Question: Why is it called permafrost if it isn't necessarily permanent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it called permafrost if it isn't necessarily permanent?

What would you use to describe a situation where the ground if frozen during the whole year? So as long as the climate does not change it will be frozen. & #x200B; A permanent marker pen is not permanent as you can use solvent or scratch it away but we still call them that to distinguish them to pens that is easy to remove like that one used on a whiteboard. & #x200B; Permafrost is there to distinguish it from seasonal frozen ground that freeze in the winter but get warm in the summer. It geology it is ground that is frozen for two or more years.


Question: How do companies determine the cost of acquiring a customer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies determine the cost of acquiring a customer?

1) Time and material spent on sales & advertising. If you spend $1 million on an advertising campaign and it averages 10 new customers, then that's at least $100K to acquire the customer. 2) Time & Material getting the new customer set up. This covers any kind of material that you have to give the customer (such as a device to use your service), the time it takes to create the customer's back-office information (automation is a good thing here), and any time/material it takes training the customer on the use of your service before they can start giving you money on a regular basis.


Question: if all the genes in our body are the same how come we have so many different cell types that perform different functions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if all the genes in our body are the same how come we have so many different cell types that perform different functions?

Not all genes are used in every cell. Imagine I gave 3 people a general housekeeping book (this is DNA in my metaphore) which contains: recipes, cleaning tips and, sewing instructions etc. Then I asked one person to bake a cake, one person to do laundry and one person to re-sew a button onto a shirt using the info in the book. They all have the same total information, but they look at different parts of the book for instructions.


Question: Does white/grey brain matter changes in aging make you bad at learning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does white/grey brain matter changes in aging make you bad at learning?

The white and grey matter does change as you age and has impact in your memory retention. But the learning part is effected by a different mechanism. When you are a kid your brain is very flexible in the way it wires and rewires, making you very adapt at learning new things. As you age, the neutral connections in the brain become more and more strengthen, allowing you to do a number of tasks without much of a mental effort, something we usually call muscle memory. A downside to that is that your ability to learn new things go down.


Question: How come when you skip sleep the whole night, you no longer feel tired towards the morning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you skip sleep the whole night, you no longer feel tired towards the morning?

Your brain realizes that there's something that prevents you from going to sleep, it stops its attempts to put you down, and instead gives you a feel of energy in order to help resolve the problem at hand, be it fighting off a predator, or finding shelter. The brain keeps you from feeling the true tiredness you have. However, once you do get the sleep you need, you'll wake up sore, weak, and in mild pain that was hidden from you.


Question: Why does air not have any colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does air not have any colour?

There are still relatively few atoms per unit volume of “air” in our atmosphere. So there isn’t a lot of stuff for light to run into so it goes straight to our eyes. The makeup of air itself matters too. A majority of “air” is Nitrogen. Nitrogen is colorless at the pressures and temperatures of our atmosphere.


Question: Why does bone-in meat take significantly more time to cook than deboned meat, although they are roughly the same size?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does bone-in meat take significantly more time to cook than deboned meat, although they are roughly the same size?

The bone doesn't heat as fast as the meat. If you cooked a turkey stuffed with ice cubes, you need to wait for the ice cubes to melt before the inside of the turkey world start to cook.


Question: why our credit score goes down when we paid off something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why our credit score goes down when we paid off something?

Usually it is only if you close your account, not just pay it off. But basically, let's say I don't know you and you ask to borrow my crayon, I'm nervous, so I ask if you've borrowed crayons before (to see if you gave it back). You say, yes, I promise I've borrowed crayons before, really I promise, I just don't have any to prove it right now. I'm still nervous. But if you say, yes, I borrowed 3 from Jeremy and gave the red one back right away then I can ask Jeremy, hey did she give back her crayons like she promised. And Jeremy is like, oh yeah, her pinky promise is gold, she always gives them back. Now I trust you, have a crayon!


Question: What is so special about vinegar that it is used as a cleaning solution?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is so special about vinegar that it is used as a cleaning solution?

Distilled white vinegar, which is usually around 5% acetic acid, has pH of somewhere between 2-3. This is quite acidic. That means it can disolve common household greases, grimes, and mineral deposits, and it can kill a fair amount of microbes. It is NOT, however, a good disinfectant, as it can't kill certain kinds of bacteria, molds, and viruses. It's a good general-purpose cleaner where disinfection is not required, which covers a lot (but not all) of household cleaning.


Question: What does it mean when a scientist says ‘per second per second’?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when a scientist says ‘per second per second’?

It means that the rate of change itself changes. "meters per second" is speed - the rate of change of an object's position. "meters per second per second" (m/s^(2)) means the rate of change of the object's speed, i.e. acceleration. If a car is accelerating at 10 meters per second per second then it means that every second, its speed gets 10 m/s faster.


