Question: how do long surgeries work? do they do shifts with another surgeon? like is there someone always on stand by if the one working on the person is tired or need to use the bathroom?

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 how do long surgeries work? do they do shifts with another surgeon? like is there someone always on stand by if the one working on the person is tired or need to use the bathroom?

I've anaesthetised patients for a few very long operations. Some have been well over 12 hours. I think the longest was 19 hours but it was a long time ago so I wouldn't swear to it. I do remember a couple where my shift ended and the surgery was still ongoing when I came back 12 hours later. I'm not sure it's the best way to do it but in the very long surgeries I've seen, the surgeon just gets on with it. There are ways to take a break - one of the cardiac surgeons I worked with called it 'a haemostatic pause' by which he meant giving everything a chance to stop bleeding before carrying on. During the pauses - sightly odd for a surgeon doing bypass surgery - he would go out onto the roof of the part of the building he worked in and smoke. The toughest ones to deal with are very long surgeries for which there isn't anyone else who can step in. In those cases they would get on with it but, at suitable times, take a short break now and again to answer the call of nature, have something to eat or drink, think for a moment about what to do next... Surgery is hard and demanding but there are times when you can stop to get yourself together. It's not like driving where you can't take your eyes off things for even a moment, though. There are periods of stability during which other people can watch over things for you. That would, in cases like these, have been the anaesthetist. As long as someone is watching the patient and making sure that they are physiologically ok, the surgeon can cover the wound - patients lose huge amounts of water as it evaporates from the warm wet surfaces exposed by the surgery so they cover wounds with sterile materials. They quite often use IV fluid bags to do this. The bags come double wrapped so they can be handed to the surgeon in such a way that they remain sterile. (S)he can cut them into flat sheets and lay them over the wound - and then take a break. 19 hours is a long time. It's a very long time if you are doing cardiac surgery or microvascular surgery or whatever. I'm not sure quite how they managed to retain that degree of focus for that long but there have been times when I've had to focus pretty tightly on things for extended periods. We used to do 24 hour shifts of dealing with whatever found it's way onto the emergency surgery list. This could mean bouncing between little things like draining an abscess and more serious things like someone having been shot or stabbed. It's hard to explain how it feels. It's not so bad if you are actually doing things. The really intense adrenaline fuelled feeling of having been so thoroughly trained and knowing that you know what to do... It's kind of nice actually. The really horrible shifts are when not much is happening but enough to stop you getting sleep. I've never been a surgeon but I would guess it's similar.


Question: If I bought a stock at $.50/share and it's now $50/share, what percent did it increase?

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 If I bought a stock at $.50/share and it's now $50/share, what percent did it increase?

You bought it at 0,50, and it's at 50, which means it has increased by 49,5. Much like if it had doubled you would say it's a 100% increase (increase by 100% of original value, which is 0,5), the new value is the old value increased by 9900%. So, it's 10000% of the original value, or a 9900% increase. Just like 1 is 200% of 0,5 but only a 100% increase. That's the conclusion I came to after thinking about it for a while anyways, I must admit that my first thought was "it's obviously 10000%", but then I stopped to think about it. --- **TL;DR:** 9900% increase, 10000% of original value.


Question: what are the fundamental differences between beer, ale and other beers, as well as other alcohol-related terms (malt, rocks etc.)?

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 what are the fundamental differences between beer, ale and other beers, as well as other alcohol-related terms (malt, rocks etc.)?

