Question: Why does e (the number) come up in so many seemingly random applications?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does e (the number) come up in so many seemingly random applications?

It comes from a particular function : the exponential function. Ok, so the exponential function is pretty unique. It is the only function other than the "always-zero" function that is always equal to its own gradient. That means that a lot of random things follow its shape, things where the speed of the process depends on the size of the process (chemical reactions, atomic ones, bacteria populations who double every fixed amount of time, etc etc.) Basically, it's the function that fits phenomenon that have a feedback loop built into them : the bigger it is, the faster it goes, and the faster it goes, the bigger it becomes. Now, e, the number, is just the value of this exponential function for an entry value of 1. It pops up a *lot* because it makes writing the exponential function very, very easy : exponential of x (exp(x)) can be written e^x Plus, the "always equal to its gradient" bit means that the exponential function is the cornerstone of every technique we have to solve differential equations, so it pops up in a lot of abstract math too. And it can also simplify a lot of work on complex numbers, which are a powerful tool to work on a whole other class of problems


Question: Why does turning a computer off and back on again fix the issue? Like doesn't it indicate a problem that will happen in the future?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does turning a computer off and back on again fix the issue? Like doesn't it indicate a problem that will happen in the future?

It depends on what the problem is, sometimes computers just have a hiccup where it isn't an actual issue and a restart will make the machine forget there was a problem.


Question: How is Intel still operating on a 14nm process, when AMD, TSMC, and Samsung all have 7 & 5nm processes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Intel still operating on a 14nm process, when AMD, TSMC, and Samsung all have 7 & 5nm processes?

For starters, Intel's 14nm process is still pretty dense, in general Intel's process nodes are of similar geometry to the next node down of its competitors. Intel's 10nm process for instance is about the same transistor density of the 7nm processes of TSMC and Samsung. The other thing is that as you go down in lithography it gets harder to scale in clock speed. The wires get smaller and it generates more resistance at the same voltage which means you have to lower the voltage. But when you lower the voltage, the signals (in general) switch slower. Intel is putting out 5.3GHz clocks against AMD's 4.8GHz because the 14nm is letting them get that extra 500MHz, albeit taking up 100% more power for that 500MHz because Intel's on a 14nm process and AMD is on a 7nm. On a desktop platform where you have lots of power and cooling capacity available to you, this isn't as big a problem. So for the limited amount of 10nm capacity available, they're sending it to mobile first and leaving desktops with 14nm. But this isn't as huge a problem (to a point) because single threaded performance generally scales extremely well with frequency and 14nm is letting them hit excessively high frequencies.


Question: When it comes to film, what exactly does the term “box office” mean?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When it comes to film, what exactly does the term “box office” mean?

Ticketing used to be done via a closed booth out front of the theater. This small glass room was called box office and became shorthand for how much money the theater pulled in for a showing. These box office numbers then got added up to account for a run of a movie and published as the Box office numbers for a movie on a national or global level. Some older theaters still have them or have larger multi position ticket counters accessible outside of the theater. Most built in the last 10-15 years have moved to just inside ticket desks and electronic ticketing kiosks as well as the rise of mobile device codes instead of issuing physical tickets.


Question: How do seeds of plants know not to sprout within the plant itself for example apple seeds not sprout within the fruit? There is moisture for them to grow no?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do seeds of plants know not to sprout within the plant itself for example apple seeds not sprout within the fruit? There is moisture for them to grow no?

They don't know that, and in fact absolutely can sprout inside fruit. It's not common, and in most cases there isn't enough moisture for them to keep going, but it can happen.


Question: Non-Euclidean Geometry. What exactly does it mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Non-Euclidean Geometry. What exactly does it mean?

Non-Euclidean simply means that the geometry in question doesn't obey the rules that a man named Euclid set out ages ago. The rule we're interested in is his fifth one, which deals with parallel lines. Its original formulation is really complicated and it won't help you, so here's a translation that more accurately defines what we mean: > Given a line segment that intersects two straight lines, if the inside angles sum to 180, the lines are parallel. Here, "parallel" means "will stay a constant distance from each other forever." If you throw that out the window, you enter non-Euclidean geometry, and you have two options: 1. The lines will cross at some point. This is *spherical* or *elliptic* geometry. Three ninety-degree angles can form a triangle here. 2. The lines will *diverge,* or separate. This is *hyperbolic* geometry, which deals with surfaces that are shaped like saddles. Triangles on a hyperbolic surface will always be less than 180 degrees.


Question: How come water is white when it is moving, but clear when it is still?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come water is white when it is moving, but clear when it is still?

Air bubbles get trapped in the water and light reflects off them making the water appear white. The same concept is used when making most white hard candies. They pull the sugar on a hook or machine to trap air bubbles in the amber colored sugar making the candy appear white.


Question: Why is wet hair easier to comb?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is wet hair easier to comb?

