Question: Why do directors not film scenes in the order in which they appear in the movie?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do directors not film scenes in the order in which they appear in the movie?

In those two cases, if you film the climax of the movie first, you have time to do it right, and fix anything that may go wrong in the process. Wait and do it last, you might have to delay the movie if any issues come up. Also, cost and simplicity come into play. If you have a bunch of scenes in your movie that all occur in one spot, it makes sense to film them at the same time. Same thing if your actors are wearing the same clothes in different scenes.


Question: Why are barrel bombs so bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are barrel bombs so bad?

Explosives are categorized by burn rate. High explosives (high burn rate explosives) provide a quick “punch” that are good for shattering rock etc but don’t scatter a lot of material. Burying high explosives in the sand would do almost nothing when detonated. Low burn rate explosives have a large gas expansion which tends to move lots of material. Setting these off underground would lift the dirt and create a large crater. Setting off a low burn rate explosive in rock would tend to scatter large chunks instead of shattering the rock into small pieces. High explosives are good for surgical strikes where the destruction need to be contained in a small area. Slow burn explosives are more likely to damage surrounding buildings and cause more collateral damage. The bombs to which you are referring use ANFO explosives which are of the slow burning type. This is a common explosive in construction and excavation where large amounts of material need to be moved.


Question: Why does cling wrap become less clingy after reusing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does cling wrap become less clingy after reusing it?

The cling comes from a static electric charge that is put into the wrap during manufacturing (actually it was originally an accident). Just like when you take clothes out of they dryer and they stick together, the plastic gets a static charge from the rollers used to stretch it out. Once you have used it, the charge has dissipated and it becomes just a sheet of plastic


Question: How do spiked shoes make runners faster? It's obviously counterintuitive but I would have thought extra grip would slow you down.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do spiked shoes make runners faster? It's obviously counterintuitive but I would have thought extra grip would slow you down.

Spiked shoes provide more traction for running on specific surfaces. The pressure from the foot pushing down and back could cause the shoe to slip over the ground instead of propelling the runner forward. The friction that helps maintain traction creates only a small amount of friction when the runner lifts their foot.


Question: Why are the vid players on some "big" sites so unreliable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the vid players on some "big" sites so unreliable?

YouTube processes every single video that is uploaded to the site to use the exact same file type with the exact same settings. This particular file type is heavily compressed. Compressing the video file causes a loss of quality but it loads faster. Vimeo uses a slightly less compressed file type which looks better but might take longer to load if you have a slow internet connection. The other things that can affect your viewing experience is the physical location where the video is stored, how many people are trying to access it at once and how capable they are of accommodating the traffic. YouTube has spent a ton of money placing data centers all over the world with enormous bandwidth to accommodate the incredibly high site traffic that they have. So going to YouTube might be like traveling a mile on a six lane highway, and going to CNN might be like going a hundred miles on a winding back country single lane dirt road.


Question: Why do politicians resign from their government as a protest? Do they not have more power staying in their post to fight against what they don't like? [UK example inside]

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do politicians resign from their government as a protest? Do they not have more power staying in their post to fight against what they don't like? [UK example inside]

Like you say, jumping before he is pushed. The PM decides who's in the cabinet and what roles they have. If he fundamentally disagrees with the PMs approach, then he would be fired anyway. Chances are the new PM will change up who's in the cabinet anyway. He remains an MP and a member of the Conservatives. He has simply resigned as a minister. So he still gets to vote in Parliament, and can vote against Johnson. He could be expelled from the party if he keeps voting against the government, but even then he would still be an MP and still get to vote.


Question: How does a satellites stay positioned on a geostationary orbital target that is not on the equator?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a satellites stay positioned on a geostationary orbital target that is not on the equator?

Geostationary orbits are only above the equator. Geosynchronous orbits are at the same distance but not necessarily in the plane of the equator. Communications satellites are not necessarily geostationary or geosynchronous; if there are enough of them all at different orbits then they can cover most of the earth.


Question: What is the advantage of using a logarithmic scale instead of a linear scale and when is it useful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the advantage of using a logarithmic scale instead of a linear scale and when is it useful?

