Question: Why is so hard to not think negative thoughts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is so hard to not think negative thoughts?

We get used to everything, we don't appreciate what we have. Positive things are rooted in what we have, negative things in what we can't have.


Question: How do gas stations count their inventory?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do gas stations count their inventory?

I'm not sure what your question is? If it's how much gas they have on hand (inventory), they can check their computers and double check by dropping a dipstick into the tanks (often you'll see it laying next to the building). If it's how they figure the price, they're just going to set the price based on what they're getting charged for the most recent delivery. Gas prices are far too competitive to worry about the amount of gas at the old price and the amount of gas at the new price = price per gallon of gas on hand. Besides, the store profits something in the order of a dime per gallon, even when you're paying several dollars per gallon at the pump. The make money on the stuff you buy inside. They're not going to risk losing customers because they're selling gas for 3 cents per gallon more than the place across the street.


Question: Why does everyone have a unique voice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyone have a unique voice?

combination of social, genetics, and random factors. Who teaches you to talk has a large impact on speech patterns. Everyone's vocal cords are not a perfect replica so there is going to be variation in sound. Even who you talk with during your adult life can change how you speak to some degree.


Question: how is a micro hemorrhage different than a stroke?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is a micro hemorrhage different than a stroke?

Hemorrhage is simply a rupture of some blood vessel, resulting in blood escaping into the tissues. And as the name would suggest micro hemorrhage is a very small hemorrhage (usually a result of ruptured capillaries - the smallest blood vessels). There are two types of stroke - ischeamic (the more common one, caused by an obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain) and haemorrhagic (caused by a heamorrhage in the brain). The result of both of those types is a damage of the brain cells with a wide range of symptoms. So, I would say that a difference between micro haemorrhage in the brain and a heamorrhagic stroke is just the scale of the problem.


Question: What is Resource-based Economy and is it realistic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Resource-based Economy and is it realistic?

I assume you mean this: " In a Resource Based Economy all goods and services are available to all people without the need for means of exchange such as money, credits, barter or any other means." And not the more mundane idea of a national economy that's dependent on one natural resource (e.g. Saudi Arabia and oil). The answer is no, it's not realistic. The basic thesis as far as I can make it out is that technology is good enough today to run a post-scarcity economy, or as I prefer to call it "Luxury Space Communism", after the apparent economic system in Star Trek. The main issue here is that Star Trek needed to invent a lot of fanciful technology (basically, a machine that produced massive amounts of energy for free and another machine that could turn energy into any form of matter) for that to work. The world is currently not post-scarcity. Even in the richest countries in the world, there are huge conflicts about whether the poorest are at a reasonable standard of living. Start spreading that around to the entire planet, and you'll probably need to start taking resources *away* from the people who are considered unconscionably poor in places like America. Trying to run an economy with without prices or other market-based methods of rationing scarce resources would cause a default to the classics: waiting in line hoping the resource bank doesn't run out, hoarding, and violence.


Question: What exactly is a memory, on an atomic level?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a memory, on an atomic level?

Memory involves large networks of neurons, which are cells involving a large number of complex molecules. There are about **100 trillion** atoms in a typical cell, so the number of atoms involved in an entire memory process would be gargantuan. It's important to remember that the atoms themselves are irrelevant - they are just replaceable material, and only their *movement* within cells, and the triggering of those cells in a network, is what stores and accesses memory information. The atoms do not contain memory information. The arrangement of neurons does.


Question: Since physical or emotional pain is so subjective, does anyone truly know the extent of someone else's?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since physical or emotional pain is so subjective, does anyone truly know the extent of someone else's?

No. One of the key factors in having a good conversation is avoiding that "oh that happened to me too one time" rhetoric. If someone's dad dies, and you also lost your dad, don't go saying "oh man I lost my dad too it was hard", because A) it's not about you and also B) it's not the same. It's never the same. Every living experience is individual and subjective to all the things that have happened to that person leading up to that event. It's never the same. You can't know. This is where empathy comes in.


Question: What causes someone to be a, "morning person" or a "night person"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes someone to be a, "morning person" or a "night person"?

I like being able to walk around in the middle of the night and feel like I'm the only person and I always feel like I'll miss something when I go to sleep but can lay in bed until past noon and not worry about that


Question: What's the difference between the meat at the butcher's counter and the meat next to it that's pre-packaged?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between the meat at the butcher's counter and the meat next to it that's pre-packaged?

Unless you want some custom work, like getting something sliced extra thin, it's all the same stuff and comes from the same place. Sometimes there might be weird quirks of pricing where, for example, you can get a single chicken breast from the counter at the "value pack" price or something weird like that. The main reasons to go to the counter are: 1. some of their semi-prepared/marinaded stuff is pretty good and a great time saver 2. You want an odd quantity or a very specific weight of something loose (like exactly 14oz of sausage) 3. You want to make a custom order ahead of time, like reserving a 12 pound prime rib roast. 4. You want some specialty/premium product that they only sell behind the counter (fancy bacon, premium aged steaks, etc).


