Question: Could someone explain network encapsulation and how data is split up into frames and packets?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Could someone explain network encapsulation and how data is split up into frames and packets?

So in general when people talk about the network stack they use the [OSI model]( URL_0 ). You can think about it this way, at one point you have a piece of data on your computer and you want to send it to another computer. In order to do so, your data has to traverse this so-called network stack. Each layer of this stack has different responsibilities and so requires its own header or metadata to be added to the original message. Adding this extra information at each level is called encapsulation, removing it when it arrives at the destination is then de-encapsulation. So we've started at the application layer. Then you walk through the steps of sending the message. First you add any application layer metadata you want to add (like a REST header). Then you add whatever information you need for the presentation and session layers, but at this point it's still all part of the data layer. Next you move to the transport layer. This is where the message gets broken up into packets (technically datagrams packets). Each packet has a TCP or UDP header added that contains information about where the packets need to go and how to reassemble them at the destination. The data is broken up into packets at this layer so you can "fit" the data into the network. Now we move to the network layer. At this layer you're working with routers and IP addresses. Basically this layer moves the packets around between networks. Next is the data link layer. This layer is what handles communication between two nodes on a network, say between two routers or a computer and a router. It's purpose is to guarantee the message gets across a single wire without errors or data corruption. Messages are broken apart into frames and each frame contains an ordering number, so the layer can tell if the message got across successfully. Lastly is the physical layer, which is just the electrical signal carrying the data. Here you add error correction bits to the data. _Now_ that you finally have each lower layer's data encapsulating the upper, your message is ready to be sent across the wire as electricity. When it arrives at the destination or intermediate hops, the headers are successively stripped as you work your way back up the layers, until your message arrives at its destination application (layer).


Question: when hyperinflation occurs, are people with fixed interest loans or fixed interest mortgages able to pay off their debt without any issues?

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 when hyperinflation occurs, are people with fixed interest loans or fixed interest mortgages able to pay off their debt without any issues?

Well it would be easier to pay off your fixed-rate mortgage, assuming the bank didn't go under. Granted your immediate problems, such as securing and affording food and medicine would be much more immediate.


Question: How the heck does 3D printing actually work? Can you print using different materials (metal, wood, etc)?

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 How the heck does 3D printing actually work? Can you print using different materials (metal, wood, etc)?

Little pieces of material are fused together. It only works for fusable materials like plastic or metal. Wood is cellular life, a completely different sort of thing.


Question: Why does driving at 40mph feel fast on normal roads, but horrifically slow on a Motorway/Highway/Autobahn?

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 Why does driving at 40mph feel fast on normal roads, but horrifically slow on a Motorway/Highway/Autobahn?

The wider the road, the wider perspective you have. You can get drivers to slow down just by narrowing a road even if you don't change the speed limit.


Question: Why is 1 not considered a prime number?

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 Why is 1 not considered a prime number?

Here’s a longer explanation. Prime numbers are any number other than one that are only divisible by one and themselves. Note that “other than one” - one is intentionally excluded, not because it just doesn’t work. Why? The Fundamental Theorem Of Arithmetic, which states that every number has a unique and singular prime factorisation - i.e. that there is a unique set of prime numbers that multiply together to produce every individual number. For 21, this would be 3x7. For 88, this would be 2x2x2x11. If 1 was a prime number, then 21 could be 3x7, or 1x3x7, or 1x1x3x7, or so on. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic would not be correct and thus maths as we know it could not work properly. So that’s the actual reason.


Question: How come deep water is always cold when actual closer to the center of earth’s hot core?

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 How come deep water is always cold when actual closer to the center of earth’s hot core?

the earths core is about 6300 KILOMETERS away from us on the surface. some really deep water is at best 10 kilometers from the surface. it is still 6290 or so km away from the center of the planet. the surface gets heated by the sun, the water deep down however doesnt get much sunlight (as its absorbed by the water in the upper layers)


Question: Why does yoghurt have to be refrigeratored but there is yoghurt on muesli bars and such that doesn't need to be refrigerated?

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 Why does yoghurt have to be refrigeratored but there is yoghurt on muesli bars and such that doesn't need to be refrigerated?

Their composition is different, one will be formulated with preservatives in mind, but another big difference is water. If something is wet or in a liquid state, it's far easier for bacteria to access the sugars etc and make it go bad.


Question: Why does a 16oz bottle soda cost $1.79 while a 32oz fountain soda costs $.99?

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 Why does a 16oz bottle soda cost $1.79 while a 32oz fountain soda costs $.99?

