Question: Why is the Ring of Saturn flat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Ring of Saturn flat?

The same reason the solar system as a whole is largely flat: conservation of angular momentum. Imagine spinning pizza dough, as a common example. [There's a good minutephysics video about this.]( URL_0 )


Question: how do Kidney Stones form and how long do they take to pass?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do Kidney Stones form and how long do they take to pass?

Some stones take years to form, and the bigger they get, the more unlikely it is that you'll ever "pass" them. & #x200B; Smaller stones pass quicker, in a matter of a couple days. Larger ones can take a over a week, and really big ones can take months/never.


Question: Why do most of the cargo trains in the US still run on diesel instead of electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most of the cargo trains in the US still run on diesel instead of electricity?

Most US rail outside of large cities isn't electrified. Electrifying the huge stretches of rail in the rural US simply isn't economical. Electrified rail is more expensive to install and more expensive to maintain than traditional tracks. It makes sense in dense urban areas for stop-and-go commuter trains, but for long distance freight diesel is simply much cheaper to operate.


Question: Why do people trade options as opposed to just buying the stock (if they think it will go up)?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do people trade options as opposed to just buying the stock (if they think it will go up)?

There are a whole bunch of strategies for buying and selling options, but in the case you're describing the main reason is leverage. Imagine Apple stock was trading at $400/share and you think it's worth $450. You could buy 100 shares for $40,000 and wait for it to go up, then sell and collect $5,000 profit. But if you don't have $40k burning a hole in your pocket you might buy an option that gives you the right to buy 100 shares at $400/share any time in the next 6 months. That might only cost you something like $800. If the stock goes up to $450 as you predicted you can sell the option for a lot more than you paid for it. You might sell for $5200 and walk away with $4400 profit. The catch is that the clock is always counting down to expiration. If the stock drops below $400 and stays there for the next 6 months the option would would become worth less than you paid for it and it would continue to lose value until it expires. You can lose your whole investment.


Question: How were Integrals, Derivatives, Limits, and other calculus concepts originally discovered and applied?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were Integrals, Derivatives, Limits, and other calculus concepts originally discovered and applied?

They were discovered thousands of years ago, but the methods for that were super complex. Someone ssked Newton how he knew that earth had an elliptical orbit and not circular. So he went home and invented Calculus to explain his reasoning.


Question: when govts buy land from people to build roads, railway, etc, how do they know figure out how much to pay for it?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when govts buy land from people to build roads, railway, etc, how do they know figure out how much to pay for it?

Every building, piece of land, is assessed by the locality on a regular basis. This is how taxes are paid. Your home is assessed at $100,000 value or whatever, then taxes based at that value. When the government, or anyone else, wants to buy property, they start with the assessment. Then negotiate from there. Owners wants a low assessment when owned and paying taxes, but a high assessment when selling. And government and buyers want the opposite.


Question: Why do we shout when in pain?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we shout when in pain?

It helps with the pain. Studies also show that cursing relieves pain also. URL_0


Question: What exactly is 'Soil' or 'Rock' made of?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is 'Soil' or 'Rock' made of?

[Here's an article]( URL_0 ) that details the chemical formula of several of these minerals. Basically, you're looking at silicon oxides with various metals or other chemicals attached. Soil is generally sand (tiny "rocks") with a lot of organic material (small pieces of plant, animal poop, etc.) thrown in.


Question: how does gravity effect the amount of pain from falling. For example, how much less would it hurt to fall off a 20ft object while on the moon compared to falling from the same height on earth?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does gravity effect the amount of pain from falling. For example, how much less would it hurt to fall off a 20ft object while on the moon compared to falling from the same height on earth?

Well, it's not the fall that gets you, it's the sudden stop at the end. On earth, objects accelerate "downwards" (that is, towards the earth) at about 9.8 meters per second per second. Called acceleration due to gravity. On the moon, acceleration due to gravity is about 1.6 m/s/s. So a fall on earth will get you to dangerously high speeds much soone than a fall on the moon. Granted, falling on the moon takes longer because of the reduced acceleration, but 20 ft isn't high enough to make a dangerous difference. And that's what determines the scope of your injury and agony: how fast you were going when you hit the ground. Check out this nifty calculator I found: URL_0


Question: How did Thalidomide cause birth defects?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Thalidomide cause birth defects?

It's not fully understood *how* but the effects are well known. Some of the reason for the really damaging results were due to when it was taken, a very vulnerable phase in embryonic development. Theories include effects related to cell death—which it is known to cause–and interruptions in cell division. The best theory is that it prevents the development of blood vessels, which as you can imagine, could be catastrophic. URL_0


Question: Islamic banking system. How is it different from interest?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Islamic banking system. How is it different from interest?