Question: How do doctors amputate limbs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do doctors amputate limbs?

Kind of depends on the type/level of the amputation. Typically you identify the major nerves and vascular structures and tie them off, followed by cutting all the soft tissue with the bone being last.


Question: How do people/animals get their head stuck in fences and such if they can get in why can’t they get out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people/animals get their head stuck in fences and such if they can get in why can’t they get out?

A couple of ways. One way is that they can put their head through at an angle, but not realize they need to twist their head to get back out again. The other is that they can push the fence apart using their head, but then when their head gets through, the fence goes back to not being pushed apart. Pushing your head though is easy because your heads rounded and all the force is coming from your body. Pulling it out is hard because now your chin is catching on the fence and all of your pulling out force is on your neck


Question: if atoms never touch that means we never touched anything basically, so how do feel the texture of something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if atoms never touch that means we never touched anything basically, so how do feel the texture of something?

"Atoms never touch" is kind of a simplified explanation. The physical model of an atom is a lot messier than you or I learned in school. We learned the Bohr model; the atom represented as a solar system, with electrons orbiting in nice circles around the nucleus. That's a useful teaching aid, but it's absolutely not how an atom really behaves. In reality, electrons behave more like diffuse clouds of fog that occupy space in and around the atom, defining its boundaries. Every atom in the universe acts this way, including the ones that make up your fingers and your phone, or your keyboard, or however you're typing here. When our fingers' electron fog presses up against something else's, the fogs distort and change shape because they don't want to overlap. That distortion is what we perceive as "touching."


Question: why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?

So, English as a language doesn't really differentiate between masculine and feminine words and conjugation. However, a lot of the languages that English borrowed pretty heavily from (particularly the Latin languages, and Latin itself) *do* have differences in conjugation that will use masculine or feminine forms (e.g. the generic term for cat in French is "la chat", which is the feminine form). Latin, in particular, had a tendency to gender countries and landmasses as feminine (e.g. Terra Firma), and English sort of inherited that from Latin, particularly in more formal linguistic settings.


Question: What's the difference between Megabits and Megabytes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between Megabits and Megabytes?

One megabyte is equal to eight megabits. Megabits per second (mbps) are generally used to describe the speed of an Internet connection, whereas megabytes (MB) usually refer to the size of a file or storage space.


Question: What is our body / immune system trying to accomplish through the stages of a cold (fever, sore throat, hoarse throat, stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, cough)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is our body / immune system trying to accomplish through the stages of a cold (fever, sore throat, hoarse throat, stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, cough)?

Fever - Make the body less hospitable to whatever's infecting it Sore/hoarse throat - This isn't intentional. This could be caused by a pathogen infecting the throat tissue causing pain and imflammation, or from post-nasal drip running back down the back of the throat enough to cause irritation Runny nose - A pathogen has infected sinus tissues, so your sinuses are generating a ton of extra fluids to literally flush them out. Stuffy Nose - Pathogens or too much irritation from fluids (see above) can inflame the tissues, closing up your sinuses. Sneezing - See above Cough - An infection in the lungs is being attacked by the immune system and is supported by increased mucus generation, which then needs to be expelled. Or, post-nasal drip is going down the wrong hole provoking a cough reflex to clear it out.


Question: Why is it important to brush your teeth in the morning when you've already done it at night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it important to brush your teeth in the morning when you've already done it at night?

Brushing your teeth serves three purposes 1. It cleans your teeth 2. It applies a chemical treatment to strengthen teeth enamel against acids for a few hours 3. It refreshes your breath. When you wake up in the morning, some minute plaque would have built up, removing it is ideal. More over, your strengthened enamel would likely have reverted to normal state, warranting another application of toothpaste. Last but not least, your breath reeks from a night of sleep and low saliva production. The minty oils in tooth paste would help with that along with cleaning.


Question: How is Proxima Centauri’s density 33 times that of our sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Proxima Centauri’s density 33 times that of our sun?

