Question: Why are we taught to drive using our right foot instead of using both feet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we taught to drive using our right foot instead of using both feet?

The left foot was for the clutch. And given that there is *never* a need to use the accelerator and the brake at the same time (and it would be dangerous to do so), it's still a good idea to use the right foot for both.


Question: How come when you multiply a number by 0, it always equals 0?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you multiply a number by 0, it always equals 0?

Youre multiplying it 0 times tho. Think of it this way. If I gave you $0 three times, how much money would you have? Or if I gave you $3 zero times?


Question: How does reverse image search work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does reverse image search work?

Oh this is a fun one! Can’t wait to see what people will say. I just tought it was interesting to note that there are two very distinct approaches to current image searching technology. There is the google way : URL_0 That is aimed at recognizing what is actually in the picture, like a car, or a tree, and then finding a picture with the same element as your submission, let’s say a blue car, a red car, three trees on a purple background. Then there is the Tineye way : URL_1 A technology that identifies exact shapes, and uses face recognition, to identify pictures, in part or as a whole, and then creates a hash of each part of the picture. So for example, you could put a picture on your tv screen in a hotel lobby, and take a picture of the whole lobby. It will recognize the lobby from pictures of the other tourists, but it will also identify what’s on tv!


Question: How can the internet be running out of IP addresses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the internet be running out of IP addresses?

an ip address is 4x 8 bit numbers. that's it. exactly how they're tallied and how stuff works is more complicated - there are entire qualifications half of which are taken up by various forms of subnetting. the highest value you can have in an 8 bit number is 255; it then overflows back to 0. 255(U8BIT) + 1(U8BIT) = 0(U8BIT). The "U" there stands for unsigned, basically meaning it cannot be negative. In short, the IP (internet protocol) only exists as a set of rules. There isn't one single IP server that all the others are subservient to or whatever - it's just a set of protocols that we all follow if we want to communicate concisely. We can't add an address higher than 255.255.255.255 because (among other reasons lol) that would overflow it by one bit somewhere. that would make an ip address 3x 8 bits and 1x 9 bits. How can you tell it's either one just by receiving the data over a data line? you wouldn't know where to stop reading the address considering that data sent over these lines is literally just a series of numbers. this is a much condensed version of things so be sure to reply and tell me what you'd like for me to elaborate on - there's no way the above two paragraphs can be enough for you to understand from scratch. also, we don't give every single device an ip address. we use something called NAT to facilitate ip connectivity on multiple devices connected to one gateway which has only one ip address. if we gave every device an ip address and didn't subnet anything we would probably have run out before the year two thousand.


Question: How do printer cartridges work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do printer cartridges work?

> I've always wondered how the ink gets out of the cartridge and makes it onto paper with such detail. I'm going to assume you are talking about an inkjet printer cartridge. That type of printer uses electrical charge to propel tiny droplets of ink out the nozzle and onto the paper. By carefully modulating the charge applied to a large number of tiny nozzles an image can be built up from the combination of those tiny droplets of ink.


Question: How does wind work? where does it come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does wind work? where does it come from?

I wasn’t specifically taught this either, but if I had to surmise I’d probably say it’s from high and low pressure systems created from atmospheric gases mixing. ETA: [This]( URL_0 ) the High and low pressure systems don’t come from the gases mixing but from the sun. The sun unevenly heating different parts of sun gives different parts different pressures (and we know from Gay-Lussac’s law temperature and pressure are proportionate to one another and one will change in response to a change in another, and vice versa) ELI5: the sun heats different surfaces of the earth unevenly. The heat from the sun gives the uneven gas particles different amounts of kinetic energy. So, the areas with a lot of heat/Kinetic energy, are usually warmed to a high pressure, and anything of high pressure naturally moves to areas of low pressure. (Think of an air in a balloon that’s not tied off. The air is squished inside, in an area of high pressure; when you remove your hand from the tip the air will move from the high pressure (the balloon), to the low pressure areas, aka down its concentration/pressure gradient). So, the wind you feel is air naturally moving from a high pressure area, to areas of low pressures, like the air in a balloon moving from a high pressure system to a lower pressure system.


Question: Why is it in the west HIV infections are still primarily related with homosexual activity and drug use but in Africa where the vast majority of worldwide cases is it primarily spread through heterosexual transmission?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it in the west HIV infections are still primarily related with homosexual activity and drug use but in Africa where the vast majority of worldwide cases is it primarily spread through heterosexual transmission?

Better access to contraceptives in the West. Less contraceptives are used in homosexual activities because no risk of pregnancy, drug use because sharing needles.


Question: why has there been such a rise in autism rates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why has there been such a rise in autism rates?

Because our methods of diagnosing have improved and our definition of what autism has changed, broadening the term and allowing more people to be diagnosed with autism.