There are two methods that can be used: 1) The bank acts as a traditional investor and just directly invests money into a project in exchange for an ownership stake. This is usually what people hold up as being the definitive model used by Islamic banking. The problem with this is that it only works for investments in which taking a long-term ownership position is a viable option. IE, this works great when you're financing a startup or an established company that's ok with trading stock for cash. It doesn't work *at all* for consumer debt, such as home/car mortgages or credit cards. It also doesn't work for most established companies, as they're usually unwilling to trade stock for cash, the exception being that they may use that stock as the basis for a Murabaha contract. 2) Murabaha. Murabaha is when you and the bank make a contract for you to sell something trivial to the bank and then buy it back in the future for more money. IE, the bank pays you $100 for a loaf of bread. You agree that in 1 week you will buy the bread back for $120, and to pay the bank you make 12 monthly payments of $10 each. The value of the bread isn't anywhere near $100 or $120, even though you have agreed that it is. This is how the overwhelming majority of Islamic banking transactions are structured, and is functionally identical to making a traditional loan. The only difference is that the terms of the loan have been phrased to eliminate any mention of the word interest and an Islamic cleric has issued a fatwa legitimizing the loan.


Question: What are the rules of cricket -- or at least enough of the rules that I would know what the heck I'm watching?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the rules of cricket -- or at least enough of the rules that I would know what the heck I'm watching?

It's like baseball (so I'll try and use lots of baseball terms) but with five key differences to the rules: 1\. Instead of four bases, there's only two bases. 2\. There's a [wicket]( URL_0 ) behind each base. If the pitcher hits the wicket when he is pitching then the batter is out. 3\. Instead of one batter starting the game, two batters start the game, one on each base. They can swap bases during a play, each swap counting as a run. They do this until one gets out. Then a new batsman comes out. 4\. The pitcher normally tries to bounce the ball before the batter hits it, instead of throwing it at the batter. 5\. The bases are in the middle of the field, so the batter can hit the ball in any direction: sideways, behind, or in front. So on a normal play the pitcher runs in, throws the ball, and the batter tries to hit it. (The batter can miss the ball as much as he wants as long as the ball doesn't hit the wicket. There are no strikes and he doesn't have to run if he doesn't want to). The batter tries to hit the ball far away so the two batters can swap bases, scoring runs. If the ball goes along the ground to the fence, then the batter gets 4 runs. If its a home run over the fence on the full then he gets 6 runs. The pitcher tries to either hit the wicket, get the batter to hit the ball in the air so someone can catch it, or run out the batter before he can reach a base. When 10 batters are out, the other team come on and pitches. Whichever team scores the most runs wins.


Question: Why are there 8 bits in a byte?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there 8 bits in a byte?

It's a fairly arbitrary number. It makes sense for it to be a power of two (2,4,8,16) since that makes addressing convenient. However why 8 and not 4 or 16 is pretty arbitrary. At the time the term was coined, it was more ambiguous. It could have been any value processed by a computer. But with the proliferation of 8bit processors throughout the 70s and 80s, the de-facto value of the byte is 8. By the way, a 4-bit sequence is called a nibble, playing on the eating theme.


Question: My internet was being slow < 5Mbps so I called my ISP and they were able to send a signal to get it to 500Mbps, how does this work?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 My internet was being slow < 5Mbps so I called my ISP and they were able to send a signal to get it to 500Mbps, how does this work?

There are a whole range of things they might have done. \- They might have just rebooted your router. Sometimes a simple reboot fixes things. \- They might have assigned you to a different IP segment. Maybe the router you were going through is having issues or is overloaded. \- Maybe they discovered that your router's config was wrong, and you weren't getting the speed you were suppose to be, so they re-sent down the router config and that made the speed faster. There are probably a few other things that they could have done, but those are probably the most likely.


Question: Why is a PIN number considered safe with 4 numbers while a password needs 8 chars with numbers and capitals?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a PIN number considered safe with 4 numbers while a password needs 8 chars with numbers and capitals?

Because anyone on the internet can have a go and guessing my username and password, often an unrestricted number of times. Only people with access to my PC or my credit card can guess my PIN, and usually only 3 to 5 times.


Question: in older times how did we get metal ores?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 in older times how did we get metal ores?

Metal ores are minerals that typically have a specific color. You can learn to recognize various ores with some practice. For instance, iron ore often has that distinct red rust color. They learned what rocks were like this through trial and error. Then, you smelt it. I can't do the smelting process justice, but the gist is that you roast the fuck out of it.


Question: what are the small, rapid muscle twitches that occur on my body periodically. And why do they happen?!

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are the small, rapid muscle twitches that occur on my body periodically. And why do they happen?!

