Question: How does an audience collectively decide the applause is over?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an audience collectively decide the applause is over?

Honestly I think it depends on what their applauding and a general understanding of how long is acceptable. If its a polite applause its generally like, no more than 5 seconds, enough to show appreciation but not too long that if its a speaker or play the applause is going to interrupt the flow of the speech or show. At the end its up to how much the audience appreciated the performance, as it allows for a longer applause, the longer and louder the more appreciative. As an example: in a play its acceptable after each scene to have a short applause and at the end its acceptable to have a longer one, and for concerts if the applause amd cheering is lively enough they might do an extra set called an encore. I think it's concidered common knowledge, and i think most people kind of know how long depending on the situation. I dont think its a hive mind thing so much as an understanding of social ettiquette.


Question: Why is it that low-frequency radiation like Wi-Fi, and high-frequency radiation like X-Rays, can both pass through walls, but medium-frequency (visible light) is blocked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that low-frequency radiation like Wi-Fi, and high-frequency radiation like X-Rays, can both pass through walls, but medium-frequency (visible light) is blocked?

**Simple Answer:** For the same reason that a fired bullet can pass through your body while a rock cannot. **Technical Answer:** Goldilocks and the Three Bears example of this radiation is too big and slow and this radiation is too small and fast. Gamma rays, visible light, and radio waves are all examples of electromagnetic radiation, and radio waves are on one end of the spectrum (with a wavelength of meters), gamma rays are on the other end (with a wavelength of about 10-12 meters) and visible light is somewhere in between (with a wavelength of around 5 x 10-7 meters). Three things happen to EM radiation when it encounters a barrier. It can bounce (reflectance or scattering), pass through (transmittance), or just plain stop (absorbance). - The intensity of radiation transmitted depends on several things: - The wavelength of the radiation - The intensity of the radiation hitting the barrier - The chemical composition of the barrier - The physical microstructure of the barrier - The thickness of the barrier Your question has to do with the first point, but keep in mind that powerful enough visible light (many times brighter than sunlight) would be able to pass through the walls of your home so you could see it, and even a weak light can shine through a paper-thin wall or a wall made of glass. EM waves interact with matter on their own scale of size and time. The reason why visible light can't travel through walls as easily as gamma rays or radio waves is because, to the visible light, there's something 'there' on a similar scale of length (wavelength) and time (frequency) that the gamma rays are too small and fast to interact with and the radio waves are too large and slow to interact with. The gamma rays just pass through the spaces between and within atoms and molecules. They're small enough to do that. If your walls were made of pure lead, they'd have a little more trouble. The radio waves on the other hand are large enough to ignore the walls because they're too thin. But if you've ever tried to listen to a radio in a tunnel or a cave, you know that radio waves have trouble penetrating through meters of earth. Visible light interacts with many solid materials because the wavelengths are the right size to be scattered by structural elements within those materials like microfibers and cracks and porous spaces. Well-cut glass or diamond don't have these structural elements at this length scale so they look clear unless they're shattered or rough. So scattering due to physical elements of the right size is a major reason, but another factor contributes too. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Source 1 - URL_0 Source 2 - URL_1


Question: What are the differences between rechargeable (AA) batteries and regular batteries? What can / does happen if you try to recharge a non-rechargeable battery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the differences between rechargeable (AA) batteries and regular batteries? What can / does happen if you try to recharge a non-rechargeable battery?

Batteries generate power with electrons moving inside them from the cathode to the anode Then all the electrons have finished going to the other side, the battery can't generate power anymore Rechargeable batteries use certain chemicals that let you push the electrons from that other side to this side, so that they can go to the other side and generate power again They can be "recharged", they just don't retain enough power to be useful in something like a remote control.


Question: What's the difference between Lux, Lumen and Candela?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between Lux, Lumen and Candela?

It does not require much of an understanding of either. Lumen is basically all the light there is. If you have a 1000 lm light bulb, that thing puts out a given quantity of light, so if you put it inside a box, that box is filled with 1000 lumens worth of light. Candela is the light going into a particular direction. Imagine a spotlight versus a regular globe. If both emit the same amount of light, someone on the side of it will be seeing relatively little from the spot, and a normal amount from the globe - the globe has more candela there. On the other hand, if it is pointed at you, the spot will be a lot brighter than the globe, i.e. the spot has more candela in that particular direction. Lux is the amount of light that eventually hits a surface. If you illuminate your desk with a 1000 lm lightbulb, it will be fairly bright (high lux), if you illuminate an entire street, you will barely see it at all (low lux).


