Question: Why can you rub off permanent marker by first drawing over it with whiteboard marker?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you rub off permanent marker by first drawing over it with whiteboard marker?

Marker ink is composed of a pigment dissolved in a volatile solvent. When you write with one, it goes on wet, then as the solvent evaporates, it leaves the pigment behind. White board and permanent markers use the same solvents, the difference is in the pigment. Permanent markers have much smaller particles which bind to surfaces much more securely than white board markers, which have large and flaky particles. When you write over permanent marker with a dry erase marker, the permanent pigment dissolves in the solvent and can be wiped away


Question: How do owners or CEOs of companies pay for things if all their value is tied up in equity/stocks of the company?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do owners or CEOs of companies pay for things if all their value is tied up in equity/stocks of the company?

You can sell your stock, of course. Or you can borrow against the equity you have (and even against future vesting and compensation).


Question: How does mist, fog, and clouds form if the water never reaches the boiling point to escape the liquid phase and enter the gas phase?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does mist, fog, and clouds form if the water never reaches the boiling point to escape the liquid phase and enter the gas phase?

No and yes. Water doesn't need to boil in order to evaporate. The water in clouds, mist and fog *is* in the liquid phase, though, and that's why you can see it. That's the very short explanation. Here it is in a little more detail: Water is *always* losing some molecules into its surrounding environment. The water's temperature tells you the average speed that its molecules are bumping around, but the average speed isn't the speed limit; there are outliers, because brownian motion is very chaotic and random. Every so often, a molecule on the surface picks up enough momentum to overcome the force of surface tension, and is kicked out into the surrounding air. The hotter it is, the more frequently this happens, but the water doesn't even need to be liquid for this to happen. When ice loses molecules to the air, it's commonly called sublimation. Did you ever make rock candy by adding sugar to hot water and then cooling it to form a 'supersaturated' solution? ([try it - it's fun!]( URL_0 ))Just like water has a certain maximum capacity for dissolved solids like sugar or salt, air has a certain maximum capacity for humidity (you can think of air humidity kinda like water 'dissolved' in air!) And hot air can hold more humidity than cold air. So if hot, humid air cools down, it's possible that the air becomes "supersaturated" with moisture. In this condition, the airborne water molecules, if they meet each other, no longer have enough kinetic energy to bounce - they stick. And this is how droplets can spontaneously start to form (or "precipitate") in the air, creating clouds. When you open your freezer and see visible wisps of moisture, that's what's happening. The cold freezer air is mixing with the warm humid air outside and making the vapor temporarily cold enough to stick together into droplets you can see.


Question: Why is it when you go to take a crap, even if you didn't have to pee when you went in, you always pee when your done crapping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when you go to take a crap, even if you didn't have to pee when you went in, you always pee when your done crapping?

When you go to poo you activate the “rest and digest” side of your nervous system as opposed to the “fight and flight” side. That rest and digest side sends nerves to the muscles that control both pooping and pissing. If you go to poo, as a biproduct you also loosen up the muscles keeping your pee in


Question: Why do our bodies build up a tolerance to some medications but not others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our bodies build up a tolerance to some medications but not others?

It's kinda hard without specifics, but it has to do with upregulation of receptors a lot of the time. Imagine you're delivering goods to a factory. The first delivery, they send two guys to unload a whole truck, and it ends up taking hours. The factory learns their lesson and sends two extra guys the next time, so it takes half the time. You keep making the deliveries until the factory sends out so many guys that a few of them are just standing around while everyone else grabs one box each. The factory is your cell (basic building block of you) and the workers are receptors (the bits on the cell that uptake/respond to meds). Some drugs target cells in a way that doesn't cause them to send out more receptors, while others can reach saturation/oversaturation quickly so your cell doesn't respond as strongly/for as long. Edit: this model might be a little backwards for the drugs people are picturing. The opposite version of this is if the boxes are heavy and the workers start slacking off (downregulation) and don't engage as much. After revising a few things, the model I suggested originally is one of up-regulation and doesn't quite fit the question. Hopefully it helps some of you understand/visualise cell receptors a little better, and also hammer home that this is a complex subject.


Question: Are there different types of infinity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are there different types of infinity?

What you are getting at here is the difference between countable and uncountable infinity. The set of all integers is said to be countably infinite. This is because, in ELI5 terms, I can choose any integer and eventually count to it (if I count like this- 0, 1,-1,2,-2 I will eventually reach any integer). For the set of all real numbers between 2 and 3, this is not the case. That is because irrational numbers are involved and we just can’t find a way to count to them. Therefore the set containing all numbers between 2 and 3 is “larger” than the set of all integers, even though they are both infinite.


Question: Why does the back button on the browser work and other times does not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the back button on the browser work and other times does not?