They're called "tics" and can be caused by nerves misfiring, lactose buildup at the nerve endings (causing nerve damping), or misfires in the brain caused by plaques, interference from other pathways, or habitual reinforcement (if the tic always involves the same muscle groups and is chronic).


Question: Why do people snore when they're sleeping but not while they're awake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people snore when they're sleeping but not while they're awake?

My uneducated guess would be that it probably has something to do with the relaxation of facial/throat muscles while sleeping, the breathing pattern changing, and the different postures people sleep in as opposed to waking time


Question: Why does Aluminum Foil make sound when wrap or even simply moved around ?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Aluminum Foil make sound when wrap or even simply moved around ?

By definition, sound are what our hearing perceive of vibrations. Any sound that you can hear are just vibrations in the air (or other medium). When you crinkle aluminum foil, paper, or just about anything, you create regions in the material where buckling occurs, and that brings little vibrations that travel through the air, allowing you to hear it. Somewhat related: Computer scientists have been able to synthesize these sounds entirely procedurally. [This video]( URL_0 ) shows how that works, including what's actually happening on the material that produces the sound.


Question: How do steroids work, and what about them makes them so dangerous and illicit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do steroids work, and what about them makes them so dangerous and illicit?

First of all, by definition a steroid is just a specific chemical structure. Most of them just exist naturally: hormones like testosterone or oestrogen, vitamin D, cholesterol, ... Performance enhancing steroids are called anabolic steroids, and are mostly some variations on the male testosterone. When it comes to muscle development, they mostly stimulate protein synthesis and muscle recovery. What makes them dangerous is that testosterone is a sex hormone, impacting a lot more male "features" than just muscle development. It impacts your sex drive, facial hair, baldness, mood (roid rages), fertility, growth (cancers), ... Artificially injecting it also disrupts your natural production, making problems even worse. Besides wannabe bodybuilders, they are also used under prescription when teenagers don't enter puberty for example, so not all use is terrible.


Question: In assessing how much X dollars was worth a century ago, do economists account for the relative scarcity of resources from back then?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In assessing how much X dollars was worth a century ago, do economists account for the relative scarcity of resources from back then?

What you're looking for is called 'purchasing power parity' or the amount of stuff you can buy with a given sum of inflation/currency adjusted dollars. By that measure, for example, China is more prosperous than the USA. It's not that they earn more in terms of US dollars, it's that things are so much cheaper there that the average Chinese can buy more 'stuff' than an average American. So if you make 5$ a day but your rent is 1$ you are 'richer' than someone who makes 10$ a day but pays 5$ in rent. I am not aware of any historical studies comparing purchasing power parity at various stages in history. Such a study would be subject to a lot of guesswork and would be politically unpopular because it would show that the USA's wages peaked in the 70's and have been going down since.


Question: How is trade profitable for both countries involved? Surely one loses out in the end.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is trade profitable for both countries involved? Surely one loses out in the end.

I'm very good at making baskets. I can make 10 baskets each day. You're very good at making chairs. You can make 10 chairs each day. We both want to have baskets *and* chairs. I'm not so great at making chairs. I can make 4 per day if I put all my effort into chairs. But if I do that, I'm not making baskets. So on my own, I could maybe manage 2 chairs, and 5 baskets. Likewise, you on your own could do 2 baskets, and 5 chairs. But if I make 10 baskets, and you make 10 chairs, and we then give each other half of our product, we both have 5 baskets and 5 chairs, and are thus both ahead.


Question: - How do broadcasters calculate TV viewers numbers? How are they tracking the number of people watching?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How do broadcasters calculate TV viewers numbers? How are they tracking the number of people watching?

The Nielsen Company is a company that tracks Ratings, which is a percentage of a certain “universe” or demographic, watching a show out of the total number of television homes. For example, there are 120 million homes with a television, of that, 3,000,000 are watching Big Bang Theory on Thursday night, the rating for that episode of Big Bang Theory is 2.5. The Nielsen National sample is about 40,000 people, or about 5,000 homes, covering a range of demographics including age, sex, number of people in household, income distribution, and geographical location. They use tracking technology in cable box monitors, wearable “people monitors” that listen for specific frequencies in television channels, diaries that people manually log what they’ve watched, ad well as tracking through a networks streaming web page or app. Television Networks use this information to determine how their show is doing, as well as how much they can charge advertisers to show a commercial during that time.


Question: Why do we feel muscle spasms sometimes when we stay in the same position for an extended period of time but not when we're sleeping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel muscle spasms sometimes when we stay in the same position for an extended period of time but not when we're sleeping?