Question: Why is an aluminum sheet more likely to tear in a straight line than a sheet of paper?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is an aluminum sheet more likely to tear in a straight line than a sheet of paper?

Paper is full of fibers or tiny "strings", which give it the combination of strength and flexibility we associate with paper. Any specific location in a sheet of paper is connected by this structure to other locations. The distance and direction of each fiber is somewhat random, giving it uneven strength. Tearing will happen along the weakest point (within some limits, depending on where you apply the tearing force) which causes an uneven tear. Aluminum foil is pretty consistently structured. Not *every* metal atom bonds to others in exactly the same way, but they don't form long strings like the fibers that make up paper. So there is no pattern of strength/weakness that would cause the tear to be anything *other* than a straight line.


Question: Why is there no "big" inflation even though more and more money is printed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there no "big" inflation even though more and more money is printed?

The amount of money being printed may seem like a lot, but it is very very small compared to the current amounts in circulation. Each subsequent bill printed has slightly less of an effect than the last.


Question: How do we know that a machine isn't deceiving us during a Turing test by simulating detectable machine answers so the AI remains undetected?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that a machine isn't deceiving us during a Turing test by simulating detectable machine answers so the AI remains undetected?

Theoretically it's possible that someday there could be an intelligent machine that tried to hide its own intelligence. Today we know that's not the case because we understand how all of the machines that have ever competed in Turing tests actually work. They're all designed to fool an unsuspecting human for a few minutes or otherwise say human-like things, but not to have real intelligence.


Question: How was the first computer software coded?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was the first computer software coded?

The very first programs were written directly in machine code - that is, they told the processor exactly what to do at each step through instructions mechanically fed to the processor via punch cards. The first compiler (thing that translates human-readable source code into machine code) had to be written that way, too - but once one compiler existed, you could write a new compiler using the language of the old one and bootstrap your way all the way to complex modern languages.


Question: how come when you scratch paper or a wall with your fingernail, you get that full body cringe-chill? What causes this/why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come when you scratch paper or a wall with your fingernail, you get that full body cringe-chill? What causes this/why?

I read years ago that it matches some ancient distress cry that our ancestors gave. I can't remember how the scientists determined what that cry was, and why we should retain that response millennia afterwards. Felt like they were grasping at straws. Edit to add this informative Wikipedia article. TIL the emotion caused by this noise is called grima. URL_0


Question: Why do college text books constantly get new editions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do college text books constantly get new editions?

Cynical answer: so the publishers can squeeze money out of students without adding real value Official answer: errors are fixed, feedback is incorporated, updates with new information are included


Question: why isn’t there a metric system unit for measuring time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why isn’t there a metric system unit for measuring time?

It is because of the Egyptians and the Babylonians. Egyptians had a base 12 number system (counted on their knuckles, no thumbs) so two hands equals 24 hours. Babylonians had a base 60 numbering system and Babylonian mathematicians did a lot of work with geometry and angles so this is why we have 60 seconds in a minute and 60 min in an hour


Question: At what point does a substance become a drug?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 At what point does a substance become a drug?

Caffeine actually is a drug, as are alcohol and nicotine. They are just culturally accepted. In terms of 'substances' they are generally chemicals with psychoactive effects - they have an effect on the brain. This includes a huge range of things from caffeine to paracetamol to anti-depressants to methamphetamine or heroin.


Question: How come in people’s memories video games looked super good like 10 years ago, and coming back to them now, the graphics really suck? [neuroscience]

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come in people’s memories video games looked super good like 10 years ago, and coming back to them now, the graphics really suck? [neuroscience]

Because you’re not remembering just the video aspect, but the whole experience. We tend to look at things very rosy when it’s surrounded by a great experience.


Question: Why are there so many different brand names for the same model graphics card?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there so many different brand names for the same model graphics card?

In short: AMD is in the business of selling processors, and let's other companies take the processors and design/sell graphics cards based around the processors.


Question: what’s the difference between being choked out and passing out vs suffocating to death?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what’s the difference between being choked out and passing out vs suffocating to death?

When being chocked out (usually), your brain gets less blood due to constriction of the blood vessels in your neck. The lack of oxygen/blood results in you blacking out / passing out because consciousness is an energy-intensive state. Why don't you die? Because the person chocking you out stops while your heart is still beating. Blood will resume flowing to the brain as soon as the pressure is removed, and you'll regain consciousness.