The cost of soda vs the price charged are separate things entirely. The reason a 16 bottle is more expensive than a fountain soda has to do the materials and the way it is sold. They bottle of soda has to be shipped in a plastic bottle (more expensive than a cup) and then refrigerated and take up shelf/floor space where more profitable items could be sold. So the 16 bottle would be more expensive. Why you are talking about fountain sodas you are looking at a 10-15 cent cup and syrup that is mixed with filtered tap water. The restaurant purchases a "bag in a box" for a low price that can be mixed with water to create a large amount of soda for pennies per serving. So the fountain soda costs a lot less for the restaurant to sell. The reason some restaurants charge a lot more for fountain soda is simply because they can. By charging more for soda they can charge less for food. Soda is a high margin product for them so it helps their bottom line. A higher price on soda may also help the restaurant upsell you to a specialty drink that may be more profitable, etc.


Question: According to today's forecast, the high is 36C but they added that it will feel like 42C. Why would the temperature feel higher than it is & how do they determine that specific number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 According to today's forecast, the high is 36C but they added that it will feel like 42C. Why would the temperature feel higher than it is & how do they determine that specific number?

Humans are constantly generating heat. We have to shed heat so we don't get too hot. If we are in an environment where our normal cooling mechanisms (sweat evaporation) don't work as well, we will feel hotter. Example: 35C and 5% relative humidity feels cooler than 35C and 90% relative humidity. When the humidity is very high, we sweat, but it doesn't evaporate (sweat evaporation makes us cooler, it takes the heat from our body to evaporate). So a thermometer will show 35C in both situations, but they will feel different to you as a human.


Question: How does water wet something?

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 How does water wet something?

Wetness is just how watery or liquidy something is. Things that are more absorbent will not leave as much liquid on the surface. Glass, which is porous, is water-resistant so more of the water stays on the surface. Hair is somewhat absorbent.


Question: Why do we have so many more food allergies (i.e. gluten) than we did say 20, or even, 10 years ago?

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 Why do we have so many more food allergies (i.e. gluten) than we did say 20, or even, 10 years ago?

The most common explanation is the "hygiene hypothesis". Over the years, we've started protecting our children so effectively from various substances that their immune systems are never given a chance to develop. One study of this sort compared children at high risk of developing these sorts of allergies who were given peanuts from birth and children who were not - and discovered that the "no peanut" group had a significantly greater chance of developing lifelong peanut allergies. Note that "we're paying more attention to them" is known to be incorrect. When you look at the most severe allergies, they involve fatal reactions. Our grandparents may have been less attentive, but they would have noticed dead babies and even the medical care of decades ago would have been able to identify severe allergic reactions.


Question: do coax cables have any special properties compared to regular wire? Why is it used for things like TV and computers?

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 do coax cables have any special properties compared to regular wire? Why is it used for things like TV and computers?

Coax cables are better at conducting high frequency analog signals than something like an extension cord because the signal on the center conductor is surrounded by a foil or braided ground conductor separated by a dielectric. The ground surrounding the center conductor shields the signal on the center conductor from electrical noise from outside the cable being induced onto the signal in the center. This is very important especially for analog signals because any amount of noise degrades the signal. The effectiveness of the benefits of the cable are generally influenced by the length of the cable (shorter is generally better), the frequency of the signal on the center conductor, geometry of the cable (diameter of the conductors and dielectric), and the material used for the dielectric. The construction of the ground conductor may also be a factor but I'm not sure exactly how that works. Digital signals can be handled differently than analog signals and are not susceptible to noise in the same way an analog signal is so high frequency digital signals can survive better in noisier environments so twisted pairs can be used in CATx networking cables. See, with an analog signal, every voltage is valid and is expected to contain part of the information in the signal so if you send 0.500000 volts but some noise gets on the line and the receiver sees 0.500073 volts, the receiver assumes you sent what it got. With a digital signal only certain voltages are valid so small voltage changes are ignored. If you have a 5 volt digital system the receiver knows you are only transmitting either 0 or 5 volts so if it sees 4.75 volts on the line it's pretty likely that you sent 5 volts and it got slightly degraded along the way and the receiver can safely treat that as if it actually received 5 volts. Also, the two conductors in each twisted pair can contain opposite information which can then be processed to further reject noise that gets induced into both conductors along the path.


Question: How does food get into your bloodstream?

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 How does food get into your bloodstream?

Look at your room. See all the toys that are outside of your box. Those toys are like the nutrients in your food. The toys in your box are the left over stuff that your body doesn't need. When we put food into our mouths it goes into our stomachs and our body takes out what it needs and you poop the rest of it out. Which is why I'm throwing away all that shit in your toy box you spoiled ass brat. Now go clean your room.


Question: What does the -punk in genre labels such as cyberpunk mean?

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 What does the -punk in genre labels such as cyberpunk mean?

Punk was/is an antiestablishmentary movement that loosely self identified with an ascetic style that was very clearly against societal norms. Stuff like crazy multi colored hair, wild hair do's like a spiked mohawk, facial and body piercings ect. Mostly when something is referred to as punk it usually means that it borrows those style cues from punk culture and usually has anti establishment themes.


