Question: What prevents us from seeing source code in closed source software?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What prevents us from seeing source code in closed source software?

No, the source code is more like a recipe which *creates* the app code which is needed for the program to function. The source code is all laid out in a logical, human-designed and human-readable format, and then a compiler turns that into a much tighter, optimized, machine-readable version of the algorithm which is described by the source code. This machine readable version is called, appropriately, machine code. There do exist programs called decompilers, which can go the other direction and give you source code from a piece of machine code. But a decompiler isn't just like "Give me *the* source code this was compiled from." It's more like "Give me *a* source code which, if compiled, would produce this machine code." What comes out is likely to be ugly, unreadable, and look like nonsense to a human, even if it compiles and runs just fine.


Question: How does a home central AC work? Does it use any water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a home central AC work? Does it use any water?

First, lets talk legionella. This is a water borne bacteria that can cause some serious health issues. Fortunately, as you saw, it's not a concern for small scale air conditioning. Home ACs use a refrigerant (Freon used to be it, R410 i believe is the current rage). This is a chemical that boils/condenses at very specific conditions of temperature and pressure. There are a few components to the home AC. 1. Condenser - this is the big box outside. It consists of a fan, coils, and a compressor. The refrigerant flows through the coils and enters the condenser as a gas, gets compressed, and the heat is blown away by the fan. This is why when the unit it running the air coming off the outside unit is quite warm. This also condenses the refrigerant into a liquid. 2. Evaporator- this is the unit inside. It consists of tubes and the air handler. The air handler is basically another fan that blows the warm air from inside your house across the tubes holding the refrigerant. This causes the refrigerant to evaporate and cool down the air before it is passed to your house. This also drops water out of the air and reduces the humidity. The refrigerant is now a vapor which gets passed back to the condenser. It's the same cycle your refrigerator goes through to keep your food cold. For large scale units, it's usually more efficient to use water cooling rather than a compressed refrigerant. This is where the legionella concern comes from. Instead of passing the water through a closed loop, it goes to cooling tower. There, the water falls through the air, shedding the heat, and giving off some vapor. In this wet, humid environment legionella can grow like gang busters.


Question: Why is a 4-digit code sufficient for banking purposes but not for most online accounts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a 4-digit code sufficient for banking purposes but not for most online accounts?

Direct answer, they are not. Banks use 4-digit codes because it’s user friendly and was/is standard for legacy systems. However it doesn’t mean they are as unsafe as a 4-digit “password” on a website. That’s because for banking purposes usually a physical card is required, there are strict limits against brute force attacks and the damage will be owned by the customer. This distinction can be seen comparing internet banking and regular banking operations (card based).


Question: What is the difference between chlorohexidine and alcohol?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between chlorohexidine and alcohol?

So I had to look up the biological side a bit, because I assume you meant what's the difference as a cleaning agent, so bear with me there, bit I can speak more confidently about the chemical side of things. As chemicals, they're pretty different. Alcohols have one end that basically looks like water, an -OH group, while the rest of the molecule is just carbon and hydrogen (this is actually only true for simple alcohols, but those are what most people think of anyway). This means that they've got one side that likes water and one side that likes oily things. It's not as strong an effect as with soap, but generally they'll mix with most other liquids. Chlorhexidine, on the other hand has a very [different structure.]( URL_0 ) It's got a purely hydrogen and carbon chain in the middle, while each end is a chain of nitrogen-containing groups and something called a benzene ring with a chlorine atom stuck to it. I don't know how well these like oily things, but looking at it I bet it loves water - all of those nitrogen groups can lose various numbers of hydrogen atoms to create a highly charged molecule, which is what water loves dissolving. As for disinfecting, from my understanding they are actually similar at the broadest level. Both work by causing bacteria (and presumably viruses, but I couldn't find as much on that) to essentially fall apart - they make the membrane holding them together stop working. Chlorhexidine seems to do this by sticking to the membrane strongly enough to disrupt it, while alcohol works by disrupting the proteins (big natural molecules that need to hold a certain shape), likely by messing with the charge environment so they can't hold that shape anymore. Hope that helps!


Question: What makes a knife’s blade sharp?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a knife’s blade sharp?

Think of it like diving into water vs doing a belly flop. A sharp knife starts very thin down to a microscopic level and gradually gets wider causing matter it comes into contact with to part much like a dive parts the water. If the knife is dull it has flatness to the edge and the knife will resist passing through the matter just like a belly flop resists passing through water.


Question: What happens to your body physically when you get struck by lightning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to your body physically when you get struck by lightning?

Lightning is electrical energy and electrical energy 1) wants to head to "ground", usually, literally, the ground and 2) generates heat as it moves through things. So depending on where you get struck, the lightning is going to travel from the strike to the ground. So if it hits your knee, it'll go straight down to the ground. If it hits your left arm, and doing a cartwheel, it'll travel across your chest into your right arm and into the ground. it terms of damage to the body it'll A) cause burns because of the heat, those can be pretty nasty and B) cause electrical damage to your nervous system. A relatively weak electrical charge can stop your heart mid-beat so if the lightning crosses your chest that's usually bad news.