Question: How does spending huge amounts of money on the military by the government pay off? I.e., Unlike spending on technology or resource extraction which inherently produces materials or products that have value, what does the military produce that has inherent value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does spending huge amounts of money on the military by the government pay off? I.e., Unlike spending on technology or resource extraction which inherently produces materials or products that have value, what does the military produce that has inherent value?

security, stability, and jobs. When your looking to set up shop for your massive international company, you want to know that you wont get displaced by a warlord that wants to take what you have. Theres certainly some research gains in the defense industry, things that come out of places like lockheed and boeing defense programs that advance technology.


Question: Why do some of my bed sheets feel super silky smooth and cool, whilst others are rougher and warmer, despite both being 100% cotton?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some of my bed sheets feel super silky smooth and cool, whilst others are rougher and warmer, despite both being 100% cotton?

Thread count will have a lot to do with it. Higher thread counts should typically be smoother (also more expensive).


Question: Why people don't die or get serious flu or infection when they travel to different continent? Won't our immune system get exposed to altogether different kinds of bacteria and viruses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why people don't die or get serious flu or infection when they travel to different continent? Won't our immune system get exposed to altogether different kinds of bacteria and viruses?

If you’re going to certain continents it is heavily recommended to get various vaccinations due to this reason. Also, I think we can assume that today in the age of globalization, diseases are more spread out. When the Europeans first came to the Americas, lots of natives died due to a lack of immunity. Today, with everyone constantly going to different continents, and immigrants and all that, it’s less of an issue perhaps.


Question: Why does the government tax itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the government tax itself?

That unemployment check is income, so it's taxable. However, income is not always taxed at the same rate and depends on a person's total earnings for the year. Someone who made $200,000 before losing their job will owe more taxes on that check than someone who made $20,000 before losing their job. Therefore, you can't reduce the benefit by the same amount for every person and need to pay *someone* to keep track of who owes more. At that point, you might as well frame it as a tax.


Question: What would cause the US Senate to stay Republican dominated when the House of Representatives becomes majority Democrat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would cause the US Senate to stay Republican dominated when the House of Representatives becomes majority Democrat?

The way elections are held for both chambers plays a huge role. The entire House of Representatives is reelected every 2 years. In addition, states have representation proportional to their population. As such, larger states have more influence in the House. Only 1/3 of the Senate is elected every 2nd year, as senators serve 6 year terms. Representation in the Senate is equal: every state gets 2 senators. It also happened that quite a few of the Senate seats up for election this past cycle were in typically Republican-leaning states.


Question: How can companies in the tech industry (like Apple) announce a product and release it the next day, but other industries, like entertainment, have to market their products for up to a year before release?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can companies in the tech industry (like Apple) announce a product and release it the next day, but other industries, like entertainment, have to market their products for up to a year before release?

Whenever a new product is in development/production, the creators have to weigh the benefits of early marketing against the negatives. If you start hyping your product early you can generate "buzz" and sometimes even get pre-orders even if your product ends up sucking. But you also run the risk of having your ideas stolen and incorporated into a competing product. Apple might want to keep their products secret until the last minute because a knock-off company might be able to get to market faster. Plus it's not like Apple needs to generate buzz. Movie producers, on the other hand, can put out previews a year in advance because 1) most of their money is made right after release and they don't want to rely on word-of-mouth and risk running up against a big competitor, and 2) it's hard to make a quality "clone" of a movie when the original has a 3 year headstart and any exclusive rights deals.


Question: Can you explain to me the order of mathematics to be learned from low level to university level? And why is the order in such way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you explain to me the order of mathematics to be learned from low level to university level? And why is the order in such way?

Here's how I learned math/would have learned math if I pursued a math degree in college. Addition - you can learn this using fingers Subtraction - it's the opposite of above Multiplication - This is really just lots of addition Division - this is the opposite of above Algebra - this teaches problem solving for an unknown variable Geometry - requires Algebra to solve equations, also teaches "proofs" which are a critical thinking skill that makes you go from point A to point B using math and logic. Harder Algebra/Triginometry - Having learned logic and going from point A to point B is helpful in more difficult algebra equations Pre-Calculus - some precursor calculus stuff Calculus - requires pre-calculus *Statistics - school ran out of more difficult math so "regressed" to an easier class of stats, this could be taught after harder algebra *Even Harder Calculus - This is pretty esoteric and not needed for most people, it's just more calculus *Linear Algebra - this is matrix math, it's pretty difficult and is basically how Google runs their search engine *Differential Equations - This is even harder math, requires most previous skills *Even more harder calculus - even harder math Really math is very logically laid out. Every class put in there builds off the previous one, which is why kids who fall off the wagon early have a hard time getting back on. Edit: noticed your exact question, anything with an asterisk you probably won't need for low level university.


