Question: if space itself is expanding, inside what emptiness is it expanding?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if space itself is expanding, inside what emptiness is it expanding?

That is not how expansion works. Space doesn't need to expand into anything else, and there is no "edge of the universe". * Expansion of space simply means, that the distance between any two points increases over time, and this increase is faster the further those two points are apart. * There is no "edge of the universe". The universe is either infinite or closed. Either way, there is no edge. * Matter is not expanding. Space is expanding, but gravitationally bound matter is resisting this expansion.


Question: How do radios “tune” to a specific frequency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do radios “tune” to a specific frequency?

Imagine a water gun that shoots water in a straight line on to a wall with a hole in it. The gun cannot be moved at all and always shoots water at the same rate. The wall however, can be moved, and you can bring the hole closer or further away from the water jet. If the hole in the wall is far away from the water jet, the water will only hit the wall and splash everywhere, and it won’t make it to the other side. The closer the hole gets, the more tiny droplets of water will make it through the hole, but you won’t get a nice clean jet of water on the other side. However, if the gun and hole are perfectly aligned, the entire jet of water will go through the hole undisturbed. There are many water guns (radio stations) but only one hole (the radio itself). Moving the wall to match it to a specific water gun is what we call “tuning”.


Question: If a 3.5mm audio jack is also referred to as a 1/8" jack, why is a 1/4" audio jack also referred to as a 6.3mm jack?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a 3.5mm audio jack is also referred to as a 1/8" jack, why is a 1/4" audio jack also referred to as a 6.3mm jack?

> [The outside diameter of the "sleeve" conductor is 1⁄4 inch (6.35 millimetres). The "mini" connector has a diameter of 3.5 mm (0.14 in)]( URL_0 ) The 1/4" jack was defined as being a quarter inch because it's an old American invention dating back to the 19th century. Calling it a 6.3mm plug is an accurate conversion. The 3.5mm jack was invented much later and is defined as being 3.5mm. Calling it an "1/8th inch" connector is not terribly accurate but it conveys the idea that it's "half" of a quarter inch connector. Americans aren't really all that picky and, since nobody has to actually create phone plugs/jacks, it's not important for the common name to be accurate. It also rolls off the tongue better than a "9/64ths connector"


Question: Why do a lot of people automatically cross their legs when they sit down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do a lot of people automatically cross their legs when they sit down?

I was taught from a young age that ladies sit with their ankles/knees crossed to... “keep the door closed”... AKA prevent unwanted physical contact with the privates.


Question: . Why did European releases of older games(SNES and PS1 etc..) run slower than their North American counterparts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Why did European releases of older games(SNES and PS1 etc..) run slower than their North American counterparts?

A bit more technical detail: Older games were meant to run at a very specific framerate which for TVs in North America is \~30 frames per second. Everything in the game was tied to this rate as a way to keep time, so an action that is supposed to take 1/2 a second would be programmed to run for 15 frames. TVs in other regions didn't run at \~30 fps, for instance PAL in Europe ran at 25 fps. This means that same software meant for NTSC regions would run at 83% speed it was intended. That same 15-frame action would actually take 0.6 seconds instead because it doesn't know the displayed framerate is lower than expected. It's possible to compensate but requires a fair bit of engineering and testing. Companies found it easier to just ignore the issue.


Question: Why in programming, an arrays index starts at 0 instead of 1?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why in programming, an arrays index starts at 0 instead of 1?

In some programming languages (most famously C), an array variable `arr` actually holds the address where the array is located in memory, or more specifically the address of the first element in the array. Therefore, the first element in the array is stored at position `arr+0`, the second element is stored at position `arr+1`, and generally element #n is stored at `arr+(n-1)`. This system caught on and became the standard. By the way, some programming languages use one-based numbering.


Question: What is Hydrostatic Equilibrium and how does it pertain to Planets and Satellites?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Hydrostatic Equilibrium and how does it pertain to Planets and Satellites?

