Question: When does a speed limit sign go into effect?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When does a speed limit sign go into effect?

The new speed limit comes into effect at the point where the sign is. There is no buffer zone after the sign. When there is a significant decrease in speed limit, you'll often see "reduced speed ahead" signs. *That* is your buffer zone.


Question: How come when something is wet, it's almost always cold also?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when something is wet, it's almost always cold also?

Water cools things down by absorbing the heat. Think of heat as rapid vibrations, and how squishy water is. It absorbs those vibrations, and spreads them out over a wide area. It also cools things off because if it gets too warm, it just turns into a gas, releasing the heat as it transforms itself.


Question: How does this not violate the law of conservation of energy? "Fluctuation-induced current from freestanding graphene" (links in description)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does this not violate the law of conservation of energy? "Fluctuation-induced current from freestanding graphene" (links in description)

The energy comes from the motion of the graphene layer. As the energy is harvested, the molecule slows down. On the substance scale, this means cooling down. Hierher, once its temperature is lower than room temperature, it gains energy from the surrounding. So energy is used, but thermal energy from the Environment.


Question: How do people who steal your credit card information actually use it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people who steal your credit card information actually use it?

Credit cards can be "reprogrammed", so you could change the data that is on the magnetic stripe to anything else, you could change it from a credit card number to a message should you desire. Since it is very easy to alter the data, scammers would use any old credit card, change the data to yours, then spend it as if they had the card. That is why many retailers need to verify the last 4 digits of the card during checkout. They most likely got your info from a skimmer device, it attaches to a credit card reader/ATM, and looks legit, so when you swipe your card, both the legit machine and the skimmer read your data. They likely had a camera to watch you enter the pin, assuming it wasn't a compromised machine.


Question: Does the president really have 'Launch Codes', or is that a Euphemism for some other mechanism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the president really have 'Launch Codes', or is that a Euphemism for some other mechanism?

It is literal. The launch codes are known internally as the "gold codes." They are printed on a card nicknamed "the biscuit," that is kept on the president's person at all times. The Vice President also has the gold codes, in case the President is incapacitated and some nukes need launching. There is also what's known as the Nuclear Football, which is a metal Zero Haliburton briefcase that travels with the President at all times. It contains within it retaliatory options, classified launch site co-ordinates, information on how to operate the emergency broadcast system, and 3x5 index cards with the launch codes. The Gold Codes *and* the biscuit are required for the president to be given access to the Football, which is used for the actual authorization. They are used in conjunction.


Question: How does too much pain help our survival?.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does too much pain help our survival?.

Our pain response developed in tandem to our social nature. It's crude, but often "totally immobilise and require others to carry you / care for you" is correct _often enough_ for it to have the survival advantage


Question: How does a seed planted deeply in soil know which way is “up”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a seed planted deeply in soil know which way is “up”?

In the simplest explanation, if you have a globe filled with water and a ball inside heavier than water, no matter how you rotate the globe, the ball will always go to the bottom and therefore the opposite side is top. There are cells with something similar.


Question: How do updated currency notes reduce counterfeit money if legacy notes remain valid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do updated currency notes reduce counterfeit money if legacy notes remain valid?

There is a point where presenting a brand new legacy bill isn’t going to be plausible. Then there is a point further after that where people you’re trying to pass the bill onto will automatically think it’s a fake because they either don’t remember or never knew what the legacy bill looked like.


Question: why aren't we investing in engines that run on hydrogen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why aren't we investing in engines that run on hydrogen?

The energy required to "Split" water into its composite hydrogen and oxygen would exceed the energy you harvest by burning it. You can make hydrogen powered devices through the use of [Fuel Cells]( URL_0 ) which generate electricity as part of a chemical reaction, but this doesn't involve "Splitting" water. Why don't we use fuel cells for everything? Because it's less cost efficient and far less convenient to replace a fuel cell every 80 miles than it is to refill your tank at your local gas station every 300 miles. Good luck finding a fuel cell station. These kinds of questions always forget the importance of cost and infrastructure. If you could create such a vehicle, but it's the size of a golf cart and costs $200,000 you won't see adoption at any rate that will "Solve our dependency on oil".


Question: What is happening when you forget a word, but you know the meaning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening when you forget a word, but you know the meaning?

This is called Tip of the Tongue in Psychology. There are multiple steps required to process language and recall words. TotT is a breakdown in one or more of those steps > The best way to cure TotT is to think of words that rhyme with the word you can't remember, rather than trying to describe the word or stutter over the first letter/sound. This question gets asked so often on ELI5 that you could probably find a hundred better, more in-depth answers by using the search function.


