Question: How do we do things without consciously being aware we are doing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we do things without consciously being aware we are doing it?

A neuroscience answer: your cerebral cortex and thalamus simply work together to filter these things out. Your thalamus is a relay center for inputs, i.e. it decides what is important enough to be sent to the cerebral cortex for higher processing. When you initiate an action, obviously these inputs are important, but your neurons adapt, and eventually your thalamus "decides" to simply not let the cerebral cortex know, and other connections in the brain do the processing without conscious awareness.


Question: if humans know stuff by instinct I.e. babies sucking a teet for milk, why can't more information be given to us in this way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if humans know stuff by instinct I.e. babies sucking a teet for milk, why can't more information be given to us in this way?

Because it’s not essential for survival and/or too complex. Instinctive behaviors have a survival value; babies who didn’t have suck reflex didn’t survive. They are not behaviors that are transmitted by an external action (I.e. a mother can’t wish for her baby to be born with knowledge of Pythagoras’ theorem) but behaviors that have developed spontaneously and enabled survival of the individual/species.


Question: How is this not the answer to 1 divided by infinity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is this not the answer to 1 divided by infinity?

> ELI5: How is this not the answer to 1 divided by infinity? In traditional mathematics, infinity isn't a number you can perform normal arithmetic operations with and 0.00...001 isn't an actual number.


Question: Is DNA in human sperm altered throughout adulthood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is DNA in human sperm altered throughout adulthood?

The testicles produce sperm constantly, every day, every minute. And those vary in their capability. The healthy ones are good swimmers, the damaged sperms are bad swimmers. For natural impregnation sperms have to reach the egg through swimming there (after sex). And the distance is significant. So just through this distance, healthier sperm cells are more likely to arrive first at the egg and get to connect with it than sperm with damaged DNA. Nevertheless does it seem, that age, caffeine, warmth and probably a whole lot of other substances decrease the numbers of "healthy" sperm cells and increase the number of damaged sperm cells. Newer research suggest apparently, that not only the genetic damages are responsibel for some health issues of the offspring, but also something called "epigenetic" information. Latter is information about the DNA (more or less, I'm not an expert). This information is used for example to determine, where the DNA came from. Almost every cell in your body can distinguish between the halves of your DNA. The one half you got from your mother and the other half you got from the mother.


Question: How does heat change or affect the way food tastes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does heat change or affect the way food tastes?

In a lot of different ways. Here are a few. The first is that heat changes the state of the chemicals in the food, usually from solid to liquid . Liquids convey more flavour than solids do, so a little bit of solid fat that has been heated and "rendered" into liquid will make the flavour stronger because it's a lot better at conveying it to your tongue. Heat also causes some of the water or light oils in the food to vaporize, and causes the food to smell when cooking. Scent is a BIG part of flavour - just drive by a good steakhouse and catch the smoky tang of a cut of meat being broiled, or catch a cold and notice how flavourless stuff is because you can't smell it. That vapour adds to the flavor. It changes its structure too. Heat can cause cell structures to burst, so that hard rigid broccoli or asparagus stalk that has been steamed is a lot more tender and will give you a lot stronger flavour when you eat it. And of course there are chemical changes. Starch "caramelizes" into sugar, and takes on a sweet flavour when heated. The char on a steak really changes its flavour. Cooked garlic loses most of its pungency. Eggs "whites" go from clear liquid to white solid as their proteins lock in when they're cooked. All of these chemical changes transmit different flavors to you.


Question: How would giving $1000 to every citizen affect the economy? Would the cost of everything just increase?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How would giving $1000 to every citizen affect the economy? Would the cost of everything just increase?

does everything increase when you get a tax rebate?


Question: Why do certain songs induce euphoria?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain songs induce euphoria?

Interesting question.. In recent years, scientific studies have confirmed the connection between music and mood. Some studies have found that listening to music you enjoy may increase the release of pleasure-causing substances in the brain like norepinephrine, dopamine and melatonin. It may also decrease stress-causing hormone production in the body.


Question: If Amazon and similar corporates haven't turned profitable, then how are they paying their shareholders/investors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Amazon and similar corporates haven't turned profitable, then how are they paying their shareholders/investors?

First, shareholders/investors are more interested in share values than profitability or dividends. For example, let's say I've bought an Amazon share at $200, and now it costs $1000. That is $800 I've made on this investment. The dividends, on the other hand, would probably be around $5 a year in THE BEST case scenario - in other words, quite negligible compared to how much I've made on the investment. And Amazon actually doesn't pay out dividends for this exact reason - the investors want to see company valuation growth (and respectively share value growth) a lot more than the dividend payouts. Additionally, a lot of these companies are not profitable because all the potential "profit" goes into expanding the current business and acquiring new businesses. To give another example, let's say I've made $100 this year in revenue. The expenses were $50, and I borrowed an extra $10 to invest $60 into a new business. So technically I didn't make a profit (even though I easily could) because all my money went into growing and expanding my current business.