Question: Why there are still Kings and Queens in some countries and how effective they are in modern world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why there are still Kings and Queens in some countries and how effective they are in modern world?

Most monarchies are constitutional monarchies where the king or queen is mostly a figurehead. They still exist because mainly because those countries have had them for hundreds of years and haven't felt the need to get rid of them. How effective they are depends on what you expect them to do. They don't do much ruling (except in some countries like Saudi Arabia), but you don't really want them to because that's the job of the elected government. Their main job these days is representing their country. I'd say the UK's queen does that pretty well. She's widely recognised and a key part of the UK's identity, in the eyes of both British and non-British people (that's not to say everyone loves her though). I can't really say about other countries, their monarchs are less well known.


Question: Why is income tax in the US necessary? Couldn't we forgoe all the trouble and unnecessary BS with an increased flat tax on goods/ services?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is income tax in the US necessary? Couldn't we forgoe all the trouble and unnecessary BS with an increased flat tax on goods/ services?

We could do that. People like income taxes because they primarily fall on the wealthy. Poor people spend virtually all of their income so a sales tax proportionally hits them harder. With our current income tax poor people pay no tax


Question: How does the global average temperature cool down? For example shouldn't any given month be hotter than that month was during the previous year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the global average temperature cool down? For example shouldn't any given month be hotter than that month was during the previous year?

The Earth emits light, particularly in the infrared spectrum. With that emitted light the Earth loses energy, and thus heat.


Question: Can all substances be in all 3 states of matter? If you heat up metal, it will melt, but is there a point where you heat it enough that it will become a gas? Same goes for every substance on earth

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can all substances be in all 3 states of matter? If you heat up metal, it will melt, but is there a point where you heat it enough that it will become a gas? Same goes for every substance on earth

The answer is almost entirely "yes". Strictly speaking, heating and cooling alone won't do it - you may also have to change the pressure of the substance. Carbon dioxide, for example, goes straight from solid to gas at normal Earth pressures but does have a liquid state at higher pressures. (Water would show the same behavior at lower pressures, going right from ice to vapor without a liquid state. It does this on Mars, for example, which is why Mars has no liquid water on its surface despite (a) having tons of ice and (b) sometimes going well above freezing temp.) There are also chemicals that, under normal circumstances, will break down or react long before they reach a different state of matter (for example, wood will burn before it melts). But in principle, every substance has a [triple point]( URL_0 ) where the solid, gas, and liquid phases all meet and you can go through any of the three phases by changing temperature or pressure just a tiny bit. Very strictly speaking, I believe helium-4 is speculated, but not known, to have a solid form at high pressures. But that's a rare exception in a material that interacts in extremely unusual ways, at temperatures low enough for quantum-mechanical effects to be important (at which point "liquid" stops really being a good descriptor either, as it doesn't behave like a typical liquid).


Question: What affect do power cuts really have on a computer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What affect do power cuts really have on a computer?

Usually, nothing that bad happens. Starting up should fix most things that were cut short. The exception is when the computer is actively writing or changing data on the hard drive when the power is cut; then the written data will be incomplete. That’s how data can get corrupted. If it’s a word/pdf/general data file that’s corrupted, that file is basically lost. The real bad issue is when this happens to system files that your computer uses to start up; then your PC may have issues start up.


Question: When you Google a certain store or restaurant and it gives you a bar chart of peak times, where does the data come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you Google a certain store or restaurant and it gives you a bar chart of peak times, where does the data come from?

It comes from peoples' Android phones. Google knows your location so it can see how many locations are in that particular store at that particular time.


Question: What would the world be like if all of our collective debt was wiped out (in a deleted sense, not paid off)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would the world be like if all of our collective debt was wiped out (in a deleted sense, not paid off)?

Well... there probably wouldn't be any world left considering how extreme an event it would be to wipe out *every banking record*. But let's play the game. It would be REALLY REALLY BAD for a while. Debt makes the world go round and suddenly A LOT of people are out A LOT of money since there is no proof they lent money to someone. Eventually it would all get figured out but it would be extremely bad for the economy, Great Depression ^2 level bad. Then everyone would get back to lending and debt and soon we'd be where we are today as debt is nothing but a tool to facilitate growth.


Question: Why cant you pop bunions back into place like dislocated bones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why cant you pop bunions back into place like dislocated bones?

Bunions are a distortion in the bone structure of the foot which occurs gradually (i.e. over a period of years) that only surgery can repair. A dislocation is instantaneous; the structure of the surrounding bones remains more or less the same, which is why you can manipulate the joint back into place. Think of it like that PVA glue/borax slime you make in science class - if you pull it slowly, the polymers in the slime glide against each other which allows for stretching (like bunions). But if you pull it quickly, the polymers tighten and the slime breaks apart instead (dislocation).