Question: What is sensation that I (and others that I've asked) feel when someone gives a breathy whisper into my ear and a tingling/tickling sensation is felt in the lower back?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is sensation that I (and others that I've asked) feel when someone gives a breathy whisper into my ear and a tingling/tickling sensation is felt in the lower back?

That's the autonomous sensory meridian response, or r/asmr for short. The r/frisson is similar and related.


Question: The golden ratio. Just, in general. What is it? Why is it so important? What’s special about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The golden ratio. Just, in general. What is it? Why is it so important? What’s special about it?

Geometrically, the golden ratio is most easily understood as the dimensions of a 'golden rectangle'. The golden rectangle's special property is that, if you cut it into two pieces so the larger piece is a square, then the smaller piece will be another smaller golden rectangle. [Here's a diagram of that.]( URL_0 ) The golden rectangle has been cut apart into a blue square, and a red rectangle, and that smaller rectangle has the same proportions as the one we started with. That's the unique property that makes the golden ratio golden. Now, why is it important? That's a little harder to answer in a general way. This ratio pops up in the solutions to all kinds of different problems in totally unrelated areas of math, including number theory, analysis and geometry. It appears when something keeps getting added to its previous iterations, as in the Fibonacci or Lucas numbers. It appears when you look for fixed points in a lot of systems related to the exponential function. It also is the angle which can fill in angles around a circle most uniformly, which means it's found all over a lot of plant anatomy, in cases where plants have to arrange a lot of somethings around a central something. Pine cones, sunflowers, things like that. [Here is a wonderful exploration of why that is.]( URL_1 )


Question: How do you use Bidet Toilet Attachments Effectively?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you use Bidet Toilet Attachments Effectively?

there should be a non sexualized video of a beautiful woman teaching us how to use a bidet.


Question: Why does a winter storm lasts longer than a summer storm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a winter storm lasts longer than a summer storm?

You’re probably thinking of two different phenomena. The winter storms you’re thinking of are likely midlatitude cyclones with multiple stages whereas the summer storm you’rs thinking of is a simple thunderstorm. Conventional thunderstorms die in 1-2 hours, supercells have longer lifespans by a couple hours due to their anatomy and they normally form during the spring/summer. For the winter, conventional thunderstorms can happen but nothing other than confirmation bias would make them seem/be longer than others. If you’re thinking of a midlatitude cyclone, there’s a warn front that gets overrun by a cold front and become “occluded”, precipitation can happen in many different places and times when this is occuring. It may seem like one long storm but its lots of smaller snow/rain showers over a longer period of time.


Question: Why is it generally considered that female genital mutilation is negative, and male genital mutilation is positive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it generally considered that female genital mutilation is negative, and male genital mutilation is positive?

because you live in a culture that has normalized male genital mutilation. if you speak out against it hundreds of people will protest because it's traditional or part of their religion, because they're defensive about their own mutilated penises, or simply because they're so used to it that they find healthy penises unattractive you might also hear the excuse that it's "not as bad" as female gential mutilation. it's not wrong, but it's hypocritical because cutting off a baby's earlobes is also not as bad yet the same people would call CPS and accuse you of child abuse if you did that


Question: How does taking the 2's compliment of a binary number and adding it to another binary number give you the same answer as if you were to subtract the same numbers in decimal notation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does taking the 2's compliment of a binary number and adding it to another binary number give you the same answer as if you were to subtract the same numbers in decimal notation?

This works mostly because we're using fixed lengths of binary digits and discard carry digits that take us higher than what size we're working with. Or in other words "the same reason why when you get to 999,999.9 miles on your odometer and go another 10th of a mile, you suddenly have a brand new car"; you don't really, you have a car with a million miles, but it can't count as high as a million. So let's say I want to use an 8 bit integer to work with, and I want to subtract 32 from 97. Encoding those into binary, I'd get... 01100001 00100000 From here, you flip every bit in the smaller number and add 1 to the total. This gives us: 01100001 11011111 00000001+ Adding these together and carrying as necessary we get: 101000001 This is 9 bits, so that first 1 gets chopped off: 01000001 Looking at this, that gives us 2^6 + 2^0 = 64 + 1 = 65 Whereas if we'd kept the leading 1 we would have had 2^8 + 2^6 + 2^0 = 256+64+1 = 321 which is definitely not 97-32. This works because what we're essentially doing is taking the original number and subtracting it from 256 (the highest number we can get plus one) to get the 2's compliment. But since we discard any digits that go above 256, adding 256 to the answer just brings us back to where we started, so ultimately the fact that we add in 256 doesn't do anything to the equation since as far as the machine is concerned, that digit doesn't exist. In other words, in pure mathematics, this doesn't actually work, it's more of an exploit of the limitations of the system we're working within to use less steps in an algorithm to get the information we need. This also used to work with decimal digit in old mechanical computational machines, and examples of that algorithm are found [in this wiki article, along with an explanation of how it works in decimal]( URL_0 )


Question: Why does louder sound not bother our ears when there is more background noise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does louder sound not bother our ears when there is more background noise?