So hair is a complex of proteins that act as a polymer or plastic. Plastics have this property called “glass temperature”. When they are below this temperature, they act more as a glass (brittle, inflexible, rigid). Above this temperature they act more “plastic” (shapable, yielding) etc. there are compounds called “plasticizers” that are able to make a polymer act more plastic without altering temperature. Water is a plasticizer. Also, this is the same reason spraying a mist of water on shirts gets rid of wrinkles. Once the water dries, the hair falls back into the glass regime and maintains its style. The water also lubricates the comb and allows it to pass more freely through your hair.


Question: What happens if the member of a jury notices something during a trial that they need to be addressed to make a decision? Can they ask questions or try to get something addressed?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if the member of a jury notices something during a trial that they need to be addressed to make a decision? Can they ask questions or try to get something addressed?

As noted by another commenter, specifics will vary by jurisdiction; however, juries are usually not allowed to inquire about the facts of the case being presented. The jury's role is basically to decide 1) who is telling the truth if there are conflicting accounts and 2) whether the true story fits into the laws as presented to them. They can also make determinations about amount and allocation of fault in civil trials. In my state, for example, our code of procedure permits the judge to instruct the jury about relevant law at any time; and the jury can ask to have testimony read back to them or to have an opportunity to inspect items that were admitted into evidence. La. Code of Civ Proc. arts [1792]( URL_2 ) and [1795]( URL_0 ). There is no provision for the jury to question witnesses, and judges are expressly forbidden from commenting on the facts to the jury. La. Code of Civ Proc art. [1791]( URL_1 ). As a whole: the jury can, therefore, ask to have things repeated and to have instructions on the relevant laws; but they can't ask questions about the facts. Might juries have an easier time if they could ask questions of witnesses? Yeah, probably. On the other hand, lots of evidence is excluded for a whole lot of policy reasons (hearsay, lack of authentication, illegal acquisition of evidence, etc.); and it is easier to simply not have it presented than to constantly instruct jurors why their questions can't be answered. The hope is that the attorneys will already be doing their best to flesh out their side within the constraints of the evidence rules.


Question: What is an Eigenvalue and an Eigenvector?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an Eigenvalue and an Eigenvector?

Here's an actual ELI5. A matrix is a fancy way of describing the change in shape of something. Now, imagine you take some blob of Play-Doh, and you squish it with your flat hands. Most parts of the Play-Doh go into all kinds of weird directions, left, right, up, down, you name it. However, there will be one specific direction along which the Play-Doh particles along that line are simply pushed out further along that line. That special direction is the eigenvector, and the amount (i.e. the factor) by which the stretch happens along that direction is the eigenvalue. Both of them together uniquely describe the way you squished the Play-Doh, and that's why they're interesting to know.


Question: How is it possible for a sail-powered boat to travel against--or, for that matter, faster than--the wind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How is it possible for a sail-powered boat to travel against--or, for that matter, faster than--the wind?

The intuitive way I describe this concept is a watermelon seed on a table. When you push down on it, it will slip and squirt out to the side much faster than your finger pushed down. This is because the force imparted by your finger was redirected into sideways movement and that movement didn't lessen the force input from your finger. Imagine if you were just pushing the seed along the table. Certainly it would move, but only as fast as your finger did. Once it is moving with your finger there is no reason to continue any faster. In this same way as a boat moves with the wind it loses the thrust. Once the boat is moving with the wind from its perspective there is no wind at all! But if the boat moves perpendicular to the wind it can redirect the force to acceleration without losing the benefit of input force. This can allow acceleration without limit to the speed of the wind.


Question: How does one experience pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does one experience pain?

You have 4 types of sensors in your skin, one senses temperature, the other one pressure (a hard squeeze), the third one pain and the last one touch (a gentle touch). The pain one (Nociceptors) has a threshold, whenever the amount of stimuli (chemical, thermal, or mechanical) is above this threshold, it sends a signal to your spine, and off to your brain. Which will make you look at that place to take evasive action.


Question: why does music make us feel so good?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does music make us feel so good?

I don't know if anyone can answer your question, but my thoughts on this are that humans look for patterns in their environment. I think that this is biological, to make them better hunters. So basically whenever something adheres to a pattern, we find it pleasing. Music is very patterned and so almost all humans I have met like music. It is biologically hardwired.


Question: Why shouldn't you put hot food into a refrigerator?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why shouldn't you put hot food into a refrigerator?

All of these people are crazy, unless you added 4 gallons of boiling hot food to your fridge, it's not really going to affect the contents of the fridge in any way. It will raise the temp slightly, but not enough to risk any food spoiling, and definitely not enough to increase the wear and tear on your fridge, because your fridge is generally pretty efficient at removing heat and has a very long lifetime. The real reason you don't want to put hot food in the fridge is because the excess moisture that is released from the food can speed up fungal and bacterial growths. If you let the food cool first, all of that steam escapes, and when you put it in the fridge, it will last longer before spoiling.


