Question: how come you can eat sushi and other raw fish but not chicken or pork or other land animals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come you can eat sushi and other raw fish but not chicken or pork or other land animals?

It really depends on the meat, how it was handled, and if there are any parasites or pathogens that commonly live in that animal that can affect you You only eat certain fish raw and only if they have been handled and prepared properly so they aren't exposed to things that will make you sick. Generally they only properly prepare the better quality fish that way. Expensive fish from your high end grocery store possibly okay, cheap fish from your cheap grocery store the odds aren't as good You never eat pork raw because it has parasites which will make you sick. Pretty much all pork has parasites in it but cooking kills them effectively Chicken often comes with salmonella, its inside all chickens anyway so if they got the meat a bit dirty it'll be coated in it so you need to cook it thoroughly You can eat raw steak provided it was handled and prepared properly. There isn't anything specific endemic to beef which we hope to kill by cooking which is why you can have a rare or medium rare steak and not end up stick. Do that with a chicken breast and you'll have a bad time.


Question: What happens when a crane tips over and damages property?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when a crane tips over and damages property?

The company using the crane will generally have insurance to take care of any damage caused by them. So it'll be an insurance case.


Question: Why does adding salt make food taste better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does adding salt make food taste better?

Salt turns on your tastebuds they are like a key 🔑 and once they open more taste channels then more flavor can be sensed


Question: How is this light effect created in 90s cartoon animation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is this light effect created in 90s cartoon animation?

Its called backlit animation. Instead of the cells just being photographed on a table or whatever, it sits on a backlit lightbox that shine the light through translucent paint.


Question: Since we are supposed to be consumers, what would happen to the economy if everyone drastically reduced the amount of money they spend on a regular basis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since we are supposed to be consumers, what would happen to the economy if everyone drastically reduced the amount of money they spend on a regular basis?

Less consumerism means fewer sales. Fewer sales mean fewer profits. Fewer profits mean downsizing, lost efficiency, lost jobs, businesses closing down, markets shrinking. It's really quite problematic because from an environmental perspective we should be massively downsizing our consumerism. But it also results in significant socio-economic problems if we did.


Question: Why do text messages sometimes duplicate giving the impression to the receiver that the original message was sent twice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do text messages sometimes duplicate giving the impression to the receiver that the original message was sent twice?

This is not what actually happens in practice, I am sure, but it might be illustrative. Once the message is sent from your phone it goes to a Queue machine to be delivered. That Queue machine passes the jobs to one of a large group of machines to do the actual job of delivering the message. Those delivery machines will have their own queue of messages to deliver. Once the delivery machine has delivered your message, it tells the Queue that the job is complete, and the Queue drops the message from its 'To Deliver' list. If the delivery machine fails to report back, the Queue might assume the machine has crashed and will send the job to a different machine for delivery. If the failure is only in the reporting back, this will cause the message being delivered twice. If the delivery machine gets stuck in a loop or crashes, it might be fixed/rebooted many hours later, at which time it finishes delivering the messages it was given before it crashed. So the recipient gets the message again hours later.


Question: How do mRNA vaccines work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mRNA vaccines work?

