Question: Why do banks even issue mortgages? Wouldn’t they get significantly better returns in the market?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do banks even issue mortgages? Wouldn’t they get significantly better returns in the market?

Why do some people sell candy bars (7-eleven)? There's demand for it, *someone* can make money by selling it. And you need to have money in order to invest it. Also, it's not as simple as the average rate of return. There are a lot of people who want to beat the market, or who invest more actively. E.g., if I predict the market is about to collapse, the rational thing to do would be to take all my money out of the market and buy up mortgages (well, ignore the fact people default for this example lol). Spread across many people, loans are basically a fixed income (you can predict exactly how much money you will get over X period of time). There are a lot of strategic reasons people like things like that. Another example: if I'm retiring soon, it may be wise for me to move away from risky market investments and move toward safer ones. Finally, I can sell my array of loans to an investor. Let's say I'm done doing the loan business. I can say "Hey, I predict this set of loans will produce $100 over X years. How about you pay me $15 now, and I let you collect that?" So loans are also "resold" in other ways sometimes.


Question: Why does our economy have to be cyclical?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does our economy have to be cyclical?

It doesn't have to be. We put protections in place to prevent major busts after the crash of 1929. Rich and powerful people wanted more, so those protections have been gutted over the last ~40 years. The result has been a return to boom and bust cycles. Fortunes are not made during booms, they're made during the busts when everything is dirt cheap. Those with a great deal of means are able to weather the storm and snatch up investments at rock bottom prices, everything from tangible property to stock. That sets them up to do well during the boom and have even more capital and collateral to guarantee acquisitions during the next bust. As long as they can keep the cycle going, the rich keep getting richer and the poor keep getting poorer.


Question: How do tax havens work ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do tax havens work ?

Company A starts another company B and registers them in the Caymen Islands. Company A at the end of the year has a million dollars profit which can be taxed in the USA. Company A pays company B one million dollar consulting fee. Company A now how has no taxable income. Company B has a million dollars but rewarded with Caymen taxes.


Question: How can mathematics be "theoretical?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can mathematics be "theoretical?"

A lot of mathematics describes things that don't actually exist. In fact, most mathematics do. For example, the way a mathematician describes a line is impossible. A mathematical line has 0 width, yet any physical representation of a line has at least some width, even if it's pretty small. Some approximations (like the line one) are pretty realistic and don't effect things much, so a lot of the reasoning about mathematical lines applies just as well to real lines, so it's harder to see where the theoretical comes in. But there are also branches of math that have absolutely no relation to "real" objects or phenomena. It's hard to give examples of such things at an eli5 level, since they are very far outside what a nonmathematician would ever think about.


Question: Why are some perfume considered feminine and other masculine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some perfume considered feminine and other masculine?

Women and men are associated with different scents due to older society role model stuff, and influenced by scents that match our sexuality. Guys would do "manly" stuff in their day-to-day, like work in the woods where their clothes would pick up evergreen scents, or work with horses and pick up the scent of leather, or bring home the clean scent of the open salt sea on their clothes from their naval adventures. So many gents' colognes accentuate those types of smells because women find them to be pleasant. Womens' perfumes are often more flower-like, possibly because women were more likely to use flowers as an expression of their femininity. Other notes like cinnamon or citrus are sort of in the middle and can go into either guy or girl scents, to add complexity and structure to it. And there are male and female versions of "musks", very complex scents that are associated with sexuality.


Question: What do people mean when they say "climate is not the weather" when talking about climate change?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do people mean when they say "climate is not the weather" when talking about climate change?

Many people try to dismiss the idea of climate change by saying things like "if average temperatures are going up then why is it snowing outside". But weather is a day-to-day phenomenon whereas climate means trends in weather over a large area and a large time period. Rises in average global temperature will have all sorts of effects in different places for a variety of reasons. For example, the British Isles could actually get colder because the melting of the ice caps and the release of fresh water could disrupt the Gulf Stream ocean current which keeps the Isles warmer in the winter. In short, day-to-day and week-to-week weather phenomena are not a reliable indicator of the state of the climate overall.


Question: Will I hit a baseball farther if the pitcher initially throws the ball faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Will I hit a baseball farther if the pitcher initially throws the ball faster?

Yes, you understand correctly. It's easier to hit a home run if the pitcher throws a fastball. URL_0


Question: What makes something truly random? Like what defines randomness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes something truly random? Like what defines randomness?