When you've been automatically redirected from one address to another, depending how that was implemented, the back button can take you to the place you were redirected from - at which point, you're immediately redirected again. Thus, you have to click it twice, fast enough that the second one comes before the redirect, and you get back to where you were. What do I mean by "depending how that was implemented"? Well, if the website was correctly using HTTP REDIRECT that doesn't happen (because the browser just treats it as one page-change directly to the new address, instead of two), but lots do it in javascript instead, at which point this comes into play. Some advertisers, in particular, do this deliberately to make escaping their ads much harder. It's obnoxious, but it must be working for them or they wouldn't do it. As a side note, this can always be bypassed (in Firefox and Chrome, at least) by long-pressing (e: or right-clicking; thanks, u/Qwerty_Resident!) on the Back button (or, where it exists, clicking the drop-down arrow beside it) to get a dropdown of previous pages, and then selecting the page to which you actually want to go back from the list.


Question: If power utility companies make money selling electricity, why do they want their customers to make their homes as efficient as possible? Won't that mean less utility sold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If power utility companies make money selling electricity, why do they want their customers to make their homes as efficient as possible? Won't that mean less utility sold?

Different power sources have different costs associated with them. Some cost you $X/day whether you use 0% or 100% of their capacity, some cost $X/day+$Y/MWh so their costs scale with how much power you pull from them. Power companies want to generate the most cost effective power possible because they're selling it to you at a fixed price. If the demand on the grid goes up they have to make more MWh and have to use their less cost effective plants to do so. By making customers' homes more efficient they can reduce their costs which increases their profit margins by only generating the most cost effective power. Some areas have issues where the grid gets overloaded in the summer with HVAC systems, in these places its extra important to push for efficiency because getting everyone to install LED bulbs could save them from having to spend $100M to build a new power plant to avoid brown outs.


Question: Where did all matter come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where did all matter come from?

Nope. It's still one of the great mysteries. We cannot yet discern any origin story for the universe that does not involve matter having to come from "somewhere." There are theories everywhere from the universe being recursive to black holes being cosmic drains into other universes, sparking new big bangs, to getting into quantum mechanics. The truth is that we may never know, and that is ok. We're just three pound jellyfish in calcium jars. We don't have to have all the answers.


Question: How did they take the lead bullets out of hunted game and how do we make sure we've got all of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did they take the lead bullets out of hunted game and how do we make sure we've got all of them?

Usually if you are eating birds or animals killed by a shotgun you just have to spit out the shot whilst eating.


Question: How do seasonal theme parks or water parks stay in business/make money in the off season?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do seasonal theme parks or water parks stay in business/make money in the off season?

Pretty much the same way seasonal employees survive. You make a lot of money during the season to sustain you for the year, plus their operational expenses really drop during the off season.


Question: Why do we feel bass in our bodies but not other audio frequencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel bass in our bodies but not other audio frequencies?

Instead of vibrating the hairs in your inner ear, strong low frequency waves will resonate in your chest cavity and throat. Kind of like how a subwoofer can make an entire car shake.


Question: why are certain gems and/or metals only found in certain areas and not others. Why arent they finding gold in Pennsylvania or Jade in Arizona?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are certain gems and/or metals only found in certain areas and not others. Why arent they finding gold in Pennsylvania or Jade in Arizona?

I am too drunk to explain this but minerals get deposited by fluids. There is water, way down deep. The pressure and temperature allow those fluids to carry minerals in solution. I cant think of an ELI5, but if there is enough pressure and/or temperature, you could dissolve anything in water. I guess like rock candy...you dissolve a shitton of sugar into water, but you can only get it to dissolve by heating it. And I am not finished, but holy crap I am drunk (as any good geologist should be). Someone else can carry this on...or I will come back after I sleep it off. Sorry. I suck.


Question: How does the luxury tax work in the NBA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the luxury tax work in the NBA?

The NBA has a "soft cap", versus the "hard cap" that the NFL and NHL have, and MLB has no cap (though they do have luxury tax, I think). A **hard cap** means that there's a strict limit on how much a team can spend, and teams can distribute that money however they want. In contrast, the NBA has two levels, the **soft cap** and the **luxury tax**, which work together. Teams can sign any player until their total salaries reach the **soft cap** - this is why teams try to clear out cap space to sign free agents, like the Knicks are doing now. Once they reach the soft cap, they're restricted to using certain exceptions. (One of the big ones is called the Bird exception, which lets teams go over the cap to sign players who have been on the team for a certain amount of time.) Once a team's total salaries hit the **luxury tax**, they get taxed based on how far above the threshold they are and how long they've been paying the tax. The tax payments are then redistributed to the non-tax teams. So the soft cap prevents a team with a super rich owner from signing every great player in the league, while the luxury tax makes it more and more expensive every year to keep the team together. Imagine you're at a restaurant and want to order a bunch of different things on the menu. The soft cap means the waiter says you can only pick dishes that have a total price of $100. After that, you can keep ordering seconds (or thirds, or fourths, etc) of the same dishes, but the luxury tax says each time you order it'll cost more.