Question: How do you calculate irrational powers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you calculate irrational powers?

You do it by extending the definition of exponentiation. We know that 15^2 < 15^e < 15^(3). Similarly, we know 15^(27/10) < 15^e < 15^(28/10). If we wanted to, we could mess around with limits and figure out a value that 15^e converges to. Instead of doing that each time, we redefine what it means to take a power. a^b = e^(ln a * b), and now it doesn't matter if b is rational or not.


Question: How come sometimes when you shake a phone or other slightly dim light source in a dark room, it appears as if its springy and not moving at the same time/rate of your hand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come sometimes when you shake a phone or other slightly dim light source in a dark room, it appears as if its springy and not moving at the same time/rate of your hand?

It's called "persistence of vision". If you look at a bright light, then close your eyes, you'll see a bright spot. The same happens here. The bright screen will have a lasting after-image which will remain for a fraction of a second, while your darker hand won't. Thus, the bright screen will look slightly behind the hand. The reason it doesn't work as well in a bright environment is that the pupil is adjusting to the brighter light, and thus, the light from the bright screen will be reduced as well.


Question: What makes physics engines for games more complicated than just applying the basic Newtonian laws of motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes physics engines for games more complicated than just applying the basic Newtonian laws of motion?

It is exactly that simple. Projectile motion in video games is super easy. As you said, it's just kinematics. The problem is that if you have 1000 different objects for which physics needs to be calculated, even projectile motion can become taxing on your cpu. Further, you also need to include collision physics, which is *much* more complicated mathematically, and much more computationally intensive. Now imagine a collision that causes 10,000 particles to break off of the colliding objects. All of a sudden you go from two objects traveling at each other at speed, to crunching collision physics and 10,000 trajectories. Now if you add other components like drag, wind, adherence, the Coriolis effect, etc, you realize it's really quite hard to deal with. MUCH easier to approximate physics in behaviors of specific objects and accepting the imprecision.


Question: Is ISIS Sunni, Shia, or Wahabi, and what are their goals? What is the difference between them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is ISIS Sunni, Shia, or Wahabi, and what are their goals? What is the difference between them?

ISIS is a radical Sunni subgroup. Their aim is the establishment of a worldwide "stateless" caliphate under their interpretation of Islamic Sharia law. Basic differences: Sunni and Shia are very similar, but hate each other passionately. Their separation goes back to the question of succession for the Prophet Muhammed. Shiites thought only a familiy member of Muhammed could lead the Muslims and wanted his cousin and Son-in-Law Ali. Sunnis thought everybody from his tribe is ok, even if not direct family. So they wanted Muhammed's close follower Abu Bakr as boss. Basically since then, Shias and Sunnis consider each other as following the wrong people. Since they fought a lot, there is a lot of further hate. Theologically, they aren't that separate though. Now, Wahabites: Wahabism is a subgroup of Sunni Islam and is especially strict, conservative and for literal interpretation of the Quran. Wahabism is rejected by the vast majority of Muslims worldwide for its strictness. Especially because it considers every Muslim who does not follow Wahabism but another subgroup to be an apostate (someone who abandoned his faith) and should be punished with death. Wahabism however is the official state religion of Saudi Arabia which means that they have lots of money. This money is used to expand Wahabism and is why Wahabism is so prevalent in Western media. Now ISIS draws its ideology from Wahabism, but is basically Wahabism on crack. Wahabism is often accused of being a breeding ground for terrorism. Partly surely because a system that forbids argument and interpretation, enforces strong unity, and punishes transgressions sharply, is repressive and aggressive by simple human group mechanics. Leaders can simply forbid something, say it's sinful, and no arguments are allowed. The thing about ISIS is further that they don't much care for religious differences. For them, every Muslim who isn't them is an unbeliever or traitor and deserves to die.


Question: How does sun bleaching occur on objects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sun bleaching occur on objects?

Objects have molecules that reflect the light a certain way to give them their specific color. The photons that form light can breakdown these molecules, making them reflect light differently.


Question: Why can't you boil milk in a kettle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't you boil milk in a kettle?

Milk contains proteins. And just like eggs and flour which also contain a lot of protein, milk coagulates into a solid if you heat it up too much. The problem with heating milk in a kettle is that a kettle gets very hot on the bottom. This is no problem for water as it can easily handle the heat and will just distribute it throughout the water. However if you have milk in the kettle the milk in the bottom will coagulate due to the heat and stick to the bottom. If you want to heat up milk you have to make sure to heat it up evenly either by turning down the heat, use something to distribute the heat better then the milk or make sure you constantly stir the milk. A microwave is optimal for this because it uses the liquid itself as a heating element but it is possible to heat up milk using almost any heat source if you are careful enough.