Question: What is derivative in math? What are they used for in real life applications?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is derivative in math? What are they used for in real life applications?

Okay so you know when you have a linear plot, you can figure out the slope by figuring out how much y changes when x changes by a certain amount? Basically, a derivative is that, but applied to functions that are not straight lines. The idea is that you draw a line through two points of your non-linear graph and find the slope of this line. Then, you bring the two x values closer and closer together until they are right on top of each other. This gives you the slope of the line that just barely touches the graph at a single point. The purpose of this is that it tells you how that function is changing at that exact point. This is very nice, especially if you have a general expression of your derivative. Take the relationship between position and velocity for example. Say I mapped out a car's position over some amount of time and get a complicated function that definitely isn't linear. Since velocity is just how much position is changing at a given time, I can take a time derivative of the distance function and get an expression for the car's exact velocity at any given time. There are also many other applications, usually involving situations where a system changes based off of it's current state. So say instead of a car, I have a rocket ship which feels an air resistance based on its velocity. The air resistance will then try to change the velocity. I can write this down as an equation where the derivative of the velocity is related in some way to the velocity itself. This is known as a differential equation. Being able to solve these with the rules of calculus opens up a whole new world of describing and predicting reality with mathematics.


Question: If corporations are legal "persons", why are they taxed at a special corporate tax rate, instead of the (usually) higher income tax rate?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If corporations are legal "persons", why are they taxed at a special corporate tax rate, instead of the (usually) higher income tax rate?

You are I are plumbers. We each bill 300K worth of plumbing work each year. We each spend 50K on materials each year. We each have 100K of business expenses each year. You are incorporated, I am not. How much tax should each of us pay? The same. Since I am not incorporated I take the 150K I made in profit and pay tax on it like income at my personal rate. Lets say I end up paying 50K in tax. Since you are incorporated you pay corporate tax on the 150K, and then distribute the remainder to yourself as a shareholder. That's dividend income and as a person you are going to pay tax on it. The government plays with the personal dividend rate, and the corporate tax rate with the (rough) idea that it should add up to the same as the personal tax rate for regular income. That's why, primarily, corporate tax rates are different from personal tax rates - the government knows the money is going to be taxed again when passed on to shareholders.


Question: Why do we fantasize about things we have no intention of doing in our life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we fantasize about things we have no intention of doing in our life?

I think that’s why we fantasize about it. The main reason you’d fantasize about something is because it sounds fun and enjoyable or daring and thrilling. Or in the moment of doing it atleast. A lot of the reason why we’d have no intention of doing something (other than the thought that we wouldn’t enjoy it at all) is because we’d deem it unwise or harmful to our lifestyle. Maybe it’s too expensive or maybe it’s illegal. Maybe it’s a long term commitment that’d change the entirety of your life. Another reason to have no intention is fear. Jumping out of a plane sounds thrilling but also scary as hell. It’s fun to fantasize about what if’s even if we never do plan on doing much


Question: Why don’t we usually see a second word that is repeated when it comes in the next line?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don’t we usually see a second word that is repeated when it comes in the next line?

The smae resaon I can tpye this senetnce lkie tihs and you can sitll raed it. Your brain doesn't read every indivdiual word in order, it looks at the shape, length, and relative plaecment of the word with regard to its surroundings. Kind of the same way your peripheral vision is exrtemely low quality but you don't know it because your brain fills in the blanks. (Also your particular example is kind of bad because the colors draw your attnetion away from the words above it which is intentionally misleading.) ... Did you notice the other misspellings in there? :)


Question: Is there a difference between the different types of toothpaste? What makes them different from the rest of the schmucks there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a difference between the different types of toothpaste? What makes them different from the rest of the schmucks there?

I used some with diatomaceous earth to polish scratched DVDs back in the day...I had to try several different types to get a nicely fine abrasive. The gel ones weren't useful for DVD polishing but if you're on top of your teeth brushing they could be the best. Some have hydrogen peroxide. I've been swishing a bit of 3% hydrogen peroxide every other day and my dental checkups have been superb! (unlike before) So, I like the H2O2 but question the strength / persistence if it's in a toothpaste... also, I'm told you only need to use way less paste than is shown in ads - just a pea-sized blob, not an inch long worm...


Question: The Infantry Squad Vehicle shares 90% of its components with a Chevy Colorado. The top Trim Colorado costs $30K usd or so, but the the ISV costs $330k. What makes up the 10% difference between the Colorado and the ISV?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Infantry Squad Vehicle shares 90% of its components with a Chevy Colorado. The top Trim Colorado costs $30K usd or so, but the the ISV costs $330k. What makes up the 10% difference between the Colorado and the ISV?