Question: if you’ve been put under a general anaesthetic in hospital, what do the doctors do to make you wake back up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if you’ve been put under a general anaesthetic in hospital, what do the doctors do to make you wake back up?

Your body breaks up the chemicals and you wake up on your own. The anesthesiologist makes the dose for your weight and whatnot for a little longer then the surgery will take (and can add a little if the surgery goes longer).


Question: Why do muscles shake when they get tired or weak?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do muscles shake when they get tired or weak?

Muscles are made up of tons of tiny fibers that have like an "on/off" switch. Relaxed muscles are "off" but a chemical reaction in the body turns them "on" and causes them to pull tight. They all work together and allow you to do things like lift weight, however they require fuel to do this. As things like electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium,) run out, some of those fibers get stuck which causes shakes or may even cause the muscle to cramp. I understand that this is not a matter of lactic acid buildup. I'm pretty sure that's a myth. If anyone can demonstrate otherwise, I'm all ears. EDIT: Removed redundant words


Question: How does the inverse square law tell us how far away a star is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the inverse square law tell us how far away a star is?

If you know the brightness of a star, then you can figure out how much the light dims because of the square of the distance. Problem is that stars can have different brightness levels, so the measurement is very inaccurate. The only things that have the same brightness always are [type 1a supernovas]( URL_0 ), and finding them in distant galaxies can give you the distance to said galaxy.


Question: Why can't we see white or black in a rainbow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we see white or black in a rainbow?

White isn't a colour on thr spectrum. It is what we experience when we see all colours of visible light at the same time. It is why white light turns into a rainbow when it goes through a prism in the first place. And black is what we experience when we don't see any light at all. The rainbow also doesn't include all colours we can experience. For example, there's no magenta/pink in the rainbow, because that os what we experience when we detect both red and blue light at the same time, which doesn't happen in a rainbow because rainbows are sorted from lower frequency red light through higher frequency blue light - there is no pink frequency, and since the red and the blue are on opposite sides of the spectrum, they don't blend into each other the way, for example, red light blends through yellow into green light.


Question: How does audio get transmitted over a specific frequency or waves? (AKA Radio)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does audio get transmitted over a specific frequency or waves? (AKA Radio)

Radio waves have two ways of being transmitted: AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation). The way a radio wave is created is by electrons running up and down radio towers. This is what creates the electromagnetic wave. (Think of it like holding the end of a rope, and moving your hand up and down will send waves down the length of the rope.) Electromagnetic waves have a special property because it creates an electric field in one direction, and a magnetic field in the perpendicular direction. This is very handy, because these two fields actually reinforce each other, meaning unlike the rope in the analogy, it will actually be able to continue through the air for huge distances. FM radio means the frequency of the wave is changed to create the data being sent. This means that when creating the wave, the electron moves up and down the same amount every time, it just varies how fast it moves. AM radio means that the electron moves at a constant speed, but the height it goes up and down the tower is varied. This actually is why AM is often a much weaker signal, because changing the amplitude at times makes the signal much smaller, while FM radio is consistently the same strength. So to answer your question - the way the frequency is determined is simply how fast this electron moves. The exact same audio signal can be sent in different frequencies because while the way the electron moves to create the data may be the same, the actual relative speed in which in moves (or the frequency in which it moves) determines what radio channel you need to tune into to receive the signal. Also interesting to note is when you tune into your radio you see the channel represented as kHz, MHz or GHz. This means kila-hertz, mega-hertz and giga-hertz. A hertz quite simply is how many cycles per second is being created by the signal. So if you tune into 91.5 Mhz (FM), you are tuning into the radio frequency that oscillates at 91.5 million hertz per second, where the signal is created through frequency modulation :)


Question: As a dude, why does our pee twist once it becomes airborne?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 As a dude, why does our pee twist once it becomes airborne?

Because our pipe isn't a completely cylindrical pipe. It has compressions, dilations. What's more, the outlet isn't exactly cylindrical either. So the pee coming out isn't exactly cylindrical either (there's a sentence i never thought I'd be saying). Hence it twists and turns.


Question: How can the sum of all natural numbers be negative?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the sum of all natural numbers be negative?

