Question: How do the Portuguese Man O' War's tentacles retract?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the Portuguese Man O' War's tentacles retract?

From what I recall from my university days, the retraction is triggered when enough sensation alerts it to an ensnared food source it then manipulates the tentacles to curl using the same impulses other species like the lions mane jelly use to retract to swim and move in shallow waters although the man o war isn’t technically a jellyfish but a colony organism called siphonophore In short when they are alerted a simple nerve impulse orders the tentacle to curl. [lions mane swimming whilst retracted]( URL_0 ) [nematocysts the stinging cell]( URL_1 )


Question: Why do men get random boners when we are travelling in cars? (In Australia, we call them Travellers)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do men get random boners when we are travelling in cars? (In Australia, we call them Travellers)

Aside from certain medical priapisms, erections are caused by blood withheld from exiting the penis more so than an increase of blood in. The human body has a number of venous mechanisms for exiting blood from the lower body in particular, including the penis region. These evolved to counteract the force of gravity, but they may be thrown off by simultaneous seating position, and even more so by Australia's being upside down.


Question: How does kinesio tape works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does kinesio tape works?

It doesn't work, except as a placebo. It was invented by a chiropractor and based on pseudoscience. It does not support muscle or joints, as it's just too flexible (even the "stiffer" versions). And it does not increase blood flow to the skin or any tissue. The closest to any sort of efficacy that kt tape has is proprioceptive feedback--you feel the tape on your skin and change your behavior because of that reminder (usually that you're injured). Wearing a soft elastic band accomplishes the same thing.


Question: why is math (statistics, calculus, etc) so important for a strong programmer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is math (statistics, calculus, etc) so important for a strong programmer?

There are lots of areas of programming that require only basic math. If you're doing development for a moderate-sized web site or app, it's quite possible you'll almost never use any math, and never anything beyond things taught in high-school algebra. More generally, some programmers use a lot of math all the time, some hardly use math at all. There are many more specialized areas of programming that require a lot of math. Computer graphics uses a lot of trigonometry and calculus, so pretty much any game that requires physics or 3-d rendering uses a lot of math. Video and audio compression uses Fourier analysis. Cryptography uses number theory. Those are just a few examples - there are lots of specialties. Good programmers often need to have at least some familiarity with those areas, even if that isn't their area of expertise. Quite often large-scale software engineering requires more math - for example web sites that need to scale to millions of users. It's hard to properly optimize sites to handle a lot of traffic without a good foundation in probability and statistics. A degree in Computer Science typically covers many of those things, which is why there's a math requirement. In addition, Computer Science involves a lot of mathematical analysis of programs, including determining what's possible to compute, determining asymptotic runtime and memory usage, and mathematical proofs of bounds and of correctness.


Question: How does salt preserve food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does salt preserve food?

salt dries things out, and bacteria generally requires moisture to survive. It draws moisture out of the thing through osmosis (or more elaborately trying to 'balance' the moisture between the thing and the salt, but salt has an unnatural property of absorbing liquid in a sponge-like fashion)


Question: How do they calculate the odds of obscure events, such as getting struck by lightning, attacked by sharks, or getting a disease?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they calculate the odds of obscure events, such as getting struck by lightning, attacked by sharks, or getting a disease?

AIUI, they take the number of times it happens in a given year and the population of that year and do the math. Once you do that for several years, you can find the average odds over time.


Question: What is a chi-squared test?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a chi-squared test?

There's a lot of reading materials on this one since it's a common school topic. Which parts don't make sense? E.g. URL_0


Question: What exactly makes a 3-in-1 bodywash/shampoo/conditioner different from its individual counterparts (or even the 2-in-1 shampoo/conditioner)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly makes a 3-in-1 bodywash/shampoo/conditioner different from its individual counterparts (or even the 2-in-1 shampoo/conditioner)?

The fact that it only works as one of those at best. Usually it’s just body wash with maybe some additives and fancy marketing. If you want to treat your skin and hair well, use three separate products that actually do their job. Every persons skin and hair is different and the idea of a one-fits-all and all-in-one product is ridiculous. Especially the shampoo-conditioner combo is nonsense since those two products literally do opposite things. Shampoo cleans your hair from the oils that accumulate on it and conditioner puts some amount of oil and moisture back on it.


Question: Why is the human body not sensitive to radio waves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the human body not sensitive to radio waves?

Radio waves have wavelengths of several feet, so humans are virtually transparent to radio waves, like glass is transparent to visible light. If you have a piece of conductive metal the right length (an antenna), the waves WILL interact and make electricity move in it. Because the signal is so weak and humans are not as conductive as metal, we don’t notice any effect. But if you stand really close to a powerful transmitting antenna, it can heat up your body (microwaves were discovered this way when a technician noticed the chocolate being melted in his pocket).


