Question: What keeps countries from demanding debts being paid in full, suddenly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What keeps countries from demanding debts being paid in full, suddenly?

What stops the bank from demanding you pay off your mortgage today or they'll take your house? They can't just call in the debt because that's not what was agreed to when the money was loaned. Most government debt comes from Government bonds - which have a set amount, set interest rate and a **set date they become payable** It (obviously) is a lot more complicated then that - but the ELI5 answer is they can't do it because they have a legal contract which says they can't


Question: How does credit card interest (APR) work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does credit card interest (APR) work?

Take your APR and divide by 12. Take what you owe at the end of each month and multiply by the above result. That's the ELI5 version of APR.


Question: Why do certain foods (like cookies) go soft when they've been in the cupboard a while, but other foods like bread become hard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain foods (like cookies) go soft when they've been in the cupboard a while, but other foods like bread become hard?

Moisture. Dry foods absorb moisture and get soft. Soft foods (such as bread), lose moisture and get harder.


Question: Why is it so easy for people to form bad habits but so difficult to break them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so easy for people to form bad habits but so difficult to break them?

So for most people, we develop bad habits that feel good: eating an entire pizza every friday, smoking a cigar in the evening, etc. And it's very easy to do things that feel good. And we want to keep doing things that make us feel good over and over. So to break one of these bad habits, you have to stop doing them (of course). Now you have a chunk of time that you used to feel good during the day when you don't. And we want to stop doing the things that do not make us feel good. This is why replacing a bad habit with a good habit that makes us feel good can be so effective.


Question: Why is it impossible for PS1 games to be HD remastered? Is it not possible to just redo the textures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it impossible for PS1 games to be HD remastered? Is it not possible to just redo the textures?

Former game dev here, It's not impossible, there's just no profit in it for the amount of work involved. The studio would be selling to a tiny niche who would want such a thing, and they can't possibly charge enough to turn a profit at a price the market will tolerate. On the technical side, game code for a console is incredibly specific to that console. What you suggest would require a near complete rewrite from scratch of these games, and recreation of all art assets - which would require a full scale dev team to port to a modern platform. That, and not only would the code have to be ported, but redesigned to work with modern graphics on this other, modern platform. And then you would of course require full scale play testing to find and fix bugs and ensure the game experience is faithful to the original. It costs ~$10m to make a low end AAA title, and these ports will cost at least as much, likely ~$20m per title. And if you're going to improve the video quality, it's inadequate to go with an incremental improvement, you might as well go all the way, so the effort required would be demanding, escalating the price. Anything less than what is expected for an exalted title on a modern platform would be a complete market flop. And again, this is for a niche market. Buyers don't buy the same experience again, unless you're Nintendo.


Question: Since we're all moving at very high speed in space caused by the 1.rotation and 2.revolution of our a.planet, b.solar system, c.galaxy, etc.. how do we know that our measurements of distance are accurate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since we're all moving at very high speed in space caused by the 1.rotation and 2.revolution of our a.planet, b.solar system, c.galaxy, etc.. how do we know that our measurements of distance are accurate?

That's the basis of one of Einsteins biggest theories. The gist of it goes that all observations around you are based off of the Frame of reference you are in. For example. Two astronauts are next to each other and use a jetpack to move away in opposite directions. To one astronaut it would seem that he is standing still and the other guy is moving away. To the other it would be the same thing but he would be standing still. For a third guy looking at both astronauts, the two would be moving away from eachother. It's literally all relative. With time it gets a little trickier. Because as you go faster time begins to slow down. But it's the same general idea. If your moving fast enough, time would seem to go normally to you. But if someone was staying still relative to you, they would see you slowing down more and more the faster you go. So for every human being on earth going basically the same speed. It really doesn't matter because most measurements are going to be the same. We actually have to consider this with satellites in space. They are moving much faster compared to us. So we have to compensate for their clocks going a tiny bit slower than us.


Question: Microplastics are present in 94% of tap water in the United States. How and at what threshold do they cause harm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Microplastics are present in 94% of tap water in the United States. How and at what threshold do they cause harm?

We do not yet know the effects of microplastics on living organisms. This is still a very new discovery and the research is still in its early stages. There are several people claiming they cause things like obesity, diabetes or reproductive harm, but no definitive link has been determined. Microplastics are small enough that they can pass through most barriers in our body and go directly into the blood stream. They've also been found to pass through the placenta into fetuses. The only way to remove microplastics from water is through carbon filters or reverse osmosis purification. You can still be exposed to them through food though, but they're most prevalent in drinking water.


Question: What do today's groundbreaking results of the Muon g-2 study actually mean for (particle physics) science?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do today's groundbreaking results of the Muon g-2 study actually mean for (particle physics) science?