Hydrostatic equilibrium means the force of gravity caused by the object itself is strong enough to make it change shape on its own, so that pointy parts (hills and mountains) fill in the shallow parts (valleys and holes). This takes place very slowly. Think about how often landslides occur, and how long it would take for Mount Everest to be flattened out by weather and earthquakes. Eventually it takes on a shape that's "lazy", where all the mountains and valleys are roughly the same sort of size. When talking about objects that are dozens or hundreds of kilometers across or larger, this forms a sphere, so that basically every part of the surface is equally far from the very middle of the gravity field. Hydrostatic equilibrium doesn't exactly work the same way for small natural satellites like asteroids, or artificial satellites like spaceships or people, for a couple reasons. First, most asteroids are like blobby clouds of gravel, not singular rocks. Because their gravity is very weak, they don't really want to smush into a round shape: they just stay as they are. For spaceships and people, the forces that hold us together (material tensile strength) is far stronger than our own gravity, so we never form into balls.


Question: How do counterweights on construction cranes not tip the crane before loads are hoisted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do counterweights on construction cranes not tip the crane before loads are hoisted?

Some cranes have counterweights that can be shifted by the operator. Otherwise they generally have the counterweight set so that crane's balance is towards the rear of its limit, then when lifting the maximum weight it will be towards the forward limit. Calculation of counterweight and maximum weight limits are usually done when constructing the crane based on the requirements of the job, the height, distance it loads need to be moved. And will frequently be recalculated while working.


Question: How do X-rays damage DNA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do X-rays damage DNA?

X-rays consist of very high energy photons. When that energy is absorbed by an electron, it moves faster - sometimes fast enough to go to a different atom or escape entirely. This results in a charge imbalance - the atom the electron escaped from will attract a different electron from elsewhere to regain balance. This is a chemical reaction, and it changes the structure of whatever molecule that atom is a part of, such as DNA. Radiation that has enough energy to do this is called ionizing radiation.


Question: Watching the House Judiciary Committee - why, when the chairman asks the reason to pass to another speaker, do they say "Strike the last word" and the Chairman responds "Time to the x speaker"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Watching the House Judiciary Committee - why, when the chairman asks the reason to pass to another speaker, do they say "Strike the last word" and the Chairman responds "Time to the x speaker"?

It's using a procedural rule to get time to speak. Essentially it's introducing an amendment to the bill being debated in committee (i.e. getting rid of the last word) and per the rules, the member introducing the "amendment" gets five minutes to present it. Of course, they don't formally introduce anything, as in reality, it's used to get five minutes to talk about the bill currently under debate.


Question: Why do we worry about the number of times you can write to an SSD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we worry about the number of times you can write to an SSD?

The basic answer is that RAM and SSDs are different in the way they store data. SSD read/writes are (much) lower than HDD, a cost in exchange for speed (but not as much speed as RAM). The better term you are looking for in regards to SSD/HDD v. RAM permanence is volatility. RAM requires power to retain data, SSD/HDDs do not.


Question: What is the SALT tax deduction, specifically how does it affect people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the SALT tax deduction, specifically how does it affect people?

SALT (State and Local Tax) is a deduction that allows people to deduct state and local taxes from the income they pay federal tax on. Advocates say "It's not fair to be asked to pay income tax on money that I didn't get to spend because the state government took it." It subsidizes states with high taxes, and that upsets folks in other states.


Question: How does a fly/bug in your car stay in place when you accelerate and not go flying into the back window?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a fly/bug in your car stay in place when you accelerate and not go flying into the back window?

Because the fly/bug is accelerating with the car. More specifically, the air inside the car is accelerating with the car, and the bug is accelerating with the air.


Question: What are Parole Board Members suppose to be looking when assessing whether an inmate should be Paroled or not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are Parole Board Members suppose to be looking when assessing whether an inmate should be Paroled or not?