Question: It's natural to want to be on top of your financial position, like knowing how much money you have and what you're gonna have to spend it on. So why is it considered a bad thing by companies when you want to constantly check your credit score?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 It's natural to want to be on top of your financial position, like knowing how much money you have and what you're gonna have to spend it on. So why is it considered a bad thing by companies when you want to constantly check your credit score?

There are two types of checks: soft and hard. Soft inquiries happen when your credit is checked, but not for the purpose of getting a loan. This can be as part of a background check, or you checking your own credit. Soft inquiries *do not* lower your credit score. Hard inquiries happen when your credit is checked to get a loan. The rationale behind your credit going down slightly when it is checked for a loan is that if you are very frequently trying to get loans, chances are higher you are in a financial situation that makes you a higher risk client/someone less likely to pay back the loan in full/on time. Thus your credit score (which is pretty much a reflection of your risk level) goes down. So no, you are not punished for being organised. Because you checking your own credit doesn't cause it to be lowered.


Question: How do self driving cars recognize stop signs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do self driving cars recognize stop signs?

Have you ever those reCaptcha tests that ask you to select the squares with street signs in them? They are used to help teach self driving cars how to identify what is and isn't a street sign. Edit: CPG Grey does a video about it - URL_0


Question: What biological purpose did tyrannosaurus rex hands had?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What biological purpose did tyrannosaurus rex hands had?

I can't speak for T-rex specifically, but in general it's incorrect to assume that any given feature of an organism has a biological purpose. The way evolution works, any feature that isn't actively harmful can persist for a very long time. Such a feature may arise either by random mutation, or it may be something that an ancestral organism had which has since lost its usefulness. Sometimes such features atrophy and disappear over many generations, but not always. In the case of T-rex, its ancestors possessed four limbs for walking in a four-limbed fashion. At some point in its evolution, T-rex's ancestors adopted an upright stance. The front limbs don't just vanish, even if they're not used for anything at all any more. (Although in this specific example, T-rex might still have had some use for them.)


Question: Why do recordings get a higher pitch if you speed them up, and is there a way to make a recording actually just sped up without increasing the pitch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do recordings get a higher pitch if you speed them up, and is there a way to make a recording actually just sped up without increasing the pitch?

Pitch is caused by the frequency (oscillations per second) of the sound waves, where a higher frequency = higher pitch. Playing something at higher speed means the recorded waves are oscillating faster. Computers can correct for this, but record players can't.


Question: With what’s occurring many restaurants have closed their dining rooms and moved to carry out or delivery. How is this much safer? Multiple people still touch the food through preparation and delivery.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With what’s occurring many restaurants have closed their dining rooms and moved to carry out or delivery. How is this much safer? Multiple people still touch the food through preparation and delivery.

There is still some risk, yes. However, at a crowded restaurant you can get infected from the people who sit at tables near you, and that risk is eliminated completely by getting takeout instead. Most of the things governments and businesses and individuals are doing are to reduce risk, not eliminate it completely.


Question: Why do people with anxiety procrastinate so much and is it their fault?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people with anxiety procrastinate so much and is it their fault?

The second part of your question is less psychology and more philosophy. Fault does not objectively exist in any meaningful way. I think what you're asking is "should they be held accountable for their procrastination, and if so then how?". There isn't an easy answer. To that, I can only give my opinion. I think we should all be held accountable for our actions, but not excessively so. With things like schooling, it would make sense to allow room for people to take extra time for things that they would not encounter in the real world. Irl, they don't hand out calculus tests to engineers. You can just google it. However, in 'real life', it is difficult to justify giving extra allowances to one person who is unable to do a task as effectively as another. If I'm hiring someone to redo the wiring in my house, I'm going to want a real electrician (someone who is capable of doing the task at hand effectively and reliably). I'm not going to pay somebody who is unable to do a task well the same amount as I'd pay a proper electrician. I might pay them less, knowing that I'll get lower quality work. As such, people with anxiety should seek out jobs and walks of life where their anxiety will not prohibit them from being functional adults, and society should make room for this.


Question: why are sand fly bites so nasty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are sand fly bites so nasty?

From what I understand(and have experienced first hand), sand flies have a saw-like mouth that gently chews your skin in order to feed. Their saliva i think helps act as a blood thinner to keep the wound open and is the reason for the insane itching. That and they have buzz saw mouths. Lil bastards


Question: How are artificial flavors made and how do they get them to taste like other items? (Example: cotton candy ice cream.)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are artificial flavors made and how do they get them to taste like other items? (Example: cotton candy ice cream.)

Esters! [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) Many of the artificial scents and flavors we use (e.g., pineapple, banana, strawberry) are from compounds called esters. These are what you get when you react an organic acid (like vinegar) with an alcohol. It's mainly trial and error how we find which ones make which scents and flavors.