We don't know yet. If the results hold, and are repeatable, then it could mean that revision to the Standard Model of Particle Physics (current best model of particle physics) might be needed, and it gives a place to look more closely at where it breaks. Right now, the only places where we know it to be incomplete is in black holes, which we can't readily test, so any place where we can improve our models will be exciting.


Question: Why do investors keep pouring money into companies that have never turned a profit like Uber?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do investors keep pouring money into companies that have never turned a profit like Uber?

Because a 50k investment in UBER when it was still being called UBER CAB and only operated in one city would have cleared you a cool 6-8 hundred million at IPO. If they can get the market #1 position, sort out their management, get ride of drivers etc etc then they’ll make billions and billions. But that’s a big if. And that’s basically the bet on any potential unicorn company, that as soon as XYZ lines up they go from loosing 500 million a quarter to making 500 million overnight.


Question: When asked what was before the Big Bang, Stephen Hawking said that there was nothing (no space, no time). How did something come out of nothing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When asked what was before the Big Bang, Stephen Hawking said that there was nothing (no space, no time). How did something come out of nothing?

That’s just the thing. We don’t know and probably couldn’t comprehend it. People ask what space is expanding into but you can’t have space expanding into space.


Question: Why isn't cold water cooling a "thing" for houses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't cold water cooling a "thing" for houses?

You can in fact buy this. It is called a *ductless* or *split* or *mini split* air conditioner. It delivers cold fluid from an outdoor cooling unit, to an indoor blowing unit. Here are some. URL_1 URL_3 URL_0 URL_2


Question: Does shaking a bottle of water with ice in it make the water warmer or colder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does shaking a bottle of water with ice in it make the water warmer or colder?

IF the bottle and the water had been equalised for a while, it reaches "melting ice temperature" and this is constant until all ice has been melted. So, no temp change when shaking.


Question: What chemical interactions happen inside humans to cause depression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What chemical interactions happen inside humans to cause depression?

Dopamine regulates the pleasure-reward feeling you get when you do something you enjoy. When dopamine levels are low you become unmotivated, experience feelings of helplessness and lose interest in things that used to interest you. But that's just one of many many factors. There's no magical cure for depression. Getting better usually requires a combination of chemical imbalance correction and lifestyle changes. Identifying the true cause in each individual case is the first step to getting better.


Question: when we sleep awkwardly why does it hurt so much when we try to turn our neck one way or raise our arms above a certain height?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when we sleep awkwardly why does it hurt so much when we try to turn our neck one way or raise our arms above a certain height?

Let’s say you bend your finger back a bit. It hurts, but only a little bit. Still, it’s enough for you to move it into a more comfortable position. Let’s say you bend your finger back a bit and you are asleep. It doesn’t hurt enough to wake you up. Your finger is in an awkward, slightly painful position for 8 hours. In the morning, it hurts a lot.


Question: Why do people maintain the same schedule of bowel movements every day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people maintain the same schedule of bowel movements every day?

Because most people eat, sleep, and exercise in very consistent patterns every day. When bowel movements occur generally happen as a direct result of these things.


Question: Why is chicken soup good for you when you're sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is chicken soup good for you when you're sick?

When you're sick, even though you feel awful, it's important that you get plenty of fluids and plenty of your body's normal nutritional needs - calories, protein, vitamins, sodium, etc. And if you're congested (like you would be with lots of common illnesses, say a cold or a flu), then you're not going to have much of a sense of taste or smell, so food won't be all that appetizing to you. Soup, since it's mostly hot liquid, produces steam to help open up your passageways and allow you to smell and taste your food. And chicken soup specifically has everything your body needs - plenty of sodium, fat, and protein from the chicken broth and meat itself, and then usually vitamins from the carrots, celery, and whatever else is in there. So in one bowl you have an appetite enhancer, fluids, and all of the major food requirements that your body needs.


Question: How do symbiotic relationships develop between two different animal species over time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do symbiotic relationships develop between two different animal species over time?