Computer person here -- there's many, many types of "random". The kind of "random" you want depends entirely on your needs. As Steve_Jobs_Ghost mentions, a common "random" number generator is in fact entirely not random; it starts with a "seed" value and then generates new values based on the seed. However, since you generally don't know the seed, the numbers are random *to you*. I worked at a simulation company ages ago; we let people either define what seed to start with (so they could repeat their simulation from run to run) or let the system pick one (hint: it was just the current time :-) ). This worked great: you could either get random-to-the-user values, or random-but-repeated values. Many computers will have an "entropy pool": a set of data that they've gotten from the external world, and these are used for randomness. For example, the time between the system starting a clock, and when the user starts to type is pretty random. Until, of course, you have a bunch of VMs on a consistent cluster; then it's not as random. Some uses of random numbers require that the number be random to an external attacker. Secure web browsing depends on this; the random numbers are picked by smart people who use the "entropy pools" in a careful and considered way. OTOH, some systems have been shipped where the "random" number used for web security was, in fact, essentially hard-wired at the factory, which isn't really random at all. Lottery numbers fall into this category, which is why lots of lotteries use the bouncing-balls-in-a-cage approach. This is often secure, and then suddenly it isn't :-( Some uses of random numbers in computers are to do things like a random back-off when faced with congestions. Like, if you and another person both boot your computer at the same time, you can get into a muddled state when connecting the network (technically: a race condition inside DHCP when getting an IP address). The solution is that both computers can detect this condition, and you each wait a "random" amount of time before trying again. This doesn't have to be particularly random to work. Some random numbers are used for simulating systems like galaxies or nuclear interactions. These have to be carefully distributed with no "clumping" other than what the randomness would generate. There are elaborate tests to ensure that the number is correctly distributed. Note that these numbers don't need to be secure against crooks: there's not much to be gained by "breaking" a galaxy simulation :-) There are sources of good random numbers. The RAND company was famous for generating a table of random numbers that they created from a carefully controlled roulette wheel (this was back in the 50s, IIRC). This is obviously only good for scientific purposes since anyone could buy a copy of the table :-) People think that quantum effects are hard to generate; actually a common source of quantum noise is just the static you hear in stereos. This is thermal noise, and AFAICT we can prove that it's actually fully random with no "hidden variable" that we just don't understand. And thermal noise is easy to use inside a computer, and can be a great source of randomness! OTOH, there are also known theoretical exploits: in theory, a crook could modify computers chips in the factory such that the thermal noise works until it doesn't, and after that it's in the control of the crooks. This is particularly scary because it's essentially impossible to detect :-( The most fun random number is generated by a camera pointed at Lava Lamps. This is fun (we don't have a way to guess ahead of time how the lamps will work), but personally I'd be dubious about their statistical distribution (whether they are evenly spaced). TL/DR: there lots of kinds of randomness, and it depends on what you need.


Question: How do chance and probability correlate / work exactly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do chance and probability correlate / work exactly?

Assuming that all of your trials are independent then the 1% chance stays 1% each time you re-do the event. The probability that you succeed on at least one of the 1000 trials is 1 - (0.99^1000 ) = 0.999957 so there is a very, very small possibility that you do not suceed. In fact, because the term 0.99^X can never equal 0 then the probability that you succeed never equals exactly 1 and therefore you can never be certain of success. In general, if you run more trials, the chance that you'll get at least one success increases with the number of trials. The key wording is "at least one" here. Nothing about the number of trials changes the fact that each trial has exactly the same probability of success as the previous one. Of course, if the trials are dependent upon each other then everything gets a bit more complicated.


Question: Why do humans start getting body odor after they go through puberty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans start getting body odor after they go through puberty?

Basically (the way I was taught this at least) you have two major types of sweat glands, apocrine and eccrine. Sweat produced by eccrine glands is mostly water. Apocrine sweat is more oily and contains a whole bunch of other stuff (which I won't get into). So bacteria can metabolize the components of apocrine sweat far more readily. Apocrine glands (which are heavily concentrated in your pits and groin) are stimulated by sex hormones, the levels of which rise sharply during puberty. So you get an assload of oily sweat, which is then colonized by bacteria, who generate foul odors.


Question: Why is processed meat cheaper than non-processed meat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is processed meat cheaper than non-processed meat?

They can use all the garbage bits. Remainders and the like. All the meat that's left when you take all the good cuts out.


Question: Using a battery causes the electrolytes to react with anode forming a coating that isolates the anode making the battery be seen as "discharged". What happens when that battery is charged? Are electrons pumped into the battery or charging is just the process of removing that undesired coating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Using a battery causes the electrolytes to react with anode forming a coating that isolates the anode making the battery be seen as "discharged". What happens when that battery is charged? Are electrons pumped into the battery or charging is just the process of removing that undesired coating?

In a nutshell, without getting into the complexities of the electrochemical reactions involved, reversing the flow of electrons essentially flips the arrow on those reactions and makes them proceed backwards, stripping off oxide coatings on the electrodes and re-depositing metals that had dissolved off. This is also why rechargeable batteries have a limited lifespan: with the constant stripping off and re-depositing of metal and oxides, the electrodes will gradually change shape and become ineffective.


Question: How do food & drink makers mimic the taste of fruit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do food & drink makers mimic the taste of fruit?

Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How do they make artificial flavors taste like certain fruits without using any of the actual fruit? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: how are fruity flavours replicated for foods and drinks without actually adding fruit? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [Do artificial fruit flavors really taste like the fruit they are called? ]( URL_8 ) 1. [ELI5: Artificial candy flavors like banana & watermelon (et al) don't really taste like the real fruit. Yet these "candy" fruit flavors are usually pretty consistent among all candies, drinks, etc... Where did/do these pseudo-fruit flavor parallels come from? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: Why don't artificial fruit flavors taste anything like the actual fruit? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5:Artificial food flavoring ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: How does "artificial flavoring" work, and create something so distinct as grape or other fruits? ]( URL_7 ) 1. [ELi5: How are artificial flavors made? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: How do they make artificial flavors? ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why must the economy continue growing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why must the economy continue growing?

Super simplified answer, and probably not even close to the big reasons, but if the economy didn’t grow then we would have the same number of resources for a growing population.


Question: When paper gets wet, why does it dry wrinkly instead of flat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When paper gets wet, why does it dry wrinkly instead of flat?

The fibers in the paper swell when they absorb water, but the fibers are not all the same size, so the swelling is not uniform. This means the paper deforms because the surface area of some fibers has changed relative to other connected fibers that did not change as much (or did not change at all).


Question: Why is pointing a laser at an aircraft such a big deal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is pointing a laser at an aircraft such a big deal?

You can hit the cockpit windows and blind pilots. Go get one of those green lasers in your eyes and try to land an aircraft.


Question: How does higher quality microphones filter out most of the background noises?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does higher quality microphones filter out most of the background noises?

There are a few things that you should probably look at. Some microphones have different recording patterns. You can choose an optimal recording pattern depending on the setting. Cardioid mode records what is directly in front of the receiver versus say an omni\-directional mic that will pick up in a 360 degree pattern. You can also apply what is called a pop filter. Pop filters work by reducing air flow towards the mic which effectively removes the popping and white noises often heard.


Question: How do they determine the distance written on road signs advising drivers of wildlife in the area?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they determine the distance written on road signs advising drivers of wildlife in the area?

My understanding is they keep a map of places where someone has hit a deer, dead deer are seen by the roadside, they note natural deer corridors, etc. They plot them on a map, highlight the densest areas, and that's how they get their measurements. If it says 4.2mi instead of 4.5mi, presumably they don't tend to find many deer accidents past 4.3mi so they mostly want you to focus on the major hotspot instead of just saying "everywhere".


Question: Why is the Nirvana album cover for Nevermind not illegal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Nirvana album cover for Nevermind not illegal?

Child *pornography* is illegal. Having an innocent picture of a naked child is not sexual in any manner so it's not pornographic. Everyone saying that the 90s were a less puritan time is full of shit - the album came out in 1991. The late 80s were when the "Moral Majority" were actively fighting against "satanism" in rock & roll. People were testifying in front of Congress that video games of caused violence and wanted them strongly regulated or censored. George HW Bush was still president on the wave of 80s Reagan conservatism. The cover was *intentionally* controversial and pushed the bounds of what you could get away with.


Question: Why is it so hard to dispose of trash?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to dispose of trash?

The problem with trash is that **nobody wants to spend any money on it**. There are fine, safe, approaches to recycling and storing it. However, none of those things makes money - except aluminum can recycling. So, somebody would have to pay. Local governments don't have money, and raising taxes to process trash more isn't popular because taxes isn't popular. Do you want to sort and dispose of trash for no paycheck? Neither does anybody else, nor are there companies that want to truck it to a mine or store it in the mine for no money. Most of the plastic in the ocean doesn't come from the countries that use the most plastic bags and straws, it comes from countries that throw trash in their rivers. Trash isn't a trash problem, it's a money problem.


Question: What technical reasons would a game released in 2020 and aimed at high-end PCs have to struggle with save files that are larger than 8 MB? That seems like an awfully paltry file size nowadays.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What technical reasons would a game released in 2020 and aimed at high-end PCs have to struggle with save files that are larger than 8 MB? That seems like an awfully paltry file size nowadays.

It has nothing to do with high-end PCs or being aimed for them. It's a software issue, a guess that comes to mind is that in their testing they never had save files that big, and believed that there isn't enough data to store to warrant needing to address a file potentially that big.


Question: Why do computers have to download and install software? What's the difference between the two and why can't it install as it's downloading?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do computers have to download and install software? What's the difference between the two and why can't it install as it's downloading?

One gathers the files, one applies it. Depending on what it is, if you started installing before you had all the pieces of the file, and something happened to the download, bad things could potentially happen.


Question: Why is Dental and Vision insurance separate from other Medical Insurance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Dental and Vision insurance separate from other Medical Insurance?

Not sure about vision, but dental is separate because it is not considered necessary. (which is kinda dumb; having clean and healthy teeth is extremely important to your well-being)


Question: How do night vision goggles work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do night vision goggles work?

There are several ways: * Infrared: There are electronics that can see "color" lower than red. As things and beings radiate those colors as heat, you can use it to see in the dark. Also, as infrared is invisible to the human eye those night vision devices can be enhanced with a "infrared flashlight". It works like with normal light, just in an invisible part of the spectrum that then is shown to you in a visible one. Heat vision and "infrared just below the red" are actually two different beasts, but for this scope here saying "light below your visibility" is sufficeient. * Enhancement of the existing light. For example electronics that are more sensible than your eyes and that light is then enhanced. But what you usually mean is expalined by mainman879, photons hit a place in a vacuum tube, those cause a shower of electrons which fall on a plate that gets flourescent in those places and that you can see.