Question: How does Gallup Poll methodology represent the "pulse of America" when they only interview 1500 people a week (78,000 a year) and only by phone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Gallup Poll methodology represent the "pulse of America" when they only interview 1500 people a week (78,000 a year) and only by phone?

Okay, I understand that polling larger numbers of people is more difficult and possibly unnecessary. What I'd really like to know is how polls like Gallup translate 1500 people's opinions to represent 325 million on a weekly basis. It FEELS like (that's why I'm asking) there are too many demographics to even get a slice of true public opinion when interviewing 0.00046154% of the total. Each demographic question can have more than half a dozen divisions. * Gender * Race * Age * Individual income * Household income * # in household * Home ownership * Location * Health and disabilities * Education * Employment status and type * Children * Marital status How does the math work? It seems impossible to even come up with meaningful best guesses with such a small sample.


Question: Why do men start to grow dark hairs on their ears as they approach middle age?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do men start to grow dark hairs on their ears as they approach middle age?

I’ve read before the body continues to stimulate hair growth over a lifetime, whether you have the same number of hair follicles or not. When the hair follicles on your head start to die (thinning hair / balding) the hair grows somewhere else. Weird places somewhere else.


Question: When looking at something bright or sunny, why does it hurt to have both eyes open but not just one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When looking at something bright or sunny, why does it hurt to have both eyes open but not just one?

The reason is because your body has safety protocols built in to prevent you looking at too bright a light and thereby damaging your eyes. However, this is accomplished by measuring the total light being received in the brain. If you close one eye, it assumes that the brightness you're seeing just decreased by half.


Question: Why can't we lower ocean levels manually?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we lower ocean levels manually?

Looks like a lot of people have covered the technological impracticality of it, but from a more cost-based position, why not just use whatever that massive bill would come out to to actually resolve climate change through carbon sequestration, reforestation, and energy grid reform? And if it really comes to it, why not just push that money into extraterrestrial colonization? In the end, it would be an expensive bandaid that doesn’t effectively resolve the problem, just deals with one symptom of climate change while ignoring all of the others like coral bleaching and ocean acidification, changes to the Hadley Cells and global currents, and more erratic weather patterns.


Question: Some drugs are derived from natural compounds that come from bacteria, plants, and animals. How do we decide which chemicals to test as drugs from these organisms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Some drugs are derived from natural compounds that come from bacteria, plants, and animals. How do we decide which chemicals to test as drugs from these organisms?

Often we target things that already have some property that we want. Penicillin, for example, is thought to have been discovered by accident. Alexander Flemming accidentally left a petri dish open with staph bacteria in it, and it got contaminated with mold. Flemming noted that the bacteria didn't grow next to the mold and hypothesized that the mold was producing something to kill the bacteria. So if we're studying an organism and discover that it has some property we want, we will try to isolate it and test it as a drug. Sometimes it's an accident, sometimes you spend years combining different things and testing all of them until you get something you want. There's a lot of trial and error involved.


Question: Is cell phone cloning a real thing? Saw it in a tv show. If it's possible, how does work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is cell phone cloning a real thing? Saw it in a tv show. If it's possible, how does work?

Cloning a phone is possible, but it will not allow you to listen in on the cloned phone. Best you’ll be able to do is sometimes get the calls meant for the cloned phone. Until the phone company detects the cloning and shuts off the whole account.


Question: If espresso is essentially concentrated coffee why is it less acidic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If espresso is essentially concentrated coffee why is it less acidic?

The resulting liquid has much less time to absorb any acidity from the grounds. Since you are sending pressurized steam through the grounds instead of just letting hot water drip through them, it results in a less acidic brew


Question: I saw a post that says CEO pay has risen 1000% since 1979. Why did pay rise so fast over such a short period of time relative to the rate prior to 1978?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I saw a post that says CEO pay has risen 1000% since 1979. Why did pay rise so fast over such a short period of time relative to the rate prior to 1978?

Companies are wayyyyyy bigger now. In 1979 GM was #1 on the S & P 500 list with a revenue of $63M. In 1978 [their CEO Thomas Murphy received a total compensation of $942k]( URL_0 ). That's about 1.5% of overall revenue being paid to the CEO. In 2018, GM had an annual revenue of $147B so paying their CEO the same percentage would have been 2.2 Billion in compensation, but they only paid their CEO Mary T. Barra $22M. This is a 2335% increase over what they paid Thomas Murphy but their revenue has also increased by 233,333% (Yes, that's two hundred thousand percent) If you have a ton of small companies then most CEOs won't be paid much but once you start having a lot of big conglomerations with massive revenue and profit figures then it makes sense for the CEOs to be paid a lot, and their paid almost 1/100th what scaling the pay ratio to today would expect.


