Question: Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?

It absolutely does. The change is just small that over the course of human existence which is only a few hundred thousand years, let alone the few hundred years that we've been able to reliably measure, the difference is too small to matter. The orbits of the planets are stable over long periods of time, but dynamic over cosmic time-scales. We can only predict them with any confidence out to a few tens of millions of years.


Question: Why would a computer monitor need an ethernet jack and output jacks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would a computer monitor need an ethernet jack and output jacks?

You can connect your laptop to it via USB-C and get wired ethernet through it instead of always using wifi. Same with your mouse and keyboard. It's like a docking station.


Question: What is the Riemman Hypothesis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Riemman Hypothesis?

Don't know if I can ELI5 a problem in high math. Basically there is this complex function(as in, it uses complex numbers, which have an imaginary value and a real value, you can think of them of numbers that are actually 2 numbers but are used as 1) called the zeta function. So we give the zeta function some number and it spits out another number. We like to know, which numbers do we have to give the zeta function so it spits out 0. There are a couple numbers (-2, -4, -6, ...) we know about that do this, we call them "trivial 0s". Any other number that results in 0 would be a "non-trivial" 0. Now that smart math guy named riemann said "I think every number that produces a non-trivial 0 has the real value of 1/2". That is the riemann hypothesis. As it is an unsolved problem, we don't know if this is true. We can't find an example that is not at 1/2, but it might still be out there, so we can't proof that it is right either. If a very smart math guy can either proof that the hypothesis is right or find a number that does violate that rule, he will become famous.


Question: Why are hybrid species sterile? For example, why can't donkeys have babies with other donkeys?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are hybrid species sterile? For example, why can't donkeys have babies with other donkeys?

One I can answer! Horses and donkeys have different numbers of chromosomes. These come together to make the baby mule, but when the mule grows up, its chromosomes can’t divide into even numbers (it ends up with an uneven number of chromosomes). This means all the sex cells aren’t considered as good cells, and they can’t come together to make another baby mule because the chromosomes would be really crazy then. As for other hybrid species, it gets really complicated. Some hybrid species have no problems with reproduction and can even regularly occur in nature. Other hybrids, such as rice, will take a few generations before they die out. But ultimately it comes down to amounts of chromosomes and whether they can divide evenly in the hybrid generation.


Question: How does the chemical in a product "cause" Cancer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the chemical in a product "cause" Cancer?

They don't cause cancer directly. They affect or damage the cells in a way that is likely to cause abnormal cell growth. It's usually very tiny effect that, when repeated, gradually increases the likelyhood as well as the amount of affected cells. More affected cells + higher chance = higher overall chance of cancer developing.


Question: How are mathematicians and astronomers able to predict solar and lunar eclipses thousands of years in advance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are mathematicians and astronomers able to predict solar and lunar eclipses thousands of years in advance?

Because it's simply a math problem involving physics equations. Consider a math problem from your school text book where there are a pair of train tracks leading from Chicago to St. Louis which is 250 miles away. A train leave Chicago at noon going at 50 mph while at the same time a train leaves St. Louis traveling at 75 mph. Where along the route would you need to be waiting to watch the trains cross each others path (an *eclipse*) and at what time would that happen? Solving such a problem isn't too hard, and since the planets follow a predictable path with a predictable speed too (as dictated by [Newton]( URL_0 )) you can solve for them too if you gather all the numbers about where they are and how fast they orbit.


Question: Why does everyone believe that Social Security will run out in the future?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyone believe that Social Security will run out in the future?

Demographics. Social security is not a form of banking. Money from younger workers goes to older workers. The money younger workers "pay in" has long been spent when they retire. Today in the US people are living longer, and thus getting SS longer. They are also having fewer children (== workers) to pay taxes for their retirement. The only reason the SS system hasn't already run out of money is that younger immigrants are moving to the US in high numbers, including some illegally, and then their pay is being taxed to fund retirees SS payments.


Question: How does our body know when we've had enough and decides it's time to orgasm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our body know when we've had enough and decides it's time to orgasm?

At least for women, it’s a cascade inside the brain. What starts as localized pleasure in a few neurons recruit more and more neurons until many areas if the brain are active and in sync. It starts in the sensory cortex and expands into the cerebellum (the part of the brain the controls motion) and frontal cortex (reward planning and motivation parts of your brain). A woman reaches physical orgasm when it reaches her hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases oxytocin in huge amounts which causes her uterus and cervix to spasm.


Question: Why does the moon appear red in the "Total Lunar Eclipse" instead of being invisible as happening in "Partial Lunar Eclipse"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the moon appear red in the "Total Lunar Eclipse" instead of being invisible as happening in "Partial Lunar Eclipse"?