Symbiosis has evolved enough times across the tree of life that it's hard to make any broad generalizations about how these relationships develop. In a lot of cases though, it probably works pretty similarly to any other kind of natural selection. As a purely hypothetical example though, let's say two organisms find themselves in a situation where they can help each other, even if they are mostly just acting in their own interest. Species A lives in trees and has easy access to nuts, but it takes a lot of work to open the shells and get at the edible part inside. Species B is stuck on the ground, but is much better at breaking nutshells. Initially, members of species A stay in trees and eat whatever they can find; maybe mostly insects, but they'll occasionally go to the effort of spending a while gnawing their way through a nutshell. Members of species B walk around on the ground eating various plants or whatever they can find. At some point, a pair of individuals from each species start working together. This doesn't need to be a conscious decision or anything; maybe this particular species A just happens to be very clumsy and drops a lot of nuts, while this one species B individual likes nuts more than other foods. These two animals start working together, gathering nuts on the ground, breaking them open, and eating them. This easy access to food is beneficial for both individuals, giving them more time to focus on reproduction, and so they are both more successful than the average of their species in terms of how many babies they have. Now, if whatever aspect of their behaviour made them start working together in the first place is inherited, the offspring of these two individuals might also work together at least some of the time. In this way, the behaviour of collaborating with members of the other species will spread through the population just like any other beneficial trait, until eventually all members of both species at least have the capacity to co-operate. For a while, individuals from these two species have options; nuts are a bigger part of their diet than before, but they still both use other sources of food. To use a more technical term, we can call them "facultatively symbiotic". Eventually though, additional changes occur that make both species more specialized on eating nuts, at the cost of their ability to eat other things. This can eventually lead to the two species becoming completely dependent on each other for survival (i.e., "obligately symbiotic"), although in reality not all symbiotic relationships progress to this point. So there's a (completely hypothetical) example of how a symbiotic relationship might develop. Besides spontaneously starting to work together though, there are other ways mutually beneficial relationships can arise. For example, it's actually quite possible for a mutualistic relationship to develop from one that is initially parasitic. Parasites are already often well-adapted to living with (or on) a specific host. If they become specialized enough, then the fitness of host and parasite can become sufficiently intertwined that the relationship evolves so that both start to receive benefits. [This article]( URL_0 ) talks about an example of this with a virus and bacterium; I'm not sure if this has also been directly shown with animal-animal relationships, but it definitely wouldn't surprise me.


Question: What is the cause of the déjà-vu feeling?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the cause of the déjà-vu feeling?

A minor glitch in your memory, after which the observation is reloaded, giving you the sensation that you've seen this before. You have seen this before, 0.06 seconds ago.


Question: How does bone marrow produce blood and how does the new blood get out of the bone itself and into the bloodstream?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does bone marrow produce blood and how does the new blood get out of the bone itself and into the bloodstream?

Bone marrow is just a special kind of tissue inside your bones. It has special stem cells in it that constantly many of the blood cells that you need to live. Blood is, itself, just like any other part of your body in a lot of ways. It is just more liquidy than most of the rest of you. Your bones themselves have blood vessels going in and out of them, just like any other organ. But these blood vessels have special properties that prevent cells that are too young from escaping.


Question: How does YouTube algorithm works??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does YouTube algorithm works??

It looks at what you like and watch, then shows you more videos and channels that you like and watch. Stuff you're subscribed or likely to subscribe to gets promoted first. They can scan the videos for stuff like Cats, Dogs, Funny, Serious, Runtime, "For Adults/Kids", or whatever else you can think of to compare one video vs the other vs your watch history. On top of that, folks can pay money to get their videos at the top of the algorithm. Both to youtube directly and to other companies that spoof views to fiddle with a particular video's algorithm directly. [Here's a video]( URL_0 ) that can help you give some insight on how to game the system. As for something more specific, that's all a very closely held trade secret that YouTube and almost every other internet company will never disclose, because it's the core of their business.


Question: Why isn’t a company like Alphabet considered a monopoly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn’t a company like Alphabet considered a monopoly?

because they aren't.... if we look at what alphabet does. there are other companies that do the same thing. google isn't the only search engine. youtube isn't the only host for videos. waymo isn't the only self driving car AI company, etc etc.


Question: Why are our eyes not affected by the saltiness in our tears as opposed to something like sea salt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are our eyes not affected by the saltiness in our tears as opposed to something like sea salt?

Simply put... Tears contains the exact same amount of salt as the rest of our body liquids. That's about 0.9 % salt. Ocean water is a lot saltier at about 3.5% salt or about 4 times more salt content. That's why ocean water stings. It is too salty.


Question: What allows the human liver to grow back when the other organs can't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What allows the human liver to grow back when the other organs can't?

[From r/askscience]( URL_0 ) TLDR: The liver is rather "simple" in its design in that it's made primarily of one type of cell, hepatocytes, while other organs are more complex.


Question: What does it mean when a country's GDP goes down x%? Is it worrisome because it's a symptom of something bad, the cause of something bad down the line, or both?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when a country's GDP goes down x%? Is it worrisome because it's a symptom of something bad, the cause of something bad down the line, or both?