Question: Why are wee tomatoes so angry, firing seeds down your arm when you bite into them, but the big ones so laid back about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are wee tomatoes so angry, firing seeds down your arm when you bite into them, but the big ones so laid back about it?

This is true for the same reason small dogs are more aggressive than large dogs. The small tomatoes feel they have more to prove due to an inferiority complex.


Question: Why is beef so much greasier than chicken?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is beef so much greasier than chicken?

The difference is always related to the fat content. The fat content with animals, is similar to humans. Some have more fat then others. Some cows are raised in such a way that they have lots of fat evenly spread throughout their tissue. Most don't. It's also quite possible to get lean beef that is less greasy than say, a chicken leg.


Question: Why does pouring hot water sound different from pouring room-temperature/cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pouring hot water sound different from pouring room-temperature/cold water?

"This is because the viscosity of water will go down as temperature increases. As you heat water, it will have more energy and its molecules will be less likely to stick together. Less sticking together results in smaller particles and less force per impact applied to the surface being poured onto." - /u/absurdlyastute URL_0


Question: what are peptides in skin care and what do they do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are peptides in skin care and what do they do?

They are amino acids that can penetrate skin easily and send signals to the brain that the cells require proteins to do their job more effectively. For example: Peptide: "Hey! We need more collagen!" Brain: "k"


Question: I was born in the UK in the early 90s, why aren't I allowed to donate blood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I was born in the UK in the early 90s, why aren't I allowed to donate blood?

They’re worried that you might be carrying Mad Cow disease. The UK had an outbreak during the period you were born and because the disease can have little to no side effects for years it’s still a slight risk. Edit: Also, generally speaking blood banks are very conservative about the blood they except. If they have even a slight suspicion that you might have a particular disease, then they’ll reject your blood.


Question: Why is plastic such a good insulator on windows in the winter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is plastic such a good insulator on windows in the winter?

The plastic itself is a pretty weak insulator. It's actually the *trapped air gap* that acts as the insulator. Air's a good insulator if you don't let it move around. For example in a down jacket, it's actually the tiny bits of air *between* the down feathers that insulate so well.


Question: What is this feeling where you feel everything around you almost inflating like a balloon and becoming dense?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is this feeling where you feel everything around you almost inflating like a balloon and becoming dense?

This might be related to [Alice in wonderland syndrome]( URL_0 ) and the related hallucination called "lilliputian hallucinations" (have you ever had your eyes closed and felt like your body was expanding and retracting infinitely?). usually happens in bed due to lack to sleep in an otherwise healthy, sober person.


Question: How does blood get into bones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does blood get into bones?

Under a microscope, your bone is a hollow lattice like structure. There are all sorts of spaces between the tiny archways of calcium for cells and small vessels to be. The guy who designed the Eiffel Tower actually drew inspiration from a human femur bone under magnification. So yes there are blood vessels that run into and out of your bones. They aren't nearly as big as the ones that run to your muscles however.


Question: Why do electrons not get sucked into the nucleus of the atom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do electrons not get sucked into the nucleus of the atom?

Fundamentally, the electron is not a particle that circles the nucleus in a particular path. It’s a quantum object that’s ‘smeared’ across a region of space around the nucleus. By nature, it tries to resist being confined to a small specific location, which it would need to do to fall into the nucleus. “The electron orbits the nucleus” is an introductory metaphor useful for teaching the initial concept of the atom to children, but you can’t carry it very far before it breaks down, due to the profound weirdness of Quantum Mechanics.


Question: Why do humans have so much variety in the way we look?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans have so much variety in the way we look?

All animals have variety in how they look, it's just more apparent in humans because you're used to looking for certain features to distinguish between them. That's also why some folks say everyone of a certain race looks the same, or they can't tell them apart: because they're not used to looking for the specific features that distinguish people from one another.


Question: How did Hitler convince Germany to go along with genocide?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Hitler convince Germany to go along with genocide?

It wasnt a single large action it was a serious of smaller actions that on their own fostered no opposition. First it would be something innocuous like having Jews register with the government. Then something a little farther but not necessarily frighting like forcing Jews to wear a star signifying that they where Jewish. Then you come in and say that the Jews are causing the housing market to fail so you prevent anyone registered as a jew from buying property, but you also set up cities for them to live in. Then you step up police action around the new formed ghettos to frame them as lawless. Slowly but surely you foster the idea the Jews are outsiders that dont belong with the German Populace.