It's not only the cost of the components. There is a lot of fine print put into a military contract. For instance, it says you have to maintain enough spare parts to repair X number of vehicles for 10, 20, 30 years into the future, no matter what their damage may be. You also have to pay for expensive testing to make sure that the vehicle can survive wartime conditions, everything from deserts to swamps. You have to make dozens or hundreds that can be shot up with every type of bullet and tank round imaginable to find out whether the occupants would survive. And on and on. Plus, these fixed startup costs remain in place regardless of whether the military buys one or a hundred or a thousand or 50,000. If you sign a contract with the government for 100,000 at 100K each, and then a year or two down the line, they change their mind and decide the Army only needs 30,000 instead of 100,000 vehicles, then the cost per unit just spiked from 100K to 330K. So there's a lot more to it than meets the eye.


Question: Why do cars seem to decelerate faster when at a higher speed than at a lower speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cars seem to decelerate faster when at a higher speed than at a lower speed?

Air resistance is helping you far more in the 75-50 example. Air resistance is a function of speed\^2, so going twice as fast gives you 4x the air resistance, which always helps you slow down.


Question: How is Germany still an economic powerhouse while still paying the debt of the World Wars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Germany still an economic powerhouse while still paying the debt of the World Wars?

Germany was not charged reparations for WWII. We learned after WWI that doing so would cause more problems than it would fix. The German economy was able to focus solely on rebuilding and economic growth immediately after WWII because it was under the control of the allied powers and not allowed to have a military at all during that time. Western Germany at least had a massive amount of money and goods from the US sent to it to rebuild and they were able to get to a point that they could sustain economic growth and take back up its various debts fairly quickly. Even when they were able to start building up a military again it was not too large of a strain on their economy.


Question: how did the US fund the government prior to establishing an income tax/what were the primary revenue sources?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did the US fund the government prior to establishing an income tax/what were the primary revenue sources?

You have no idea how small the government of the time was. The budget in 1801 was a bit less than 10 million dollar for the federal government. There was about 5.3 million people in the US at the time so they got less than 2$ per person at the time. That's the equivalent to about 40$ per person in 2019 money. The Federal government at the time didn't do much outside of funding the military and administration. They didn't do healthcare, social spending or pensions and those 3 make up 60% of the current budget. Even the military spending was low at the time, since most of the military was provided by the States.


Question: How do volunteer firefighters/other first responders support themselves and family if they volunteer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do volunteer firefighters/other first responders support themselves and family if they volunteer?

You have a job just in your spare time your a volunteer. They work around your schedule normally.


Question: On older game consoles (NES, etc.), how is movement not bound to the shown pixels?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On older game consoles (NES, etc.), how is movement not bound to the shown pixels?

I think I get what you're asking, on a console like the NES the horizontal resolution is only 256 pixels. Since the framerate is 59.94 fps for most NES games this would imply that almost a quarter of the screen would be covered in 1 second if a character moved at what would seem to be the slowest speed, 1 pixel per frame. Graphics wise the sprites can't stand between pixels, so if you take any freeze frame the sprite will always be in an exact pixel align position with the background. Game code wise they usually did it by using a coordinate system smaller than the screen pixels. Now on the NES you could only work with 8 bit values (0-255). This meant that expressing a character's position already required combining several bytes together unless you wanted to limit the level to a single screen. In Super Mario Bros for example the coordinate data used to move around characters could be up to 3 bytes. The first byte contained the block (levels up to 256 blocks wide) while the next byte contained both the pixel position (blocks were 16 pixels wide) and then a subpixel position, expressed as 1/16 of a pixel. Finally you could have a third byte representing a sub-subpixel value. This meant that for the most precise calculations (such as Mario's speed and acceleration) the game actually measured things down to an accuracy 1/4096 of a pixel. Of course when it came time to display a sprite those extra bits where all just cut off. Calculations were made that corrected for the horizontal scroll position and then cut off both the lower and upper bits so that only the 8 bits relevant to placing Mario on the screen remained.


Question: In math, what’s a function?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In math, what’s a function?

Something with an input and an output where each input will map to *exactly* one output. I.e using the same input will always give you the same output. For example. If i have a machine that when I put in an apple (input) it gives an orange (output) that's a function. If i have another machine where If I put in an plum or apple (input) and also gives an orange (output) its still a function. You can have multiple inputs all give the same output. But a machine where i put in an apple (input) and get back a pear or an orange. It not a function. Because now the same input has multiple outputs. If you have made a graph from an equation. If that graph passes the vertical line test. It's a function. (This will almost always be the case until you get into somewhat more advanced courses) If you don't know what the vertical line test is and want to know. I recommend a video. Much easier to explain with visuals. (It's a simple concept that's basically roll your pencil over your graph)


Question: How can the same side of the moon always face earth? Doesn't it rotate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the same side of the moon always face earth? Doesn't it rotate?