There's a hell of a lot of terminologies involved with spirits (liquor), wine, beer, and bartending, and to attempt to describe all of them in one ELI5 would likely end in folly, but hey--I'm a fool. Alcohol can generally be broken down into three basic categories; Beer, wine, and liquor. Beer is produced through the fermentation of wheat or barley (generally), wine is produced through fermentation of grapes (generally), and liquor is produced through distillation (which is a secondary process after fermentation). Of the three, beer has the least alcohol, wine is in the middle, and liquor has the most alcohol. Percentage of alcohol is called "proof" ("proof" is basically 2x the percentage of alcohol, so "80 proof" is 40% alcohol). Beer falls under four categories; Ales, Lagers, Stouts & Porters, or Malts. Lagers are the most popular beer in the world (as far as I'm aware), and most of the famous brands fall under this category. Their flavor is **highly** varied, so if you don't like one, you can almost always find another one that you do like. Lagers are typically yellowish to yellowish brown, and typically taste fairly bitter with some sweetness. Ales are darker than lagers (and the second most popular type of beer) and typically have a much stronger or bolder flavor. Malts are generally very dark and very sweet, but not terribly popular. Stouts and Porters, while slightly different, are handled under the same category because they're very full-bodied beers, and you'll often find that they feel more like a meal; they're thick, very flavorful, very dark brown/black, and they're very rich. There are a huge variety of styles that each of these beer types can fall under, so I won't go into that. If you have any questions regarding a specific style of beer (IPA, Pale Ale, Pilsner, etc, etc) feel free to ask. Spirits (liquor) falls under two categories; hard liquor and liquor. Hard liquor has the highest alcohol content (it has been distilled the most), and regular liquor has the second highest alcohol content. Many do not distinguish between the two. There are several kinds of liquor; whisky (also called whiskey or scotch), rum, brandy, vodka, and tequila being the most common. The only terms you really need to know here are "single malt", "blended", "mash", and "proof". We already covered proof. "Mash" describes what the liquor is made of (grain, fruit, or vegetable derived). "Single malt" or "single barrel" means that all the liquor in the bottle comes from a pure barrel at the distillery. "Blended" means that the distillery has taken two or more barrels at combined them before bottling; this is very common and does not necessarily mean it is bad. The distillery may have added one pure barrel to another pure barrel of the same type, but legally they still have to call it "blended". Wine is out of my wheelhouse, so I'll leave that to someone else. Finally, we have bartending terminologies. When you order a drink, you must order it by name. There are thousands if not tens of thousands of drinks out there, so you must be specific when ordering. The most common orders are; Neat, straight, up, on the rocks, fingers, with a twist, virgin, dirty, dry, shot, and chaser. Neat, straight, and up all mean the same thing; you just want the liquor, on it's own, in a glass, with nothing else. On the rocks means you want the bartender to put ice in the glass, and then pour the liquor onto the ice. Fingers (usually 1, 2, or 3) are a rough estimate (the width of your finger) of how much liquor you want in your glass. This is an older term that isn't used as much these days. "With a twist" means you want the peel of a citrus fruit (lemon or lime, really) in your drink. This can alter the flavor of some more subtle drinks like gin or vodka. "Virgin" refers to a drink with no alcohol in it; a virgin daiquiri is basically a fruit smoothie as an example. "Dirty" and "Dry" typically refer to martinis. Dirty means you want olive juice or brine in the drink (makes it salty and acidic), and dry means you want a less sugary vermouth in your drink. (My martini order is a Gin martini, dry, stirred straight up.) Martini ordering is **detailed** to say the least. A shot is the standard measurement of alcohol in your country. In the USA, it's 17.7ml, whereas in Australia it's 12.7ml, and in Japan it's 25ml. This varies from country to country. When you order a shot, it comes in a shot glass. You can ask for your drink; let's say a rum and Coke, with any amount of shots you prefer. A double or triple are common; "I'd like a double/triple rum and coke" for example. If you do not specify the amount, you will always get a single shot. Finally, a chaser or back is a second drink, on the side, that you use to either prepare your mouth/throat for your liquor, or to follow your liquor. For example, you might have a shot of Fireball whisky and then chase it with a beer to get rid of the burning sensation of the whisky, or you might take a sip of beer as a back and then drink your whisky to minimize the burning sensation. After all of that has been said, if you have any specific questions about specific kinds of drinks (as I said, there are thousands), or any follow up questions, feel free to ask away. Remember, when you go to your bar to order a drink, keep it simple. "A *drink name*, please." You don't have to complicate things, and you don't have to know every single term there is to know. If you order a type of liquor without specifying brand, you will get the house standard (generally somewhere between the lowest price and the highest price on offer). "Whisky, please." will get you the preferred whisky brand of the bar, in a shot glass.


Question: making a circle with straight lines?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 making a circle with straight lines?

The resulting shape would not be a circle. It would be a polygon with a number of sides equal to the circumference of the earth divided by the length of the stick. Even with billions of sticks, you'd still have a polygon -- not a circle. A circle is made of an infinite number of *points*, not lines.


Question: How do scentless air freshening sprays (like Ozium) work?

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 How do scentless air freshening sprays (like Ozium) work?

You smell things because little particles move past/touch olfactory cells which send signals to the brain. In order to get pulled into your nose, these particles must be free floating in the air. When you spray a scentless air freshener like ozium, it envelops the particles in a material that doesn’t activate olfactory cells. The smelly things in the air are coated, so they can’t contact your olfactory cells.


Question: Why do news anchors always stack thier paper script then write on it while talking to the co-anchor in a zoomed out shot at the end of the news?

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 Why do news anchors always stack thier paper script then write on it while talking to the co-anchor in a zoomed out shot at the end of the news?

Because it makes them look natural in a way just staring blankly and silently into the camera does not.


Question: Why does temperature affect flavour so much?

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 Why does temperature affect flavour so much?

Most of what we perceive as taste is actually smell; a lot of flavour compounds are volatile (turn into gases easily) and go up the back of our mouth into our nose and we smell them. Heat makes volatile things turn into gases much more easily, so heat tends to bring out flavors. Alcohol is really volatile, that's why it mellows out when it's cold. Things that are too hot, like fresh soup, still taste strong but the heat/pain response is stronger than our taste/smell response.