There are 8 criminogenic risk factors that can be used to predict the likelyhood someone will recidivate. Of those factors, 5 are directly linked to criminal behavior and 3 are supporting, but not directly linked. Factors include criminal history, education/employment, financial situation, housing, family/marital situation, drug/alcohol use, companions, and leisure time.


Question: How are “mass reformations” that is obviously skewed towards helping a side win allowed right before elections in the States?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are “mass reformations” that is obviously skewed towards helping a side win allowed right before elections in the States?

A precedent has now been set: there is no consequence as long as the law will not be enforced. That is what’s happening. The govt is giving too much power to the executive branch.


Question: Why does land cost so much relative to other necessities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does land cost so much relative to other necessities?

Land isn't expensive, the land *you want* is expensive. You can import food and goods from the cheapest seller. You can't do that with land.


Question: The economics of the mini strip mall. Just about every one has a cleaners, a phone repair, a burrito place, a nail salon and a mattress store. A typical person might eat a burrito every week but only buy a mattress every decade. How do they all do comparable business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The economics of the mini strip mall. Just about every one has a cleaners, a phone repair, a burrito place, a nail salon and a mattress store. A typical person might eat a burrito every week but only buy a mattress every decade. How do they all do comparable business?

Some businesses do low volume but at an amazingly high profit margin per unit. For example, a mattress store might make $400 on an average sale, so if they sell 2 a day they are ok.


Question: How do atoms create living things? What differentiates something animate from something inanimate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do atoms create living things? What differentiates something animate from something inanimate?

So do you realise that you basicaly just asked how does life come to be? That is the ultimate question in general and scientist don't know the answer yet. There are things like viruses which if you ask scientist is it alive or not, the answer would be "yes", because it depends


Question: Why do batteries work a bit longer when switched around?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do batteries work a bit longer when switched around?

If the voltage is getting low, any bit of electrical resistance you can get rid of helps maximizing the voltage the device gets. Even just taking them out and putting back can scrape a bit of corrosion from the end caps of the cells and the contacts in the device. Plus resting the batteries, even briefly while switching them round can let the internal chemistry relax a little. Charge that builds up dissipates.


Question: Why do aircraft measure their speed in knots and not KM/Hr?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do aircraft measure their speed in knots and not KM/Hr?

Air navigation is like an evolution of the kind of navigation we used to do a lot - maritime (on the sea). A lot of the charts (maps) that were put together for long-distance travel, especially over the sea, are measured in *nautical miles*. And many of those charts were used early on for air travel. It just became the norm to use knots because it's kind of what was used since the beginning. Modern charts still tend to use nautical miles and knots are the recommend unit of speed measurement by the International Civil Aviation Organization.


Question: How do we misinterpret people talking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we misinterpret people talking?

Our brains are lazy and try to predict what people say and do, its not always right so we misinterpret things.


Question: How do built-in random functions work in programming languages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do built-in random functions work in programming languages?

Any random function in a programming language is only pseudo random as you say. You give it a 'seed' and it manipulates the seed to give you a number that is pretty random for most purposes other than cryptography. But it will eventually start repeating and the number produced is deterministic (i.e., given the seed and the function, you can predict your 'random' number). So it doesn't 'pick' a number as much as just produce an output given an input just like any other function. If you see the full list [here]( URL_0 ), you'll see they are all just normal functions that take some input and produce a 'pseudo random' number as output. Beyond this though, cryptographically secure random numbers must come from some 'true source of entropy' which exists outside the digital system. You could sample say the voltage on an open wire or read the temperature of the system super accurately to say 10 decimal places and use the lower few numbers as a random number. In practice though, this number is then used as the 'seed' to then be processed to produce a 'true random number' that you can use for secure transactions and such.


Question: Why do water balloons pop if they are left out in the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do water balloons pop if they are left out in the sun?

Ultraviolet light is really hard on latex. It rapidly breaks down the polymers. Under tension, it acts even faster.


Question: Why are soft things like towels so hard to cut while hard things like carrots and potatoes can be easily sliced and diced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are soft things like towels so hard to cut while hard things like carrots and potatoes can be easily sliced and diced?