There is [a muscle in your ear]( URL_0 ) which acts as a kind of volume control. It reacts quite slowly though, so it's no use against sudden loud noises. Whilst mowing the lawn, this muscle will have plenty of time to contract fully so all sounds will be diminished slightly.


Question: Why does multiplying two negative numbers create a positive number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does multiplying two negative numbers create a positive number?

If you think of numbers as if they’re situated on a timeline, you can consider positive to mean “on the same side of 0” and negative is “on the opposite side of 0.” Now by default, our numbers are to the right of 0 because those are numbers of things that we see and feel, not numbers that are absent or taken away. Now when we multiply, we’re saying “this number of clusters of that number.” So if you multiply 5x3, it’s 5 clusters on the same side of 0 of threes on the same side of 0. If you multiply -5x -3, you’re saying 5 clusters on the opposite side of 0 of threes on the opposite side of 0. In other words, 5 clusters of 3 that are the opposite side of the opposite side of 0, which means the same side of 0, which by default is the right side. So it’s 5 clusters of 3 to the right of 0, which is +15.


Question: Why is brown such a 70s color?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is brown such a 70s color?

[This answer]( URL_0 ) in an older post by u/theartfulcodger addresses your question very well, I think. Key section: "In the early 70's, there came about, pretty abruptly, a strong visual backlash against the electric, high-chroma, 'psychedelic' colour palette that was such an iconic feature of the late 60's hippie culture; in short, the style got old *very* fast. The reasons were multiple: America was now deep in a quagmire of war; thousand were being drafted and returning home in coffins, mere weeks after their induction; protesters were being beaten and jailed; every day, the newspapers (!) revealed our leaders to be ever more egregiously stupid crooks, liars and fools. Madness and anarchy seemed to lie around every corner. Somehow all that celebratory, fun, acid-saturated colour now seemed ... silly and self-indulgent. It became as inappropriate as wearing a "Smile" t-shirt to a schoolbus rollover. And all the gentle social upheaval and genial questioning of institutional values that those bright colours once cheekily promised? Well, they no longer carried much appeal. In fact, they seemed frightening - just more uncertainty and conflict, in already uncertain and conflicted times. People were suddenly in the visual mood for something more muted, contemplative and restrained. The faintly mournful "autumn" colour palette - dark orange, oxblood, copper, brown, harvest gold, avocado green - filled that need so well that, it literally became symbolic of the decade."


Question: why are black holes so important to physics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are black holes so important to physics?

First and foremost is up until quite recently black holes were a theoretical possibility based on the current model of relativity. That is, this model said, mathematically, objects such as black holes could exist under certain situations. But it took quite a while before they were indirectly observed and only very recently before they were directly observed. This is quite the boon in terms of support for relativity. Second while their existence boosts relativity, they also pose quite the challenge. Black holes, being quite small, require the use of the other main pillar of modern Physics: Quantum Mechanics. The problem is, quantum mechanics and relativity don't play well with each other and break down when you try to use them both at the same time. This means our understanding of black holes is incomplete, and we need a new theory that can handle this situation. The other scenario that behaves similarly are the conditions of the Early Universe. Solve black holes and you solve the Big Bang.


Question: why do ants coming from opposite directions touch each other while moving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do ants coming from opposite directions touch each other while moving?

They are communicating. Passing information via their pheromones. This might be as simple as "We are part of the same nest, we're not enemies" or "food is available, continue to follow this scent".


Question: Why are we afraid of Russia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we afraid of Russia?