Let's use an example. If we look at the stock market (the S & P 500 specifically) over the last 93 years, [it looks like this]( URL_1 ) on a linear scale. Looking at this graph, it looks like the stock market basically did nothing from 1927 to 1980-ish and then started skyrocketing. Changes in the early part of the graph are almost impossible to see--the famous stock market crash from 1929 isn't even visible. Now let's [look the stock market]( URL_0 ) where the y-axis is a natural log. It looks completely different, you can actually see changes in the early part of the graph. The reason it's useful to use a log scale is because the stock market tends to grow at a certain percent per year. Due to compound growth, the increase in dollars becomes larger every year even if the percent change remains the same. Soon, the early values on the chart become impossible to distinguish simply because they are so small compared to later values. So a log scale is useful when a time series tends to grow by certain a percent.


Question: What does Parkinson’s/dementia do to the brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does Parkinson’s/dementia do to the brain?

So I am not a doctor nor a scientist. My mom has early onset Parkinson’s and this is what I’ve learned from her journey. The most basic definition of Parkinson's is: a neurological movement disorder that affects your ability to complete daily tasks, such as walking, which worsens over time. A little more specifically: it's a dopamine-related disorder. But what is dopamine? I'm sure you've heard of the "feel-good" hormone, right? Well that's dopamine. However, dopamine's role is way bigger than just making you "feel-good." Dopamine actually plays a vital role in sending signals to other neurons that tell your brain when to move. In Parkinson’s, the brain doesn’t make enough dopamine; therefore, your neurons are not being told when or how to move. This specifically causes slowing in automatic movements your body does regularly, like walking, lifting your arms, picking up a cup, etc. Eventually, as time passes, your body gets slower and stiffer which eventually leads to patients having lots of pain. There are different stages of Parkinson’s progression, but it’s really just a guideline and for some it does not happen in order. Parkinson’s also eventually starts affecting non-motor abilities and it causes things like anxiety and depression.


Question: Why can’t batteries charge near instantly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t batteries charge near instantly?

Heat Batteries have an internal resistance which changes with their charge level. This resistance turns some of the power used for charging into heat If you want to charge a battery faster, you need to put more current into it. For an ideal battery (no resistance) twice as much current would charge it twice as fast. For a real battery, twice as much current sees 4x as much power turn into heat. Trying to charge 10x faster would result in 100x heat Trying to charge a battery instantly, or even just in a few seconds, would dissipate so much heat that the battery would just explode


Question: Why can't the democrats simply refuse to accept a new justice like the republicans did in 2016?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't the democrats simply refuse to accept a new justice like the republicans did in 2016?

Because Republicans controlled the senate then and now?


Question: What part of the brain is responsible for the 'internal monologue/dialogue' we hear in our minds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What part of the brain is responsible for the 'internal monologue/dialogue' we hear in our minds?

Scientist have looked at brains using fMRIs and found the superior temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus light up. Those are the areas that light up deal mainly with language. A bunch of other areas light up as well, a lot have to do with predicting what other people would do. To put it to an analogy, it's a lot like GPU processing on a high end Computer. There is some very expensive and very powerful specialized hardware installed. It was meant to do one thing that was very difficult. But in the process it turned out we could use that hardware to do some other things that were difficult.


Question: Why can fully cooked (crisp) bacon be safely left out at room temperature all day in restaurants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can fully cooked (crisp) bacon be safely left out at room temperature all day in restaurants?

Bacon is a cured food. It was designed to be preserved via salt curing. This salt content kills most bacteria and fungi and means that proper bacon is safe to store uncooked at room temperature for a significant period of time. (not safe to consume raw though). Cooked bacon has almost no water content left it it. Particularly if it is properly crisp. Any harmful things in it have been killed so we are looking at harmful things that can fall onto it. As such it can last for days at room temp without posing any real issue and does not have "the window" other cooked foods have.


Question: What is spiciness? It must be more than just a flavor because you can "taste" it with any/all of your orifices.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is spiciness? It must be more than just a flavor because you can "taste" it with any/all of your orifices.

What it is is capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide). It's the chemical that makes chilies hot and it's an irritant for mammals as well as a good fungicide. Chilies produce capsaicin to discourage mammals from eating their fruit, because a mammal's gut will destroy their seeds. Chilies depend on birds to spread their seeds, and birds are not effected by capsaicin. Humans eat chili fruits because we are deeply weird mammals who enjoy the spiciness. Capsaicin is also the active ingredient in pepper spray.