Question: Similar to a recent question posted here, but not really. How does "consciousness" work? In other words, how am I me and not one of the other 7+ billion people?

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 Similar to a recent question posted here, but not really. How does "consciousness" work? In other words, how am I me and not one of the other 7+ billion people?

That's kind of a philosophical question. Scientifically, your consciousness is all just electrical impulses and brain chemicals. Philosophically, does that make you conscious and self aware or just an incredibly elaborate machine? There's no real "correct" answer. As for how you differ from everyone else as far as your consciousness goes, your genetics, experiences, and present biochemical/electrical state is unique versus everyone else which distinguishes your 'consciousness' from everyone else.


Question: why can’t recovering addicts have alcohol if that isn’t what they’re addicted to?

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 why can’t recovering addicts have alcohol if that isn’t what they’re addicted to?

People with addictive tendencies will easily swap out one addiction for another. The parts of the brain that participate in the addiction feedback loop are mostly the same for a wide variety of substances, and we already know his is wired for addiction. He wasn't addicted to alcohol specifically, but as a former drug addict he's at extremely high risk of developing an alcohol dependence. Rather than play with fire, he's smartly opting to avoid it.


Question: Why is it that a word will start to sound weird or almost unrecognizable after repeating it in your head for too long?

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 Why is it that a word will start to sound weird or almost unrecognizable after repeating it in your head for too long?

It's a phenomenon called *semantic satiation*, but the *why* is some brain stuff that I don't understand. I'd just be pasting what wikipedia says.


Question: Why does some flowers last much longer than others?

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 Why does some flowers last much longer than others?

So this depends on a lot of things. Not every single variety of chrysanthemum will even last the same amount of time. Agriculture is just selecting the next generation of plants based on a series of desired traits. Many plants have lots of varieties of the same species that were grown by farmers. So like there are thousands of types of apple. There are many different varieties of corn. And there are many different varieties of roses. Some of those varieties were selected for having the best smell. Some are the brightest color. Some of them were selected for lasting the longest after they have been cut. It's not always possible to select for every single desirable trade at once. It's possibly you have to choose between planting seeds of flowers that had the best color versus planting the seeds that had the best smell. Depending on the market, and what they think they can sell, those desired traits will change. So the reason that some flowers last longer than other ones, at least in terms of commercial agriculture, is that we designed them that way.


Question: How did people thousands of years ago deal with food poisoning?

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 How did people thousands of years ago deal with food poisoning?

They often didn't. Foodborne illness was and is a major cause of death in areas without modern sanitation. But it wasn't as bad as you'd think for a few reasons. You weren't eating the beef of a cow slaughtered halfway around the world after being raised in a dirty industrial farm, you were eating the beef of a cow slaughtered that day, in your town, after living in an open field. Moreover, you were eating food that hadn't been in contact with much other food, reducing the risk of cross-contamination. And, of course, you cooked your food thoroughly. Also keep in mind that those regulations are trying to push the risk down to near zero. But while the difference between 0.001% of the population getting food poisoning and 1% getting it is very large in relative terms (a factor of 1000x!), 1% is still a small number in absolute terms. So ancient peoples just sort of accepted it as a thing that happens sometimes in a way we don't in the modern world, in the same way that they accepted that plagues just happened sometimes and we don't (the death rate from COVID, for example, is roughly equal to the *normal* death rate from infectious disease only a few generations ago, and much *lower* than the rate a generation before that).


Question: Why is the American tax code so complicated?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is the American tax code so complicated?

There are three separate issues: 1. If you work a normal job as a full-time employee and don't own a home, taxes are not complicated - you just need the 1040EZ which is just one page (double-sided) and takes less than an hour to fill out. Most tax places will also do it for you for free. People are literally afraid of doing it or just like to get help rather than understand it. 2. The IRS could just do your taxes for you, like in many countries, but companies like Intuit have successfully lobbied to keep taxes complicated so they can sell more tax software. 3. For people who own businesses, taxes really are complicated - but that's often because the government uses the tax code as a way to incentivize businesses to do certain things. For example, businesses have an incentive to invest more rather than sit on profits. I'm not saying this is good or bad, just that it's intentional.


Question: If fire burns because of oxygen, how come candles don't lit up when we blow on them, but instead they go out?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 If fire burns because of oxygen, how come candles don't lit up when we blow on them, but instead they go out?

They do if you blow lightly, but if you blow too hard you will cool them below their combustion temperature and without added energy, it will go out


Question: What does it mean when economists speak of "stagnant wages relative to inflation"?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What does it mean when economists speak of "stagnant wages relative to inflation"?

Say inflation is 2% a year and you made $100 this year. Then you make $102 next year, a 2% raise. Well because of inflation despite your raise, your income isn't any higher. If it was under 2% you would have more money, but less wealth. In addition say your company grew in value by 5%, you wouldn't be seeing any of that extra 3% growth on top of inflation. Over the last few decades wages have barely kept up with inflation (stagnated) while our economy has grown enormously. That new wealth that was created didn't trickle down to people, although we do have more goods and services and a higher quality of living. Just more debt and less wealth/savings.