Question: How fast would you have to travel to chase a sunset around the world/experience a neverending day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How fast would you have to travel to chase a sunset around the world/experience a neverending day?

The circumference of the Earth is around 40,000 km (25,000 miles). Earth rotates (relative to the Sun) once every 24 hours. 40,000 km / 24 hours = ~1667 km/h. 25,000 mi / 24 hours = ~1042 mph.


Question: How does the rabies virus make one scared of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the rabies virus make one scared of water?

It doesn't make you scared of water. It makes swallowing *extremely* painful, to the point where even *thinking* of swallowing can cause painful throat spasms. So sufferers will go out of their way to avoid water because it keeps them from thinking about drinking it. [Here's a video of someone with rabies attempting to drink water]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why does velcro become loose after a while and does not stick as tight as before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does velcro become loose after a while and does not stick as tight as before?

Velcro is tiny loops on one side and tiny hooks on the other. After awhile they get worn out and frayed (they’re only made of nylon usually) and they no longer hook as well as they once did.


Question: How do we know that the stars we see at night are actually still there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that the stars we see at night are actually still there?

We don't always, but by looking at the characteristics of stars, their approximate age and how far away they are, we can figure out if it's likely they've 'died' or not. EDIT: Light moves at a certain speed, and if the star is very far away, it takes a long time for their light to reach us. Astronomers and astrophysicists can work out a star's age and when it's likely to reach the end of its life. If that time has already passed before their light reaches us, then it's like looking into the past


Question: why do firefighters bother putting out a fire (and endanger themselves) if the building is empty and there are no other buildings around it ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do firefighters bother putting out a fire (and endanger themselves) if the building is empty and there are no other buildings around it ?

I am a career paid Fireman. The best way to simplify it is to say that we do not ALWAYS enter a burning structure. There are quite a few common sense reasons that are a definite no go for us (such as flames through the roof, indicating a high probability for collapse on most residential fires). If there is a possibility that we can enter the structure, the incident commander has to make a decision which comes down to "risk a little to save a little, risk a lot to save a lot". If there is any chance that a VIABLE human life is inside, you can guarantee that every firefighter on the scene would risk their life without question to save the person inside. The big word there being viable. Most of the time the toxic chemicals produced by modern manufacturing give off super heated and immediately deadly fumes that can kill you after only a few breaths. We have to take that into account and will not risk as much to recover someone who has without a doubt perished. Our next goal is to save property that can be saved. Family photos and heirlooms are irreplaceable and we make every effort to minimize your loss. If I can read the conditions of the fire and make a direct attack inside the house right at the seat of the fire, it extinguishes the fire quicker, preventing extension and also limiting damage from water being shot in through Windows. Most of our nozzles put out at least 200 gallons per minute. That is a lot if water to put inside your house blindly through a window. Most kitchen fires could probably be extinguished with less than 30 gallons if there is no extension into the walls/roof. Also as others have said, there are a lot of times you can't be certain that the building is unoccupied. A lot of accidental fires happen because squatters light "camp fires" in abandoned buildings to keep warm. They have a right to be saved and us not completing a search of the building (conditions permitting) would be negligent. In residential buildings we keep our eye out for indicators of people that would occupy the structure. For instance if there is a car in the driveway then someone was likely home. Or if there are small children's toys in the yard or house then we automatically assume the possibility that we need to account for children. Sorry for any typos, I'm on mobile. Hope this helps answer your question. If you take anything away from this, just know that if there is a possibility for me or any of the firefighters I know to save a life, we will fight until our last breath to get you out safely. Edit: Thank you all for the kind words and thank you for the gold! Reading through all of your comments really brightened my day!


Question: How can I tell that a dice is fair?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can I tell that a dice is fair?

The likelihood of getting a six each separate throw is 1/6, However, if you're going to throw twice, in order to know the chance of getting a 6 twice, you have to combine the separate chances: 1/6 * 1/6. You can visualize this as the chance you take the right path out of six. Every throw you need to take the right path, and you choose the path at random. At every separate split in the path the chance of choosing path 6 is 1/6th, but the chance of happening to choose path 6 6 times in a row will be 1/6th^6 The chance of your brother getting a 6 each separate throw is 16.6667% The chance of your brother getting a 6 10 times in a row with fair dice is 0.0000016538% You can even calculate the likelihood your brother is cheating (yada yada binominal distributions) but I had my statistics exam a week ago and unless you really want me to I don't feel like going through all that again here now. Might edit in an hour or so.


Question: Why corporations with CEO's and executives who individually make well over 5 million dollars a year are able to get government subsidies for their business still?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why corporations with CEO's and executives who individually make well over 5 million dollars a year are able to get government subsidies for their business still?

Subsidies for businesses are not based on the need of the business, but the need of the government. They are given to attract specific industries, and even specific companies to come and work in a specific region thus providing employment there and to encourage them to produce specific things that the government needs.