It means that the amount of money that traded hands within the country went down x%. It is worrisome in some regards. If less money trades hands, it means that there is less demand for labor so unemployment will go up. The desired value of GDP growth per year is 3%. If that doesn't happen it means that the country (I just know about the US) is likely not keeping up with inflation and cannot keep up with the debt payments that it owes. I believe that there is a point that there is a point when the money owed becomes much greater than the GDP, countries will come for their debts.


Question: What is electro-static discharge (ESD), how does it work and why is it harmful to some electronic devices but generally tolerable for humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is electro-static discharge (ESD), how does it work and why is it harmful to some electronic devices but generally tolerable for humans?

ESD is just the shock you get from static electricity. You know when you shuffle your feet on the carpet while wearing socks and then touch something metal? That shock is an electrostatic discharge. ESD can have very high voltage but usually incredibly tiny current. So, it might sting a little for humans but it can cause damage to computer components that aren't expecting such high voltage. Most computer chips work on 12 volts or less but an ESD can be thousands of volts. The easiest way to avoid ESD is to simply touch a metal part of your case while the power supply is plugged in. This will ground you and remove any built up static charge. If you want to be really careful you can buy an anti-static wrist strap and connect the wire from it to something else that is grounded.


Question: why does it matter (when confirming DOB) that your license is expired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does it matter (when confirming DOB) that your license is expired?

The cheapest and easiest fake id there is, is using an older sibling's expired id when they get their new one. Your 2 years older brother who looks a damn awful lot like you isn't going to lend you his non-expired licence because he needs that one himself, but he might be chill enough to give you the most recent expired one, or you might be clever enough to filch it from the garbage. It probably shouldn't matter for people well into their 30s, but then they also stop checking ids around then anyway.


Question: How do internet speed tests actually work? I think I understand ping, but how is bandwidth measured?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do internet speed tests actually work? I think I understand ping, but how is bandwidth measured?

Ping is the time it takes to send a message from you to a server somewhere. The time it takes to send a message. Bandwidth is how much data can be transmitted per second. So you can send 1 message in just 1 second to a server. Bandwidth is *how many* messages you can send at once, basically, or *how large* can those messages be is another way of thinking about it. In reality, even large files get broken up into many smaller messages, so really bandwidth is how many messages you can send per second. Ping being how long it takes those messages to get where they are going.


Question: How do diet pills work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do diet pills work?

When your stomach is full it sends a chemical message to your brain to stop eating. The diet pills sends that same signal to your brain. Basically, you eat less and feel full.


Question: traders, how did the scam that Jordan Belfort (the real Wolf of Wall Street) ran actually operate, and why was it so successful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 traders, how did the scam that Jordan Belfort (the real Wolf of Wall Street) ran actually operate, and why was it so successful?

He ran one of the oldest kinds of stock fraud: the pump-and-dump scheme. Basically, Belfort's company Oakmont Stratton bought stocks of essentially worthless companies cheaply, then he had an army of employees call rich people and lie through their teeth to make these companies seem like very promising investments. This generate a lot of demand and drive up the price of the stocks, enabling Oakmond Stratton to sell the stocks at a huge profit.


Question: Why does a person get a runny nose while they're crying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a person get a runny nose while they're crying?

Eyes and nose are connected through nasolacrimal ducts. When you cry your body try to evacuate liquid faster and release some of it through the nose.


Question: How do you buy a house?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you buy a house?

You get pre-qualified for a mortgage first, so you have an idea how much a bank or multiple banks are willing to lend you. You get a real estate agent - who then negotiates with the sellers agent and crafts an offer do you. You usually need a deposit for the offer. Assuming the seller accepts the offer and the property passes all the conditions you put in it (inspections, deed checks etc) - your realtor can usually help you find a lawyer, home inspector etc do these - you finalize the mortgage with your bank (sometimes the bank will also send someone to appraise the property), and at a closing date you give the check for the remainder of the value (purchase price - deposit) to the lawyer who will coordinate the closing with the sellers one; sign a bunch of paperwork related to taxes and deed transfers; once this is all done, you get your keys and whatever form deed registry is kept in your jurisdiction showing that you are now the owner. This is all assuming the most general process, depending where and what you buy you might need to deal with condo/coop/HOA boards as well, and various other legal requirements depending on your regulator.


Question: Why does salt lower the freezing point of water, but raise its boiling point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does salt lower the freezing point of water, but raise its boiling point?

The impurity makes each transition (liquid to solid, liquid to gas) more difficult by messing up the water molecules' interactions.


Question: Why cars have driver seat on the side of the vehicle and not in the middle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why cars have driver seat on the side of the vehicle and not in the middle?