The UK and other countries have already approved the recently announced mRNA vaccines for Covid-19, and within the next month, these mRNA vaccines are likely to be the first of their kind approved for use in the US. So let's talk about what an mRNA vaccine is and how it works. Hang in there, it's Science time. First, let's talk about DNA, RNA, and Protein. You probably already know of DNA. DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is a long, double helix-shaped string of A's, T's, C's and G's. On an atomic and molecular level, DNA is just a long string of bits. But from an informational perspective, when we study how the DNA gets used by a cell, it becomes obvious that the information it contains is organized into many discrete blocks, where each block is read together as a single unit to make a single product or a limited number of variants. We call these blocks of information Genes. The product of these Genes are Proteins. Proteins are long strings of amino acids, and unlike strings of DNA which are made of 4 different letters, there are 20 different amino acid letters possible for each spot on a protein string. These strings of proteins spontaneously fold into a specific shape based on the amino acids along the chain, like a rope studded with magnets snarling up onto itself. The shape of the protein carries out a specific function, playing its part in the complex biochemical ballet of life. Proteins are made by molecular ticker-tape reader machines called Ribosomes. In order for the DNA of a gene to be made into protein, DNA gets read and transcribed into Messenger RNA (mRNA), a different format which uses A, U, C, G instead of DNA's ATCG. mRNA is a transient messenger molecule, a short-lived copy which feeds into the Ribosomes that create the amino acid chains that turn into proteins, but the mRNA itself naturally gets destroyed and recycled by the cell eventually. Mutations or deliberate edits to the DNA of a gene permanently alter the protein it makes, which is why gene editing allows us to study the function of specific proteins, identify exactly how specific mutations we observe in the wild cause specific diseases, and all kinds of other cool stuff. Mutations which alter the function of a gene often cause it to malfunction, and accumulating a critical mass of specific mutations can cause a cell to malfunction hard enough that it starts growing and reproducing indefinitely, draining nutrients and resources from the body while clogging up and damaging critical functions. The dizzyingly vast spectrum of mutations that can make cells do this, and the huge variety of cells which can do this, fall under the umbrella of what we broadly and loosely call Cancer. DNA makes RNA, RNA makes Protein. This rule is what biologists call the Central Dogma, coined in 1958 by Francis Crick, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. It turned out to be a regrettably bad name for many reasons, one of which is that exceptions to this turned out to be plentiful, but it is broadly true almost all of the time. So, that's enough about DNA, let's talk about how your immune system works. When an unpleasant microbe gets into your body, intent on feasting upon your cells and reproducing inside you, your body has two lines of defense. The first line of defense is your innate immune system: it doesn't care what's attacking, it reacts to anything foreign, any signs of damage, and to alarm signals produced by cells that are under attack. Your innate immune system does a lot of things: it ramps up inflammation (fever), raising the temperature to stress the attacker, produces noxious and destructive compounds, and rallies an army of carnivorous defenders to clean up dead & dying cells, eat the attacking microbes, and harvest pieces of their proteins for analysis. Your innate immune system buys time for your adaptive immune system. Specialized immune cells take the harvested protein pieces and get to work making antibodies: little Y-shaped proteins that circulate in your blood and specifically identify and stick to those attacker's proteins, tagging the microbes en-masse and flagging them for extermination. Antibodies often stick in a way that gums up the proteins critical for the microbe's life cycle, too. Once the active infection of microbes is wiped out, our immune system keeps those antibodies on file, so that production of those antibodies can ramp up right away if the microbe's ever encountered again and future attacks will get squished before they can do any noticeable damage at all. Vaccination is our way of hijacking this process to grant us immunity while skipping the potentially deadly or disabling active infection necessary to get there naturally. The first vaccines, for smallpox, polio, and so on, were what we call live-attenuated vaccines. For vaccinating people against smallpox, we infected people with cowpox, a much more benign cousin of the smallpox virus which was close enough that immunity to cowpox gets smallpox squished at the front gates. For others, we used weakened or crippled but otherwise still infectious microbes: they wouldn't cause severe sickness or death, but they would do enough damage and trigger our immune system enough to establish antibodies, which protects us against the fully deadly virus in the wild. Today, we've mostly forgotten how much vaccination changed the world and our relationship with disease. For the first time, we had the ability to give ourselves permanent protection from entire classes of terrifying diseases that have been killing and crippling people for longer than history remembers. And many of these were viral diseases for which the previous generation's miracle wonderdrug, antibiotics, could do nothing against. Even though they revolutionized the world, these first-generation vaccines had obvious downsides. The two most glaring were that, first, taking a live, deadly microbe and weakening it is an inherently inconsistent process, and second, even a weakened virus could sporadically cause a bad case of the disease, especially in people whose immune systems were already weak. So we developed vaccines where we deliver completely inactive and dead microbes, and then after that we made vaccines which only deliver the specific critical protein or protein fragment of the microbe that the microbe needs to attack us. The problem with this is that dead microbes and protein fragments don't actively attack our body and provoke our immune system into mounting a response. So we also add an adjuvant: a substance that irritates our immune system and provokes our innate and adaptive immune systems into waking up and taking action. Despite this, these kinds of inactivated or recombinant vaccines still often require multiple booster shots to take. mRNA vaccines are a new idea. Instead of delivering the dead microbe or the microbe's critical protein, we deliver some mRNA that codes for the protein itself. Our cells take up the mRNA and translate it through their ribosomes, producing fragments of the microbe's critical protein just as if we'd injected the stuff in straight. And without the rest of the microbe attached, it's just as harmless. And, since mRNA is transient and degrades over time, there's no risk of causing mutations in the genes of our DNA: mRNA is inherently safe. And here's the best part: since many different viruses, including the Covid-19 virus itself, naturally use RNA as the primary carrier for their genetic information, our innate immune system is already wired to sound the alarm when it detects a whole bunch of loose RNA floating around, so we don't need an adjuvant. This is still a relatively new idea as far as vaccines go, but it's not the totally radical and completely untested idea that I keep seeing people claim that it is. It's just a really ingenious way to get the inherent safety and impossible-to-cause-active-disease properties of recombinant protein fragment vaccines, while ditching the need to artificially provoke the immune system with an adjuvant additive. There are many other immunological reasons why this is awesome too, but MHCs and the variable ways different people can respond to different kinds of adjuvants, and the limitations and challenges of working with mRNA are a bit too much for this post. But one of my favorite advantages of mRNA vaccines is this: When you make a specific protein, intending to create a vaccine, that protein has its own unique shape and properties, and you have to experimentally figure out how to handle it, store it, deliver it, what kind of adjuvant works best at provoking immunity to it, and all that, which takes a lot of time, trial, and error. But you can make mRNA which codes for any kind of protein you want and it'll all behave the same. This makes it both faster and easier to create vaccines against anything you could care to name. The science of this is, and continues to be incredibly cool. And although things look dark right now, if you look at today from a historian's perspective, we're right in the middle of doing the work needed to kick Covid-19 onto the massive hitlist we've already built of formerly deadly viral diseases that we conquered with a needle.


Question: Why haven't Saturn's rings coalesced into much larger moons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why haven't Saturn's rings coalesced into much larger moons?

Basically, the junk that makes up Saturn's rings are too close to Saturn. They do occasionally clump together and start forming masses, but the gravitational forces exerted by Saturn are too strong where they are, and the clumps of dirt are squished and stretched until they fall apart. We actually even see that the rings furthest from Saturn do have larger and larger clumps. But none of them are far enough away to form anything big enough to be a natural satellite (moon). Here's a link to a not-so-great Wikipedia article. It is called the [Roche Limit] ( URL_0 ).