Question: What happens to unsold cars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to unsold cars?

They get sold eventually, at a discount. If you look on sites like autotrader, you can find quite a few left over 2018s or 2017s that have been sitting on dealer lots for a while, usually with pretty good discounts. If manufacturers are sitting on a larger number of unsold cars, they will often work out a deal with large fleet operators (like rental companies) to sell them for much lower prices.


Question: Why does a biscuit appear darker when it's dipped in milk or tea?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a biscuit appear darker when it's dipped in milk or tea?

The liquid in the dipped part creates a layer inside which incident light bounces around. This reduces the amount of incident light that is reflected back to you, resulting in a darker appearance. Note: Also works for paper, fabric, and other non-biscuit surfaces


Question: Why and how are paradoxical statements expressed mathematically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and how are paradoxical statements expressed mathematically?

Paradoxical statements are frequently used when trying to prove that some mathematical fact must be true. In order to prove something must be true mathematicians assume the opposite is true. If the opposite of what you want to prove somehow leads to a paradox that means logically the thing you tried to prove must be true. This kind of proof is called a proof by contradiction. Basically if you show that the opposite of what you believe leads to paradoxes the thing you want to show is true must be true.


Question: Why do playing cards have complex patterns on their back? Wouldn't it be much easier to prevent cheating and marked cards if they were plain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do playing cards have complex patterns on their back? Wouldn't it be much easier to prevent cheating and marked cards if they were plain?

There are a bunch of types of cards. Most casino cards are actually quite basic. They have crossing lines across the backs. Look up Bee cards for reference. The cards with complex patterns are either used for magic or just home games where cheating and marked cards don't exist really. Magicians use them because they look more interesting and intriguing than plain ones. Bicycle standards are a very good option and a standard for a lot of magicians


Question: Please explain how ads on social media work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Please explain how ads on social media work?

Even if you never do, some people will. Data collection is kind of like casting a net. Even if they *”miss”* you, they’ll “*catch*” a whole lotta others. So long as there’s a net profit to be made, data collection and targeted ads will continue. I’m guilty of clicking on a social media ad once or twice. Never bought anything but I did give the company some traffic. I have friends who buy stuff they see in ads all the time. I’m sure there are millions who do. Those of us clicking on ads more than make up for those of us who don’t


Question: what's the difference between triple A games and other types of games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the difference between triple A games and other types of games?

It's not a purely technical definition - the definition will vary from person to person and from context. Generally a triple A game is one that receives a large amount funding, normally from a major publisher, which is often visible in the number and quality of assets in the game. This doesn't necessarily mean the game is good (a major criticism of AAA games is that because they can't take risks with that much money on the line so they are cookie cutter games - identical sequel after sequel), just that the visual and audio components that is uses are pretty and plentiful. Think of AAA games like blockbuster movies. You can *see* the money spent on the screen in the form of big scenes, impressive CGI and lots of explosions.


Question: how we can see back to the big bang?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how we can see back to the big bang?

The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is everywhere. That's why we can detect it. And it's everywhere because the "Big Bang" happened everywhere. It wasn't that the big bang originated from some point that expanded outwards, but that every point in the universe as infinitely dense, and every point started expanding away from every other point. As it did so, the radiation from this time period cooled and spread out until it became the background radiation we detect today, which is everywhere.


Question: why are random and prime numbers so important in cryptography?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are random and prime numbers so important in cryptography?

Ok so currently one of the best encryption mechanism relies on the fact that if I give you a really really big number, you can't tell me what the factors are in a timely manner. If I multiply 2 prime numbers, ideally big ones, I get a really really big number that only has 2 factors, the initial 2 primes. I give the really big one to everyone so they can encrypt their messages with it. Then technically only me can decrypt the message because I know which 2 primes I used to make the really big number. Primes are important because they have no factors (beside 1 and themselves). If I used a number with tons of factors then it would be much easier for malicious people to find weak spots in my encryption. As for random numbers. Sometimes if you give me a really long list of numbers generated by a given algorithm I'd be able to find what's the next one. That can be used in a lot of exploits.


Question: How does a turntable needle made of diamond get "worn" by moving through the comparatively soft grooves of a vinyl record?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a turntable needle made of diamond get "worn" by moving through the comparatively soft grooves of a vinyl record?

The diamond tip is rounded and smooth, so it cannot scratch or cut anything. The record is soft and relatively stretchy, so it actually more or less expands around the diamond tip (within a limit). A bad tip or too much pressure can cause this to stretch too far, damaging the record. Anyway, bits of dust or grit can get into the record, which causes friction against the diamond tip. In some cases, parts of the diamond itself can then come off and sit in the groove of the record, causing diamond on diamond rubbing. Diamonds and other crystalline structures are only "super hard" when they're aligned the right way and cut according to that alignment. The diamond isn't cut that way for the record player, making it durable but not destructively hard.