Question: How does music invoke such an emotional reaction from us? (e.g. making us want to dance, cry or sing)

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 How does music invoke such an emotional reaction from us? (e.g. making us want to dance, cry or sing)

I heard a story that Charles Darwin always believed that humans invented music (probably rhythm and humming) 10,000's of years before a spoken language developed to explain why music moves us more than the spoken word. He had no evidence to back his theory so he never published it.


Question: What do professional mathematicians do? What are they still trying to discover after all this time?

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 What do professional mathematicians do? What are they still trying to discover after all this time?

As a mathematician I get this question a lot. One can say that there are two parts of mathematics. The first is applied mathematics, which is revolutionizing fields from biology to computer science to finance to social work. The second is pure mathematics, or the development of mathematical structure, theory, and proof. Why study pure mathematics? Consider that when Einstein wanted to describe general relativity he used Riemannian geometry from the 1800s. String theory? Uses functions studied by Euler in the 1700s. Mathematicians are developing the tools and knowledge upon which the discoveries of tomorrow are built.


Question: Why is ice slippery but glass isn't?

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 Why is ice slippery but glass isn't?

Most things get smaller when they get colder- it's a principle called "thermal contraction." Most things get bigger when they get hotter- "thermal expansion." Solids are denser than liquids. Water is weird in that it doesn't work this way. When water becomes ice, it actually because slightly larger because of its molecular structure. Ice forms in a "lattice" of water molecules. When you step on ice, it physically breaks some of this lattice, compressing it down into water. The water that you just made sort of lubricates the surface of the ice.


Question: How do things such as earphones and string get so tangled in your pockets from just walking around?

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 How do things such as earphones and string get so tangled in your pockets from just walking around?

Entropy! The world always tries to make things more random. For example, your body is constantly trying to decompose, but your various metabolic processes and cellular regeneration prevent that. There are no forces that prevent the randomization of your earbuds. In fact, as they bounce around in your pocket during normal walking or movement, more energy is added and randomness is further promoted.


Question: What makes up a photon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 What makes up a photon?

Hi /u/DumbBurnerAccount69! > When I say makes up, I have in my mind that protons, neutron, and electrons are all made up of quarks; subatomic particles. According to the [standard model]( URL_1 ), only [hadrons]( URL_3 ) like protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. [Leptons]( URL_4 ), like electrons or muons, [scalar bosons]( URL_0 ), like the higgs boson and [gauge bosons]( URL_2 ), like photons, are elementary particles and are not made up of any substructure. > What makes up a photon? Generally, photons are excitations of the electromagnetic field.


Question: how do car dealerships make money when they claim the markup on new cars is only a few hundred dollars?

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<thinking>
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 how do car dealerships make money when they claim the markup on new cars is only a few hundred dollars?

They can make money three ways when they are selling you a new car, the dealer markup, and any hidden incentives from the factory. The second way is what they offer you for your trade in. The third way is through financing of the vehicle. They secretly get kickbacks from certain finance companies depending on what rate they offer you. Say, hypothetically, you qualify for a 3% rate, but the finance manager will offer you a loan for 4%, so then the dealership gets a kickback of $500, and if he gets you on the hook for 5%, the dealership gets a kickback of $1000. So the salesperson will usually chat you up and try to pull details about what you want out of the deal, they find out what your "hot buttons" are, and lets say you demand to get $5000 for your trade, when it's only worth $4000, well then they can jack up your interest rate by two percent and make that back up. Or, lets say you demand a certain interest rate, so they agree to that, but the amount of money they will give you on your trade-in just went down. Since usually people only have one hot button, it's easy for them to find out what that is and then structure that accordingly. So it's all a big shell game. You ask for something, they concede, but make it up elsewhere.


Question: Why are keyboards not alphabetical?

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</answer>
 Why are keyboards not alphabetical?

Original typewriters used an Alphabetical ordering system, but due to the way the arms of the typewriter swung to the paper to print each letter, they would often get tangled as typists got faster. QWERTY was used since the letters were separated in such a way that it was much rarer for several keystrokes to come from the same region, so there would be no damage to the arms Certain letters appear more in language than other ones, and different keyboard layouts are designed to make typing as fast as possible using 2 hands. QWERTY is the most common layout though not the most efficient for top end typing, its just so widely used and known that most keyboards are made with that layout. In the past I converted one of my keyboards to a DVORAK layout as it is supposed to be faster, and its fairly easy to do in Windows, but a lifetime of typing in QWERTY made DVORAK super slow and I didnt have the patience to keep practicing it.


Question: - Why are my fingers all not all independent from one another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why are my fingers all not all independent from one another?

The Tendons in the hand are all connected, if you bend one finger the tendon will pull the next slighty, [check this]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do you feel so tired after doing nothing all day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you feel so tired after doing nothing all day?