When you try to cut a towel, the towel moves somewhat with the knife (the fabric bunches up and shifts around under the pressure of the knife rather than remaining still) while the firmer potato doesn't move and instead lets the knife do its work. If you pull fabric so that it is tight, it is easier to cut.


Question: If rainbows are the result of sunlight shining through raindrops, how come when it rains we don't we see thousands of mini rainbows? How does the rainbow form itself into one unit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If rainbows are the result of sunlight shining through raindrops, how come when it rains we don't we see thousands of mini rainbows? How does the rainbow form itself into one unit?

Because the important thing in a rainbow is the angle between you, the drop, and the sun. It's a specific angle and always the same. From your perspective, the rainbow is centered around the sun and will continue to move to stay there if you move. And it will appear the same to everyone else from their perspective. So each raindrop is like a pixel making up the image. A single raindrop can't shine a full rainbow into your eye.


Question: What’s the difference between antibodies and T-cell immunity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between antibodies and T-cell immunity?

Antibodies are created by B cells. They are specialized proteins that bind onto antigens to mark them for the rest of the immune system to attack. After an infection is over, some of these antibodies will remain in your blood, but will fade over time. In addition, some B cells will remember how to make those antibodies so that if you get the same infection later, it'll take less time for your immune system to fight it off. T cells have the job of attacking your body's own cells that have gotten infected. They don't have the memory mechanism that B cells do, instead they just attack any cell that is exhibiting unusual behavior.


Question: What is a non newtonian fluid and what makes them special?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a non newtonian fluid and what makes them special?

Most of the other top level responses I see here are focusing on a certain type of non-newtonian fluid, notable shear thickening fluids like oobleck (the classic cornstarch/water mixure). However, as a general class, non-newtonian fluids are simply fluids that don't follow the Newtonian model of fluids. So: **What is a Newtonian Fluid?** Newtonian fluids have basically a linear relationship between local stress and strain in the fluid. What this means is that the fluid behaves in a more or less standard way, like water or air under more or less normal conditions. The forces from the fluid's viscosity are proportional to the stress or rate of change of the deformation of a fluid. This boils down to basically having a constant viscosity (the fluid doesn't get thicker or thinner depending on the pressure or how fast it is moving). Note that this is only a model, and like all models breaks down, specifically when fluids flow extremely fast or are under ultrahigh pressures or similar extreme situations. **How non-Newtonian fluids differ** Non-Newtonian fluids don't follow this relationship very well. For example, they can get more viscous as they deform (like oobleck), or as they deform they can get thinner (like ketchup, which is why it sticks in the bottle of the bottle and then seems to come out all at once. Other non-Newtonian fluids require a certain amount of stress before they begin to flow, like toothpastes and mustard. Non-Newtonian fluid is an umbrella term, a category, of fluids that diverge from the model that we use to describe most standard fluids.. **TL;DR: Newtonian fluids have the same viscosity no matter how fast they're flowing or how much force is being applied to them. Non-Newtonian fluids get thicker or thinner or more or less solid depending on how fast they're flowing or what forces are being applied to them.**


Question: How do people recolour photos? How do they know what colours things were?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people recolour photos? How do they know what colours things were?

Recoloring old photos is usually done in a series of masks in photoshop. Basically mask the area of the photo off, then brush in the color. Brushes in photoshop can be used in a normal mode (like painting on top), or color mode (adding color hues to existing lines. As for the colors used, most of it is guess work, or the artist taking some liberties. Sometimes things like military uniforms are well known what hue they should have been, and some internet research can help that. Here's a thread from imgur that is a good example of a basic colorizing process. URL_0


Question: What exactly is Dow and Nasdaq, and the like, actually measuring?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is Dow and Nasdaq, and the like, actually measuring?