Question: How does schizophrenia develop and what exactly does it do to the brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does schizophrenia develop and what exactly does it do to the brain?

Like all mental illnesses, schizophrenia is most likely caused by a combination of genetic, biological, social, and environmental vulnerabilities. Something to keep in mind is that effects, like changes in neurotransmitters, may come about as a result of schizophrenia--they may not cause schizophrenia itself. For schizophrenia itself, a major outcome *without prompt treatment* is loss of grey matter in the brain. This can make symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and other positive symptoms more enduring and harder to treat, and it also affects memory. Treatment can usually prevent some or most of this loss.


Question: Why do the the trends seem to point to testosterone decreasing in men in the last decades?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the the trends seem to point to testosterone decreasing in men in the last decades?

A question like this probably belongs in r/AskScience. Specifics, details, research and evidence is more their kind of thing, whereas here it's more aimed at basic understanding.


Question: what does it mean to have hard water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does it mean to have hard water?

To have "hard water" means your water has lots of dissolved minerals, like calcium. This makes water taste good, but it's not good for faucets and soaps. Water softeners remove these minerals, often by moving them to a part of the water and then pouring that water out.


Question: What makes Bobby Fischer better than other chess prodigies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes Bobby Fischer better than other chess prodigies?

A lot of it was he grew up in a place that had almost no support for top chess players. At the time America was a chess wasteland. The best analogy I heard was imagine an Eskimo created a tennis court in Alaska, trained by himself and then won Wimbledon.


Question: how can companies file bankruptcy but still operate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can companies file bankruptcy but still operate?

Bankruptcy is different then having no assets. Rather, it means that your liabilities are greater than your assets. Bankruptcy protection gives you the opportunity to strategically rearrange your finances so that you have the greatest likelihood of maximizing the value of your assets to best pay off your creditors.


Question: How come upcoming sony phones have 1080p 960fps recording when even high-end dlsr can't do 120fps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come upcoming sony phones have 1080p 960fps recording when even high-end dlsr can't do 120fps?

DSLR cameras are typically pushed for still photography, adding the feature would cost more time & money while not necessarily getting people to run out and get the DSLR. Meanwhile on a cell phone the more 'fun' bells and whistles like that DO influence decisions to buy. DSLRs are also pushed towards more serious and more high-end camera buyers, and as someone who's worked in that industry... they prefer 'dedicated' gadgets, not multitaskers like mobile phones. If they want to really do a project with high FPS, they're going to go get a movie camera designed specifically (and solely) for shooting moving video.


Question: Why does the cold air feel "cleaner"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the cold air feel "cleaner"?

Your sense of smell works better with warmer air. Cold air will seem almost entirely devoid of smell. We associate a lack of smell with clean air.


Question: Why is one 100% polyester fabric different than another 100% polyester fabric?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is one 100% polyester fabric different than another 100% polyester fabric?

Polyester is just the name of a certain type of material. There are actually lots of different polyesters, each with different properties. It's sort of like how we say that something is plastic, but clearly plastic water bottles are made of all kinds of different plastics. It's just a catch all term, you'd have to know the specific kind of polyester that your fabrics are made of to know if they are *exactly* the same.


Question: If the sun is at zenith at noon, why is it not just as bright/dark out at 8PM (4 hours before midnight) as it is at 4AM (4 hours after)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sun is at zenith at noon, why is it not just as bright/dark out at 8PM (4 hours before midnight) as it is at 4AM (4 hours after)?

Every meridian experiences solar noon (where the sun is highest in the sky) at a different time. It's pretty impractical to keep track of time that way if you have to synchronize with people across moderate distances, who would be using a slightly different time value. This is why we invented time zones, where we've decided to use the same time value across a large region. It can be off by quite a lot. For example, my clock is about 40 minutes ahead of solar time. With daylight saving, it's a whopping 100 minutes. Things are slightly more complicated, still. Because Earth's orbit is elliptical, there is some variation in the length of a day. This adds another term changing time by [up to 16 minutes]( URL_0 ).


Question: How does practice actually improve reaction time? What is actually going in the brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does practice actually improve reaction time? What is actually going in the brain?

Before practise: Brain makes many calculations, each of which add to total reaction time, to perform task. After practise: Brain has created automatic systems to handle calculations, no longer must actively perform these calculations, so reaction time is not as long.