Even while doing nothing your body is hard at work doing many things such as: *Fighting diseases (which your body has faced before) *Contracting Muscles (Eg. Pumping blood around the body) *Digesting food *Respirating (Processing Oxygen from breathing) *Creating Proteins for repairs *Conducting Mitosis (How Skin, bone, organ cells multiply) *Maintaining production of chemicals such as acids in the stomach *Creating Neurotransmitters that act as messengers to transmit signals between nerves *Etc. (Edit: Sry, I'm on a mobile, forgot how to make a list) All of this requires energy, so your body will need a break at some point. Also your mind is programmed to create hormones at some points in your "Internal clock" that will make you feel like you need to sleep. This is mainly because as you think, your brain is releasing toxins that need to get out of your body, the only time it can release those toxins is when you are asleep.


Question: Why is it sometimes easier to concentrate when you close your eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it sometimes easier to concentrate when you close your eyes?

Closing one's eyes eliminates visual distractions. During search and rescue operations while in a search line, the team leader will conduct a 'SOUNDEX' where everyone, to include the leader, closes their eyes. A designated person will call out, "We are a search and recue team. We are here to help you. Please call out so we can locate you!" All of us then listen for 30-60 seconds. If anyone of us hears something, we point to the direction of the sound while still keeping our eyes closed. This then helps the team leader determine the direction of the sound. If all of our eyes were open during this method, it would be detrimental. First, our attention could be diverted by movements--other people, wind in the trees, birds flying. Also, when pointing at the source of a noise, if you can see others pointing at the same time, it can influence you to falsely alter your bearing.


Question: How do air conditioners cool air so fast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do air conditioners cool air so fast?

Compressing something makes it hot. Expanding it makes it cooler. So the car takes a refrigerant and compresses it to make it hot. Then it lets the air outside cool that compressed refrigerant down, since it's hotter than the hottest day. Then when you uncompress the refrigerant, instead of going from hot back to normal, you already cooled it from hot to normal with the outside, so it goes from normal to cold. Then you run the air by this and the air gets cold too.


Question: What are carbon nanotubes and why are they such a big deal in so many fields?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are carbon nanotubes and why are they such a big deal in so many fields?

Carbon nanotubes are like microscopic straws made of carbon. You can't see them, because they are on the atomic scale. You can confirm their presence with things like Raman spectroscopy. Some people think we'll be able to make the world's strongest rope with it. Some people think we'll be able to make better solar panels with them. Some people even think they'll be useful for drug delivery in medicine. I personally think they'll end up being used in very small quantities for research specific type applications. So no space elevator!


Question: Why does the rest of the world have to change it's behavior if the US re-imposes sanctions on Iran? What consequences do other nations face if they continue to trade with Iran?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the rest of the world have to change it's behavior if the US re-imposes sanctions on Iran? What consequences do other nations face if they continue to trade with Iran?

The consequences are that the US will impose fines, seize assets, or even imprison those who are engaged in trade with Iran. Enough companies which do international business have operations within the control of the US (or US allies) that this is a credible threat. The extensions are a grace period to allow companies currently doing business to wind down operations. If for example they have a bunch of workers and equipment in Iran they will need some time to get them all out in order to avoid breaching the sanctions.


Question: If fruit juice is highly acidic, and the acid in citrus fruits (citric acid) is used as a preservative, why does freshly-squeezed citrus juice only last a couple of days in the fridge?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If fruit juice is highly acidic, and the acid in citrus fruits (citric acid) is used as a preservative, why does freshly-squeezed citrus juice only last a couple of days in the fridge?

It's the oxygen present that allows microbes to metabolise the contents of the juice. Citric acid is a useful preservative in food packaged with minimal oxygen, but it's pretty ineffective when there's a good supply of oxygen. That's why things spoil quicker once the packaging has been opened. It's not really to do with introducing microbes, it's to do with introducing fresh air!


Question: How does trading gold/oil work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does trading gold/oil work?

No, they are trading contracts to actually buy these products. A seller produces a contract to deliver, for example, 100,000 barrels of oil on May 1. Someone buys this contract, and can resell it to another investor rather than take the oil delivery.


Question: Why do we use numerals of base 10 and base 2? Are there any systems with a different base?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we use numerals of base 10 and base 2? Are there any systems with a different base?