These are called indexes. Basically, they take a group of stocks, combine their prices in some way, and report one number to give the overall value of that group of stocks. The idea is that they act as an analog for the direction of the stock market as a whole. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is 30 specific stocks and they simply add the current stock prices of all 30 to get the number. This isn't the best way to calculate a stock index because some stock prices are way higher but there are fewer shares. The NASDAQ index averages together the value of all stocks traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange. The NASDAQ, being an online stock exchange, tends to have a lot of tech stocks being traded on it. So, the index can be used to assess the health of the tech industry. The other big index is the Standards and Poor 500 (S & P 500) which is the average of the top 500 largest US companies.


Question: Why do people look “scarier” when they are illuminated from below?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people look “scarier” when they are illuminated from below?

I think any time portions of the face are hard to see, your brain doesn’t know how to react, causing fear. There are all sorts of studies about looking at smiling faces vs frowning faces and what it does to your heartrate. Also, sometimes that lighting makes the eyes the only thing that shows. Lastly, it’s been used in so many different forms of “scary” media, from art to film, so there’s that connotation.


Question: What limits our speed in space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What limits our speed in space?

Scott Manley on YouTube explains it really well. The main limit is mass. A small mass is easier to accelerate than a bigger one, as it takes less energy to accelerate. The closer you get to the speed of light the lower your mass has to be to maintain that speed, otherwise the energy required would grow too great too quickly.


Question: Why do download websites allow fake download buttons/viruses to be on their website?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do download websites allow fake download buttons/viruses to be on their website?

They're ads that the companies with the downloads are paying for. Many sites with the fake download buttons are either illegal or not the main route of downloading things so they see less traffic and have to find alternate methods of financial gain.


Question: Why do liquids lose their taste in our mouth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do liquids lose their taste in our mouth?

The taste buds in your mouth recognise the taste and stop sending the signal to your brain until the taste is refreshed (also depends on temperature)


Question: how does toothpaste not mush up in the tube?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does toothpaste not mush up in the tube?

The toothpaste is too thick to swirl about and mix in the tube. So if it goes in with stripes it comes out in stripes.


Question: Why does freezing food reduce the “quality” of it when talking to chefs or purists?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does freezing food reduce the “quality” of it when talking to chefs or purists?

Water expands when you freeze it and since everything you eat contains water, the freezing water ruptures the tissue it's contained in. For meat it alters the consistency and texture. For fruits and vegetables, it makes them mushy.


Question: If the sun were to suddenly disappear, why would we keep orbiting for eight minutes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sun were to suddenly disappear, why would we keep orbiting for eight minutes?

The speed of light is universally the maximum speed. However, it's not just the speed of light. The same constant, C, also represents the fastest speed any 'influence' can travel, as far as we know. Not only light, but magnetic force, gravity, and everything, is transferred only at the speed of light. This means that an event taking place anywhere will take the distance divided by the speed of light to have an influence on a further object. Remove the sun, and it'd take the same time it takes for light to reach us - about 8 minutes - for the Earth to "realise" the sun is gone, and stop being affected by its gravity.


Question: how does the feeling of nausea happen in the body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the feeling of nausea happen in the body?

So we actually know way less about the mechanics of nausea and vomiting than you'd expect, but here's what I can find. Nausea is triggered by the irritation of nerves in the stomach, which can be caused by a ton of things (hunger, overeating, illness, motion sickness, etc). Those nerves tell your brain (not eli5: specifically, the nausea and vomiting centers in the medulla) what's going on, which then activates nausea. The weird part is that so many things cause nausea, including things that are nowhere near the stomach. Motion sickness, for example, is caused by your inner ear. Stress can cause nausea as well. Surprisingly, it was really hard to find anything that suggested why so many seemingly unrelated things cause nausea, so I can't help you there. **Edit: see u/maniacalmustacheride's comment below for more info**. To boil it down, when your eyes see motion that's offset to the motion you're feeling, your body thinks you may have poisoned yourself and tried to get rid of what you ate. From what I can tell, the way it feels and the place we feel it in are just how evolution decided it should function. It makes sense for nausea to affect the stomach area, and it also makes sense for it to feel different from regular pain.