Question: Why is it not more lucrative for stock advisors to use their knowledge for their own profit, compared to the profit of their clients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it not more lucrative for stock advisors to use their knowledge for their own profit, compared to the profit of their clients?

A really good advisor will take 1x money and turn it into 1.1x money in a year. So, their money would go from $100k to $110k, thus earning $10k. But, if they charge a fee of, say 1%, on advising other people's money, they can take $1 billion and turn it into $1.1 billion and come away with $10 million in a year. Which is better?


Question: How do pixels know when and what color to display?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do pixels know when and what color to display?

They don't. The computer sets the pixel to whatever color is needs. I'm not quite sure why you think a pixel needs to "know" anything. Could you perhaps explain how you arrived at that idea? I should be able to better explain what's going on then.


Question: Why does cold water quench my thirst more than room temperature water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does cold water quench my thirst more than room temperature water?

People (cultures) may have evolved to prefer cold or hot (tea) water as opposed to room temperature water because cold water is often from a fresh frozen source recently melted and fast moving. Hot water is recently boiled and sterile. And room temperature water is likely stagnant and infectious.


Question: How do authors make money if their book is free with Kindle Unlimited on Amazon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do authors make money if their book is free with Kindle Unlimited on Amazon?

One I'm qualified for! Amazon's pricing stuctures are a little weird sometimes. (I'm going to stick to dollars for this, for simplicity's sake, but there's an equivalent -- but not necessarily equal -- structure in place for every currency.) First, let's talk sales. Basically, you get paid 70% for the sale of your book, *if* your book is priced between $2.99 and $9.99. If it's not, you get paid 35%. That means that for a book that's priced at $0.99 needs to sell six times as many copies as one that's priced at $2.99 to get the same amount of money in your account. This is basically a form of protective price fixing, both for Amazon the seller and the writers; it stops writers engaging in a sort of 'race for the bottom', where they're continuously trying to undercut each other. So what about Kindle Unlimited? Well, as other people have said, we get paid based on how much reading is done. KU has a bigass pot attached to it. This month, for example, it's twenty million dollars. All of the books in the Kindle Unlimited program have their pages-read counted, and the pot is divided between them. This usually works out at a little less than half a cent per page. (By my loose calculation, a 'page' from Amazon's perspective is about 150 words.) This doesn't sound like a lot -- and it isn't -- but it can add up. However, this is Amazon's second swing at making a KDP system that worked; it used to have a different approach. What we call KDP 2.0 (the current system) works on a per-page basis. The old system, KDP 1.0, worked on a per-borrow system. If you downloaded a book and read more than 10% of it, the authors would get a fixed price -- usually around $1.35 -- *no matter the length of the book*. This was controversial among certain sections of the author community, because a 6,000 erotic short story would earn you the same amount as that 600,000 page fantasy novel that someone had worked for years on. (I was in the former group, so I wasn't exactly pleased when the new rules came in, but what can you do?) This had a big impact on the romance writing community in general, with a lot of us jumping ship from erotic shorts (which was where the money used to be; KU 1.0 made it very easy to make a living if you hit the right niche) to full-length romance novels. The other important thing to remember is that signing up for the KU program grants Amazon exclusivity over your work -- you're not allowed to sell it elsewhere for a three month period, recurring as long as you stay in the program. You're not even allowed to give it away for free. That means that they don't have to worry about people getting your book elsewhere, so if you're popular, they're getting a bigger cut. Even if they take a bit of a loss on KU in general, it helps to keep them the dominant force in epublishing by squeezing other publishers out of the marketplace.


Question: What is anarchism and who can be considered an anarchist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is anarchism and who can be considered an anarchist?

I'll quote David Graeber, an anarchist, who wrote this ELI5-perfect "[Are You An Anarchist? The Answer May Surprise You!]( URL_0 )": & #x200B; > Many people seem to think that anarchists are proponents of violence, chaos, and destruction, that they are against all forms of order and organization, or that they are crazed nihilists who just want to blow everything up. In reality, nothing could be further from the truth. Anarchists are simply people who believe human beings are capable of behaving in a reasonable fashion without having to be forced to. \[...\] & #x200B; > • If there’s a line to get on a crowded bus, do you wait your turn and refrain from elbowing your way past others even in the absence of police? & #x200B; > If you answered “yes”, then you are used to acting like an anarchist! The most basic anarchist principle is self-organization: the assumption that human beings do not need to be threatened with prosecution in order to be able to come to reasonable understandings with each other, or to treat each other with dignity and respect. \[...\] & #x200B; > • Are you a member of a club or sports team or any other voluntary organization where decisions are not imposed by one leader but made on the basis of general consent? & #x200B; > If you answered “yes”, then you belong to an organization which works on anarchist principles! Another basic anarchist principle is voluntary association. This is simply a matter of applying democratic principles to ordinary life. The only difference is that anarchists believe it should be possible to have a society in which everything could be organized along these lines, all groups based on the free consent of their members, and therefore, that all top-down, military styles of organization like armies or bureaucracies or large corporations, based on chains of command, would no longer be necessary. \[...\] & #x200B; > • Do you believe that most politicians are selfish, egotistical swine who don’t really care about the public interest? Do you think we live in an economic system which is stupid and unfair? & #x200B; > If you answered “yes”, then you subscribe to the anarchist critique of today’s society — at least, in its broadest outlines. Anarchists believe that power corrupts and those who spend their entire lives seeking power are the very last people who should have it. Anarchists believe that our present economic system is more likely to reward people for selfish and unscrupulous behavior than for being decent, caring human beings. Most people feel that way. The only difference is that most people don’t think there’s anything that can be done about it, or anyway — and this is what the faithful servants of the powerful are always most likely to insist — anything that won’t end up making things even worse. & #x200B; > But what if that weren’t true? \[...\] & #x200B; e: format


Question: How does activated charcoal help against ingested poison?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does activated charcoal help against ingested poison?