when you look at a number like 4,367, what you're really looking at is the sum: 4(1000) + 3(100) + 6(10) + 7(1) which is a **power series**: 4(10^(3)) + 3(10^(2)) + 6(10^(1)) + 7(10^(0)) That is, each "digit" corresponds to a **power** of 10. It's actually a sum of infinitely many terms, where all but finitely many have the coefficient 0: ... + 0(10^(-3)) + 0(10^(-2)) + 0(10^(-1)) + 7(10^(0)) + 6(10^(1)) + 3(10^(2)) + 4(10^(3)) + 0(10^(4)) + 0(10^(5)) + 0(10^(6)) + ... if you wanted to, you could switch this to any base you wanted. for instance, if you wanted to express it in terms of powers of 7: 1(7^(4)) + 5(7^(3)) + 5(7^(2)) + 0(7^(1)) + 6(7^(0)) or 15,506 That's just an arbitrary example, but it actually works out that you can do this with *any* number other than 0. You could work in base 12, base 34.572, or even irrational bases like π. Some interesting properties arise when you switch to a different base. For instance, using a ternary (base 3) expansion, Giuseppe Peano proved that you can map the real line (think the x-axis on the plane) onto the unit square [0,1]^2 (the square with corners (0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (1,0)) - basically, choose a point in the unit square, and it will correspond to (at least) one real number. This was mind-blowing at the time because it forced people to rethink the idea of dimensions - you can use one dimension to cover a two-dimensional object! He exploits the properties of base 3 [to do it]( URL_0 ). The reason we like expressing really really big numbers in terms of base 10 is because... well... it's familiar. It's really easy to get an idea of relative sizes when you compare things in the same base. Would you know, off the top of your head, which of 12525^27 or 235^30 is bigger?


Question: How is a person in a 3rd world country that makes 1$ a day poor in their local economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a person in a 3rd world country that makes 1$ a day poor in their local economy?

> A baker in a town can't sell bread for 3 dollars if everyone is only making 1 dollar a day, so wouldn't his prices change to like 3 cents to reflect the realities of the local market? Realistically that town doesn't have a baker. Nobody is going to bake bread when they could sell the wheat offshore for more than they could sell the bread to their neighbors.


Question: How do they make round up ready seeds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they make round up ready seeds?

The premise to your question is incorrect. Roundup ready seeds are not sterile. Here’s a useful website describing the facts behind this technology. URL_0


Question: When there is a line of 10 cars, and the traffic light turns green, it takes such a long time for the last car to move. Assuming similar reaction time to the light turning green couldn't all cars move off together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When there is a line of 10 cars, and the traffic light turns green, it takes such a long time for the last car to move. Assuming similar reaction time to the light turning green couldn't all cars move off together?

Because each driver has to make an individual decision to move forward based on both the condition of the light *and* the position of the car in front of them, and there are no means for them to collectively coordinate that decision and reach a consensus to all go at once. A group that was all coordinated and focused could do it (for example, the start line of a professional racetrack), but the assorted randoms you share a road with don't meet that description. To use a 2-car example, when the light turns green, both driver #1 and driver #2 are in a position to see it. Driver #2 has little if any information about how efficiently driver #1 is going to respond to the light; #1 could be tired, or distracted, or dickassing around on their phone and not looking up, or get startled by a loud ringtone/baby/etc at the moment of truth, or so forth. Hypothetically driver #2 can shave a few seconds off their overall drive time by hitting the gas, but they would essentially be taking a leap of faith on driver #1 being a diligent and skilled driver, a faith that will not be supported by the law if #2 rear ends #1 because they jumped the gun. The carrot (1-3 seconds off the commute) is grossly outweighed by the stick (significant increase in commute, possible financial or legal penalty, exposure to risk of lawsuit, etc.), and the lack of available information (best case scenario, you see the back of the other person's head and get a vague idea of where their eyes are pointed) makes it a very dicey prospect.


Question: Why does drinking something alcoholic make you feel physically warmer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does drinking something alcoholic make you feel physically warmer?

The smallest arterial veins that carries blood to your skin all around you gets bigger because the smooth muscle cells that controls the size of those reacts with alcohol. Your skin actually gets warmer with alcohol.


Question: What exactly happens on an "atom level" when you slice something with a Knife?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly happens on an "atom level" when you slice something with a Knife?

A knife doesn't interact at the atomic level. At the molecular level, it just acts as a wedge pushing material apart. The sharpest blades are made of obsidian, but at best, that edge is 3 atoms across and won't be cutting individual atoms either.


Question: Why is there often on music festivals an (identical) second row of bass speakers behind the first one and how does ist work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there often on music festivals an (identical) second row of bass speakers behind the first one and how does ist work?

Yes, they can cancel noise output to the rear of the subs. Subs make noise in all directions and can make the stage very loud. It's also beneficial to the subwoofer arrays efficiency if the energy is directed to the audience and not wasted going backwards or sideways. There are a few videos on YouTube, and the term to search for are "cardioid sub array" "steerable array" etc. Here's an example URL_0


Question: Why does English not have different words for the inclusive vs. exclusive we/us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does English not have different words for the inclusive vs. exclusive we/us?

English is an Indo-European language, and the only Indo-European languages that have this distinction are spoken in India, where they borrowed the idea from the Dravidian languages. So the only real answer to this is that English (and other European languages) simply didn't evolve that way. Since languages evolve naturally and spontaneously, it's not really possible to explain why that happened. We get along just fine without this distinction.