Question: what is the difference between a microscope and a telescope? I know micro is for small and tele is for far but what is the difference with magnification?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between a microscope and a telescope? I know micro is for small and tele is for far but what is the difference with magnification?

The difference isn’t (just) magnification. If you look at magnification numbers, you’ll see that microscopes and telescopes overlap. The biggest difference, functionally, is something called focal distance. Focal distance is the distance from the lens that the object you’re focusing on should be when the device is in focus. Microscopes have very short focal distances, because the tiny things you’re focusing on are one centimeter or less from the lens. Telescopes have really long focal distances.


Question: How does YouTube music copyright work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does YouTube music copyright work?

There are no definitive yes's and no's -- it's up to the rights holder. YouTube gives them a number of options, from takedown to imposed monetization to imposed monetization on monetized videos to doing nothing. I eventually just went the other route and I compose original music for all my videos now.


Question: Why do we refer to some singular articles of clothing as a “pair?” Like a pair of pants or a pair of underwear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we refer to some singular articles of clothing as a “pair?” Like a pair of pants or a pair of underwear?

Because they used to be two separate pieces with no crotch seam connecting them! [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) ETA a slightly more thorough explanation: It used to be that a "pant" (or a "pantaloon") was just one tube that went over your leg. You would put two of them on separately, hence a pair of pants. (And of course some of those were called *under*pants because they were worn under your real pants.) Eventually, people started to connect the two pants at the crotch and waist and make the "pair of pants" into one garment, but everyone was used to saying "a pair of pants" so the name stuck.


Question: What are delegates and lambdas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are delegates and lambdas?

I know this is ELI5 but I'm going to assume you have at least a tiny bit of programming knowledge. Literally day one stuff. A variable is a value with a name. For example: let MyVariable = 5 The name is `MyVariable` and the value is `5`. A function looks something like this: function MyFunction(a) { return a + 1 } The name of the function is `MyFunction`. Then there's another part of the function: `(a) { return a + 1 }`. You can kind of think of this as the "value" of the function. A lambda is simply a function value without a name. Just as you can think of the value `5` outside of the variable, you can think of the lambda `(a) = > a + 1` outside of the function (I switched up the syntax a little to match how lambdas usually look but it means exactly the same thing as the function code above). A delegate is a variable whose value is a lambda. So you could do something like this: let MyDelegate = (a) = > a + 1 let MyNewVariable = MyDelegate(5) // this will store a 6 in MyNewVariable Then you've got a nice handle for your lambda. You'll notice this is a lot like a function, since it's got a name. However, delegates are a little more flexible since you can set them based on other variables, change them, pass them as parameters, and all the other things you can do with variables. You can even pass them to other delegates! let MyNewDelegate = (a,b) = > a(a(b)) let YetAnotherVariable = MyNewDelegate(MyDelegate, 5) // this will set YetAnotherVariable to 7


Question: Why inbreeding causes offsprings to be inferior?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why inbreeding causes offsprings to be inferior?

Statistics. Two related parents are more likely to share the same copy of genes that lead to undesired traits. Their offspring, then, would also be more likely to receive one or both copies. It can be more nuanced than that, with how genes are actually expressed for a given disorder, but it's largely consistent. These statistics add up over subsequent generations of inbreeding, but aren't inherent to inbred couples - any parents that are carriers to genetic disorders are more likely to pass them on when both are carriers. Genetic screening is a valuable tool in informed parenthood.


Question: Why do 3rd party travel sites often list rooms as available at hotels that claim they are fully booked?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do 3rd party travel sites often list rooms as available at hotels that claim they are fully booked?

Because hotels often sell their vacant rooms to third part distributors for a discounted rate as to forgo the risk of not being able to fill them. If I have 100 vacant rooms available for next weekend, I know I am unlikely to fill them all, so I sell them at a discount to a third party who will then make them available on popular travel booking sites.


Question: What do animals "think" about when one of their own is getting attacked right in front of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do animals "think" about when one of their own is getting attacked right in front of them?

Sucks to be Bob. Sucks to be Bob. Sucks to be Bob. Your notion of "thinking" and penguins doesn't really go together. Watching to make sure than the monster that ate Bob isn't going to come after them next is probably the limit of a bird's "planning".


Question: why are snakes associated with evil in western countries?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 why are snakes associated with evil in western countries?

As a counterpoint: the [Rod of Asclepius]( URL_0 ), often confused with the Caduceus, is the symbol for medicine and consists of a snake entwined around a staff. So not all western associations with snakes are negative.


Question: How can it be that in Lasers, the photon(s) that lead to the stimulated emission within the resonator are unaffected in their energy?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can it be that in Lasers, the photon(s) that lead to the stimulated emission within the resonator are unaffected in their energy?