Question: Why are other stocks effected so much when one stock crashes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are other stocks effected so much when one stock crashes?

There are multiple reasons. 1. Problems in one stock may indicate a problem in the entire industry. If all cows suddenly got sick, the milk company’s stocks suffer and also the cow leather company would have lower future income and investors would sell. 2. Investors who lose their money in the crash may overreact and sell their other stocks (once bitten, twice shy). There are also stop-loss algorithms which sell all the investor’s stock when they suffer a significant loss, which might cause this. 3. The crash of a major stock will lead to lower incomes for investors, and also potential firing of employees etc which leads to decreased economic growth. This will result in lower profits for other companies and is reflected by a overall market shift downwards.


Question: How do workers get the last crane off the top of a skyscraper when they finish building it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do workers get the last crane off the top of a skyscraper when they finish building it?

The cranes that actually sit on the building itself? Well, there are two kinds of those. So-called "skycranes" are actually lifted in via helicopter. Those will be removed in the same way. But "internal climbers," which are located in the center of the building and "climb" up a few floors at a time on a hydraulic lift as the building is constructed? Well, when the final floor is finished, the crane will raise components to build a temporary scaffolding to support itself. This permits the removal of some of the very large components on which the crane usually rests, e.g., the hydraulic lift, steel beam supports, etc., which the crane lowers down to the ground out the outside of the building. Once that is finished, the rest of it is then disassembled and sent down the construction/freight elevator.


Question: How can a math problem be unsolvable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a math problem be unsolvable?

Mathematician here. The amount of bad mathematics happening in this thread is *extremely unsettling*. There definitely do exist problems that are fundamentally unsolvable (not just unsolv**ed**). Do not listen to anyone who tells you otherwise. Godel's incompleteness theorems state this explicitly. To answer the OP: It might help to understand that there are math problems that look *very* different from anything you would have seen in your high school (and potentially even early University) math classes. In high school pre-calculus and university intro calculus you learn how to do a bunch of different kinds of calculations. From 1+1=2 all the way up to finding the rates of change and computing integrals. Mathematicians typically don't do very many calculations. Instead, our interest focuses on a thing called *theorems*. A theorem is 1) a statement that is true and 2) requires mathematical proof. You may have heard about Pythagoras's theorem: for a right angle triangle, the hypotenuse^2 = width^2 + height^2. This is a statement that is true. How do know its true? Someone proved it mathematically! To prove something is true, you have to start with some other information that we know is also true. This could be theorems or a thing called *axioms*. Axioms are statements that we *assume* to be true, but we don't require proof. Remember drawing points on graph paper in class? In geometry on flat paper (this is called Euclidean geometry), one axiom is that you can identify a point on the sheet of paper. Another axiom is that, if you have two points then you can connect them with a line. These statements are true, but we don't really need to prove them, we just assume them. So if you follow the chain of logic, all theorems are constructed using the basic axioms we assume. So the axioms we pick are really important. For a while, mathematicians were concerned with the minimum number of axioms needed to construct all of modern mathematics. How few assumptions can we make and still build all of the math we're used to? (Spoiler alert: 10 gets you there. Although the 10th one is controversial). One set of assumptions that allows us to build all of math is called Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory (optionally including the Axiom of Choice, in which case we call it ZFC). If you look at the Wikipedia page for ZFC, it'll show you the 9 axioms and then mention the 10th. These axioms are enough to be able to build all of modern math. Set Theory is usually a 4th year honours level university course, so you can imagine how much work goes into translating these axioms into everything else! Now to answer your question! Godels incompleteness theorems (2 statements which are true and have been proven, mathematically) state: if an axiomatic system assumes enough axioms to be able to do arithmetic then there are statements in that system that 1) are true and 2) cannot be proven using those axioms. In any field of math, we have axioms and do arithmetic. So in *every* field of math, there are statements that are fundamentally true but cannot be proven. This is what we mean when we talk about unsolvable problems. Mathematicians want to come up with things we think are true and then prove it. Sometimes the true things aren't provable.


Question: what makes a TV movie look like a TV movie and not a big budget production?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what makes a TV movie look like a TV movie and not a big budget production?

In addition to the other comments here there are a few others things: * More close ups: Domestic TV screens were usually quite small compared with the movie experience. As a result directors tended to use more close ups. Faces, and the expressions they have are necessary to convey the story line and if shot in the same way as for movies, they would simply not have been visible enough for a domestic environment - so you get more faces and they are closer. * One side effect of the above is that titles on made-for-TV movies tend to be bigger so they can be read. Typical movie credits are often too small. Similarly things with writing such a phone screens, monitors, books, signs, letters are all closer. * Fewer longshots: Similarly, large panoramas, distant landscapes etc look great on a big screen but on a smaller domestic screen a lot of the detail and "atmosphere" is lost so these tend to be less frequent and also closer. * Fewer "blacks": Movie theatres are generally darkened so you can have deep dark shadows on film and still see into them. Domestically, TVs are often watched in a more brightly lit room. Those dark scenes would be impenetrable so lighting tends to be turned up and less contrasty for a TV movie.