When the earth is squarely in front of the sun, from the moon's perspective, you're still seeing sunlight through the edges of the earth's atmosphere. Like a 360-degree horizon. What does the sun look like when it's just at the horizon during sunrise or sunset? It's red. You're seeing every sunrise and sunset happening on Earth at that moment, all at once.


Question: How do detergents that improve the clothes' colour actually work? How is it possible without the actual dye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do detergents that improve the clothes' colour actually work? How is it possible without the actual dye?

Some manufacturers will add an optical brightener to the formula. These basically glow under UV/sunlight just like some paints do under black lights. The effect is subtle when you have normal light levels, and it just looks.. "brighter". URL_0 There are also detergents marketed for black clothes. The trick there is just to avoid all of the brightening and bleaching, and maybe even weaken the detergent a bit so that it fades less.


Question: How does the moon control the sea waves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the moon control the sea waves?

The moon does not really control most waves. The moon controls the tides. It does this by being massive. Its gravity pulls on the Earth, but is strongest on the side of the Earth nearest to the moon. This results in all of the Earth's water pooling on the sides nearest and farthest the moon. The result is that on two sides of the Earth, the water level is slightly higher, and on two other sides it is slightly lower. As the Earth spins and the moon orbits, the locations of these high and low points shift. These are the tides.


Question: How does the Saudi Aramco IPO help Saudi Arabia wean itself off of oil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Saudi Aramco IPO help Saudi Arabia wean itself off of oil?

The company will instantly have many many billions of dollars available to it for investment in alternative sources, without impacting the bottom line of the company. Yes, it will then be a shareholder driven company and will be responsible to the board and the shareholders - but I suspect the Saudi royal family will obtain or maintain majority ownership, and with it the ability to squelch any uppity environmentalist shareholder efforts.


Question: What is neocolonialism and Predatory Lending?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is neocolonialism and Predatory Lending?

Neocolonialism and predatory lending is, rather than in the past when a powerful country actually colonized a developing country and controlled it politically, to control a developing country through economics. Say Wealthy Country A would like secure access to Developing Country B's coffee exports. They might suggest Country B really needs to build a massive hydroelectric dam to create sufficient power for their country. The developing country will need to borrow $10B from the wealthy country, but "the economic growth will easily allow dam to pay for itself!" but the project takes longer, and costs more than expected, and the developing country's currency weakens in the meantime making it even more expensive... they cannot possibly pay back the loans and don't see the economic gains they were sold on. The government has to cut back on services to its citizens just to make debt payments to the wealthy country. But then the wealthy country comes in and basically offers to forgive or reduce the debt if the developing country will exclusively trade coffee exports with them, on the terms they set. So the country, facing the spector of reducing spending on education and healthcare, or giving up control of its coffee sector chooses to agree to the coffee deal. This may have negative consequences on the coffee growers, coffee traders, etc.


Question: Why does ‘human food’ grow? What is the benefit for, as an example, a cabbage or a potato to grow? It seems like it only benefits one of the parties (the human) in the relationship.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does ‘human food’ grow? What is the benefit for, as an example, a cabbage or a potato to grow? It seems like it only benefits one of the parties (the human) in the relationship.

The plants we eat now looks *nothing* like natural plants from before human intervention. Compare [this painting of watermelons in the 1600's]( URL_1 ) to current watermelons, or look at [this businessinsider video]( URL_0 ). We took fruits and vegetables that had most of their space for seeds, and selectively bred them into what we have now. Just like we did with animals and everything else.


Question: Why do graphics card (GPU) producers keep their prices steady instead of fluctuating with market demand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do graphics card (GPU) producers keep their prices steady instead of fluctuating with market demand?

Every company every where (unless otherwise regulated to do so) is constantly evaluating the marketplace for the price they can sell the most profitable number of units. Too high and people will not buy, too low and demand will outstrip supply and they've left money on the table. The GPU companies are selling their equipment for what they think the market will bear. They don't necessarily give a shit WHO buys it, so long as they sell every unit. The existence of scalpers suggests they MIGHT be under pricing, but they are looking at a broader marketplace than just the high end gaming market. Their biggest buyers are people like Dell and HP, as well as smaller companies like iBuyPower. You better believe those people are much less tolerant of a price increase. Individuals are only a part of their business.


Question: Why do airplanes load passengers front to back instead of back to front?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do airplanes load passengers front to back instead of back to front?