Question: What is the difference between income and revenue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between income and revenue?

Revenue is the money a company takes in from selling their goods or services. Income is the money left after paying the business' expenses... things like rent, employee salary, cost of the wholesale goods or raw materials, marketing expenses, office supplies, and such. Let's say you run a lemonade stand and sell 100 cups at $1 each. Your revenue is $100. But you spent $40 on lemons and sugar. And $10 on cups. Your parents are charging you $10 to borrow a table and set up on their driveway. And you promised to pay your brother 10 cents a cup to help ($10). So your expenses were $70. This means you income from your lemonade stand was $30.


Question: If the universe tends towards disorder (entropy), how do things self organize?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the universe tends towards disorder (entropy), how do things self organize?

They use energy to organize themselves, and that converts the energy from kinetic, chemical, electrical, or any other into thermal. The overall energy is being disorganized even if in the process one part is more organized. Scientists predict that eventually everything will be so spread out that nothing can move the energy around. This is often called the heat death of the universe.


Question: Is there any scientific reason why the US's shuttle launches were about as far East as they can possibly manage on their home soil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there any scientific reason why the US's shuttle launches were about as far East as they can possibly manage on their home soil?

Yes. In order to get into orbit, you have to go really really fast horizontally so that the rate at which you fall matches the earth's curvature. Being in orbit is just falling, but missing the ground. You as a person standing on the ground are already going really really fast in a west-to-east direction thanks to the earth's rotation. When you launch in a rocket, you carry this speed with you. This makes it easier to get into orbit if you go in a west-to-east direction. If you go east-to-west, you have to accelerate against the direction you are already going in. Since you have to launch over an ocean so your falling booster rockets don't land on people, it's better to launch on the east coast. BONUS FACT: Since the Earth rotates faster closer to the equator, it's also easier to get into orbit by launching further south. Hence why rockets launch out of Florida, and not Maine. However, if you want to do an orbit north-to-south around the poles, you have to de-accelerate against the speed from the earth's rotation. This makes it best to launch as close to the poles as possible. This is why rocket launch facilities are currently being built in New Zealand, Nova Scotia, Alaska, South Africa and the Shetland Islands.


Question: How do drivers get money during insurance fraud? Why do you get money for someone crashing into you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do drivers get money during insurance fraud? Why do you get money for someone crashing into you?

The accident itself is just part of the insurance fraud. After the accident the parties will put forth their claim for damages. If they are able to claim more damages then were actually done then they will get more money then they spend. Either by artificially inflating the value of the damaged property or by claiming expenses that never took place. For example if someone accidentally backed into a post and damaged their car but did not have insurance for it they could be tempted to get someone else to crash into them from the rear so their insurance pays for the repairs. They might also start medical treatment and unemployment which allows them to claim the cost of the entire treatment and unemployment period only to cut the treatment short when they receive the money and rather go back to work.


Question: What makes a scientific study a good one? what are the best practices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a scientific study a good one? what are the best practices?

It's almost impossible to tell if a study is flawed, unless you are an expert in the topic. Instead you could see if the results have been replicated by other people. By the time you see 3-5 papers published that confirm a result, that's pretty good evidence that the study is true. It's also **super important** to read the actual scientific study, even though it might be really hard to decode, because the "science news coverage" is likely to be wildly different than the actual paper that was published.


Question: In thermae of ancient Rome, how were they able to cool water and keep it cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In thermae of ancient Rome, how were they able to cool water and keep it cold?

How cold did they need it to be? Water from pipes underground will generally be 60°F (15°C) or less, and that's plenty cold for a cold bath.


Question: Why are shorter objects harder to bend than longer objects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are shorter objects harder to bend than longer objects?

Because of turning effect. Turning effect is calculated by multiplying the distance you are from the point of rotation of a lever (in this case the point at which the thing bends) and the force you apply. This means a long object has more turning effect for the same amount of force applied.


Question: How does your stomach know when there's something in it that will make you sick, and triggers puking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your stomach know when there's something in it that will make you sick, and triggers puking?

It does not. This is why the body uses other things to find out if it have eaten something it should not have. And more often then not it is wrong. For example a lot of toxins will start effecting your nervous system first so if for example your balance organ and eyes can not agree on what is level one of them is likely wrong due to a neurotoxin which you have eaten so the body vomits to prevent further toxins. But it can also be that you discover that the food you eat is bad, maybe it tastes bad or you see something near the food that you think is bad for you. And thirdly if others around you starts vomiting you will immediately want to vomit yourself as you were likely eating the same thing.


