Question: is there a difference in probability between being the one chosen out of 100 people, and being the last picked out of 100 people?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there a difference in probability between being the one chosen out of 100 people, and being the last picked out of 100 people?

It's the same probability. You can only be picked last if every other person was picked before you, that's true, but that's a pretty inefficient way to calculate the probability. The best way to look at it is like this: If you lined up yourself and 99 other people, in how many arrangements are you last in the line-up out of how many total arrangements there are? Since we don't care about the order of the other people, we can ignore that (since for every position you could be in, there are the exact same number of orderings for the other people). Well, there's obviously just one way you could be last, just like there's just one way you could be first, out of 100 possible arrangements (one for each position you could be in). If you *wanted* to calculate it the other way, you could. You have a (99/100) chance of not being picked first. You then have a (98/99) chance of not being picked second. Since you first have to not be picked first, you have to multiply these chances together. So your chance of "not being picked first or second" is (99/100) \* (98/99), and you'll notice that the 99's cancel out, leaving you with 98/100. This makes sense, because in 98 out of 100 arrangements, you're not in the first two positions. Keep going if you like. Not being in the first three would be (99/100) \* (98/99) \* (97/98). You'll notice that the 98's cancel out this time, leaving you with 97/100. Keep going all the way, and you end up with (99/100) \* (98/99) \* (97/98) \* (96/97) \* ... \* (2/3) \* (1/2) with the last (1/2) representing your chance of not being chosen second-to-last (when there are two people remaining, the other person is picked instead of you). Each denominator cancels out with the numerator just before it, except for the numerator at the very end (since it doesn't have a denominator to pair with it) and the denominator at the very beginning (since it doesn't have a numerator "before" it). So you're left with 1/100.


Question: how do the silica bead packets remove moisture from the stuff around them?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do the silica bead packets remove moisture from the stuff around them?

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide is what we refer to as a “desiccant” which means it has the ability to “pull” or adsorb water. It does this because the thin layers of water molecules are attracted to the high surface area of the beads. It has thousands of holes of pores that can adsorb 40 percent of its weight. It’s essentially porous sand. Once saturated with water, or moisture it can be restored back to being lean, or dry by applying tons of heat to it, essentially causing the moisture to vapor off. That’s the best explanation I can give. Basically, because the silica is very porous, the surface area is high and significant amounts of water can be attracted and adsorbed


Question: Why does the wine taste better when it's old? Or does it really taste better?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the wine taste better when it's old? Or does it really taste better?

Let's look at red wine here. Over time, it will change and develop in the bottle. The fruitiness will gradually dry out, the acids will mellow, and the tannins will polymerize to go from 'squeaky teeth' sharp to smooth and...really toothsome. I can't think of another word for it right now. If all goes well, it will get remarkably complex and subtle, with more stuff going on in the mouth. HOWEVER if it is too tannic for the fruit, then it can become just old and dry; or if there's not enough of a tannic 'backbone,' then it will become bland. So why *can* wine taste better when it's older? Because the tannins change to develop a soft and complex mouthfeel, while the fruits develop a richness of flavour and aroma, and the acids balance it all to not be too sharp or too bland. BUT UNDERSTAND THIS: Most wine (about 90%) that is sold is intended to be drunk within a year of purchase, and will get worse over time, as one element overpowers the others and it falls out of balance. Making wine that is intended for long-term cellaring is a challenging process, and from the winemaker's point of view, often not worth the effort. Furthemore, if you have a wine that really has the potential to age well, then (a) you have to cellar it properly to avoid destroying it, and (b) it still won't improve indefinitely. Wines have an 'ideal' point, which is very much a personal point of view, but sooner or later all wine dies.


Question: What's the deal with the clothing brand Supreme?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What's the deal with the clothing brand Supreme?

The brand sells its shirts in limited amounts, which causes people to feel like that product is "special" because of the small amount. This coupled with celebrities often wearing the brand has created a huge subculture around spending insane amounts of money on lazy streetwear. Tldr they restrict the market to create a false sense of uniquity


Question: what determines wether a flame is yellow or blue?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what determines wether a flame is yellow or blue?

The color of a flame indicates 2 things: the temperature, and the material that composes it. The blue color at the bottom of a flame, such as a candle, comes from the spectrum of the products of the reaction. The base of the flame is where the actual reaction is taking place, where the reaction products are being produced, and where they are hot enough to emit light. Carbon monoxide, dioxide, and water vapor tend to peak in the blue range, so the gases released emit blue light before they cool down. The yellow color mainly comes from black body radiation of soot particles. You can see this effect clearly with a gas flame, such as on a gas stove. If the nozzle is clean, the flame will be a pure blue, because there is no soot, it is burning cleanly. Put something like a piece of wood or food in the flame and it will turn yellow above it


Question: Why does new battery in older cellphone gets discharged at the same speed as the old battery?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does new battery in older cellphone gets discharged at the same speed as the old battery?