It’s due to a phenomenon known as TIDAL LOCKING. This happens when 1. a moon (or any celestial object) orbits another object at a close enough distance, so.. 2. ..the gravity of the “host” object is strong enough to pull one side of the moon towards it in such a way that.. 3. ...the moon rotates at the same rate as it orbits In half a rotation, the moon would have turned 180 degrees and showed its other side. But at the same time, it went 180 degrees around the Earth, so now the other side of the earth sees the same side. Here’s a handy [gif]( URL_1 ) ! The one we actually see is the one on the left. The one on the right is what it would look like IF the Moon weren’t tidally locked. Also, the “dark side” of the Moon is misleading! Both sides of the Moon can be lit up or in darkness, depending on the time of month. On a Full Moon, the face you see is bright. On a New Moon, the face you see is dark. What most people mean by “dark side” is generally the side not facing the Earth. (Edit: 180 degrees, forgive my 3am high ass brain) Edit: so here’s some extra explanations about the mechanism of tidal locking: I actually simplified the answer a lot. It’s not about one side experiencing a stronger force, it’s about one AXIS of the Moon experiencing stronger force. Just like how the oceans facing the Moon experience high tide as they are pulled towards it, the Earth itself is pulled towards the Moon. Thus, the Oceans on the opposite side also experience high tide. It’s this ‘bulging’ effect that effects the spin of a body. Back when the moon was molten rock, this bulging was large enough to ‘lock’ its rotation the way it is today. [Here’s a pic!]( URL_0 ) Edit: the dumb mobile app isn’t showing any new responses after yesterday. I might have made a few errors in the explanation, so please DM me if there’s any edits I should make to clear things up!


Question: How do hashing functions avoid collisions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do hashing functions avoid collisions?

Yes! Every Hashing function will have collisions. Each function also chooses how to deal with collisions. With a hash space like 2^256, you should be able to minimize collisions as I believe that number is bigger than the number of molecules thought to be in the universe (fact check that). Huge hash spaces help to minimize collisions, and good techniques for management can help to prevent clustering and further collisions.


Question: Why is eye witness testimony is the highest form of evidence in law but not in science?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is eye witness testimony is the highest form of evidence in law but not in science?

1) Eye witness testimony is not the highest form of evidence in law. Actual documents, video evidence, fingerprints, or photos would all be more valid than just a testimony. For example a video of someone committing murder would be a lot more useful than a person simply saying they saw a murder happen. (Now if what their testimony said, happened to also fit the finger print or photo evidence, then it would be even better.) 2) With science, science is just a field of study that describes the way the world works. We can see and prove things by doing experiments and seeing if the results hold up to what we would expect. We're not trying to put someone in jail. We're trying to figure out the natural laws of the universe. It wouldn't help at all for someone to say "Oh well I saw a unicorn, therefore unicorns are real."


Question: For PlayStation 2, how did cheat codes from another disc get transferred to the designated game disc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 For PlayStation 2, how did cheat codes from another disc get transferred to the designated game disc?

A bit of background information: Discs are a type of long-term storage. They're also read-only. When you play a game, nothing is written on the disc itself. That includes cheat codes, save data or anything of that sort. The way Action Replay codes work is simple: They change specific values in the console's memory to correspond to whatever you want to do in the game. For example, Infinite Money on FF7 is 8009D260 000F. That basically means that the value at address 0x8009D260, which is where the money counter is stored, needs to be set to FFFF, which will max it out to 65,535 Gil. You can do all sorts of things simply by modifying memory values: Infinite health/money, get new items by writing them to your inventory block, and so on. Old Action Replays used to plug directly into the console and modify those values as you play. However, when you use an Action Replay code from a disc on PS2, software will be loaded onto your console that will take care of setting those values for you. As you never reset your console during the disc swap, the values you've selected will still be on your console's memory when the game loads itself up. If you ever turn off your console, the console's RAM will be reset and you will need to use your Action Replay disc again.


Question: Why does fire turn from orange to blue the hotter it gets and why is the sun (a very hot thing) stay orange?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does fire turn from orange to blue the hotter it gets and why is the sun (a very hot thing) stay orange?

The sun isn't orange. It's white. It emits the entire visible spectrum (ie. A rainbow). Different things burns at different colors. Potassium chloride, for example, makes a purple flame.


Question: Why do stars I see in the sky flicker? I noticed that stars at night flicker and some don't. Why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do stars I see in the sky flicker? I noticed that stars at night flicker and some don't. Why is that?

The atmosphere between you and the star has different temperatures and densities at different points, and air's ability to bend light depends on something called "refractive index", which depends on temperature and density. So you've basically got a wiggly lens between you and the star, which makes it "twinkle". It's basically the same reason you see "heat waves" coming off pavement on a hot day. There's nothing wrong with the stars, it's the air. That's why really good telescopes are on high mountains or in space, to get as much air out of the way as possible. Edit:typo


Question: Why do many businesses not post any pricing information on their website?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do many businesses not post any pricing information on their website?

