Question: What do they put in vegan alternatives?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do they put in vegan alternatives?

First off, everything is a chemical. Don't be afraid of "chemicals." But more of an answer, lots of times it's soy, or mixes of other plant based proteins, or tofu. There are several different types. You also don't need to eat replacement meats to be vegan. In fact it's often recommended that you don't. You can get protein from much better sources like beans for example.


Question: Why do trees’ leaves move towards the red end of the spectrum Why not the violet end?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do trees’ leaves move towards the red end of the spectrum Why not the violet end?

Chlorophyll is the green pigment that you see in leaves and it comes in two varieties: chlorophyll alpha and chlorophyll beta. Chlorophyll alpha absorbs more red light whereas chlorophyll beta absorbs more of the blue light (and a bit of red), but they both reflect green light giving you the green color of the leaf. However, during the fall when trees no longer produce chlorophyll, you see carotenoids, which are another group of pigments that absorb blue and purple light, but reflect green to red light. Depending on the the type of tree and its leaves, it'll leave you colors between and including: green, yellow, and red that you see so often during the fall.


Question: So when you buy a shirt, there are always two extra buttons sewn into the right side (mens) button line. Why do so many of my shirts include a tiny button when none of those are used on the shirt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 So when you buy a shirt, there are always two extra buttons sewn into the right side (mens) button line. Why do so many of my shirts include a tiny button when none of those are used on the shirt?

If there is a button down collar, this often times would require a button smaller than the ones on the front of the shirt.


Question: With so little land and resources, how is Great Britain still as rich and powerful as it is today?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With so little land and resources, how is Great Britain still as rich and powerful as it is today?

Colonialism. They exercised control over large swathes of land that were resource rich, like India which had a shitload of tea and cotton and spices which were very valuable commodities. Turns out that you can exercise control over 100 million with only like 1 million people. People are easy to control, especially when you make them feel like they're getting at least something out of it. This allowed Britain to quickly become a service based economy, which means they can make a shitload of money off clerical labor decoupled from physical raw resources.


Question: How do heart rate monitors measure calories burned during activities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do heart rate monitors measure calories burned during activities?

guesstimation basically. Heart rate correlates somewhat with level of physical activity which in turn correlates with calories burned. If you throw in some other tools like accelerometers, they can get a better idea of what you're doing (running looks different from biking looks different from swimming, looks different from walking, looks different from stair climbing) and be a little more accurate.


Question: What makes ‘permanent’ markers more permanent than regular markers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes ‘permanent’ markers more permanent than regular markers?

It’s based on how you make the marker ink. Permanent markers have something in the ink that makes the ink stick to surfaces better and hard to remove with water. Non-permanent markers don’t have that extra sticky solution and is made in a way where you can clean it easily with water. An ELI15 answer is that markers are made with a dye dissolved in an organic solvent. If the solvent is water-soluble, it’s not permanent. If the solvent is made with a non-water-soluble solution, it’s “permanent”. Sometimes, to make it more permanent, they also include a polymer in the mixture that binds the ink to the surface better.


Question: How do free online bank make profit ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do free online bank make profit ?

They take your cash and lend it out to other people/institutions and charge them interest. They pay you a small portion of this interest and keep the rest.


Question: Why do food products that obviously contain an something explicitly say it? Ex. Milk that says “contains milk”

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do food products that obviously contain an something explicitly say it? Ex. Milk that says “contains milk”

There are government legal requirements that are quite strict for food labelling, especially for allergens. Anything containing milk for example, must state it, and just because milk is mostly milk... Doesn't make that any less applicable. The labelling is there for safety reasons, be it dietary or allergies, so it's better to be safe and say everyone has to do the same, even if it's totally obvious.


Question: To what degree does the daily use of cleaning products like soap and shampoo affect the state of water in a major city, and where does it go after entering the drain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 To what degree does the daily use of cleaning products like soap and shampoo affect the state of water in a major city, and where does it go after entering the drain?

The best explanation for a 5yo would start with a description of how all of the pipes from city plumbing eventually lead to a wastewater treatment plant. Then a picture would be better than a thousand words - > URL_0 Explaining each step would be complicated, but they’d understand that the waste water goes through many steps before it’s ready for reuse. The cleaning products are removed in the secondary processing, after the solid waste and particles are removed. They are particularly easy to remove, as the law requires them to be. Oil, gasoline, and toxic liquids are removed afterwards, are much more difficult to remove, and are illegal to dump in your waste water. It’s too bad that this particular picture doesn’t show the methane being collected and used as fuel by the plant, as a 5yo would probably think that’s cool


Question: Does Jeff Sessions have the power to take away legal recreational marijuana in America?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does Jeff Sessions have the power to take away legal recreational marijuana in America?