Question: How wild plants and trees can grow so big and resilient with almost no care and potted plants need costant attention?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How wild plants and trees can grow so big and resilient with almost no care and potted plants need costant attention?

Wild plants are in the ground with constantly replenishing nutrients and circulation, and it has the soil and any bodies of water to pull the water from. Potted plants are separated and have no community soil to get nutrients and water from so they need to be cared for in order to get them.


Question: What are imaginary numbers and what are they used for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are imaginary numbers and what are they used for?

Squaring a number means taking a number and multiplying it by itself. So two squared would be 2\*2 = 4 The reverse of this is to take the square root, When you take the square root of a number, you're asking: "What number can I multiply with itself to get this solution?" So if I ask for the square root of 4, I'm asking what number can I multiply by itself to get 4. Which as we saw is 2. What happens if we toss negative numbers into the mix? Well, a negative times a negative is a positive (for reasons not discussed here) so (-2)\*(-2) is also 4. This means the square root of 4 has *two* answers, 2 or -2 (though usually we default to the positive answer). But what if I ask about the square root of a negative number? Like, the square root of -4? Well, we want a number, multiplied by itself equals -4. But it can't be any positive number, because a positive times a positive is a positive. It can't be any negative number, because a negative times a negative is also a positive. No number times itself can equal a negative! We might think this is the end of line, but it turns out the square roots of negative numbers exist and can be used! When we were looking for solutions to certain kinds of math problems, they involved using the square roots of negative numbers. These square roots eventually cancelled out in the end, but it was clear that getting from point A to point B required using them. Eventually, we codified them and labeled them. They were called "imaginary" in a derogatory sense and unfortunately that label stuck, because they are no more or less "real" than any other number. The most fundamental imaginary number is *i* which is defined as the square root of -1. All other imaginary numbers can be represented as some multiple of *i* such as 2*i* or -4.5*i.* Mathematically they are used any time you need the square root of a negative number. They can also be used in various types of engineering fields to represent electric currents and signals in convenient ways.


Question: Why did water explode out of my aluminium water bottle in an air craft?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did water explode out of my aluminium water bottle in an air craft?

Well, the physics behind it are the same for a metal or plastic bottle. The air in the bottle has a higher pressure than the air outside of the bottle, so it is pressing out. As soon as you open a pathway for this air to escape it will move to try and equalize the pressure. However, there is some water in the way, luckily water is easy to move. So the air will push the water through the straw and out the bottle in order to releive the pressure difference. (a high pressure means nothing more than "more air in a smaller space". To lower the pressure either less air or a larger space is needed, so it does not matter if the water or if the air escapes the bottle.)


Question: Why aren't guitar string's fundamental notes equidistant? For example: the G string is 4 half-notes away from the B-string, which is 5 half-notes away from the E2-string

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't guitar string's fundamental notes equidistant? For example: the G string is 4 half-notes away from the B-string, which is 5 half-notes away from the E2-string

My understanding it that it's because the current tuning allows for tons of chord shapes you would not be able to form otherwise. Your hand and fingers don't care about the math/music theory behind the guiatar's setup, they care about being able to accomplish as much as possible on the instrument and that's what the current tuning is aimed at. One of the main reasons behind this being barre chords which aren't something piano players need to worry about. Go learn some barre chords, then tune your guitar equidistantly and try to play the same chords, you'll see what I mean. FTR some players do tune their guitars so every string has the same interval between them, for example Stanley Jordan is a brilliant musician that played piano before moving to guitar and applied that type of technique to guitar, since he doesn't use barre chords the same way the average guitar player would he preferred the equidistant tuning since it makes things easier to remember and visualize on the fret board. URL_0 (it gets crazy) If you are interested in taking advantage of the guitar's tuning, definitely check out the Caged system, here's a tiny summary of it URL_1


Question: Why must the Pythagorean Theorem contain squared values? Is there a relationship between sides prior to squaring them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why must the Pythagorean Theorem contain squared values? Is there a relationship between sides prior to squaring them?

Your sense that if a relationship exists after an operation it must exist before it is not necessarily wrong, but it is misapplied. Think about how it can be that A²+B²=C², yet A+B≠C: it is because (A+B)²=A²+2AB+B²≠A²+B². Going from A, B, and C to A², B², and C² does not simply involve squaring both sides of the equation. The fact of the matter is that the "unsquared" side-lengths are not directly related (except by the the triangle inequality A+B≥C). The relationship *really does* derive from their squares.


Question: What is the difference between poison, venom, and toxin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between poison, venom, and toxin?