Question: Is over-population a self managing problem, or at some point are we going to have to intervene?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is over-population a self managing problem, or at some point are we going to have to intervene?

Long term it is a self managing problem. Unfortunately, the "management" is mass starvation and wide-spread disease resulting in the death of billions, followed by the crumbling of civilization and a reversion to hunter-gatherer tribes. So we might want to intervene before we get there.


Question: What actually happens in the muscle when you get a cramp?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually happens in the muscle when you get a cramp?

Your muscle contracts and won't relax, and stays in a contracted state. There is still some medical mysteries about it, and most of the literature points to muscle fatique, dehydration, and/or electrolyte (usually sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium etc) deficiencies or imbalances. I've researched the topic a few times, as I occasionally have problems when swearing off carbs and I haven't seen all that much definitive about the mechanisms. I can wake up in the middle of the night with my calf muscle locked solid to the point my toes are pointed down, I'm in massive pain, and I have huge problems stretching out my calf muscle enough to stand up flat footed. As far as treatment, fluids, electrolytes, heat, massage (or even using something like a foam roller), and stretching are the best treatments I've found for it.


Question: Why have wages been stagnant for multiple decades?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why have wages been stagnant for multiple decades?

During the 60s and 70s, a new idea in business started to manifest itself. That a business should keep it's workers just happy enough to keep working and that investors are the real power behind a company. So the chain of importance went from owner, workers, investors (if there was any). But the shift started to happen where investors were moved to the top of the list and workers were pushed down, anyone can be replaced and no single worker really influences the bottom line. So investment in workers (pay) only slightly went up and profits went up and the dividends went to the investors. Is this a lot more complicated yes it is but in the end investors are in my opinion the major problem with modern corporate model. Satisfy them and the world is great, but in the end they don't provide anything to help companies improve.


Question: What is the benefit to a company to enact a policy that prohibits promotion of employees from within?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the benefit to a company to enact a policy that prohibits promotion of employees from within?

I've never heard of a company that flat-out didn't promote from within. That would be a fantastically terrible policy. However, it would be a great excuse for middle managers to give an internal candidate for said promotion when an external candidate was chosen by upper managers. That said, there have been good case studies that can show why promoting internal candidates becomes a rarity. For example, Wal-Mart famously always promoted from within. Almost all of their store managers came from floor managers who all started as stockers/checkers. This is a fantastic marketing story, and gives the rank & file workers something to aspire to if this is the best job they can get. But there's the problem. The vast majority of Wal-Mart floor workers don't aspire to make a career of it. Anyone worth keeping is usually picked up within months by any other employer with double the wage, steady hours, and benefits. So the only people that stick around the two to three years it takes to land that first promotion are the ones milking an easy job with flexible hours, or simply couldn't find anything that paid more a little over minimum wage. So now your floor managers are the best of the bottom of society's barrel. Your true best left $8/hr for $16/hr 3 months after they were hired. A couple of years later you need a new store manager, who is selected from the best of that bunch. Now your local-level store leadership is largely comprised of uneducated people who (when they started) couldn't land a job literally anywhere else. Even though most of their corporate staff are college educated, experienced negotiators helping feed a god-tier supply chain and can calculate the exact right amount of workers and product to put where, the uneducated store-level management doesn't understand enough of these concepts to properly execute within a 1% margin. This creates inefficiencies, and when Wal-Mart is already only expecting a 1% gross margin on their stores, these little things add up. That's why they've started relaxing their "promote from within" philosophies and started seeking out and favoring college kids to start at a floor manager level. It's still a tough sell because you're ultimately a glorified stock-boy with an economics degree, but you are being actively groomed to be proper management. Walmart *could* solve their problem by being not a shit employer and paying their rank & file what it takes to stick around. However, their own studies say that's not as econoimically efficient. Fun fact: A seven year veteran cashier/stocker costs Wal-Mart 55% more than a 6-week newbie due to benefits and tenure raises, but is just as productive as the new kid. They actually have a financial incentive to push their employees to quit so long as they can always find more newbies to take their place.


Question: How do we absorb what we put on our skin? Does it enter the bloodstream?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we absorb what we put on our skin? Does it enter the bloodstream?