Technically it's not "legal." It was the federal government refusing the enforce its laws under Obama. So yes, Jeff Sessions has the power to have the Justice Department enforce the law. It would take an act of Congress to make marijuana legal, that hasn't happened. That said, the federal government doesn't really care or have the resources to crack down on individual users, they care more about distributors. However, if states don't comply with their policing initiatives it's possible they could lose federal funding.


Question: What is the difference between when you fall asleep vs. when you pass out or faint? Is passing out from drinking just a combination of the two?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between when you fall asleep vs. when you pass out or faint? Is passing out from drinking just a combination of the two?

When you sleep, your body releases certain chemicals to cause anaesthesia (loss of sensation) and loss of consciousness. This enters the body into a "restful state", which includes the slowing of the general metabolism and other processes that can only happen while the body is asleep. When you pass out, generally it's from lack of oxygen, lack of blood, or sudden trauma. This is called syncope, and since it was induced not through internal mechanisms but through loss of homeostasis (maintenance of the internal equilibrium of he body) you do not experience the same restful effects. When you pass out from drinking, your body's metabolism is strained so thoroughly by the physiological effects of alcohol that it basically says "enough is enough!" and sends you to bed without supper. Unfortunately, it still has to process all that alcohol, so your metabolism doesn't slow and, ultimately, your body doesn't rest.


Question: Where did all the sand in the desert come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where did all the sand in the desert come from?

Essentially eroded rock. The ice age melted into oceans, oceans dried up and the wind eroded the rock bed into sand.


Question: How is international internet traffic separated and sent to the person who requests it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is international internet traffic separated and sent to the person who requests it?

The internet is based on a system called [packet switching]( URL_0 ), specifically [TCP/IP]( URL_1 ). When sending data between two computers, this data is broken into packets, and each packet contains the IP address of the remote computer (and also of the sender's computer and other information, but that's not important right now). The IP address is used to route the packet to the correct computer.


Question: Why are most one-time password codes five to six digits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most one-time password codes five to six digits?

More than that is hard to remember and retype. Since it's one-time-only there isn't much brute force risk.


Question: Where does innate shyness come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does innate shyness come from?

This is kind of a hard thing to address because personality traits can be genetically predisposed, environmentally activated, and socially learned. Let’s say little Jimmy is born with genes that say he’s going to be outgoing. If Jimmy were to be subject to abuse or neglect during his developmental periods, his body could actually disable these genes and reconfigure them to make him shy - this is an area of research called **epigenetics.** From a social standpoint, behaviors can also be learned through a psychological phenomenon called classic conditioning, which is how your brain learns to relate an unrelated thing to something more relevant to you - say, you’re a prisoner and someone brings you a meal every day, but this person has a distinct type of sound when they walk. You would eventually associate this sound with food. The same concept applies to behaviors. If you’re outgoing and you’re repeatedly belittled for it, or one **significant** negative response occurs, your brain will associate extroverted characteristics with that negative response. To sum it up in a more general way, anything psychological is also biological. Nurture (environment and social conditions) works on nature (genetic predispositions).


Question: How could those 6-pack plastic loops realistically get from my kitchen garbage bag to the ocean somewhere strangling a poor fish/turtle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How could those 6-pack plastic loops realistically get from my kitchen garbage bag to the ocean somewhere strangling a poor fish/turtle?