*Toxins* are substances which have a profound negative effect on the body, which may be produced by the body or from an outside source. *Poisons* are toxins which are ingested, and often are produced by plants. Potassium cyanide is such a poison. Lead and arsenic are examples of inorganic poisons (they have no carbon). *Venoms* are organic toxins which are injected, and usually are produced by animals.


Question: How can pavement get hotter than the ambient temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can pavement get hotter than the ambient temperature?

Absorption. If the pavement has a higher absorption coefficient than air (which it likely does), it will absorb more energy from sunlight hitting it and therefore be hotter.


Question: why does ice crack when it's put in drinks??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 why does ice crack when it's put in drinks??

Thermal stress. The liquid is relatively warm compared to the ice. When you put the ice in, the outer layer of ice quickly warms and expands. This puts stress on the ice as the inner core is still cold while the outer layer is expanding, resulting in the ice cracking. Note that this can also happen to plates and bowls. For example, putting cold ice cream in a warm bowl can lead to a similar result depending on the material and integrity of the bowl.


Question: Why are there only 10 digits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are there only 10 digits?

The decimal system, which uses ten digits, is only one of several number systems that have been invented, so it's not accurate to say "there are only ten digits". Binary (2 digits), octal (8 digits) and hexadecimal (16 digits) are commonly used in computer programming. It's likely that decimal is the system most commonly used throughout the world because we have ten fingers, like you said. I'm not sure what you mean about the number zero being invented to differentiate from Arabic numerals - Arabic numerals are the symbols we *do* use (1234567890).


Question: Why are waves different in different parts of the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are waves different in different parts of the world?

Different ocean current, different winds, different coasts. All have influence on the size and shape of waves


Question: Is maple syrup equivalent to blood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 Is maple syrup equivalent to blood?

Sort of. It transports water and nutrients in the same way your blood does, although it isn't actively "pumped" in quite the same way (it's just drawn slowly upward as leaves lose water). Unlike blood, it doesn't carry oxygen, which is why it tastes very different (the taste of blood is mostly the taste of iron, which is used in red blood cells to carry oxygen). ED: As a below poster correctly notes, syrup is a very reduced form of sap. This post is about sap, not syrup *per se*.


Question: Can radio stations track the number of people listening, and if so, how?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can radio stations track the number of people listening, and if so, how?

There is no way for stations to know who is listening because the communication is completely one way. URL_0


Question: How can certain companies (like Amazon) sell a product for less than what it would cost if it were bought at the manufacturers website? Who’s taking a loss here?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can certain companies (like Amazon) sell a product for less than what it would cost if it were bought at the manufacturers website? Who’s taking a loss here?

Because a company usually sells their price at discount to second hand retailers. If the retailer is big enough, like amazon, they only have to mark it up abit to get their profit off of it. Say the original company sells 20$ boxes, but it cost hem 10$ to make. So they sell that box too amazing for 14$ since they are selling so many. Because amazon is so big and they sell so much, they can afford to sell those same boxes for 18$ instead of 20$


Question: How do we have so much metal? Anything you can think of from kitchen appliances to cars, tons upon tons of metals are being used constantly. Surely the source is finite, will we not run into a crisis eventually just like our fears with oil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we have so much metal? Anything you can think of from kitchen appliances to cars, tons upon tons of metals are being used constantly. Surely the source is finite, will we not run into a crisis eventually just like our fears with oil?

Aluminium and Iron together make up 13.1% of the Earth's crust: [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) That's an enormous about of metals in ground.


Question: What exactly IS free speech?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly IS free speech?

In the United States, per the first amendment, the government can not prosecute you for any words you say, print, publish, broadcast, or otherwise disseminate to another individual, group, or the public at large. However, if you use speech with the intent of causing harm, by inciting a riot, threatening another individual, etc etc, that CAN be prosecuted. But it is not so much the speech that is being prosecuted, but rather what you did with it. Furthermore, non-government entities can absolutely punish you for your speech, as they are not bound by the first amendment. For example, Facebook banning people who spread the speech.


Question: Does letting helium out of a balloon (without refilling the space) make it get heavier or lighter?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does letting helium out of a balloon (without refilling the space) make it get heavier or lighter?

It you let some helium out, it will get lighter because helium has mass. However, it will also become smaller, which will cause it to displace less air. It's displacement of air with a lighter gas that allows the helium balloon to float.


Question: Why do we see geometric shapes or flashing lights when one presses in their eyes?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we see geometric shapes or flashing lights when one presses in their eyes?

Phosphenes are caused by the increased pressure within the eyeball activating ganglion cells in the retina in the same way as light does.


Question: What are endocrine and exocrine in hormone system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<answer>
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 What are endocrine and exocrine in hormone system?