Question: Why do people in hot countries have darker skin if black absorbs heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people in hot countries have darker skin if black absorbs heat?

Darker skin is a result of higher levels of melanin in skin. Melanin's primary role is to block UV radiation. Most of the countries we think of as 'hotter' or inhabited by dark skinned individuals tend to be in the tropics, where solar radiation is more intense. There, higher levels of melanin protected the skin and the individual from too much UV exposure, which can lead to some skin cancers.


Question: How does services like Xbox Game Pass and PS Now generate money for Devs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does services like Xbox Game Pass and PS Now generate money for Devs?

Have you ever watched TV, listened to the radio, or used Netflix? You don't pay individually for each song you listen to on the radio. You don't pay individually for each show you watch on broadcast, cable, or Netflix. In the news recently, HBO Max paid $500 Million for the right to stream South Park. These servers of content make a licensing agreement with the developers of the content. They pay the developer for the right to have the content on their service, and then their customers pay for the right to watch/listen/play that content.


Question: How does human skin convert into dust?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does human skin convert into dust?

Very little of our skin actually flakes off to become dust, most of it being washed away in water The skin flakes that do fall are too small to be seen, mixing with other airborne contaminants such as dandruff, insect waste, sand and dirt. Sometimes other contaminants such as Pollen, depending on what's floating around the atmosphere at the time. Honestly if you got hayfever and the such, clean the dust (preferrably with a gas mask and such), that might help


Question: What classifies something as a plastic and how can the same type of plastic (e.g polyester) be used from slick, waterproof shirts to fluffy blankets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What classifies something as a plastic and how can the same type of plastic (e.g polyester) be used from slick, waterproof shirts to fluffy blankets?

Plastics are synthetic or partly synthetic polymeric materials. (Basically materials made from enormously big molecules, compared to other materials.) As to why is there a wide range of plastics. Simply because we spent the last century with trying to make new kinds of plastics that could be applied in different situations. Our technology has evolved so much, that we can now make plastics how we want them. Their properties are mainly controlled by the actually plastic, so PET (PETP) will act completely differently than Teflon. (PTFE) This is caused by them being made from different macromollecules. You can then adjust the properties of plastics by additives, you could make them more heat resistant, you could change their density, you could make them more durable, you could make them conduct electricity better... Pretty much anything. I'm not sure how well did I explain it as English isn't my native language and this is hard to explain to someone who doesn't work or study in the the field even in my native language. But fell free to ask more questions. Also polyesters are category of plastics that PET falls into. They don't have that wide use as you stated, but they can still get pretty useful, not only to make bottles. But the wide range of uses is possible thanks to the additives I wrote about above.


Question: I'm preparing for an IQ test. I suck. What is an efficient way of counting how many 4 sided figures are in this picture?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I'm preparing for an IQ test. I suck. What is an efficient way of counting how many 4 sided figures are in this picture?

I don't think there is any mathematical way of solving it, at least nothing faster than counting it out. I find it easiest if I think of the figure as being made of ten pieces. Then, I first count all the four-sided shapes I can make using a single piece each, and that's 9. Then I count the shapes I can make using two pieces each, and that's 9. Three piece shapes: 3. Four piece shapes: 3. Five piece shapes: 1. And no larger shapes than that. So 25 shapes total.


Question: Why do two negative numbers yield a positive number when multiplied together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do two negative numbers yield a positive number when multiplied together?

I read a really good explanation on this sub a while back so I'll take a shot at it (I'm on mobile so please pardon any mistakes). So, you can either walk forwards or backwards. This would represent positive and negative. This is the same for a recording. It can be played forward or in reverse. -If you play a recording forward of you walking forward, the end result is you walking forward in the video (positive*positive). -If you play a recording forward of you walking in reverse, the end result would be negative as you are going backwards in the video (negative*positive). -If you play a recording in reverse of you walking forwards, the end result will be negative as you are going backwards in thw video (positive*negative) -Finally, you can play a recording in reverse of you walking backwards. The result will be positive, as you are appearing to walk forwards in the video (negative*negative).


Question: How do we all not have cancer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we all not have cancer?