You don't stay in the same position when you sleep. It may seem that way, but your body constantly shifts its weight off of pressure points throughout the night. This is why people who are found down from strokes or opioid overdoses often have massive pressure ulcers after several hours, but you've never developed a pressure ulcer from sleeping -- even if you're sleeping on a hard surface. As for muscle spasms, those can be the result of odd positioning (strange tension on a muscle group) or any number of electrolyte abnormalities. Usually it's low potassium, but even dehydration can bring about spasms. You experience these in your sleep as well, but since you're asleep you don't notice. The one major exception to this is the so-called charlie horse in your calves, which tends to DEFINITELY wake people up.


Question: How do life rafts and inflatable jackets self inflate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do life rafts and inflatable jackets self inflate?

They have a canister of compressed air attached to them. When you trigger the inflation the compressed air from the canister is used to inflate them.


Question: Why do large scale fires take so long to be put out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do large scale fires take so long to be put out?

Thats happens because of how the fire works. In order for fire to burn, you need fuel, heat, and oxygen. Now, its not enough to just locally remove oxygen or energy for a moment. You need an orchestrated effort to keep situation controlled until its all extinguished. If you dont, dangerous things happen (like, for example, backdraft, if you let the fire smoulder in a closed, heated room, and let the oxygen back in - and thats how many firefighters died, too). Even house fires generate temperatures close to 1000 C easily. And, you cannot just drop several tens of tons of water down. You'd obliterate the building if you did so. Which kinda defeats the purpose of saving as much as possible. And im not even getting into specyfic situations like dealing with chemicals (even cooking oil fire on the frying pan - dont douse that with water, because it will be quite violent/explosive!) or high (or even standard 220V) voltage systems fires...


Question: Why are wireless headphones the only implement you can't keep using while it's charging?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are wireless headphones the only implement you can't keep using while it's charging?

Well with airpod style ones, the only feasible way to charge them is through wireless induction charging. I myself have a wireless headset that I can listen to while charging.


Question: Why does Venus rotate opposite to every other planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Venus rotate opposite to every other planet?

It isn't only Venus, Uranus does that too. The theory is that something big (probably another planet) hit them and sent them spinning in the 'wrong direction'


Question: Same action produces different results every singe time. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Same action produces different results every singe time. Why?

This is chaos theory, also known as sensitivity to initial conditions. In this example the reason would be a mix of the robotic arm moving slightly by an amount that is below our ability to detect, or other changes with the exact position of the ball, let say we know the height to within 1/100 of a millimetre, then changes of less than that are undetected but still mean it hits the ground at a different speed which changes the first bouncy a little bit, this changes the second bounce by even more and so until it stops.


Question: What caused the 2008 Global Financial Crisis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What caused the 2008 Global Financial Crisis?

The world economy is comprised of the economies of every country that participates in world trade. If one economy falters, it impacts the larger world economy. America's economy took such a hit that it drastically impacted the economies of the countries America does business with.


Question: "Why do you sometimes feel a desperate need for the bathroom then produce three drops, and other times a mild need that results in a downpour?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 "Why do you sometimes feel a desperate need for the bathroom then produce three drops, and other times a mild need that results in a downpour?"

Pelvic physical therapist here! The walls of the bladder are composed of smooth muscle (aka involuntary muscle). There are also pelvic floor muscles between your hips that (among other things) make up your urinary sphincter and allows you to hold your urine until you can get to a toilet. When your bladder fills, the bladder muscle stretches. When your bladder muscle stretches far enough it triggers a reflex for that muscle to tighten back up again, which is what creates the sensation of urgency letting you know that it’s time to look for a toilet. In the meantime, your pelvic floor muscles keep the urine in your bladder. When you get to a toilet, your pelvic floor muscles can finally relax as your bladder muscle tightens and squeezes your urine out. Those two muscle groups are known as “antagonistic” groups because when one of them tightens uo the other one relaxes and vice versa. Sometimes the bladder muscle gets confused and tightens up when it’s not actually full of urine. These bladder spasms feel very similar to the urgency you feel when the bladder is full, so you go to the bathroom only to discover you’ve been deceived. There are many factors that can contribute to a spastic bladder. It happens to all of us every now and then, especially if you’ve been consuming a lot of caffeine, alcohol, or other dietary irritants. If it happens to you too often or if you have incontinence as a result of strong, sudden urgency then a pelvic physical therapist can help you figure out why it’s happening to you and how to address it. EDIT: Wow thank you for the awards!! I’m glad my explanation was helpful! For the questions about males vs females, the muscular anatomy between the sexes is actually not much different. Everyone has a pelvic floor! For everyone asking me about their bladder symptoms now, the short answer for everyone is that yes, that’s probably muscle activity. The bladder muscle is involuntary, so it’s very susceptible to your habits and behaviors in subtle ways that you’ve probably not really thought much about before. Please understand that I cannot ethically give out specific advice to anyone over the internet other than encouraging you to seek help from a pelvic physical therapist near you if your symptoms are bothersome enough to affect your quality of life.