Question: why can’t we make food through chemical processes instead for planting huge fields and waiting for it to grow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can’t we make food through chemical processes instead for planting huge fields and waiting for it to grow?

Crops are much more efficient at creating “food” from various materials than we are. Wheat transforms sunlight, atmospheric CO2, water, and some trace nutrients from the ground into delicious starches. In essence, it is a solar powered, self-contained, self-replicating food factory.


Question: Why do some days feel like other days...like when a Thursday feels like a Friday? And why do so many other people seem to agree when feeling a day ahead/behind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some days feel like other days...like when a Thursday feels like a Friday? And why do so many other people seem to agree when feeling a day ahead/behind?

Humans are pattern-recognition machines. It's how we survive. We see patterns in our lives (I often eat sushi for dinner on Fridays) and we assign meaning to those patterns (it's Friday, therefore I often eat sushi for dinner) based on their context or the events they usually seem to accompany. So maybe next time I eat sushi on Thursday, it " feels" like it's Friday, because at some level I'm associating the two things. That's a pretty simplified way to look at it, but that's the gist of it. People will agree because they have similar associations and patterns they attribute to the day. And we tend to give more credence to things that support our views. I'm betting that for every 1 person who agrees that it "feels" like Friday, you'll find like 5 or 6 who are like, "nah fool, it's definitely Thursday." But you don't seek them out or give them much attention. Aside from that... it happens a lot when things like federal holidays interrupt our normal perception of the week.


Question: What is the driving factor for reproductive isolation ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the driving factor for reproductive isolation ?

I think there's more layers to this than you're getting at. There are multiple ways to distinguish between species. Some of them are incompatible because of physical features. I think this is more common in insects and sometimes reptiles. Their reproductive organs just don't align properly to fertilize. There are those with social structures. I can point out a range of insects, but it's probably easier to understand Chimpanzees vs Bonobos. Genetically, I'm pretty sure they are compatible, but Chimpanzees social structure is more patriarchal and sometimes violent. Bonobos have a social structure that is more matriarchal and collaborative. Just because they could doesn't mean they normally would. And then we get to general fertility. We have hybrids like mules (horses and donkeys) or ligers (lions and tigers) which can grow up but are sterile. Because they cannot reproduce on their own, they don't count as a successful species. And there's probably more, but I can make my point with these. With finches, we have the beaks which are specialized for certain diets. Cross breeding between all of Darwin's birds would likely be less successful at feeding itself when it's less specialized. Additionally, birds often have mating rituals that are incompatible socially, not genetically. As far as dogs go, it's a combination of social and other factors. Yes we can crossbreed dogs, but they came to be by specific environmental factors. They hadn't been separated long enough to change genetically. The main restrictions between dogs then are social and physical (basically, the difference between the size of the parents can't be too much or else the mother and pups tend to experience some kind of trouble). Not a complete answer, but hope it helps.


Question: why do so many people naturally like unhealthy foods more and dislike healthy foods like vegetables and whole grain foods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do so many people naturally like unhealthy foods more and dislike healthy foods like vegetables and whole grain foods?

Because for most of humanities existance food was usually scarce and building up fat during abundant times would make you more likely to survive through the sparse times. So foods that are high in fat and calories were good to eat, necessary for humanities survival.


Question: How were recordings taken during WWII?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were recordings taken during WWII?

Militaries have members who's duty it is to record and photograph combat and other activities. They are collectively referred to as "Combat Camera." A lot of the footage you see in documentaries is also staged footage of exercises and demonstrations for propaganda and training films.


Question: Why do marketing campaigns survey random numbers of people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do marketing campaigns survey random numbers of people?

There is this neat little trick in statistics, where you just go to some number, say 50 people, then you continue and after each questioning of one guy / gal you look at how good your percentage is. If it is good enough, you stop, if it isn't you continue until you think it can't get better. Non-round numbers are one of the prime examples of "serious studys".


Question: Why are casinos considered the best way to launder money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are casinos considered the best way to launder money?

Laundering money is done best in a business where people pay in cash. Casinos are almost entirely done in cash. Laundering money works best when you have enough customers coming in that no one could keep track of them all. Where you don't have an actual product that you give that you'd have to have bookkeeping for. Basically, it's very easy to lie and just go "Oh yeah, we had a high roller show up and bet $2000 on a blackjack game." and there's pretty much no way for anyone to prove otherwise.


Question: Besides crashes that impact it, how does a new or recently fixed road continue to get potholes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Besides crashes that impact it, how does a new or recently fixed road continue to get potholes?

Ground moisture expands and contracts with temperature changes. This is why southern states generally have less potholes then Minnesota (also know as Canada Jr).