It's not really, but it comes from a certain natural way of assigning values to infinite sums. For example, it is certainly true that 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ... = 1. It's also the case that 1 + 1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + 1/81 + ... = 3/2, and that 9/10 + 9/100 + 9/1000 + ... = 1. Rather than dealing with each of these infinite sums individually, we can determine that for any sum of the form a + a\*r + a\*r^2 + a\*r^3 + ..., where -1 < r < 1, the sum is equal to a/(1-r). In the first example, we have a = 1/2 and r = 1/2, so the sum is 0.5/(1-0.5) = 1, while in the second we have a = 1 and r = 1/3 and in the third a = 9/10 and r = 1/10. Of course this is only valid for the case where -1 < r < 1 specifically: if we look at the case where a = 1 and r = 2 then we get 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ..., which clearly grows to infinity. But if we *did* want to assign this series a finite value for some reason, then it would make some degree of sense to pick the value we'd get if we pretended like the a/(1-r) formula worked for all possible r. In that case, we would assign the value 1/(1-2) = -1 to the sum 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .... Does this mean that "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... = -1"? No, just that -1 is what our function would suggest if we extended it to the case where r = 2. There's a rather more complicated function which evaluates sums of the form 1/1^p + 1/2^p + 1/3^p + 1/4^p + .... In this case, the sum is well-defined whenever p > 1; otherwise, it diverges to infinity. But the function that gives us the value of the sum, called the "zeta function", can be applied to many values of p outside this range, just as our a/(1-r) function could be applied to many values of r outside the range -1 < r < 1. It turns out that the zeta function assigns a value of -1/12 to the case p = -1. So we might assign the value -1/12 to the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ..., although the sum itself does not actually exist since the series grows without bound.


Question: How do tariffs work? Who writes the check? Who gets the check?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do tariffs work? Who writes the check? Who gets the check?

Tariffs are a tax that the importer pays to the country that imposed the tariff when the product enters the country. Let's say US declares a tariff on goods imported from China. So I, u/LearnerPermit designs a new thing and has it manufactured in China. The manufacturer might be my own factory in China, or it might be a factory I'm paying to make my thing. Once that item arrives in the US, whoever imported it (which could be myself) has to pay the tax to the federal government, the agency that issues the tax is the Customs agency. Now that the importer has paid a tax on the importation of a product, that tax becomes part of the cost of the item, so when the importer sells it to wholesalers or retailers, the item becomes more expensive. Another way to think of it is, you buy a concert ticket from Ticketmaster, and paid whatever their service fees are. You turn around and sell the ticket to someone else. When you sell that ticket you'll sell it for the total price including the fees you paid to get the ticket originally, plus maybe a something extra for your own profit.


Question: Do trees die from old age? how and why?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do trees die from old age? how and why?

Yes, trees have a lifespan. Most are around a century. A balsa tree, for example, has a lifespan of about 30-40 years. They die because their cells cannot repair normal damage to its vascular system quickly enough. That is why if you see a dying tree (trees take years to die) they will look kinda dead but then have new growth leaves year over year. Eventually, even those stop and the tree is dead *dead.* If you are out west, like I am, you want to cut it down when it starts to die. A dying / dead tree is a fire hazard. A lot of people on this thread are mistaking *continuous growth* for immortality, yes they continue to grow (it is how the vascular system of a tree works) but they also die after a number of years. Trees are not immortal, they will die after ageing. In fact, in many communities where trees aren't native, the original trees planted when the community was formed (Think Fort Collins in CO) and popularized are now starting to die in large numbers because they are reaching their typical lifespan. Even people don't really die of *old age*, rather, conditions that come from old age. Trees are no different.


Question: How are comic books printed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are comic books printed?

AFAIK the process was usually a standard 4 colour process (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow & Black), so each 'plate' of colour would've been printed in that order. The decision to use dots allows 'different' colours to be used - also allowing a closer percentage of dots would allow shading of that new colour. The reason black is usually a solid, is that's it's the last plate of colour to be used, and is usually used for text, borders, outlines, etc, all of which are needed for impact. The reason for using some solid colours would usually be to reinforce the main colours of the hero or villian (think solid blue/red for Superman, etc). Until modern printing techniques appeared (so digital, spot colour printing), it'd stay like this and became a look that people tie to the 'art' of comics - think Pop Art. Edit - apparently order is usually YMCK (yellow, magenta, cyan, black).


Question: Why do dueling cowboys not just shoot straight away?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do dueling cowboys not just shoot straight away?

I think it’s a misapplication of trying to imitate Samurai from Kurosawa films. Kurosawa knew how to build suspense with atmosphere and cinematography. In martial arts, especially if you have more skill and experience, you’re able to read the opponent’s body movements to anticipate their actions. However, with drawing a gun, although there is some similar forms of anticipation, there’s less strategy to anticipate, considering it’s simply point and shoot and kill the other guy before he kills you. The only reason I could see if strategy matters more is if your goal isn’t to shoot to kill or perhaps you have little ammo, like 1 bullet, to use. Otherwise you’re right, it’s pretty much something silly used for the rule of cool.