Lets say that Proxima Centauri weighs 1 pg(ProximaGram) and has a diameter of 1 pm(ProximaMeter). That would put the sun at 8 pg weight and 7pm diameter. Density is weight per volume, so we first have to calculate the volume of both. Volume: v = 4/3\*pi\*r\^3 v(proxima) = 4/3\*pi\*1pm\^3 = 4/3\*pi\*1 v(sun) = 4/3\*pi\*7pm\^3 = 4/3\*pi\*343 we can just shorten the (4/3\*pi) term to see that the sun has 343 times the volume, because volume goes into three dimensions and therefore grows exponentially, if it grows in all directions. The density is now weight divided though volume: density: p = m/v p(proxima) = 1/1 = 1 p(sun) = 8/343 \~ 1/43 This is not the searched for 33, but that is probably due to rounding, since these are all just approximations, we are after all just 30% off. & #x200B; NOTE: This is not proper math, it is just to show the relationship between weight and volume of spheres. In proper calculations you need to keep the 4/3\*pi, we can leave this out, since we only want to see the specific relationship between the two bodies, not a representative weight in units.


Question: why do bass tones create more vibrations than high pitch tones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do bass tones create more vibrations than high pitch tones?

Lower pitched notes have longer wave lengths than higher pitched notes. They also have larger amplitudes, so the sound waves are both longer and they are larger. This means that more energy is transferred to something like a table or your body than high pitched tones. A good way to think about it is a boat on an ocean. High pitched notes are like small fast waves lapping up on a shore line. Bass tones are like big slow swells. A boat is going to rock way more from a big swell than the fast lapping because the amplitude of the wave is much larger.


Question: Why do newscasters always speak with the same specific inflections?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do newscasters always speak with the same specific inflections?

They’re trained to. Not all journalism schools have a formal voice class as a requirement for graduation, but many do, and even if they don't a certain amount of coaching about speech and delivery is a part of the curriculum. This is done this because having a clear, consistent delivery makes the news easier to listen to and digest for a viewer. Most news anchors speak slightly slower than a normal cadence, fully annunciate every word, change tone throughout the sentence and have a fairly neutral, flat accent. That leads to a consistent "broadcaster voice." Contrast that to, say, an anchor who speaks in a fast monotone, runs words into each other, and has a thick Boston accent. Who would you rather listen to reading the news?


Question: What factors determine how someone regains consciousness or dies from being in a coma?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What factors determine how someone regains consciousness or dies from being in a coma?

Interestingly enough there's such a thing called the Glasgow Coma Scale, this is how doctors assess the level of damage an individual has sustained and how comas (and recovery) are 'scored'. This scoring system includes eye, verbal, and motor response, the lower the score the more severe the coma is and the less likely the individual is to make a recovery, though this is not always the case. Probably the biggest determinant is how they got into the coma in the first place. In the case of drug or alcohol overdose, the coma lasts as long as toxic levels of substances are still in the body (unless of course there was permanent damage to the organs). If an individual has a pre-existing condition (diabetes for instance) that can also cause (low blood sugar), or influence coma recovery. Swelling is probably the biggest factor in the outcome of a coma if you have suffered physical damage to your head (car accident, infection, etc.) the blood-brain barrier could be damaged which causes inflammation (amongst other things). Swelling, if unable to be controlled, will cause ischemia (lack of blood flow) and cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain), and thus death. Our ability to separate the diagnosis of coma from a persistent vegetative state is getting better as MRI and CT technology improves, sometimes a patient may present as being in a coma, but already be "brain dead".


Question: Why do we have separate tax brackets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we have separate tax brackets?

There is a concept of marginal utility -- the first dollar is more important than later dollars. If you are homeless, having a dumpy studio is a more beneficial than middle manager being able to upgrade from a 3BR house to a 5BR house. Having food to eat is more important than whether you eat chicken breast or splurge on the steak. And so on... So the lower earnings dollars are more critical to the basic necessities of life and are thus taxed at a lower rate than dollars earned where they are going to be spent on qualitative enhancements rather than necessities. To keep a tax rate even among all income, then you'd need to tax people making minimum wage way more then they pay today, when they are already living paycheck to paycheck and struggling to make ends meet -- all while taxing lower taxes from those making six, seven, eight figures or more. Does it sound fair for somebody making $15k pay more taxes while cutting the taxes of somebody making $1.5 million? And by the way, tax rates are marginal, too... this means that everybody pays the same rate on the same dollars earned. If you're in the top tax bracket, which is 39.6% you only pay that rate on the dollars you earn over $418,400 where that tax rate kicks in -- you DO NOT pay that rate on your entire income. So if you earned $50k and somebody else made $500k, you'd both pay the same rate on the first $50k earned.


Question: How does a government go into debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a government go into debt?

It can do so in the most straightforward method which is to borrow directly from banks or other lending organizations. More commonly, a government issues bonds or notes. These bonds or notes promises a certain payment in the future. Essentially they are promissory notes (ie lend or 'invest' in me money now and I will promise to pay you back in the future') There are also ways that are sort of like debt - for example getting another group some kind of rights (mining, logging, or oil extraction) in return for cash or infrastructure development. All debt is just a concept of getting something of value now and giving a promise to pay that back (in kind or other forms) at some later date.