There are, right now, really only three power blocks capable of challenging the United States in global affairs: Russia, China, and the European Union. Others may emerge in the near or medium-term future, such as India or Brazil, but they're not quite there yet. Of the three, the European Union is likely to remain a stalwart ally in the near term, given our economic connections, cultural affinity, and generally seeing eye to eye on ideological and moral goals. China often bumps heads with the U.S., particularly in regard to regional control of the South China Sea and the Southeast Asian commercial sphere, but our interconnected economies generally means the benefits of partnership outweigh antagonism. Russia is different. Russia is not a major trading partner of the United States. Russia also does not generally respect or believe in liberal democratic governance and individual rights, which the West considers preconditions for legitimate government. Russia also has expansionary goals and wants to assert domination over former Soviet countries, in direct contravention of our European allies' desire to spread Western democracy eastward. All this is to say that Russia is not a "sudden" threat. They have remained a potential threat since the Cold War, only the threat was muted for about a decade or so after the fall of the Soviet Union, when their domestic political turmoil and lack of a modern market economy left them largely unable to project influence abroad. Also, note that while the U.S. and Russia have agreed to mutually reduce nuclear weapons stockpiles, we have *far* more than either of us need to be an existential threat to the other, and maintaining current arms costs money that neither country really wanted to spend. In the last half-decade or so, however, Russia has started to regain its footing, and Putin has felt emboldened to begin reassertion influence outside his borders. Russia has become more brazen about murdering dissidents abroad, and invading its neighbors (with the 2008 invasion of Georgia, and the invasion of the Ukraine in 2014). Putin's government has also been spending the years perfecting and adapting its soft-power abilities in the modern era, becoming masters at propaganda and cyberespionage. It's this reassertion of power in the 2010s that has brought Russia back to the top of the threat board, with the turning point being their launching operations, beginning last year, to target the core functioning of the United States government. This is not something powerful nations do to each other unless they are ready to enter a new phase of outright cold warfare. The U.S. and Russia, of course, have never stopped keeping tabs on each other, but to directly attempt to influence the election, to target one of the country's two major parties -- and the party of the sitting president -- with open cyberespionage, is a little like sinking the *Lusitania*. The U.S. public might not want to be the world police, but we are the leaders of the current global order, and as a whole this country generally benefits from having an open global market to purchase our goods and services. When you're on top of the world, the last thing you want is that world disrupted, so it's in our interest to maintain the status quo. Russia wants to upend it.


Question: How does one work out what key a tune is in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does one work out what key a tune is in?

You can use a piano to play notes up and down. When a note doesn't sound like it matches the song try another one close by until you have a full range of keys that match your song. Find the number of black keys you are pressing and look up their note names. Write them down and search. For no black keys it's key of C or A minor. The way to find major or minor is to say does his song sound happy or sad. Happy is usually major and sad is usually minor.


Question: How do stores profit from offering cash back on purchases?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stores profit from offering cash back on purchases?

1. Good customer experience 2. Reduces cash held on premises therefore reducing risk from robbery and reducing cash processing fees at the bank


Question: Why is there no cure, or even effective treatment, for the common cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there no cure, or even effective treatment, for the common cold?

It's a virus, so antibiotics don't work. It's also a virus that mutates constantly and is present in the population in a wide range of strains so vaccines are pretty much useless- a vaccine for one strain won't help after it mutates again. (you can get a yearly *influenza* vaccine effective again a small number of selected current flu strains) So direct attack is out. You're left with treating the symptoms- decongestants, cough suppressants, pain relievers, increased fluid intake. There's absolutely over the counter drugs for all of these symptoms, and have been for years (although you won't get a 19th century concoction of opiods for a common cold anymore)


Question: How do scientists determine the calorie content of a food item? And the nutrient content?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists determine the calorie content of a food item? And the nutrient content?

They literally burn it, as far as I can tell. We got to do this in Chemistry with Pringles and a can of water suspended above the burning Pringles. We used a butt load of foil to direct all the hear towards the can. URL_0 Edit* My guess is that they use lasers to burn a piece and then measure the heat given off. As far as nutrient content I am not sure of the methodology.


Question: How can you die from stepping on a rusty nail?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you die from stepping on a rusty nail?

The nail punctures your skin and lets a soil bacteria called *Clostridium tetani* get deep into your body. Once there, it produces a toxin that interrupts muscle function and severe infection can kill you. The rust itself doesn’t do anything, but the wet and dirty conditions where you might find a rusty old nail may harbor the tetanus bacteria.


Question: If hackers are using "brute force" password guessing, why can't websites lock them out after too many guesses like they do legitimate users?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If hackers are using "brute force" password guessing, why can't websites lock them out after too many guesses like they do legitimate users?

That's exactly what happens. However, when there is a leak (data security breach) and they get their hands on the encrypted password file, then they get infinity tries to decrypt it.


Question: Why do computers/art programs still have problems with sorting colours, even when they have explicit options for it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do computers/art programs still have problems with sorting colours, even when they have explicit options for it?

For a computer, a color is a number. Traditionally they are stored as their Red-Green-Blue values, let's say "0" meaning none of that color and "255" meaning as much as possible from this color. If you now tell the computer to sort by color, it will simply sort by number. Since red is the first part, it will first have all the colors with no red in them, and at the very end those colors with a lot of red in them. That means that in between "no red, a little green, fully blue" and "no red, quite some green, fully blue" there will be other colors like "no red, a little more green, no blue at all". This makes sense for the computer, but looks awful to the human eye. The question you need to ask is: How do you sort colors objectively?