Question: Why can't we dispose of non recyclables in a volcano?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we dispose of non recyclables in a volcano?

They would burn up and the fumes would be released into the atmosphere. If we are going to burn the rubbish anwyay, we might as well save the expense of shipping it to the nearest volcano (which might be on a different continent) and the danger to the people doing the dumping, and just burn it in an incinerator. Burning it in an incinerator allows us to use the energy produced by the fire to power the electrical grid, and have filtration systems to remove the more harmful/toxic fumes produced.


Question: How do noise cancelling headphones work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do noise cancelling headphones work?

Do you know how sound is a wave of energy? Well imagine a flat horizontal line, representing a sound wave. When it’s flat, let’s say there’s no energy so we hear silence. Now imagine a sound, and we see the sound represented as big hill-shaped bump of energy appear on our wave. Now imagine the mirror opposite of that bump of energy- a big valley shaped bump of energy the same size as our hill. It’s the negative version, or phase. If you were to play that wave on a speaker, he positive one would tell the speaker diaphragm to move one way, and the negative one would tell it to move the other way. So If those two waves overlap, they cancel each other out, and we’re back to a flat line, silence. What Noise cancelling headphones do is listen for external noises. They have microphones on the outside, and when they hear a noise they immediately generate the opposite wave of the noise they’re hearing, and pipe it into what you’re listening to, which cancels out that noise. This works best or is more noticeable with droning noises that are steady and ongoing- like airplane cabin noise, or a fan or air conditioner.


Question: How can Jerryrigeverything Scatch the crap out of a fingerprint scanner on a phone and it still works flawlessly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can Jerryrigeverything Scatch the crap out of a fingerprint scanner on a phone and it still works flawlessly?

A similar technique is used in fingerprint scanners as in capacitive touch screens, but on a smaller scale, so the capacitance between the ridges of a fingerprint and the valleys of a fingerprint and the scanner surface is different, and a large array of tiny circuits measures the capacitances and converts this into a map of ridges and valleys which is essentially a fingerprint. The top surface is probably coated in a material designed to ensure the safety and longeivity of the scanner, so whilst scratching it off isn't going to ruin it immediately, its not advised.


Question: Why can't telecom companies be compelled to stop phone scammers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't telecom companies be compelled to stop phone scammers?

A lot of it has to do with the underlying technologies the phone system runs on. Several of the systems were designed where trust was implied because it couldn’t be abused. From there IP dialing hooked into the older phone network and people figure out how to abuse a system that was never designed to handle all the crazy kinds of abuse scammers try to wring out of the phone system these days. The fundamental backbone of the phone system would have to result from the ground up. It isn’t just a matter of passing laws. It’s like telling someone: “that hundred old bridge that was designed for cars isn’t handling bullet trains very well. Make the existing bridge better without disrupting car or train service.” - the solution ends up being replacing the entire bridge.


Question: What would happen to the U.S. economy if pennies were removed from currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen to the U.S. economy if pennies were removed from currency?

Not much. We'd be fine and prices would be rounded to the nearest nickel when it needs to be.


Question: Why is it when you see a propeller (like from a turbine airplane) starting up it seems to switch directions as it spins faster and faster ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when you see a propeller (like from a turbine airplane) starting up it seems to switch directions as it spins faster and faster ?

You typically don't see this with your eyes, but do with a video camera. It has to do with aliasing, which means you aren't taking pictures fast enough. If your camera is doing 30 fps, it takes one picture every 1/30th of a second. If the propeller is spinning at 30 rotations per second, it will appear to be still, because it will be in the same spot every time the camera takes a picture. If it's going a little bit less than 30 rotations per second, it will actually appear to move backwards because it rotated *almost* all the way around by the time the next picture is taken.


Question: If I’m high, and a cannibal eats me, will he get high too? Does it depend on the method i used to get high?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I’m high, and a cannibal eats me, will he get high too? Does it depend on the method i used to get high?

In most cases not, the substance would be to diluted in most cases. I'll use alcohol as an example. If you reach a alcohol level in your blood if 3/1000 your very drunk your blood now have the alcohol content of 0.3% not very much imagine how much you would need to consume to even get slightly bussed... I'm not that familiar with other substancees but the process would be much the same. The substance would be diluted across your body perhaps consuming your liver might do something


Question: Why is the meat of different animals so different in color? e.g. beef and chicken (or, taking it one step further, salmon)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the meat of different animals so different in color? e.g. beef and chicken (or, taking it one step further, salmon)

it's a mixture of factors. Redness is determined by a protein myoglobin; red meat animals like cows tend to have higher concentrations of myoglobin. These are animals that generally have a low of slow-twitch muscle because they utilize muscles for a long period of time but without any rapid bursts White meat animals like chicken have less myoglobin because they have fast-twitch muscles primarily. They tend to move and stand a lot less, and when they do, it's in quick bursts. Fat composition can also affect appearance of meat. You might have seen pictures of really expensive cuts of beef like wagyu or kobe, which are filled with white streaks everywhere, and might have a slightly more pink color. This is because they tend to have a higher fat content which is apparent in the meat. And diet, outside of providing fat and muscle sources, can be a big factor in the coloration of the meat. Wild salmon are pink because of their diet of shrimp and krill, which contributes Astaxanthin, a molecule which gives that pinkish color. In fact, farmed salmon, which may not be fed a shrimp/krill rich diet, generally have some variety of greyish-white color, and are colored pink to look more natural.