Question: Since smartphones are basically tiny computers, why aren't people assembling their own phones like we do for computers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since smartphones are basically tiny computers, why aren't people assembling their own phones like we do for computers?

you got it. same is true of laptops and AIO^*edit PCs. to gain the nescessary density, the components are uniquely designed to shoehorn together into the specially sized case. all of the bones of a phone are proprietary. Even modular parts like sensors and memory chips are largely soldered in place because slots and ports take too much space.


Question: How do phones keep track off time while off and without internet connection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do phones keep track off time while off and without internet connection?

Even when your phone is off, there is still a very small circuit that is powered. This circuit, among other critical things, is keeping track of the current time. It consumes very little power, so it doesn't drain the battery. Even when the battery says it's dead, there's enough charge left to maintain these low power critical functions. Every computer device that keeps time will have a battery somewhere to help it keep time when its main power is gone. Even a desktop computer will have a watch-style battery on the motherboard to keep the circuit going. One extra advantage that cell phones have is that, if they ever happen to go completely dead, they can set their time back via GPS. The way GPS works, satellites in known positions are broadcasting a signal that contains their time. If you get 3 pings and know the current time, you can figure out your relationship to those 3 satellites and it narrows it down to one point. If you can get pings from 4 satellites though, you can actually narrow down your position *and* the time from them. This is why phones have such accurate timekeeping.


Question: - Why do so many people have such an intense fear of bugs and insects, most of which are completely harmless?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why do so many people have such an intense fear of bugs and insects, most of which are completely harmless?

There are certainly a whole host of reasons, from society to culture to biology. I do remember, however, a study a bit back where babies were more likely to have a negative response to certain creatures like spiders and snakes. These make sense as both can be deadly if the right species, and while we have antivenom now, we didn't always. Plus some insects like mosquitoes and ticks cause very real to this day problems. The brain loves to generalize, that's how we make sense of the world, so it doesn't seem too improbable that the distaste comes from the negative aspects of certain creatures through history. Many phobias have a realistic basis, but are taken by the brain to an extreme for our modern life.


Question: How come if your fingers are paralyzed or have nerve damage, they don’t prune, (wrinkle) and why do only our finger tips and toes prune?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come if your fingers are paralyzed or have nerve damage, they don’t prune, (wrinkle) and why do only our finger tips and toes prune?

Pruning of the fingertips is a mechanism that is regulated by the nervous system. If there’s paralysis or some form of nerve damage in the fingers, these nerve impulses are unable to initiate the physiological changes that result in the pruning of the skin in that area. Pruning of the fingertips/toes are thought to help improve the grip of these appendages in wet conditions but there are studies that show no noticeable improvements between pruned and non-pruned fingertips in wet conditions and as such, the true reason for this phenomenon is largely still unknown.


Question: What are operating income and net income? How do they differ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are operating income and net income? How do they differ?

Operating income is the income a business derives from its operations. It is typically the revenue minus costs of goods sold, wages, other expenses that are needed to operate or run the business. Most companies also refer to operating income as EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) A business may also have non operating income and expenses. For example investment income, income from sales of businesses/subsidiaries, financing expenses and taxes. After these are taken into account, the final number is the net income. This is the "bottom line" income of the company. Operating income is used to assess the health of the operating side of the business - what the company does on an ongoing basis. Sort of like its core business. The net income takes into account other expenses not related to running the core business (interest, taxes, financing costs) or income that may be one-off items (like selling a factory/building that a company no longer uses) This gives the final "profit" of the company for that period. & #x200B;


Question: How did people map the world before satelites?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did people map the world before satelites?

Cartographers, surveyors and mappers. They would sail around and hand draw the landscape. They would traverse the land with a length of chain and measure distances. They also had specialized tools such as a sextant that could help determine their place in the world based on where the stars were at that time of year vs where they should be.


Question: Why be a woman hurts so bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why be a woman hurts so bad?

Its the reproductive burden. This is also why men are physicly stronger. If they weren't they would be fully useless in the species. Like they are in bees or anglerfish. But modern medicine is getting better and better.


Question: Why do our bodies sometimes involuntarily ‘spasm’ when we’re about to fall asleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our bodies sometimes involuntarily ‘spasm’ when we’re about to fall asleep?

These are called "Hypnic Jerks". Completely harmless even if they are annoying. Mine are so strong I actually asked my doctor about them which is where I learned the term. As it was explained to me, it's a slight glitch in the brain shutting down movement in the body when falling asleep - kind of the opposite of sleep paralysis. Mine start in my lower back and are strong enough to move my entire body but I was assured that it is harmless unless I hit the wall or fall out of bed.