> I get why they would want you to call them or visit them, but wouldn't making the process easier be better for their business? Not necessarily. If I'm looking for martial arts classes for example, and I can price-check online, I'd be less likely to ever consider anyone but the cheapest. Once you're actually checking the place out, going in there, etc., you're more likely already to choose that place. They want you to come in to be convinced the price is reasonable, and not be openly outbid by their competition. Usually you see this in places where the "going rate" for the service isn't well-defined. If dude has a nice studio, took a lot of classes himself, and thinks his expertise is worth it, it's better for him to charge what he thinks is right and leave it to you to figure out if there's a better deal out there. Even if his studio really is better than others, it's easiest for him to actually show you that. If all you do is look online and get the price, he loses a chance to explain why his classes are actually better and worth a possibly-higher price.


Question: Why does a ball bounce higher when it has more air in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a ball bounce higher when it has more air in it?

When a ball bounces, it deforms. With a ball that deforms more, more energy goes into the deformation, and more goes into "wasted energy" (heat, sound). With a ball that has higher pressure it deforms less, less wasted energy, and due to the conservation of energy, it will return more energy and bounce higher. TD;DR: a higher pressure ball wastes less energy and energy is conserved so it goes into movement.


Question: If you can teach a Lion to be cuddly and loving, can you teach a Hamster to be a killing machine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you can teach a Lion to be cuddly and loving, can you teach a Hamster to be a killing machine?

They already eat their babies. If you leave them alone with their babies and they become even a little bit upset they will eat their own children. They regularly cannibalize each other as adults as well I believe. They are killing machines already.


Question: How do the lungs get rid of the particles in the air that are trapped in the lungs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the lungs get rid of the particles in the air that are trapped in the lungs?

You have mucus that traps the particles and hairlike projections called cilia that beat in a way to force the particles upwards so that they can be cleared or swallowed. Note the not everything can be cleared and some things will stay forever and possibly form scar tissue.


Question: If the US believes in the separation of church and state, why does each political party reference 'God' so frequently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the US believes in the separation of church and state, why does each political party reference 'God' so frequently?

Seperation of Church and State means the government cannot instate a state religion or keep you from practising yours. It doesn't mean that individual politicians or even parties cannot use the bible / koran / torah / whatever other religious texts, to guide their principles.


Question: If the human species became extinct and then revived similar to how animal embryos are frozen. Left to our own devices, what would the outcome be regarding development as many animals are born with pre programmed information. Are we?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the human species became extinct and then revived similar to how animal embryos are frozen. Left to our own devices, what would the outcome be regarding development as many animals are born with pre programmed information. Are we?

It depends what you call pre programmed information. There are a tons of things that are instinctive and do not need any teaching. Humans that would have never come into any contact with previous generations would still eat, drink, have sex. They would also very likely invent their own language. It wouldn't be as complex as modern language at first, but would quickly get to a similar point after a few generations.


Question: Why do cameras have a hard time capturing electronic screens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cameras have a hard time capturing electronic screens?

Still cameras have a problem with the moire effect. That's where the rows and columns of the display sometimes coincide with the rows and columns of the camera sensor, and sometimes they don't coincide. That causes weird lines in the image. Video cameras also suffer from flicker if the display has flicker which is at a different frequency than the camera's frame rate.


Question: What does the A-10 “Warthog” accomplish that an AC-130 Gunship cannot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the A-10 “Warthog” accomplish that an AC-130 Gunship cannot?

The a10 is relatively fast and can get in, hit a ground target, and get out. The ac 130 in comparison is a huge, slow target. It does have bigger guns, more ammo, and higher loiter time, but the two aircraft really have different roles and applications. A single ac 130 also costs roughly as much as 10 a10 warthogs to build.


Question: How do we know math isn't wrong?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know math isn't wrong?

Proofs. They start teaching you proofs in Geometry, well before they let you get anywhere near Calculus. Everything else is a "theorem", a "conjecture", or an educated guess. Find a "good" teacher and ask why it's good to learn proofs before you get to calc.


Question: Why does the sky turn green when there is a very high chance of Tornadoes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the sky turn green when there is a very high chance of Tornadoes?

The "greenage" or green color in storms does not mean a tornado is coming. The green color does signify the storm is severe though. The color is from the water droplets suspended in the storm, absorbing red sunlight and radiating green frequencies.


Question: if a phone or other electrical device has a power saving mode, why would you ever disable it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if a phone or other electrical device has a power saving mode, why would you ever disable it?

Depending on the phone and your settings, it doesn’t do certain things on the background. Things like frequently retrieving emails, automatically updating apps, background location services, etc.


Question: In terms of polygons in animation and video games, why are triangles used more often over other shapes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In terms of polygons in animation and video games, why are triangles used more often over other shapes?