Activated charcoal is charcoal that have gone through a process forming lots of extremely tiny structures in it. These structures will be able to trap bigger molecules like poisons but let smaller molecules like water and ions alone. So if you eat activated charcoal you will essentially slow down your digestion process as it will bind to any of the larger molecules and therefore slow down the absorption of poison into your body.


Question: How do QR codes work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do QR codes work?

QR codes are a really cool way of encoding information in an image. You'll notice of to look at one, there are a few obvious landmarks that all QR codes share, the large nested squares in 3 corners, and the smaller nested squares in the final corner. These landmarks allow the decoder to determine the scale and orientation of the QR code. Once that's determined, the remainder of the QR code is a lot like binary, it's a grid of squares which are either filled or unfilled, like binary 1s and 0s (this is a simplification of the actual encoding mechanism which is quite complex and allows for a bunch of redundancy, which is why you often have a company logo over the QR Code, obscuring some of the grid, but it still works) The decoder then reads the "binary" message from the grid, and it comes out as a URL to a website or an app, or some instructions that the reader so can act upon.


Question: how do they measure the stats in food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do they measure the stats in food?

Before explaining how they measure, I'm going to explain measurements first. A calorie is a unit to measure energy. Most foods you see that are defined are actually in kilocalories (kcal), basically 1k calories. A single Kcal is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water to 1 degree Celsius. Thus why most foods are measured in Kcal, even if they just say "Calories". & #x200B; There are many methods of measuring stuff like calories in foods. Originally, the food was placed in a sealed container surrounded by water--an apparatus known as a bomb calorimeter. The food was completely burned and the resulting rise in water temperature was measured. & #x200B; Now I can't really explain it better further on than an article that is linked [here]( URL_2 ). " The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (NLEA) currently dictates what information is presented on food labels. The NLEA requires that the Calorie level placed on a packaged food be calculated from food components. According to the National Data Lab (NDL), most of the calorie values in the USDA and industry food tables are based on an indirect calorie estimation made using the so-called Atwater system. In this system, calories are not determined directly by burning the foods. Instead, the total caloric value is calculated by adding up the calories provided by the energy-containing nutrients: protein, carbohydrate, fat and alcohol. Because carbohydrates contain some fiber that is not digested and utilized by the body, the fiber component is usually subtracted from the total carbohydrate before calculating the calories. The Atwater system uses the average values of 4 Kcal/g for protein, 4 Kcal/g for carbohydrate, and 9 Kcal/g for fat. Alcohol is calculated at 7 Kcal/g. (These numbers were originally determined by burning and then averaging.) Thus the label on an energy bar that contains 10 g of protein, 20 g of carbohydrate and 9 g of fat would read 201 kcals or Calories. A complete discussion of this subject and the calories contained in more than 6,000 foods may be found on the National Data Lab web site at URL_0 . At this site you can also download the food database to a handheld computer. Another online tool that allows the user to total the calorie content of several foods is the Nutrition Analysis Tool at [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ). "


Question: When intoxicated and in a pitch black room, why do you get the spins when your eyes are closed, but not when open?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When intoxicated and in a pitch black room, why do you get the spins when your eyes are closed, but not when open?

Likely points of reference. If you can see something, you know you aren't spinning. If your eyes are closed your brain doesn't know it isn't spinning. I always found if I'm lying on the bed and put one foot on the ground off the edge of the bed with my eyes closed, my spins stop. Good luck buddy!


Question: If photons are massless, how can they be redirected? How do they interact with the properties of a mirror for an example?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If photons are massless, how can they be redirected? How do they interact with the properties of a mirror for an example?

Light doesn't have mass, but it is an electromagnetic wave, which means it does interact with anything that has charge, most relevantly including electrons. Basically, when light hits an electron, it gets absorbed and then shot back out in a random direction. Mirrors just have the unique property that when you work out all the interactions it has with light, the only choice light has is to bounce back relative to the direction it came (the self-interaction or reflected light destructively cancels out all light that's not traveling at an angle equal to the angle of incident).


Question: Why is the area of a circle πr² ???

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the area of a circle πr² ???

There are a few cool ways to see this in several levels of explanation, so I’ll just give a few neat ones: One way to think about it is to divide the circle to a lot of small slices, like a pie. Every slice is almost like a tiny tiny narrow triangle. The surface of a triangle can be calculated by the height times the base divided by 2. In our case, the height is the radius, but how much is the base? We don’t know. We do know however that all of the bases of all of the tiny triangles together make the entire circumference of the circle and we know how much that is: it’s 2**pi**r. So the area has to be 2**pi**r**r**1/2 which totals to pi**r^2. A different way to see it is using a function that describe a circle. y=Sqrt(R^2-x^2) is the upper half of a circle. We can calculate the surface under that using a definite integral and we get exatcly 1/2*pi**R^2. We double that to get the bottom half and get the area of the circle.