I was under the assumption that we have potential cancerous cells produced every day but our immune system combined with cell duplication checks usually destroy them before they replicate.


Question: What happens to light during magnification?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to light during magnification?

Basically all the light that enters the big lens is condensed into a smaller area. That makes the light more intense since you have more photons in the same area. That's why wider telescopes can see dimmer things. They can also make things look bigger by changing the way light enters your eye and spreading the light that would normally land on a small region of your retina over a large region. As for burning things like by focusing light from the sun there's an interesting thing you run into where the max temperature you can get to is limited by the temperature of the sun. See when you heat something up it also emits light just from being hot as blackbody radiation. When you focus light from the sun on a point if you heat up an object to the same temperature as the sun it also emits light back at the same rate it's absorbing it. Though since this is something like 9000F it's not a limit you would ordinarily run into. At more reasonable temperatures like a few hundred degrees F you are essentially just taking the same amount of heat that would have hit an area the size of the magnifying glass lens and squishing it into a smaller area. More heat input on a smaller area means higher temp. As for solar power yes, you can put lenses on a solar panel to increase efficiency. These are called concentrated photovoltaic panels. These save money on silicon by using the same piece of silicon to catch more photons and since lenses are typically cheaper than high quality panels, and solar panels tend to be more efficient under concentrated light. You end up limited by the amount of heat the silicon can withstand. Since they aren't 100% efficient, more like 40% anything that isn't converted to electricity ends up as heat, and if they heat can't be removed by cooling the silicon will eventually burn up. With concentrated solar plants that use heat to run turbines these work because turbines are more efficient with high temperature differences. In addition it focuses most of the machinery in one central location while only using relatively cheap mirrors over a large area to collect sunlight and focus it on that central location, usually a tower.


Question: Is electricity affected by gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is electricity affected by gravity?

Yes, technically, but you can almost always neglect the effect. This is because electricity is the flow of charged particles; usually electrons. These particles have a tiny mass compared to their charge (for the pedants out there, by this I mean that the forces on them from gravity will be much much smaller than the forces from electric and magnetic fields). Additionally, usually when dealing with electricity you're looking at an electric circuit: electricity flowing in some sort of closed loop. That means that if you have a section of the circuit going uphill there's a section going downhill as well. That further reduces the already minuscule effect of gravity. You could come up with a contrived setup to test the effects of gravity on electricity, but good luck getting tools sensitive enough to measure it.


Question: Why are 9mm bullets less dangerous than 7.62 or even 5.56 ones? Shouldn’t they deal more damage with bigger size?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are 9mm bullets less dangerous than 7.62 or even 5.56 ones? Shouldn’t they deal more damage with bigger size?

9mm bullets are dangerous. However they are a handgun round. They're less aerodynamic and have less power coming out of the barrel. They're not designed for long-distance flight. 7.62/.308 and 5.56/.223 are rifle rounds. They have more power out the barrel and are designed for long- distance, accurate engagement.


Question: How Is Wall Street Trading Nonzero-Sum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Is Wall Street Trading Nonzero-Sum?

Day trading *is* a zero sum game (or even a negative sum game, as you have to pay broker fees for each trade you make), that is buying a bunch of stocks when you think they are low and selling them when they spike. However, over the long term, the economy grows, the stock market increases, investments make money, etc. For long term investors, it's largely a positive sum game.


Question: Why does a door of a room close easier and faster, when a window of that room is opened?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a door of a room close easier and faster, when a window of that room is opened?

Air pressure. When you close a door, you are forcing air into the room (think of the door as a giant fan, or sail) with the windows closed, that air has less of a place to go, so it's harder to close the door, since that air is "pushing back". With the window open, the air just does out the window.


Question: How do doctors know if someone had a seizure (especially if no one saw it happen)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do doctors know if someone had a seizure (especially if no one saw it happen)?

The thing is, seizures are pretty broad. But to simplify, they range from just having a twitching hand to whole body convulsing. Second thing in them is that the person can be aware of their seizure, as in they are conscious while their body is shaking out of control, or they aren't aware. (These are two characteristics. Not necessarily related.) So doctor's can't know if you had the seizure if no one saw it. But they can see if you are prone to it by EEG. For some epileptics or people prone to seizure, a part of their brain is hyperactive and constantly firing signals. If it's able to generate a continuous cycle, it spreads the electrical impulses to the whole brain resulting in a seizure. So Doctors do an EEG and look for any focal point which is abnormally active and just firing impulses. They also estimate from a history (maybe you had a recent head trauma) or from family history (if someone in your family has had seizures).