Question: Why do drug dealers sometimes cut their product with other, fatal drugs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do drug dealers sometimes cut their product with other, fatal drugs?

Often, an inert filler will be cut with a far more powerful drug (fentanyl in many situations) so that the end result closely resembles the strength of what it is sold to be. Since fentanyl is far more powerful per unit mass than other opiates, it's easier to smuggle, and often can be less expensive. (Therefore greater profit margins)


Question: Why does the eastern half of the United States have colder winters than the western half?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the eastern half of the United States have colder winters than the western half?

URL_0 The jet stream is a river of fast moving sure and it curves over the continent. It can bring very warm air from the tropics to the West coast. Then it goes up to the Arctic and comes back down on the east coast/mid West with very cold weather


Question: How do water bubbles form just underneath the topsoil like lawn pimples?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do water bubbles form just underneath the topsoil like lawn pimples?

Usually this happens in a place that had sod lay down on top of aoil that poorly drains and the roots havent penetrated. The water goes easily through the sod but gets stuck by the clay etc. Its a thing that you do not want to happen and is showing a failure of the sod and maybe overwatering.


Question: Why is it ok for police to use tear gas on civilians, when the military can't use it on enemy combatants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it ok for police to use tear gas on civilians, when the military can't use it on enemy combatants?

Where did you read the military can't use tear gas? They can. There is an old expression: "Don't bring a can of tear-gas to a Gunfight". Are you thinking of chemical weapons maybe? If so, when you hear of troops being "Gassed", it is NOTHING like tear gas at all. We aren't talking about making your eyes sting for 10 minutes here. Chlorine gas will burn the inside of your lungs until you choke to death on your own mucous. It's a vicious and horrible way to die. And don't even ask about Sarin if you don't want nightmares.... As far as why it's O.K. for police to use tear gas on civilians, it's because the police would rather make your eyes sting than kill you with a gun. Most of the time.


Question: How did pre-1900s scientists discover so much accurate info about atoms with relatively primitive technology?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did pre-1900s scientists discover so much accurate info about atoms with relatively primitive technology?

Most science is based on having a theory how something would work then saying "well if it was like that then if I did X then Y should happen" then doing X to see if Y happens. As long as you have enough technology to do X and check for Y you can do an experiment to see if your theory is right.


Question: Why can the governments ban substances like narcotic drugs but not alcohol and cigarettes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can the governments ban substances like narcotic drugs but not alcohol and cigarettes?

They can do anything they want. Real question is what’s the financial incentive to do so ?


Question: How are juices from concentrate made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are juices from concentrate made?

When juices are produced, it takes a LOT of storage space to hold them. To combat this problem, as well as to increase shelf life, manufacturers heat the juice to evaporate off a large amount of the water it contains. This concentrates the sugars and other flavor compounds into a smaller volume of liquid. To consume it, you just add back in the water. It’s still 100% juice, it was just processed for a while.


Question: William Barr is in Contempt. What is contempt and how severe is it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 William Barr is in Contempt. What is contempt and how severe is it?

Being held in contempt of Congress is a meaningless charge. 'Contempt of Court' in general means the witness is uncooperative.


Question: What are MLM/Pyramid schemes? Are they the same thing? Why do they have a bad reputation? What should I know about them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are MLM/Pyramid schemes? Are they the same thing? Why do they have a bad reputation? What should I know about them?

It’s my understanding that they’re the same thing. They really only benefit the few at the very top, and can actually cost those on the bottom money. Episode 1 on the Netflix series [un]well has a really good discussion about pyramid schemes. The episode is about essential oils but they explain the MLM part as well.


Question: How come news sites and people are not prosecuted for wiretapping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come news sites and people are not prosecuted for wiretapping?

The law as for whether you can record a phone conversation without telling the other party depends on your jurisdiction, so it might be legal and it might not. In general though, it's not illegal for you to tell someone else what someone told you, since that would be an insanely stupid thing to make illegal.


Question: What happens to marine animals during an earthquake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to marine animals during an earthquake?

Short answer is that we don't really know because the ocean is very difficult to monitor and we can't predict earthquakes more than a few seconds out with our current technology (and even that is more an early warning system than actual prediction), but there are efforts currently underway to better understand this. There was a research cruise earlier this year at the Cayman Rise that happened to have an ROV in the water when an earthquake happened nearby, so [they were able to see how the shrimp and other lifeforms living around these vents reacted completely by accident]( URL_0 ). Sound travels extremely well underwater, so animals like the [sperm whale that use sound to communicate can be confused and can have difficulty finding food if the sound of the earthquake becomes too much.]( URL_1 ).


Question: Why do contests and giveaways always say "No Purchase Necessary"? Wouldn't it make more sense to rewards customers or incentives more sales?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do contests and giveaways always say "No Purchase Necessary"? Wouldn't it make more sense to rewards customers or incentives more sales?