Question: Why is it that when lightning strikes land a person can still get electrocuted even after being 10+ feet away from the strike zone but when electricy hits a big body of water fish don’t float up to the surface dead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when lightning strikes land a person can still get electrocuted even after being 10+ feet away from the strike zone but when electricy hits a big body of water fish don’t float up to the surface dead?

Some do, but you should never be in the position to see them. Regardless, [most of the electricity is on the surface, so any fish beneath the first foot should be fine.]( URL_0 .)


Question: how were the trigonometry tables for sine, cosine, and tangent discovered without a calculator?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how were the trigonometry tables for sine, cosine, and tangent discovered without a calculator?

They can be observed by looking at physical shapes. There are loads of animated GIFs that show how they are connected to the physical shapes. [Here's one.]( URL_0 )


Question: Why does some food get freezer-burned while others don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does some food get freezer-burned while others don't?

Packaging. I wrap my stuff in plastic wrap, then foil, then a ziplock baggie and I never get it.


Question: How exactly does a countries' increasing fiscal debt result in a deterioration in quality of life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does a countries' increasing fiscal debt result in a deterioration in quality of life?

Idk, people only seem to complain about government debt when they disagree with the priorities of the party proposing the spending. Stimulating the economy by giving inmense tax breaks to Fortune 500 companies or stimulating the economy by giving direct payments to the citizenry... Same impact on debt, but different political parties will scream based on their priority. Like the Hoover Dam. That was an infrastructure investment. It was paid off in the late 80s I think. 50 yrs of debt. Don't remember my parents celebrating that it was paid off because it made no difference in their life.


Question: How are optical illusions discovered and how are the example images of them made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are optical illusions discovered and how are the example images of them made?

A lot of them are designed thanks to knowledge of the human visual system: small color patterns that move, blind spot, dark spot in corners, stereoscopic illusions. Some of them are random occurrences: the blue gold dress. And some of them are unavoidable in the sense that it is not possible to design a visual system that don't have them: rotating dancer, two face/one vase, objects seems bigger depending on context. They are made like most images, by applying color to a surface... Some require a computer (stereoscopic vision), but most are quite easy to build, even in Microsoft Paint, once you know what is source of the effect.


Question: why aluminum foil tray disintegrates over fire instead of melts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why aluminum foil tray disintegrates over fire instead of melts?

Aluminum is very, very thin. When you melt it, it sort of shrinks back, if that makes sense. You can see what i mean in [this video]( URL_0 ). The slight ridge around the hole *is* the melted aluminum. Plastic melts too, but synthetic clothing burns the same way. It melts back away from the source of heat and sort of blobs up, rather than dripping like an ice cube. Check out [this polyester burn test]( URL_1 ) - see where it's beading up? Enough material with enough heat and it *would* start dripping. Same with [aluminum foil]( URL_2 ). Enough aluminum foil and enough heat and it will melt exactly like you expect.


Question: Why does the fitted sheet always pop off by my head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the fitted sheet always pop off by my head?

Because the bulk of your weight is near the top of your body. Assuming your mattress gives way under you, the greatest pull on any corner is going to be the corner nearest your head. I do understand there's a difference in male/female weight distribution but if I recall correctly, the difference is that males tend to be top heavy, females tend to be bottom/centre heavy. I may be wrong of course. EDIT: Humility.


Question: Why do our joints "squeak" sometimes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our joints "squeak" sometimes?

Usually it's just the wear-and-tear to the cartilage in your knee joint. The cartilage can get worn down and causes the bones to rub against each other which leads to the "creaking" or "squeaking" sounds you hear. This sound is also referred to as crepitus.


Question: Why do "rolling stretches" (ie rolling a lacrosse ball under your foot) hurt so good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do "rolling stretches" (ie rolling a lacrosse ball under your foot) hurt so good?

This practice results in a “myofascial release”. Fascia is a thin layer of tissue that surrounds muscles, you may have come across a film-like substance around a chicken breast —not the skin. Muscles that are tight or contracted may be relieved through rolling on a lacrosse ball or stretching as you mention, increasing blood flow and relaxing contracted muscles by stretching the fascia. The reason it hurts initially is because the muscles are being forced to extend/flex more than they are accustomed to.


Question: Why does kosher salt not contain iodine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does kosher salt not contain iodine?

Iodine adds a slight chemical aftertaste to salt. If you're using it in small quantities, adding a bit of salt to your food at the table, it's not especially noticeable, but if you're using larger amounts of salt while cooking, curing, or brining, that taste becomes a lot more intense. Kosher salt is used because people like the clean taste and the added texture it can provide to meats and carmelized foods, rather than as a source of iodine. Iodine was added to salt in order to ensure that people were getting enough iodine in their diet, but modern balanced diets actually tend to get plenty of iodine on their own. Seafood (including seaweed!), potatoes, yogurt, and eggs are all good sources of iodine, and even other dairy, grains, and vegetables add some. If you're able to eat a healthy and varied diet, odds are you're not at risk for iodine deficiency. So added iodine in salt doesn't really provide any benefit to most people, unless they happen to prefer that taste.