The best example of this is the pancreas, since it has both endocrine and exocrine parts. Endocrine means the things are secreted directly into your blood. The endocrine part of the pancreas makes insulin. It secretes insulin into your blood system. Exocrine means secreted through an epithelium (or endothelium), typically out of your body. The exocrine part of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. The digestive enzymes go into your gut and you poop them out.


Question: How is an internal 3d representation of the video game world translated to what we see on screen?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How is an internal 3d representation of the video game world translated to what we see on screen?

None of these comments are ELI5. The principle behind all current real-time rendering is rasterization. All things within games are made of triangles and these triangles are "projected" onto your screen depending on your view. Think of it like holding a flashlight towards an object and drawing the shadow. Once you have this projection you still have to find out how this projection translates to pixels. One way to do this is the Scanline method although this can't be quickly explained.


Question: How does a boom from a meteor entering the atmosphere manage to extend across such a wide area?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does a boom from a meteor entering the atmosphere manage to extend across such a wide area?

It was loud simply because of the amount of energy a meteor is carrying. It was probably going at least 25000 mph, maybe several times that. It was heard across a wide area partly because it was high up. Additionally, it happened on a cold night, and the temperature gradient in the air (colder air nearer the ground) likely helped bend down sound waves that would have otherwise traveled too far to be heard.


Question: please: Why is a declining birth rate a source of panic for national governments?

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 please: Why is a declining birth rate a source of panic for national governments?

There is no fundamental problem. The problem is something we have collectively created for ourselves: an economic model that requires constant unending growth to support itself. Overall, people have contributed enough to fund services for themselves into retirement. But a government that sees this money just sitting there for years is going to use it for other things in the meantime. And it's okay, because the population has been growing: there are more *young* people to tax than there were in the older generation, so the money they appropriated away from social security for those older people is made up for because of the increased tax income from the next generation. But if that next generation *isn't* actually larger, then suddenly the math doesn't work out. They've already spent the money that should have gone to social security for an older generation, but now the expected windfall from a larger new generation hasn't shown up as promised. That is clearly a *problem*. It is avoidable in theory, of course. But that requires a responsible allocation of funds, and keeping money saved for unexpected changes like this. By and large, when governments have found themselves in a surplus, they haven't kept that money for emergencies but instead immediately find ways to spend it that will impress the populace in an attempt to guarantee re-election. As we know, the earth's resources are finite and populations cannot sustainably grow forever, so it is an absolute certainty that a system dependent on infinite growth will collapse at some point. The question is, will we just adjust to a more forward-thinking plan, or will everything fall apart disastrously? Unfortunately, no way to know.


Question: What is a Gold Standard?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is a Gold Standard?

The gold standard is a monetary system where the value of the currency is based on a certain gold quantity. The link between the Great Depression and the gold standard is based on the leak of gold property by the Gold Exchange standard system. The stock market used a strategy of speculation on the debt instead of investment strategy because more the gold leak, more the debt is restricted. So the value of debt go up. (But in 1929, the debt was 370 % of the GDP, who is absolutely irrationnal. Resulting a spectacular crash when the market understoud the situation). Note : It's my understanding (translated in english) it can be wrong by his syntax or by his semantics. Please don't take this explaination like an absolut verity.


Question: How do they calculate the odds of obscure events, such as getting struck by lightning, attacked by sharks, or getting a disease?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they calculate the odds of obscure events, such as getting struck by lightning, attacked by sharks, or getting a disease?

AIUI, they take the number of times it happens in a given year and the population of that year and do the math. Once you do that for several years, you can find the average odds over time.


Question: How does fast food like McDonalds have Hundreds of thousand of calories while if we make the same with with same ingredients the calorie count would not be more than half , where do all the calories come from?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does fast food like McDonalds have Hundreds of thousand of calories while if we make the same with with same ingredients the calorie count would not be more than half , where do all the calories come from?

Most of the time it comes down to a liberal application of Oil and Sugar, you'd be surprised how much sugar is in some stuff, even if it isn't (supposed to be) sweet.


Question: if most of our physical attributes are determined by dominant genes, why are mixed-race people usually an "in-between" color of their parents skin tones?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if most of our physical attributes are determined by dominant genes, why are mixed-race people usually an "in-between" color of their parents skin tones?

Skin color is controlled by what is known as [polygenic inheritance]( URL_0 ). Traits controlled by polygenic inheritance have an additive effect, rather than the dominant/recessive relationship. Effectively, the more dark-skinned genes that you have, the darker your skin will be. If a black person and a white person have a child, the child will have fewer dark-skinned genes than the black parent, but more than the white parent, resulting in a skin color that is in-between the two parents.