Question: What does hardware-based platform mean in programming?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does hardware-based platform mean in programming?

It means the program you are creating is targeting a specific piece of hardware, and won't work on anything else \*. For example if you're making a PS4 game, that game will only work on a PS4. If you want to make it work on Xbox, you have to replace some of the code with Xbox specific stuff, and recompile it for Xbox. Compare that to Java, where a Java program can work on different types of hardware as long as they have a version of the Java runtime. It can run on a standard x86 based PC, but it would also work on a machine which has a different type of CPU and/or OS. The Java Runtime handles all the stuff that's necessary to interface with the hardware and OS, instead of your program doing it. You don't need to make separate versions for those platforms. \* Unless that other hardware has specifically been designed to support software for an older platform, e.g. PS5 will run PS4 games.


Question: How did the pronunciation of Jesus’ name go from Yesh-U-uh to well, Jesus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the pronunciation of Jesus’ name go from Yesh-U-uh to well, Jesus?

In pretty sure it's because different languages were trying to mimic one another in a daisy chain. Aramaic---- > greek--- > latin----- > english. Not all language share the same set of sounds so they do their best to match.


Question: Why does Moore's Law exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Moore's Law exist?

Calling it a law is a bit of a disservice. It was actually an observation made by Moore. The distinction is important. As for your question, AFAIK it is mostly due to the progress of manufacturing and production of chips, rather than any willingness to prevent progress. It is expected that Moore's law will break down once we reach the 7nm scale, as beyond this point Quantum Tunnelling starts to become a problem. Quantum tunnelling is when the particle "jumps" the barrier (not my forte, so can't explain it properly). We are currently 4 generations away from that problem, i.e. we use 14nm commonly, 10nm is in development, 7nm are in development, and 5nm are predicted after. Without moving to quantum computing there is the likelihood that we will stall out in the improvement of processor speeds while reducing their size. Edit: I would expect this stall to happen in the late 2020s, given the rate of progression from development to manufacturing.


Question: On the movie Arrival, what was the whole purpose of the aliens coming to Earth, and why did she have a daughter if she knew that in the future she would eventually die from cancer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On the movie Arrival, what was the whole purpose of the aliens coming to Earth, and why did she have a daughter if she knew that in the future she would eventually die from cancer?

It's not as simple as "she had a daughter despite knowing the outcome". She has kind of moved outside linear time at that point and causality doesn't work like that. She knows her future the way you know your past.


Question: How do you write a research paper without plagiarising, but all the ideas need to be found in literature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you write a research paper without plagiarising, but all the ideas need to be found in literature?

Basically, when you use ideas from other books, you say them again in your own words, and you give credit to the people you got those ideas from.


Question: How come in remote regions my phone will say I have good service (2-3 bars of LTE) but nothing will load?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come in remote regions my phone will say I have good service (2-3 bars of LTE) but nothing will load?

Because it's actually saying that you have 3 bars of phone call reception, which is a different type of signal than internet data. The tiny trickle of data you have is of type LTE. So it says what type of data signal you have, right next to the phone call signal strength. It never directly tells you your LTE strength.


Question: How do polyatomic ions form?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do polyatomic ions form?

You mean charged molecules? Simply add or remove an electron to or from a neutral molecule.


Question: How do heat-seeking missiles work? do they work exactly like in the movies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do heat-seeking missiles work? do they work exactly like in the movies?

Early ones were really simplistic and just pointed the missile to the hottest thing it sensor could detect, be that a planes exhaust, the sun or flares (decoys). They had limited steering ability and only worked when shot at a plane from behind it (called "rear-aspect"), and even then weren't that reliable. Modern ones are much much more sophisticated. They have high-resolution infrared cameras, can detect and track planes from all angles, ignore flares, plot efficient intercept courses, are much more manouvrable and fully integrated into the planes targeting systems. A modern AIM-9X for example can be given targeting data from the planes radar or helmet mounted sight prior to launch and can track a target up to 90° to the sides (of boresight), allowing pilots to shoot at targets without having to point their own planes nose even close to it.