Airplanes do not load that way, nor do they load for efficiency. Airplanes load in the way that is the most financial advantageous to the airline (and this will vary between airlines). They give the best (first) loading to the customers they are making the most money from as an incentive to buy tickets like that and as a benefit of such. They have done endless, endless research on this, and in the end, its all about the money, thats how they load. Thats how they should load. They are a business, they act in their best business interest and for airlines, its all about maximizing profit on each passenger


Question: What happens to an NGO once whatever they are helping with is "done"? What is their incentive to actually contribute to ending poverty/hunger/war etc. from a "capitalist" point of view?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to an NGO once whatever they are helping with is "done"? What is their incentive to actually contribute to ending poverty/hunger/war etc. from a "capitalist" point of view?

Anecdote: There is a lot of federal money available for anti-tobacco lobbying. I worked for a politician with a large amount of oversight in health related issues. My state was the first to raise the smoking age to 21. Great success for the Coalition for a Tobacco Free State! Once they had that though, they kept trying to drill taxes and other shit into legislation. Not well thought out either. The more you tax, the less people buy cigarettes. So all these cancer research programs and shit had their supposed influx of revenue drying up, halting research halfway through. My guess is they keep going. I mean, in order to accomplish your goal, it has to be so small that it is repeatable. Like providing toilets to a village. You keep providing toilets (which also fucks up the market, making less people get toilets because they're waiting to get a free one.) If it's too big, like Amnesty International, you just keep going, because you're never going to rid the world of human rights violations. Or, like the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, which successfully lobbied for an international treaty banning landmines, you push for enforcement, lobby states to sign if theythey try haven't yet, try to fund demining projects, etc. But their time in the limelight is over, and actual demining projects are painstakingly slow. In part because it's extremely difficult work, and partly because they are chronically underfunded. NGOs are a scary business. Lots of overhead. Employees staying in 5-star hotels. Even the mindset is a little old-fashioned. It reeks of "little brown brother" rhetoric at best, and is a total scam at worst. Small projects can be good, but be careful about the bigger guys. Look into Invisible Children and the Kony 2012 mess. It's a good example.


Question: What is tensor flow, and how is used in gaming and data analytics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is tensor flow, and how is used in gaming and data analytics?

A computer comes with chunks of code to do simple math operations like adding two numbers. Then, you can install extra code from someone else that uses those simple building blocks to do something a bit fancier, like solving an equation. Tensorflow is a collection of extra code implementing a whole bunch of building blocks useful for neural networks. Neural Networks are a family of mathematical functions (like, f(x)=ax for some constant a is a family) that have lots and lots of free parameters (instead of just 1 a that you pick, there are hundreds, thousands or even millions of different as that you need to set). Neural Networks have the nice property that, if you make a big enough network, they can approximate any other function to arbitrary accuracy (if you can figure out what to set the parameters to). So tensorflow provides bits of code to evaluate a neural network for particular parameter values. It provides code to efficiently save a particular set of parameters to disk. And it provides code that is useful for searching for the right set of parameters to approximate some other function you have. The other thing tensorflow does, is it provides versions of all those code bits that can run on your GPU, since a lot of these operations can be run in parallel (you don't need to wait for the first operation to finish before starting the next one). So how is tensorflow used? It is used to define neural networks for things like image classification. It's a lot easier to define the network using tensorflow building blocks than it is to do so from just code snippets that let a computer add and subtract two numbers.


Question: Why is cancer so harmful to the body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is cancer so harmful to the body?

Tumors not just replicate, they actively siphon off the body’s resources by causing blood vessels to grow into them and provide them with nutrients. These blood vessels are what makes tumors look vaguely like crabs with veins protruding all around as if a lot of limbs, giving cancer its Latin name. With tumors spreading and growing everywhere the body eventually runs out of resources and dies.


Question: Why is Vacuum heavier than H² ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Vacuum heavier than H² ?

A lighter-than-air vehicle that uses a vacuum instead of a low-density gas would, in theory, work. The idea is known as a [vacuum airship.]( URL_0 )The lifting force a lighter-than-air ship can produce is based in the differences in pressure between the atmosphere and the lifting gas. A vacuum has a pressure of 0, which means the difference and thus the buoyancy would be at its absolute maximum. The problem is that the pressure difference between sea level and a pure vacuum is absolutely *massive*, far more than sea level and a helium/hydrogen balloon. It would be so large, that you would need an incredibly strong container to stop it collapsing in on itself. And a very strong container is a very heavy container, which would counteract the buoyancy of the vacuum and make it drop like a stone. Practically, it's better to use low-density gasses, because while they produce less buoyancy, they can also be housed in thinner, lighter containers that ultimately make them better at lifting things.


Question: Why do humans have to have water much more regularly than other mammals or other organisms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans have to have water much more regularly than other mammals or other organisms?