Question: How was the electron beam in CRT televisions aimed and moved with such speed and pinpoint accuracy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was the electron beam in CRT televisions aimed and moved with such speed and pinpoint accuracy?

This is really interesting, actually. The timing was driven by the 60hz ac power supplied to the TV set itself (50hz in PAL countries). Analog circuitry took this timing and, in conjunction with the analog radio waves received, scanned lines and frames (called fields).


Question: How was World War 2 footage captured? Especially the ones that seemed to be amid actual battles. Were these reporters? Were there rules in place agreed upon by all sides that these folks would not be killed or captured?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was World War 2 footage captured? Especially the ones that seemed to be amid actual battles. Were these reporters? Were there rules in place agreed upon by all sides that these folks would not be killed or captured?

Combat Camera They were soldiers who were issued cameras and recording gear for the purposes of documenting the battles. Some was sent home for propaganda footage and shown before movies in theaters They serve in all branches of the US military and record footage and images to this day.


Question: Why do gifs take so long to load despite being so short?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do gifs take so long to load despite being so short?

Almost all videos are optimized, not all gifs are. Now, what is this optimisation? When you watch a video the subsequent frames are nearly identical. It is rare that all pixels of a frame change. So the videos store only the changes and viewing program updates the pixels that change and leave the pixels that haven't changed alone. this reduces the size of the file, like, a lot. Gifs can do that too but they rarely do. They store all the pixels of each frame regardles if they changed or not. Also gif must usually be loaded in full before it starts playing. video can start playing when it is partially loaded.


Question: Why dont underwater volcanoes form rock and cover themselves up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why dont underwater volcanoes form rock and cover themselves up?

They do. However, the water only cools the outermost part of the lava, the pressure from the volcano causes the outer layer to crack and expand. Like [this.]( URL_0 )


Question: how the storage of electronic data really works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how the storage of electronic data really works?

There are different ways. Some things, like audio tape and floppy discs, magnetize tiny sections of the tape or disc. Magnetization may mean "one" and no magnetization "zero", or they may have varying strengths of magnetization and the strength is the worthwhile signal. Some store data in millions of tiny capacitors; each one can hold a ring electrical charge. If a computer looks for the charge and finds one, that's a one; if not, that's a zero. Some store data on optical discs; how a laser reflects back when you shine it at a certain spot on the discs encodes the data. Some flight recorders even make little holes in strips of aluminum foil. There are dozens of physical phenomena used. Basically any physical characteristic that can be set a certain way and reliably read can store data. If it can be reliably changed on command, that data can be changed.


Question: Why does metal get colder than plastic?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does metal get colder than plastic?

It doesn't. Leave a metal bar and a plastic bowl out at 0 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter, and they'll both end up 0 degrees Fahrenheit over time. But when you with your warm hands picks them up, the metal will cool your hands faster than the plastic will, and so it will feel colder.


Question: Rear-view mirrors - when you angle it down, why can you see the back seat, but look "Further" and still see the cars behind you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Rear-view mirrors - when you angle it down, why can you see the back seat, but look "Further" and still see the cars behind you?

Do you mean when you switch between daytime mode and nighttime mode? You can kinda see the overlap in the two?


Question: Why is colonel pronounce kernel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is colonel pronounce kernel?

it is the result of several countries stealing the word colonello from the italian language, meaning a military official. the french stole it and it became something like coronel, because 2 l sounds back to back is difficult to annunciate in the french dialect. then the spanish also stole both versions and straight up turned it into the version you posted "kernel" finally america stole the spelling of the word from the french and the pronunciation from the spanish resulting in "colonel" being pronounced "kernel"


Question: How does an f1 team like force india make money, except advertising?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an f1 team like force india make money, except advertising?

[This article]( URL_0 ) is about Mercedes, rather than one of the smaller teams, but the general idea will be the same. Most teams are owned by wealthy owners, who put a considerable amount of money into the team. In the case of Mercedes, they do it because it improves the prestige of the Mercedes brand. Force India is owned by a wealthy individual (although he has had some financial difficulties recently and I believe there are rumours he may sell the team) who pumps money into it. Apart from that - sponsorship, receiving money from F1 itself (which F1 gets from selling TV rights, etc), and selling merchandise are all big sources of income.


Question: why does an air bubble in your blood kill you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does an air bubble in your blood kill you?