It changes the category of the contest so it doesn't count as gambling. They will often make the 'no purchase' option too troublesome to bother with, such as requiring a self-addressed stamped envelope (so you have to pay the postage for them to end you a contest entry) which just isn't worth the cost of one entry if they come attached to say, a cup of Coke at Mcdonalds.


Question: Why is it more uncomfortable to sit and stand with good posture (straight back) than bad (slouched) ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it more uncomfortable to sit and stand with good posture (straight back) than bad (slouched) ?

It's not. It's because you're used to sitting slouched so your muscles aren't used to sitting up properly.


Question: What happens when you delete a file from your computers memory? What happens? Where does it go? Does it get destroyed or zapped into non-existence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when you delete a file from your computers memory? What happens? Where does it go? Does it get destroyed or zapped into non-existence?

You can think of your hard drive like a book. As you write information into the blank pages, your operating system updates the book's table of contents with the positions of the bits and pieces of the file. Computers don't like to do unnecessary work, so when you delete a file, all that happens (at the moment, that is) is that the entries in the table of contents are deleted. The file is still "there" on the disk, but your operating system forgets about it, and if it has to, it'll write over the pages.


Question: What does it mean to have a certain percentage of ownership in a company, and how does that translate into a monetary value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean to have a certain percentage of ownership in a company, and how does that translate into a monetary value?

If you own X% of a company, that would grant you certain rights and privileges in guiding that company, depending on how the company is structured. Typically, you'd have some say/vote in how company runs although whether that's any actual power depends on how distrubuted the ownership is... if one other guy owns 90%, then he'll always get his way. If there are 20 partners who each own less than 10%, then you might be able to side with them against the founder if you have different opinions. An ownership stake would also typically grant you a 10% cut of whatever profits/dividends the owners pull out of the business at the end of the year. If once all the bills are paid, etc. and there is $100k profit left that ownership decides to pay out as profit sharing to owners, then he'd get $10k. But the business could decide to retain the earnings to re-invest into the business. Additionally, his net worth would go up by 1/10 the value of the business. Depending on the type of business, there is usually a ratio of profits that determine a business value... often about 8-10x profits. So let's say this business is worth $1 million were it to be sold, then his 10% ownership would be worth $100k. While it's a number on his net worth, it's not really something he can do much with unless the business goes public, gets sold, etc.


Question: How do servers find our computers to communicate over the internet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do servers find our computers to communicate over the internet?

Your computer is the one that finds the server by looking it up via the phonebook (DNS registry). You computer also sends its own address with the message so the server can reply.


Question: How did companies recover when they were partially or fully destroyed by the events of 9/11?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did companies recover when they were partially or fully destroyed by the events of 9/11?

The story of Cantor Fitzgerald is probably the most well known, detailed here: URL_0 The short version is basically that 2001 was far enough into the establishment of the internet that multi-office companies were often able to lean on their other offices to keep the ship afloat.


Question: How do those silica gel packets “keep things fresh”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do those silica gel packets “keep things fresh”?

They absorb moisture, which will keep the air and hence stuff in the package dry. This would reduce the chances of, say, fungus and other unwanted stuff growing because it doesn't have the moisture it needs to thrive.


Question: How do voltage converters work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do voltage converters work?