Question: Why don't we get patterned colourations like dogs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don't we get patterned colourations like dogs?

They have more fur all over, so they need the patterning to blend into their surroundings or provide other benefits (such as siamese cats and other color-pointed animals - the theory is that the darkly colored extremities trap more heat and prevent frostbite in those areas, all of which are particularly susceptible to it). We have mostly skin and very little visible hair, so we don't really need the patterns. However, if you pay close attention, you'll notice that we do have some patterning to our body hair. The hair on your arms and legs is thicker and darker, while the hair on your stomach, inside and underside of thighs and forearms, neck, and face tends to be lighter in color and also thinner. So I have black arm and leg hair, but the rest of it is light brown or blonde. It's just that our hair is very very thin and hard to see compared to other animals.


Question: Why is sustaining a sad/depressed mood extremely easy but sustaining an excited/happy mood difficult?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is sustaining a sad/depressed mood extremely easy but sustaining an excited/happy mood difficult?

In general, your brain pays more attention to negative experiences like sadness ( URL_1 ). This effect becomes more dramatic if you’re genetically predisposed to depression. As a second reason, if you’re predisposed to depression, your brain generally responds less strongly to positive emotions than to negative emotions ( URL_0 ). Sadness is perfectly okay to feel, but if you ever begin to lose the ability to feel pleasure or start becoming empty or numb, definitely try to get help. All of these changes in the ways that our brain processes emotion in depression can be reversed.


Question: How come my phone has 5 bars but no service? What are the bars actually measuring if not service strength?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come my phone has 5 bars but no service? What are the bars actually measuring if not service strength?

You're probably outside range of your own phone provider's towers and are connected to a different provider's towers. The signal strength is good, but you don't get phone service from them. The reason this works is even if you don't have service with this carrier, you can still call 911 from them, so your phone still tries to stay connected to something, even if it's not a tower it can use for normal service.


Question: Why can only some female lobsters lay eggs, ie YouTube videos mention the ones that can-have notches on fin and can't be kept, what makes them different from other female lobsters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can only some female lobsters lay eggs, ie YouTube videos mention the ones that can-have notches on fin and can't be kept, what makes them different from other female lobsters?

Fishermen notch the tail of egg-bearing females they catch, to mark her out as a breeder. If she gets caught again, hopefully the next fisherman will let her go, too, so she can continue to make lots of little baby lobsters. The notch does not create fertility, the notch is something created by a human due to fertility. [Sauce]( URL_0 ) ETA: Non-notched females can breed just fine. The lack of notch just means they haven’t been caught in a gravid condition by someone who notched and releases within the last three or so years.


Question: Why is it that 4G plans have a data limit, yet WiFi is usually unlimited? Especially when the speed can be so similar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that 4G plans have a data limit, yet WiFi is usually unlimited? Especially when the speed can be so similar?

Because the cell towers can only handle so much data traffic, depending on the number of users in the area which is why they need to throttle people's speed sometimes. Home internet is routed through cable or fiber optics, and can handle much larger amounts of traffic.


Question: What is that circle or “halo” of absent light in a flashlight’s beam?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is that circle or “halo” of absent light in a flashlight’s beam?

Do you mean the old incandescent lights with the dead spot in the middle like this? URL_1 It's because the bulb is relatively weak and the light uses its reflectors to create a wide 'flood' pattern to illuminate as big of an area as possible. That dead spot in the middle is an area that the circular reflectors around the bulb miss because they're designed to spread the light around evenly. A lot of modern LED flashlights have the opposite problem, where their reflectors are set up so they output light in a pattern like this: URL_0 That's usually far too bright to be useful up close, but looks great in marketing materials where the manufacturers can claim their lights are powerful enough to illuminate things very far away. Ideally, for a light to be useful for the distances most people use a flashlight, you'd want something set up so the reflectors output an even light pattern. That usually means you'd have to pay a bit more to buy a light from a company that emphasizes more than just pure lumen output.


Question: Why are we able to remember song lyrics to a song we last listened to 10 years ago but can’t remember material we studied weeks for for an exam?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we able to remember song lyrics to a song we last listened to 10 years ago but can’t remember material we studied weeks for for an exam?

Typically memories are tied to strong emotions, so if you remember an old songs lyrics, its more than likely because you have fond memories of singing or listening to the song. Studying however, is mostly a dull and boring experience, thus making it easily forgettable.


Question: Why does it sometimes physically hurt when bright light hits your eye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it sometimes physically hurt when bright light hits your eye?

Pain is just your brain's way of telling you something needs to be addressed. you cut yourself: *ouchies*, better get a bandaid get too close to fire: *ouchies*, better move my hand away with that in mind, bright lights can damage your eyes. especially if it's sunlight. the physical pain is your body's way of telling you to stop staring at such a bright light. and as with most health stuff, everyone is different. some people are more sensitive and can barely go outside without sun glasses. others could stare straight into a projector bulb and not think twice about it.


Question: If I fell into an ocean of table-tennis balls, could I swim back to the surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I fell into an ocean of table-tennis balls, could I swim back to the surface?