In fluorescents, the photon is the what is energizing the atom. The photon is absorbed and the electron goes into a high energy state matching the energy of the absored photon. Next, the electron transfer into lower but still high energy state. Through these small transition, a phonon takes the energy away. That is, a vibration. Phonon to phone as photon is to photo. It may do this more than once to, depends on the material. Finally, it ends up in a longer lasting high energy state. It will sit in this state for a while, before spontaneously dropping back to the original ground state. This drop releases the energy as a photon, but since the electron already dropped some steps down and gave away energy to phonons, the resulting light is of a greater wavelength. Now with a laser, stimulated emission occurs. First we pump the medium. That is we add energy to it, typically done with electricity. This does the exact same thing as the incident photon did in fluorescence. The electron might then jump down a few small steps interacting with phonons, just like fluorescence. And again, it ends up in a final state where it's waiting to spontaneously emit a photon. However, rather than randomly occuring, another photon that has already been released by another atom passes by. This triggers the emission to happen right then, rather than spontaneously later. The emission is stimulated. The incident photon isn't donating it's energy to energize the electron, the pumping process already energized it and contributed the excess energy lost to the initial drops of energy to phonons that fluorescence sees. There's no stoke shift because the electron is already sitting in the state ready to with correct amount of energy. Now what seperates a fluorescent material and a lasing material is simply the amount of spontaneous versus stimulated emissions. Even in a fluorescent, there is stimulated emissions occuring. They just are vastly outnumbered by the spontaneous ones. There's not enough energized electrons sitting around, be that from the temperature or the higher frequency incident light. However, with a laser we are injecting lots of energy into the medium and something called population inversion happens. What that means is that we add enough energy that more of the electrons are actually energized and waiting to emmit rather than sitting in the ground state. Once you've done this, stimulated emission will be dominant and you can get a amplification of the light. Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, LASER. If you had an ideal substance with a direct bandgap and only a true single higher energy state, then there wouldn't actually be any difference other than in coherence. There'd be no exchanging of energy (or momentum) to a phonon. So with fluorescence, there would be no stokes shift. [Here's]( URL_0 ) a diagram actually showing the states I'm talking about. Note the two higher energy states. Also, of note this diagram is actually showing it being optically pumped. That is, higher energy photons are what is energizing the medium. If you actually ignore the stimulating photon and pretend that second emitted photon is just randomly released on its own at some point, that's fluorescence with the stokes shift.


Question: How are scientists sure a species of animal is extinct? They could be anywhere right?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How are scientists sure a species of animal is extinct? They could be anywhere right?

They aren’t sure. Animals that were previously thought to be extinct are sometimes found in the wild. The thing is that it usually doesn’t matter because if they were unable to find the for years the chances that these few remaining animals will repopulate the species are pretty low and that species might not be extinct as soon as they thought but it will be shortly.


Question: Why can't we gradually move our eyeballs like when we're focusing on a moving object?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why can't we gradually move our eyeballs like when we're focusing on a moving object?

Because gradually moving your eyeballs (called *smooth pursuit*) kinda sucks. Your brain *hates* motion blur, so it refuses to let your eyes move too quickly. During smooth pursuit, the maximum speed you can turn your eyeballs is about 30° per second. Anything faster would cause blur and make you nauseous. Those quick, jumpy eye movements (called *saccades*) are the brain's way of getting around this problem. It turns off visual processing, moves the eye, then turns processing back on. Since it can't see anything during the motion, there's no motion blur! So the eye can move much, *much* faster during a saccade than during smooth pursuit. Saccades can turn the eye at up to 900° per second. Saccades are awesome; smooth pursuit sucks. The only time you actually *want* smooth pursuit is when focusing on a moving object, so it's basically impossible to do outside that situation.


Question: What does O(log n) mean exactly?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What does O(log n) mean exactly?

Its [Big O notation]( URL_0 ) and tells you how processing time increases with a function of data size. If something is O(log n) then processing time increases proportionally to the log2 of the size of the data. If you increase your data by a factor of 8 then processing time will quadrouple. Big O notation is useful for determining the efficiency of an operation. If you have something that scales with O(n log n) then it will be fine for small amounts of data, but attempting to use it on a large amount will take an unreasonable time. [Here's a nice plot of the relative times of various Big O notations]( URL_1 ), the green line in the middle is linear time.


Question: I'm trying to understand the concept of electrolytes and conductivity. Does anyone have any analogies to make it easier to grasp?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 I'm trying to understand the concept of electrolytes and conductivity. Does anyone have any analogies to make it easier to grasp?