Mainly because humans don't eat like most other animals. The stuff animals eat usually has water in it. It could be blood from flesh or juices contained in leafs or fruit. Humans eat alot of dried, preserved, salted and/or cooked food, that doesn't have that much water in it. Secondary to this is the fact humans sweat more than other animals. We're adapted for running down prey by having an more effective means of eliminating heat through sweat, it also means we lose more water that way.


Question: How does removing a bridge from a graph increase the number of connected components? Isn’t it the other way around?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does removing a bridge from a graph increase the number of connected components? Isn’t it the other way around?

Think of connected components as isolated island. Once you connect two, there is suddenly one less isolated region. (And vece versa)


Question: how does the gas/fuel industry work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the gas/fuel industry work?

Gas stations receive daily shipments of gasoline, an usually only hold a day or two's worth of fuel underground at any given time. I used to run a gas station, and during the summer months my gas station would almost run out several times a day. That fuel comes from a rack somewhere near by. Think of it like a warehouse for gas, where a lot of fuel can be safely stored onsite away from people. There are about 5 racks within an hour of my old station, and they supplied every gas station in the area, regardless of what company is on the gas station. If something happens at the closest rack, then the second closest has to pick up the slack and do double duty to supply its normal stations and the other stations that are running out now. If the problem goes on for long enough, or affects multiple racks, like a hurricane in the gulf shitting down refineries, then stations will run out while waiting for their next shipment.


Question: Why does water put out fire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water put out fire?

Fire needs fuel, oxygen, and heat. Using a matchstick as an example, the fuel embedded into the head of the match. When you strike the match, a moderate amount of heat is generated which triggers a reaction between the fuel and oxygen, making fire. Then, the fire continues to consume the fuel using oxygen in the air. Adding water does two things. It creates a barrier between the fuel and oxygen, and will cool the fuel down to a point at which it can’t sustain the reaction.


Question: How come when you’re sprayed by a skunk you’re supposed to bathe in tomato juice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you’re sprayed by a skunk you’re supposed to bathe in tomato juice?

Tomato juice simply covers up the strong smell of skunk spray with the strong smell of tomato. The smell of tomato juice is easily detected and it appears that the skunk odor is gone. However, the tomato juice does not neutralize the odor, it just covers it up.


Question: What are compressed and uncompressed files, how does it all work and why compressed files take less storage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are compressed and uncompressed files, how does it all work and why compressed files take less storage?

File compression saves hard drive space by removing redundant data. For example take a 500 page book and scan through it to find the 3 most commonly used words. Then replace those words with place holders so 'the' becomes $, etc Put an index at the front of the book that translates those symbols to words. Now the book contains exactly the same information as before, but now it's a couple dozen pages shorter. This is the basics of how file compression works. You find duplicate data in a file and replace it with pointers. The upside is reduced space usage, the downside is your processor has to work harder to *inflate* the file when it's needed.


Question: are there any legitimate uses for caller ID spoofing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 are there any legitimate uses for caller ID spoofing?

Companies often use it for outside calls. For example they could have all callbacks route to the sales desk. They could also use it in combination with a call routing service so calls in and out could appear as the same national number when it really redirects to your local branch office. Fraudulent use tends to far outweigh either of those in how common it is though.


Question: Do animals somehow know and sense that other animals are an entirely different species?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do animals somehow know and sense that other animals are an entirely different species?

Animals covers a lot of ground, and what a border collie knows and what a turtle knows is likely to be a huge difference. Let's just pick on dogs, as dogs and humans have been working together for many centuries. Dogs have excellent scent and hearing. They can clearly tell "your car" from "another car" through sound alone. They know other dogs are different individuals, regardless of species. Scent probably plays a big role here. They know "your car" is not you and not a dog. It's unclear that "alive or dead" is an interesting distinction to a dog.


Question: In history, how do we "adjust for inflation/deflation?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In history, how do we "adjust for inflation/deflation?"

The US Department of Commerce and Department of Labor track the prices of just about every consumer and industrial good sold in the country on a regional level. The Department of Commerce compiles their pricing information as a statistic called the Personal Consumption Expenditure Inflation Rate (CPE), while the Department of Labor compiles theirs as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). There are a bunch of different CPI's that the Department of Labor compiles but the one used for overall inflation is a fairly simple. It just has a basket of goods that it considers to be things that everyone buys, and tracks the average increase in the prices of those things. The CPE functions similarly in that is uses a basket of goods that most people buy, but it weights the prices of those goods by what percentage of person's income is usually spent on them. So, for example, if people normally spend 10% of their income on food and 5% on entertainment items, then an increase in the price of food counts twice as much towards increasing the CPE as the same increase in the price of entertainment items. Other countries usually track their own inflation using similar measures. Because inflation measures all rely on tracking the prices of a core set of goods, they become somewhat meaningless when comparing two very different time periods because the goods being measured change so much. So for example, its easy to adjust for inflation between today and 5 years ago because the goods people are buying in those two years are essentially the same. But if you are trying to compare between today and 1955, the goods that people are buying are so wildly different that, other than looking at the percentage of income spent on categories like food and housing, any comparison between prices just becomes meaningless.