Lane visibility, by having the drivers seat, and steering wheel on the side closest to the middle of the toad it gives the driver the best visibility of the road ahead. It’s also more of an effort to get in and out of a car if the drivers seat is central.


Question: How can it be “too cold to snow” when it snows on top of mountains and in countries with much colder climates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can it be “too cold to snow” when it snows on top of mountains and in countries with much colder climates?

They mean that the humidity is too low relative to the temperature for snow to occur Not enough water in the air to snow Cold air holds less water so it being to cold to snow is more about cold and dry conditions. Furthermore many colder climates such as the tops of mountains and the artic are snowy because the snow almost never melts but because the air there is dry they also don't recieve that much snow.


Question: why are certain products designed so differently in different markets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are certain products designed so differently in different markets?

Some of it is market preferences, which may simply have been set way back when products were first introduced decades ago. Could also do with things like what surfaces get cleaned most — Americans have more carpeting on floors while I think European homes use vacuums on hard floors, drapes, etc. Trucks are a combination of road/space constraints, various safety and fuel economy regulations.


Question: When someone says burn fat, how does that fat leave the body and in what form?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When someone says burn fat, how does that fat leave the body and in what form?

We breathe it out. When our bodies burn fat, the fat cells are broken down to get energy, leaving carbon dioxide as the waste, which is then sent through your blood into your lungs, where you breathe it out. (Some of it also becomes water which you sweat or pee out.)


Question: What are the pros and cons of refinancing a mortgage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the pros and cons of refinancing a mortgage?

I am a mortgage loan underwriter. I can tell you that many lenders will often waive some fees if you contact them about refinancing the loan you have with them. They'd rather waive some upfront fees instead of having the loan go to another lender. With that said, there is a "break-even" point where the amount you are saving in monthly payments "pays for" the fees/costs you pay to refinance. That break-even point varies based on how much you pay in fees and how much lower your new payment is than the current payment. Another benefit could be getting cash out to pay off some other debts (credit cards, etc) or do some home improvements. Lastly, if your current loan has mortgage insurance, a refinance may be able to eliminate the MI if the new appraisal shows you are now at or below 80% Loan to Value.


Question: Why do almost all consumer PCs aside from Macs come preloaded with Windows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do almost all consumer PCs aside from Macs come preloaded with Windows?

A long time ago they were all sorts of different operating systems that were tied to specific hardware. You could get a Commodore, an Atari, a Tandy, or an Apple. IBM suddenly decided to get in on the game too. But instead of creating everything fresh they pulled together whatever parts they could to make their system. They made a deal with Microsoft who created PC DOS for the IBM and could freely put on any of their own computers. other companies started putting computers together at work just like the IBM computer. They got similar parts and what they couldn't buy off the shelf they reverse engineered and created clones of. Microsoft so they're soft where to go in all these clones. There were other operating systems too, but none of them succeeded. Microsoft connection to IBM and their business practices basically starved every other competitor out of the market. If they had not rescued Apple then Microsoft would have been the only major player. During all this, Steve Jobs left apple and created the Next computer just based off of Unix a separate operating system. It was not successful as a business, but that is where Mac OS X comes from. The Unix operating system has a whole bunch of different variants and similar systems like Linux available that you can put on systems just like you can Microsoft operating system they grew out of the same hardware environment. These days you'll see ChromeOS and Android coming on computers.


Question: How are we able to create images in our minds that aren't there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to create images in our minds that aren't there?

The things you see aren't "there" either. Images are ideas, and ideas are a mental constructs. Vision doesn't "process" images into some form you can think about. Rather ideas are recognized in the sensory signals. Only ideas are "really there" in your mind.


Question: How does Raid bug spray work? How does it kill bugs but doesn't affect people, pets or plants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Raid bug spray work? How does it kill bugs but doesn't affect people, pets or plants?

Raid is a nerve gas for bugs. It makes the kinds of nerves bug have stop working properly. They do this by getting stuck in the nerve cells bugs have. Human nerve cells are different enough that the chemicals don't get stuck in human nerve cells nearly as badly. Humans are also a lot bigger than bugs, so what is a tiny dose to us is a massive dose to the bugs. But given enough of the stuff, you could hurt a human really badly or even kill them.


Question: why does pressure on the outside of your head relieve headaches?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does pressure on the outside of your head relieve headaches?

Nerves are like an internet connection. Pain & pressure signals use the same network. In your case, both sensors are uploading data to your brain at the same time, so instead of 25Mo/s of pure pain, you get 12,5 Mo/s of pressure, same for pain. It could be useful in ancient times, as applying pressure to an open wound could help limit blood loss, but in your case, it's just a mind trick.


Question: Why is Gain Staging used in Electronic Dance Music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Gain Staging used in Electronic Dance Music?