Question: Why are most jobs today paid at an hourly rate rather than how much the person worked in that day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most jobs today paid at an hourly rate rather than how much the person worked in that day?

It is significantly less effort on behalf of both the employer and employee to record, report, and verify hours worked vs productivity. Even if your job has consistently quantifiable metrics it would be a pain, and lead to complications with your responsibilities. Lets say you work at mcdonalds. How would you (or the company) value number of tables cleaned vs number of burgers made (does it depend how dirty the table was to start? If not its not worth it to clean the really dirty ones right? Time spent vs award achieved doesnt work, and if it does then how does management know how dirty it is.) Would the employee need to keep a tally through the day? Would time spent tallying count as a paid for task? How would a manager verify tasks which have no way of knowing how much work was done (cleaning for instance)? Its much much easier to keep everything consistent and easy


Question: Do we know how much weight each of our fingers can individually hold? If so, how does the process differ from finger to finger? What muscle is it tied to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do we know how much weight each of our fingers can individually hold? If so, how does the process differ from finger to finger? What muscle is it tied to?

All I know is that if you lose your pinky finger, you end up losing over half your grip strength


Question: Why erasers work well with normal pencils but not so much with colored pencils?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why erasers work well with normal pencils but not so much with colored pencils?

“Normal” pencils tend to have a nib made of graphite, which actually kind of peels in layers. When you write something in graphite, you’re depositing a superficial “layer” of graphite on the paper. The eraser just rubs off the top layer of the graphite. Many coloured pencils contain wax or other like substances that permeate the surface of the paper and thus are harder, but not imposible to rub off. Tl;dr: “normal” pencils only affect the surface of the paper, coloured pencils seep in deeper. The eraser is more effective on the surface.


Question: How do USB wall adapters convert large voltages in such a small cube?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do USB wall adapters convert large voltages in such a small cube?

This becomes a far more interesting problem when factoring in the fact that the wall output is AC and we need DC for USB. Alternating current is what is found in our wall outlets, the electricity goes back and forth really fast in a pattern like a sine wave. Direct current, the electricity just goes in one direction all the time. We need direct current to charge out phones and what not. Anyways, here is how it is done. The problem: we need to take the voltage down from 120 volts (in reality this is a bit less because of the capacitor smoothing mentioned before but still way more than 5) all the way down to 5. Transformers are devices which do this, however they require AC current and the slower the switching of the AC current is, the bigger the transformer needs to be and the more inefficient the transformation is (this also results in a lot of heat which brings its own problems). AC current from the wall alternates 60 times per second and this is too slow, we would need a massive brick to convert this directly, maybe a fan to cool the entire thing. We have tools which convert AC to DC, so that isn't a problem, but converting slow AC to faster AC isn't really possible without first turning it into DC. So the goal high voltage wall AC - > high voltage DC - > fast high voltage AC - > transform into low voltage AC - > low voltage DC. A rectifier is a device which makes it so that AC current is converted roughly to DC current. The problem is that it is choppy, [this image illustrates this]( URL_0 ). I won't get into the specifics of how a rectifier works, but it consists of devices called diodes which only allow electricity to move in one direction. You can look it up online for more details. But as you see, its main goal is to bring all the waves onto the positive side. We don't like choppy voltage so we use something called a capacitor, which is a device that holds charge temporarily like a battery however has a nice tendency of wanting to keep voltage constant on the wires (it charges up to higher voltage when the voltage is at the peaks in that image, reducing the voltage other devices connected to the same wires in parallel use, then when the voltage is low on those wires, it instead releases its charged up voltage, bringing the voltage back up on these wires). This isn't ideally smoothened, but its pretty good, [here is an image]( URL_1 ). Next, with the use of a transistor (this is just an electronic switch, imagine instead of you needing to physically flip a switch, there was an additional wire turning the switch on and off) and a clock circuit, we have this transistor turn on and off real fast, producing AC switching many thousands of times per second. Because the transistor is a switch, the current coming out is a rather blocky AC than a nice smooth sign wave but a transformer still works fine with this so it’s alright. This is fed into a transformer which converts it to low voltage. Finally through a second rectifier converting it to DC, finally through an another smoothing capacitor, and out into the USB port. One of the nice additional features is that the "jitter" of smoothening I showed in the second image above is less noticeable the higher frequency the AC is. This jitter generally is not much of a problem in most cases but IIRC batteries prefer smoother current for their longevity and computers become unstable with if the jitter is bad enough so its best to minimize it. This process has been innovated with things like computer chips regulating everything inside (mainly the transistor speed, which happens to allow for control over a lot) but the basic principle remains. This is a lot of stuff to do in a small USB charger. In fact, [we can barely cram everything needed for it into the brick]( URL_2 ). But it works and it fits.


Question: Can you travel infinitely in a given space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you travel infinitely in a given space?

You've re-stated one of Zeno's paradoxes. Yes, you will finish the race, as the number of partial distances grows to infinity, the length of each partial distance and the time taken to traverse it becomes zero. It's not a paradox of physics, it's simply a failure on the part of the ancient Greeks to properly understand the concept of infinity.