Question: what is base-ten? What is the next easiest base?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is base-ten? What is the next easiest base?

They're all equally "easy" as nothing really changes. You just move to the the next order of magnitude at a different point (which is base # - 1). So binary, base 2, you count to 1. Then that's done. You're now moving into the 2 column. Count to 1 there. But the previous column is now a 0, so count to 1 there. You now have 2x1+1x1, 3. Same as decimal system. Same as dozenal system. All equal and none actually affecting the math being done.


Question: how does half sodium salt work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does half sodium salt work?

It's something that is trying to approximate the taste of salt, but has less sodium chloride in it. The LoSalt product uses potassium chloride. Potassium is right below sodium on the periodic table of elements, so it will bond to chlorine in the same way. It has a salt like taste, but no sodium.


Question: How do undocumented immigrants in America survive and hold jobs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do undocumented immigrants in America survive and hold jobs?

There are a couple ways to get a job: find under the table work that pays cash, doing things like manual labor (construction, landscaping), domestic work (house cleaning, nanny, caregiver for elderly), migrant farming, or find a place like a restaurant that will overlook your status; become an entrepreneur and work for yourself, as a handyman, scrapper, selling at flea markets, selling tamales, etc. There is also a market for fake/forged social security numbers where workers get paid above board, but will never end up being able to collect the social security they're paying into. They stick to cash, use currency exchanges instead of banks, typically rent from other immigrants or smaller scale landlords who will not run credit checks and take cash for rent. A lot of these are not all that different from how many other poor Americans live, say those who have very low incomes, criminal pasts, poor credit and so on.


Question: —How/Why does loud or prolonged screaming hurt your vocal chords?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 —How/Why does loud or prolonged screaming hurt your vocal chords?

Yelling/screaming causes a temporary strain and localized irritation to the vocal cords. It's recommended to rest your voice, drink lots of water, stay well hydrated and try to avoid a repeat insult (like yelling) until all symptoms such as hoarseness and throat pain resolve. But repeat offences can lead to persistent irritation and can cause more chronic, permanent damage. By not allowing the vocal cords to recover properly, serious changes such as vocal cord nodules and polyps can develop. Nodules and polyps are growths on the vocal cords caused by vocal abuse. Nodules are small and callous-like, while polyps are similar to a blister. Both cause the voice to be hoarse, low and breathy and may require surgery. If someone remains hoarse beyond a reasonable period of time, such as one week, he or she should consult an otolaryngologist, also known as an ear, nose and throat (ENT) physician, for further evaluation and treatment.


Question: How long will these high rate unemployment benefits last?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How long will these high rate unemployment benefits last?

The federal government, not the states, is providing the extra $600/week until the end of July, unless legislation is passed to alter the situation. After that date, those still eligible for unemployment compensation will see their benefits fall to the usual state unemployment levels.


Question: What determines how fast a living organism ages and why are their lifespans so much shorter than humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines how fast a living organism ages and why are their lifespans so much shorter than humans?

There are many factors here, and "lifespan" is such a complex system that it's difficult to answer, particularly in a ELI5 manner. But the most important is heart rate. Heart rate has an inverse correlation with lifespan in mammals - [see graph]( URL_0 ). Note that humans are a notable outlier - this is at least partially explained by our access to healthcare. In times and places without modern healthcare, life span for humans is much closer to the line. Roughly put, any mammal gets 1,000,000,000 heartbeats in their life. If they use those heartbeats more slowly, they live longer. This makes sense - heart failure is a leading cause of natural death in both humans and other mammals. The heart simply wears out eventually. (citation: Zhang & Zhang, *Ageing Res Rev*, 2009) Heart rate is correlated with other factors which impact lifespan. A higher heart rate means a faster rate of oxygen entering the body. We need oxygen to function, of course, but it is also a leading cause of biological decay - i.e., aging. Heart rate is also strongly correlated with body size. Larger bodies have a slower heart rate, mostly because they retain heat better - smaller bodies need warm blood to constantly cycle through in order to stay warm. Larger bodies tend to have a lower metabolic rate per kg of body mass (Atanasov, *Biosystems*, 2007). This lower metabolic rate is correlated with less usage of individual cells. No matter what animal they're in, any individual cell can only metabolize so much energy before dying (Speakman, *J Exp Biology*, 2005). Thus, larger animals use their cells more slowly, meaning the cells *age* more slowly.


Question: what are mushrooms? I mean i know, I’ve seen mushrooms but are they animals or plants? Or what?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are mushrooms? I mean i know, I’ve seen mushrooms but are they animals or plants? Or what?