It's a bit of a sensationalist image but it does happen because of the sheer volume of garbage we create and the long life it lives once we “get rid” of it. Trash is usually taken from most cities to another location for burial in a landfill. Sometimes, this is done by water based garbage barge. They like the trash up on a barge and float it down to another location. The most famous garbage barge made news in 1986 at the height of the new feel good approach to environmentalism movement when Staten Island’s Freshkills landfill (great name for a landfill huh?) began refusing the landfill from NYC and Long Island. The barge headed out to foreign ports and traveled all around the world looking for a home. News helicopters followed it and made note of all the garbage that tumbled off the side. It became a symbol for conspicuous environmental damage. This “feel good approach” lead to imagery and sensationalism over a focus on impact. Wild animals in landfill spillage rescues have indeed been found trapped in plastic garbage and there are images of some creatures in those plastic soda rings. But that specific example is stuck in our minds because of a few sensationalist news events. And the fact that plastic soda rings look like a dolphin nose or a seagull’s neck could fit in there keeps it in our mind through *affordance*. Six pack rings are made of HDPE - a recyclable plastic that will take thousands of years to biodegrade so even if it is very unlikely to get caught around an animal’s neck, it’s long life makes it that much more likely. But the bottom line is cutting up six pack rings isn’t going to do nearly as much as calling your representative and asking for systematic change like a carbon tax or at least a real head of the EPA.


Question: Why does a digital thermometer fluctuate in value when left alone in a room?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a digital thermometer fluctuate in value when left alone in a room?

Because the temperature in a room seldom is really stable. For this to be it would need to be air tight and every surface would need to have the exact same temperature. Else there will be air currents with different temperatures. In a normal room with windows the light alone can make a difference of a few degrees.


Question: How does acid actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does acid actually work?

An acid is an unstable compound that has more hydrogen than it really wants. If it comes into contact with a material that can accept hydrogen then the acid will lose it's hydrogen atom to that material which changes the material into a different compound with likely very different properties. The relationship only works on materials that actually can receive an extra hydrogen. If the acid contacts something that is stable (non-polar) then nothing happens. However the strength of an acid is measured in how forcefully it tries to get rid of that hydrogen. Incredibly powerful acids can react with compounds normally considered stable. That's because where normal acids are going door to door offering hydrogen to anyone interested, super acids are firing hydrogen through the living room wall with a cannon.


Question: Why does rain come down in droplets and not a steady stream?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does rain come down in droplets and not a steady stream?

In order for it to pour down in a stream like that, there would have to be a floating pool of water overhead. Such a pool would be very heavy, so it could never float. Instead you have a bunch of tiny droplets of water that are just small enough and light enough to float around in the air. When the conditions are right, they start to merge together into larger drops and the instant the drop becomes too heavy to float in the air, it become a rain drop and falls down. Well, usually it's a snowflake that melts as it fall down (it gets cold up high in the air, even in the summer), but same principle either way. Because they fall down the instant they become too heavy, they always fall, depending in temperature, in individual drops, or snowflakes, or sleet. Pouring would require hundreds of times more liquid in a single mass than the atmosphere could ever hold up.


Question: Why is depreciation considered an expense in accounting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is depreciation considered an expense in accounting?

When you buy a $500,000 piece of equipment, you trade the the money for the equivalent value of equipment. The company still has $500,000; it's just been converted from liquid cash to a physical asset. But when the value of that machine begins to depreciate, your company has lost "money". You no longer have $500,000 worth of assets. That lost money is an expense.


Question: What causes the falling sensation when you are about to go to sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the falling sensation when you are about to go to sleep?

I read in a French science book that you're basically falling asleep too fast and your brain thinks there is a chance that you are actually dying (like "why the f... are those body parts shutting down so quickly? I must be dying, let's do something!"), so it decides to launch an adrenaline shot to help you survive. Source : prenez le temps d'e-penser, Tome 1, page 281, Bruce Benamran, Marabout (ISBN 978-2-501-10492-0)


Question: Why are birds (i.e. Parrots, Crows, Hawks, etc) so intelligent if they have such small brains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are birds (i.e. Parrots, Crows, Hawks, etc) so intelligent if they have such small brains?

First off, gross brain mass is irrelevant. Among mammals, brain to body mass ratio appears to be a good indicator of relative intelligence. Not perfect, unless you want to admit that dolphins are smarter than humans. Among other species, avian say, the same URL_2 hold true: with corvids (crows and ravens and such) and parrots having higher brain to body mass ratio than those stupid Robins. However, they still have a lower brain to body mass ratio than comparably intelligent (and that's a tricky distinction in itself) mammals. That said, bird brain cells tend to be a bit smaller, so possibly more neurons per pound of grey matter. References: all wikipedia : URL_0 URL_1


Question: how can my organs be accepted for donation when my blood cant be?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can my organs be accepted for donation when my blood cant be?

Organs are handled differently where each person is individually evaluated prior to donation. I can't donate blood because I'm gay. But if I were to donate an organ, they would check to see if I'm HIV+ first, and then OK the organ.