Heres the thing. Lithium batteries have a variable voltage, while they do specify 3.7v they actually vary between 4.2 and 3.2v depending on the charge level, thats how your phone mesures how much battery is left, the more chage, the higher the voltage difference (4.2v isnt theres 4,2v, it means a 4.2v difference with ground which is usualy 0) Now to keep the battery as healthy as possible and to protect you from the battery exploding or catching fire the phone keeps a log of battery use to make sure the battery charge and discharge cycles are adjusted to the state of the battery, If you insert a new battery in to the phone, you need to get rid of the logs or the phone will keep treating the new batter as if its the old one. URL_0


Question: Why do we not see that many animal corpses in forests, deserts etc where animals would probably be dying regularly? Do all of them get devoured by scavengers or be absorbed into the soil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we not see that many animal corpses in forests, deserts etc where animals would probably be dying regularly? Do all of them get devoured by scavengers or be absorbed into the soil?

Mostly scavengers, if you know what your looking for you absolutely will see body remnants in these areas. But they are also covered pretty quickly by foliage and sands. I make good money picking up skulls/sheds in high school from nature parks around me.


Question: why does RAM not have the same issue of limited write cycles that solid state drives do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does RAM not have the same issue of limited write cycles that solid state drives do?

I'm going to try and ELI5 this, so *please* do not consider this a *technical* response. So, RAM has data written to it a lot, but it doesn't need to be *permanent*. That is, when you turn your computer off, and the RAM has no more power, you don't care what happens to the data. An SSD needs to retain that data without power. So, one way to think about this, is that you have to write the data *harder* (you know how I said non-technical?) Because you're doing that, it also wears out faster. Compare it to, say, writing on a whiteboard you can erase and reuse to writing on a piece of paper using a pencil and then using an eraser on that paper each time.


Question: Could the world eventually become one race through the interbreeding of races over time?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Could the world eventually become one race through the interbreeding of races over time?

Yes. Technically we are already one race. The biological differences between what we refer to as "races" are so minor and negligible that there is no scientific basis for differentiating them. That's what people mean when they say that "race" is a cultural construct. But when it comes to those minor biological differences, like skin tone, even they will blend together with time, assuming enough interbreeding happens. There is actually already a sort of prototype for this: [Brazil]( URL_0 ). Almost half of Brazil's population is a mix between European, African, and Amerindian ancestry.


Question: Why do animals with claws grow them in a curved triangle? Wouldn't they thicken out, through growing equally across the nail, and become a squarish oval like our nails, but thicker? Or do they have to manually sharpen them?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do animals with claws grow them in a curved triangle? Wouldn't they thicken out, through growing equally across the nail, and become a squarish oval like our nails, but thicker? Or do they have to manually sharpen them?

A cat's claw - for example - does not grow like our fingernails. Our fingernails grow in layers horizontally, so to say. A cat's claw grows from 'inside out', basically. The sharp tip thus is always really sharp, as it's part of the 'youngest' structure of the nail. The outer sheaths of the claw grows duller over time so the cat scratches things to get rid of these sheaths. I have 2 cats and sometimes i find these near the scratching pole. They look a bit like fully grown cat claws but at a closer look they are thin and hollow.


Question: When is it best to rely on a particular type of mean over the others?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When is it best to rely on a particular type of mean over the others?

You might find this previous post helpful in describing them: URL_0 > which one gives the most accurate average. I would be careful about using the word "accurate". They're all accurate, in a sense- if you plug in numbers, you'll get the right output. The difference is, some of them describe certain physical processes that you're interested in. It's hard to give an exact rule for every case, but crudely: Arththmetic mean is just your normal average. If you're not sure which one to use, it's probably this one, or a weighted average, which is a variant. Geometric mean for growth rates/exponents Harmonic mean basically never, but it does come up in circuits with resistors/capacitors, and speeds over a distance .basically, look for that distinctive 1/(1/a+1/b) looking formulas, where you're doing a bunch of ratios. But really, you're almost never going to use the second two unless you have a very specific job where you'll know. As a physics grad student,i can't recall ever really needing them.


Question: How a comum eraser can erase graphite, but not colour pencils?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How a comum eraser can erase graphite, but not colour pencils?

Because they use wax rather than Graphite, Charcoal or Lead. Hence why most of the world actually calls them Pencil Crayons.


Question: How do contact lenses work?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do contact lenses work?