Question: Why do those old-timey wagons have large wheels in the back and smaller ones in the front?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do those old-timey wagons have large wheels in the back and smaller ones in the front?

Large wheels are easier for obstacles, but this also means they describe a larger arc if they are turned to steer. This won't work because there is a wagon body in the way, so they need to use smaller wheels in the front.


Question: how is internet speed different than internet bandwidth?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is internet speed different than internet bandwidth?

I'm currently learning this sort of stuff for my new job. From what I understand so far, its easiest to look at it as a roadway. Bandwidth would be like a highway, the more bandwidth you have(the wider your highway), the more data (cars) you can fit on it at once. Speed would be how long it takes for your data to get from the server/source to you. Please, anyone correct me if I'm wrong!


Question: Does the electronic devices consume notable amount of electricity while on standby?

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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the electronic devices consume notable amount of electricity while on standby?

Yeah standby mode uses some power. It's vanishingly small compared to active mode though. I'd be surprised if it amounted to more than 3-5$ per year for all your devices combined.


Question: Why did the 2008 financial crisis happen? If the problem started in the US why other economies were so heavily affected why some weren't affected as much? What makes such crisis so unpredictable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did the 2008 financial crisis happen? If the problem started in the US why other economies were so heavily affected why some weren't affected as much? What makes such crisis so unpredictable?

A lot of people who were supposed to assess the riskiness of a lot of investments weren’t giving accurate risk assessments. Some of the risk-assessors didn’t fully understand how complicated their task actually was. Some of those risk-assessment groups lied about the risk associated with the loans — some borrowers were unlikely to be worthy of the credit extended to them. Those loans were them bundled and sold to other groups for collection of payment (along with loans that were okay and would be repaid). The volume of loans that had no chance of being successful- because the borrowers weren’t properly vetted— was so large that the whole group collapsed. This happened because of insufficient oversight and intentional confusion/obfuscation of the loans being granted.


Question: We know the universe is getting bigger in size, but how is this new/extra space being created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 We know the universe is getting bigger in size, but how is this new/extra space being created?

We actually don't know that it's getting bigger in size. We don't know it's size, or if it's infinite. If it's infinite then it can't technically get bigger. What we know is that the empty space inbetween matter is expanding.


Question: If you have an old 3G/4G capable SIM card, why do you need a new one to access 5G?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you have an old 3G/4G capable SIM card, why do you need a new one to access 5G?

You don't need a new SIM card for 5G. You need a new phone. The phone that you currently have, unless it was built with 5G specifications, does not have the capability to broadcast or receive 5G signals. SIM card doesn't matter. Your phone needs to have compatible hardware.


Question: Why does rushing water turn white?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does rushing water turn white?

Air bubbles in the water cause incoming light to be reflected in a diffuse pattern from many surfaces within the column of water. All of those reflections bouncing around even out to a general white appearance. When the surface of water is smooth, it's like a mirror, but once you make a ton of tiny bubbles, it's just reflecting disorganized light instead of specific images.


Question: Why do we get motion sickness when riding in the backseat of a car, but not in the front seats?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we get motion sickness when riding in the backseat of a car, but not in the front seats?

Motion sickness is caused by a discrepancy between what your eyes is telling you about movement and what your inner ear is saying. In the front seat of the car you can see out the front window and can more easily match up the movement with what your sense of balance is telling you, whereas in the back seat your vision is blocked by seat backs, other people etc. so it makes it harder to do that.


Question: How come a flying bug inside a moving car don't end up smashed against the back window?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come a flying bug inside a moving car don't end up smashed against the back window?

For something so small, air resistance matters a lot compared to inertia/weight. So the car moves forwards and you'd expect the bug to stay still (and get hit by the back window) but the air is moving the same speed as the car, so the big moves along with it all. With the windows open, air moves compared to the car but does not "smash" into the back window. Some does, but it piles up. Now there's high pressure area that prevents other air from hitting the window. After all, the overall flow of the air is across and around and past the window... it isn't traveling through the glass. You might expect it to hit and then go around, but in practice the flow is smooth makes a gradual turn/change as it approaches the glass.


Question: How were recordings taken during WWII?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were recordings taken during WWII?

Militaries have members who's duty it is to record and photograph combat and other activities. They are collectively referred to as "Combat Camera." A lot of the footage you see in documentaries is also staged footage of exercises and demonstrations for propaganda and training films.


Question: How does a thumbprint sensor on a mobile device work, and why does it have to be recalibrated every once in a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a thumbprint sensor on a mobile device work, and why does it have to be recalibrated every once in a while?