Question: how are free movie/tv series streaming websites (putlocker, popcorn time) constantly updated? does someone upload them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are free movie/tv series streaming websites (putlocker, popcorn time) constantly updated? does someone upload them?

Dedicated pirates sail the high seas searching for a constant variety of other people's property. When they find something good, they steal it and post it to see who can get it best and first.


Question: How does eating less meat help the planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does eating less meat help the planet?

Because raising cattle requires a ton of water, fertilizer, etc. Also....cow farts. Emissions from cattle are super high. Greenhouse gasses affect climate change. Less meat=reduced emissions.


Question: what exactly is phlegm and why does it change colour based on our health?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is phlegm and why does it change colour based on our health?

It's mucus. Snot, just like the stuff found in your nose. People think of mucus as being found only in the nose, but there's a layer of it that coats your entire respiratory tract, from your nostrils all the way down into your lungs. It cleans the air you breathe by acting like flypaper: dust, smoke, germs, etc. get stuck in the mucus before they reach the lungs. Wavy hairlike structures called cilia push it into your throat, where it drops down to your stomach to be destroyed. You only really notice phlegm when you're sick, because the flypaper starts getting saturated with germs and with dead immune cells. This changes both the color and the consistency of the phlegm. Also, your body starts secreting a whole lot more of it to help fight off the infection.


Question: Where does the energy responsible for tidal forces come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the energy responsible for tidal forces come from?

The moon exerts a gravitational force as you’ve noted, and the tides move as a result of (rotational) kinetic energy, kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are direct equivalents, so the potential energy of Earth’s total ocean mass under a gravitational influence is equal to its maximum kinetic energy, energy is entirely conserved in this system, in other words the amount of kinetic energy a body can experience is entirely dependent on the force of gravity acting on it, as for harvesting energy, only a very small fraction of a fraction of that kinetic energy is transformed into electricity, so the energy loss in the entire system is negligible


Question: What exactly is the significance of the USSR dissolving and what did it mean for the entire world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is the significance of the USSR dissolving and what did it mean for the entire world?

The USSR was multiple republics put into a central authority that was based in Moscow. They were like the managers, and the other small republics, workers. The US and the USSR did not like each other because they thought the other wanted to invade the world. The US also wanted people to be able to own businesses and keep the money they made from the business. The USSR wanted the government to own the business, and give everyone the money. When the USSR fell, it was important because the US thought it meant they were right. Also, it meant that another big war wouldn't happen, and that many people would not die.


Question: Why don’t 11 and 12 follow the same naming scheme as other numbers? They technically could be “oneteen” and “twoteen.”

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don’t 11 and 12 follow the same naming scheme as other numbers? They technically could be “oneteen” and “twoteen.”

Because people used to use base 12 a lot more Hence words like dozen and gross and 72 deadly animals on Netflix


Question: What will federal legalization of marijuana in the US do exactly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What will federal legalization of marijuana in the US do exactly?

It allows stores that sell marijuana products to use the national banking system. The vast, vast majority of banks in the US are regulated at the Federal level. Federal law imposes a duty for them to determine the source of their client's funds. If those funds come from a business that is illegal at the Federal level then the bank has to refuse to do business with that person. Only a handful of banks are regulated solely at the state level. Those banks avoid Federal regulations because they are extremely small and operate in a very limited geographic area (typically in a single city). However, those banks still need to interface with the broader national system to function, so even they won't do business with marijuana related businesses out of fear that they'll be blocked from making interstate transactions. Because of this, most marijuana businesses operate on a cash only basis and their employees are in a weird position where any money they store in a bank can be seized at any time - and this is something that regularly happens to marijuana business employees. Legalizing marijuana at the Federal level means that marijuana related businesses are no longer deriving their income from an activity that is illegal at the Federal level and so would allow them to use the banking system.


Question: How does salt bring out the taste in food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does salt bring out the taste in food?

I think that it has to do with the sodium ions activating ion channels that will block bitterness and enhance other flavors like sweetness or umami. Basically, the sodium gates can send info to the brain like taste buds do, and sometimes, when two signals add up, they can cancel each other out (try eating bitter and sweet at the same time) or enhance each other (chocolate chip cookies are even more delicious with salt in them). That's not a definitive explanation, but would explain why most sodium based additives are flavor enhancers, like MSG or other additives. Any food scientists, share you answers please.