They are [fungi]( URL_0 ) one of the six kingdoms. This link should help explain more


Question: how can my cellphone flashlight damage some art piece while their always on 100 W halogen laps pointed right at the painting don’t do anything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can my cellphone flashlight damage some art piece while their always on 100 W halogen laps pointed right at the painting don’t do anything?

Cell phone flashes which are glorified LEDs probably aren't that damaging, but the rule of "no flash photography" originated from a prohibition against true camera flashes. Those flashes are very powerful, to the extent of if you colored a piece of paper with a black sharpie and flashed it point blank you could start a fire! Establishing that rule makes a lot of sense because those kinds of flash will indeed cause more damage over time than the 100 watt halogen lamp. The museum doesn't want to try to bother explaining the difference between different kinds of flashes or trying to draw a sensible line between damaging flashes and those which are probably safe, so the ban is universal. Besides, the 100 watt halogen lamp is probably enough that you don't need a flash anyway.


Question: Why can't we remember everything we want, but when seeing a picture we instantly remember about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we remember everything we want, but when seeing a picture we instantly remember about it?

You are not in absolute power over your own brain. You are merely the train conductor, pulling levers and hoping for a response. Or less cryptic : your brain works largely on auto-pilot and only involves your consciousness when needed. So it will automatically link seen information with stored information and then tell your consciousness about it. Your consciousness only has limited power over the automatic processes.


Question: Why is Puerto Rico in so much debt and what type of economy did they have post WWII?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Puerto Rico in so much debt and what type of economy did they have post WWII?

Too much to mention. Highlights: 1) tax subsidies for US producers, and tax exemptions for US imports, ensure most local production, farming, etc will always cost more than importing. 2) predatory lenders gave them all they asked for, assuming the US would guarantee against default 3) incompetent and/or corrupt govt used the borrowed money and kept borrowing until it was far past unsustainable. Summary: they import most things and produce and export almost no things, and that isn't likely going to change.


Question: Do talking birds actually have an understanding of what they are saying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do talking birds actually have an understanding of what they are saying?

Some have been proven to partially understand human language. [Alex]( URL_0 ) is one of the most famous examples, who learned to distinguish several kinds of objects, materials and colours, count and answer several types of question about these things. So the best answer you're likely to get is "partially" - we can test for understanding of some concrete types of speech and with training birds can pass them. More abstract discussions may be beyond them.


Question: Why are diseases like cancer seemingly more common than they were last century?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are diseases like cancer seemingly more common than they were last century?

The simplest answer is the adage "cancer is the disease of old age". Your body is technically developing pre cancerous cells all the time, but most of them fail to develop, either because they die out on their own, or usually because your immune system kills them. As our bodies/cells age, they become more "worn down". you start developing more precancerous cells (so more chances to fully develop) and your immune system becomes worse at stopping the cancer from growing. We are living longer and surviving other diseases that would have killed us before we get old enough for cancer to become more likely. You can't die of cancer if you die of Tuberculosis or measles. Theres also the fact that we have gotten much better at diagnosing and recognizing cancer. So someone who died of "old age" a century ago would be diagnosed with colon cancer today.


Question: How is that a fruit-flavored beverage that is "Naturally Flavored" also contains no juice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is that a fruit-flavored beverage that is "Naturally Flavored" also contains no juice?

"Natural flavors" covers all kinds of things that aren't juice. Refine your citric acid from a natural source? Boom. Natural flavors. Get your coloring from refining the shells of beetles? Boom. natural coloring.


Question: How is the motion of fluid simulated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the motion of fluid simulated?

You don't simulate water molecules individually - you just don't have the computing power for that. Instead, you would model the water not as a collection of droplets but a continuum. You can then derive the Navier-Stokes equations for the motion of the fluid. However, these equations are very difficult to solve analytically (exact solutions exist only in a few very simple cases). Therefore, for a fluid simulation, you would use a numerical approximation. This involves representing the continuous fluid by a discrete approximation. There are two common ways to do this: * Eulerian schemes use a fixed grid or mesh. The fluid quantities, such as velocity and pressure, are stored at the points of this grid. The more of these points you have, the better the approximation (but you'll also need more computing power). * Lagrangian schemes store fluid properties on particles that move with the fluid. These particles shouldn't be interpreted as molecules, nor do they necessarily stand for a fixed volume of fluid (though they can do) - rather, they represent the velocity and pressure of the fluid at that specific point. Some schemes (such as FLIP) make use of both Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates to get the best of both worlds, at the cost of using more memory. For simulation of an inviscid, incompressible fluid, two steps must be performed. **Advection** is the transport of fluid properties by the motion of the fluid itself. If you are using a Lagrangian scheme, this involves moving the particles (while the values of velocity and pressure associated with those particles remain unchanged at this step). If using a Eulerian scheme, the fluid variables at the grid points will have to be updated. Lagrangian schemes tend to cope with this step better - Eulerian simulations can suffer from greater **numerical dissipation** whereby the error in the advection step causes the fluid to appear more viscous than it should do. The advection step will in general result in a velocity field that is not incompressible. During the **projection** step, a pressure field is calculated that will make the fluid incompressible. This requires solving an equation called Poisson's equation. Poisson's equation is linear, so it is straightforward to solve - but in a large simulation there may be millions or billions of unknowns to solve for. This is the main reason why fluid simulation is so computationally intensive. Different numerical schemes take different approaches to implementing these two steps - and they all have different advantages when it comes to accuracy, speed, and memory usage. A big difficulty with fluid simulation is **turbulence** - in turbulent flow, the fluid motion is very chaotic, with both large and small scale behaviour. Although the Navier-Stokes equations are still sufficient to describe this behaviour, you may need a very fine grid (and therefore a lot of computing power) to get an accurate result. Therefore, there exist more sophisticated approaches to modelling turbulence, which isn't something I know much about.