Imagine you're trying to cross a river on foot. You can't wade through it and there's no bridge. A 50 foot river would be impossible to cross. Now imagine there was a single rock in the center. If you could jump to the rock, you could cross. If there were more rocks spread out between the banks, it would be easier to cross. Fill the river entirely with rocks and you'll have no trouble at all crossing. The river is the space between two conductors, and the electrolytes are the rocks.


Question: What is thinking? Why do we have to `learn to think`?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is thinking? Why do we have to `learn to think`?

I'd say that thinking is the process of arranging the information you already know using it in a way that is useful. When you learn data is like you are adding random pieces to a puzzle. When you learn how to think, you spend time looking at those random pieces and connecting them together where they belong. Afterwards, the final image is what you use in your life. Using the scam example other commenter used: knowing what money, Zimbabwe and scams are are the random pieces. Connecting all the concepts together, and reasoning why it doesn't sound like a good idea is learning the process to think. Using the knowledge that this is a scam to avoid other similar scams is using the revealed "image" for a real life issue.


Question: Spinning ring stations, Von Braun wheels, "donut cities" - how would spinning a space station ring generate artificial gravity outwards?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Spinning ring stations, Von Braun wheels, "donut cities" - how would spinning a space station ring generate artificial gravity outwards?

The picture on the left is correct. The ring station under your feet would be accelerating upwards (towards the center). You will experience this as “gravity”. Since the speed of rotation remains constant after the ring has been spun up, there will be no acceleration along the ring, so the picture on the right is wrong.


Question: Does time warp inside the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Does time warp inside the sun?

No, it's due to the fact that the particles are so densely packed the photons can continue to bounce from particle to particle before they reach the surface and can escape. This combined with the fact that the distance from the core (where the fusion happens and the photons are released) to the outside is just under 700,000km of maze for the photons to travel through.


Question: Why is it preferable to have illegally obtained evidence thrown out of court as opposed to keeping it and prosecuting the one who obtained it?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it preferable to have illegally obtained evidence thrown out of court as opposed to keeping it and prosecuting the one who obtained it?

The Supreme Court discusses this rationale in every exclusionary case. The first thing to keep in mind is that the Constitution does not require an exclusionary rule. But for the 4th Amendment to have any value it must have some remedy or mechanism of enforcement. Suing the officials for an illegal search is always an option. But the cards are stacked against the defendant, who is probably already busy defending himself in a criminal trial. Further, agents of the state are a big target to take on for a private individual. If private citizens are left with the sole burden of enforcing an important Constitutional right, that right may effectively disappear. The alternative, and the one the Court considered most likely to deter illegal searches, is to cut off the reward. An illegal search practice = inadmissible. BUT, since the Constitution does not require the exclusionary rule, and since it more often than not lets a guilty person go when applied, the rule is only to be applied when the deterrent effect outweighs the cost to society. Therefore, in a case where, for example, an officer made a legitimate mistake of law, or a clerical error prompted him to act in a way that turned out illegal, the exclusionary rule has little deterrent effect and the evidence should be admitted.


Question: Why do bubbles suspend in hand sanitizer?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do bubbles suspend in hand sanitizer?

The viscosity of the hand sanitizer is such that the bouyant force of the bubbles in insufficient to bring them completely to surface and leave solution.


Question: in investing if the disclaimer: "Past performance is no guarantee of future returns" How can advisors say that if you leave money in the market over the long term youll get an average return of 7% ? This seems like a paradox?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 in investing if the disclaimer: "Past performance is no guarantee of future returns" How can advisors say that if you leave money in the market over the long term youll get an average return of 7% ? This seems like a paradox?

It means that over time there has been an average return of 7 percent. However, because markets are volatile and unpredictable that doesn’t mean that it will always gain 7 percent. In fact, all the companies they invest your money in could possibly go bankrupt....or on the other extreme they could get huge and you make a gain of 11 percent one year. They are letting you know that they average a decent gain, but shit happens sometimes and there’s no real control over it.


Question: Why does the US gov have boneyards for Airplanes rather than selling for scrap?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does the US gov have boneyards for Airplanes rather than selling for scrap?