Hi, I used to be a formulation scientist. From what I've learnt, medicines applied to the skin (topical) will not absorb into the bloodstream unless that is the intention. Every day things such as moisturiser can only penetrate so far through your layers of skin but it does largely depend on the particles in the product. Very, very small particles, or those coated to enhance their penetration, are what is needed to get to the bloodstream via the skin, but the ingredients in moisturisers will usually dry before that happens. Hope this makes sense! Fun fact: you know that oily-looking layer you get on your skin just after moisturising? That feeling that you're being moisturised by the oily look slowly absorbing into your skin? ... Your skin isn't absorbing any of that, it's just evaporating. And it's specifically designed that way to make it *look* and *feel* like it's working. Big pharma messing with our brains, ha 😅


Question: How did ancient humans deduce the Earth is round?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did ancient humans deduce the Earth is round?

Basically they stuck a stick in the ground measured it's shadow. Then had another stick in the ground like 70mi away and measured it's shadow at the same time. The shadows are different at the same can only be explained as being on a arch. They measured the earth to almost exact measurements thousands of years ago with this. They measured it in modern day Egypt but I forget exact citys


Question: How does working out in the morning give us *more* energy through out the day when our body is using energy to work out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does working out in the morning give us *more* energy through out the day when our body is using energy to work out?

Well this is a leading question, because you're assuming, by fact, that working out in the morning *definitely does* make you more energetic throughout the day, which is not a guaranteed fact. But I am being nit-picky. Regular exercise *does* indeed make you feel more energetic, and it isn't necessarily time-dependent. Regular exercise, whether AM or PM, most often makes you feel more energetic throughout the whole day. To answer this question though, its very important you understand a key difference: your *actual bodily energy stores* and your *feeling of bodily energy* are two very, very different things. A great deal of the time, especially in our modern, more lethargic society, we may *feel* tired, but we have in reality an abundance of energy; most of us are walking around with plentiful fat stores that could easily carry us through a week of no food. Your body is a thing of routine. It always acclimates to satisfy its expectation. If your body things its going to do nothing but sit around, you will *feel* tired, because your body is accustomed to *not* spending energy. Exercising regularly increases the demand for muscles, and for ambulation (movement) in general. Excercise increases certain bodily hormones, including ephinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These have the effect of dulling the pain from exercise, but they also dull pain globally, which makes you feel happier, more alert, and more energetic. Our bodies were made to move, and moving is closely tied to our pleasure center. Your body associates movement with getting food, because in the prehistoric age, we moved to get food, that was the excercise. So your body rewards you generously in the form of hormones. There are a lot of very complex interactions in addition to this, some of which are short term, and some of which are long term after long periods of daily exercise.


Question: when drunk, if you eat you feel sober again (you probably aren't, but you feel like you are)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when drunk, if you eat you feel sober again (you probably aren't, but you feel like you are)?

Dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway activation signaling URL_0 Or... You drink, feel pleasure, and brain signals salivation and desire for food, sex, sleep (primary functions). Your brain stem is tied in to this vagus nerve that controls feeling full or hungry. Im a lay person on this.


Question: How does sound 'travel' during Zoom/online calls?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sound 'travel' during Zoom/online calls?

* Your voice makes a sound wave in your room. * The microphone in your laptop wiggles when the sound wave hits it. * The mic creates an electrical wiggle that matches the one your voice made. * The computer checks the wiggle thousands of times a second and writes down a number for how strong the wiggle is each time it checks it. * The computer sends these numbers over the internet to everyone else on your Zoom call. * Then each of their computers look at the numbers and create their own electrical wiggle. * They send it to the speakers which in turn wiggle, which makes the air wiggle. * This creates a wave in the air (just like your voice did) and when that gets to their ears, they hear your voice.


Question: Why do young kids (3~7 yr old) talk w/shouting volume?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do young kids (3~7 yr old) talk w/shouting volume?

It's like an experienced piano instructor complaining that his new students keep pushing the keys harder and louder than they need to. They are new at playing the piano and don't understand the nuance and subtlety of volume, or why certain pieces of music are meant to be played with a measured tone, instead of just constantly maxed out. Kids simply don't have the experience to know what an acceptable level of volume is expected amongst adults, especially when the TV and toys and animals and everything else around them seem so loud. Not only that, but they are learning to control their breathing and vocal cords in a way that helps control the fluctuation of volume.


Question: How do scientists at the Large Hadron Collider safely create and record temperatures of 5.5 trillion degrees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists at the Large Hadron Collider safely create and record temperatures of 5.5 trillion degrees?