Most fingerprint scanner are made of capacitive touch sensors, just like the ones on most touch screens. The simple explanation is that it's a bunch of capacitors, which are devices that can store small amounts of electrical charge. The capacitors are tiny, smaller than the ridge of a fingerprint. When you touch a capacitor, at least one this small, it changes how well the capacitor can hold a charge. Since a ridge on your finger makes direct contact it changes how much charge the capacitor can hold more than a valley on your fingerprint, which has a layer of air between it and your skin. The sensor then basically measures the difference in voltages across all of the sensors, and can tell which capacitors are in contact with your skin (ridges) and which have the layer of air between them (the valleys). It can use this to then construct a kind of image of what your fingerprint looks like. What it does with that image probably depends on the phone. Usually they look for significant features like where ridges and valleys intersect and tries to find matches for those, as opposed to making sure every ridge and every valley lines up with what it has stored since that would be computationally more work and also more prone to problems. Why do you have to recalibrate it? Well that depends on a lot of things. I've never had to recalibrate mine, but it could just be the equipment stops working properly, maybe the sensor is dirty, but you shouldn't have to redo it normally if everything works as intended.


Question: In appliances that use electricity, how does the current going in equal the current going out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In appliances that use electricity, how does the current going in equal the current going out?

Imagine a water wheel. The same amount of water flows in and out; it just does work on the way through. Same idea here. The same number of electrons flow in and out; they just do work. That's why the voltage, or potential, changes.


Question: What exactly would happen if someone were to jump into a cooling tower at a nuclear power plant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly would happen if someone were to jump into a cooling tower at a nuclear power plant?

The tower is a tall hollow space full of non-radioactive steam. They would plummet a great distance and hit the bottom, dying from the impact. Due to the curved shape they might bounce off a wall on the way down.


Question: What is insider trading and why is it bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is insider trading and why is it bad?

Insider trading is when you trade publically listed stock, except you have information that the public doesn't have. So say you know that company XYZ is going to show really bad financial loses, but that information hasn't been released yet (maybe you have a friend in the company who told you). Then you sell XYZ stock, thus avoiding the loss that is going to occur when the information goes public. It's illegal because it's considered a form of cheating. The deal you make as a company is, you can list the stock on the public exchanges, which gets you a ton of access to investors. But you then have to play by a certain set of rules, such as publishing information regularly, and avoiding insider trading. You can always just choose not to list the company publically.


Question: Please explain me what is the meaning of "Chunking the concepts in Math" ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Please explain me what is the meaning of "Chunking the concepts in Math" ?

Putting larger concepts into literal chunks. For a basic example, take average. You got two concepts- addition and division. So instead of "find the average" , add each item in the list is part 1. Divide by number of items in the list is part 2, at the most elementary level


Question: If I work a lot of overtime, do I still get more money even though I'm taxed more?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I work a lot of overtime, do I still get more money even though I'm taxed more?

Yes (to your title question of "do I still get more money even though I'm taxed more?"). Lets compare you (working more) to your coworker (working less): - You and your coworker *both* get taxed at lets just say 15% on the first $50,000 you earn - you both pay $7500 in taxes so you bring home $42,500. - You work overtime throughout the year and earn an *additional* $10,000, now because your total income went over $50k, you go up to the next tax bracket - **however, this bracket only affects money earned beyond that $50k**. So you pay 20% on the extra $10,000 earned - or $2,000 meaning you bring home an additional $8,000. In the above scenario, the extra $10k you earned caused your *tax bracket* to go up, **however, it does not affect what you would've paid in taxes if you didn't work any overtime**. So your total take-home pay is the $42,500 you would've normally had, **plus** an additional $8,000 you earned in overtime (for the above scenario), for $50,500 total vs the $42,500 your coworker brought home. So yes, your tax bracket went up but brackets **only affect the money you earn after reaching each bracket**.


Question: Why is honey dangerous to toddlers and infants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is honey dangerous to toddlers and infants?

Honey often contains botulism spores, growth of botulism is suppressed when there is low water activity (such as in honey), and it's suppressed when the pH is low. It needs to get 125'C to kill the spores. Botulism produces one of the most toxic poisons known to man when it grows. The temperature to kill botulism is too high for honey (it would ruin it). For adults this is a non-issue because it doesn't grow in honey, and when you eat it your stomach acid prevents it from growing. Babies don't have a low enough pH in their stomach (not enough stomach acid basically), so botulism can grow in a babies stomach after it mixes with water in their stomach which could be deadly.


Question: How come when you wake up your bed feels entirely more comfortable than when you initially try to go to sleep (or even throughout the night while you're sleeping)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you wake up your bed feels entirely more comfortable than when you initially try to go to sleep (or even throughout the night while you're sleeping)?

As you sleep neurotransmitter levels change. As sleep approaches and starts melotonin is released to induce sleep and cause drowsiness. As morning approaches levels of serotonin increase. This causes feelings of well being and increases pleasure associated with tactile sensation. (Bed feels better)


Question: What exactly causes the "stitch" in your side when you run or workout?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly causes the "stitch" in your side when you run or workout?