There are a couple physical 'states' that the balls could be in, and I think that would matter a lot. They could be in a disordered pile, with gaps of varying sizes and balls touching at various angles, and in that case the ocean would behave a little more like a fluid. When you hit it, the balls would be able to displace a little to make room for you and maybe swimming would be an option. But if you had a rectangular container whose width and length were whole-number multiples of a ball diameter, and the balls were perfectly packed in there in straight rows, then the whole thing would be fairly rigid and when you hit the surface you'd come to a sharp stop, crushing a few layers of balls. That would probably suck, and after that if you tried to make your battered body swim you'd feel a lot more resistance. If you spread out your weight enough you might be able to crawl or roll on top...?


Question: How do urinal cakes work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do urinal cakes work?

Urinal cakes—initially made of the same chemical in mothballs and now typically made up of a chemical named paradichlorobenzene—are designed to overpower and soak up the smells produced by all that urine that doesn't end up down the drain.


Question: I recently learned about Graham's Number, which completely blew my mind. Then I looked up some other large numbers, and came across TREE(3). After reading some stuff about it, I still have no clue as to what it is. Can anyone explain this concept with general language terms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I recently learned about Graham's Number, which completely blew my mind. Then I looked up some other large numbers, and came across TREE(3). After reading some stuff about it, I still have no clue as to what it is. Can anyone explain this concept with general language terms?

So a tree is a graph without loops. Lines connecting points, also called nodes, so that you can't get from one node to another without using the same route. We start by choosing number of colors. Say two. We then build a sequence of trees so that each tree has colored nodes, or points, using one of the two colors available. So blue dot connected to red dot would be a tree with two nodes. We have requirements for this sequence tho. We cannot have more than one node for the first tree, two nodes for the second, three for third, etc. We can however have less. So red node as first tree is valid, and blue node as second tree is valid. But red dot connected to blue dot, connected to another blue dot, connected to another blue dot, is not valid for third one, because it has 4 nodes. Second requirement is that we can't have an earlier tree be contained in a later tree. So red node as first tree, and two red nodes as second tree is not cool. It's not allowed. That later part is a bit more tricky since this "contained" is a bit specific idea that's hard to explain here, but for ELI5 you're not far off if you just settle with the intuition you have about the word "contained". TREE(n) refers to the longest sequence of trees you can build using these rules. TREE(1) allows just one color, so first tree is just a node in that color. Second tree would have to contain that, so 1 is the maximum length, and TREE(1) = 1 TREE(2) allows two colors. Start with red node as first tree. Second tree can be two blue nodes connected. Third tree can be one blue node(notice how we allow earlier tree to contain later tree, but not the other way around). That's three, and we can't build any longer a sequence. So TREE(2) = 3 TREE(3) uses three colors, and we have proven that there is only finitely many trees you can put into a sequence with these rules. However, we have no upper bound on how long this sequence can be. We know it's massively larger than Graham's number, but we know no number that for sure is larger than TREE(3).


Question: Why can’t we see air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we see air?

The gas molecules in air don't have an electron configuration (chromophore) capable of absorbing light at visible wavelengths, thus they are transparent. Our visual system has evolved to work in the transparent wavelength region for obvious reasons. If somehow we only saw in the far ultraviolet below about 200nm, the air molecules would absorb thay and it would be like walking about in inky blackness.


Question: How are the photos "shot on iPhone 7" not pixelated and blurry when enlarged to billboard size?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are the photos "shot on iPhone 7" not pixelated and blurry when enlarged to billboard size?

You'd be surprised at the resolution most billboards are printed at. When you are standing 20 feet away or more the DPI requirements go *way* down. Those big 48 foot wide billboards? Often less then 10 pixels per inch which means a 10MP image is all you need (though due to the way many are printed you don't have the same clear 'pixels', it's more like how things are in a newspaper comic with little dots).


Question: Does the strong nuclear force overcome electrostatic force in a stable nucleus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the strong nuclear force overcome electrostatic force in a stable nucleus?

When it says it overcomes the electric repulsion of the protons what is being described is the equilibrium of forces on the nucleons from the electric and strong forces.


Question: How do trick candles work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do trick candles work?

Magnesium powder in the wick. Even after it's blown out, the residual heat is more than enough to ignite the magnesium, then that gets hot enough momentarily to re-light the wick.


Question: What happens to oxygen in space? Would it be possible to get oxygen into space? What would happen to it? Even if it’s a small amount, does it just vanish?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to oxygen in space? Would it be possible to get oxygen into space? What would happen to it? Even if it’s a small amount, does it just vanish?

In our atmosphere oxygen molecules have an average speed of around 1000mph. They're constantly bouncing up against other molecules and changing direction. In space there's nothing else to run into so oxygen released there would quickly disperse at high speed in every direction.


Question: Why do rape victims have rape fantasies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do rape victims have rape fantasies?