Question: How do we have Cleopatra’s family tree mapped out but can not confirm Jesus was a real person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we have Cleopatra’s family tree mapped out but can not confirm Jesus was a real person?

Record keeping 2000 years ago was not nearly as complete as it is in modern times. Cleopatra was a very important person. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and a pharaoh of Egypt. The ruling families of Egypt and Greece kept fairly extensive genealogical records because they ruled by right of birth. When the king's right to rule is based on who his family is, record keeping is important. Jesus, on the other hand, was the son of a carpenter. Not someone of any note in the grand scheme of the Roman Empire, and probably not even someone who was literate. His family would not have been extensively recorded simply because literacy was a skill in high demand, and written records were an expensive thing to produce. To have your genealogy recorded in a format that would survive for hundreds or thousands of years was a luxury reserved almost exclusively to the very wealthy.


Question: why does music or a siren that is moving change pitch to somebody that is stationary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does music or a siren that is moving change pitch to somebody that is stationary?

Doppler effect Wikipedia: > When the source of the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave. Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced, so the waves "bunch together". Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency. The distance between successive wave fronts is then increased, so the waves "spread out". EDIT Visualisation, hope it helps: URL_0


Question: Why does living beings' sleep coincide with Earth rotation? We sleep 1 time a day, and I think most of animals also do. Is this just a coincidence or is it a consequence of something else?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does living beings' sleep coincide with Earth rotation? We sleep 1 time a day, and I think most of animals also do. Is this just a coincidence or is it a consequence of something else?

It's because of sunlight. Sunlight during the day impacts the limbic system and acts upon the pineal gland. Additionally, many living creatures produce vitamin D with the help of the sun, so being active while it's available has health benefits.


Question: This is probably really simple but why is the metal on aerosol cans always so cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 This is probably really simple but why is the metal on aerosol cans always so cold?

In the aerosol can is a product called a propellant. This is a liquid under a modest pressure but is a gas at standard atmospheric pressure. When you spray from the can, you are opening a small nozzle and then the liquid in the can evaporates into a gas and pushes the paint or whatever out the nozzle. Turning a liquid into a gas requires energy (gases have more baseline energy than liquids). Since the only source of energy is the air outside the can, the gas steals heat from the can and the air around it (and your hand). & #x200B; This concept is the basis of refrigeration and air conditioning. In fact, the "propellant" is the same type of fluid you would call a refrigerant.


Question: How are new movies going to make money when they become available on HBO Max?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are new movies going to make money when they become available on HBO Max?

With WarnerMedia being the company over it, they are hoping that the ability to watch them on a streaming service would warrant more subscriptions to HBOmax. They are wanting to get close to Netflix or Disney+. If this succeeds, this could put a major hamper on the theater industry.


Question: what is a light cone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is a light cone?

Say you take a picture, and your camera's flash goes off. That flash sends a pulse of light in a sphere that radiates outward (gets bigger) until it gets absorbed or scattered by something else. As the sphere gets bigger, looking at it from one angle, it is a circle that keeps getting bigger and bigger. If you stack bigger circles on top of smaller circles, you get a cone shape. & #x200B; So a light cone is like a cross section (cutaway) of all the places the light is going. You can then use that cone to predict all the places that light might reach in the future. & #x200B; When drawn on a piece of paper, objects are often drawn with a future light cone, showing all the places that object could send light to in the future, and a past light cone, showing all the places light could reach the object from other places. & #x200B; \*not a physicist, likely unsatisfactory answer


Question: Why was the invention of 'zero' such a big deal, and how did it change things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was the invention of 'zero' such a big deal, and how did it change things?

As a mathematical idea, zero was a concept that was difficult for people to get their heads around for (literally) millennia. If zero is *nothing*, and the marks on a clay tablet all stand for *something*, making a mark for *nothing* didn't make any sense. But the Babylonians had a problem: the marks for 1, 60, and 3600 were all the same, just shifted by a blank space. (The Babylonians used base 60. In base 10 we would have the same problem writing 1, 10, and 100 without using zeros.) If the spacing was ambiguous, the number was ambiguous. Without a zero, '1 1' could equal '101' or '1010' or two separate '1's, etc. So zero was introduced as a placeholder, but it still wasn't considered to be a number. Negative numbers were also looked at suspiciously for a long time; how could you have '-3' goats? But once zero and negative numbers were thought of as numbers, some very useful things happened. A number line that started out as '1 2 3 4 ...' could be extended to '-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4' and it still makes total sense, because every number is one less than the number to its right. This strongly implies that zero really is a number. Once zero became both placeholder and number, math exploded into a million new ideas. The Babylonians, Egyptians, and Greeks used rational fractions for amounts less than 1, which was tedious. With the arrival of zero came the idea of decimal places, i.e. digits to the right of the decimal point. These too made sense, because every digit is just 1/10th of the number to its left. Multiplication or division by 10 just meant shifting the number one place to the left or right. Then we got exponents, long division, the calculus, logarithms... each idea built on what came before. But most of those ideas had to wait for the idea of zero to show up.