Question: - Why can't we just dig a human sized hole from one side of the earth to the other? How would gravity work in that situation? Do we even have tools that could do that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why can't we just dig a human sized hole from one side of the earth to the other? How would gravity work in that situation? Do we even have tools that could do that?

Gravity compresses and that compression heats things up. FAST. The Earth’s hard rocky “crust” is at thinnest 3 miles thick under the deep oceans, but usually 20-30+ miles thick under continents. But the deepest *any* human has ever dug was the Soviet “Kola Superdeep Borehole” at 7.67 miles (only about one third of the way through the Earth’s crust). Beyond this, is the 1,800-mile deep mantle and beyond that, right at the center of the Earth, is the core. We’re talking just a radius of around 6,300 miles, or a diameter of over 13,000 miles through the most dense and hot things on the planet (literally). Nothing we know of would survive a trip down there even if you could bore some kind of hole through it.


Question: What would it be like to be in the bottom of the Mariana Trench if the ocean was drained?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would it be like to be in the bottom of the Mariana Trench if the ocean was drained?

The air would be quite dense, about 4x that of sea level, and might result in a mild case of decompression sickness if an individual were returned to sea level without regular stops, but milder than an actual scuba dive. Breathing would be very efficient, though. It would be very cold, getting only a few hours of daylight depending on the orientation of the trench (I don't have any images handy). Gravity would hardly change at all, with the 7 mile depth being only a tiny fraction of Earth's overall radius.


Question: What is a tensor ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a tensor ?

how well versed in vectors are you ? Like in algebra, a vector is a representation of an object in a dimensional field. 1 dimension and you have the scalar numbers field. 2 dimensions and you have a planar field. 3 dimensions and you have the space field. etc... etc... Now a point on those fields can be represented by vectors. each dimension is represented by a scalar number. So 1 dimension vector has 1 unique scalar value. 2d has 2, 3d has 3, etc.... Now, you can operate on those vectors. You can translate them, rotate them you can even translate and rotate them at the same time. Like any operations, you have 2 members. The object itself and the amount of change you want to do to it. This is where Tensors fit in. A tensor is basically the parameters ( a matrice that has n(s) dimension ) that would be used to operate on a vector (which represent an object). In Summary, a tensor is a set of parameters to operate on vectors. They are basically just another vector but are called differently because they do not describe an object. They describe the operations to move an object in a dimension.


Question: Why do cookies straight out of the oven taste so much better than older ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cookies straight out of the oven taste so much better than older ones?

One of the factors is warm food triggers a stronger response in the realm of taste...so warm cookies are going to have a stronger flavor than cold (older) cookies. When those flavors are sugar, butter, chocolate, etc...many people are going to find the more intense/stronger flavor to be "better" (though this is subjective). This is also why ice cream is loaded with sugar (because it's cold so there needs to be more sugar for it to taste good) and why most people don't like warm beer (because the flavor tastes much stronger).


Question: Theoretically, what would happen if every tree was to suddenly disappear from from the planet? What would the long term and immediate impact be on humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Theoretically, what would happen if every tree was to suddenly disappear from from the planet? What would the long term and immediate impact be on humans?

The empty space where the roots were would cause massive sinkholes in addition to all of the longer term things being mentioned.


Question: How come you sometimes see red-eye in cameras with flash on, but you cannot see red-eye when you look into a mirror with lights on, even shining directly into the eye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come you sometimes see red-eye in cameras with flash on, but you cannot see red-eye when you look into a mirror with lights on, even shining directly into the eye?

Angle. When you get redeye in a photograph generally the person is looking directly at the flash and their pupil is dilated because it’s dark (hence the flash). When you’re in a lit room your pupil is smaller and you’re looking at the reflection of your eye, not directly at the light source. (Or you’re looking at the light source but then can’t see your eye) but mostly it’s the pupil dilation and angle.