Question: Why does binary use 0 and 1 instead of 1 and 2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does binary use 0 and 1 instead of 1 and 2?

The same reason our base-10 number system uses 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. There is no symbol 10 in base 10. Any base has symbols up to, but not including the base you say it is. So base 10 has symbols up to 9. Binary has all the symbols up to 1.


Question: With all the advances in computing, why are email servers still so limited on file attachemnt size?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With all the advances in computing, why are email servers still so limited on file attachemnt size?

They're not. Your service provider or company imposes it's own limitations to conserve network bandwidth.


Question: How is polyester soft when it's basically plastic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is polyester soft when it's basically plastic?

From my understanding- fiber size. Bending a solid steel cylinder is a lot more difficult than bending a woven steel cable. The fabric might be essentially plastic, but it's a bunch of small plastic threads knit together.


Question: Why is a sample size of 1,000 enough for a 3% margin of error in a group of any size?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a sample size of 1,000 enough for a 3% margin of error in a group of any size?

It depends on the assumption that your sample is a good random sample of the whole population. As long as you believe that assumption, the result sounds less surprising. If you flipped a coin 1000 times and got 500 heads, how confident would you be that it's fair? Would you be happy that there's at least a 95% chance that the coin gives heads between 47% and 53% of the time? That's what the margin of error is saying. We picked 1000 people at random and found that x% believed a thing, so we're 95% confident that between (x-3)% and (x+3)% believe that thing.


Question: Why is it "bad" to make tea in the microwave vs a kettle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it "bad" to make tea in the microwave vs a kettle?

Much like a small sect of coffee drinkers, there are tea ~~connoisseurs~~ snobs that will turn their nose at you if you don't brew your tea at the *proper* temperature. Tea pots are designed to heat water to a specific temperature, where the microwave can produce irregular and inconsistent results. In reality, most people will never know a difference and most tea consumers can't taste the difference. If you are among the few that can taste the difference or can't take the mockery, a teapot may be good for you. Otherwise, enjoy that quick heat from the microwave-induced vibrating water molecules.


Question: How is wind created and how does it move?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is wind created and how does it move?

First, the rotation of the Earth. This results in the Coriolis effect, creating large, circular air systems as a direct result. Second, the sun. It heats up half the globe while the other half radiates heat away. This creates constant pressure differences which result in movement of air as high pressure regions push into low pressure regions. Geography can influence how incoming heat is absorbed, reflected, and radiated, making some places winder than others. Likewise, mountains act as physical barriers, blocking and redirecting air.


Question: How do we know numbers like Pi are infinite rather than just incredibly long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know numbers like Pi are infinite rather than just incredibly long?

We know because pi is an irrational number. More to the point, we know it is not a rational number. (warning, math ahead) A rational number is one that can be represented as a ratio of two integers. For any repeating or terminating decimal out there, you can do a little math to express it as a ratio. With a terminating decimal, it is pretty easy: 0.123 = 123/1000 Repeating decimals require a little algebra: n = 0.123123... 1000n = 123.123123... 1000n - n = 999n = 123 n = 123/999 = 41/333 What does this have to do with pi? It means that either a) pi can be expressed as a ratio of two integers, or b) pi cannot be represented as a terminating or repeating decimal. If we can show there is no way to express pi as a ratio, the only remaining possibility is a nonrepeating decimal. In 1761, this is exactly what Johann Heinrich Lambert did. Unfortunately, his proof, and others like it, require advanced math we'd rather not get into. Lucky for us, the proof that √2 is irrational is pretty straight forward: assume a and b exist, such that a/b = √2, and a and b have no common factors a^2 / b^2 = 2 a^2 = 2 * b^2 therefore a is even, and there exist a k such that a = 2k (2 * k)^2 = 2 * b^2 4 * k^2 = 2 * b^2 2 * k^2 = b^2 therefore b is also even However, we assumed a and b had no common factors, so they cannot both be even. This contradicts our original assumption, which proves it must be false. There are no such number a and b, which means √2 cannot be represented as a repeating decimal and must be irrational. EDIT: By popular demand **TL;DR** * rational numbers are the result of dividing one integer by another * the decimal places of a rational number either end, or repeat * you can show that pi (or e or √2) cannot be the result of dividing one integer by another * therefore, those numbers are not rational and do not end


Question: How do ships and other marine vessels float?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do ships and other marine vessels float?