Question: Why is it better to charge a modern smartphone from 20% to 80% even if it implies more charges rather than the old way(let it drop to 0 and then full charge)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it better to charge a modern smartphone from 20% to 80% even if it implies more charges rather than the old way(let it drop to 0 and then full charge)?

It's not. This is one of those ongoing myths that for some reason won't die. Modern smartphone batteries have no issues at all regarding charging or battery strength that, and all of these "only charge to X%" is complete nonsense.


Question: What is the crunchy sound you are hearing when a hard drive is reading and writing data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the crunchy sound you are hearing when a hard drive is reading and writing data?

Take a look at this diagram of a hard drive. URL_0 The hard drive consists of spinning metal platters, a read head that overs over those platters and an arm that moves the head into position. The crunching sound you're hearing is the arm moving the read head into various positions very quickly. That's why you hear it more when doing lots of small reads or writes. If you're reading or writing data sequentially then the arm doesn't have to move so much and you don't hear the sound.


Question: What's the process that makes food or any type of consumable spoil, and how does this differ from aging/fermenting stuff like cheese or liquor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the process that makes food or any type of consumable spoil, and how does this differ from aging/fermenting stuff like cheese or liquor?

There's two major reasons why food spoils: 1. Biological processes - Bacteria, fungi, mold, insects and other living things find the food, and start eating it and reproducing. Many of these things produce waste that is poisonous to people. 2. Chemical processes - Chemicals within the food react with each other and create reaction products that are harmful or have bad flavors. Aging processes depend on exactly what you're aging but they are generally done under controlled conditions where you can control what organisms have access to the product and limit it to only the ones you want. Fermentation produces alcohol, and alcohol is poisonous to most microbes. Once a liquid has a high enough alcohol content basically nothing can grow in it.


Question: Why do French words have lots of useless letters at the end?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do French words have lots of useless letters at the end?

There are two reasons for the apparent uselessness: 1. French spelling has not changed much in many centuries and is very similar to spelling in Old French, where these letters had sounds. 2. French underwent a process whereby spelling of some words was changed to more closely reflect Latin origins, which tended to add even more letters to certain words (a common example is temps, which was spelled tens before this reform). Both of these things also affect English spelling. Words like knife contain silent letters that represent historical pronunciation. Others, like phoenix (spelled fenix in many middle English sources) have spelling reformed to reflect (Romanised) Greek and Latin spelling and thus pronunciations that no longer or never existed in English. In both French and English however these silent letters are not necessarily useless because despite their silence the effects they have on vowels are important. Merci and vin end with vowel sounds represented by i but have different spoken vowel sounds. Likewise the silent e at the end of words like "fine" in English used to be pronounced, but we now only see the effect they have on preceding vowels. Example: Fine vs fin.


Question: - how are industries’ values calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - how are industries’ values calculated?

It depends on the industry, but there are firms that do industry studies all the time and then they just sell access to those reports to people who need it, like analysts, financial journalists and stuff, as a student you could often get some of those reports for free through your school. In some cases the studies will be commissioned directly by some interested party. In terms of method, again depends on industry, if its an industry with only a few major players they're look at the number of like the top 5 suppliers and then extrapolate the rest. If it's a broader or less defined industry they'll look at something like the demand side, average amount purchased in a population and then extrapolate outwards. For something like 'apparel' which is incredibly large they're probably adding up GDP segment data from many countries. A lot of that stuff is very, very approximate. There's a whole field of study known as econometrics which is focused on collecting large scale economic data like that when you can't possibly know a real answer. Like total GDP or Unemployment numbers or something.


Question: How does the process of a court case going to the supreme court work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the process of a court case going to the supreme court work?

Imagine that you and a classmate have an argument . You try to determine a way to solve it on your own, but you cannot come to an agreement. So you go to a teacher at the school. They side with your classmate. You can either accept that decision, or go to the principal and try to get the teacher overruled. You decide to go to the principal, and they decide that you were right. Now your classmate has a decision, he can accept the principal’s decision go to the superintendent. This escalation process continues until: 1 – Both you and your classmate accept the decision 2 – Someone with final authority makes the decision 3 – Someone with higher authority won’t agree to even hear you out (e.g., the superintendent says they are too busy to handle a dispute between two students, so you are stuck with the principal’s decision). In this example, the path was: Teacher > Principal > Superintendent For our court system, there are actually multiple paths to get to the supreme court. Here are a couple examples 1 - District Courts > US Court of Appeals > Supreme Court of the United States 2 - Local Court > State Appeals Court > State Supreme Court > US Court of Appeals > Supreme Court of the United States


Question: Why do buildings always seem to fall apart faster when no one is in them for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do buildings always seem to fall apart faster when no one is in them for a while?

Water. Once the outside fails enough to let water enter, the water rapidly destroys the structure. Dust and spiders won't do any real damage, but water will level a building in just a few years. Rot wood, dissolve drywall, melt plaster. If the place freezes in the winter, that gives water even more power to freeze in the cracks and break down concrete and masonry.