Question: How do the magnetic field lines in a closed current carrying loop not intersect?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the magnetic field lines in a closed current carrying loop not intersect?

The lines are imaginary, meant to give a visualization. A field is a quantity that exists at every point in space. The magnetic field is a vector field - so every point in space has a magnetic potential with a certain magnitude and direction. This is somewhat hard to visualize so to illustrate it lines are drawn to represent this field. This doesn't mean that the field ONLY exists where the lines are drawn. An analogy would be kind of how you would draw lines to represent the flow of water in a stream. Intersecting them would generally not make sense because it wouldn't represent how a water particle would "flow" if it started at that point.


Question: What would be an accurate definition of Gravity that can be easily explained?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would be an accurate definition of Gravity that can be easily explained?

Gravity is just a natural attraction of matter. Just like marbles on a blanket, the more mass you have the more the blanket indents, the more attraction you have to other marbles. The same thing works in 3d space and orbits are like planets spinning around the edge of the marbles circular indent. It is just a law of science though something we can observe and quantify but not really explain.


Question: How does red dot sights work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does red dot sights work?

The dot in a red or green dot sight is not actually a coloured point that's hovering in a fix spot in the air like an iron sight does. Instead, the red dot you see is a reflection of a little red lamp that falls onto a spherical mirror which filters out only the red (or green) spectrum. This mirror is installed in a way that no matter what angle *you* look on it, the Red dot will always point towards the spot the bullet will hit. EDIT: That way the Red dot itself is virtual and basically only exists in your eyes, two people looking through the same sight at the same time from different angles would see the spots in different 3-dimensional places, but still pointed towards the target.


Question: How Is the Universe Infinite?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Is the Universe Infinite?

We don't know if the universe is infinite or not. We do know that it is mind bogglingly big. We don't know wether or not it is infinite because we do not know what shape it is. If it is saddle shaped then it is infinite, if it is spherical then it is finite. It is not intuitive to think of the universe being finite because that would mean there is a boundary and if there is a boundary then our intuition says there must be something on the other side. This is why it is a very difficult question to answer. Our intuition is not sufficient to understand it. The people that have the best understanding of it do so through math. To approach an understanding try to think of the universe as having two physical dimensions instead of three. If you imagine the universe to be the surface of a balloon you might see how it can be both unbounded and yet finite. A person in this two dimensional universe would only be able to conceive of a third dimension through math.


Question: whats the difference beween a politician accepting a donation and a politician accepting a bribe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 whats the difference beween a politician accepting a donation and a politician accepting a bribe?

It's bribery when there's a direct quid-pro-quo (exchange of one thing for another thing) and where the causation is such that the payment triggered the official action. That's what makes regulation difficult, conceptually and practically. If the Koch Brothers donate millions of dollars to the Tea Party, is that bribery because the politicians will, if elected, enact pro-coal and pro-business laws, or did the Koch Brothers simply donate to those politicians who, as a "pure," unadulterated policy matter favor pro-coal and pro-business law independent of the donations? How do we know that the donations cause the action and the donaters aren't just choosing to donate only to those who agree with them? It's a lot easier to prove bribery when you're talking about non-policy, ministerial actions, like approving building permits and granting contracts, than it is when you're talking about broad political actions that favor any one group. If Bernie Sanders were elected through the donations of $20 he received from tens of thousands of people, would those people have been "bribing" him when he lowered their relative tax burden by more heavily taxing the 1%?


Question: How does the divisible by 3/9 "add up the digits" rule work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the divisible by 3/9 "add up the digits" rule work?

These divisibility rules are due to the way our numbering system, known as "base 10," works. If you want to write out a number 12345 in base 10, then what you're really doing is writing: 12345 = 5(10^0) + 4(10^1) + 3(10^2) + 2(10^4) + 1(10^5) When you want to see whether a number is divisible by 3, the question you are really asking is whether the remainder left over when dividing by 3 is exactly 0. Computing these remainders is known as "modular arithmetic", and it's typically written in math or computing syntax as either of the following: remainder of 15 divided by 3 = 15%3 = 15 (mod 3) = 0 remainder of 16 divided by 3 = 16%3 = 16 (mod 3) = 1 Note that instead of computing the remainder of the division of my original number 12345 by 3 (or 9), I can just as easily sum up all the remainders when dividing each of the digit terms by 3 (or 9). Now here's the trick: 9, 99, 999, 9999, etc are all exactly divisible by 3 (and also 9). **Sidenote**: the above sentence can indeed be proved - see if you can do it! So 10^j will always leave a remainder of 1, and so any digit*10^j will always leave a remainder of that digit. Now, we can finally answer your question. We already showed that the remainder of any digit times a power of 10 is always going to be the digit itself. So, by adding up each of the digit terms, we get: 12345 (mod 3) = 5+4+3+2+1 (mod 3) = 15 (mod 3) = 0 So the original number's remainder when dividing by 3 (or 9) is exactly the same as the sum of the digits' remainders when dividing by 3 (or 9). Therefore, we have our divisibility rule: If the sum of the digits of a number are divisible by 3 (or 9), then the original number is divisible by 3 (or 9)!