First let’s cover some basics. Almost every part of your body needs oxygen to survive. Blood is what delivers that oxygen, and here’s how: When blood comes through our lungs it loads up with oxygen and flows immediately to your heart. To get all that oxygen to your body, the heart pumps the blood through vessels that get smaller and smaller until the blood delivers its oxygen. Once the blood gets through the really tiny vessels, it has delivered all the oxygen and the vessels start getting bigger again and heading to the heart to load back up on oxygen. This system normally works great, but you can have major issues if something gets into the blood that isn’t supposed to. For instance let’s say a piece of fat come off of the inside of a large vessel near the heart. The piece will keep flowing in the blood until it gets into a vessel that gets too small for it to get through. It gets stuck in the vessel and slows or completely blocks the blood flow behind it. Now the part of the body on the other side of that blockage can’t get oxygen and starts to die. Depending on where the block is, and how big of an area is blocked, this can be REALLY bad. For instance If the blockage happens somewhere in the brain, it’s called a stroke. Parts of your brain are literally dying. So how does can an air bubble kill you? Believe it or not it does the same thing as the scab in the paragraph above. Our blood carries oxygen from our lungs inside special cells. It won’t form a bubble. But if a bunch air enters our lungs in another way, the air can form a bubble big enough to block a vessel. Depending on what part of are bodies the bubble is keeping oxygen from, and how big the area is, the bubble could potentially kill us.


Question: Can someone explain what gimble lock is and why Quaternions are used avoid it in a game engine like Unity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain what gimble lock is and why Quaternions are used avoid it in a game engine like Unity?

This is really hard to ELI5 but I will try to give a 2D analogy. Imagine your body is a telescope. Stretch one of your arms forward in front of you. Now, telescopes can only move in a limited number of ways. You can move your arm up and down, but not left to right. (So, your arm can change its *pitch* angle). Also, you can turn your body around by turning with your feet in a full circle (your *yaw* direction). By both spinning in place with your feet and moving your arm up and down, you should be able to move your hand anywhere in one smooth, straight motion. Well, *almost* everywhere! Now for the gimbal lock. Point your hand all the way down. Your job is to move your hand directly to your left. Of course, your hand can only move up and down so you will also have to spin in place. What you'll find out is, it's not possible to do in a smooth straight motion. Either you have to *first* rotate your body and *then* move your hand up, or you have to kind of make a twisty motion where your hand goes up while turning. This is the 2d version of gimbal lock. In 3d there's also a *roll* angle but it's a similar situation. Quaternions don't have this issue because they can rotate along any axis instead of using combinations of pitch, yaw, and roll to achieve rotation. Edit: in fact, you can think of the roll component as twisting your hand. Note that when pointing straight down or up, twisting your hand does exactly the same thing as changing direction with your feet. You have lost a degree of freedom.


Question: How does a country/company decide the perfect location for a space launch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a country/company decide the perfect location for a space launch?

First, whether it is by a private company (SpaceX) or a government agency (NASA), they need to find sites like the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. They are "allowed" to launch rockets there by contract. Second, it's a space launch. That means you're sending stuff into orbit around the Earth. That means you need to be travelling as fast as you can in order to take advantage of the Earth's rotation. So that's why NASA launches in the South part of the US not somewhere like Washington. Third, another way to take advantage of the spin is literally to take advantage of the direction of rotation, which is why 99% (inaccurate but pretty accurate at the same time statistic) of rockets launch in the Easterly direction. BECAUSE you have to launch East, and because you have to ditch rocket stages as it flies and jettisons fuel tanks, the rocket flies over a body of water in the East.


Question: Whenever a major financial market crash occurs, why is it that (as shown in movies) the stockbrokers are shitfaced at the end? The investors should be fucked right? Why the stockbrokers, who just buy and sell for the investors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whenever a major financial market crash occurs, why is it that (as shown in movies) the stockbrokers are shitfaced at the end? The investors should be fucked right? Why the stockbrokers, who just buy and sell for the investors?

1) they will have spent the entire day being yelled at by investors, and know there are more days like that ahead, and that’s rough. The investor who made zillions of dollars in the 2008 crash ended up leaving the investing business because he was so traumatized by all the yelling and abuse and stress, and he *made a lot* of money. 2) they’re investors too and so may have lost their savings 3) they’ll probably lose their job


Question: Why do cloud move as a whole thing and not dissolve in the wind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cloud move as a whole thing and not dissolve in the wind?

They do not move as a whole. Each individual tiny droplet of water in the cloud is moving independently of all the other tiny little droplets of water. But they are all moving independently based on essentially the same forces being applied to them. If the wind is blowing in One direction and doesn't have a lot of different cheering forces, then it is going to push the whole cloud in one direction, and there won't be a bunch of forces present to rip the cloud apart.


Question: How do mold/mildew resistant shower curtains work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mold/mildew resistant shower curtains work?