Because the boneyard itself is effectively a spare part repository for other planes that are still active; if you have 100 planes and only need 50, using the other 50 as spare parts donors is more cost effective than selling them off (either as intact planes or as scrap metal) and then trying to use the cash to pay for custom replacement parts as you go. Not to mention that striking aircraft from inventory, arranging their sale, and transporting them out of the country to a buyer is a lot more hassle than just parking them in the desert, pulling out all the consumables (fuel, ammunition, batteries, etc), and covering the sensitive bits in plastic. Additionally, a lot of airframes moved to the boneyard have the potential to be re-activated for significantly cheaper than what it would cost to build a new one, especially if the aircraft itself is out of production. Getting a company to set up a production line, train employees, etc., can be psychotically expensive, especially if you're not going to buy a lot of planes. As u/Witty-User_name mentioned, there are also treaty demands, particularly when it comes to nuclear non-proliferation treaties and demonstrating compliance to those treaties. You take your nuke delivery vehicle, smash the crap out of the structurally critical components, and leave it out where people can see. They can still act as spare parts donors, but are past salvage for reactivation themselves.


Question: Why does fire burn faster vertically?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does fire burn faster vertically?

Heat rises. The hot gas that makes up the flame is much less dense (and therefore much more buoyant) than the air around it, causing it to “float” upwards (hence why flames flicker vertically). As a result, fuel directly above the fire will heat up and ignite more quickly than fuel that is adjacent or below.


Question: Grammar question - Why is "this" an adverb?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Grammar question - Why is "this" an adverb?

In the example you gave: "this big", the word "this" modified the adjective "big". An adverb is "word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb". Since it is modifying an adjective, "this" is an adverb.


Question: what is torque? I read definitions and people tel me what it is but I still don’t get it

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 what is torque? I read definitions and people tel me what it is but I still don’t get it

Any twisting force. When you use force to twist open a bottle or a jar, that is torque. If the jar is stuck and you have to try really hard, that is a lot of torque. If it loose and slides easily, that is only a little bit of torque. Torque is often used to describe cars. It is the same kind of twisting force. It is how hard the car can twist the wheel to get it to spin. Some cars can open a bottle that has already been loosened. Some can open a stuck pickle jar. I hope this analogy didn't make it more confusing.


Question: How do calculators find values for any trig ratio since there is no specific value for any function?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do calculators find values for any trig ratio since there is no specific value for any function?

What do you mean there is no specific value? Trig functions have a unique and specific output for every input. A trig function, at its core, is just division.


Question: Can someone explain “money making” to bail out an economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain “money making” to bail out an economy?

Making money appear is really easy for any nation with a central bank—they print it. As to how it helps bail out an economy is a much sketchier proposition. Theoretically, injecting some quick additional cash into the economy could help soothe the fears of businesses, investors, and consumers, and make them more likely to spend money and not slow down the economy. Whether this actually happens in practice or whether people actually just save whatever extra money they’re given because they’re still scared of what’s going on is up for debate.


Question: How do they actually put concentrated amounts of vitamins and minerals into vitamin pills?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they actually put concentrated amounts of vitamins and minerals into vitamin pills?

Vitamins are just chemicals. Like sugar or table salt are chemicals or even water. So we can both synthethise them from smaller chemicals or extract them from some life form. Typically you'd genetically engineer some form of year to o reproduce the vitamin or vitamins you want to extract. Vitamin C used to be extracted from fruit for example, but is made through fermentation if corn starch. Vitamin B complex is prepared by extracting the different b Vitamins all at once from yeast. And the extraction itself is done by mixing the raw material with some solvent. Just like when you make tea or coffee, you mix the tea/coffee with water to extract the caffeine. If you were to let the tea/coffee dry or boil off the water, you'd end up with a powder that's mostly caffeine. Do that enough times with the correct solvent, and you end up with a very pure substance. Once you have the chemically pure vitamin you mix the with binders and fillers and either press the mixture into tablets, or fill it into capsules. If it's a 24 hour tablet, it'll often be covered in a polymer coating that only lets a specific dose per time pass through itself. Edit: As for minerals: Those are very simple substances, so you can basically just mine them, and rearange the ions around. But in essence, if you want to put iron in a tablet, you add rust, if you want to add magnesium, you add magnesia. Those aren't very well soluble though, so you'd typically add the magnesium salt if citric acid, or the iron salt of gluconic acid. But the Iron or Magnesium part I'd always identical, and you could take rust just as it is, grind it down and put it into a capsule/tablet.


Question: Why does the square root of i = (1/square root of 2)(1+i)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the square root of i = (1/square root of 2)(1+i)?

Complex numbers have a real/imaginary part. So 'i' really = 0 + 1i then to find square root: * (a + bi)^2 = 0 + 1i * a^2 + 2abi + b^2 * i^2 = 0 + 1i : But i^2 == -1 * a^2 + 2abi - b^2 = 0 + 1i : Separate real/imaginary parts * (a^2 - b^2 ) = 0 : Means a == b * 2abi = 1i = > 2aai = 1i * 2a^2 i = 1i : divide by i * 2a^2 = 1 * a^2 = 1/2 * a = sqrt(1/2) = 0.707106... plug back into original (a + bi) formula you get 0.707 + 0.707i


Question: Why do public companies care about their stock price or market cap? Don't they only get money during their IPO or if they issue new shares?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do public companies care about their stock price or market cap? Don't they only get money during their IPO or if they issue new shares?