Question: Why there are only female queen bees but not male king bees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why there are only female queen bees but not male king bees?

They're biologically unnecessary. The queen needs the males for mating, and that's it, but the entire colony needs the queen because she's the source of new bees.


Question: Why sugar free drinks still taste sweet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why sugar free drinks still taste sweet?

The taste of sweetness comes from anything that triggers the "sweet detectors" in our mouths. There are many ways to fool these detectors. Artificial sweeteners seek to do just that. Anything from lead acetate (would not recommend) to saccharin can do this. Through careful choice of artificial sweetener, sugar free drinks can taste very similar to their normal counterparts. That said, the similarity is never perfect.


Question: Why can saying a word repeatedly eventually feel weird, like, it isn’t a real word or feel like it you’ve never heard it before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can saying a word repeatedly eventually feel weird, like, it isn’t a real word or feel like it you’ve never heard it before?

This is known as jamais vu. It is a psychological phenomenon...phenomenon...phenomenon, phe nom e non ...that’s a funny word...anyway what was I saying? Oh yeah, it’s not fully understood, but one possibility is that your brain gets exhausted from trying to interpret the sounds over and over so you just start hearing it as a sound.


Question: x64 means 64-bit but x86 means 32-bit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 x64 means 64-bit but x86 means 32-bit?

Back in the 70s Intel released a CPU called the 8086. They followed that up with the 80186, then the 286, 386 and 486. Each one used an instruction set built on the previous one, which meant for the most part software written for one would work on newer ones. This family of CPUs and the instruction set the used became known as x86. Eventually they made the jump to 64 bit (it was actually AMD which first did this) which became known as x86-64. Then people just shortened that to x64.


Question: Why do tax havens exist/places with very lax taxation laws? What does the government gain from allowing tax havens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do tax havens exist/places with very lax taxation laws? What does the government gain from allowing tax havens?

They collect taxes for being able to live/harbor money there, but those taxes are far lower than what another country might take as part of an income/capital gains tax. Still, if you're skimming (lets arbitrarily say) 5%-10% of a bunch of multi-millionaires/billionaire's hoarded money, you're making a fortune. When you consider it from the standpoint of the person hiding their money, 5%-10% is *way* less than 50%+ in a country like the UK, so it's a good deal for them (assuming they have no conscience). As for why a government like the UK would allow for their citizens to use tax havens, the answer is that the government is generally controlled or lobbied by people using those tax havens.


Question: Why do we feel the bass like thumping in our chest and it is like we are not hearing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel the bass like thumping in our chest and it is like we are not hearing it?

Your ears are tuned to directly hearing down to about 20 hz. Anything below that will still have an effect on your body but you won't directly hear it. For example, the air in your lungs will be affected and you can feel it that way.


Question: How does the moon sometimes appear huge in the skyline and other times not as huge, even though we’re not getting significantly closer to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the moon sometimes appear huge in the skyline and other times not as huge, even though we’re not getting significantly closer to it?

It's mostly a matter of perspective; when the moon is low in the sky, it's close to the skyline (buildings, trees, etc). When you see it next to those things, your mind perceives the moon as being bigger in comparison. When it is high in the sky, there's nothing to compare it to and it looks smaller. It's just like one of those optical illusions about judging the length of a line.


Question: How is magnetism and electricity the same thing but from two different frames of reference?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is magnetism and electricity the same thing but from two different frames of reference?

Think of electricity like water flowing but magnetism the ripples. They are caused by the same thing but different effects


Question: If a bear can consume excess calories and hibernate without food/water for weeks, why cant we do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a bear can consume excess calories and hibernate without food/water for weeks, why cant we do it?

URL_0 this is an interesting story of a man who fasted for 382 days. We need water and a few essential nutrients, but we CAN fast for long periods if we have enough fat reserve.


Question: Why do some baseball fields have higher walls and seemingly more difficult standards for hitting a home run in baseball?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some baseball fields have higher walls and seemingly more difficult standards for hitting a home run in baseball?

At the end of the day, tradition. Back in the day, baseball fields were built wherever there was space, with as much seating as they could get in comfortably, with uniformity not really a big factor. Which is why you get big outliers in older stadiums, most famously Fenway Park in Boston, which was built to fit in a tightly-packed city and which famously had to deal with a very shallow left field by building an extra-tall wall called the "Green Monster" to compensate. So because of the history associated with those classic old parks, it was just sort of accepted that field dimensions would be more variable than other sports, which require standardized field sizes. Modern fields have to fit within a relatively small range for their outfield fences, but there's a grandfather rule in effect to keep old, historic parks like Fenway from having to be bulldozed. If you look at most fields built in the last two decades, they've been able to build away from city centers, where there's space for a nicely-shaped field and plenty of seating.