Question: Why can you objectively know someone is attractive but only certain people give you that "zing" feeling of desire/crush/etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you objectively know someone is attractive but only certain people give you that "zing" feeling of desire/crush/etc?

Attraction itself isnt just caused by how beautiful someone is. Things like personality and behaviour play a role too. And your own attitude towards the person, something that can change depending on how often you see the other and how physically close you are . Besides that people also tend to be more attracted to people similar to themselves. So knowing someone is objectively attractive is just something you know. You may start feeling as soon as some sort of relation begins


Question: When people say "dopamine is released," where exactly is it released from and where to does this "released" dopamine go to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When people say "dopamine is released," where exactly is it released from and where to does this "released" dopamine go to?

Your brain is made up of nerve cells called neurons. These cells kind of look like fried eggs with long tendrils coming off of them. These tendrils connect to other neurons. The place where they connect is called a synapse. Neurons don't directly touch at the synapse. There's a small gap. In order to send signals across the gap they release chemicals called neurotransmitters. Depending on which neurotransmitter is released there will be different reactions. Dopamine is one of those neurotransmitters.


Question: How does time actually help us recover from traumatic experiencies such like a heartbreak or death of a close one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does time actually help us recover from traumatic experiencies such like a heartbreak or death of a close one?

Memories are VERY powerful. Traumatic experience is a particularly powerful collection of memories. To understand the power of memories, know that a physical injury heals, and you can not have a recurring injury without the cause of injury. But one can relive a bad experience with full intensity if one is able to recall it vividly, even if the event is not occurring anymore. In fact, one cannot create a false injury with the power of mind, but one can live an entirely fake experience as good as real, by creating false memories, and so vividly that one doesn't know that it is real or imagination (called delusion). Thus, memories are powerful. What these memories result in is feelings. There is an intermediary level of hormones that we are not discussing. Feelings are what we call depression and heartbreak. So, experience - > memories - > feelings of sadness. Every once in a while, when you are free or having a good time, the memories come flying by, flooding your mind with associated emotions and feeling of sadness. And just like that, you grow sad out of the blue in the middle of the day. Usually, memories fade over time, and they don't recur that frequently. When they do occur, you don't recall the vivid details. Additonally, your logic has regrouped enough to help you reason your way out of sadness. Over time, like the memory of anything that happened in the past, it fades away. This is called getting over a bad experience. This is not related to only sadness. You may feel anger and fear too. When the feeling of anger, sadness or fear is very strong or real due to the memories of past, and not only are you living through the traumatic experience again, but its uncontrollable recurrence affects your lifestyle, it is called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which affects the rape victims, witnesses of violence and war veterans.


Question: How does the birth control pill work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the birth control pill work?

Pharmacy Student here. Let me first say this is an explanation of contraceptives, not abortificants. Contraceptives, including post-intercourse contraceptives such as Plan B and Plan B One Step do not cause abortions, and abortificants work in a different manner. In the simplest way I can explain, the female body uses a pair of hormones (Leutenizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)) to control the menstrual cycle. FSH is used to spur the development of the egg every month, and there is a surge of LH around day 14 which causes ovulation (release of the egg from the ovary). These hormones have other functions, but that is a good enough explanation for this purpose. Most contraceptives have either just a progestin or a progestin and an estrogen. Progestin inhibits the release of both LH and FSH so if taken daily, progestin prevents development of the egg as well as ovulation. Estrogen primarily decreases the development of the inside of the uterus (the endometrium), and is used primarily to lighten and regulate menstruation (periods). Emergency contraceptives such as Plan B are just high dose progestins which lead to inhibition of the LH surge to delay ovulation for a few days (since sperm are only viable for ~3 days, delaying the release prevents an egg from meeting viable sperm). As a fun historical fact, before Plan B was a commonly available medication, doctors would have a female patient to take a whole pack of progestin only birth control all at once as an emergency contraceptive. Neither of these medications should have an impact on an already released egg, and as such are not abortificants.