Question: Common joke says that heaters are 100% effient because all they make is heat. How much energy is actually lost?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Common joke says that heaters are 100% effient because all they make is heat. How much energy is actually lost?

Typical heaters are in fact 100% efficient. But you can do better by being willing to cool it down a bit more outside, by making a heater that is effectively the opposite of an air conditioner. Rather than *creating* heat, it just *transports* heat, and you can move heat for less than the cost of making it. These heat pumps can reach effective efficiencies of 200-300%.


Question: The speed limits vary from 10-70 mph, with the highest speeds only being found on the interstate. My SUV can go up to 160mph. What is the point in allowing cars to go that fast if it’s illegal to actually attempt? Why aren’t general cars just capped to 80 mph? Would it not save money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 The speed limits vary from 10-70 mph, with the highest speeds only being found on the interstate. My SUV can go up to 160mph. What is the point in allowing cars to go that fast if it’s illegal to actually attempt? Why aren’t general cars just capped to 80 mph? Would it not save money?

There are some highways in Europe without speed limits, or with much higher limits. German Autobahn comes to mind. You could race cars on private tracks. Some people do enjoy breaking speed limits. Speed limit could be indication of engine power. If empty car can do 160mph, then it should be able to tow a boat at 60mph.


Question: Irrational Numbers - How do we know?

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 Irrational Numbers - How do we know?

An equivalent statement to saying a number has a finite set of digits or has a repeating decimal expansion is to say it can be represented as a fraction. It can be proven that a number can't be represented by a/b where a and b are non-zero integers and a and b's greatest common factor is one (that is, where a/b is a fraction that is fully reduced). Take the square root of 2 for example. If we assume that there exists some a and b such that a/b meets the definition above and equals the square root of 2, [it can be shown]( URL_0 ) that a and b must both be even. If a and b are both even, their greatest common factor is 2, not 1. This means that two of our conditions, that a/b is a reduced fraction and that a/b equals square root of two contradict one another. No a and b can satisfy both conditions (square root of 2 is irrational).


Question: What determines the limits of how in shape a person can get?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What determines the limits of how in shape a person can get?

There are genetic effects, but past history of nutrition and exercise are also factors. No amount of working out will make you as fast as Usain Bolt.


Question: how do glasses get smudged so fast? Where does it come from and what is it made of?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how do glasses get smudged so fast? Where does it come from and what is it made of?

It’s shedded skin and oil, your eyelashes may be touching the glass. Acrylic lenses can have a slight electric static charge on them which attracts dust It helps if you use some wax on the glass after you have cleaned it, dirt can’t stick as easily/


Question: Is there another 'family' or 'genus' of animals with only one remaining species (like humans)?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there another 'family' or 'genus' of animals with only one remaining species (like humans)?

It's not common but there are other categories with only one species. For example, the aardvark is the only species in the order Tubulidentata. More examples can be found URL_0


Question: What is the Austrian School of Economics?

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<answer>
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 What is the Austrian School of Economics?

The fundamental principle of Austrian economics is that we can use logic and reason to understand economics without resorting to statistics to confirm our theorems. This is called an 'a priori' science, although the founder of the school, Menger, would call it an 'exact' science. It's worth noting that science in the Austrian sense of the word is more philosophical than our modern day conception, but that's a whole can of worms in and of itself. Beyond the view that we can deduce laws of economics a priori, Austrian economics is radically subjectivist in its normative claims. Another commenter said it is 'good' if a business fails in hard times. An Austrian would be more nuanced than this: you must always ask 'good for who?'. You might say it is good for the economy as a whole, but this misses the economic point that the economy is becoming more efficient when a business goes under. For the business owner, you might say it is obviously bad that he went out of business, but good that he can divert efforts elsewhere now and perhaps make a profit. In short, any value presuppose a valuer, and thus we cannot objectively evaluate good and bad qua economics. In philosophy and ethics, there is no consensus among the Austrians. Readers of Mises are subjectivist in their ethics and economics, while more Randian types are objectivist in their ethics and subjectivist in their economics. I hope this is helpful. Feel free to follow up with any confusion. If you would like to read more consider von Mises, Menger, and their intellectual forefathers, Bastiat, Ricardo, Smith. Good luck!


Question: since men don’t have a womb/uterus does that mean there’s more space in their abdominal cavity?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 since men don’t have a womb/uterus does that mean there’s more space in their abdominal cavity?

The uterus when it is not holding a child is fairly small and sits atop the bladder like a empty bag. During pregnancy, the amount of tissue and muscle it can grow in a short amount of time probably makes bodybuilders jealous So normally it doesnt take up THAT much extra room. When there is a baby, a lot of other organs are pushed aside to make room.