Question: Does the magnitude of the temperature difference on each side of a cold/warm front determine the intensity of the storms that follow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the magnitude of the temperature difference on each side of a cold/warm front determine the intensity of the storms that follow?

Temperature differential, as you’re describing it, plays a huge role in the formation of thunderstorms. Electrical charge comes from that differential and causes lightning. Warm air masses rise and cool ones drop so where they meet there’s gonna be a convection so winds will be strong, gusty, and swirl from many directions. And certainly the two areas will have different air pressure and whatever moisture is riding along in the low pressure will get ‘squeezed’ out when the high pressure mixes in, lowering the overall capacity for the air mass to carry water and causing rain, the bigger the pressure difference the more rain will fall (depending of course on available moisture, if it’s not up there it can’t fall). So the answer is YES.


Question: How do 'Probiotics' in foods affect humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do 'Probiotics' in foods affect humans?

Covering every surface on the outside of our bodies, and on the inside of the digestive tract, are bacteria. Most of them are totally harmless. We need them to survive and be healthy. They help break down complex molecules that our bodies can't, and synthesize vitamins such as vitamin K that we can use. They also, by their presence, block new bacteria that could be dangerous from taking up residence in us. Probiotics, such as yogurt, are foods with live harmless bacteria in them. If you eat probiotics while taking antibiotics (which kill bacteria), the probiotics will help repopulate your digestive tract. [Research indicates]( URL_0 ) that taking probiotics when you're already healthy doesn't do much for you. You're already full of bacteria, making it difficult for the new bacteria in the probiotic to take hold.


Question: What is it about Johnson & Johnson's baby powder that could cause ovarian cancer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is it about Johnson & Johnson's baby powder that could cause ovarian cancer?

Scientist here. The science behind this talc powder cancer claim is somewhat nebulous. A long time ago, talc contained some asbestos. Asbestos is bad because it causes cancer. If talc is highly refined in modern facilities, it *should* contain no asbestos. There have been a few articles that show a minimal correlation but essentially the numbers simply don't really show much either way. IIRC, one of the claims is that J & J did not mark their product "For External Use Only". Talc is fine for external use, but you should not inhale, eat, breathe, or insert it. Some people use talc too much, and put it too close to their body openings where it could potentially go inside. It's bad to put anything inside your body that doesn't really belong. Even if the talc powder used is pure talc and doesn't have any asbestos, it could be an irritant to the special skin inside your body (epithelium). That's because under a microscope, talc is made of very sharp crystals of rock. The jury is still out if this causes cancer or not. That said, it's probably best to avoid it and not put it inside your body. Talc has been used for such a long time that it is not considered a drug by the US government - it's a cosmetic. Cosmetics do not need to be tested and approved by the FDA the same way that drugs are. So anyhow, whether you are a lady or a guy or someone in between, you can use talc on your outside parts but don't put it inside you. Edit 1: Typo correction.


Question: What are nanotubes, and what are Their purposes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are nanotubes, and what are Their purposes?

They are incredibly small structures in the shape of tubes or pipes, made of various nano-scale components. They're used for pipes to transport other nano particles, or in electrical insulation and conduction. Some are very strong due to their shape and composition, far stronger than the same materials in a less organized state. Structures made of them would be vastly stronger than current materials, to the piont where we could build things in a way that are impossible at the moment. They are currently extremely expensive to synthesize in large amounts, and its not economical to really use them for any practical purposes. Some can form naturally, but never in a way that is especially helpful.


Question: Sometimes I stretch and my brain trips out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Sometimes I stretch and my brain trips out?

Stretching your body uses a lot of large muscles, which demand a lot of oxygen from your blood. You're abruptly going from a relaxed, low energy state to a state of high blood/oxygen demand that your body needs time to deliver. Until the body can catch up by increasing blood flow and respiration, your muscles are sucking up all the oxygen and blood flow already circulating and temporarily robbing them from your other organs. This transient deprivation of oxygen to the brain causes the effects you experienced.


Question: Why do men care about the size of women’s butt and breasts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do men care about the size of women’s butt and breasts?

The boob thing I don't really get, but if her butt's too big it's hard to breathe while she's sitting on your face.


Question: How can be something contaminated by radiation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can be something contaminated by radiation?

