 away from multiple of 6? That would mean it's NOT divisible by 6, but it WOULD be divisible by 3(Say, from 6, it's either 3 or 9, both divisible by 3). So the only way it could be a prime is if it's 3. Otherwise it would be divisible by 3 and thus not prime. Could it be 2 away from multiple of 6? Think about that for a while, it's the trickiest of these. First off, 6 is an even number. 2 is an even number. 6 multiplied by any whole number is still an even number. So 6 multiplied by any whole number, +- 2, would still be even number. And since any even number, beside 2, is divisible by 2 and thus not prime number, you can't have be prime number be 2 away from multiple of 6. So all the primes larger than 3 have to be, no question, some multiple of 6, plus one, or some multiple of 6, minus one. We have ruled all the other choices out.


Question: Why are some US cities/states 'New' (New York, New Jersey, New Orleans, New Hampshire etc.) whislt others arnt dispite having an existing european city with that name? (Boston,Oxford,London, etc.)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some US cities/states 'New' (New York, New Jersey, New Orleans, New Hampshire etc.) whislt others arnt dispite having an existing european city with that name? (Boston,Oxford,London, etc.)?

Literally, just because. Take New York City and State. The English under the Duke of York took over from the Dutch. There were plenty of towns already established. The English kept some of the old Dutch names [New Utrecht] modified others [The Bronx] and gave other towns all new names [Rome and Attica, because the English were fans of the 'classics.'] I'm guessing that 'New York' made the Duke's holdings sound more impressive. 'York' could just be one place, but York and New York tells the world you've got a global empire going.


Question: How do reward systems make you addicted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do reward systems make you addicted?

Excitement and anticipation are powerful motivators. If you repeat an activity, and get rewarded for it, your brain releases endorphins and other chemicals. Keep doing it and you begin to react with pleasurable chemicals *before* you open the box, the anticipation starts the cycle of your brain's reward center. It's basically addiction, which is just how our brains naturally respond to repeated fun activity.


Question: How are archaelogists able to find and reconstruct footprints from thousands of years ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are archaelogists able to find and reconstruct footprints from thousands of years ago?

Almost all of them are long gone. But sometimes, by luck, a material flowed into the footprints before they disappeared and then became hard, creating a mold that lasted.


Question: ; why is it that different people feel hot and cold at different temperatures? For example, in the UK we’d consider 30 degrees Celsius to be very hot, but I know that’s not the case elsewhere.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; why is it that different people feel hot and cold at different temperatures? For example, in the UK we’d consider 30 degrees Celsius to be very hot, but I know that’s not the case elsewhere.

2 things: 1) As other people mention, you just get used to it. 2) Humidity. High temperatures feel a lot higher with high humidity. High humidity means your sweat mechanism doesn't work as effectively.


Question: How do wildlife videographers achieve the shots we see in documentaries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do wildlife videographers achieve the shots we see in documentaries?

You underestimate how good these photographers are. They deserve all the awards they get. They're just that good. Also, really REALLY long lenses.


Question: How is a pier or a bridge built?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a pier or a bridge built?

Depends on what you’re building and the short answer is no they don’t drain the water. For piers they drive down pilons which stick into the ground and they know they’ve gone deep enough with compaction tests. When I was a teen I worked for a company driving pilons and how we checked for it was made markings every foot and counted how many hits it took to get to each one. When we got to the number we were looking for we stopped.


Question: Why is steam created when water is poured over ice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is steam created when water is poured over ice?

it's called sublimation. Basically, the surface of the material is able to gain enough energy to evaporate, even though the rest of the material is still below the boiling point.


Question: why is a unicorn named a uniCORN and not a uniHORN?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is a unicorn named a uniCORN and not a uniHORN?

The word unicorn means literally "one-horn". It comes from the Latin word ūnus, which means one, and cornu which means horn


Question: how do Alzheimer's and dementia drugs help? What do they do in a patient's "head"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do Alzheimer's and dementia drugs help? What do they do in a patient's "head"?