Question: With the countless money donated to cancer research, how has our understanding advanced?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With the countless money donated to cancer research, how has our understanding advanced?

We've developed greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms for why many of these cancers happen, who is at risk, who should be screened or work up, how to treat them, how to manage side effects of treatment. A new field is how to manage the long term effects of childhood cancer and treatments, since these kids are surviving into adulthood for the first time. We've made huge advancements in survival for childhood cancers. **Take a fucking look at THIS shit:** URL_0


Question: Why do drunk people snore more loud?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do drunk people snore more loud?

There muscles are more relaxed which causes the airway to loosen/close up causing louder snoring


Question: Why is a negative number times a negative numer always a positive number?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a negative number times a negative numer always a positive number?

In simple terms, the negative of something is the opposite of itself. So the negative of a negative is a positive.


Question: what happens to vaporised rock? Scientists always say that X amount of tons of rock vapourise when a meteorite hits. But where does it go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens to vaporised rock? Scientists always say that X amount of tons of rock vapourise when a meteorite hits. But where does it go?

At first it is spread through the atmosphere like any other gas. But eventually it does start to cool down. As it cools down the rocks will start to condensate into tiny droplets smaller then grains of sand. They are small enough for the wind to carry them along. Eventually they will end up on the ground in some form or another like all other sand. But depending on how much there is a lot of it can still be in the atmosphere spread around the world for months. The closest we have to this effect we have experienced is during volcano eruptions when similar vaporized rock might be part of the eruption and create huge dust clouds or even clouds of tiny droplets of molten rock. There is even one famous airliner which ended up flying through such a cloud of molten rock.


Question: Why do older TVs and radios translate weak or missing analog signals as "static?"

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do older TVs and radios translate weak or missing analog signals as "static?"

It's about how the signal is encoded. Analog signals will simply play the wave that is send, and in case of nothing send it will amplify the background noise. Digital signals are basically numbers encoded into the radiowaves you then use to generate the sounds. They can use checksum bits to verify that meaningful things were sent. If nonsense would be received it simply won't be played.


Question: Who are we in "world debt" to?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who are we in "world debt" to?

I assume you mean, for example, the US national debt. Imagine that you and your spouse maintain separate bank accounts, yet you share responsibility for paying bills, mortgage, etc. you effectively share finances. At dinner you forget your wallet and “borrow” $100 from your spouse. It’s technically borrowed by you, and technically owed to your spouse. At the end of the day it’s all shared money anyway, so what does it matter? It matters when you write it down and record it. About 30% of the national debt is owed to itself. This is just like the scenario above - one government agency borrowing from another and the transaction being recorded. Around 60% of the debt is owed to foreign countries. Likewise, those same foreign countries continue to borrow from the US. Back to that circular shared money analogy. The remaining 10% is the government borrowing from citizens in the form of various types of bonds. And guess what - if you own one of these bonds and you cash it out, the government may very well borrow from itself in order to pay you - thereby escalating the whole circular thing.


Question: what cause something to have colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what cause something to have colour?

Not a direct answer to your question, but this a related and very interesting thing. URL_0 Blue eyes actually look blue for a different reason than light reflection and it's why they "look" the way they do


Question: Why are avalanches deadly wouldn’t you just move along with it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are avalanches deadly wouldn’t you just move along with it?

Snow is heavy. Even if you manage to "swim" to the top of the avalanche (which is not a guarantee because, as I say, snow is heavy,) the avalanche could be carrying boulders and trees along with it. It could slam you into an obstacle. You could wind up buried, and either get crushed to death or suffocate.


Question: why is the US debt at an all time-high, while Germany has a budget surplus for the fifth year in a row?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is the US debt at an all time-high, while Germany has a budget surplus for the fifth year in a row?

So to get it out of the way first, running a debt isn't "bad". In fact the US's debt is considered a good thing. As the US can issue debt so cheaply that they can make more money by issuing debt than not doing it. So for now, the US is issuing debt because it WAY more valuble to do so, spend money now, which will make up for it in the future because the return is huge. Germany on the other hand, is running a surplus, which after a handful of years of it has gotten a lot of detractors about this approach. Some say that Germany is not using its tax money appropriately within the country to benefit the country, and/or it taxes are too high and it should just lower taxes if it doesn't actually need the money (i.e. giving the money back to the people). Neither approach is "wrong" but both have different benefits and draw backs.


Question: Not from the US natively, so if you could explain the difference between the three government branches and what is checks and balances?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Not from the US natively, so if you could explain the difference between the three government branches and what is checks and balances?