Primarily by making it happen to a very very small amount of material. 5.5 Trillion degrees sounds like a lot, but in terms of mass x thermal energy, the sample size at that temperate is so small that if you distributed all the energy there into a bucket of water, it wouldn't boil. The LHC is aiming to create a very specific set of conditions on a very small sample. They use a lot of energy to smash stuff together and witness high energy interactions, but it happens using a very small amount of mass.


Question: why do journalists and authors often put brackets around words in seemingly strange parts of sentences?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do journalists and authors often put brackets around words in seemingly strange parts of sentences?

Those brackets indicate an inserted section, usually where when a word like "it" is used to, to explain what"it" was referring to. This is done for clarification purposes.


Question: How do humans gain super natural strength while in a fight or flight situation ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do humans gain super natural strength while in a fight or flight situation ?

As it happens I just read about this the other day. [This is an interesting read]( URL_0 ) about this subject.


Question: Why does sound seem to muffle/distort when we're in the midst of yawning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sound seem to muffle/distort when we're in the midst of yawning?

it's a [muscle in your ear]( URL_0 ) used to dampen noise.


Question: Why is that when you try to set fire to flour when it settles, it can't burn, but if you blow it into the air, you can create an explosion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is that when you try to set fire to flour when it settles, it can't burn, but if you blow it into the air, you can create an explosion?

In short, its access to oxygen. If its settled it only has oxygen available on one side, which limits its combustion. If its in the air each particle is surrounded by oxygen, which allows it to burn explosively.


Question: How is video and music data stored digitally when there isnt any power in the device (battery dies)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is video and music data stored digitally when there isnt any power in the device (battery dies)?

When you toggle a light switch at home and the power goes out, it remains toggled in that direction until/when the power is restored. The 0/1 toggle stays where ya put it.


Question: Why do classical musicians read sheet music during sets when bands and other artists don’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do classical musicians read sheet music during sets when bands and other artists don’t?

My husband plays for a city orchestra. He usually gets his sheet music in the mail a week before performances start. He’ll start working on them, then the orchestra will have 2-4 rehearsals before performances start. Everyone needs to take copious notes, because the conductor will put his own spin on things: “Violins, play louder at 85. Trombones, slow down at 157.” Then they perform twice, he gets a week off, and another 4 pieces of new sheet music arrive in the mail.


Question: How does the human brain dictate when it's time to nap and when to fully sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the human brain dictate when it's time to nap and when to fully sleep?

Multiple things control the desire to sleep. 1. The circadian rhythm. You have a part of your brain dedicated to knowing what time it is. It doesn't just control sleep, and it can be affected by things like light and temperature. Your brain releases chemicals based on this. 2. Melatonin. Your body makes this chemical, which doesn't make you sleepy per say, but makes you ready for sleep. 3. Adenosine. Another chemical your body makes. It increases through out the day, and once it reaches a certain level, you get the desire to go to sleep. This is what coffee messes with. 4. Histamines. Histamines help keep you awake. This is why antihistamines, like Benadryl, make you sleepy. So any disruption of those could mess up a sleep cycle.


Question: Why and how does alcohol kill bacteria?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and how does alcohol kill bacteria?

Bacteria are little bags made of fat, and inside of those bags are all of the things that bacteria need to stay alive. Alcohol is a special kind of molecule that can spread the fat bag apart such that there are big holes in the bag. It also, if used in a concentrated enough amount can cause the water that is in the fat bag to push out causing the contents of the bacteria to come out, thereby killing the bacteria.


Question: what's the difference between gas grades, i.e. 87, 88 "the new standard" and flex fuel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the difference between gas grades, i.e. 87, 88 "the new standard" and flex fuel?

The grade refers to the octane rating of the fuel, which is a measure of how easy it is to ignite. The harder a fuel is to ignite, the more it can be compressed in the engine first, and the more energy it will release. The thing is that an engine has to be designed to work with a higher octane fuel - if you put the wrong octane fuel in a car, it will not be igniting at the correct points in the engines cycle, and will work poorly (in some cases causing damage to the engine). Check your manufacturers information for your car, which should tell you the octane ratings the engine will work best with. If you do end up putting the wrong grade in your car, it isn't the end of the world - the car will run on a range of octane ratings, it just won't work as efficiently, and may increase wear.


Question: Why does the suction wind from the back of the fan feels weaker than the wind blown out by from the front of the fan?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the suction wind from the back of the fan feels weaker than the wind blown out by from the front of the fan?