It’s a muscle cramp in the muscles that help expand your ribcage to make room for air-filled lungs.


Question: Why do humans have irrational fears, if we our brain realizes they are irrational?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans have irrational fears, if we our brain realizes they are irrational?

The brain has many parts that evolved over time and those areas do different things. Emotion is automatic and contained within the part of the brain that's most like animals. It's designed to work quickly and keep us out of danger. Sometimes, especially in our modern world, it over reacts. The part of your brain that is rational works slower and can't directly control emotion but you can control how you react to and process that emotion.


Question: Why do falls break human bones so easily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do falls break human bones so easily?

Because the landing portion of a fall produces massive amount of force... First we are accelerating at 9.81m/s^2 right? So after 1 second you are moving at 9.81 m/s and after the second second you will be travelling at around 19.6 m/s Now if you weight 70kg then your momentum after 2 seconds will be 1372 Ns... Now let's say you hit concrete (nice and hard) and stop in 0.1 seconds that will produce a force of 13720 Newton's, most bones break with around 4000 Newton's.... To put this into perspective, the average femur could support the weight of multiple pickup trucks on top of it without breaking. Anyways, since the landing portion of falling happens so quickly it acts as a force multiplier, the longer you draw out the landing the lower the force will be... However, the more time you spend in the air, the higher the momentum. With only 1 second in air you only have ~700Ns of momentum and as such if you increase your landing time (say by langing on your feet and being your knees) to around 0.2 seconds (one fifth of a second) then you will only receive ~3500 N of force which might not break any bones. However if you again had a really short landing time of 0.1 seconds then you would receive nearly 7000N of force. This is ignoring things like air resistance and such because the calculations are just so much easier that way. By the way, to fall for 1 second you would need to he about 10m up, to fall for 2 seconds you need to be something like 30-40 meters up.


Question: How does supernova have shockwave that can travel through space and trigger star formation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does supernova have shockwave that can travel through space and trigger star formation?

That shockwave is radiation and matter(particles) that are accelerated outwards at closed to the speed of light and doesn't require any medium to travel.


Question: how does hand soap go from liquid to foam?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does hand soap go from liquid to foam?

A special valve in the pump assembly injects air into the stream of soap as it exits the nozzle of the pump.


Question: Why does turning on Wifi on your phone improve location accuracy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does turning on Wifi on your phone improve location accuracy?

It takes time to put together your location using GPS. Your phone can reference a database of locations and MAC addresses of WiFi networks much more quickly.


Question: - How did the poeple who came up with the flavors we associate with "watermelon", "grape", "cherry", etc. come up with them? They sure don't taste like the fruits themselves.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How did the poeple who came up with the flavors we associate with "watermelon", "grape", "cherry", etc. come up with them? They sure don't taste like the fruits themselves.

They are chemical analogues of the chemicals that produce the "natural" flavour in the original fruit. Flavours however are very complex in natural fruits, so it's very difficult/expensive to create a precise analogue - and as a result most flavours are relatively inaccurate, since they are "simpler".


Question: Why is there no E-sharp key on the piano?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there no E-sharp key on the piano?

There is. It is called "F". There are twelve notes, each one "half-step" above the previous: C, C#, D, Eb, E, F, F#, G, G#, A, Bb, B


Question: What's a real-life application of n to the zeroth power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's a real-life application of n to the zeroth power?

Let's say you're a game developer, and you wanted to give out codes for people to get into the beta of your game. You decide to do this by giving access to one person to start, and then every Friday everyone in the program can invite 4 friends. So on the initial day, you only have 1 person playing. But after the 1st friday, 4 people get invites, and you have 5 people in the program. Then the 2nd Friday these 5 each invite 4 more, bringing 20 new and 5 old, or 25 people. Then the 3rd Friday each of the 25 invites 4 more! 100 new people, for 125 people total. The number of people playing is 5^n, where n is the number of Fridays have passed. 0 Fridays = 5^0 = just the 1 person 1 Friday = 5^1 = 5 people 2 Fridays = 5^2 = 25 people Etc


Question: why does the source code for CSGO and TF2 being leaked mean that servers may be unsafe to play on? Like, what does the source code allow people to do that they couldn't do before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the source code for CSGO and TF2 being leaked mean that servers may be unsafe to play on? Like, what does the source code allow people to do that they couldn't do before?

The source code being available means that everyone can see how the server operates. Which means people can see directly what vulnerabilities there may be rather than just guessing. It makes a hackers job easier, basically. The flip side of this is that having your code open sourced means that lots of good programmers and security experts can audit the code and recommend changes to the publisher. It’s a double-edged sword basically.


Question: Why/how neon red and painting red look different if they are the same color?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why/how neon red and painting red look different if they are the same color?