At a very basic level you have 3 branches of government: Congress - Made up of 2 houses. The Senate and the House of Representatives. All laws and budgets come from Congress. Executive - Made up of the President and his cabinet and staff. The President directs his staff to work with Congress to try to get the things he wants passed by Congress. The President also has to sign all new laws passed by Congress or Veto them. Judiciary - Made up of the federal court and ending with the US Supreme Court. Where checks and balances come into play, is no one branch can do things without another branch getting involved in some way. But there is also ways to override some actions. Here is an example: Congress passes a law that outlaws Orange T-Shirts. The POTUS vetoes it, because he believes Orange T-Shirts are awesome. Congress overrides his veto. But then the US Supreme Court steps in a rules that the law is unconstitutional because of Orange T-Shirts being covered under the 1st amendment. In the situation above, the President vetoed the law. However, as a "check and balance" Congress was able to override it. But it didn't stop there. The US Supreme Court then ruled the law unconstitutional.


Question: What exactly does it mean when an album/song is remastered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly does it mean when an album/song is remastered?

You build a Lego castle and bring it to "show and tell!" You explain how you built it, all the pieces and time it took to make and how your dad helped with the final Lego bricks! A few days later, your friend came over and helped to rearrange a few pieces at the top of the castle and while the whole castle looks the same, it's slightly different. He took some pieces away to see the inside, and added some bricks to other places to make the bottom look stronger! You now bring this newer castle to "show and tell" and share with the class. They are familiar with the original but have a new view (sound) because of the changes made (remaster).


Question: Why do streaming services like Netflix and Hulu seem like they have lower quality on my 24” 2k PC monitor than on my 32” 1080p TV? I use a fire stick for the TV and the websites for my computer.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do streaming services like Netflix and Hulu seem like they have lower quality on my 24” 2k PC monitor than on my 32” 1080p TV? I use a fire stick for the TV and the websites for my computer.

Because they don't natively support that high of a resolution, so you are seeing the effects of scaling. i.e. the highest streaming resolution Hulu and Netflix offers isn't a high enough resolution to look good on your 2k monitor, but looks just like its supposed to on your TV. Trying playing a local video in 1440p resolution or 4k and it will probably look much better.


Question: How is certain hardware faster when electricity travels at the same speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is certain hardware faster when electricity travels at the same speed?

It’s not about the speed of electricity, it’s about the speed of decisions. Since computers all operate in binary, they make decisions by either saying yes (1) or no (0). These decisions are made by transistors (back in the old days it was vacuum tubes). Let’s for the sake of sanity say that one transistor makes 1 decision (yes or no) a second. Therefore to make 10 decisions it would take that transistor 10 seconds. Ok great, but that’s not good enough for me, so I buy another transistor. Not I can make the same ten decisions in 5 seconds. The speed of electricity doesn’t play a factor. The progression of technology is directly related to how many transistors we can fit on a computer chip. For more information, check out [Moore’s Law]( URL_0 ). It basically says that the size of a transistor shrinks by half every two years. Hence why computers used to be the size of rooms. Hope this helps!


Question: What does it mean when the Fed adds $70B in temp liquidity to markets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when the Fed adds $70B in temp liquidity to markets?

The federal reserve is a bank for banks, they are basically making money available to banks for them to borrow and in turn, lend to you for something like a mortgage.


Question: Why in mitosis and meiosis are the produced cells called "daughter cells"? Is there any reason to identify them as female?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why in mitosis and meiosis are the produced cells called "daughter cells"? Is there any reason to identify them as female?

It's just the naming, there's nothing biologically female about them. I presume it was chosen because the 'daughter' cell will eventually reproduce itself and so become a 'mother' cell, however it is just a naming quirk, there's nothing biologically male or female about them. In fact, if they are from a male then cells produced from mitosis will have a males DNA as they would have the same DNA as him, and vice versa.


Question: What is happening to someone dying of Radiation poisoning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening to someone dying of Radiation poisoning?

The nuclei of our body’s cells (the part that contains all our DNA) is most sensitive to radiation. Ionizing radiation disrupts a cell’s ability to replicate itself. Cells that divide quickly or frequently are the most susceptible to radiation. So when someone has been exposed to a high enough dose, cells in their hair follicles, digestive system, and skin will be affected most strongly. Hair isn’t as necessary, but as digestive tissues break down, malnutrition is not far behind. Open sores on the skin are treated more easily, but can be very prone to infection and other complications.


Question: How can birds see with eyes on the side of their heads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can birds see with eyes on the side of their heads?