Focus, the air being drawn in is from a wider area. Kind of like the water in and out of a funnel.


Question: why do things get darker when they get wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do things get darker when they get wet?

Color is caused by light. When things are wet light doesn't bounce off of them as effectively.


Question: How does sunscreen stop skin from burning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sunscreen stop skin from burning?

Sunscreen contains chemicals that absorb or reflect ultraviolet (UV) light before it can reach your skin and damage it. Common active ingredients in sunscreen include: oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate and octinoxate, all of which absorb UV light. Mineral sunscreens use zinc oxide and/or titanium dioxide, which reflect UV light.


Question: Why can you hear say, soda bubbles popping in a can or appliances humming, but not the TV when you're sitting 6 feet away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you hear say, soda bubbles popping in a can or appliances humming, but not the TV when you're sitting 6 feet away?

Speech is a complicated system of sounds, while the humming of a fridge is just mmmmmmmmmmm. In the case of the fridge, you could hear a ^^mmm or a MMMMM and you would still understand it, because it's a simple sound. You do hear what is on TV, the problem is that speech is so complex that you have to understand every single tiny detail clearly in order to get the message. Some sounds are harder to identify than others, so the TV must be extra loud for you to understand what is being said. You are used to the volume of a conversation though, so you don't really notice it. For an analogy, imagine two billboards. One is painted all red, while the other is filled with tiny words. You can see the red billboard from far away, right? Well, you can also see the second billboard, you just can't make out all the details, so you have to get closer.


Question: Why does the sun shine ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the sun shine ?

The sun is so massive that the force of gravity on the inside is strong enough to start nuclear fusion. It's shining from the energy released by literally pressing hydrogen atoms together until they're helium.


Question: What is it that makes "Not Machine Wash Safe" not safe on nonstick pots and pans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is it that makes "Not Machine Wash Safe" not safe on nonstick pots and pans?

Dishwasher detergent contains abrasives which are sprayed around by the high-powered water jets. It is quite like a little, wet sandblaster inside your dishwasher. The Teflon coating on pans is rather thin and any abrasion significantly, and quickly, impairs its nonstick quality. Delicately painted dishes are not dishwasher safe for the same reason.


Question: What is a Chaos Theory and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a Chaos Theory and how does it work?

If you were to try and model how the planets move around the solar system, you would find that you could create a very accurate model despite not necessarily having perfect information about everything in the solar system. There's a bunch of asteroids floating around, the mass of the planets and the sun are close approximations, etc. But even if your info is off a little bit, all that really does is change the final result an equally tiny amount. This is how we tend to think things work - a small change to initial conditions results in a roughly equally small change to the end results. Not all systems behave this way however - take a [Double Pendulum]( URL_0 ) for example. In the gif, you see three double pendulums of identical construction, starting from nearly the same position - so close in fact that you really can't tell the difference. But very quickly that initial difference in position causes each double pendulum to take drastically different trajectories. This wild difference is the result of the starting position being off just a teeny tiny amount. A system like this is highly sensitive to initial conditions. This is a "Chaotic" system.


Question: Why do hurricanes never hit South America?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do hurricanes never hit South America?

URL_0 It is more than 2-3. But it is somewhat protected due to the structure of the various major wind streams and ocean currents which will drive storms north most of the time. This protection means it will have fewer major storms.


Question: In videogames, why are some games defined as Role Playing Games (RPG's) and why are others not? I mean, aren't almost all videogames RPG's?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In videogames, why are some games defined as Role Playing Games (RPG's) and why are others not? I mean, aren't almost all videogames RPG's?

Because not all games include role playing. None of Age of Empires, XCOM, Sims etc. have you role playing. Some games have very minor role playing elements, such as Dark Souls, but it's very small.


Question: How did the internet work under the AOL era?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the internet work under the AOL era?