Question: how did the US becone the richest nation in the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did the US becone the richest nation in the world?

Became an industrial powerhouse during two world wars with the homeland infrastructure remaining unscathed by the conflict + the benefit of occupying and rebuilding both Europe and the Pacific regions.


Question: How are we able to whistle songs and imitate them almost perfectly without needing to practice them first?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to whistle songs and imitate them almost perfectly without needing to practice them first?

Your brain knows how the song is supposed to go, and it also already knows the mouth shapes it needs to make to produce any given note because you've already had plenty of practice whistling. It's like playing the piano or something. Practice enough and you just know how to play it, so you can sight-read (play a piece of music based solely on the music infront of you without any practice) reasonably well.


Question: Why do scientists think that time is an illusion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do scientists think that time is an illusion?

i didnt hear people saying that time is an illusion, do you mean that time is relative?


Question: How do they continuously discover more decimal points to pi?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they continuously discover more decimal points to pi?

There are formulae for pi that invole adding an infinite number terms can an inifinite series, such as the leibniz formula which is 4-4/3+4/5-4/7+4/9+... which converges quite slowly. There are also thing you can add which converge much more quickly such as the Ramanujan formula. Pi is calculate by getting a computer to run one of these formulae many time. There are a few things we can do to get more precise values for pi. 1. We can optimize our formula and find a formula that converges faster 2. We can get better computers that can run the programs faster. 3. We can run the computers for longer or get lots of computers running in parallel.


Question: How is our drinking water different than normal water in nature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is our drinking water different than normal water in nature?

It's filtered and treated to remove dirt, bacteria and other contaminants. Water-borne diseases are very common in places without water treatment. Some water has fluoride added as that massively improves the health in your teeth. Some sources of water have that naturally.


Question: What the scientific explanation as to why you are not supposed to put kitchen knives in a dishwasher? how is this any different than hand washing them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What the scientific explanation as to why you are not supposed to put kitchen knives in a dishwasher? how is this any different than hand washing them?

The main reason is that your knife should only be wet for the minute or so it takes to clean it, then it should be dried. Having water sitting on there will make it rust and damage whatever finish it might have. Dishwashing tablets often have more salts in them compared to dish washing liquid which can eat away at metal. If your knife has a handle made from a separate material water can seep in the joints and corrode the glue or screws, which will be made of far cheaper metal than the blade. Dishwashers will also jostle a knife around and the sharp edge can be chipped easily, and some people say the heat is high enough to warp a temper but I think that's a pop cultural myth thing.


Question: How do geologists determine the last time a volcano erupted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do geologists determine the last time a volcano erupted?

The most important piece of geology is the fact that if you have a stack of rock layers, the oldest layer is on the bottom. It seems obvious, but that was a wild idea in the early 1800s. Now with that fact in mind, you can start to look at the earth as a big puzzle 1. Layer A is on top of Layer B 2. If you drive down the road Layer A actually on top of different rocks called Layer C. 3. If A is on top of both B and C, then they are both older than A. 4. Oh, but Layer D is below all of them, so B and C are both in the same age range. For a long time geology was just a bunch of "older-than" or "younger-than" comparisons, but with a lot of study and a lot of other detective work from other clues they had a pretty good start. Now, say Layer A has a little bit of ash from a volcano. In the 1900s they started to understand that some of the atoms in volcanic ash change into other kinds of atoms at a certain rate that is the same no matter what (this is called radioactive decay). So, if you assume all the atoms are 'fresh' when the volcano erupted, and you know how fast the 'fresh' atoms decay into the other kind, then you can measure how many of each are in the ash and figure out when the eruption happened.


Question: How do anti-oxidants resolve free radicals ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do anti-oxidants resolve free radicals ?