Question: Where do the telecommunication companies get their internet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do the telecommunication companies get their internet?

They *are* the internet. They link up to other telecom companies via expensive cables owned by one or both companies, so you can send messages from your computer, through your ISP, through the other ISP, to *their* subscribers' computers. That's it, that's literally what the entire internet is.


Question: Why has Africa remained poor despite it's abundant resources and huge manpower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why has Africa remained poor despite it's abundant resources and huge manpower?

This is an extremely complex issue, so my answers will only cover a small portion of it: 1. Infrastructure plays a huge role. Even if African countries have huge amounts of resources, they don't necessarily have the infrastructure in place to leverage those resources. Not having things like rail systems, deep water ports, and road systems limit the ability of African countries to produce products and trade them on the global market. A lack of infrastructure also limits what kind of production that can be done. 2. Imperialism (both historical and ongoing) has limited the amount of wealth that has been reinvested back to Africa. Usually increased economic activity helps build up states by creating revenue that can go to things like infrastructure, education, and other investments. Much of the wealth that's been created in Africa or by Africans has gone to enrich people and companies outside of Africa. 3. Local turmoil. From civil wars, to widespread disease, to cultural racism, there are lots of reasons why outside entities have been hesitant to invest in Africa. 4. Without getting too political, there is evidence to suggest that economic protectionism helps developing countries, but foreign money is only willing to do business in Africa if they adopt economic liberalism. Many loans given to African countries are given on the condition that the countries adopt free trade policies that may actually hurt them in the long term.


Question: Why do stars twinkle and planets not?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do stars twinkle and planets not?

It's because planets are much brighter than stars and the atmospheric distortion that causes stars to twinkle, is not noticeable on planets.


Question: Why do we never hear about heart cancer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we never hear about heart cancer?

They do occur but are very rare. Cancer occurs more often in cells that divide more often, the thing is unless damaged, the heart rarely undergoes cell division, hence lower chance for cancer [Neat picture]( URL_0 )


Question: How do the federal banks of a country determine whether to increase or decrease interest rates? Like whats the relationship between interest rates and a country's economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the federal banks of a country determine whether to increase or decrease interest rates? Like whats the relationship between interest rates and a country's economy?

Low interest rates make loans easier and stimulate investment. High interest rates make loans more difficult and discourage investment. Central banks use interest rates as a tool to try to increase economic growth or decrease it. Usually what they do is they watch the economy and they lower interest rates when unemployment is the most serious concern. When inflation is the largest concern, they will raise interest rates to try to keep prices in check. They try to make all changes slowly and they try to telegraph every move so that nobody is surprised or shocked.


Question: How do braces stick to your teeth without seriously damaging the enamel upon removal?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do braces stick to your teeth without seriously damaging the enamel upon removal?

Well, I had braces for five years and everyone who has heard the horror story that if you don’t take care of your teeth while you have them you’ll have permanent spots when they are removed. I was sufficiently frightened and brushed and flossed like crazy. Had by braces off, no issues, pretty teeth. (Smooooooth!) Thought it was just something orthodontists say until I had an appt to fit my permanent retainer on a bottom and another girl was getting her braces off. Not a story. I’m sure some hardcore cleaning and whitening could have fixed it, but her teeth looked horrible with the white spots where the brackets were. She cried. I cried.


Question: Why do people immediately gag/throw up when they touch their uvula with their finger, yet not as much when the uvula touches the back of your tongue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people immediately gag/throw up when they touch their uvula with their finger, yet not as much when the uvula touches the back of your tongue?

The purpose of the gag reflex is to stop you choking on foreign objects in your mouth. Obviously your tongue is not a foreign object so it would be a pretty crappy mechanism if it was unable to distinguish between your own tongue and a foreign object.


Question: what makes a star a star, a planet a planet, a moon a moon, a meteorite a meteorite, and an asteroid an astroid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what makes a star a star, a planet a planet, a moon a moon, a meteorite a meteorite, and an asteroid an astroid?