Question: How do people calculate the energy, fat, protein, carbohydrates, and sodium?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people calculate the energy, fat, protein, carbohydrates, and sodium?

There are specific assays for quantification of protein, fats as carbs in food. The specifics such as reaction, duration etc vary and there are many different techniques for each category, but they all traditionally start by weighting the food, drying it (some hours at ~ 100°C), weighting again and then performing some reactions to either eliminate or separate **only** the fraction of interest (so you can discover how much was there by weighting again and comparing). This means that you normally need to perform the assay at least 3 times because a different piece of information (% of carbs, % of protein...) is uncovered by each individual assay. For sodium, people used to incinerate food (500+ °C) to discover how much minerals was in there, since it's all that's left after incineration. This gave a rough approximation to sodium content since it's a large component of food minerals. Today there are better (and more expensive) techniques available like high performance liquid chromatography ([HPLC]( URL_0 )) which allows you to accurately detect and quantify a specific element (like sodium) in your food sample. This is also applied to other things like individual vitamin content. Knowing how much protein/fats/carbohydrates are in the food, a simple relation is applied to discover its energy content: 1 gram of fat = 9 kcal, 1 gram of protein or carbs = 4 kcal (and also 1 gram of alcohol = 7 kcal).


Question: what's the difference between the US Coast Guard and the US Navy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the difference between the US Coast Guard and the US Navy?

There are many differences but the primary one is their mission. The Navy is a naval war force designed to win wars, deter aggression and maintain US armed presence in the seas. The Coast Guard is more for law enforcement and search and rescue. The Navy is under the Department of Defense and the Coast Guard is under the Department of Homeland Security. The Coast Guard is there more for domestic interests than the Navy, although there is certainly some overlap. Theoretically, if the US were to declare war on another country this would radically change Naval actions but have a more limited effect on Coast Guard. I say "theoretically" because Congress passed a law in 2006 giving the President the power to place the Coast Guard under the authority of the Department of Defense during wartime. The President doesn't have to do this, but there are advantages to placing all armed forces under one department in wartime. Hope that helps! **Correction:** The President has had the power to put the Coast Guard under the DoD for a lot longer than 2006, see comments below for details.


Question: Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?

Polymer Chemist here. Plastics which are single use plastics are normally commodity polymers such as Polyethylene, Polypropylene, PET, Polystyrene, PVC etc. Problem is that these different types of plastics cannot be mixed together because they tend to melt at different temperatures and also if you try to melt them together they all degrade and you are left with nothing but mess that is useless. Therefore, unless these plastics must be segregated based on their recycling class (the small triangle at the bottom of all recycling bottles for examples) and then melted together only with plastics which match same class you get useful recycling out of them.


Question: Why does universe have a speed limit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does universe have a speed limit?

There are sort of two questions here: what mechanism prevents things going faster, and why does that mechanism exist. The mechanism is that as objects go faster they actually gain mass. As they approach the speed of light the mass increase tends towards infinity. It would therefore require infinite energy to accelerate any object with mass to lightspeed. There isn't infinite energy in the Universe, so this is impossible. As for WHY, at some point in physics you just have to say "Because".


Question: if multiplication is repeated addition, and exponents are repeated multiplication, what is repeated exponents called?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if multiplication is repeated addition, and exponents are repeated multiplication, what is repeated exponents called?

Tetration is next, and you pretty much have Greek numeric names (Penta, sexa, etc) after that. Strictly speaking a square root is just an exponent that's a fraction (1/2 is square root, 1/3 is cube root)


Question: Why is it that restarting my computer speeds it up again, but shutting it down and turning it on doesn't speed it up at all?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that restarting my computer speeds it up again, but shutting it down and turning it on doesn't speed it up at all?

I’ll have to look it up exactly when I get home, but in windows 10, by default, something named ‘fast boot’ or something like that is enabled, which does exactly what you said - more of a deep hibernate than a full power off. You can (and probably should) disable it in power options. I believe it’s under choose what the power buttons do. Restart is actually a full power cycle.


Question: How is it that when you are muscle sore, even moving is a big deal but when lifting again it is fine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that when you are muscle sore, even moving is a big deal but when lifting again it is fine?

Your sore muscles are like a lazy roommate. They whine and complain over the smallest actions. But as soon as they think shit hits the fan, they feel fine and act like they can do anything. Your body does the same, but with some natural painkillers


Question: why are penny stocks considered so dangerous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are penny stocks considered so dangerous?

Because they're so cheap, people will spend a lot of money on them and can lose that money very, very quickly. Like, in a matter of days or hours. They're also very easy to manipulate by an investor with a reasonable amount of money to pump into it.