Because triangles are the most fundamental polygon. You need a rectangle? Just put two triangles together. You need a hexagon? ~~6~~ 4 triangles. But you can't make hexagons from rectangles. The problem with this is that it can only do shapes with straight lines. If you need curves you need to use something other than polygons such as splines. 3d modelling packages do use them, but for games in the end everything is turned into triangles. It is a bit of a limitation, but if you have enough triangles it looks good enough.


Question: What are all those random letters before local FM radio station numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are all those random letters before local FM radio station numbers?

They're [call signs]( URL_0 ). Every radio station has a *unique* set of letters identifying it, like the license plate on a car. They're also periodically required to announce it so you can tell, without a doubt, who is responsible for the broadcast you're listening to if you need to contact them or file a complaint.


Question: How does breaking one part of a screen mess up the picture of the whole thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does breaking one part of a screen mess up the picture of the whole thing?

Each individual pixel in a screen needs to be controlled somehow. You can do this with a pair of wires to every single pixel, but that’s a lot of wires and very expensive with a high res screen. More usually it’s done by setting up a grid and scanning the screen with vertical and horizontal wires that “select” pixels as they go. But that also means a breakage in one of the wires can break a large section of the screen.


Question: Why does cold air smell fresher than regular/hot temperature air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does cold air smell fresher than regular/hot temperature air?

Because it is easier to detect the taste/smell particles in warmer air/liquid/solidaterial. In the same way that if you eat or drink something cold, you don't taste it as strongly. The same particles may be present in cool air, but you are less likely to detect them. Also, in warm environments, bacteria etc are more active and may contribute additional smells etc.


Question: How do the glasses that help colourblind people see colour work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the glasses that help colourblind people see colour work?

They only work for people who can see at least a little bit of the red and green colors. The glasses work by filtering out the other colors so that the red and green and much brighter than the rest of the spectrum. It's called a band pass filter.


Question: What would be the last place(s) with water in case of a widespread (extreme) water drought? An apocalyptic scenario, but just for the sake of argument.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would be the last place(s) with water in case of a widespread (extreme) water drought? An apocalyptic scenario, but just for the sake of argument.

The 2 biggest fresh water reservoir are located underground in South America, the biggest one is in Brazil, known as "Alter do Chão Aquifer", and is estimated to provide fresh water for world population for 250+ years in case of shortage. The second one covers Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and is known as "Guaraní Aquifer" and could provide 200+ years of fresh water. Other estimatives say if world population stagnate at 7 billion people in the future each Aquifer could provide around 1500+ years of fresh water. Edit: Also every continent has some aquifer system beneath the surface.


Question: What is a gift economy, and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a gift economy, and how does it work?

A gift economy is one where products or services are given to people without any expectation of receiving something in return. You simply provide people with something they need, in the hopes that they will eventually do the same for you. There's some evidence it works in certain, limited situations, but it's easily susceptible to exploitation.


Question: Can someone explain what we see in the Beirut explosion? Specifically what the big white puff is, and the darker cloud.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain what we see in the Beirut explosion? Specifically what the big white puff is, and the darker cloud.

The white puff is caused by the condensation of water vapor in air, like you see in clouds. The cause is that the pressure wave from the explosion causes a rarefaction of the air immediately outside it, that is, outside the shock wave which is rapidly expanding outwards. Rarefaction causes a drop in temperature according to [Gay-Lussac's Law]( URL_1 ). This is the same principle used in your refrigerator or air-conditioner, where a pressurized gas is allowed to rapidly expand, thus cooling it down. All explosions don't necessarily cause the white puff (otherwise known as a [Wilson Cloud]( URL_0 .)). You see it more when the air is already humid (which was the case in this case, being right next to the sea in a warm climate), and when the explosion is very large (an atomic explosion or a very large chemical explosion). It's only seen when the explosion is **adiabetic**, meaning the shock wave is traveling so fast that there isn't time for the temperature change to dilute itself by spreading through surrounding air (which is the case at supersonic or hypersonic velocities). The darker, orange-ish cloud is the actual explosion which causes the white puff. That's the actual explosion which produced the shock wave that caused all the damage and the white puff. Generally, an orange cloud is a sign of a chemical explosion caused by nitrate compounds, which have that color. In this case, the speculation is that it was a warehouse with thousands of tons of ammonium nitrate that stored in it that exploded, so you would expect to see an orange cloud.


Question: How are status pages for major CDNs and major backbone providers designed to be up even though the provider is down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are status pages for major CDNs and major backbone providers designed to be up even though the provider is down?

The computational requirements for a status page are extremely low compared to a full website such as e.g. reddit or facebook. It's extremely cacheable, lightweight, and read-only. There's no user authentication or policy enforcement logic. It's also, for obvious reasons, hosted on separate infrastructure from the main site. Furthermore, even during an outage event, a status site is going to receive less traffic than the actual site, since only a more savvy subset of the users will bother checking the status page.