It's all down to the material the curtain is made from and waterproofing chemicals. Synthetic fiber, Nylon, and Polyester curtains with high thread/fiber count have natural water resistance because of the properties of the fibers and how tightly woven they are together that sheds off water rather than absorbing it. Lower thread count and natural fibers don't have as strong properties and are more likely to develop mildew. They can also can be treated with water sealing and water repellent chemicals to further increase their water resistance.


Question: What makes a mass poll reputable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a mass poll reputable?

It's a question of which people you poll. There is a population, all the people in the country, and there is statistic that measures their distribution on a question, like who to vote for the leader of government. One way to measure this statistic would be to ask everybody. This has perfect confidence but it costs a lot. Since opinions evolve over time, the perfect confidence of this maximum cost approach is only good for a very short time. To save money, you take a sample of the population, and apply your statistic to them. Typically you want 95% confidence that the measurement of your sample matches the population. You can ask more people, and reduce the uncertainty or decrease the number of people you ask and raise uncertainty. Reputable polls disclose both the sample size (7000) but also the uncertainty (± 3.5%). In addition they choose the sample in an unbiased way. If you choose a random phone number and call it, you don't have a bias in who's opinion you select. If you post a message on a Facebook page and take inputs from people who respond you have three different biases: 1) not everyone in the population uses Facebook; 2) Facebook has algorithms that show your message to people non-uniformly, trying to show your message only to people who are likely to agree with you; and 3) when the responder self-selects to answer your question you don't get an input from people who prefer not to say who they would vote for. Reputable polls disclose their sampling methodology and try hard to use unbiased samples.


Question: How can a small country like singapore have the same GDP as the UAE?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a small country like singapore have the same GDP as the UAE?

UAE, Singapore and Switzerland have comparable population sizes so it's not that big of a stretch that the size of the their economies are also comparable. Singapore is also a single city and a financial hub, which means it has a pretty high GDP per capita. It actually has the highest GDP per capita of the three, but Switzerland makes up for this with a higher population. Switzerland's GDP is buoyed by its banking industry, which is one of the largest in the world.


Question: Why can you see sunlight only so far underneath the oceans surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you see sunlight only so far underneath the oceans surface?

because the water filters out the sunlight, like the air except since it is 300ish times more dense it is filtered out much more quickly


Question: where do birthmarks come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 where do birthmarks come from?

There are two types of birthmarks. Pigmented birthmarks result from when there is an excess of skin pigment cells, the cells that give your skin colour, in one place. Examples of these would include moles, café au lait spots, and Mongolian spots. Vascular birthmarks are from an increased amount of blood vessels in a given location. These are red, such as salmon patches and port-wine stains. It is still unknown why birthmarks form. Here are a few examples of birthmarks, I'm sure there are many more types, but these are some of the more common ones. [Café au lait spot]( URL_4 ) NSFW?[Mongolian spot]( URL_1 ) [Salmon patch]( URL_2 ) [Port-wine stain]( URL_3 ) (Prominent patch on his head) URL_0 Edit; nsfw Edit: redux; more info


Question: Why despite the fact that Native American casino's generate billions most tribes and native people still live in poverty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why despite the fact that Native American casino's generate billions most tribes and native people still live in poverty?

Why do Americans live in poverty when people like bezos are worth 109 billion. Because some people are greedy. There’s also not a big, successful casino for every nation. Most land forced on the nations was worthless. Shit for agriculture, shit for living. Some nations do give members money based on the casino, but as I said. Greedy people in charge don’t usually just give it all away. Also, the nations don’t split casino profits. The casino in Seattle isn’t connected to say, a nation in Florida.


Question: what's the difference (mechanically) between a refrigerator, an air conditioner and a heat pump?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the difference (mechanically) between a refrigerator, an air conditioner and a heat pump?

In principle nothing, both a refrigerator an air conditioner is a heat pump. The difference is that one cool the inside of a smaller box you have in a house ie a refrigerator and the other cool down a house. There is a difference that air conditioner almost always have a fan to move the air and keep it cool but a refrigerator is so small os most do not have a fan. So there is a difference because of the volume they have to cool and air conditioner i often places outside so they are designed to handle rain etc. There is even walk in refrigerator for restaurants etc and they are just like a air conditioner but the temperature you cool it down to is lower.


Question: Why animals react weird to mirrors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why animals react weird to mirrors?

It's quite rare for an animal to be able to recognize itself in a reflection. They usually think it's another animal and get defensive.


Question: Why is data protection and cyber warfare considered the most imminent threat to humanity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is data protection and cyber warfare considered the most imminent threat to humanity?