Antioxidants are generally just holding pools to (sort of) safely hold free radicals until the excess electron can be dropped back into the electron transport chain. The antioxidants are generally molecules with at least some pi electron delocalization which sort of spreads the free radical out over more atoms, reducing the reactivity. I'm not sure if there has been any research on this but my gut feeling is that this is why high dosages of single antioxidants tend to have poor theraputic value and often have strong deleterious effects. A huge surplus of say, vitamin C will simply mean more modestly reactive molecules floating around, still bottlenecked at the next processing step. Each antioxidant has different strengths in what parts of the cells it protects and how far down the processing chain it resides. Having a wide variety of low levels of different antioxidants is probably the best strategy. this seems to be borne out by numerous studies that show eating a wide variety of fruits and vegetables has the strongest beneficial effect.


Question: What is projective geometry and why do parallel lines intersect in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is projective geometry and why do parallel lines intersect in it?

It's geometry accounting for perspective projection. Imagine standing on railroad tracks that vanish in the distance. The tracks are parallel but appear to converge/intersect on the horizon.


Question: what causes inflation, and what is the purpose of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes inflation, and what is the purpose of it?

Currency and wealth are two different things. Wealth is any that have value for human (natural resources, products and services). Currency is just a representation of that wealth for easier trading. There is a relation of supply and demand between currency and wealth. The demand is the wealth, because the more wealth you have the more you want to trade it. The currency is the supply, because you need it to trade your wealth. Wealth in general will increase over time. More population to work, better technology to produce more, etc. So if the wealth increase, but your amount of currency stay the same, the value of that currency will go up. That is called deflation and it's not good for the growth of the economy. So the better option is to add more currency overtime to the economy to counterbalance this wealth increase. We add currency in an indirect way and it's really hard to estimate how much wealth was added to the economy, so it's basically impossible to always add exactly the same amount of currency as the wealth increased. So instead we add more currency than the wealth increased, which create inflation. The optimal target is around 2% inflation. This way with variation it should rarely go into deflation and if you keep control of your economy, you shouldn't get too high in inflation, which would be a huge problem for the economy too. At 2% of inflation you stay in a safe zone and in addition you incentivize people to invest their money. Invested money is circulating money. It's used to buy a new house, build a new factory, etc. It create work and growth the economy faster than if we would just keep our money hidden somewhere.


Question: Would it be possible for a boat to never reach land by just being steered by currents? Is there something like a current cycle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Would it be possible for a boat to never reach land by just being steered by currents? Is there something like a current cycle?

Ocean currents do flow around the planet and you could travel for a substantial distance and time just carried on the currents, but eventually you would be brought into land. A lot of the ocean currents basically circle around the edge of an ocean as seen here URL_0


Question: When you are driving home and have to use the restroom, why is that when you get closer to home, the feeling to use the restroom intensifies more and more?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you are driving home and have to use the restroom, why is that when you get closer to home, the feeling to use the restroom intensifies more and more?

Well, the answer to this is honestly a lot more simple than you think; more time passes and your bladder fills more and more. Your bladder fills as a result of your kidneys 'filtering' out extra fluid in your blood. This process is always happening, so your bladder is constantly filling (although the rate at which it fills is certainly variable and may even be almost 0). I'm assuming you're more looking for the psychological aspect of this. There may be *some* psychological contribution (ie. that you know you can pee when you get home so your brain 'prepares' the bladder to pee.) however it is almost certain that the major cause is the first point.


Question: How does a calculator find sine, cosine and tangent ratios when you plug them in to a calculator?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a calculator find sine, cosine and tangent ratios when you plug them in to a calculator?

The answer stating Taylor expansions is incorrect. First, they take into account that these functions are periodic so it is possible to reduce the number to one that falls within a smaller range. For degrees this is 0 to 360. This can be further reduced using trigonometric identities to 0 to 45. In older calculators, the [CORDIC algorithm]( URL_1 ) was used as it was easier to implement in hardware. With modern hardware it appears they use some sort of [MiniMax approximation]( URL_2 ) such as [Chebyshev polynomials]( URL_0 ). The ELI5 answer is that software engineers have been working on this for a long time and modern calculators use different techniques depending on the value being calculated.


Question: that little noise your eyelid makes when you press down on the corner of you eye (tear canal?) and it feels like air is going to your sinuses

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 that little noise your eyelid makes when you press down on the corner of you eye (tear canal?) and it feels like air is going to your sinuses

That is air going into your sinuses. Your eyes, ears, nose, and mouth are all connected to your sinuses. Have you ever plugged your nose, closed your mouth, and tried to push air out of your lungs ever so slightly? You’ll notice your ears pop and the feeling of air coming out of your eye sockets. It’s gross and i don’t recommend it but i used to try that sometimes as a kid.