Question: How do hairs become ingrown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do hairs become ingrown?

The tip got caught on the siding of the follicle instead of heading out the opening. It can't really move so easily to free itself, so as it grows it pierces the side and cuts into your flesh. That's why it can happen after shaving, because the hair is now shorter and sharper, and can slump back into the follicle to get caught after stretching the skin a certain way. I think your body is able to reabsorb the hair on some occasions to make it go away.


Question: What makes someone a visual or audio or other type of learner?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes someone a visual or audio or other type of learner?

Hmm, it depends on a few things, 1. Let's say from your childhood you were always taught by listening and never did a lot of visual learning, so you unconsciously favour and developed this type of learning. You feel confident in it and you prefer it, thus you rely more on it and you develop it overtime. 2. If you show me some hard core mathematics or anything where I need to use my analytical (left side of the brain which is the analytical, logical sequencing), I would say visual is much better. You can preach to me as much as you want but on the third sentence I would have forgotten the first bit. Regardless of what learner I am. 3. It is a well known fact that everyone learns best by doing, anything that you produce (read, write) rather than only intake you learn and it sticks. I saw a video from Leo from URL_0 and he talks about that. So if you write or sing a song rather than just listening to it or watching the lyrics, you will learn it much faster regardless of your learning style. Hope that gives you some food for thought!


Question: Light is a form of energy, where does the energy go when it's absorbed into blackNESS?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Light is a form of energy, where does the energy go when it's absorbed into blackNESS?

Essentially, yes. Black, gray and white things have those colors because they reflect all wavelengths of visible light equally. White things reflect a lot of light, gray things less, and black things the least. A "truly" black surface would reflect 0 visible light. However, our eyes only have a limited range of sensitivity. They adjust to the light conditions around them to give you the best possible vision, but some light hitting your retina might still be too bright and some too dark. Anything that is darker than the range your eyes are adjusted too, you will see as black. This is why when you watch an image projected on a white screen, you can still see colors on that screen that are (nearly) black. Even though the screen looks white in normal room lighting, and the projector can only add light, not subtract it. The black pixels look black not because the projector can make the white screen darker, but because it makes the other pixels bright enough that, to your adjusted eyes, the darkest color on the screen looks (nearly) black. This is all just to point out that brightness is relative. Basically nothing in the world is "truly" black, in the sense that it reflects no visible light at all. But some things reflect relatively little light. The photons they don't reflect are absorbed and this makes the atoms in the dark thing jiggle faster. This jiggling is what we call heat.


Question: In a hypothetical frictionless environment, if a very large gear were attached to a very small gear with zero weight, would the large gear be easy to turn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In a hypothetical frictionless environment, if a very large gear were attached to a very small gear with zero weight, would the large gear be easy to turn?

There would be some mass to move as well as friction - you’ll need rotational acceleration to turn your big gear. The force needed would be determined by the density of the material it’s built from Edit: once it’s moving, in your frictionless environment, it won’t slow down either


Question: What makes different peppers hotter than each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes different peppers hotter than each other?

The substance that makes peppers spicy is called [capsaisin.]( URL_0 ) It's actually an irritant to mammals, probably an evolutionary defense against getting eaten. Unfortunately for peppers, humans are kinda dumb and like to get high. Capsaisin is mostly found in the seeds of the pepper, the flesh is actually quite sweet. So some peppers have been bred to have less flesh and more seeds, so they are "hotter". It's all about breeding, like how some dogs are bigger than others.


Question: How does HDR work in newer TVs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does HDR work in newer TVs?

Basically it means that there is more detail displayed in the shadows and highlights before they are completely lost to pure black and pure white.


Question: How does oceanarium function? How come shark don't attack other fish?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does oceanarium function? How come shark don't attack other fish?

Because sharks are not the ruthless killers they are made out to be. If they are kept well fed, they don’t need to eat the smaller fish. Also, they put some thought into composing the tanks and avoid putting species together that are prime food sources for a shark species in the wild. Most decent size sharks, like bull sharks, like to eat larger fish like tuna, which you don’t normally see much together in a tank for that very reason


Question: How do people uncover vulnerable mistakes in chips or software?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people uncover vulnerable mistakes in chips or software?