Question: what is the difference between a jungle and a rainforest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between a jungle and a rainforest?

A jungle is a general description of an area (normally warm with high rainfall) that has dense vegetation and is therefore hard to make your way through. It's not a description of an actual ecosystem, though. A rainforest is an actual ecosystem. Like a jungle, it is often warm with high rainfall, but it has a canopy of very high trees which blocks out most of the sun. Therefore, there's not a lot of vegetation on the ground in a rainforest. Basically - a jungle has a lot of stuff happening at the bottom and a rainforest has a lot of stuff happening in its canopy of trees.


Question: If the sponge is dirty, how do your dishes become clean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sponge is dirty, how do your dishes become clean?

Plenty of studies on the bacteria levels in sponges, and the ways to sanitizer them such as putting a squeezed out sponge in a microwave for 10-15 seconds to superheat the bacteria. A sponge mostly works to mechanically remove food particles from the plate, the soap will break up proteins and fats, the hot water will rinse it off. And any remaining bacteria on the plates will die of starvation and no water.


Question: Why do Volcanoes and Earthquakes release explosive amounts of energy over such a relatively short period of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do Volcanoes and Earthquakes release explosive amounts of energy over such a relatively short period of time?

It seems like a short period of time for us, but really the pressure has been building up for a long period of time in the tectonic plates below us. Think about it like pulling an elastic band really tight, until it snaps. The earthquake is the 'snap' but the pulling had been building up for a long time beforehand. The plates below us are constantly moving and so pressure is building and releasing all around the world, most of the time without us realising.


Question: Why are the speeds of light and sound what they are? What causes these "limits"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the speeds of light and sound what they are? What causes these "limits"?

Light: Nobody knows. Its a fundamental limit of the universe. When we say "the speed of light" we're referencing light moving through free space or a "vacuum." As for sound: The speed of sound has to do with the material that sound is moving through. Sound is made up of waves that propagate (move) through a medium (material). Basically the waves are areas of high energy and low energy, like the crest and trough of an ocean wave. In free space, sound can't exist. The speed of sound in a material is determined by how heavy the the particles of the material are and how dense or closely packed those particles are. For the fastest speed of sound you'd want a really dense material with low particle mass. For the slowest speed of sound you'd want a material with very heavy particles that are not closely packed. This pattern is because the energy of the particles has to be transmitted through physical contact between the particles. They "push" eachother in the direction the sound is traveling. A heavy particle is hard to push because of inertia so it moves slower, a light particle moves easily. Highly packed particles transfer energy faster because there's less space between them to travel.


Question: Why is requiring ID when voting considered voter suppression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is requiring ID when voting considered voter suppression?

The main issue is that is it trying to solve a problem that doesn't exist. There is no evidence of widespread voter fraud from people misrepresenting their identities. Many people have expended a lot of effort to try to find some, and thus far have come up empty. So while in isolation it might seem to be an innocuous requirement, in practice, it is not, because it is being used selectively to gain a political advantage.


Question: What's the difference between development and production in programming?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between development and production in programming?

Production are the servers that are actually running a business and dealing with customers and real data. Right now, you are on the the Reddit "production" server. While you're writing software, you need to go through various levels of testing and quality control before you decide that the software is ready to push up onto production servers. Various names for these systems include development, testing, QA, staging, etc. They're separated from the real users, real data & set up in such a way that bugs in the code you're working on won't bring the whole business down. *Ideally*, the only difference between dev and prod is that dev won't have access to all the prod data & services. In practice, this is hard to do. Having differences between dev & prod is something that often results in upgrades breaking live servers because developers weren't able to test for some condition or another.


Question: What is the difference between GDP (nominal) and GDP (PPP)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between GDP (nominal) and GDP (PPP)?