Think of your eye as a lens, like a camera lens. A lens has the ability to focus light to a point and form an image because of the shape of the lens surface. If the image is blurry it is because the shape of your lens is incorrect and doesn't focus the image in the right spot. A contact sits on top of your eyeball and becomes the new surface of your lens, giving it the correct shape to focus the image onto your retina.


Question: How does bleach work? What does it do to color?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does bleach work? What does it do to color?

Bleach is a really intense base. It oxidizes the materials it comes in contact with. Chromophores are the parts of molecules that reflect light and give color to those molecules. When bleach is introduced to material, the oxidation process alters the chromophores in such a way that they no longer reflect only the light that gives color to the material. This is how bleach essentially strips away color. However, different materials, colors, and amounts of bleach can affect the oxidation process enough to produce a range of shades from white to yellow.


Question: Why does video production take so long? I have a friend who was in a commercial last year and did two 12-hour days for it, but was only on screen for like 3 seconds. And it wasn’t even an ad with special effects- just him in a car making a face.

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 Why does video production take so long? I have a friend who was in a commercial last year and did two 12-hour days for it, but was only on screen for like 3 seconds. And it wasn’t even an ad with special effects- just him in a car making a face.

Because they require a lot of people, dozens, possibly a hundred or more in larger productions, all being where they’re supposed to be at the right time. The lighting crews, the sound crews, the camera crews, the actors, the make up artists, the crews who provide catering to all these people, everyone, needs to make sure they get their job done at the right time when’s it’s needed. And now you’re in charge of it all, what is easier? A. Coming up with a complicated hour-by-hour schedule of when people need to show up and then when they can leave, and hoping that it runs perfectly smoothly and nothing goes wrong or gets messed up or no one is late. Or B. Just have everybody just show up and be there the whole time so you don’t have to worry as much about a scheduling nightmare. And if something does go wrong the people who can fix it are still their, and none of the actors will ever be late because you made them show up 4 hours before they’ll probably get infront of the camera. Tl:dr it’s way simpler and causes less headaches to just have everyone involved in a shoot be there the whole time, instead of making a complicated ass schedule.


Question: Why is there so much smoke produced after a fire goes out?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there so much smoke produced after a fire goes out?

When something burns hotly, it burns cleanly. When you take away the flame, it has enough embers and residual heat to continue smoldering, but without the heat of the flame the result is incomplete combustion resulting in smoke and soot. Details: What is smoke? It's soot, and carbon compounds, tar, aerosols, un burned fuel, and other components of incomplete combustion. When a fire burns brightly and hotly, it efficiently combines oxygen with carbon to make carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, and with hydrogen to make water vapor. If all of the hydrocarbons and organic material being burned are done so cleanly, then there is very little smoke and instead an almost pure reaction resulting in carbon dioxide and water which are odorless and transparent gases. IE not smoke. When a flame is extinguished but there is still a lot of latent heat, the process of burning is snuffed out resulting in incomplete transformation into the water and carbon dioxide, leading to incomplete compounds which create the soot.


Question: Why are flowers attractive to humans even if we might not get any reward (fruit, nectar) from them?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are flowers attractive to humans even if we might not get any reward (fruit, nectar) from them?

This doesn't address the philosophical perception of beauty, but primates' ability to see them in three colors is special, in the world of mammals: > Today, most mammals possess dichromatic vision, corresponding to protanopia red–green color blindness. They can thus see violet, blue, green and yellow light, but cannot see ultraviolet, and deep red light.[4][5] This was probably a feature of the first mammalian ancestors, which were likely small, nocturnal, and burrowing. ... > Primates have re-developed trichromatic color vision since that time, by the mechanism of gene duplication, being under unusually high evolutionary pressure to develop color vision better than the mammalian standard. Ability to perceive red[7] and orange hues allows tree-dwelling primates to discern them from green. This is particularly important for primates in the detection of red and orange fruit, as well as nutrient-rich new foliage, in which the red and orange carotenoids have not yet been masked by chlorophyll. ^ URL_0 Being able to see *red* made ripe fruits stand out visibly from unripened fruit, and from the green background foliage. I'm sure this influences our ability to appreciate flowers and their vivid contrast to *green.*


Question: Does getting sick with the flu once provide the same effect as the flu shot for that year?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does getting sick with the flu once provide the same effect as the flu shot for that year?

Kind of. You'll get immunity to that *particular* strain, but the flu shot typically contains vaccines against a few different strains. As such, you could still catch one of the other common strains that are going around, which the vaccine would have protected you against. Not all strains that go around are protected against by the vaccine, as sometimes the epidemiologists get it a bit wrong and chose the wrong strains. This is why having the flu shot doesn't guarantee that you won't then get the flu. Still, as the flu is horrible, it's worth getting the shot. They're cheap (or even free for many), virtually painless, won't give you the flu (you either already had the virus, or you've got a strain that isn't protected against). Definitely worth having. The flu can be particularly bad if you have certain medical conditions, like asthma, COPD, or anything that leaves your immunocompromised (amongst many others).