AOL wasn't the internet at first. It was an Online Service. The internet still existed and if you had a real internet connection, there isn't much different than today (you tended to use your phone company like Sprint). Your ISP's DNS would route you to websites when you used web browsers, etc. AOL is like directly connecting into someone else's computer where you could do things like chat or go to websites (but you had to use the web browser IN america online. And in the super early days, you went to "keywords" instead of websites. edit: Think of Facebook. We log into facebook, and we can chat IN facebook. Imagine if that's all you could see was stuff you could search in Facebook. That's AOL. Basically, it was a limited connection to the internet where you could more easily find things you wanted (or that AOL wanted you to see). Think of those latops for little kids that aren't real laptops, but they're for kids and they give them the basics. You used AOL's programs instead of 3rd parties. You didn't use IRC to chat, you used aol's chat rooms, you didn't use Netscape web browser, you used AOL's browser (which was bad), you didn't use an email client like Outlook or Netscape mail, you used AOL's mail client. AOL also charged you by the hour (other ISP's did this too). I knew people who were paying hundreds of dollars per month for going over their 10 hours per month subscriptions (or 40 hours became the norm later). Think of it how we deal with cellular phones today. You had minutes before most started offering Unlimited talk/text (but you still have data caps or data throttling) When real ISP's started to more heavily compete with AOL (usually by giving people unlimited hours), AOL started to allow you to connect to the internet. You could minimize the AOL window after signing in and then use the web browser of your choice, etc. They offered unlimited hours, and then started allowing you to connect for free, as long as you weren't dialing into them (i.e. you had another internet connection) I got my first AOL account back in 1995 (I was using direct internet connections through my college's computer lab before that), and I'm going to admit something... Their webmail today has a lot of features that I prefer over something like gmail. It's "nicer." But I don't give out my AOL address to others because I'd rather not be the butt of a joke. I just use AOL for signing up for things, or as an email account associated with another website.


Question: Why do SO4 -2 and SO3 -2 have the same charge?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do SO4 -2 and SO3 -2 have the same charge?

Because sulfur atoms in this two cases are in different energetic states. In sulfAtes it has 6 electrons engaging with oxygen, so its oxidation number is +6. In sulfItes only 4 electrons in sulfur atom are willing to form bonds with other atoms, other two formed a pair with themselves, so oxidation number is +4. Now if you remember that oxidation number for oxygen is -2, for SO4 you have 6 + (-2 \* 4) = -2, and for SO3 4 + (-2 \* 3) = -2


Question: When you take cookies out of the oven they are so soft that if you move them too quickly they’ll fall apart. If you wait a couple minutes, they’re much more stable. What’s happening in that two minutes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you take cookies out of the oven they are so soft that if you move them too quickly they’ll fall apart. If you wait a couple minutes, they’re much more stable. What’s happening in that two minutes?

Butter/fat cools and hardens. Bonds between starches and proteins (from the flour and egg) are more mobile with more heat. Steam is released as the cookie cools so there is less moisture content. Chocolate chunks also resolidify. Basically, the cookie becomes more viscous/solid in the way that everything else becomes more viscous/solid as it cools.


Question: Why do people laugh uncontrollably at times, even when something's not that funny?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people laugh uncontrollably at times, even when something's not that funny?

If people are in a group, they tend to mimic how other people behave; Laughing louder even when something is not funny, crying easier when other people cry, changing your opinion when other people have a different opinion, etc. This is called conformity and it ultimately stems from fear of isolation or being left alone which was a threat back in the caveman days. [Here's a nice video]( URL_0 ) about conformity with real experiments.


Question: How did current olympic champions surpass the ones from decades ago so much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did current olympic champions surpass the ones from decades ago so much?

Along with the other comments about better training/nutrition, a huge part is actually technology. Shoes that return more energy per footstep, swimsuits that have less hydrodynamic drag, etc. There have been lots of controversies with leaps in technology for certain sports and world records being broken (i.e. the examples I just mentioned). Incremental improvements in technology for a certain sport are less likely to be in the spotlight or get banned, but they have just as much an impact on olympic or world records over the years.


Question: why do capital letters matter in URLs for YouTube videos?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do capital letters matter in URLs for YouTube videos?

Because that way you get shorter URLs. Assume no numbers for a moment. If you disregard difference between capital and lowercase letters, you have 26 different options for 1-letter long video tags. If you regard them as different letters, you have 52 options. For 2 letter long video tags, you have a bit under 700 choices if you disregard the difference, and bit over 2700 if you don't. For 10 letter tags, you have 1,000 times more possible tags available to you if you don't disregard the difference.


Question: What, in it’s simplest terms, is Pi?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What, in it’s simplest terms, is Pi?

Pi in it's original definition is the ratio between the circumference of a circle and its diameter & #x200B;


Question: How did homeopathy became so huge compared to other non-working alternative remedies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did homeopathy became so huge compared to other non-working alternative remedies?

I'd have to disagree with the statement about more intelligent people going with homeopathy. Any intelligent person should see it's a sham. Especially when presented with evidence of such.