Question: What is the difference between the words “shall” and “will”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between the words “shall” and “will”?

Historically the meaning was: - shall = something that is definitely going to happen - will = something that you intend to make happen Think of "will power" or "the will to succeed" or "last will and testament" — all are statements of using your *intentions* to influence the future. But in English as in most languages, words drift over time. These days, "will" is used as a substitute for "shall," and the old meaning of "will" is met with terms like "intend to" or "am going to" or "plan to."


Question: why are elements measured in half life instead of full life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are elements measured in half life instead of full life?

**Analogy time: POPCORN.** (and a little bit about reliability too). Elements aren't really "measured" by half-life. They're measured by their count of protons. Hydrogen has one, helium two, and so on. Then the number of neutrons that's in there can be used to classify these elements further into isotopes. A hydrogen atom with one proton and zero neutrons is the isotope called "protium". With one neutron you get "deuterium" and with two neutrons, you get "tritium". And some neutron counts make an atom of that isotope much more unstable and likely to explode... which can change it into a different isotope, or even a different element altogether if some protons come out of there. Tritium, for example, is a lot more unstable than deuterium Those isotopes (not the element) have a property called a half-life, and it's a way of measuring how stable that atom is. Now for **popcorn**. Yay!! Throw some kernels into a pot with a little hot oil and continue heating it up. They don't pop all at once, right? Some start early, some start late, some never get around to popping at all by the time the others start to scorch and your family starts screaming at you for stinking up the house. So you can't really say "This kernel takes this long to pop" because it's so uncertain. It could be almost instant or it could happen much later. There's no reliability to the number you'd give. But what you CAN say is "In this amount of time, half of the kernels pop." That's a pretty darn reliable number. And, getting back to our isotopes, you can reliably say "In this amount of time, *half* of the atoms that are this isotope type will break down into other elements".... in other words, "half life". But you CAN'T reliably say "This is the amount of time when this isotope will be guaranteed to break completely down."


Question: Why is Gödel’s incompleteness theorem so important ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Gödel’s incompleteness theorem so important ?

So in maths we have these rules called axioms that we take as given and using these axioms we make deductions. These axioms come in various forms for example we might say: 1."There are 3 colours: red, blue and black" 2."There are 3 vehicle types: buses,cars and vans" 3."Every vehicle has a colour" 4."All buses are red" 5."All cars are blue" We take these facts as given and see what conclusions we can come up with from these facts. For example the statement "If I am riding a black vehicle, then I must be riding a van" is true. Why? Using 5 If I was riding a bus then my vehicle would have been red. Since it wasn't red I cannot be riding a bus. Using 4 I can conclude that I cannot be in a car in the same way as above. Using 2 As there are only 3 vehicle types in this hypothetical world and I've ruled out 2 of them I must be riding a van. So as you can see from these axioms I've deduced that any black vehicle is a van. Godel's incompleteness theorem essentially says there's a trade off between 'completeness' and 'consistency'. A complete set of axioms means that if I give you any statement there is some way to prove it true or false. A consistent set of axioms means that if I give you a statement and I give you the opposite of that statement you can prove at most one of them true. For example in our toy example I cannot also prove using the axioms the statement. "If I have a non-black vehicle, then it must be a van". Godel's theorem says that you can either have consistency or completeness but not both. In mathematics if we had a system that was not consistent it would be be bad so we have to concede completeness.


Question: why does biting your tongue improve concentration when doing manual tasks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does biting your tongue improve concentration when doing manual tasks?

A lot of your brain is devoted to controlling or getting info from your tongue. You're constantly monitoring how it's positioned, how much it's contracted or relaxed, what sense data about your mouth it's giving you at any particular time, and how it might have to move in order to speak. If you stick it outside of your mouth and hold it still with something other than your tongue (like your teeth), it frees up that brainpower for other uses.


Question: How is Harvey an example of Global Warming and not just a "once in 500 years flood" like the President said?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Harvey an example of Global Warming and not just a "once in 500 years flood" like the President said?

Yes, you're pretty much right (although Donald was, for once, also kind of right). We measure large natural disasters, amongst other things, using a "X year" scale. For example in the UK we have "100 year floods". What this means is that floods, or storms happen quite regularly, but are often not very bad. However due to a variety of reasons, every once in while they're really, really bad. Since we have good historical records most of the time, and since we can roughly work out the probability of occurrence for storms / floods of various scales, we can give them their "X year" rating, which just means "how long would you have to wait, on average, between events of this magnitude". EDIT : the above section on probabilities is not exactly correct. Thanks to /u/skimbro for pointing this out. The "X years" is based on the probability of it occuring in any given year. So a 100 year event has a 1% probability of occuring in any given year. This is not quite the same as what I said. In the example of a 100 year event, over a 100 year period the odds of an event like this occuring are approximately 64%, or very nearly 2/3rds. You can work out the odds of an event of this nature occuring in a given time period with the following period : probability of failure(so 100 years = 1% = 0.99) to the power of the number of years you are interested in. 0.99 to the power of 100 = 0.36, minus this from 1 and multiply by 100. This is the probability of your event happening within the time period you desire to know. So a 500 year storm over a 500 year period = 0.998 to the power of 500, etc = 64% odds it occurs in a 500 year period, 34% odds it does not Where global warming comes into this is by modifying the frequency and / or magnitude of the events. For example, without global warming the hurricane would likely have still happened (leaving aside chaos theory butterfly stuff etc for now). However, it probably wouldn't have been AS bad. Maybe more like a 300 year storm, or something like that. In addition, because storms are worsening, the "X years" scale is becoming wrong - you're getting floods that ought to be "100 year" floods every decade or so - by worsening the local climatic conditions, we affect the frequency of serious events. So Donald could well have been right by calling it a 500 year storm. They do happen, and its a meaningful scale used for these kinds of events. However, global warming suggests that its impact was probably worsened, and its frequency increased, as a result of global warming.