Question: Why do scars not heal to the same color as your skin?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do scars not heal to the same color as your skin?

Scars are made primarily out of a tough connective tissue called collagen. When a cut is too big/can’t be repaired, these cells called fibroblasts are like one-trick ponies. “Ooh any type of big cut? Fill that shit up with some collagen”. Collagen happens to be a different colour than skin


Question: Why do humans start feeling hot and sweaty when nervous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans start feeling hot and sweaty when nervous?

It’s the part of your nervous system that protects you when you’re in danger. Your body is designed to run away from tigers and such, not take tests or speak in public. Having your heart rate go up and moving your blood to different parts of the body is useful when fighting a wild animal but not as useful when you’re sitting in a desk - so it just makes you hot and sweaty.


Question: - Why is some lightning not accompanied by thunder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why is some lightning not accompanied by thunder?

It is just lightning that is too far away for you to hear the thunder. It takes the right atmospheric conditions for you to see it. It is often called "heat lightning" but there is nothing different about it.


Question: How is a permanent magnet created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a permanent magnet created?

Ok permanent magnets are actually a bit complicated because to explain ferromagnetism - the phenomena that accounts for permanent magnets - you actually need some amount of quantum mechanics. Oh well here goes: Ok so if you understand how a temporary magnet is made, you might already know that when you have a charge that's moving you will automatically create a magnetic field. That's why you can create an electromagnet from metals that can't be made into permanent magnets (like if you make a copper solenoid and pass an electrical current through it). Of course, a permanent magnet remains a magnet even when you don't have any external electrical current being provided - so there needs to be some other type of 'moving' charge that produces this magnetic field. What is this 'moving' charge within a permanent magnet that produces this magnetism? The exact same charge that was moving in your copper solenoid, the electron! As you might already know, electrons are negatively charged, but they also have a property called spin (which can either be up or down), and another property called its orbital angular momentum (which you can imagine as something like the electron moving around the atom's nucleus), both of which contribute to what's called a magnetic dipole moment. Which basically just means that every electron, by itself, acts like a tiny magnet. But if all materials have atoms, and hence all have electrons, and hence all have these tiny magnets within them - why aren't all materials permanent magnets? Well here's the thing, electrons have a tendency to be paired up in opposite spins with other electrons. That means that most up-spin electrons will paired up with down-spin electrons, and this results in a cancelling of their magnetic moments - and so there's no more net magnetic field. So let's say you have an atom with an even number of electrons, half of them will be spin up while the other will be spin down, and you end up with nothing. But what if you had an atom with an odd number of electrons? There will always be at least one electron that remains unpaired, and hence that atom can still have a net magnetic moment. We call this paramagnetism. Ok ok, so just to recap what we've talked about so far. Even without an externally provided electric current, electrons have properties that make them act as tiny magnets, but they tend to be paired in opposite directions and cancel each other out. Atoms with odd electrons, however, will have at least one electron that remains unpaired, and this electron, and hence the atom, will have a net magnetic moment. But notice that I said paramagnetic, and not ferromagnetic.... Just because your individual atoms act as tiny magnets, is doesn't mean that your entire material will be magnetic. What's stopping the magnetic moments of these atoms to be randomly arranged? For example, if you had a bunch of bar magnets that were all aligned in different directions, froze them into a block of ice, we'd expect that there would be no net magnetic moment of the whole solid object. This is where ferromagnetism comes in. Ferromagnetic materials don't just have atoms with net magnetic moments, they have atoms with net magnetic moments that are all aligned in the same direction! How this is possible I think we'll keep for another day (it has to do with the exchange interaction between electrons).


Question: How does a Pedometer (Step Tracker) app on a smartphone know how many steps I’m taking (and how many stairs I climb)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a Pedometer (Step Tracker) app on a smartphone know how many steps I’m taking (and how many stairs I climb)?

Combination of tracking your GPS movements and using the same sensors that check whether you want the phone in portrait mode or landscape to sense when you're stepping up and down. The latter is the same way your DS (if you had one) worked as a kid, and it was why you (me) could sit there for a few minutes and break the system by rhythmically moving your ds up and down a certain way to mimic walking. You could probably do that with your phone/watch.


Question: What is the difference between capital and money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between capital and money?

Capital is the stuff that helps you make more money but would cost money. It's goods that you don't really want on their own, but have some kind of utility. Let's say you want to start up a delivery company, what you \*want\* to do is deliver stuff to people and get paid for that. So you need a car. That car is capital, because it helps you make money. Edit: I should point out that your personal car wouldn't be considered capital if you aren't using it to produce goods or services. Using something to make something else is what defines capital.