Well to start with your classic forms of radiation are alpha radiation (basically, helium nuclei), beta radiation (basically, ~~neutrons~~ edit: electrons/positrons) and gamma rays. But more importantly, "contaminated by radiation" generally means "contaminated with radioactive particles" rather than "zapped with gamma rays". Eg, it's got plutonium dust all over it, or something similar. If you have been contaminated with a substance like this, it will decay over time and irradiate you. The other form of "contaminated by radiation) means that you've gotten a dose of it radiation that transformed materials from nonradioactive elements and isotopes into radioactive ones.


Question: We do not remember how our minds interpreted and saw words before learning to read. What did we see and why is it not possible to "not read" the words after we learn to read?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 We do not remember how our minds interpreted and saw words before learning to read. What did we see and why is it not possible to "not read" the words after we learn to read?

Until you're taught "these are letters and this is what they mean", it's just some lines on a paper. Think about looking at Arabic or Chinese (assuming you don't know a lick about either). Your brain just says "those sure are shapes" and your language centers don't even try to make use of it. That's pretty much what a small child thinks of writing before they learn it. I'm not totally sure what your second question is.


Question: what causes the blue spots in your field of vision that result from looking at a particularly bright light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes the blue spots in your field of vision that result from looking at a particularly bright light?

The cells in your eyes that capture yellow light get numbed due to overexposure. When the overexposure goes away it leaves blue-purple dots cause that is the complementary color of yellow-orange light. The dots disappear with time as the numbing effect wears off. Some of the numbing has a protective value, but too much can exhaust and damage the cells for good.


Question: How are we able to isolate the different instruments sounds or voices when listening to music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to isolate the different instruments sounds or voices when listening to music?

Inside our ears are special hairs with many different sizes that act as tuning forks that vibrate when different pitches or frequencies of sound are heard. Our brains process all these pitches from different-sized hairs together to generate the sounds we hear. Since we hear pitch, our brains can tune into a certain band of pitches similar to increasing the gain on an equalizer for a certain frequency of sounds. This is how we can isolate certain instruments or voices in an otherwise noisy environment. Age and exposure to excessively loud sounds will damage these specialized hairs over time and cause us to lose hearing. These hairs do not regenerate so take care of your hearing!


Question: What is the "ad hominem" argument and how is it misused?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the "ad hominem" argument and how is it misused?

Ad hominem attacks are a kind of logical fallacy that targets the *person* instead of their argument. If [literally Hitler]( URL_0 ) made the argument that the Earth revolves around the Sun, as evidenced by [insert mountain of evidence], you can't say he's wrong *just because he's Hitler*. He wouldn't be wrong! No matter who someone is, no matter what they look like, not even how smart or dumb they might be, their argument should logically be judged on the evidence supporting their argument, or the lack thereof. An ad hominem attack dismisses the mountains of evidence and says, "Well you're literally Hitler and the most famously worst person in living memory so your argument about the Earth revolving around the Sun is false." It is often used as a *red herring* - that is, making an argument that's completely unrelated to whatever you're talking about so people argue about this new thing instead of the old thing. A more "pure" red herring would be something like, "The Earth doesn't revolve around the Sun because the Moon is made of cheese." Suddenly you find yourself arguing that the Moon is not, in fact, made of cheese, but it doesn't matter. That wasn't the point. Even if the Moon *were* made of cheese it wouldn't mean the Earth couldn't be revolving the Sun. So sometimes the ad hominem is meant to discredit someone and make their argument appear to be weak because *look at that guy he's Hitler he can't be right*, it can also be used to distract you by getting you into a different argument ("I'm not Hitler I'm just German but that doesn't mean the Earth doesn't-" "Yes you are you're totally literally Hitler." "Fine, whatever, I'm Hitler, but the Earth revolves around-" "Guys he admitted that he's Hitler! Hitler is the worst!" ...And so on...). *However*, who someone is may also be relevant to the argument you're having. For instance, if literally Hitler made the argument "I (having come back from the dead) would be the best person to lead this country!" who he is relates directly to the argument. His argument is *about* who he is, so saying, "You would be a horrible leader because you're *literally Hitler*" would not be an ad hominem fallacy. Which brings up perhaps my favorite logical fallacy: the fallacy fallacy. Which is a flawed argument that tries to aggressively point out others' "logical fallacies" to win the argument. "You called me literally Hitler, that's an ad hominem which is a logical fallacy so you're wrong!" Well, no, hypothetical you *are* literally Hitler and also it's completely relevant to the discussion. One last bit: you can also technically get away with personally attacking someone and avoid the logical fallacy. "Here is my mountain of evidence and well-reasoned argument demonstrating that you are wrong. Also, because you're Hitler you are a shitty, awful, terrible pile of filth that barely deserves to be called human, if you do at all." You haven't used who he is as an attack on his argument, you've answered his argument with a well-reasoned one of your own, and also pointed out as an unrelated side note that he is a terrible person. Since you aren't going to be arguing with literally Hitler any time soon, it's more likely you might say "You're an idiot, here are all the reasons you're wrong," which would *not* be an ad hominem, since you aren't calling them an idiot to attack their argument, you are calling them an idiot because, presumably according to your well-reasoned response to their argument, they are an idiot. It is, however, still pretty rude, even if it's *technically* correct.