Neurotransmitters are released from neurons to stimulate the next neuron. Afterwards the neurotransmitter is broken down by an enzyme. In Alzheimer's they have limited function of neurons and not enough of the neurotransmitter to trigger the next. The drugs inhibit the enzyme that breaks down that neurotransmitter, this allows a concentration of the neurotransmitter to help the neurons "fire" thus stimulating better function.


Question: What's the process of inventing medicine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the process of inventing medicine?

1. Many leads for drug discovery actually start from plants with traditional/folkloric use. Meaning if the plant is used traditionally for treating infection, for example, it is a prime candidate for antibiotic drug screening. But nowadays with the existence of high throughput assays, screening thousands of plants for bioactivity in a relatively short span of time is possible. 2. If by chance an active compound is found/synthesized, drug formulation is another story. It has to be tailored into something that we are able to absorb, reach the target tissue or organ, broken down to the active form, and exit the body without complications. These are really simplified answers but I hope this helps.


Question: How exactly does “lossless” audio work (and why is it important)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does “lossless” audio work (and why is it important)?

"Lossless" and "lossy" refers to compression, the method in which large files are made small enough to be reasonable to store and transport. Lossless compression schemes will always restore the file to what it originally was. It will never "lose" any information, it is exactly the same as what it originally was when being created. However because all information *must* be preserved there is a limit to how much smaller you can make the file. At some point you've found all the patterns you can compress and are just left with a file where every bit encodes vital, irreplaceable information with no patterns to encode. Lossy schemes however don't care. They will try to find ways to throw out as much data as they reasonably can get away with without you really noticing. They will try to nudge data around so that it has easier to store patterns. they will try to approximate the final product instead of keeping it 100% intact. This allows lossy compression schemes to create much smaller files, but at the cost of lowering the quality or changing the audio so that it isn't identical to the original audio and probably has lost some dynamic range or tiny audio features. Now, the good thing about lossy compression schemes is that they typically are pretty good at identifying the information you'll never notice was missing, and a good one is great at making their product sound "Almost the same" even if it's slightly worse because you have literally thrown out parts of the audio. For the most part, most average consumers don't notice nor care. However depending on who you are and what you're doing you may actually prefer to have the high quality, information-dense audio that has all of the sounds and all of them in the exact same condition as they started out in. The methods you suggested won't bring back the information lost, you're just adding new information that you think make the song sound prettier. Maybe it does, but odds are you're just smudging the audio file around to give the illusion of being higher quality.


Question: How did Mexico end up poorer than the US and Canada?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Mexico end up poorer than the US and Canada?

Not a historian, merely a history enthusiast. The Spanish didn't really "colonize" they conquered. Spaniards who came to the new world were not merchants or farmers they were military men. They came as conquerors seeking God, gold and glory. As such, the Spanish colonies did not experience very much economic development. Meanwhile, the British and French colonies were very different. The people who came to these colonies specifically came to trade and make money. People came to Canada for fur trapping which they traded. People who came to the southern colonies came to work/own plantations to make money. People who came to the northern colonies came mainly to escape religious persecution, but these were ordinary folk who needed to farm and trade to make a living. As such, these colonies grew economically. Important side note, a lot of it may also be attributed to population growth. Very few people migrated to the Spanish colonies, so the population growth was very minimal. Meanwhile, lots of people migrated to the British and French colonies, so the population growth was substantial. Hope this was accurate and informative. If anyone has any corrections, I'd appreciate it


Question: Why is the outer space dark (black) even after having so many stars in the space that emit light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the outer space dark (black) even after having so many stars in the space that emit light?

This is [Olbers' paradox]( URL_0 ). If the universe is infinite, then every line of sight ought to end at the surface of a star somewhere. (Even if there's stuff other than stars in the way, it ought to be heated to incandescence, along with everything else, by the brilliant sky.) The universe must therefore either be finite – a proposition for which there's no other good evidence – or expanding, so that the red shift makes distant stars seem colder.