Question: Why do cold temperatures make pain such as slaps/whips to the skin more painful, yet pain such as joint aches less painful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cold temperatures make pain such as slaps/whips to the skin more painful, yet pain such as joint aches less painful?

> yet pain such as joint aches less painful? I've never heard anyone say it makes this less painful


Question: How do those chords on roads that I assume take data on traffic work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do those chords on roads that I assume take data on traffic work?

I set these down myself for my city! They are hollow tubes that allow air to be pushed down to a box at the end of the tube when cars drive over them! The tubes can be used simply to count cars or as mentioned by others, to calculate speed at which cars travel over them (when using 2 tubes at a specific distance apart). A traffic engineer would use these data points to run a simulation to see if the road needs widening, a turn lane added, or many other possibilities. It also helps correcting estimations for traffic flows as cities grow. Edit: The tubes are simply screwed into the concrete or asphalt using wire fasteners and a pilot hole. Sometimes they get ripped out/apart D:


Question: How are humans able to sense footsteps or a car coming from beyond our vision?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are humans able to sense footsteps or a car coming from beyond our vision?

We detect these things using our sense of hearing. No psychic power or electric energy field is involved.


Question: How did NASA calculate that you only need 40 digits of Pi to calculate the circumference of the observable universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did NASA calculate that you only need 40 digits of Pi to calculate the circumference of the observable universe?

The circumference of the observable universe is on the order of 10^27 m. The diameter of a hydrogen atom is on the order of 10^-10 m. If you take the ratio of the two, you end up with 10^37. What that means is that (with some error since I've rounded a lot here) it takes approximately 10^37, or 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 hydrogen atoms lined up end to end to wrap around the observable universe, or in other words one hydrogen atoms represents 10^-37 of the observable universe's circumference. That means that knowing the value of pi to a precision of ~ 10^-38 (or 10^-39 from their calculations) is enough to calculate the circumference of the universe from its radius/diameter.


Question: Why former presidents have Secret Service protection for life and why this concern isn't shared in other countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why former presidents have Secret Service protection for life and why this concern isn't shared in other countries?

They recieve permanent security detail so that they can feel free to make controversial or unpopular decisions without fear of assassination by some loon once they leave office. Other countries also provide long term security to various political figures, so the second part of your question isn't really accurate.


Question: Why do your muscles get so sore when you have the flu??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do your muscles get so sore when you have the flu??

One task of white blood cells is to repair and rebuild muscle fibres which are damaged from day to day. However, when you have the flu, your immune system diverts the white blood cells from this function to fight off the flu virus, thus leaving your muscles and joints feeling sore and achy. In addition, white blood cells produce a chemical called cytokines when fighting the infection. This causes inflammation in muscles and joints, resulting in pain.


Question: If hot air rises, why does an airline pilot say that 10000 feet into the air is freezing cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If hot air rises, why does an airline pilot say that 10000 feet into the air is freezing cold?

The basic answer is that the farther away you get from the earth, the thinner the atmosphere gets. The total heat content of a system is directly related to the amount of matter present, so it is cooler at higher elevations.


Question: How does i * i = -1?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does i * i = -1?

The constant "i" is defined as the "square root of negative one". Squaring a square root of a number just returns the original value.


Question: Why does water boil faster when it has salt in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water boil faster when it has salt in it?

It doesnt, it boils more slowly, i.e. at a higher temperature. Basically what's happening when you boil water is you are exciting water molecules to the point where they move so far apart that they stop being liquid and become a gas. Salt essentially holds down the water molecules making them less likely to "escape" and enter the gas phase. Meaning it takes more energy (heat) to excite the water enough to "escape" the salt molecules.


Question: Why does the brain forget things? What decides what gets forgotten and what doesn’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the brain forget things? What decides what gets forgotten and what doesn’t?

As we go through the day we experience lots of things, if we were to remember all of it we would be simply overwhelmed. It is important to realise that there are different types of memory: there is our short term memory and our long term which consists of "declarative" (basically facts like remembering what time your favourite restaurant opens) and "procedural" (like motor skills: riding a bike or doing tasks) There is also no specific one place in your brain where memories are stored. Different areas of the brain play roles in different parts of memories. For your question specifically the answer is our emotional response to things happening. Our memory is dependent on our limbic system (which helps control emotions) so if we are super happy about something we are much more likely to remember it than remembering something that is meh and boring. Example: you'll remember getting a puppy on a specific day and you might not remember eating a bowl of cereal a week ago. The same goes for memories that upset us or anger us. Our hippocampus is the area of the brain that helps us consolidate our memories from short term into long term. If we learn something we think is interesting and form some kind of emotional response to it we are more likely to remember it. Which is why I remember lots about science and barely anything about history.