Not pressure, displacement is what keeps anything afloat. It's called Archimedes principle - if an object in water displaces (that is, pushes aside) an amount of water that weighs more than the object itself, the object floats. If it pushes aside an amount of water that weighs less than the object itself, the object sinks. [A solid explanation with visuals...]( URL_0 ) As to the laser's effect - if it makes a hole in the target ship BELOW the waterline, the target ship will likely sink, or at least will sink if it can't pump water out fast enough (which, if its engines are destroyed, it likely can't). It will sink because water will rush into the interior of the newly "holed" ship, displacing the air inside. Water is much heavier than air, so as the boat takes on more water and expels more air, it gets heavier and heavier. Eventually, it displaces less weight in water (outside the hull) than it weighs (the water inside the hull plus the weight of the ship and everything else on board), and down she goes. If the laser can somehow destroy engines without cutting a hole in the target ship itself, or if the hole is above the waterline, the ship will stay afloat but be disabled. /edited for typos


Question: why do our recorded voices sound different to us but normal to everyone else?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do our recorded voices sound different to us but normal to everyone else?

Imagine your eardrum inside your ear to be a small trampoline. Every time you sound reaches it, it vibrates just the way a trampoline does when you jump on it, and then it sends a signal based on the vibration, to your brain, to tell you what the sound was. Now imagine every time you jumped on a trampoline, there's some vibrating thing underneath the trampoline, or your dad hit the trampoline from the bottom. That's what the bones and the reflecting vibrations inside your ear do. Remember that sound also reflects (as echo over mountains, for example). The trampoline now doesn't know whether the signal that it should send to the brain should be about you jumping or your dad hitting the trampoline. So it sends both and the brain merges them. This makes you hear a combination of two sounds now, both at the same time. The combination is obviously different from the sound you make that your friends will hear.


Question: What do scientists means when they say that the "big bang happened everywhere and not at one single point"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do scientists means when they say that the "big bang happened everywhere and not at one single point"?

The big bang was an expansion of spacetime itself, not an explosion of matter. So don't think of it like a firework going off, flinging stars in all directions. Think of it like inflating a balloon. Imagine drawing a bunch of dots on an uninflated balloon, then blowing it up. All of the dots get further away from each other as the balloon material stretches, but none of the dots are actually moving relative to the balloon. So imagine the dots are the "stuff" the universe has in it (stars, galaxies, gas, etc.) And the balloon material is the intervening space. There's not really a "center" to the expansion, because the material is stretching *everywhere*. The balloon is sort of a 2D universe expanding in 3D space, so it's not a perfect analogy, but it sort of gets the idea across.


Question: Why does the air feel colder when your skin is wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the air feel colder when your skin is wet?

For water to evaporate, it needs to absorb heat. Water on your skin is evaporating even when it is cold outside, and the heat needed to evaporate the water is pulled from your skin, which actually makes it colder. it doesn't just *feel* colder, it *is* colder, and you are at an increased risk of frostbite.


Question: when astronauts play with liquids in space aren't they worried about water damage to parts from all the floating liquid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when astronauts play with liquids in space aren't they worried about water damage to parts from all the floating liquid?

They have machines that filter the moisture from the air which then gets filtered and recycled for reuse.


Question: Commodity Fetishism? I have googled it but really can't seem to wrap my head around the exact definition or examples I've found.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Commodity Fetishism? I have googled it but really can't seem to wrap my head around the exact definition or examples I've found.

I think the most relatable way to think of it is money itself. A $20 bill itself actually has no value (aside from the paper and effort/cost to make it), only the value we as a society place on it. Money has value BECAUSE other commodities put their value in it! We don't value dollar bills because of anything it can do for us as an item itself - just in what society values it as. The entire concept centers around that idea - the value placed on an idea/item solely by society and its most finished product. Once a thing has a price tag, all of the things that go into the process are severed. Think about a pizza ad. You see the bubbling cheese and hot pepperoni. It looks inviting and draws you in. But do you weigh it's worth in ways such as the dairy farmer who milked the cow? In the factory workers who canned the sauce? Not likely. It's the sensual product that you pay dollars for. Marx said "The mysterious character of the commodity-form consists therefore simply in the fact that the commodity reflects the social characteristics of men's own labour as objective characteristics of the products of labour themselves... " People in a capitalist society treat a commodity as if value is in the item itself. Not the labour and effort performed to create said thing. I hope that helps!


Question: How do scales measure body fat + hydration + bone + muscle? Is this just bullshit or is there some truth to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scales measure body fat + hydration + bone + muscle? Is this just bullshit or is there some truth to it?