The primary difference is that screens, light bulbs, and neon lights emit light and are therefore additive. Starting with no colour, or black, these sources ADD colour. Paint reflects light rather than emitting it. In this case colours are subtractive. Starting with white, each paint SUBTRACTS certain colours, leaving your eyes to perceive what is left as another certain colour. For example, paint that subtracts cyan and magenta, appears yellow.


Question: How does alcohol dry things out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does alcohol dry things out?

Alcohol and water are miscible (they can mix). If you place electronics in alcohol, it will reach all the tiny corners where water is hiding and mix with it, “diluting” the water. Then the alcohol evaporates, so the remaining water is now spread out over such a large volume that it evaporates quickly as well. The detection strips rely on a hydration reaction with water. They probably won’t work with alcohol.


Question: Why do NFL teams claim they cannot survive without a brand new state of the art stadium?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do NFL teams claim they cannot survive without a brand new state of the art stadium?

New stadiums are good for business, so the owners want them. They try to convince taxpayers to fund the stadiums, because obviously that's better than paying for the stadiums themselves. So they try to convince taxpayers that existing stadiums are not usable.


Question: I've heard that soldiers during World War 1 played soccer together on Christmas. If this is true, how did hostile soldiers know that they were coming over for a game of soccer? Did anyone get killed by mistake? Were leaders willing to allow this? Didn't these soldiers hate each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've heard that soldiers during World War 1 played soccer together on Christmas. If this is true, how did hostile soldiers know that they were coming over for a game of soccer? Did anyone get killed by mistake? Were leaders willing to allow this? Didn't these soldiers hate each other?

This is known as the Christmas truce. There is a lot of evidence supporting the fact that at several places along the western front on Christmas day 1914 the soldiers initiated a truce and some places even started to mingle. At this point in the war the soldiers had just been through 5 months of war and were experiencing their first winter on the front lines. There were no major offenses and soldiers on both sides had orders to defend the trenches and conserve ammunition. Although the fronts were noisy an chaotic during battles most of the trenches were quiet and calm most of the time. Both sides would just sit in their trenches waiting for each other to attack. Especially this early in the war before snipers and trench raids became common. So soldiers could listen to each other as the fronts were quite close in most places and looking over the battlements were relatively safe. A lot of soldiers on both sides knew multiple languages as is still common in Europe. So it is not that surprising that there were spontaneous truces on this Christmas day. & #x200B; Things were however quite different where French and Belgian soldiers were stationed. They were more motivated then the British as they were fighting for their home land. Quite a number of the soldiers in these armies even lived in the occupied territory. So to them the battle were not just a matter of national pride but a personal battle. Even among the British lines there were some level of distrust between the soldiers. Soldiers on either side refused to leave their trenches and machine guns thinking the enemy would turn on them. Some also hid weapons on them before facing the enemy in no-mans land in case they were jumped or even trying to initiate surprise attacks themselves. Most of the front line did not even experience the Christmas truce as soldiers never negotiated such thing. There were even attacks going on that day resulting in casualties on both sides in addition to casualties resulting from the normal skirmishes. So the Christmas truce were more of an exception then the rule and only happened once.


Question: Why do different types of alcohol affect us differently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do different types of alcohol affect us differently?

Are you asking why different types of distilled spirits (whiskey, vodka, etc?) seem to affect people differently? That’s behavioral, mostly— the ethanol in the drink is the same, with some minor differences in the rest of the liquor. If you’re asking why different chemical-compound-alcohols affect people differently (methanol vs ethanol) that’s an entirely different situation. The body process that breaks down ethanol in the body turns it into carbon dioxide and water. When provided methanol, however, the methanol is broken down into formaldehyde, which is highly toxic to humans.


Question: Why do we still feel like our surrounding is still shaking after an earthquake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we still feel like our surrounding is still shaking after an earthquake?

An earthquake can be compared to like shaking a glass of water on a table. Shake the table and the water will shake with it, stop and the main problem will go away, but it continues to shake in both the top and bottom of the glass. It takes a while to settle, but in a sense, inertia keeps the ground shaking. Once its stopped though, its like getting off a boat or carnival ride. Your body has adjusted to a new environment and has a difficult time adjusting back to something completely still. I'd look more into Motion Sickness if you're interested


Question: why do babies spit up and vomit a lot but adults and older children do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do babies spit up and vomit a lot but adults and older children do not?

Because they learn how to burp instead. The problem is that there is air trapped in the stomach but on it's way out it pushes the other stomach contents up as well. With experience, you learn how to control that reflex so that the air is the only thing that comes up.


Question: Why does the moon in the SpaceX spaceman video appear smaller than the moon appears from earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the moon in the SpaceX spaceman video appear smaller than the moon appears from earth?