A Star is pretty big, and able to generate energy through nuclear fusion in it's core (or did before it died) A planet orbits a star and is in hydrostatic balance (wich means it's so big that it must be spherical) and also cleared it's orbit of other objects. A moon orbits a planet An Asteroid is a piece of stone in space that doesn't orbit a planet. A Meteorite is an asteroid falling into a planet.


Question: why is tasering sometimes unsuccessful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is tasering sometimes unsuccessful?

Tasers do not operate based on pain (although it is quite painful). They pass electricity through the flesh which activates nerves, contracting muscles and not allowing them to be relaxed. The result is the subject is unable to move. In order to achieve this they must place two barbed probes within the target an appropriate distance apart, along with being connected to the taser unit by thin wires. Any number of things can go wrong with this: The probes might be too close together, or too far apart, or one or both could simply not properly break the skin and become implanted. The wires to either of the probes could break or become detached. Any of those instances means the taser simply won't work at all which is why they are backed up by lethal force in the form of a reliable, multi-shot firearm.


Question: How do house numbers work (in the US)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do house numbers work (in the US)?

I know that when I worked for telco, we relied on the electric company. It seemed like once they got their own power meter, it was official. Probably other steps before that though. But worst case scenario, someone at your power company may be able to give you further guidance. Hopefully it is a start!


Question: Do insects or other animals experience stomach drop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do insects or other animals experience stomach drop?

The phenomenon is zero gee. They don't like it, particularly bees. We know this, of course, because NASA did [an experiment]( URL_0 ) and the bees had a hard time flying without gravity to align them.


Question: why is standing healthy and laying down not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is standing healthy and laying down not?

Your muscles are active when you stand. Your heart is pumping blood a little harder to your legs, hips and back to keep you upright. They're fighting gravity! This helps your cardiovascular health, along with strengthening your muscles, which are at risk of atrophy if they're rarely used.


Question: how is your skin attached to your face? Actually got my 5 year old daughter.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is your skin attached to your face? Actually got my 5 year old daughter.

I like how inquisitive your daughter is. Well, the skin is made of a bunch of cells in a bunch of different layers. At the bottom layer, there is a cleverly named “basement membrane” that is like a sticky protein jello. It literally sticks to your skin cells with a bunch of different proteins that form junctions with proteins expressed on your skin cells. There are a bunch of different types of attachments. Some are like velcro, others are like stitching. On the other end of the basement membrane, it is connected to the rest of your face. Basically, the basement membrane (and a bunch of other connective tissues) does the “tom holland spiderman holding the two halves of the boat together” with your face.


Question: Why is in English a thousand millions considered a billion, but in other languages a billion is a million millions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is in English a thousand millions considered a billion, but in other languages a billion is a million millions?

There's a pretty good video by Numberphile [here]( URL_0 ). The short version is that there are two naming schemes, the *short system* and the *long system*. The short system uses powers of 1,000 for the naming conventions--1,000^0 is one, 1,000^2 is a million, 1,000^3 is a billion, 1,000^4 is a trillion, and so one. This is a bit funny, because even though the bi in billion indicates two, the actual value is represented by cubing the base. There really is no logic here, it's just semantics. The long system is based on a million. In this case, 1,000,000^0 is one, 1,000,000^2 is a billion (a *bi*-million), and 1,000,000^3 is a trillion. In this manner, a billion in the long system is actually equivalent to a trillion in our system. The astute observer will notice this means *all numbers after a million are controversial* as only a million is equivalent in both systems. In the long system, our *billion* (1,000,000,000) is actually called a milliard where milli = 1,000 (and so a thousand millions equals *1,000*,000,000). There's also a billiard, a trilliard, etc. AFAIK, the UK is adopting the short system but was previously on the long system.


Question: How do password managers complete website forms in a manner that other browser apps can't capture the input?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do password managers complete website forms in a manner that other browser apps can't capture the input?

They don't. When you or your password manager type in a password, any application that has access to your browser can see it. Any plugin you use has the potential to steal any password you enter. In practice, such an attack would be pretty obvious, anti-malware programs sniff them out pretty quickly. But in terms of managing your own security, passwords only really protect people from accessing your stuff from somewhere else.


Question: Why does it sometimes seem like everything is kind of yellow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it sometimes seem like everything is kind of yellow?

Are you talking about the “golden hour”? Usually late afternoon (but also early am right after sunrise)? It’s because the sun is very low on the horizon so there’s more atmosphere for light to pass through which makes it disperse more light. Blue end of the spectrum disperses the most so you get both the indirect light “veil” and the golden hue because more of the red spectrum is visible.


Question: What’s the difference between white smoke and black smoke?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between white smoke and black smoke?

White smoke can often mean material is off-gassing moisture and water vapor, meaning the fire is just starting to consume material. White smoke can also indicate light and flashy fuels such as grass or twigs. Thick, black smoke indicates heavy fuels that are not being fully consumed.