The type of scale you're describing generally measures the electrical resistance or conductivity of your body, which combined with your weight and some preprogrammed models lets it make an educated guess at what your body consists of. If your body was made of only two tissue types and all human bodies had the exact same shape, this would give a perfectly accurate result. As it is, there's no way to tell the difference between a person with extremely fat legs and a skinny upper body versus someone with lean but average legs and an extremely muscled upper body. The scale assumes you're probably at neither extreme and so gives you the hydration etc. numbers that the electric conductivity would indicate for an average person. Oh and I should mention, the sweatiness of your feet has far more influence on the measurement than your actual body composition.


Question: Why are wetsuits dark instead of brightly colored for high visibility?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are wetsuits dark instead of brightly colored for high visibility?

Scuba diver here. Dark wetsuits became popular because of military and navy seals. But for recreational diving you will see blue yellow pink black mix. Shiny and reflective stuff will make you enticing to attacks by big predators such as baracuda as they will think you are a shiny fish.


Question: - When you charge your phone, the battery goes up to 100%. Why does it stop there? How does the phone tell the outlet to stop giving energy to the battery? Does the extra energy just loop through and go back into the wall?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - When you charge your phone, the battery goes up to 100%. Why does it stop there? How does the phone tell the outlet to stop giving energy to the battery? Does the extra energy just loop through and go back into the wall?

There's a microchip in your phone called the charge management controller. It monitors the charge in your battery when you plug in. When it's full it switches to a "trickle charge" level, where it consume only just enough power to run the phone.


Question: Why the US imports oil from far away places when it is a net oil exporter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the US imports oil from far away places when it is a net oil exporter?

Different kinds of oil used for different things and processed in different ways. It is tempting to think of oil as one homogeneous and interchangeable thing but actually oil can have different properties, most notably its viscosity. "Light" oil has a low viscosity, flowing easily and being easy to refine. Because of this there is high demand for this type of oil in the less developed areas of the world which may have little to no refining capacity. The US on the other hand has advanced refining capacity and both the skill and the technology to effectively deal with heavy oils. The result of this is that the US can benefit by exporting light oil and refined products while importing primarily heavy oil to refine. In your example India is one of those less advanced countries which doesn't have the infrastructure or personnel to deal as effectively with heavy oil so importing it directly from the Gulf isn't as good as from the US.


Question: What does it mean for a mole to be "pre" melanoma?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean for a mole to be "pre" melanoma?

Probably means it was an atypical mole (dysplastic nevi). If a mole is asymmetrical, darker around the border, or has variation in color or texture across the surface or a 'fried egg' appearance (darker center lighter edges), then it may carry the same mutations that lead to melanoma.


Question: How do fish swim up waterfalls?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do fish swim up waterfalls?

They may be able to swim up small waterfalls that can be “jumped”, but definitely not large ones. Think of it. The water is pulled down by gravity and is going 9.8m/s, so you’d need an incredible amount of force to press down on the water in order to overcome that 9.8m/s, overcome the force hitting you in the face, and have enough force to move your entire body.


Question: How do movie makers/tv shows make money on Netflix?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do movie makers/tv shows make money on Netflix?

Netflix typically pays whoever owns the rights to the TV show a licensing fee (which might be the maker, might not if it's been resold to someone else) for a license to play those shows. That license allows them to show the TV series Depending on the contract, it often lasts 1/2/5 years. After that Netflix has the option to decide if they want to renew. (and both parties decide if they should pay more/less for the show)


Question: Can unemployment bankrupt a state?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can unemployment bankrupt a state?

Unemployment Insurance (UI) is paid out of a trust fund, which is made up of UI premiums payed out by businesses. The money does not come directly out of a state’s general revenue. If they run out of funds they borrow it from the federal government.


Question: In the US, why are alcoholic beverages not required to have the same nutrition fact labeling as other foods and beverages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the US, why are alcoholic beverages not required to have the same nutrition fact labeling as other foods and beverages?

Food is under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which does the nutrition labels. Alcohol is under the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), which does not have a labeling standard.


Question: why energy "wants" to dissipate in many ways as possible (friction/heat/...) when created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why energy "wants" to dissipate in many ways as possible (friction/heat/...) when created?

Basically the reason is the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It is easier for energy to move from an orderly, concentrated state to a disorderly, dissipated stated than in the other direction. The only way to get energy back into an orderly state is to spend even more energy to get it there. With heat, for example, it is easier to mix hot and cold atoms in a gas together than to unmix them. With potential energy, for example, it is easier to get water to flow downhill than to flow uphill.


Question: Why are golf balls so bouncy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are golf balls so bouncy?