Many upper management in a company will have some of their compensation in the form of company stock. The better the company is doing, the more they are personally benefiting.


Question: How does a VHS tape work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a VHS tape work?

The black tape inside the cassette is magnetic. By running it past a recording head, you can rearrange the magnetic stuff. Then when you run the tape past a reading head, it reads that signal and sends it to a processor that converts it into audio & video output.


Question: How do you differentiate similar words in english? Like "wear", "where" and "this" ,"these" in a sentence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you differentiate similar words in english? Like "wear", "where" and "this" ,"these" in a sentence?

These words are “homonyms” - they share a spelling and/or pronunciation but have different roots and different meanings. You’ll have to determine the correct usage from context. A knight and a night sound the same, but only one of them is likely to try to retake the holy land.


Question: How do doctors identify extremely rare conditions in patients as a new condition?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do doctors identify extremely rare conditions in patients as a new condition?

This is obviously difficult and often takes a long time to do. A common mantra among docs is "common things are common, and unusual presentations of common things are more common than unusual things". This is why people will often, unfortunately, have a delayed diagnosis, because we are trying to exclude the most common things, then when none of that gives the answer, we dig deeper in certain directions, and eventually get specialists involved to pin down a diagnosis. It can be understandably frustrating for patients and I often hear things like "it took them 2 years to finally work out what was wrong", but from my perspective as a doctor, tricky things are trickier to diagnose, and fancy tests are not indicated in the beginning as 99% of the time the answer is common and revealed by simple first-line investigations.


Question: has moving large amounts of matter in the form of iron from below the surface of the earth to on or above the surface affected the planet’s rotational speed just as a figure skater spins slower with their arms extended?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 has moving large amounts of matter in the form of iron from below the surface of the earth to on or above the surface affected the planet’s rotational speed just as a figure skater spins slower with their arms extended?

Yes, but not noticeably. The earth's spin has probably been more affected by the space dust it collects on a daily basis.


Question: What exactly is a coma and how does our body decide when or if to wake up from one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a coma and how does our body decide when or if to wake up from one?

A coma is a state of unconsciousness which someone can not be roused - this is what differentiates it from something like sleep for example. During sleep, we are unconscious, but with the right stimulus (shouting, poking etc) we will wake. Coma is different and caused by loads of reasons: Some are intentional - my job as an anaesthetist means I intentionally induce a coma using drugs. This means people are unconscious, cannot feel pain and crucially, cannot be woken until I decide they can This is very useful for having an operation (!) but also what is typically referred to in the news as a ‘medically induced coma’ - we are anaesthetising a patient to allow recovery, usually in an intensive care environment. People can be in a coma because of abnormal levels of toxins in the blood - byproducts such as urea (a product of normal physiology which increases if the kidneys don’t work), ammonia (again, normal in very low amounts but increased if the liver doesn’t work) or medications (intentional overdoses of medicine such as benzodiazepines or opioids). These people in comas may improve once the body clears the problem as they are reversible. The problem lies with the increased amounts of the drug or toxin affecting normal function of the brain. Most commonly this is alcohol. More concerning are comas due to issues with the brain itself. This might be due to a bleed, such as seen in trauma, a stroke where the brain doesn’t get enough oxygen and dies and an increase in pressure inside the skull which reduces blood supply and means the brain doesn’t get enough oxygen. In these cases, coma may be irreversible unless the brain is delivered oxygen in minutes. This can be seen in people who have had a cardiac arrest - their brain has been starved of oxygen so it cannot function normally even if a heart beat returns, but the most basic functions of the brain still persist. The person is alive in the sense of having a heartbeat and breathing, but in a coma because the areas responsible for consciousness have been irreversibly damaged, and no stimulus will promote wakefulness. Hopefully that helps! Often it’s not the body itself that decides when to ‘wake up’, more the resolution if possible of whatever is causing it in the first place, and hoping no long lasting damage occurred in the mean time Edit - if people find this useful, I am happy to expand, but that probably takes it slightly out of the ELI5 zone!


Question: how are big companies able to switch their products so fast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are big companies able to switch their products so fast?

No, companies invest in machines that have multiple applications. If a company bought a machine that could only do one item, as soon as the next keyboard came out from razor they would have to junk that machine unless it made key caps.