Question: A lot of beer I see in stores is unrefrigerated, so how come beers lose their carbonation after you refrigerate them and take them out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 A lot of beer I see in stores is unrefrigerated, so how come beers lose their carbonation after you refrigerate them and take them out?

Ahoy! There are two factors at play here. Firstly, beer is carbonated as it contains carbon dioxide (CO2) that is dissolved. However, both temperature and pressure affect how much CO2 can be dissolved. Essentially, the higher the pressure and the lower the temperature, the more CO2 that can be dissolved. When you take the beer out of the fridge, the solubility of the CO2 will decrease, as it will when you open the can of beer. However, if the pressure remains constant like it is when it’s on the shelf at a grocery store, the CO2 is able to stay dissolved. If you want to get specific, you could say that this is due to Henry’s law, which states that S = K * P where S is the solubility is that gas, K is the Henry’s law constant, and P is the pressure of the gas. As you increase P, you’ll notice that the solubility goes up. By keeping your drink chilled, you minimising the amount of CO2 that can be lost due to temperature of the liquid even while there is no lid on the can. This is why you typically want to have your beer cold when you drink it, as it’ll stay carbonated longer. This is also why you want to keep a lid on all carbonated beverages whenever possible, as the pressure is able to increase inside the bottle and keep more gas dissolved. Edit: I believe this is more of a chemistry question than a biology one.


Question: why do people get dark circles under their eyes when they dont get enough sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do people get dark circles under their eyes when they dont get enough sleep?

your eyes actually need a lot of oxygen, and therefore blood, while looking around all day. and as good as our cardiovascular system is at clearing away deoxygenated blood, your eyes use so much that over time it builds up. While you sleep it usually takes care of the rest of the blood that hadn't been cleared during the day. if you don't sleep though, it keeps building up under your eyes so much so that you start seeing the blood under your eyes.


Question: Why is it not possible to create a perpetual motion machine with permanent magnets, that can exert a continuous force to a magnetic turbine to power a generator to gain infinite energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it not possible to create a perpetual motion machine with permanent magnets, that can exert a continuous force to a magnetic turbine to power a generator to gain infinite energy?

Because energy is conserved. We don't know how to create it or destroy it, we just know how to transform it. As far as we can tell, this is a limitation of the physics of our universe, not a human/technology problem. So if we're getting energy out of a device it has to be coming \*from\* somewhere and the system you're talking about has no energy input and only a finite amount of energy stored in the magnetic fields. In the particular case of arrangements of permanent magnets, you can always setup an arrangement that applies a \*temporary\* force, but there will \*always\* be a position with no net force. The turbine will rotate until it reaches that point, then stop. That initial rotation is powered by energy in the magnetic field that you put there when you arranged the magnets. Once you use it up, there's no more force and no more energy to extract.


Question: Whats the difference between a Gas Giant planets and a tiny sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats the difference between a Gas Giant planets and a tiny sun?

The difference is there is fusion in the core of them. A gas giant have not fusion and a main sequence star have hydrogen1 fusion. There is also Brown dwarf in between the have some fusion but not hydrogen1 You need enough pressure and temperature in the core for fusion to start. That depend on the mass of the object so is is the mass that determine if it become a gas gigant a brown dwarf or a main sequence star. If you had approximate 13 Jupiter and put them together they would form become a brown dwarf and if you had 80 they become a star. So is is if fission happen that is important but that directly depend on there size A gas gigant can have a size to 13x Jupiter and there is not fusion in them. Jupiter have a mass of 1/1047 of the sun so \~0.1% Then you get a brown dwarf with a mass off approximate 13 juptiers to 75-80 Jupiter that is nor really a planet or a star but something in between. They have enough mass to fusion Deuterium(hydrogen2) and litium7 but not Hydrogen1. & #x200B; They you have a red dwarfs that start at 75-80 Jupiter masses or 0.074-0,08 solar masses and they stop at about 0.5 solar masses. The have fusion of Hydrogen1 but are a lot colder on the surface then our sun and we can see any of them with a naked eye on the sky


Question: If TVs can make a 24fps movie look like 60fps, why can't computers do the same for games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If TVs can make a 24fps movie look like 60fps, why can't computers do the same for games?

A movie is pre-rendered, while a game is usually rendered in real time. Doing t in real time is more strenuous on a computer.


Question: the 3 phases of electricity, how des it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 the 3 phases of electricity, how des it work?

One phase is generated by a coil of wire spinning in a magnetic field, or a spinning magnetic field moving through a coil of wire. If you draw a circle on some graph paper(centered on 0,0), as you trace around the circle, the Y value is the voltage of this first phase, which is how you get a sine wave. To get 3 phase power, you add two more coils 120 degrees apart, so they're evenly spaced around the circle, so the current on one phase is balanced by the return current on the other two phases. It's more efficient than single phase because you can transmit 3x the power, but only have to add 1 wire compared to the two needed for a single phase. It's also relatively easy to make efficient 3 phase motors.