Question: Why do elevators sometimes sound a constant alarm while closing the doors super slowly after people get on, but then return to operating normally after that? Does it have to do with the weight limit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do elevators sometimes sound a constant alarm while closing the doors super slowly after people get on, but then return to operating normally after that? Does it have to do with the weight limit?

Usually, this happens when the door has been held open for too long. The long alarm is the elevator's way of saying "I'm closing and I'm not waiting for anyone to get out of the way, so get out of the way." The super-slow closing is to allow people to get out of the way once the elevator has asserted that it's closing no matter what's in the doorway.


Question: Why does it feels like to spinning around when you are drunk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feels like to spinning around when you are drunk?

Your ears are used for balance in coordination with the other senses, there are three semi-circular canals in the ears when can detect which way up you are as each of them is on a different axis, alcohol interferes with their ability to function so if you close your eyes your body has to rely more upon your ears to balance and starts to fail. URL_0


Question: where does the government keep their trillions of dollars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 where does the government keep their trillions of dollars?

No, the government increases and decreases money supply using the Fed. It can buy treasuries, which puts money into the system. It can decrease bank reserve requirements, which increases money availability banks can use to loan out. Also Lowering rates makes it cheaper to borrow. It should be noted, it’s not physical money.


Question: How do your gums hold onto your teeth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do your gums hold onto your teeth?

Dentist here. Imagine how velcro works. There's hooks on one side and loops on the other. The hooks attach to the loops and are stuck. In a similar sense, your gums are actually attached directly to your tooth with ligament fibers, which are like the hooks. These fibers in the gums are collectively called the periodontal ligament (PDL). So what does the PDL attach to on the tooth? Your tooth has a layer on the roots called cementum (this is the loops). So your gums are stuck onto your tooth this way. But this is one velcro you don't want to pull off. It's rare for it to reattach back the same way once the gum is separated from your teeth. It's a liiiitle more complicated than that in reality, but that's the gist of it.


Question: How does water turn opaque paper towels transparent when wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water turn opaque paper towels transparent when wet?

When a ray of light moves from one material to another, its direction gets bent (refracted) based on the properties of the material (refractive index) Now, paper normally is full of tiny fibers, and in between the fibers are little pockets of air. So when a light hits the paper, it bounces between the fibers and the air, and doesn't successfully pass through the paper Now, water (and oil) pushes out the air and fills in the spots between the fibers. Because the refractive index of water/oil is closer to paper, light doesn't really bend as much once it has entered the paper, letting it pass right through, which is what we see as translucent


Question: Why can't we use gravity to generate electricity like we do with other renewable energy sources?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we use gravity to generate electricity like we do with other renewable energy sources?

We do. For instance, any dam on a river that generates electricity is utilizing gravity to get the job done. The trick is, we're letting the water cycle do the heavy lifting of moving an object 'uphill' (our river water). So there's still an energy input, it's just that we humans don't have to supply it. If we wanted to build some small self-contained 'dam' you'd have to lift the water to the top, which is going to require energy input.


Question: What is 'Simufilming' and what was the purpose of changing the frame rate in old movies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is 'Simufilming' and what was the purpose of changing the frame rate in old movies?

"Simulfilming" means filming the same things on two different cameras at once. Originally, there were several standards for film- most used 35mm film at 24 fps, but there was also a "high definition" format, which used 70mm film at 30 fps. In order to get the two different frame-rates, the two different formats would be filmed at the same time, with the cameras stacked together- one filming on 70mm at 30fps, and the other on 35mm at 24fps. What "South Pacific" did that was new was change the standard for 70mm films to 24fps (and also work out the technical details needed to do this). That way they could film with a single 70mm camera at 24fps, then they could just make smaller prints at 35mm for the other theatres. When doing analog films, it's easy to shrink or grow a picture when duplicating the film, using lenses. Changing the frame rate is very difficult, since someone would have to manually cut out the extra frames (to go from 30- > 24) or duplicate some of the frames (to go 24- > 30).


Question: Why do we say “ow, ouch” when we get hurt? Does it somehow make the pain hurt less?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we say “ow, ouch” when we get hurt? Does it somehow make the pain hurt less?

Weirdly yes. Studies have shown that yelling (and especially cursing) reduces our perception of how much something hurts.


Question: How do companies profit off of stocks if money keep moving during trades?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies profit off of stocks if money keep moving during trades?

Companies raise capital by selling new shares to the market (think IPO, where people buy shares from the company issuing them). After that, ownership of shares are traded in the market, and there's no direct flow of money to the company that originally issued the shares.