Question: How did ancient cities get under modern cities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did ancient cities get under modern cities?

There's a bit of survivorship bias here - the cities that didn't get buried over time were either preserved, or gradually disassembled for parts (like taking blocks of masonry for re-use). But for those cities that were buried, it's a few factors. Rivers can flood and silt up an area, burying it in mud over the centuries. Wind can blow in dust. Weeds growing will gradually accrete dirt. And human cities produce lots of rubble, which if you don't clean it up, can bury older ruins.


Question: What is the difference between interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary ?

It's the difference between what the prefixes mean. I'll use a skill as an example, but it could be other things. * Interdisciplinary skills are skills that are applicable in different disciplines and merge them into a single discipline. * Multidisciplinary skills are skills that are applicable in different disciplines but the disciplines are different enough that they can't be merged and have to be done separately. * Transdisciplinary skills are similar to interdisciplinary skills, but instead of merging two (or more) disciplines together they "bridge the gap" between the disciplines so the skill links them together in a chain.


Question: How are the "reconstructions" of extinct species actually come to be?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are the "reconstructions" of extinct species actually come to be?

We can study bones to determine how muscles and ligaments attached. Models of these bones are made and we can add layers (often done in clay) to fill in and add skin. We look at modern animals and their bones to determine how things fit together and work. Mistakes have been made. When Iguanodon was first assembled it was put together as a four legged lumbering beast. It had a horn on it's nose. Even statues of it were made to look this way, but now we know it walked on two legs and the thing we thought was it's horn was in fact a tip on it's thumb. This last mistake was corrected when people realized there were twice as many "horns" as there were heads!


Question: What is the fifth force and how is it applicable in real life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the fifth force and how is it applicable in real life?

So in physics there are four fundamental forces; gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. All the fifth force hypothesis is saying is that there might be another one that we are having trouble detecting that could explain the things in physics and cosmology we're having trouble with at the moment. No one really knows if the fifth force exists or not; at this point, everything's focused on "how could it manifest, and how can we actually observe and measure it?"


Question: why does the zigzag pattern on packages (chip bags, chocolate bars,etc) make it easier to tear the plastic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the zigzag pattern on packages (chip bags, chocolate bars,etc) make it easier to tear the plastic?

It does two things. Plastic is made of very long stands of molecules called polymers, must like a fabric is made if long threads. It's just a lot smaller, and not really woven together (though there can be a grain to it). The ridges first benefit is that it removes support from surrounding polymer fibers. On a flat edge the molecules that will eventually break is surrounded and supported better than one in the peak of the ridge. It disrupts what but if a grain there is. Second is that it focuses the forces onto that point, sort of like how the top of a nail works. You'll notice in all sorts of material that when a cut v does need to be made into it, the end isn't just at the end of the cut. They instead drill a little circle right at the end. This creates a smooth edge rather than a sharp break xx spreading the force out again.


Question: What is the reason for that random boost of motivation to do things in the middle of the night, that you didn't have in the daytime?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the reason for that random boost of motivation to do things in the middle of the night, that you didn't have in the daytime?

A recent cross cultural study found that prior to the industrial revolution most people got up for a couple hours in the middle of the night. That's our natural behavior.


Question: Glass was believed to be supercooled liquid because it would flow in a long period of time. But now it’s proved that it is solid but the term “supercooled liquid” still describes glass because glass was quickly cooled while manufacturing? I don’t get it!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Glass was believed to be supercooled liquid because it would flow in a long period of time. But now it’s proved that it is solid but the term “supercooled liquid” still describes glass because glass was quickly cooled while manufacturing? I don’t get it!

Usually when something becomes solid it first goes through a transition state where the atoms order themselves and become some form of crystalline structure. If you take silicon dioxide, the main constituent of glass, this ordered crystal state is quartz. Now in the case of glass, which is quenched, there’s not time for the atoms to arrange themselves in an ordered crystal structure. The bonds between the silicon and oxygen atoms are frozen in the state the liquid was in when it dropped below the melting point of the substance. So if you look at glass at an atomic level, it looks like a disorganized mess you find in a liquid but since it’s a solid, none of the atoms have the energy required to break the bonds they have with each other and the structure is instead fixed in place. This is why it’s referred to being a supercooled liquid.


Question: why does a bath or shower produce steam if the water is below boiling point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does a bath or shower produce steam if the water is below boiling point?

What you see is more like clouds than steam. It is condensed water vapor, not steam. In liquid water, there are always some molecules with higher temperature than the average. If one is at the surface, and has a temperature of over 100C, it can evaporate. The molecules cool down and join together into small drops which are big enough to be visible if there are enough of them. True steam is transparent.