Gain staging is a fundamental part of every type of audio recording and playback. Basically, imagine your audio signal is water through a hose. Next, imagine there is a spigot (gain control) every 50 feet, and you can’t turn them up too much or the hose will leak and lose “signal”. When a preamp or amp is overdriven, fidelity is lost. The idea is to use each component within its specifications in order to get the cleanest audio, or to use distortion to your advantage through types of clipping and distortion that are pleasing to the ear, such as harmonic distortion achieved with tube amps.


Question: Where does the amputated body parts go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the amputated body parts go?

They are considered biomedical waste. A hospital might have on-site facilities to deal with them, or contract with a third party to take them off-site. Usually they're incinerated, in the end.


Question: what is the difference between stereo sound, Dolby sound, and all the other types of sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between stereo sound, Dolby sound, and all the other types of sound?

Mono (1) - the sound comes from all the speakers and sound the same. Stereo (2) - Two different sounds played on two (or more) speakers. Stereo w/ bass (2.1) - Same as stereo, but there's a rumbly box making shaky noises. Dolby Surround Sound - Dolby's version of many sounds coming from many directions. (5.1 - 5 speakers and a rumbly box, 7.1 - 7 speakers and rumbly box.


Question: What exactly is a voice crack?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a voice crack?

When you speak, air travels between two thin folds of flesh in your throat called the vocal folds. When brought together, the air passing between them causes them to vibrate against each other and thereby produce sound like a reed. If something goes wrong, the folds don’t come together at the right time or you slacken a little bit involuntarily, they can flop around a little. That would be a voice crack. They happen most often during puberty because at that age the larynx (voice box) grows rapidly. Speaking and singing are exercises in muscular coordination, and if your body is not subconsciously used to the size of the instrument it’s dealing with there will be more little flubs.


Question: If we exhale carbon dioxide and inhale oxygen, why would mouth to mouth resuscitation be effective for a person who is not breathing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we exhale carbon dioxide and inhale oxygen, why would mouth to mouth resuscitation be effective for a person who is not breathing?

From what I understand, Every time you breath in, your lungs only absorb 5% of the oxygen you inhale. So when you breathe into someone elses lungs you're exhaling a good ammount of oxygen. However, mouth to mouth isn't really the current form of ressusitation anymore. If you find someone unconscious, you should immediately start compressions instead of mouth to mouth. This is because the unconscious person already has enough oxygen in their blood but its not really going anywhere. By compressing their chest you help their heart pump the oxygenated blood and get stuff moving. Edit* breathe


Question: What is Artificial neural networking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Artificial neural networking?

Neural networks are a software based problem solving tool that are inspired from how the brain works. Brains are made of neurons, which are connected to each other to send electrical signals. Each neuron makes a small change to the signal before passing it on and somehow eventually the signal becomes the answer. Neural networks are like that. They are made by arranging a large numbers of really small programs in a network. Each small programs can only change the answer it got from another small programs in a tiny way. So you start with a lot of presolved question answer pairs. Things like (2,2 =4), (1,4=5)....etc. and now you make the tiny programs modify what they will do to their answers again and again millions of times until you start getting the right answer. This is called the 'training' stage. If all goes well, the network of small programs will end up such that even when you give it a question it never saw before (1,3?) , It will come up with the right answer (4). The neural network has *learnt* addition. Even though you didn't exactly tell it to add, whatever the tiny programs have ended up doing, the net result is that they do addition. This becomes really useful for complex problems when we have only question answer pairs but have no idea how the answers are derived from the questions. Like how the temperature and wind are related to storms. Neural networks pick up patterns in such problems (even if we don't see them) and give us the right answer.


Question: What makes us feel embarrassed, like biologically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes us feel embarrassed, like biologically?

This is a really complicated question without a lot of good answers. What we do know is that embarrassment is mainly mediated by a brain structure called the 'pregenual anterior cingulate cortex', which is a small part of a brain system called the limbic system, which deals with processing emotions and factoring them into motivation and behavior. Essentially what will happen is your brain will check all of its current inputs (vision, touch, smell, etc.) against your memories. Based on these memories your brain will decide how your behavior should be modulated and the appropriate emotion to make that happen. Embarrassment is essentially saying 'hey, in your past this situation has been detrimental to our or other people's social standing or relationships.' Your cingulate cortex would then take that information and feed it to (via other structures) your prefrontal cortex (which is where decisions will be made), and your parasympathetic/sympathetic nervous systems (which are responsible for the fight/flight vs. rest/digest states of your body). This essentially primes you to make a decision based on this emotional response, and prepares your body to carry out that decision. Disclaimer: I'm not an expert here, just an undergraduate neuroscience major, and this is a mega oversimplification about something we really don't understand perfectly. If anyone has any additions or corrections please go ahead.