Question: What are the two small glass pieces next to US presidents while giving speeches supposed to do? Are they some sort of protection? how does such a tiny piece of glass protect a person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the two small glass pieces next to US presidents while giving speeches supposed to do? Are they some sort of protection? how does such a tiny piece of glass protect a person?

Those are teleprompters. They display the speech they are reading, so they can look up and in different directions instead of down at a piece of paper.


Question: - Why do negative numbers exist? What is the concept of negative?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why do negative numbers exist? What is the concept of negative?

Negative numbers exist because subtracting a smaller number from a bigger one can’t be a positive number, but it’s useful to be able to do that kind of subtraction anyway. For instance, I’ve got a doodad I’m selling for $10, but you only have $5. Rather than telling you no, I can give it to you for the $5 you currently have and you can pay me the other $5 later. 5 - 10 = -5, so your wallet now contains -$5. The negative is a way of indicating that you still have a debt to settle, so even though your wallet is empty, you’re not *really* at $0.


Question: How do memories work? How are they stored in the brain and how do we access them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do memories work? How are they stored in the brain and how do we access them?

Your brain is built on a web of neurons. The neurons themselves are connection points that "activate" when excited, broadcasting to the neurons they are connected to. They don't store any information. However, the connections *between* the neurons act as an encoding mechanism. So, imagine you get some input, like you see something. The optic nerves are excited, they are attached to the part of your brain that handles optical input, passing that excited signal along in different ways (sort of like a game of Plinko). Different neurons require different amounts of incoming "excitement" to activate themselves. They then cascade that activation through the brain in different ways depending on the type of input they got. Imagine a spiderweb. Let's say you see a bicycle. A certain pattern of strands in the web "vibrate", but not all of them. Every time you see a bicycle that same pattern vibrates in the web. That pattern is the concept of a bicycle as it pertains to visual input. Let's say you see a motorcycle, you might activate ALMOST the same pattern, with a few strands being different. That's because the more similar the pattern, the more similar the ideas. If you saw, say, a banana, it might activate a COMPLETELY different pattern. This is how your brain conceptualizes everything (neural activation patterns). It works like an encoding in a lot of ways. That pattern is your brain's own personal encoding for "bicycle". Another brain would associate that pattern with something, potentially, completely different (but in actuality would probably not be able to make sense of it at all, since that brain wouldn't have the same neural connections). As you learn things, experience things etc, new connections in the web are made to accommodate new encodings. As you forget things, old connections are dissolved/degraded (because they aren't being used as often) also to make room for new encodings. Not every brain is equal in this process, but every brain works this way. Some are more efficient at it others not as much. This is a contrived example. But it gives the gist of how the brain stores and recalls information. It's not like a computer's hard drive at all. It's a completely different mechanism.


Question: Why do tears sometimes sting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do tears sometimes sting?

Your tears pick up dirt around your eyelashes/corners and it gets into your membrane. It's insane in the membrane. Pain. Mane. Slain. McBane. I've reached the word count. Bye.


Question: Why do you hear EMT's always telling people to say certain things when they are falling out of conciousness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you hear EMT's always telling people to say certain things when they are falling out of conciousness?

There are certain things EMTs can't measure with machine. Most important is how well you're breathing. If you're talking normally then your lungs are fine, and so on. Next it give them an idea of the pain you're in. Sure you can tell them a 8/10 on a scale but what does that even mean. If you're gritting your teeth it's bad, screaming is worse (usually). Finally it tells us what's called your LOC (level of consciousness) do you know who you are, where you are, when you are? All those things go into assessing the full extent of the patients injuries especially to the head.


Question: Wham's last Christmas in now in 4K, how is this possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Wham's last Christmas in now in 4K, how is this possible?

35mm film is generally estimated to be somewhere between 4k and 8k in resolution. So you scan a new copy from the archived film footage, at 4k resolution. Not all old footage was filmed with 35mm film. Some stuff was shot on 16mm (generally estimated to top out around 2K) other was shot on video (worse perhaps between 480p and 720p). Scanning a new copy doesn't add information that wasn't captured originally, but one of the most popular media to capture video was film so in many cases you just scan a better copy.