Question: Why is it when you drive for a long time your eyes get heavy and tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when you drive for a long time your eyes get heavy and tired?

If you are driving your eyes get exhausted because of the constantly changing "picture" and you watching the street carefully. Compare it to watching TV. It's also very exhausting for the eyes after some time.


Question: Why is it difficult to watch an amazing movie more than once but we can listen to an album we love on repeat for weeks on end and not get bored?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it difficult to watch an amazing movie more than once but we can listen to an album we love on repeat for weeks on end and not get bored?

That sounds like a personal issue. I know many people who watch movies repeatedly. What you may be getting at though is the fact that for a movie or a TV show you essentially have to shut out the rest of the world to watch it. Listening to music takes less of your attention and it's easier to do other things while listening to it than it is to do other things while watching a movie.


Question: How do very small insects, smaller than drops of water hydrate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do very small insects, smaller than drops of water hydrate?

A drop of water isn't the smallest form water can take. Water droplets also aren't a standard size. A very small insect can stick their mouth into a drop of water and suck a little out, the same way you suck water through a straw, without destroying the structural integrity of the droplet or getting pulled in. Some insects get all the liquid they need from the foods they eat. Raw plants, meat, fungus, and other insects all have pretty high water content, so something that eats those exclusively won't have to worry about drinking water as often as a dog that eats only dry kibble, or a human that lives on cheese and potato chips. Here's a video of ants drinking water to help you visualize how something smaller than a water drop can drink. URL_0


Question: What is lambda calculus, and how does it relate to computation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is lambda calculus, and how does it relate to computation?

Lambda calculus is simply a format that any computer program is mathematically identical to. It's mathematically equivalent to a Turing Machine. What it means is that if something can be written as Lambda calculus, it is computationally possible, and if it can't, then it's not.


Question: Why do the back wheels of a cart go over a bump easier than the front wheels?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the back wheels of a cart go over a bump easier than the front wheels?

Leverage. When the front wheels of a cart go up, the cart turns into a lever and the front wheels want to go up and back. Whereas the back wheels go up and forward because the cart is pivoting on the front wheels. So pushing the back wheels of a cart up a bump is also pushing it forward.


Question: Why do candles slowly disappear on a candle warmer? They aren't burning.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do candles slowly disappear on a candle warmer? They aren't burning.

Candles burn by first melting wax, sucking it up the wick, then boiling it and burning the vapor. Candle warmers only do the melting part, and the wax slowly evaporates just like liquid water would when left out.


Question: Why does slowing down audio sometimes deepen voices, but sometimes not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does slowing down audio sometimes deepen voices, but sometimes not?

Sound being deep or high pitched is based on the frequency of the sound. When you slow down a recording it basically also slows down the frequency of the waves that make the sound and so it gets deeper. I have never experienced a situation where slowing down a recording didn't deepen the sound so I can't speak to what is going on there.


Question: If I plug a usb-c power bank into my laptop, how does it know to charge the laptop off the power bank, and not the power bank off the laptop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I plug a usb-c power bank into my laptop, how does it know to charge the laptop off the power bank, and not the power bank off the laptop?

USB is a 'smart' protocol. When you plug a device into another device, they exchange information with one another about their capabilities and then negotiate what each device will do/send to the other. If you plug the power bank into a wall charger, the charges says "I'm a wall charger - I can give you power but that is about it." The power bank will then say, "OK, i can receive power, so go ahead and send some." In contrast, when you plug it into your laptop, the laptop will say, "I'm a laptop, I can do a whole bunch of stuff, including give and receive power." The power bank will reply, "OK, I can send and receive power, so I'm going to send you power to charge." to which the laptop replies "OK, send some." Now, the _actual_ conversation is technical (not colloquial) but the principle is the same.


Question: What would happen if we didn't remove the air bubble from syringes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if we didn't remove the air bubble from syringes?

The main risk with leaving an air bubble in a syringe is inaccurate dosing. With the syringe partly full of air, the amount of liquid won't be accurate to the markings on the syringe. Getting air into a vein isn't a significant hazard unless it's a huge amount - like a whole drip tube full or someone squeezes a drip bag in, including the large air bubble. The air will circulate in the veins and reach the lungs where it will lodge and get removed in a few minutes. The lungs will filter out the air so it can't travel to the brain except where there is also a "hole in the heart".


Question: why are transplant patients placed on steroids (particularly heart/lung recipients)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are transplant patients placed on steroids (particularly heart/lung recipients)?