Question: How does a towel soak up water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a towel soak up water?

It’s due to something called the capillary effect. You can see the same thing if you put a straw in water. The water’s properties of cohesion (sticking to itself) and adhesion (sticking to other things) allow it to pull itself up the straw, and it works the same way up the fibers in the towel.


Question: How can 2 people can sing the same exact note but sound very different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can 2 people can sing the same exact note but sound very different?

This is a fun one, because it not only applies to different voices, but also to different instruments. We can clearly differentiate between a human voice, a guitar, a violin, or a piano, even if they all play the same note. And we can even differentiate between different human voices. This is partly because they have different timbres, or sound characters. Sound is produced by waves wobbling through the air, and notes, or pitch, is the slowest wobble that we can pick up. If you only play one wobble, it would sound like a ringing beep, much like what you would hear with tinnitus. It doesn't have any timbre. Timbre is caused by the fact that instruments not only produce one wobble, but many wobbles at the same time. The slowest wobble is the note, and all of the faster wobbles that it also makes produces the timbre. These faster wobbles are called overtones. Different instruments produces different overtones due to having different sizes, shapes, materials, and constructions. Different human voices produces different overtones due to different appearances of the vocal folds, throats, and sinuses. How we use our voices also plays a big part. Some styles of singing are actually based around the manipulation of overtones. See for example tuvan throat singing, and many other indigenous or ancient forms of singing.


Question: How does stomach medicine like peptobismol work? As in, what does it do to your stomach?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does stomach medicine like peptobismol work? As in, what does it do to your stomach?

After doing a bit of research, it's not entirely known to how peptobismol works due to documentation, but it's believed to be a combination of a few adverse effects including that of an antacid, which is composed of alkaline ions that serve to neutralize the acid, which in turn, relieves pain. Another component may be in its effect to stimulate absorption of fluids which, again, would help with the pain and whatnot. Hope that helps.


Question: How does dish soap remove any "dirt" from dishes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does dish soap remove any "dirt" from dishes?

Here is a video on YouTube talking about how soaps work URL_0 basically one side of the soap molecule grabs hold of oils and the other side grabs hold of water so the molecule is washed away carrying a little bit of oil


Question: How does confirmation and anchoring bias affect ones thinking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does confirmation and anchoring bias affect ones thinking?

Confirmation bias is when you only tend to notice evidence that backs up what you already believe, and either disregard or forget things that don't. For example, if someone believes in horoscopes, and their horoscope tells them they are going to have a good day, they'll notice all the little things that are better than average. 3 green lights in a row on the way to work, a parking space near the door of the building, etc. On the other hand, if they were told they were going to have a bad day, they'd maybe notice that all the other lights were at red, and it was raining when they got out the car. It's the same morning, but they pick up on different aspects. The "bad day" conditions them to notice the rain but forget the parking space. The "good day" conditions them to say "well it might be raining but at least I didn't have to walk far."


Question: What does a Chi squared test do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a Chi squared test do?

It's a test to see if qualitative differences in experimental units may explain different outcomes. It's used to assess whether variables affect other variables in an experiment URL_0


Question: Why is it so hard to properly replicate the quality of restaurant/takeaway food such as curries/chicken/pizzas at home?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to properly replicate the quality of restaurant/takeaway food such as curries/chicken/pizzas at home?

The biggest thing is that your home kitchen sucks. A commercial pizza oven will be running at 7-800 degrees while most home ovens top out at 550F. The wok burner in a Chinese restaurant is rated something like 100k BTU of heat while your home range puts out 5-10k. Fried chicken restaurants have specialized chicken deep-friers while, at home, you have a little pot of oil that gets cold again as soon as you add the bird to it. After that, the next biggest difference is that most home cooks don't put anywhere near enough butter & salt in their food.


Question: What is it in insecticide that causes houseflies to start spazzing out and moving uncontrollably?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is it in insecticide that causes houseflies to start spazzing out and moving uncontrollably?

Many insecticides work like a nerve gas in that they interfere with the electrical impulses that fire between nerve cells. This causes them to fire sporadically, which causes a whole host of issues that eventually lead to death.


Question: How do music/video editing programs isolate vocals, frequency, pitch, etc.?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do music/video editing programs isolate vocals, frequency, pitch, etc.?

It’s pretty complex but I think what you don’t understand is that the editing softwares are not meant to isolate anything, they’re meant to take the isolated vocals and turn them into a final product. So with each recording you can edit its pitch and frequencies and do whatever other mixing you wish to do, and then you mix everything together so it’s one big composition. Basically like a puzzle.