Question: Why dont humans sleep during the day, and stay up at night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why dont humans sleep during the day, and stay up at night?

Day time is safer than night time when you're a cave man surviving on the African plains. Big predators tend to hunt at night so it's safer to be hidden away and sleeping.


Question: Magnetic pole flip? What happens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Magnetic pole flip? What happens?

The reversal of the Earth's magnetic field is a recurring phenomenon in Earth's geological history, the magnetic north pole moving to the geographic south pole, and vice versa. It is the result of a disturbance of the stability of the core of the Earth. The magnetic field then panics for a short period (1000 to 10,000 years) during which the magnetic poles move rapidly over the entire surface of the globe, or disappear, depending on the theories. & #x200B; During this transition, the magnetic field is very weak and the surface of the planet can be exposed to the solar wind, potentially dangerous for living organisms. If this were to happen today, many technologies using the magnetic field could also be affected. & #x200B; At the end of this transition period, either the magnetic poles return to their initial positions, it is then only a matter of a geomagnetic excursion, or they permute and one then speaks of inversion. & #x200B; The earth's field has reversed about 300 times in the past 200 million years. The last reversal was 780,000 years ago and the last excursion 33,000 years ago, no one knows when the next will happen.


Question: If we can have physician assisted suicides, why are there sometimes major malfunctions when administering the 'death penalty'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we can have physician assisted suicides, why are there sometimes major malfunctions when administering the 'death penalty'?

Physician assistant suicide is often phenobarbital, something people would OD on back in the day. One single drug, gently knocks you out and kills you without any dramatic stuff. It basically amps up the brain receptor that says "chill out neuron" so your whole brain chills out, till it knocks you out, and your respiratory drive chills out too and you die. Death penalty, that doesn't use such a method. There's a cocktail of 3 drugs, one to knock you out, then one that relaxes your muscles, then one to stop your heart. Since your heart is a muscle, the anti-heart drug also messes with your muscles so they can very dramatically spasm if the anti-muscle drug didn't work right. This is also complicated by many pharma companies refusing to provide the drug for moral reasons. Or the electric chair, which also doesn't always work. Or hanging, which can be ugly. Death penalty uses more complicated and less reliable methods, physician assisted uses simpler and more reliable methods.


Question: Why do schools force students to specifically use a No. 2 Pencil as a writing utensil when taking exams?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do schools force students to specifically use a No. 2 Pencil as a writing utensil when taking exams?

There used to be a Scantron machine that would check the bubbles automatically. Needed to be dark enough for it to work. Not as important anymore, but I'm sure popular in some schools


Question: Why do some things burn while other things melt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some things burn while other things melt?

Melting is a state change in the absence of chemical reaction. In brief, heat up a solid enough and it will become a liquid, and heat it up more and it will become a gas. However, this means that the material isn't exposed to anything else that can cause a chemical reaction. That "anything else" is, most of the time, oxygen. Atmospheric oxygen is very volatile and molecules of it can be broken down for more energy. You know how you'll often see oxygen written as O2? That's because the oxygen in the air is made of two oxygen atoms bonded together, and it's because of this bond that it can break apart, release energy, and then the atoms combine with other nearby materials to make new materials. That's the chemical reaction. So, if you heat up the material, and it's the sort of thing that oxygen can bind to, then you get a chain reaction where the oxygen molecule breaks apart, binds to the heated material, releases that energy in the form of more heat, so more oxygen breaks apart and binds, and so on, which is how things burn. When you're heating ice, it's never hot enough to get the oxygen to do its thing and the ice just melts. When you're heating iron, the oxygen can't really bind all that well to the iron in that case, and the iron melts. You might see some burning of material on or around the iron as it melts, but not the iron itself. When you're heating wood, the oxygen can bind to the wood, breaking down the cellulose and other components of wood and make ash, releasing its extra energy in the process, and the wood burns. This is also why things don't normally burn underwater, too; there isn't enough free oxygen to keep a chain reaction going. However, as you can tell by boiling food, those chemical reactions can still occur with its own materials, transforming raw food into cooked food. Incidentally, this property of oxygen is why breathing is important, too. We use this break-apart-for-energy technique to stay alive, in a whole bunch of other, different chemical reactions.


Question: Why does drinking carbonated drinks worsen the effect of spicy food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does drinking carbonated drinks worsen the effect of spicy food?