The very simple answer is that they suppress the body’s natural defenses that would attack the transplanted organ. They, in high doses, suppress white blood cell function, they suppress the production of antibodies, and other systems the body would use to reject something that was not “self” that is something transplanted in the body that had a different cellular antigen profile to the rest of the body. Each cell in the body on its surface has an antigen profile that the body’s defenses recognize as its own and the body ignores. A transplanted organ does not look like it belongs here so the body will attack it quite violently and can destroy the new organ very quickly, steroids help to suppress this system


Question: Could you use plant hormones or steroids to make trees grow faster and also larger like the giant redwoods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could you use plant hormones or steroids to make trees grow faster and also larger like the giant redwoods?

Faster, yes. Larger, to an extent. Pushing things beyond their "normal" genetic maximum size comes with a ton of negative effects. Humans who have grown to be 8ft tall end up with blood pressure and heart problems as the physical weight if the blood puts stress on the heart. The same thing will happen to plants. Plants that grow larger than their normal will fall over from their own weight and die much sooner.


Question: Why do STD's like HIV only survive a few seconds when exposed to air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do STD's like HIV only survive a few seconds when exposed to air?

It depends on the Disease causative agent we're talking about. Some people consider the crabs to be a STD, and they live in contact with air all their life. Now, basically, a disease causative agent can be a bacteria (syphillis), a virus (HIV), a fungi (some Urinary tract infection) or a bigger parasite (crabs). Most of the bigger parasite, some bacterias and fungi are totally able to live in the air. But for the viruses and few bacterias, being in the air is deadly because they can get oxydised, they might not have enough food/water or it might be too cold for them.


Question: What is a protein? What kind of differences are there between the different types of proteins? And are they all equals when we consume them? (e.g. is eating tofu the same as eating an egg or a steak in terms of protein contribution?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a protein? What kind of differences are there between the different types of proteins? And are they all equals when we consume them? (e.g. is eating tofu the same as eating an egg or a steak in terms of protein contribution?)

Proteins are created when amino acids bond and fold in a specific order. Proteins may then be modified by adding sugars or other molecules. Most plant proteins (with the exception of soybean derived products such as tofu) do not contain all 21 (or 20, depending on which text you read) amino acids used by the body (although humans only need 9 from the diet and a further 6 under special circumstances such as premature babies. See: essential amino acid). Animal proteins, such as steak or eggs, generally contain all amino acids used by humans. The only difference being how much protein is in the quantity of food consumed.


Question: What do the Catalan Numbers represent, and why are they so important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do the Catalan Numbers represent, and why are they so important?

Given an event which can only occur if another event has occurred to allow it the catalan numbers show the number of different ways you can order those events... So... you have tasks that you can start or stop... you can only stop a task if it has been started... there are multiple tasks.. you can start a task, stop a task, start a task, stop a task... you can start a task, start a task, stop a task, stop a task... & #x200B; you can't stop a task, start a task, start a task, stop a task. & #x200B; And you can't start a task, stop a task, stop a task, start a task... & #x200B; if you have one task, there is c(1) = 1 orderings that make sense (open/close) with two tasks there are c(2) = 2 orderings that make sense (open/close/open/close), (open/open/close/close) So, if you have three tasks... there are C(3)=5 orderings that make sense starting and stopping tasks.


Question: How does “zoning out” really work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does “zoning out” really work?

Not an expert in any sense, but from what I understand, it depends on what you're focusing on. Much like concentrating so hard on a certain stimulus or activity, as in when you're talking to someone while someone else asks you something without getting your attention you lose track of what was asked or what you were discussing. Equally, your mind is creating scenarios that you focus on, to the exclusion of external stimulus. Can't find the source, but read something regarding attention as either a limited resource that your brain dishes out as it deems important or as a lens that gets fuzzier the further from centre things fall. So whatever is nearest centre gets focused on more while outlying areas are paid less attention to. There's also a YouTube video somewhere explaining the same.


Question: How does the French healthcare system work and why is it rated as one of the best in the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the French healthcare system work and why is it rated as one of the best in the world?

Social security (CPAM) covers 70% of all healthcare expenses that it considers ‘suitable’. For example if a doctor prescribes you antibiotics, social security will pay 70% of the consultation and 70% of the antibiotics. However, if your doctor prescribes you Diosmine, a medication that is not considered ´good enough’ to be refunded, the CPAM will refund 70% of the consultation but it won’t refund any percent of the medication. The remaining 30% are paid by the patient. The patient can choose to buy a « mutuelle », which is a private insurance company, that pays these remaining costs. Patients with chronic diseases/illnesses are considered « ALD30 » which means the CPAM pays 100% of medical costs. The government controls the price of medication and the price of mutuelles. The CPAM is funded by taxes, which are more important than taxes in the USA, especially for indépendants. Source: French doctor Édit: People’s comments below are correct that I did not mention a few things: A specific Mutuelle is sometimes obligatory with your job, in this case you can terminate your current mutuelle and join the one paid by your employer. Depending on the employer a certain amount is deducted from your salary. Most of the time this deal is advantageous. For people who have no salary or earn very little. They can apply for CMU (couverture maladie universelle) which garantes 100% cover by the government.