There isn’t a set method to uncover vulnerabilities, people typically start with how they think something works. The guess could be right, or it could be wrong. Sometimes these implementations have side effects that either went unnoticed, or was decided to be rare enough to not bother fixing it. These side effects are considered vulnerabilities, but not all of them are the major “ground breaking” ones. But regardless, both types are found the same way, it just depends on what side effect you found.


Question: What is it exactly that is keeping us from "curing" cancer and other currently incurable illnesses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is it exactly that is keeping us from "curing" cancer and other currently incurable illnesses?

"Cancer" isn't one specific illness. Instead, it refers to a group of illnesses caused by abnormal cell growth. There are a HUGE number of different cell types in the body, all of which have their own specific machinery, which allows them to do their job. So for example, an abnormal white blood cell will be completely different than an abnormal liver cell. To make things more complicated, there are many different causes for a cell to turn cancerous. In order to "cure" "cancer" we would need to have every bit of cellular machinery of every different type of cell figured out. We would then need to have different medications that target each of these specific cells ideally without causing too much collateral damage.


Question: Velocity of distant objects relative to earth observer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Velocity of distant objects relative to earth observer?

I'm not sure this is something that can be explained to a 5 year old. [Here's a good answer from the physics stack exchange.]( URL_0 ) The short answer is that, since a rotating reference frame isn't inertial, not all of the postulates of special relativity apply.


Question: Why did Google and Microsoft got fined by the EU for embedding the play store in Android and Internet Explorer in Windows while Apple does both with the Apple store and Safari but doesn't get fined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did Google and Microsoft got fined by the EU for embedding the play store in Android and Internet Explorer in Windows while Apple does both with the Apple store and Safari but doesn't get fined?

Google was not fined for embedding the playstore. They were fined for abusing their dominant marketing position, bullying phone manufacturers into signing contracts with awful conditions, contractually forbidding competition etc. . URL_0 Similarly, Microsoft was fined for abusing its dominant position in operating systems to stifle competition. If you are very big, there is more legal pressure on you to not abuse your position. So why not apple? Apple does not have such a position and there are no other phone makers making iOS devices..


Question: Why does a full circle equal 360 degrees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a full circle equal 360 degrees?

The 360 degree circle actually started with the base 60 number system, developed by the Mesopotamians, 6000 years ago. They then passed that on to the Egyptians, who used the base 60 numbering system to divide the circle into 6 equilateral triangles (the Egyptians loved, and I mean loved, equilateral triangles). They also developed a calendar based on the 360 degree circle, which is actually quite accurate, considering that it's only 5.25 days off of the current calendar that we use.


Question: Venezuelan currency has inflated to over 1,000,000 times its value. Why can’t they just reassign a value to their dollar to fix the problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Venezuelan currency has inflated to over 1,000,000 times its value. Why can’t they just reassign a value to their dollar to fix the problem?

I'm not sure what you mean by "reassign a value". They could go through a process called "redenomination" where something like a million of the current currency becomes equivalent to one of the new currency. Of course they would need to distinguish between the new currency and old. That face number of course isn't "value" exactly, as the value of a currency is determined by those who are accepting it for payment. The government doesn't really have control over that.


Question: Why are 144hz monitors more popular than 120hz?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are 144hz monitors more popular than 120hz?

It's a mix of display connection limitations and marketing. Before displayport and higher versions of HDMI, the display cable that could transfer the most data was Dual Link DVI. The initial 120 Hz refresh monitors were at 1080p resolution. 120 Hz made sense because it was double 60 Hz, the standard monitor refresh rate and divisible by 24, the movie frame rate. Monitor manufacturers wanted to distinguish their monitors so they pushed the limits of Dual Link DVI. It turns out 144 Hz at 1080p was close to the maximum supported data rate for the cable. So monitors came out with 144 Hz refresh rate and 144 > 120. The number kinda got stuck as the new threshold so most high refresh monitors set that as the standard.


Question: What does the term, "taxpayers have to pay for it" really mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the term, "taxpayers have to pay for it" really mean?