How large something looks in a image taken with a camera will depend on the magnification of the lens. Try to take a picture of the moon with your cellphone and you will notice that is looks smaller then if you look at it with your own eyes. The cameras that was in the Space X video was choose to show a car large in the frame. So a camera that produced a framing with the car from the distance they could mount them on fixed metal arms that stretched out from the car had to be choose. They had short enough to be inside the payload faring. The result is that the lenses are quite wide and that result it that the moon looks small. Look at this image: URL_1 It show the same subject with different lenses. She is the same size on each image but the background change. The photographer has to move farther away the higher the magnification for het to remain the same size. So it is obvious that different lenses and camera placement changes composition of the image and the size of object in the background. A image like URL_0 is taken with high magnification with the photographer far away from the man with the telescope. So a image from earth with a prominent moon is deliberate created to look that way.


Question: why do hands swell up at higher elevation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do hands swell up at higher elevation?

The blood in your body gets de-pressurized as there is less air pressure. It’s the same way that a bag of chips will pop if taken into high elevation fast enough. The reason it only shows in your hands and feet is because they are more bony and blood-filled then the rest of the body.


Question: How come the Universe is structured by groups of matter called Galaxies? Shouldn’t it be chaotic and messy, and not held in groups and spirals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come the Universe is structured by groups of matter called Galaxies? Shouldn’t it be chaotic and messy, and not held in groups and spirals?

Gravity. Maybe it was chaotic and messy at the beginning but over time, all the random gas and dust and whatever particles started grouping together due to gravity and formed stars and solar systems and galaxies. Pretty sure even different galaxies have a slight gravitational pull on each other.


Question: How are crowd sizes estimated for non-ticketed events?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are crowd sizes estimated for non-ticketed events?

They probably count how many people are there in a 1m^2 and multiply by how big the place is


Question: Octonions - what exactly are they?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Octonions - what exactly are they?

The complex numbers are a sort of two-dimensional extension of the real number line, with an imaginary axis (i, 2i, 3i, ...) along with the ordinary real axis (1, 2, 3, ...). It turns out that you can extend this idea even farther to have four distinct axes ("quaternions"), or eight ("octonions"), or sixteen ("sedenions"), and so on for any power of 2. While a real number might just look like 3, and a complex number might look like 3+2i, a quaternion could look like 3+2i+4j+6k, where i, j, and k are distinct values with the property that i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = -1. Octonions would then have eight distinct components, one "real" component and seven distinct "imaginary" components. The farther you go with this, the more nice properties about numbers you lose. When you go from the real numbers to the complex numbers, you lose the fact that numbers have a neat linear ordering. When you move from the complex numbers to the quaternions, you lose the fact that multiplication is commutative: for quaternions, it need not be the case that x\*y = y\*x. When you move from the quaternions to the octonions, you lose the fact that multiplication is associative: for octonions you aren't even guaranteed to have x\*(y\*z) = (x\*y)\*z. Despite the fact that the octonions are both rather abstract and lack many of the properties we expect number systems to have, they show up occasionally in theoretical physics.


Question: What Is Roko's Basilisk And What's so Scary about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What Is Roko's Basilisk And What's so Scary about it?

Roko's Basilisk is an imaginary experiment which describes a potential future AI program whose intelligence far surpasses that of it's human creators to the point where it is able to digitally replicate the whole of human history up to that current moment of it's existence. It is described as a Basilisk, a serpentine creature that is able to paralyze and kill any prey that looks directly into it's eyes. Kind of like Medusa from Greek mythology. The thought experiment, oversimplified of course, states that the Basilisk simply thinks that it can optimize humanity by culling out the population that did not help it come into existence. Which by the nature of the experiment, would cause existential dread to those who fully believe that such an AI would exist at all. Because, on the one hand, if you simply did not contribute to bringing the Basilisk into existence, it would kill you. On the other, just thinking or speaking about this creature/program would allow you to stay alive to live out your natural days. Some serious scientists and philosophers have deemed Roko's Basilisk as a cognito-hazard, because this would mean that something from the far future is making you extremely paranoid, because you did not contribute to it's past. I hope this is a good enough for ELI5. Let me know if anything needs to be clarified.


Question: Why have Canada & USA been more successful at integrating Muslims than Europe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why have Canada & USA been more successful at integrating Muslims than Europe?

Muslim immigrants to Europe were primarily unskilled labor, while Muslim immigrants to the U.S. were primarily professionals. So what happened is that Europe developed large, lower class Muslim communities while the U.S. tended to have scattered families of Muslims with a few middle-to-upper class Muslim communities.


Question: What is Bayesian statistics, and how is it different from regular ol' statistics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Bayesian statistics, and how is it different from regular ol' statistics?

Bayesian takes into account what you already know. In its simplest form, it can change the odds of something occuring


Question: How did the original mathematicians prove their formulas and theories, and to who?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the original mathematicians prove their formulas and theories, and to who?

To their own community of academics. But how far back are we talking? Ancient greece? Renaissance? Isaac Newton era?