Question: You can walk all day in the same socks and they’re fine, but the moment you take them off and want to put them on again they’re wet and filthy. Why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 You can walk all day in the same socks and they’re fine, but the moment you take them off and want to put them on again they’re wet and filthy. Why is that?

Your socks on your feet are the same temperature as your feet. Whether you're just wearing socks or you've got shoes on. When you take your socks off they cool down quickly and the moisture from your sweat will cool too. Your feet and the sweat on your feet stay the same temperature roughly, so they are warmer than your recently removed socks. When you want to put the old socks back on again you can feel the temperature difference, and the wet and dry spots on your socks will also feel different. That feels gross. Your socks were already dirty and wet, but you can just tell the difference because of the temperature changing.


Question: How does experiencing anxiety or stress increases your heart rate and thus shortens your life span while exercising also increases it but makes your heart stronger and therefore makes you live longer ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does experiencing anxiety or stress increases your heart rate and thus shortens your life span while exercising also increases it but makes your heart stronger and therefore makes you live longer ?

Stress/anxiety don't just raise your heart rate, they release stress hormones which keep your body in a primed "stay sharp, something is about to go down" state, often for hours every day. Over time, that puts more wear and tear on some systems in your body, and prevents them from getting downtime to rest and recover. And when chronic anxiety or stress do raise your heart rate, it's not usually raising them to super high levels for a short period, it's raising them more slightly but more constantly. Exercise on the other hand puts your body in a highly active, highly primed state with a much higher heartrate -- but for a much shorter time, which is ideally followed by lots of calm downtime it can use to heal up, relax, recover, and improve. When you do a full strength workout, you're putting a lot of stress and strain on your muscles, and effectively tearing the fibers in them. That sounds bad, but if you go home and rest for a day while eating plenty of nutritious food, your muscles can take time off to heal and the fibers knit together even better, growing and improving the muscle. Other systems in the body work along similar lines. Basically our bodies evolved optimizing for periods of activity to be followed by periods of downtime, but chronic stress and anxiety keep your heart and brain from ever getting *proper* downtime.


Question: When transferring money between banks, when money has been withdrawn from one account but not yet deposited in the other, where is it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When transferring money between banks, when money has been withdrawn from one account but not yet deposited in the other, where is it?

TLDR: Banks need to verify money wasn't stolen and a few days is a nice buffer in case it takes a while. The most important concept to understand, is that banks do not store money as some number in a file, because this would be easy to fake or could be deleted. Rather they store the history of all transactions in and out so they can validate if you really have enough money to withdraw for some purchase. This makes fraud much harder, as you you have to fake a lot more than just one number. Because of this banks (and credit cards), have a window of time between when a transaction is posted and the bank is 100% sure it is legit. For a transfer between two accounts, the first account gets marked with "-$1000 on Friday at 3:23 pm, Transfer to XXXXXX", the first bank immediately knows that if this is real, you shouldn't have access to this money (or you could double-transfer it) so it disappears from your account, and the transaction is marked as "pending". The second bank receives a message saying "$1000 into Account XXXXXX on Friday at 3:23 pm", and spends some time to make sure this money actually came from the other bank and not some faulty or hacked message. This is pretty quick generally but at worst can take a few days if some flags get tripped, so they always give you the worst case. In addition, there may be some data backup or full balance check (sum all the transactions to double check all the accounts are good) that's happening which will need to happen first. After both banks have verified this is legit, they finalize the transaction and it gets posted to both accounts transaction history, and the money is moved into the other account.


Question: - Why does everyone hate Comic Sans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why does everyone hate Comic Sans?

Partially because it's what everybody else does on the internet, but I think it originated with it being a juvenile-looking font being used in inappropriate contexts - company memos, advertisements, etc. Also, if I'm not mistaken, the font originated with that godawful Microsoft Bob operating system. That probably didn't do it any favours.


Question: Can painting your teeth prevent erosion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can painting your teeth prevent erosion?

The true whitening "paint" is super temporary as the product dissolves throughout the day (you wouldn't want to seal in bacteria or decay. May of the brush-on products are actually just whiteners like peroxides, however [dental sealants]( URL_0 ) are definitely a thing.


Question: Why do many common sicknesses have a sore throat as a symptom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do many common sicknesses have a sore throat as a symptom?

Your body is a castle. Germs are invaders. Your castle has thick walls but needs gates so you can see out of it, take in supplies and get rid of rubbish. Gates are weak spots so get attacked more often. The throat is the most open to attack as it is moist, warm and we are constantly moving air (containing viruses/bacteria), food which we've touched with our filthy hands etc. across it. The throat releases chemicals to make it swell up to deliver more blood (and therefore more infection fighting cells, nutrients etc.) to the site of attack. Swelling causes pain, presumably to make us go easy on parts of the body which are under attack.