Question: What is the difference between Enterprise Value and Market Capitalization?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between Enterprise Value and Market Capitalization?

Market cap is just the number of common shares of stock * the current stock price. Enterprise value is that, plus [several other things]( URL_0 ) like debt, preferred stock, and pension liabilities, minus cash and the value of associate companies (other companies that the company owns a significant amount of, but less than a majority). EV is essentially the cost to completely purchase a company from everyone who has any claim on it, not just stockholders. For Tesla, those numbers are almost the same, but for other companies, EV is often much larger (though it can be lower if the company has a lot of cash). Of course, the difference could also just be when the posts were made, since Tesla's value has increased 20% in just the last week.


Question: What's that feeling in the middle of the night where the thirst is intolerable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's that feeling in the middle of the night where the thirst is intolerable?

I'm not sure I understand your question. 'Intolerable thirst' is still the sensation of thirst.


Question: Why do explosions, more specifically huge gnarly fireballs, produce the mushroom cloud shape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do explosions, more specifically huge gnarly fireballs, produce the mushroom cloud shape?

The column rising up is caused by air convection. It's really hot there so the air rises up. The air in the center is hotter than at the edge of the column, so it moves faster. It also wants to spread out so pushes out over the top of the column, forcing it to curl outwards into a mushroom shape. [Here's an article on it]( URL_0 )


Question: why do cuts sting when you put sanitizer on them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do cuts sting when you put sanitizer on them?

alcohol (common ingredient in santizers) lowers the threshold at which your nerve receptors detect temperatures, in other words it makes normal room temperature air feel really really hot/cold.


Question: Why are virtually all file extensions only three characters long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are virtually all file extensions only three characters long?

Decades ago, computer storage was really expensive, and filenames do take up some space. Microsoft created a standard that allowed the use of names that were up to eight characters long and had extensions that were up to three characters long. [They called it 8.3,]( URL_0 ) and the three-digit extensions have stuck around.


Question: Why are calf cramps so common?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are calf cramps so common?

Straighten leg and pull foot towards you to stretch the muscle is about the only cure I know of. I’ve also noticed that when I feel a leg cramp coming on I can often lessen the pain by doing the opposite of the above. I was once told cramping is a sign of dehydration but I’m not 100% on that.


Question: How are so many things considered discrimination when hiring people, but when hiring actors/actresses, nothing but discrimination is considered okay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are so many things considered discrimination when hiring people, but when hiring actors/actresses, nothing but discrimination is considered okay?

Discrimination is generally always legal if it's actually a job requirement. Virtually all normal jobs don't require a particular race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc. so those are basically defacto illegal (at least in the Western world). But you're totally allowed to discriminate on real requirements, like professional certification (doctor, lawyer, accountant, engineer), required skills (ability to type, ability to speak a particular language, abiltiy to use a particular tool or software package), or physical abilities (able to climb stairs, able to lift X lbs) if those really are part of the job and can't be reasonably accommodated. Actor/actress is one of the weird ones where physical appearance really is a job "requirement", given that it's a large portion of what the job is. If the writer/director called for a tall female character, yes, you could put a guy in drag and lifts but that's really not what the role calls for. Anything involving artistic license is also going to have to have pretty wide discretionary latitude.


Question: Why is is so difficult for us to do something when we wake up early and why do we lose the will to do it even though we though we were interested?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is is so difficult for us to do something when we wake up early and why do we lose the will to do it even though we though we were interested?

It sounds like there might be a lot of aspects in this, but I'll go for the biological angle. Sleep is, obviously, a period of non-activity for your body. It requires a grace period to reengage your metabolism; increasing bloodrate, consuming more nutrients, higher activity, etc. This all takes a while, and trying to kickstart your body into a faster metabolism requires the activation of hormones (like jogging a lap or drinking caffeine). Naturally, this puts you in a mood where you are simply focused on increasing your metabolism in a steady rate, instead of jumping into fun and/or intensive activities. Another angle is that, since you mention "wake up early", is that your sleep cycle got cut off. Your sleep cycle starts with lowering your metabolism and slowly increasing it back again; it's final stage is REM (Rapid Eye Movement) and waking up during or after REM gives you the 'freshest' start of a day. Waking up in any other part of the cycle means your body got interupted from precious resting and repair time and you will wake up very groggy, sleepy and will most definitely have no desire to go visit a themepark or take that jog.


Question: How does granite work as a coating for nonstick pans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does granite work as a coating for nonstick pans?

You know that is a marketing term? The pots aren't actual rock...


Question: What makes different glues work better for different surfaces such as wood glue and paper glue and what is the main difference in how they work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes different glues work better for different surfaces such as wood glue and paper glue and what is the main difference in how they work?