I wholeheartedly agree with the other answers but wanted to expand a little more. As noted, a lot of women have “rape” fantasies. But, based on those I’ve heard from friends, they aren’t REALLY rape fantasies. They are fantasies where someone else makes all the decisions, exercises all the control, and the woman gets to enjoy being the object of overt, unequivocal lustful pursuit by someone she finds attractive without having to deal with the social or moral implications attached to deciding whether or not to sleep with someone. Even (especially?) if you’ve experienced trauma, the desire to feel attractive, pursued, and to just be passive and accept pleasure makes total sense. In reality, rape is nothing like that. In reality, rape is having sex with someone you don’t want to, when you don’t want to. Genuine powerlessness is terrifying and diminishing. (And if you think there’s emotional conflict and guilt after consensual sex, it’s NOTHING compared to the shit you experience with non-consensual sex!) So far, no one has shared any rape fantasies that involve the dynamic of being forced to have sex when they truly don’t want to have sex with someone they truly aren’t attracted to. If I do hear one of those from a trauma survivor, I’ll ascribe it to the aforementioned explanation - an attempt to own the trauma and process the experience. Seriously, it’s a good question and thank you for putting it out there. Anticipation of judgment had to have been scary.


Question: How do data collectors account for people who put random answers in surveys?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do data collectors account for people who put random answers in surveys?

Hi, I am a mod at /r/surveyresearch and a full time survey researcher. There is inherent noise in all data we collect. However, generally when people answer surveys they mostly tell the truth, this is backed up with empirical research where we have administrative data on the people surveyed and we compare what the participant says and what the records say. Most of the time their responses align with the responses of the "truth". Error is mostly associated with trouble with recall or understanding the question rather than purposeful inattention. We also call this phenomenon of answering randomly or answering with malicious intent, "Satisficing." It is an area of intense research from academics in the field of survey research. We can't catch it all, but we can setup various tricks to catch and remove answers that are intentionally wrong. * Randomization: If you randomize your question order and response order, a person who would pick randomly or pick the first response for each question would just appear as noise in the data, rather than a particular bias. * Logic checks: We can ask the same questions twice in different ways or we can ask a chain of questions that logically go together (i.e.,Are you a frequent smoker? Yes, How often do you smoke? Never). This would flag data for removal. * Meta/Paradata- If you complete a 20 minute survey in 5 minutes, we can kick your data out. If you straight line your answers, we can kick your data out. etc. * Attentional Checks: "How often do you smoke?(Select the 3rd answer to continue)". "Do you use [Brand that does not exist]?" We run the risk of deleting real honest responses, so these checks do not always occur. But it is available if there is concern with data quality. That being said, recent research shows that data cleaning really doesn't change the results that much for most questions. On average, it evens out as long as you have a large enough sample size. I would strongly encourage to answer surveys and answer them honestly. You have the ability to represent your interests and sway the opinion of companies and even governments by the answers you provide. Data collection isn't cheap, decision makers put a lot of value in these surveys and they will design products and even political positions around the data they get from these surveys. For a nationally representative US survey, your single response roughly represents ~606,177 adults. Your response has the power to represent, statistically speaking, an INFINITE amount of people. It is an incredible opportunity, don't waste it.


Question: Why does pasta sauce, a stew or chili taste so much better a day or two after it had been cooked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pasta sauce, a stew or chili taste so much better a day or two after it had been cooked?

I don’t think there’s really a right or wrong answer here. Everyone will have a different opinion on what happens and why. Here’s my thoughts: when it sits, the flavors are able to “marry” better. Spices are absorbed. And then when reheated, moisture is taken out which concentrates everything with less water giving you a bolder flavor. [here’s an article that gives a few other answers ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do standardized tests each have unique and seemingly arbitrary score ranges? (e.g. SAT 400-1600, ACT 1 to 36, LSAT 120-180, MCAT 472 to 528, USMLE Step 1 1-300)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do standardized tests each have unique and seemingly arbitrary score ranges? (e.g. SAT 400-1600, ACT 1 to 36, LSAT 120-180, MCAT 472 to 528, USMLE Step 1 1-300)

The short answer is that it is arbitrary. The longer answer is that the scoring systems reflect the priorities of the test makers. Many test creators intentionally set the lowest score far above 0 to make it more obvious that they are interval scales, not ratio scales. In other words, a score of 900 on the SAT is not "twice as high" as 450 because for something to be double, triple, 1.5x, 0.5x, or any other multiplier you need to be counting from 0, not 400. A lot of tests set the average score to be close to a nice, round number. For instance, SAT standardizes so that 1000 is about average, 500 is about average on MCAT, and 150 is about average on LSAT. The actual average varies from test to test, but they're designed so that it's easy for a test taker to see where they stand. ACT, on the other hand, uses 36 because it factors nicely into the number of questions on each section of the test. Multiplying the percent right by 36 gives you a clean-looking number without repeating decimals. USMLE doesn't disclose how they do their scoring, so I really don't know why they picked 1-300.


Question: How and why is Flash a security threat on a computer, and what makes it different from other programs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why is Flash a security threat on a computer, and what makes it different from other programs?

There is a major difference and that is that the program was downloaded and executed automatically when you loaded a web page. You need to download and install regular programs so is it a lot harder to convince someone do that compare to be executed automatically. The page was not necessary one that that the hacker had controlled over as you could include flash i a advertisement on another site. But compare to a program you download Flash was more secure. The program was not executed nativ but was run in a virtual machine with limitation. They can be relative secure like the one that java script in your browser. But flash could do more and was not developed with enough security in mind so there was may problems with it and many exploits was discovered. So any exploit that was discovered could be used in a ad on another website. People did not update fals when there was a new version so know and patched exploits could be used for a long time.