Question: Why was D-Day so successful? And were the Germans ill prepared?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was D-Day so successful? And were the Germans ill prepared?

It's worth reading/watching up on D-Day, and not just the landing scenes. The Allies put phenomenal effort into D-Day. Prior to the operation they built huge fake military bases prepping for an invasion and planted fake information for German spies. Just before the landings they started air presence towards the fake landing sight and dumped iron shavings to create a radar image of a huge force moving towards Calais. Meanwhile as soon as they landed at D-Day they began carrying out carefully landed plans. Floating docks and wavebreaks were assembled quickly so that huge numbers of supplies and men could be deposited by larger ships. Several (!) pipelines were laid in a hurry, linking the landing area with Britain's gas and oil networks, which had been upgraded and prepared for this event. By then the Allies had strong air superiority and decent control of the channel, they could move in bulk into the German territory, and once the front line was breached they could move forward fairly quick.


Question: How do elevators for extremely tall buildings work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do elevators for extremely tall buildings work?

Typically the ground-floor elevators each visit only a certain range of floors (e.g. "express to floors 30-45"). For *supertall* buildings there is an express to a *sky lobby* from which new, different elevators go to higher floors. URL_0


Question: Why is the Mandelbrot-Set contained in a disk with a radius of 2 arround (0|0)?!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Mandelbrot-Set contained in a disk with a radius of 2 arround (0|0)?!

I'll take a stab. When you square a complex number, an easy way to think about it is to consider its angle and its length. Let's start with angle. Think of the angle that you have to rotate (counter-clockwise) to get from the number 1 to z. Now start at z and rotate that much again. That will be the angle of z^2. What's the magnitude of z^(2)? It's just the magnitude of z multiplied by itself. So if |z| is bigger than 1, then |z^(2)| will be even bigger than that. For example, if |z| = 3, then |z^(2)| will be 9. If z is smaller than 1, then |z^(2)| will be even smaller in the same way. Now let's look at the Mandelbrot formula: f(z) = z^2 + c We need a value of c that will keep us from exploding to infinity, as you know. But if |c| is bigger than 2, then |c^(2)| will be bigger than 4, as demonstrated above. Let's see what happens in that case: f(0) = 0^2 + c = c f(c) = c^2 + c The smallest magnitude |f(c)| can have is when c and c^2 have opposite directions (think about adding vectors - if you add 2 vectors with fixed lengths, the shortest possible result is if they go in opposite directions). So the magnitude of |f(c)| is, at the very least, equal to its magnitude when c and c^2 are opposite each other: |f(c)| = |c^2 + c| > = |c^(2)| - |c|. Now we see why 2 matters so much. If |c| > 2, then |c^(2)| > 2|c|. But this means that |c^(2)| - |c| > |c| Because of that, we can see that |f(c)| has to be greater than |c|. But now we can repeat the same argument for f(f(c)) to show that it has to be bigger than f(c). and f(f(f(c))) has to be bigger than that. What's worse, each iteration is getting bigger than the last by an increasing ratio (you may need to convince yourself of this). That means that the series must eventually go to infinity. If |c| < = 2, then even though |c^(2)| might be really close to 4, for some values of c when you compute (edit: ~~|c^(2)| + c~~) c^2 + c it can still pull the value back inside the |z| < = 2 disk. For example, if c = -2, then f(c) = 4 - 2 = 2, f(f(c)) = 4 - 2 = 2, and so forth. Notice that c = -2 is a number such that |c| = 2 and that the angle of c^2 is exactly opposite of the angle of c (remember how to compute the angle of c^(2), you have to go 180^o to get from 1 to c, then you do another 180^o to get to c^2 and you're back on the positive real axis). I know that's a lot of stuff but I think if you go over each step until you're convinced of it, you should be able to convince yourself of why the |z| < = 2 disk comes into play. edit: math typo (highlighted inline)


Question: Why does being submerged in water feel significantly colder than walking around in the same air temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does being submerged in water feel significantly colder than walking around in the same air temperature?