To be overly simple the middle is rubber or some form of it. The outside isn't. The ball being struck sends the force through the shell into the rubber which transfers that energy fairly easy back and forth until it settles (aka it bounces)


Question: why did the us choose to take out the Soviet Union after ww2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why did the us choose to take out the Soviet Union after ww2?

Because America had the guns, but the Soviets had the numbers. Massive numbers. I'm talking a gobsmackingly horrendous disparity in combat ready forces in Europe. The Western Allies crunched the numbers ( URL_0 ), and determined that the Soviets had a 3 to 1 numeric advantage; taking the Soviets in a straight fight just wasn't happening. That, and they did just get done watching Adolf Hitler try and fail to do the same thing, even using tactics that the Western Allies would find unacceptably brutal. The nukes are useful, but they still hadn't reached the "I win" button status of the later Cold War. Nukes were still delivering yields in double-digit Kilotons and the ICBM, SLBM, etc., weren't happening yet. You couldn't just point a missile at Moscow and order the Politburo to lick your taint, you actually had to get bombers in there, bombers that might get shot down and put an A-bomb and the hardware needed to drop it from a plane in Soviet hands.


Question: Why do some museum ban flash photography when viewing certain exhibits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some museum ban flash photography when viewing certain exhibits?

Flashs produce very bright light. Light in general can harm some of the pigments used in art. This would fade the image and be very bad. Rather than expect people to know how bright their flash is, it's a lot simpler to just ban all flash photography. Given the number of violators, most people don't even know how to turn the flash off. Increasingly museums are going to "no photos" to deal with the ignorant masses of cell phone photographers.


Question: Considering how ubiquitous and cheap 64-bit processing is, and how long 64-bit technology has existed, why is 32-bit software and hardware still a thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Considering how ubiquitous and cheap 64-bit processing is, and how long 64-bit technology has existed, why is 32-bit software and hardware still a thing?

Because software from 10 years ago is still around today and can be run. It will be phased out eventually.


Question: how do vitamin tablets work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do vitamin tablets work?

You don't get vitamin D from sunlight. Sunlight hitting your skin causes a chemical reaction that creates Vitamin D out of other things your body already has. But our bodies are not our only sources of Vitamin D, or any vitamin. Our food gives us a vast majority of the vitamins and minerals we need, including Vitamin D. Vitamin D is high in some fatty fish, Eggs, Cheese, and Beef Livers. So any of these could be used as sources of the Vitamin D to make it into pill form. However, I think normally it's artificially created nowadays. I'm not 100% sure though on that part.


Question: At a distance, why do blue lights seem “blurry” or “harder to focus on” compared to red or orange lights that appear more sharp?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 At a distance, why do blue lights seem “blurry” or “harder to focus on” compared to red or orange lights that appear more sharp?

According to [this]( URL_0 ): "Blue light scatters more widely within the eye and tends to be focused in front of the retina, making it appear slightly out of focus."


Question: Why did cell phone interference with speakers used to happen, and why has it since resolved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did cell phone interference with speakers used to happen, and why has it since resolved?

Switch on bands to Lte. Once in awhile, when my phone is on edge or 3g, I still get interference. But since almost everyone has an LTE phone, it's on a different wavelength.


Question: Why do food manufactures use cylindrical cans so often?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do food manufactures use cylindrical cans so often?

Packaging stuff adds cost. The material costs something, and it's added weight that makes shipping more expensive. It may not be much per can, but for millions of cans it adds up. So, you want to minimize the amount of material needed for packaging. A sphere is the shape with the least surface area per volume. It's also the strongest, since any stresses are evenly distributed across the entire surface. A sphere takes the least amount of material. However, spheres are bad for packing and stacking. Whenever you stack spheres there's a lot of space between them. That's bad for shipping, obviously. You want to maximize the packing space so you can fit the most units per shipping container. A cube (or cuboid) maximizes the packing because there is no space at all between them. But cubes take a lot of material. Those corners become points where stress gathers, which means you need even more extra material to keep them strong. So, you need a compromise. A shape that's almost as strong as a sphere and uses as little material as possible, but also packs and stacks almost as well as cubes. It also needs to be easy to make. Which shape is both sort of round and sort of square? Cylinders. Edit: [Engineer Guy]( URL_0 ) for an explanation from a real engineer, and also additional information about how cans are designed.


Question: what exactly is happening when our eyes go out of focus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is happening when our eyes go out of focus?

In order to see, your eye do a focus very similar to a camera focus, but instead of moving glass lenses, it expand a flesh translucid lense. The muscle expanding it can get tired if it expand it too much, and it might struggle to expand it after a certain period of time, so the lense go out of focus, causing you to see blurry. To "heal" it, you just have to either not look at all, or to look at a distant non-shiny object for a certain amount of time.