There are (in general) two way to put eyes. Both in front, or both on the sides. Birds have examples of both. Most groups do too. Humans, tigers, owls, eagles and other predatory species have both eyes to the front. It means we can tell how far something is from a wide field of view, because we can compare the angles between two eyes. (we have a wide field of binocular vision). This is useful for catching something that’s moving around a lot trying to avoid being eaten. Cows, horses, pigeons and other non-predator species have both eyes on the side. There isn’t a whole lot of overlap in the middle, so they can’t track distance very well. What they can do is see a lot more around themselves. You know the way you can sorta see something out of the corner of your eyes? Those species can see “out the corner of their eyes” pretty much all around them. (They have a wide peripheral vision) This make them much better at noticing humans, tiger, owls, eagles and other predatory species. Letting them start running away to avoid being eaten.


Question: Why do soups and stews seem to taste better as Leftovers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do soups and stews seem to taste better as Leftovers?

I am Ethiopian, most of our popular dishes are stews and I always prefer eating the leftover batch...I think it's because the flavors mix well when you heat it up for the second time. Also if you use a shitton of spices like us then the spices would have reacted more than when you have it for the first time... Am I making sense?


Question: Why should you not defrost things, then refreeze them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why should you not defrost things, then refreeze them?

A couple reasons. One is bacterial build up. Another is texture. When you freeze something in a normal freezer, ice crystals build up and damage the cells. When you thaw it, those cells rupture. This leads to a bad texture and makes it more available for bacteria. Freezing again just causes more damage.


Question: How can humans push cars and pull massive things with weeks but can’t lift more than a few hundred pounds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can humans push cars and pull massive things with weeks but can’t lift more than a few hundred pounds?

The force you are fighting against when pushing/pulling is friction. This isn't as much force as the direct downward force of gravity when you try to lift something. Additionally, you can use your weight to push and pull (e.g., leaning into the direction you're pushing). When lifting, you are relying entirely on your muscle capacity. And lastly, lifting an object really depends also on its geometry. Awkwardly sized objects are hard to lift. When pushing, it's not as big a deal because you are not personally trying to stabilize the object (which means actively fighting the force from torque). Ideally, an object is already stable on the ground.


Question: How do servers find our computers to communicate over the internet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do servers find our computers to communicate over the internet?

Your computer is the one that finds the server by looking it up via the phonebook (DNS registry). You computer also sends its own address with the message so the server can reply.


Question: With the plan of Japan to drill the earth's crust to reach the mantle, what is the process of getting permissions and from whom (since no one "owns" the earth)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With the plan of Japan to drill the earth's crust to reach the mantle, what is the process of getting permissions and from whom (since no one "owns" the earth)?

The short version is their proposed drill sites are in the territorial waters of the US, Costa Rica, and Mexico. So they need to get permission from whichever government controls the drill site they settle on. The long is: The earth is "owned." Every government owns (or controls who owns) all of the land directly underneath it. Obviously this isn't infinite, the nature of the Earth being a sphere means that if you went down deep enough there would be overlapping claims, but present technology doesn't let us drill anywhere close to where that would become an issue. Governments also own the ocean up to 200 miles off their shore, as well as the land underneath that ocean. Once you get outside of that 200 mile zone you are in international waters. Here things start to get unclear. Most of the world has agreed to a treaty known as the Law of the Sea Convention. That convention sets up how things are to function within the 200 mile limit, and created a commission known as the International Seabed Authority (ISA) that is supposed to determine when entities are allowed to conduct undersea drilling in international waters. The problem here is that the US has agreed to everything in the Law of the Sea Convention *except* the provisions creating the ISA. Since the US doesn't recognize the ISA and the US effectively controls most of the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans the ISA has very little authority. As of right now this isn't a problem, because the technology does not exist to drill in international waters and so far the ISA's activities have been limited to authorizing a handful of deep sea surveys that went nowhere. As to the Japanese company in question - they have 3 proposed drill sites, all of which are within the territorial waters of the US, Costa Rica, or Mexico. So the answer is simple. They have to secure permission to drill from the government that controls whatever site they eventually decide to drill at. If they were drilling on the land, they would need to comply with whatever regulations were applicable to such drilling in the country where it was being carried out.


Question: Why are US coastal states far more heavily populated than central states?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are US coastal states far more heavily populated than central states?

The vast majority of international trade is done over the ocean, so setting up companies near these international trade ports can make it easier to make money. Also, coastal regions have access to seafood and have milder weather patterns. And the vast majority of immigration in the western hemisphere was done over the ocean, so people just set up after a long boat ride in whatever port city they landed in. All of these factors combined into more populated coastal regions.