Question: What’s the physical difference between a low end budget speaker and a high end pro one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the physical difference between a low end budget speaker and a high end pro one?

First, high-end and professional speakers are not the same. What you hear during concert will never work well at home. Second, speakers and speaker cones are very important, but it's just part of what makes a high-quality speaker. Budget speaker cones are made basically from paper with flimsy suspensions and tiny coils. The quality drivers are heavy, with very stiff and light cones, often made from composites and exotic materials. Generally, speakers to be high quality have to be very stiff - and usually heavy. Plastic is one of the worst materials for speakers. I don't think there is a way to judge the driver visually only, there is much more to it.


Question: Why do very light objects take a great deal of force to throw, like very heavy objects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do very light objects take a great deal of force to throw, like very heavy objects?

because of air resistance. a moving object has energy which is a product of its mass and speed. when the object travels through air, it loses some of that energy in order to push the air out of the way. because of its low mass a light object has less energy and runs out of it more quickly than a heavy object.


Question: How do chord progressions work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do chord progressions work?

So to understand chord progressions, it really helps to understand how scales work, and how chords are built. So, the easiest way to talk about this is to start with the C major scale. Most scales in western music have 8 notes (or, well, 7 notes and the octave of the 8th) (there are some exceptions). We do C major because it allows us to avoid sharps and flats for reasons I'll go into in a bit. The C major scale is easy to remember for that reason. In order it goes C D E F G A B C If you sing those notes out loud at the correct pitch, it is the "do re mi fa so la ti do" scale that so many are familiar with. The order is important: The root note, C, is also called the 1st note, or I. D is note II, E is note III, etc. These note positions also correspond to chords; as pointed out in another reply, the chords in the major scale going from 1 to 8 are Major minor minor Major Major minor diminished Minor. The standard "chords" that we know are derived from the scales of the notes in question, and are usually that scale's 1st, 3rd, and 5th stacked on top of each other. so C major, looking at our chart, is the notes C, E, and G. Play those notes together, and you have a C major chord. Now, it might be tempting to think now about D major, and think that you'll get it by going D E F G A B C D but that would be wrong. That is wrong because there are sharps and flats, and music isn't perfectly logical in its' naming conventions... basically there are what are called half-steps that result in sharps and flats, except in the cases of E/F and B/C. F is a half-step up from E, and C is a half step down from B. And the way that scales are constructed isn't really based on the notes, but the intervals between them, in half and full steps. The major scale starts at the root note, then: * note II is a full step up from I, * III is a full step up from II, * IV is a *half step* up from III, * V, VI, and VII are whole steps up from IV, V, and VI respectively * VIII is a half step up from VII So a D major scale would actually be ~~D E F# G# A# C D~~ D E F# G A B C# D The final bit is the minor chords. This is a bit complicated theoretically, but for this question, you take your 3rd note and move it down by half a step. So if you wanted to play a C minor chord you'd play C, E-flat, G. This can be a lot to get into your brain, if my experience as a bad guitarist trying to learn theory has taught me anything, so I hope this made some modicum of sense. EDIT: Thanks to u/TheUglyAlpaca for the correction, don't know what I was smoking when I wrote out the D Major scale like that.


Question: Up until torrent came along, there was constant innovation in the P2P arena. Why has it stopped since?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Up until torrent came along, there was constant innovation in the P2P arena. Why has it stopped since?

It hasn't BitTorrent is the king protocol in P2P because no one has come up with something better yet. But there's been a lot of development that leverages BitTorrent to do other things. Kodi and streaming via BitTorrent for instance. There's also been tons of development in the Streaming industry, which has really taken a bite out of P2P because Netflix is cheap, legal, and easy to use. More so than even downloading torrents, despite the limited catalogue. A lot of development related to P2P these days is related to privacy and obfuscation like VPNs. VPNs are being used to hide your identity, but also to mask your location for the purposes of getting around geo-blocking content.


Question: What is aleph null? I’ve heard somewhere that it is the smallest infinity, but that doesn’t make sense.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is aleph null? I’ve heard somewhere that it is the smallest infinity, but that doesn’t make sense.

There are objects in mathematics that called sets which are literally sets of something. It may be people in the room, apples on tree, coins in your pocket, numbers, vectors and pretty much anything. The amount of things in set is cardinality. It's pretty simple if you count people in the room - the cardinality of such set will be equal to the amount of people. It's a bit more complicated when you speak about infinite amount of something. Aleph null is the amount of all natural numbers. There is infinite amount of those but still we can count them: 1,2,3 etc. Some other sets have the same cardinality because there is a theorem and we can count the elements in such sets. Eg we can count all whole numbes: 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3 etc. It's a bit funny that it seems you take twice as much numbers but their amount is the same. But you can't count all real numbers: between two any real numbers you can put as many other real numbers as you want: you can pit 0.5 between 0 and 1, you can't put 0.25 between 0 and 0.5 etc, so it appears that the amount of real number is also infinite but this infinity is greater than aleph-null.