Question: In a recession, where does all the 'lost' money go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In a recession, where does all the 'lost' money go?

Most of it doesn’t go anywhere. A lot of money ”lost” in a recession is in stocks, bonds and the like, whose value is determined mainly by the markets belief in those things. When a recession hits, the market loses faith in the future value of stocks, and so their worth decreases, leading to money being “lost”. In reality, it’s just a bunch of imaginary numbers shifting.


Question: -How do plants move to face the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 -How do plants move to face the sun?

Plants produce a hormone called auxin. It is produced in the top of the stem and moves downwards. Auxin has the ability to promote elongation of cells (stretching). The area that sunlight hits on a plant blocks the flow of auxin, causing an imbalance that results in one side having elongating cells whilst the others remain the same. As one side elongates, it causes the stem to bend, pointing towards the light. [This image gives a great visual depiction.]( URL_0 :) IAA is the auxin


Question: What shapes our handwriting and can it be changed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What shapes our handwriting and can it be changed?

I can’t answer anything but the last question. Yes it can be changed. I went from writing in all cursive to block style capital letters in jr high (because I liked how that looked) and it only took me about a week of writing to switch, so at least in my case it’s possible and while actively trying was a pretty quick process.


Question: How does a food processor work differently than a blender?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a food processor work differently than a blender?

A food processor tends to have a much wider, flatter work bowl, which means that it is much better at getting larger amounts of food - particularly solid food - to a smaller-but-not-puree consistency. A blender, with its tall, narrow shape, would struggle to get an even consistency with non-liquid foods unless you take it all the way to slush. Could you get by with juse one? Sure, but having the right tool makes the job easier and the results better. Blenders are the right choice for some applications - particularly liquid ones - and food processors are the right choice for solid foods.


Question: Why does minimizing some games increase GPU usage to 100%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does minimizing some games increase GPU usage to 100%?

[V-sync]( URL_0 ) - when playing, and this setting is on, the game's frames per second are maxed out at 60, which is the maximum that the screen can display. When minimized, certain games continue to render the screen animations, but no longer limited at 60 FPS - they go to the max that the video card can handle.


Question: Why does coffee creamer sometimes create a film over coffee?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does coffee creamer sometimes create a film over coffee?

Coffee with creamer is not a solution (in which case all the parts of the fluid are mixed evenly and are very hard to separate, like with salt water or soda) but rather a suspension (in which the parts are not perfectly mixed, and can be physically separated out more easily, like straining the fat out of milk). Powdered creamer is fairly light, so when it randomly happens to hit the upper surface it tends to stay there, which means that a film quickly develops on the top of your cup. Also, it has a rough texture which tends to create tiny little pockets that can hold air bubbles, which both make those particular particles lighter and less soluble.


Question: Why do we feel like we look worse in photos than in the mirror?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel like we look worse in photos than in the mirror?

These other answers are questionable, but It’s because a mirror is a 1:1 reflection, and a photograph is not that, it’s an image focused through any number of different types of lenses. The selfie cam on your phone for instance can sometimes give a “funhouse mirror” effect and distort your features, making you nose look up to 30% wider than normal for instance.


Question: Why is it that when it is really cold outside, you can see steam coming from a vehicle's exhaust for several minutes, but then it becomes much less visible after the vehicle "warms up"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when it is really cold outside, you can see steam coming from a vehicle's exhaust for several minutes, but then it becomes much less visible after the vehicle "warms up"?

One of the main components of exhaust is water. As the exhaust cools the water vapor becomes visible. For the first bit of driving the exhaust system is cold and this point happens inside the exhaust. After the vehicle warms up this point happens outside of the car and the effect is minimized. In addition water usually accumulates in the exhaust and it takes a while to "dry out" the muffler and tailpipe.


Question: Why does every major grocery chain have their brand next to the national brands? Are the factories making these the same but putting a different label on it? Or does Target and Kroger have factories that produce all the products? Where do these store brands come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does every major grocery chain have their brand next to the national brands? Are the factories making these the same but putting a different label on it? Or does Target and Kroger have factories that produce all the products? Where do these store brands come from?

Oftentimes yes. A national chain might contract an established manufacturer to produce their "house" brand product at a lower cost in exchange for a large order volume. This chain can then sell that product at their stores for a lower cost and the manufacturer benefits from selling product to the chain. Many manufacturers are in this kind of business, and the chain's house brand might be functionally identical to that manufacturer's own brand, just with a lower cost and different packaging. The downside to this (sometimes) is that the manufacturer is producing products that directly compete with their own brands at a lower price point. This can negatively impact the manufacturer as their profit margins decrease and they become increasingly dependent on those high volume/low profit orders to keep their lights on. Source: Worked for a large [redacted] company whose products you definitely have in your home/work that also produces a lot of house brands for national chains.