Question: What happens to your body when you are electrocuted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to your body when you are electrocuted?

A few things. Your muscles are normally controlled by electrical signals from your nervous system. External electricity will cause muscles to contract, violently. And that's pretty bad when it happens to your heart and the muscles controlling your lungs. Additionally, high current flow can burn tissue. Burn it badly, as in "this ain't gonna heal up". Severe electrocution victims sometimes look like a burnt steak. Going along with that, very high current flow can probably generate enough heat to cause some cells to boil and pop. But by that point, the other issues have made it irrelevant, except for whomever has to clean up the mess.


Question: how is it possible to put together those 3 extremely small lights in a pixel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is it possible to put together those 3 extremely small lights in a pixel?

It is done with photolithography. They use precision masks to project the tiny circuits onto silicon chips. They are even smaller in LCD projectors, but they are huge compared to the circuits used in microprocessors. Those are so small, they need to project the circuit patterns with ultraviolet light with a wavelength below 200 nm.


Question: How do you express a roman numeral as a fraction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you express a roman numeral as a fraction?

Romans used dots and s, based on twelve for fractions. • = 1/12, •• = 2/12, ••••• = 5/12, S = 6/12, S• = 7/12, I = 12/12


Question: Raffle ticket odds, does buying say 10 out of 28,000, give you 1/2800 chance on every ticket or 1/28000?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Raffle ticket odds, does buying say 10 out of 28,000, give you 1/2800 chance on every ticket or 1/28000?

Each ticket has a 1 in 28000 chance but you as a person have 1 in 2800 chance because you have 10 in 28000. I hope that makes sense.


Question: Why do email addresses have the form of websites?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do email addresses have the form of websites?

Email comes from the days when there were a very small number of computers on the internet, and they were all big computers that had lots of different user accounts on them. When you sent someone an email, you had to say what server you were sending it to, and then which account on that server. Email still works the same way, but now the server is the server for your email provider, and the account name is your email account. The way to identify the server is to use a web address. (there's another level as to how web addresses actually mean anything, and I can get into DNS if you want)


Question: What is a recession and how will it impact the average person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a recession and how will it impact the average person?

A recession is a general decrease in spending and investment in the economy lasting at least 6 months. The most salient impacts on the average person are wage freezes/cuts or, much more commonly, unemployment.


Question: How does a currency become "stronger" or "weaker" with respect to other currencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a currency become "stronger" or "weaker" with respect to other currencies?

Mostly the best ways to keep your country's currency stable are to: 1. Make sure there is a market for your country's goods and services abroad. Foreigners will want to buy your currency so they can buy your goods and services. This demand increases the value of your currency. 2. If the demand for your currency starts to get too high, it will become too expensive and foreigners won't be able to buy your country's goods and services any more. If this happens, your government can print more money to buy your people things like roads, hospitals, schools, or bombers. This increase of your money will lower the value of your currency. If you are good at balancing these two strategies, your country's currency should stay fairly stable. I hope this helps. Please rule your people justly and kindly.


Question: Where do the rockets that a spacecraft leaves behind go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do the rockets that a spacecraft leaves behind go?

> If they fall down to earth does that mean they come crashing down on land or sea? Yes > And isn't that dangerous threat to people who may be on ground or maybe a ship like a Cruise ship? Not really, no. We can predict the crash zone, and plan the mission to make that zone an empty patch of ocean. The location of launchpads all over the world are influenced by having good options for crash zones.


Question: When people run a marathon for charity, how are they making money? Who is paying for people to run, and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When people run a marathon for charity, how are they making money? Who is paying for people to run, and why?

Usually the runners aren't making money (unless advertisers pay them to wear their gear). Typically a person will offer to pay a charity a certain amount of money if a runner makes it a certain distance, a specific number of laps, or under a specific time. The more sponsors a runner gets and the more goals the runner achieves, the more money the charity gets.