Transformers swap voltage for current. **Voltage** is the electric “pressure”. It’s how much force the electrons pour out of the outlet area with. If you were to think of electrical power like water flowing over a waterfall onto a waterwheel higher voltage is a higher waterfall. When it hits the wheel, it will push with more force than a lower waterfall would have. **Current** is the amount of water — either a faster flowing river or a wider one. It’s more electrons coming out of the river. Ultimately the **power** of the outlet is the same. Power is voltage X current. It’s the total force applied by the total number of electrons per second. Each electron delivers some energy like a pizza delivery guys brings you some calories and since they are flowing, you can think of the electrons as delivering a steady stream of energy every second. *** Okay, so what does a transformer *do* to trade off between more electrons per second with less pressure behind them and less electrons per second with more pressure behind them? How could the number of electrons per second go up in a transformer if the same number of electrons per second is leaving the outlet? They’re different electrons that come out of the transformer. A transformer is made up of two completely electrically isolated loops of conducting wire. If we were to label the electrons from the wall socket (say a 110 V Japanese socket) as red and the electrons that are at rest in the power cord and transformer as blue (220 V Philippines), when you plug in your device and transformer, you would see a loop of red electrons coming out of the socket and going into the socket and an entirely different set of blue electrons making a loop between the transformer and your powered device. They’re two separate closed loops. **note** because it’s alternating current (AC) rather than direct current (DC), the electricity moves back and forth rapidly rather than in an actual loop. So how does low voltage induce high voltage in another completely closed loop? Magnetism. Inside the transformer loops there are two seperate overlapping coils. The input (red) coil is wound up to create an electromagnet, just like an electromagnet you would create in a science fair. Electricity flowing in a circle makes an strong magnetic field. Just a few, very wide coils means the field flows slowly but has a lot of force. It's opposite coil is the blue cool. It has a lot of turns but thinner wire. As the first electric field alternates current — the magnetic field of the red coil quickly flips back and forth — dragging the electrons sitting in the blue cool with it. Those moving electrons in the blue cool have to move with more pressure to keep up with the total energy delivered each second by the higher number of electrons creating the magnetic field in the red coil. So they output a higher pressure — a higher voltage in the blue loop. *** But how do Electromagnets work? Why does electricity flowing in a circle create magnetic fields and vice versa? It actually has to do with special relativity. According to the laws we discovered when measuring magnetic fields (Maxwell’s equations and Lorenz invariance), photons have to travel at a fixed speed regardless of the speed of anything else. This is the speed of light. But that’s confusing. If you're on a train going nearly the speed of light and then flip on a flashlight, it seems like either you would perceive the speed of light as slower relative to your fast speed or your speed gets added to the speed of light and a stationary observer would disagree about the speed of light. But the equations say neither happens. Somehow both observers would see the speed of light the same relative to themselves. But are the equations right? Measurements like the Michaelson-Morely experiment seem to back this up. When lasers are fired North-South and compared with lasers fired East-West (adding the rotational speed of the earth, roughly 1,000 mph) there isn't a difference in measured speed of light at all. How can this be? Well Einstein figured out that of you do the math (simple geometry really) the implication is that a bunch of really counter-intuitive things happen to allow light to stay a fixed speed. *Space itself warps* to accommodate a fixed speed of light relative to all observers. One kind of warping is called *length contraction*. Doing the geometry, you can see that an object traveling in a straight line relative to a fixed observer actually must contract (shrink) in the direction of travel. To put that another way. A stationary person watching our superfast train go by would see a shorter train. All the people on it would looked squished to be thinner only in the direction of travel. And it's not an illusion. They really are compressed. Space has compressed. So what does this have to do with electrons? Picture an electromagnet - the kind you might make for a grade show science fair. You have a copper wire coiled around nail. When you supply a voltage difference across the wire, electrons start flowing from one end to the other. The wire itself has no net electrical charge — remember, no new electrons are created, they just started moving around. For every electron (-) there is a proton (+) to balance it out and a stationary observer sitting on the head of the nail feels no net electrical charge. As electrons move, according to relativity, they *length contract* even if just a tiny bit. So looking down onto the coil from a tiny chair on the head of the nail, what would you see? Well instead of seeing an equal net amount of electron and proton charge, you'd see fixed protons at full size and *length contracted* electrons right? There is now *less electron* than proton from the perspective of a stationary particle on the head of the nail. And again, it's not an illusion. There is less electron relativistically. So you get this wierd electric field that is imbalanced but only in the directions perpendicular to the flow of electricity. According the the right hand rule, when this is a coil, that direction gets concentrated along the axis of the nail as the coils stack up. Boom *that's* what a magnetic field is. It's an electric field born of relativistic effects and that's why it arises from motion of electrons according to those weird geometric rules.


Question: The golden ratio. Just, in general. What is it? Why is it so important? What’s special about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The golden ratio. Just, in general. What is it? Why is it so important? What’s special about it?

Geometrically, the golden ratio is most easily understood as the dimensions of a 'golden rectangle'. The golden rectangle's special property is that, if you cut it into two pieces so the larger piece is a square, then the smaller piece will be another smaller golden rectangle. [Here's a diagram of that.]( URL_0 ) The golden rectangle has been cut apart into a blue square, and a red rectangle, and that smaller rectangle has the same proportions as the one we started with. That's the unique property that makes the golden ratio golden. Now, why is it important? That's a little harder to answer in a general way. This ratio pops up in the solutions to all kinds of different problems in totally unrelated areas of math, including number theory, analysis and geometry. It appears when something keeps getting added to its previous iterations, as in the Fibonacci or Lucas numbers. It appears when you look for fixed points in a lot of systems related to the exponential function. It also is the angle which can fill in angles around a circle most uniformly, which means it's found all over a lot of plant anatomy, in cases where plants have to arrange a lot of somethings around a central something. Pine cones, sunflowers, things like that. [Here is a wonderful exploration of why that is.]( URL_1 )


Question: What's the difference between bacteria, viruses, fungi and pathogens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between bacteria, viruses, fungi and pathogens?