Question: Sometimes pregnant women have the urge to eat specific foods throughout their pregnancy. Is it because they lack a certain nutrient common in that food that the fetus needs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Sometimes pregnant women have the urge to eat specific foods throughout their pregnancy. Is it because they lack a certain nutrient common in that food that the fetus needs?

A friend of mine craved dirt while she was pregnant. And there was good dirt and not good dirt according to her, she could tell by looking at it but couldn't explain the difference. She actually ate dirt, like went out into a field and got a cup of dirt and ate some. Her doctor told her that as long as she made sure it was clean dirt, as in no manure, fertilizer, bug spray, random chemicals or that type of thing that it would be fine to go ahead and eat some dirt.


Question: Why we cant "park" satellites and space station in Lagrange points, to avoid drag?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why we cant "park" satellites and space station in Lagrange points, to avoid drag?

We can and do. Lagrange point 1 is between the Earth and Sun and has the [Solar and Heliospheric Observatory]( URL_1 ) parked there. L2, on the opposite side of the Earth, has the [Gaia satellite]( URL_0 ) parked there. The other points are much further away and I'm not sure if we use them.


Question: With so many pigeons, squirrels, rats, and other critters living in urban areas, how are cities not filled with the carcasses of animals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With so many pigeons, squirrels, rats, and other critters living in urban areas, how are cities not filled with the carcasses of animals?

I believe it's because the animals eat the other animals. Circle of life and whatnot. Plus there's Dave the Critter-Eater, but we don't like to talk about him.


Question: How can not having an atmosphere cause Mercury's nighttime temperature to plummet despite the proximity to The Sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can not having an atmosphere cause Mercury's nighttime temperature to plummet despite the proximity to The Sun?

The proximity to the sun only matters when you're facing it. The sun makes things hot by shining lots of photons on it. The night side of Mercury is the side facing away from the sun and therefore isn't getting any of those delicious photons. But it should already be hot from being in the sun during the day-time, right? No. Hot things radiate their heat away. Without an atmosphere to trap the heat and keep it there (like a blanket), it just gets rid of all its heat (in the form of infrared radiation) and gets very cold.


Question: How does coca cola have a lower pH than H2SO4. Shouldn't that make it unfit for consumption?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does coca cola have a lower pH than H2SO4. Shouldn't that make it unfit for consumption?

Not necessarily, a low pH would be concerning if the molarity was also high. pH is an indicator of how well protons are able to dissociate in a specific solution. Molarity determines to the concentration of the solution. Realistically damage can be assessed by the total number of H+ molecules in a solution which is taking into consideration both the pH and the molarity. (I might have butchered the explanation but in conclusion) I'd rather put my hand in 0.1M of Hydrochloric acid (pH = 1), than put my hand in 10M of H2S04 (pH = 2.5).


Question: How does quartz assist in the function of a watch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does quartz assist in the function of a watch?

It’s a form of time keeping. To keep time clocks need to measure from a constant frequency. In the past this has been done by measuring the constant electrical frequency of a mains circuit. Quartz has a constant frequency when electricity is passed through it so the watch can read this frequency and then calculate the time. It vibrated 32,000 times a second so the clock knows for every 32,000 vibrations it needs to count up 1 second.


Question: Who would build roads under a Communist ir Anarchist regime?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who would build roads under a Communist ir Anarchist regime?

You might want to check out /r/anarchism101. I'm pretty sure there's an equivalent sub for communists. They probably have plenty of basic things covered in the sidebar, so you might want to start there.


Question: What would actually happen if someone took a cannonball square to the chest like in the movies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would actually happen if someone took a cannonball square to the chest like in the movies?

I think it would depend somewhat on the size of the cannonball. Smaller ships often had only 6- oder even 4-pounders whose projectiles were no bigger than an egg. Those would merely make a hole in the chest and mess up the insides enough to be 100% fatal. A hit from a larger cannonball would transfer enough energy to the body to tear it apart completely. You might find the limbs lying around in the general vicinity.


Question: on average do people lose money when investing, gain money from investing or break even? If it's gain money where does the extra money come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 on average do people lose money when investing, gain money from investing or break even? If it's gain money where does the extra money come from?

On average, over the past 90 years the US stock market has delivered something like 9-10% annualized return. So, on average, people make money if they invest in the broad market. Of course, they can invest in stocks that lose value, and over a short term, any one investment’s performance will vary from the long term average. The “extra money” comes from economic growth - value that has been created by the real companies whose stock you are buying.


Question: Would guns work in space? How about explosives like grenades? How would the lack of atmosphere affect such projectiles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Would guns work in space? How about explosives like grenades? How would the lack of atmosphere affect such projectiles?

Guns and grenades would both work fine in space, as the propellant or explosives used are self oxidizing. The only thing that wouldn't work is something that requires environmental oxygen to oxidize the reaction and allow the fuel to burn.


Question: Why don’t the rich seem to pay their taxes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don’t the rich seem to pay their taxes?

What are you referring to? Rich people pay very large amounts of taxes. Is there some story you could link us to that explains your question?


Question: How could NAFTA be terminated by a single country?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How could NAFTA be terminated by a single country?

Either the US, Canada or Mexico could pull out of NAFTA by giving 6 months notice. By nature of scale of economies, if the US pulls out, NAFTA is basically dead. What happens after that would be anyones guess as prior to NAFTA, there were tariffs in place between the three countries. In all likelihood, NAFTA would be renegotiated vs. scrapped.