All glue isn't created equal and there are several ways that glue sticks things together. Glue can get bigger as it drys (gorilla glue), get smaller as it drys (Elmers) or stay about the same size (super glue). Different methods of sticking things together work better or worse on different surfaces depending on the surface.


Question: Why does it take so long to get in shape when doing sports, but it's so easy to fall back out of shape when taking time off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take so long to get in shape when doing sports, but it's so easy to fall back out of shape when taking time off?

Evolution has favored organisms that can reserve as much energy as possible. Muscles, especially muscles that don't actively work, are giant energy sinks that, over time not used, atrophy. The body is effectively trying to minimize energy use to store energy as we're still hard coded for famine rather than the feast of the modern era. Hence why once you take a long break from physical exercise, you lose a lot of the muscles beyond what your body needs. As for building muscle, it's kind of the same thing. Building muscle is both energy and resource intensive, where your body's natural tendency is to conserve and store fat, fat that it generally does not want to metabolize first. Thus, exercising to get back into shape is difficult as you have to work hard enough to force your body to metabolize fat while using resources to build muscle beyond your baseline, resource it would rather use to store as fat. Essentially, millions of years of evolution in the context of resource scarcity are why it's hard to get back into shape and why it's easy to fall out.


Question: From how far away could an extraterrestrial alien observe us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 From how far away could an extraterrestrial alien observe us?

Diffraction's your biggest enemy here. Literally. Light spreads out, so you need a massively wide telescope to differentiate between two nearby points. If your telescope is any smaller, those two points will blur into one, and it becomes physically impossible to tell them apart. Lord Rayleigh proved that the diameter of a telescope limited solely by diffraction is roughly the distance to the object, multiplied by the wavelength of light, divided by the radius of the object. Let's plug in some numbers, and give a rough idea. Visible light has a wavelength of 400 to 700 nanometers, so let's call it 500 nanometers. The largest dinosaur is roughly 40m wide, but Alpha Centauri, the nearest star to Earth, is 4.25 light years away. And so, our hypothetically perfect telescope needs to be more than 610,000km in diameter to pick out the rough outline of a dinosaur. That's bigger than the distance between Earth and the Moon.


Question: How does bleach remove color?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does bleach remove color?

So a lot of the molecules of organic pigments reflect particular wavelengths of colours due to their unique molecular structure, usually long or complex carbon chains. These chromophores appear as a certain colour because they reflect those wavelengths and absorb others that happen to coincide to wavelengths that can be trapped by the double bonds in their carbon chains. Bleach chemicals usually have Chlorine or Oxygen (like in perchlorate) structures which are like little hand grenades for carbon chains - Chlorine and Oxygen like to rip those carbon chains apart or in this case radically alter the molecular structure into ones whose chromatic absorption/reflection mean no colours get to our eyes. But the same action that destroys these chromophores also means that they do a number on other organic carbon molecules. This is great when you want to kill germs in your kitchen per se, but not when it gets in your eyes or on your skin, and depending on exposure it can also weaken the organic fibres of your clothes.


Question: What makes "spreadable" butter so spreadable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes "spreadable" butter so spreadable?

They (generally) take regular butter and whip it and/or add some type of oil that is liquid at room temp. So the butter can be easier to spread because there are tiny air bubbles interspersed throughout, it is softened by being mixed with a “softer” oil, or both. I’m not talking about “butter flavored spreads” here (I Can’t Believe It’s Not Butter!), just actual spreadable dairy-full butter.


Question: Why are emulsions thicker than either of their ingredients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are emulsions thicker than either of their ingredients?

The head gasket issue is two fold. Why it looks like pudding is as much just because of the chemical reaction of coolant (not water) and oil. It thickens, and as your engine runs the pistons are still slapping down into your sump whipping air into the mix, like egg whites


Question: What is happening mechanically different between a decent golfer and a world class competing professional golfer? Why can they make their ball for so much further?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening mechanically different between a decent golfer and a world class competing professional golfer? Why can they make their ball for so much further?

The faster you swing, the harder it is to hit the ball accurately. It takes practice and control to be able to hit the ball further *and* hit it where you want it to go. But distance is only part of the game. There is accuracy, there is knowing what club to use, and then there is the short game. Most holes are par 4 and you'll have 1-2 strokes while on the green. That means 25% to 50% of your strokes is going to be with a putter trying to get the ball into the hole and that takes an entirely different set of skills.


Question: During this global recession if everyone is losing money then is some one making money? Is money like matter, or can it just disappear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 During this global recession if everyone is losing money then is some one making money? Is money like matter, or can it just disappear?

Money doesn't disappear but *value* does. What a company sold for $100 dollars last year they might be selling for $50 now. Therefore they lost 50% if potential income.