Nominal GDP is the amount of money that the country makes (either in local currency or translated to another currency at current exchange rates). PPP, or Purchasing Power Parity, is when you adjust the value for the amount of stuff you can buy rather than just the dollar value. For example, if John makes $9 and Jose makes $8, then John nominally makes more than Jose does. But if John lives in an area where hamburgers cost $3 and Jose can buy hamburgers for $2, then Jose has four hamburgers worth of value while John has only three hamburgers worth of value. Even though the dollar value of the income (nominal) of what Jose makes is less than the dollar value of what John makes, Jose can get more stuff than John can, so in that sense, Jose is "richer" than John is when you adjust for purchasing power.


Question: How does a record player work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a record player work?

Sound vibrates the air. The air vibrates a microphone. The microphone vibrates a coil of wire. The coil of wire vibrates an electrical current. The electrical current vibrates a cutting needle in a metal plate. The metal plate now has cuts that are shaped by the sound. The metal plate is used to make a plastic disc. The plastic disc vibrates the pick-up stylus. The pick-up stylus vibrates a coil of wire. The coil of wire makes a current. The current drives an amplifier. The amplifier drives a speaker. The speaker vibrates the air.


Question: Why does everything turn to black when it burns? Does color burn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everything turn to black when it burns? Does color burn?

With the exception of metal, everything you mention is mostly Carbon. Combustion reactions are what we think of as burning and they are characterized by a Hydrocarbon and Oxygen molecularly combining/rearranging to form carbon dioxide and water like this.. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -- > CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Most of the time when something is burned there is more than enough carbon to go around, so all the O and H are burned away, leaving residual carbon only. As you might know, pure Carbon is black(graphite, charcoal) so that's the black that you see.


Question: Why does toilet paper clean my glasses 100 times better than any shirt, tissue or sometimes even glasses cloth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does toilet paper clean my glasses 100 times better than any shirt, tissue or sometimes even glasses cloth?

Toilet paper is clean as it have never been used before. Cloth is often used several times and can contain impurities like fat and acids from previous use. This can get transferred to your glasses when you clean them.


Question: Why do you sometimes see a kaleidoscope effect when you close your eyes and rub them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you sometimes see a kaleidoscope effect when you close your eyes and rub them?

The pressure activates the cells in your eyes, which send nerve impulses to your brain. It attempts to interpret this pressure as if it were light, but with no image to see it just kinda comes out looking strange, like visual noise. The reason it appears to be at least somewhat symmetrical is that the pressure is over a very large area, rather than a very small area expected. Since your eyes are curved this area becomes distorted around the edges.


Question: What was the potential real-life problem behind Y2K? Why might it still happen in 2038?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What was the potential real-life problem behind Y2K? Why might it still happen in 2038?

Issues are easy to look up, but basically some computers would think the year was 1900, and some wouldn't, causing a mess. Anyway, 2038 is the highest year (roughly) that computers can count to since the standard epoch (Jan 1st, 1970) in second using integer precision. Those that count in seconds will again have the flipping back to 0 problem, which in this case is 1970. In reality though, it won't be an issue the same way y2k wasn't an issue. Critical systems (finance, air traffic, etc) probably don't have this problem, and will be patched by then if they do. Don't fret.


Question: What's the difference between DVI-I and DVI-D?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between DVI-I and DVI-D?

DVI-D is digital only. This means that both the device and the monitor have to support the digital signal. DVI-I combines digital and analog signal. This allows you to use it to connect either digital or analog devices. Specifically it allows you to connect a DVI cable to an [analog VGA connector]( URL_0 ) with a simple adapter, without requiring something that will convert the signal from digital to analog.


Question: Is PI proven to be a "mathematically random" number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is PI proven to be a "mathematically random" number?

You actually *can* calculate any arbitrary digit of pi using [this]( URL_0 ) formula. Another question that you might be interested in is "is pi a normal number?" A normal number is one where any string of digits is equally likely to appear. We know that pi is irrational, but not all irrational numbers are normal - 0.10110111011110... Is irrational but clearly not normal - a 2 will never appear. We *think* that pi is normal, but it hasn't been proven yet.