Specific heat. Water has a higher specific heat than air so water will take more energy from your body than the air will. Remember, the world wants to equalize temperature (which is a measure of kinetic energy of the molecules)... Specifically temperature is proportional to how fast a molecule vibrates and if you put two molecules at different temperatures together then they will exchange energy on interaction until they are both vibrating at the same frequency. Water takes a lot of energy to change how fast it vibrates and as such your body loses a lot more energy when heating water than it does when heating air and as such it feels colder (as we feel temperature based on the exchange of energy, if we gain energy then it feels hot and if we lose energy then it feels cold).


Question: How can people die from skin cancer? Why can't the cancerous part simply be cut away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can people die from skin cancer? Why can't the cancerous part simply be cut away?

Cancer is cancer because it spreads. If its a benign tumor or you catch it early enough then you can easily cut away the affected area and everything is fine If the tumor metastasizes(spreads) then your melanoma(skin cancer) can go from tumors on your skin to tumors in your liver or kidneys or lymphnodes. These tumors will also grow and spread throughout your body. Now you've gone from cancer on your skin to cancer throughout your body which can't just easily be cut out, this is where Chemotherapy and full body radiation come in as they attempt to kill all the pesky cancers that have spawned around your body.


Question: Why doesn’t aluminum foil get hot in the oven?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why doesn’t aluminum foil get hot in the oven?

It does get hot, but since it is so thin, and an excellent thermal conductor (being metal), it radiates/conducts away all of its heat so rapidly that it cools off much faster than anything else.


Question: Why does a stuffy nose seem to temporarily cure itself when you are excited or alert?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a stuffy nose seem to temporarily cure itself when you are excited or alert?

Adrenaline is released during times of excitement, stress etc. Adrenaline causes your blood vessels to constrict, which frees up space in your nose and allows you to breath. It is the basis for how decongestants work, which are stimulants and have a similar effect.


Question: What happens when we cook with wine/stock-- when we add these ingredients and then reduce the liquid, what vanishes and what remains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when we cook with wine/stock-- when we add these ingredients and then reduce the liquid, what vanishes and what remains?

The water evaporated, the resulting broth was concentrated. concentration is what determines how strongly you taste something. For wine the alcohol evaporates before the water. Any additives, for broth its particulates, usually oils and fats, from the chicken (in your case) are dissolved in the water. You can certainly measure it, there are a ton of analytical techniques for it, but I'm not sure that there are any you can do at home besides maybe measure the pH.


Question: Why did coal miners bring canaries into the mines with them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did coal miners bring canaries into the mines with them?

To detect carbon monoxide poisoning. Canaries are especially sensitive to the clear, odourless gas. If the bird dies, run.


Question: Cowlicks. Why do they stay even after they get wet and dry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Cowlicks. Why do they stay even after they get wet and dry?

From what I understand it’s the angle of your hair follicles on certain parts of your head. I have cheek “cowlicks” that go in a swirl for my facial hair, so does my dad. They are genetic.


Question: Does the weak force produce radiation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the weak force produce radiation?

The weak force does not produce gamma (electronagnetic) radiation directly, however it produces beta decay, where an electron is fired off from a nucleus and is beta radiation, and often causes excitement of the atom which can result in electromagnetic (gamma) radiation.


Question: If I add two decks together and then draw a card, do my odds of drawing a specific card increase or decrease as compared to drawing from a single deck?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I add two decks together and then draw a card, do my odds of drawing a specific card increase or decrease as compared to drawing from a single deck?

To draw one ace, of any suit, from a single deck of cards (without jokers) is 4/52, or 1/13. To do so from 2 decks of cards is 8/104...or 1/13. The odds do not change.


Question: how 8-track tape recorders are still in use on the Voyagers 1 and 2 after 41 years. Don't tapes wear out or demagnetize over time? And if tape recordings are magnetic, how does that work in space? Do magnets work in space as you get farther away from celestial bodies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how 8-track tape recorders are still in use on the Voyagers 1 and 2 after 41 years. Don't tapes wear out or demagnetize over time? And if tape recordings are magnetic, how does that work in space? Do magnets work in space as you get farther away from celestial bodies?

The article doesn't exactly say the tape drive is still working. The tape would wear with use and might demagnetize, but regular rewriting can refresh the encoded information. Magnets work just fine when more distant from planets or stars. That is like asking if chemistry still works when moving away from Earth; rest assured that the fundamental forces of our universe do not depend on the proximity to planets.


Question: why can’t a plane get to a certain altitude and in the rotational path of the destination, switch to just floating in the air, wait for the Earth to rotate, and then just come land down? Instead of flying to destination.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can’t a plane get to a certain altitude and in the rotational path of the destination, switch to just floating in the air, wait for the Earth to rotate, and then just come land down? Instead of flying to destination.

The same reason you don't immediately go flying when you lift a foot above the ground: momentum isn't immediately zeroed out, and you continue moving with the earth