Question: Just how serious is water scarcity now and in the future?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Just how serious is water scarcity now and in the future?

The world will always have plenty of water. The world will always have plenty of fresh water for the human population needs. The issue is 100% logistics. Getting the available fresh water from places that have an abundance to the places that don't have enough is the challenge.


Question: I Still Don't Understand What Entropy Is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I Still Don't Understand What Entropy Is?

This isn't the proper definition, but I find thinking of "entropy" along the same line as "disorder" to be very helpful. The 2nd law of thermodynamics that the entropy of a closed system will increase over time. Let's think about this concretely - imagine your room. You had just spent a lot of energy cleaning it, so the entropy of your room is low. Over time, your room gets messier and messier, more disorganized over time. Thus, the entropy of your room has been increasing due to becoming more disorganized.


Question: Where does the bank interest on a savings account actually come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the bank interest on a savings account actually come from?

When you deposit $1000 in a bank account earning 1%, they take most of that money and loan it out to someone else at, say, 3%. 1% goes to you, and 2% goes to the bank, to cover overhead, defaults, and to provide profit to the shareholders.


Question: There are tons of phone messages (calls texts etc.) going through the airways at any time, how does your phone pick out the specific signal coming to it and how is there no interference from other signals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 There are tons of phone messages (calls texts etc.) going through the airways at any time, how does your phone pick out the specific signal coming to it and how is there no interference from other signals?

This is probably the biggest problem that thousands of engineers have been working on the last few decades, with the resulting improvement from GSM connections to incredibly slow internet, to 1GBps on 5G. There are lots of different ways each receiver can differentiate which signals are meant for it. 0. Spatial sharing. Wireless signals have a limited range so each device only communicates with the tower that is closest to it. The area around each tower is called a "cell", which is why we sometimes call mobile phones "cellphones". (The edges where two cells overlap get tricky.) 1. Time Division Multiple Access, TDMA. Basically each transmitter takes turns. 2. Frequency Division Multiple Access, FDMA. The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into lots of little "bands". An electronic circuit can listen to one band at a time, and filter out all the others. 3. Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA. I don't know an ELI5 explanation for this. An analogy is standing in a crowded room where different people are talking, and your brain can consciously tune into one person or another. 4. Directional antennae. A big advance with LTE and 5G was antennae which can direct their signals more precisely. Now two devices relatively nearby can transmit/receive at the same time, at the same frequency, with the same code, and still get their message through. 5. Non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA. Because amplitude decays as you get further from the transmitter, you can have a large amplitude signal and a small signal sent at the same time. The closer receiver subtracts off the large signal and uses the small signal. The further receiver won't even detect the small signal and uses the large signal.


Question: How can simulated flavors (such as fruit) be made without even having real flavoring in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can simulated flavors (such as fruit) be made without even having real flavoring in it?

Synthetic flavours are made using chemical molecules that activate similar receptors in our mouths. By trial and error, people figured out that adding some chemical groups onto organic molecules, we can simulate fragrances and flavours. For example, Ketones (chains of carbons with an oxygen attached) have a distinct fruity smell, and in fact they are commonly used in sweets, as well as being the sources of flavour in many fruits.


Question: Why are plastics straws so bad for turtles and not all plastic in general? What's special about straws?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are plastics straws so bad for turtles and not all plastic in general? What's special about straws?

The controversy of plastic straws and turtles arose from [this]( URL_0 ) video uploaded to YouTube in 2015. In it a turtle has what appears to be a plastic straw lodged rather deep up one of its nostrils. The individual in the video (a researcher named Christine Figgener) posted a write up about the incident in a [Nature journal article]( URL_1 ). There really isn't anything specifically about plastic straws that make them bad compared to other plastic items, other than: * We use and dispose of a large number of them each year * They are small and long enough to trap or get trapped in various wildlife and their orifices (holes) Though these attributes are true of many plastic items, particularly those that are small and brightly coloured - which can be mistaken for food then ingested, or just get stuck by accident. Really there is no difference, it was just the video that caused a large emotional reaction for viewers. We need to halt leakage of our waste into the environment, not just plastics but all materials, chemicals, and pollutants.