It seems this has been studied more thoroughly than I had imagined. You see, capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili, activates these receptor proteins, which sense painful heat. As you can imagine, this fools your brain into perceiving it as heat, often painful heat. CO2 in soda has an effect on acidity, given that we have the bicarbonate buffer (don't want to get too complex, but simple Le Chatelier's principle says you can push a chemical reaction forward or pull it back by changing levels of reactants or products, and by this, adding CO2 shifts the reaction leading to a dip in pH, acidity). This acidity can be sensed also by nociceptive (pain) receptors, but not TRPV1, it activates TRPA1. So it doesn't compound on the effect of capsaicin at the molecular level, but it does so at the cellular/neuronal or perceptive level. So chili is giving you mild pain, then carbonation gives you some more pain, making you feel it got worse. I can cite some papers but there's a lot of them, just Google "carbonation and TRPA1" and pubmed will have plenty to offer. Edit: Added a word Actually this is a nice review: URL_0 Guy even mentions a Facebook page talking about combing soda with chili. But he says we don't have evidence for an interaction but they both are agonists (activators) of TRP receptors. So I suppose we can't be sure why they feel worse together but it sounds plausible they do interact judging from their mechanisms (we just don't know at what level like molecule, taste bud, neuron, or higher brain processing/gustatory cortex). Edit: apologies to everybody for bending rule 4, but thankfully others have provided good simpler versions of the explanations.


Question: Why does the washing machine take twice as long with hot water then cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the washing machine take twice as long with hot water then cold?

You could have a clogged screen on the inlet of your hot water line to your washing machine. It's an easy thing to check and fix. Turn off the water feed and disconnect the hose at the washer. Look inside the washer inlet for a screen just inside it. Gently clean the screen off with some spray cleaner and a coton swab. Reassemble the hose and washer and turn the water back on. Source; I've had to do this a couple of times on my machine over the years. It greatly improves the water flow.


Question: How do companies like "Publisher's Clearing House" and the like make money off of there contests like "Win $5,000 a week for LIFE!"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies like "Publisher's Clearing House" and the like make money off of there contests like "Win $5,000 a week for LIFE!"?

Its not actually that much money. They're giving a single person $260k/year. Publishers Clearing House is a marketing agency that pulls in over $800M/year. If they set $8.6M/year aside it'll pay that winner the $5k/week that they've won for the rest of their life. Its also great marketing that gets them lots of attention and is certainly worth $260k/year


Question: Why is drinking alcohol common in some Buddhist countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is drinking alcohol common in some Buddhist countries?

The historical evidence of humankind's inconsistency between the tenets of their religion and their actions are many. I believe current archeological evidence suggests that humans were imbibing in alcohol FAR BEFORE the advent of any modern religion. So it might be better to ask - why does religion try to forbid customs and practices that predate it by thousands of years? Religions tend to be (not always) based on myth based teachings. Human activity is "real" and objectively happening. So why elevate the mystical above the actual?


Question: Given that x-rays have more energy than visible light and radiowaves have less energy than visible light, how come visible light can't penetrate walls but x-rays and radiowaves can?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Given that x-rays have more energy than visible light and radiowaves have less energy than visible light, how come visible light can't penetrate walls but x-rays and radiowaves can?

This is my understanding (from my sibling who has a physics degree. So, fair warning, I may bring misunderstanding or misexplaining what I was told.) Transparency isn't about a wave being strong enough or fast enough to get through a material. It's more like having the right shape to fit through a space then it is like powering through a barrier. Imagine a hole that looks like a capital B. A capital P could fit in that hole, and go through to the other side. A lowercase b could do the same. But neither a capital S nor a lower case s would fit. Different materials are like different shaped holes, and different wavelengths are like the different letters trying to fit through them. It's not about the speed or the energy (even if shape is related to speed and energy) it's about whether a particular speed or energy fits the particular shape.


Question: When two people are talking at the same time, ears can detect the separate voices. Why can't microphones/speakers do the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When two people are talking at the same time, ears can detect the separate voices. Why can't microphones/speakers do the same?

You have the most complex device in the known universe in your head, and a large portion of it is tasked with deciphering human speech. A microphone just picks up ambient noise and converts it to an electric signal. There’s really no comparison. Your brain is a biological supercomputer that can dedicate enormous processing power to signal analysis. You can write software to try and pick apart the two voices and isolate the two signals, but doing it in real time requires a lot of processing power.


Question: Do window screens reduce airflow by way more then just having an open window?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do window screens reduce airflow by way more then just having an open window?

This depends a lot on the screen. Not only the effective open area (holes area minus screen material area), but even the shape and material of the threads and format of the holes will change the airflow through it. [This research]( URL_0 ) mentions that screens with porosities from 25% to 53% reduced airflow from 77% to 16%.