The only real source of income the government has is taxes of various kinds (they sometimes charge fees for certain services too, or they may license access to some public resource, whether oil or TV/radio spectrum, but generally speaking, the government's income boils down to taxes, taxes, taxes). So anything the government has to pay for ultimately has to be funded through taxes. Of course the government can borrow money or save up from year to year to smooth out bumps, so the tax rate doesn't have to be adjusted constantly, but yes, ultimately, if the government spends more money than it is paid in taxes, tax rates will eventually have to go up (or tax revenue has to grow by other means: if you can make the economy grow so people earn and spend more, everyone will pay more money in taxes even if the tax rate stays the same) But what people who say "the taxpayers will have to pay for it" often forget is that taxpayers have to pay *anyway*. Taking health care as an example, you either pay taxes which are used to fund the health care system, or you don't, in which case you have to pay health care providers directly. You end up paying regardless. The cost doesn't go away just because it's not paid for via taxes.


Question: Why does ranch, bbq sauce, pancake syrup & even salsa all come in dip cups at fast food places, but ketchup only ever comes in those little packets that you then have to squeeze out onto a napkin or something just to dip your fries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does ranch, bbq sauce, pancake syrup & even salsa all come in dip cups at fast food places, but ketchup only ever comes in those little packets that you then have to squeeze out onto a napkin or something just to dip your fries?

Some have dippable/squeezable ketchup packets that are awesome...but the normal condiments ketchup, mustard and mayo so come in packets usually, probably so you can squeeze onto your sandwich easier


Question: When writing an essay you need citations but, can i write using what i know or would that be considered plagerism since im not listing the sources of my knowledge?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When writing an essay you need citations but, can i write using what i know or would that be considered plagerism since im not listing the sources of my knowledge?

The purpose of citing sources is to show that it isn't just what you made up in your head. Good sources show actual evidence of what you're trying to state as a fact.


Question: Why so dropped glasses sometimes bounce a few times before shattering?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why so dropped glasses sometimes bounce a few times before shattering?

A lot of glasses are heavy on the bottom. On the way to the floor initially, they have enough time for that heavy bottom to hit the floor first. On the next few bounces, the rotation is more random and the floor hits a more delicate part of the glass.


Question: Why is it that you can keep a house phone on it's charging dock for years and it doesn't destroy the battery where as a cellphone will eventually wither over just a couple years if you charge it for too long everyday?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that you can keep a house phone on it's charging dock for years and it doesn't destroy the battery where as a cellphone will eventually wither over just a couple years if you charge it for too long everyday?

Cell phone battery decays as each cell has its charge life and they die after a number of times it is charged. It's your assumption that house phone batteries do not get spoiled. They too get spoiled but probably the storage capacity of their batteries is larger and due to it the frequency of times you charge it is less compared to how you charge your cell phone. Hence the damage is not so quickly noticed.


Question: Do all veterans get paid after service?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do all veterans get paid after service?

You get a percentage of your pay for the rest of your life as a pension after 20 years. I think if you serve 28 years that gets up to 100 percent though I could be wrong about how many years that takes. We call these retirees and they also get medical and dental benefits and are entitled to a military burial when they pass. None of this costs the retiree money. The VA takes care of our career service members. Service members who don't serve a full 20 years are entitled to other benefits such as the GI bill or disability but generally not a pension.


Question: How can they make “vegan meat” that’s made of plants taste and feel so much like real meat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can they make “vegan meat” that’s made of plants taste and feel so much like real meat?

vegan meat has been a thing forever and was just squishy soy. The recent really exciting thing is they have figured out that "tastes like meat" meant "tastes like blood" and someone figured out how to make yeast produce 'heme' which is the part of blood that tastes like anything. Mix that in with a little effort in making fats that feel more like animal fat than plant oil and you have some fake hamburgers that taste a lot like a hamburger.


Question: How does a computer program talk to someone over a phone call?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a computer program talk to someone over a phone call?

Every button you press causes a different combination of tones (beeps) to be sent over the phone line to whoever, or whatever, is listening on the other end. URL_0


Question: Why is carbonated/seltzer water made with carbon dioxide and not oxygen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is carbonated/seltzer water made with carbon dioxide and not oxygen?

1. Oxygen is far less soluble in water than CO2, costs more to produce and is harder to transport. Its not a good gas for making drinks fizzy, at all. 2. Carbonated water is acidic. If you watered a plant with carbonated water you would increase the acidity of the soil. The plants probably wouldn't like that. Also, 'regular' water is cheaper.