Bacteria and fungi are living things. They're made of cells, they all have DNA, they reproduce themselves, they eat stuff, break it down and use it to power themselves, excreting any waste etc. They essentially do all the basic things we can do. Bacteria are always made up of a single cell, and inside that cell their DNA is just floating about with the rest of the little machines that help them survive. They reproduce by literally splitting themselves into two. Fungi are sometimes made up of only one cell, but often they can, like ourselves, be made up of lots of cells working together (like a mushroom). They can reproduce by splitting themselves into two, or by full-blown sexual reproduction, by getting male and female sex cells to meet. Their DNA, instead of floating about freely in their cells, is protected in a little membrane capsule called a nucleus. Plants and animals also keep their DNA inside a nucleus - and we call all living things that do this [eukaryotes]( URL_2 ). Bacteria, without a nucleus, are called [prokaryotes]( URL_0 ). Viruses are just packages of genetic material, like DNA or [RNA]( URL_1 ), surrounded by a protective protein capsule and not much else - they're not made up of a cell. Unlike all of the above, viruses cannot reproduce themselves - they have to infect a living cell and hijack some of the teeny machinery inside, which they lack, in order to make more copies of themselves. Because of this it's a bit fuzzy whether we can really call them 'alive'. A pathogen is any of the above that can be harmful to you, and cause disease. For example, lotsa' bacteria are beneficial, or otherwise neutral, when they're in/on your body; pathogenic bacteria are likely to make you ill however. So in short: fungi and bacteria are living organisms made of cells, with and without a nucleus that contains their DNA respectively (eukaryotes and prokaryotes), and can happily make more of themselves. Viruses are just bits of genetic material (DNA/RNA) that can't reproduce, therefore aren't really alive, and need to infect other things to replicate. A pathogen can be anything biological that causes you harm.


Question: How do "division tricks" work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do "division tricks" work?

For division by 9, it works because we count in base 10. Each digit has ten possible settings 0-9, and when the number wraps to zero, you add one to the next digit up. 9+1=10. Add the digits of 10 and you get 1, which is also what you get if you drop all the nines. Three works because 9 is evenly divisible by 3, so adding 1 to three 3s gives you 10, same as before. Ten is easily divisible by 2 and 5, meaning you can get rid of any number ending in the wrong digits, like 3 or 7. 6 combines the rules for 2 and 3. 4 and 8 work the same as 2, but you need more digits to check. And 7 is a pain in the ass, but it has some tricks that can be used. One trick that will work every time, but it might be more trouble than it's worth, is to convert the number to a base one digit higher than your check digit, and pulling the 3/9 trick. Take a number, 364, and convert it to base 8, and you get 554, add the digits and you get 16 (14 in decimal) and again to get 7. So, you would know that 364 is divisible by 7.


Question: why can your brain quickly process something like the angle and speed needed to throw something to someone , but would have to work to figure out the math behind the throw?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can your brain quickly process something like the angle and speed needed to throw something to someone , but would have to work to figure out the math behind the throw?

I studied brain science in university. You don't actually solve the problem using the same math as in science class. Instead, you simply learn how a ball heading right toward you should look, and adjust your position until it looks right.


Question: how are pilots able to remain on track of a flight's path when flying through thick fog?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are pilots able to remain on track of a flight's path when flying through thick fog?

There are a variety of choices for maintaining course with no visibility. Most of them deflect a needle on a gauge in the cockpit to show you if you are left or right of the course. If you want to learn more, look up ADF, VOR, and for older tech, LORAN.


Question: How do number systems that aren’t base 10 work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do number systems that aren’t base 10 work?

Think about base 10. You have 0-9 as your first group, and then once you get to 10, you start your second group. Your second group is 10-19, and 20 starts the next group. If you had a base 6 system, you would have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ... 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 If you had a base 2 system, you would have 0, 1 10, 11 100, 101 110, 111 1000, 1001 1010, 1011 1100, 1101 1110, 1111 10000, 10001 In a base 16 system, you would have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F ... F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F I don't know if I actually explained it well. But hopefully smaller examples helped you understand. My favorite system is base 12, so I just looked up a bunch of youtube videos explaining that to me when it wasn't fully making sense


Question: Why do helium balloons feel less full when taken into cold weather?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do helium balloons feel less full when taken into cold weather?

This is true of non-helium balloons too. Air particles have more energy and move around more when they're hot, and have less energy and move around less when they're cold. Because they're moving around more, they're pushing on the walls of the balloon more, making it feel more full.


Question: Does the volume of ice decrease if it's being cooled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the volume of ice decrease if it's being cooled?

Ice has a positive thermal expansion coefficient, so it expands when heated and contracts when cooled - like most materials. It contracts during the liquid phase change which is unusual, but otherwise is a pretty standard material.