Algorithms for websites goals are to keep you using their platform or service for as long as possible. So in a search engine it's goal isn't to show you the most popular links, or the best answer to your questions, but what it thinks you will like and click and what will get you to come back. And usually that is either the most popular link or most accurate answer but sometimes it's not, and that's where the issue is. For example, years ago if you googled, "Did the Holocaust happen?" or "Was the Holocaust real?" it would only show posts that said the Holocaust didn't happen because the type of person that is searching this question is statistically more likely to want the results to say no. Or during elections if a Democrat googled "Donald Trump" you would get vastly different results than if a Republican search the same thing. Because it's showing you things it thinks you will like. And if they didn't know if you were Red or Blue they could see if you lived in a dominately Red or Blue area and guess the likelyhood of your affiliation. Or based on your previous clicks, previous purchases, music you listen to, youtubers you subscribe to, basically they can build a profile of what you would interact with based on the data they collect. And because they can reference your data with data they get from others they can see how likely their tactics will work on you. Now they are trying to be more active on the quality of the results not just if it's something you will click but these things happen all the time and add up. And so you can have a completely different sense of reality based on your internet experience


Question: What's the difference between a savings and checking account and is it important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between a savings and checking account and is it important?

A checking account: * usually accrues no interest * can used to pay bills via checks, debit card transactions, and ATM withdrawals * usually has no limit on the number of transactions that can be done A savings account: * accrues interest (though not much these days) * typically limits the kind and number of transactions that can be done with it So basically a checking account is where money for your day to day payments flows through, while a savings account is where you keep your savings. Even if the interest is insignificant, a savings account can be a useful tool for financial planning, to designate that money as "savings, don't touch unless there is an emergency".


Question: Why do city lights appear to "glitter" from a distance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do city lights appear to "glitter" from a distance?

For the same reason stars glitter. Air currents disrupt the view, similar to the shimmers you get above hot asphalt in the summer.


Question: What makes a vowel a vowel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a vowel a vowel?

Vowels are letters that make a noise for which you don't need have any contact in your mouth. Essentially noises that you make with only your throat. In all other letters, you move your lips or tongue or anything else.


Question: with glasses, can e.g. watching tv worsen your eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 with glasses, can e.g. watching tv worsen your eyes?

No. The reason your vision goes bad is because they grow into an incorrect shape. Looking at a television isn't going to cause that to happen, and incorrect glasses are just going to cause eye strain.


Question: Why are the Zodiac Killer's notes so hard to decipher?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the Zodiac Killer's notes so hard to decipher?

Anyone can make a note that's impossible to decipher. The easiest way is to just not have any actual information in it, to not actually have it contain a message. Naturally you can't decipher that. The second way to make a note, and a way that contains actual information, that cannot be deciphered is to use a "one-time pad" its where for each symbol in the message you have a corresponding random operation on it. For example I take the message "MURDER MURDER" using the order of letters in the alphabet that message is just "13-21-18-4-5-18 13-21-18-4-5-18" and I use a one time pad that has random numbers of "15 09 20 15 10 17 22 14 14 07 00 14" If I add the two together I have "28 30 38 19 15 35 35 35 32 11 5 32" for all the ones larger than 25 I subtract 25 and I get "3 5 13 19 15 10 10 10 7 11 5 7" the encoded message is "C E M S O J J J G K E G". That message can be easily decode if you have the exact sequence of random numbers I used, if you don't have that its impossible to decode because its otherwise just a purely random sequence. Those methods are impossible to decode, and since we don't know whether the message itself actually contains information or if it were just a ploy we can't actually know if its possible to decode. But even if it is possible to decode, it can still be in practice very hard. Without knowing the method used you don't know what the significant elements of the encoding are. You look at a picture of symbols, is each symbol one letter? Does the order in the sequence of symbols change what the symbols mean? Does more than one symbol correspond to one letter? You need to find some kernel of meaning to work with. Otherwise its just guessing based on how human psychology might try encrypting something, and if you rely on that to deal with someone of atypical psychology who knows how likely you are to find an answer.


Question: Why isn't the whey powder salmonella killed in the Ritz cracker making process?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't the whey powder salmonella killed in the Ritz cracker making process?

It's possible that the salmonella was introduced after the baking process, or that the baking process killed the large majority of the salmonella but the uncertainty was enough to want a recall.


Question: Why or how do the magnets in those magnetic car phone-holders not affect the electronics in phones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why or how do the magnets in those magnetic car phone-holders not affect the electronics in phones?

Phones don't use magnetic storage (tape, hard drives), it's all memory chips nowadays. So a static (not changing) magnetic field doesn't affect the electronics inside. A changing magnetic field, on the other hand, like the field produced by transformers (vibrates at 60 hertz) or lightning or static electricity (sudden pulses - EMP) can cause runaway electrical currents in the electronics, due to the [electromagnetic induction]( URL_0 ) effect. Also, iron/steel and other [magnetic materials]( URL_2 ) are very good at [directing the magnetic field]( URL_1 ) through them, and thus away from the surrounding (air).