Question: What is tensor calculus and how is it used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is tensor calculus and how is it used?

A vector is like a number, but instead of just a magnitude, it has a chosen direction. A covector (or dual vector) is a linear function of vectors to their underlying scalar field, often the real numbers. Linear means that if you lengthen a vector or add vectors together, the number you get by acting on the new vector with a covector plays nicely with the vector before scaling, or the vectors before adding them together. Covectors form a vector space themselves! So you can actually think of covectors as vectors and vectors as linear functions of covectors to their base field. A tensor extends these ideas. It’s a linear function from some collection of vectors and covectors to their base field. So if you decide to replace any vector or covector in its argument with a scaled version of the original, or a sum of two vectors or covectors, you get a rule for how that changes the result that is pretty much as simple as possible. Vectors have an easily pictured geometric interpretation, but tensors are geometric objects too. In fact, vectors are just a particular kind of tensor. A tensor field usually involves picking some geometric object (like a sphere) and defining a tensor at every point on that object. Usually there’s a condition that requires that the choice of tensor at one point varies smoothly with respect to nearby points. Tensor calculus then extends the methods of calculus (derivatives and integrals) to tensors on geometric objects like this. It allows you to get a new tensor, for instance, that tells you to quantify how a tensor field changes from point to point. Or to integrate, adding up the tensors of a tensor field across some volume. It finds application in physics. General relativity, for instance, is pretty much all tensors all the time. Tensors tell you how much spacetime curves, and the Einstein field equations relate that to a tensor that describes the energy and momentum content of that spacetime.


Question: What is hyper threading and the ZombieLoad vulnerability?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is hyper threading and the ZombieLoad vulnerability?

ZombieLoad is an attack that uses a vulnerability in the so called "speculative execution" of a different process running on the same core of the processor. Imagine that the processor running code is a car going down a street. Every once in a while, it comes to an intersection where it has to turn left or right. The car does not yet know this though - it has to look it up first, and until then it's just standing still. With speculative execution, the car will create a ghost car which will guess which direction is right. Once it finds out which direction is right a little bit later, it will either warp to the ghost car, or it'll delete the ghost and start over from the intersection, going in the right direction this time. Hyperthreading allows another car to drive in the same city. They can normally not see each other - but with ZombieLoad, they can see the ghosts. And by observing where these ghosts are going, malware can possibly find out what it's doing and extract sensitive data. > Should I, an average computer user, be worried? I’m reading that installing the patch could slow my Mac down by up to 40%? As far as I know, the vulnerability isn't as problematic for end-users as it is for companies using cloud services such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon Web Services to run their software, possibly with sensitive data. But I'm not a security expert, so I don't want to give you any recomendations about what to do in this case.


Question: How do banks basically work? Like how do they return interests and how do they earn a profit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do banks basically work? Like how do they return interests and how do they earn a profit?

In the most basic sense, they take the money deposited to them and loan it out to other account holders. Say your savings account earns 1% interest on all the money held there. The bank would then borrow that money, combine it with other account holders’ money, and loan it out to someone for a house mortgage or car loan. To make money, they will charge the person asking for the car loan 7% interest. They make money by lending out your money for more than they are paying you to use it.


Question: why oil stains look like they’re forever wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why oil stains look like they’re forever wet?

Water stains dry up because the water eventually evaporates away. Meanwhile the boiling point of most oils are much higher, around 300 C. Oils evaporate very, very slowly at normal temperatures and pressures, if at all.


Question: How do video game engines work and how do they differ from each other (Unity, unreal, etc)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do video game engines work and how do they differ from each other (Unity, unreal, etc)?

They're basically a framework that has all the super basic shit like lighting, shadows, movements, some ai behaviours and physics and all that prebuilt so it doesn't need to be coded every single time. You just make the engine once and then every time after that simply customise or change what's there and add new stuff. They differ cause they serve different purposes. Like Havok is a physics engine. That's all it does. Most devs used their own engines now though that are specifically catered to their own type of games.