Question: - Considering the technological advancements in the last 50+ years, how comes the relative appearance of astronaut suits have remained the same since then?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Considering the technological advancements in the last 50+ years, how comes the relative appearance of astronaut suits have remained the same since then?

Appearance has nothing to do with technology (check out the high fashion from the era of Louis the XIV's time), but there haven't really been any fundamental changes in suit technology. The requirements of the suit haven't changed and the tech stack hasn't really changed so the suits look basically the same. Materials have gotten better, so the newer suits are a little less bulky and a little cleaner looking, and the helmets got better with better transparencies, and the backpacks got smaller, but functionally there's very little difference between the newest suits and the Apollo suits. Humans didn't change size or needs. It's like asking why pants have looked basically the same for several centuries. The SpaceX suits were very deliberately designed to look more high tech but, ironically, the visual cues are all non-technical...they're pure fashion. A lot of the true tech changes, like seals or computing or materials, aren't changes you can see easily. A carbon fiber racing skull looks exactly like a wooden racing rowboat from 100 years ago until you get up really close and inspect it. Edit: typo


Question: Why do refrigerated canned beverages feel colder once you shake them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do refrigerated canned beverages feel colder once you shake them?

Well, one reason could be that you warm the liquid directly adjacent to your hand, then when you shake it you mix the liquid to expose different liquid to the surface you are heating. Just like how you flip the pillow to get the cold side. The pillow isn't any cooler, you're just now touching a cooler part of it. Except, you know, liquid.


Question: Why can't they make a flat, rectangular map of the world without severely distorting the actual size of land masses further from the equator?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't they make a flat, rectangular map of the world without severely distorting the actual size of land masses further from the equator?

A very easy way to see why this is the case: Blow up a balloon. Get a Sharpie and draw some latitude/longitude lines. Now deflate the balloon, slice it from the opening on one side up to the top, and try to lay it flat so that the latitude lines are still parallel, and the longitude lines still meet at the top, and no "bubbles" (it all has to lie flat). It just can't be done. *Some* part of it has to distort. If you keep the shape right, the area distorts. If you keep the area right, the shapes distort.


Question: could someone explain kantian ethics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 could someone explain kantian ethics?

In the most basic way, Kant believes in a variation of the Golden Rule. The Golden Rule is "do unto as other as you would have then do onto you." Kant takes that a further step and say "do unto others as everyone would do to everyone else." He words this by saying: > Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law. In short, to determine is something is correct or not, you have to apply that act to everyone at every time. The results of that experiment would determine if that choice was good or not. For example, you have theft. What is the purpose of theft? The purpose of theft is to increase your wealth through more direct means. Now, if everyone were to steal from everyone, would that goal be met? You steal because you want to get rich, but since everyone steals, you do not get rich because whatever you steal gets stolen by someone else. So, by applying your action to everyone, theft would fail to meet its goal, thus it is an illogical thing to do. Another example is lying. You lie because you wish to gain an advantage over someone else. However, when you lie to gain an advantage, you get lied to by everyone else and then lose your advantage. Lying is illogical because if everybody did it, lying would become pointless.


Question: What exactly is freezer burn and why does it make food taste bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is freezer burn and why does it make food taste bad?

It's just oxidation. If you put food in a freezer it won't rot, but if it's not well sealed from air oxygen will still affect it in a way that makes it taste bad. Normally food when left out will rot before oxidation becomes a problem so this effect is usually only seen with frozen food. It has nothing to do with burning.


Question: I learnt that 1.999... or 1.9 bar is exactly equal to 2. Similarly 0.9 bar is equal to 1. How is this possible? Won't it be a little bit small.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I learnt that 1.999... or 1.9 bar is exactly equal to 2. Similarly 0.9 bar is equal to 1. How is this possible? Won't it be a little bit small.

The proof is this: 1/9 = 0.111111111... 9 x 1/9 = .99999999... = 9/9 = 1 Or think about it like this: what number fits between 0.999... and 1? Only zero, implying they’re equivalent.


Question: I read that you can put out a grease fire by throwing salt at it. How does this work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I read that you can put out a grease fire by throwing salt at it. How does this work?

Mostly it’s a smothering effect like baking soda. However salt also has pretty good heat absorption capabilities, so I suppose that aside from smothering, maybe it also helps draw the overall temperature of the oil down faster? In either case (salt or baking soda) it’s gotta be a pretty small fire, or you just have to have a lot of it lol.