Question: It's 40°F/4.4°C and snowing right now. How is it not raining instead since it's well above freezing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 It's 40°F/4.4°C and snowing right now. How is it not raining instead since it's well above freezing?

This can occur when there is a colder layer of air just above the warm one. As the snow falls through the thin warm layer it doesn't have time to melt.


Question: why does ice cream make me thirsty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does ice cream make me thirsty?

It has salt. Salt makes you thirsty. There are a bunch of solutes inside ice cream. When you eat them, your blood becomes more concentrated with these solutes from osmosis, your brain tells you that you are thirsty. So you drink more water to make your blood less concentrated.


Question: When there’s an economic bubble I’ve heard goods described as “overvalued”; how do economists determine if something is overvalued?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When there’s an economic bubble I’ve heard goods described as “overvalued”; how do economists determine if something is overvalued?

Overvalued means the value comes from "artificial" demand. People buying Not because they want the product, but because they speculate the price will increase further to sell for a profit. If something is a bubble or not If often hard to see before it bursts. Some things hype because there really is a chance that the value of the good will have that price without speculative buyers. (This is especially true for innovative stocks, like startups with a technology that might go through the roof). A bubble is defined as something that is priced in a way that it can't keep that price up without new speculative buyers.


Question: What is the difference between angina and myocardial infarction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between angina and myocardial infarction?

Paramedic here: Angina is Chest pain due to the heart muscle being deprived of Oxygen. If it is stable Angine, it will go away when exertion ceases. If it is unstable it will be present at rest. Myocardial Infarction is when the cardiac tissue begins to actually become permanently damaged due to lack of oxygen. This is also known as a Heart Attack. Depending on where in the heart the tissue is damaged, the heart can function well around the damaged tissue, or become disfunctional or even go into a standstill (arrest)


Question: What exactly are producers and directors doing when making a movie?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly are producers and directors doing when making a movie?

Essentially, producers find the money and other resources needed to make the movie, while directors tell the cast and crew what they need to do to make the movie. The producer is kind of like the person who owns a business, and the director is the person hired to manage that business.


Question: Do pheromones attribute to attraction for same-sex couples?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do pheromones attribute to attraction for same-sex couples?

[Yes, and it was big news when they found that out]( URL_0 ) as it convinced many people who were on the fence/undecided that no, it really *wasn't* a choice, and that they couldn't just "try not being gay".


Question: When drinking alcohol, what makes you "open the floodgates"? Why after the first pee does it feel like you then pee more often?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When drinking alcohol, what makes you "open the floodgates"? Why after the first pee does it feel like you then pee more often?

It's because you're drinking more liquid than usual, and also because alcohol is a "diuretic". This just means that alcohol makes your kidneys release water, and that water comes out as pee. So you're filling your bladder quickly and repeatedly by getting drunk in the first place, plus your body is releasing extra water on top of that. Lots of peeing indeed. Incidentally, alcohol being a diuretic is also the biggest factor in a hangover. It's largely dehydration. You can lessen or prevent a hangover by drinking a glass of water before you sleep.


Question: Why are garlics packaged in these stretchy net bags? And how come nothing else is packed that way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are garlics packaged in these stretchy net bags? And how come nothing else is packed that way?

They have that husk that flakes off and gets everywhere otherwise. Onions are actually packaged similarly for the same reason.


Question: Why does leaving a bag of chips open make them go stale when air can still get in if it's clothes-pinned shut?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does leaving a bag of chips open make them go stale when air can still get in if it's clothes-pinned shut?

It is a matter of diffusion. The air isn't *trying* to get into the bag so much as it is aimlessly wanders into the bag. This means that making the hole for it to wander through much smaller and the path it has to follow much more complex greatly slows down the stale-ing (is that the word?) of the chips.


Question: Why do most clouds form at a particular height in the atmosphere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most clouds form at a particular height in the atmosphere?

Humidity tends to be very uniform over a larger area as the air is exposed to the same conditions and mixes with each other. The higher you get the lower the pressure which lowers the temperature. So at some specific altitude the temperature dropps bellow the dew point at the current humidity. Air that reaches this altitude will then form clouds and clouds dropping bellow this altitude will evaporate and become transparant. When you have patterns of clouds like this it is because there are two different layers of air with different humidity. Where one goes above its cloud altitude it forms clouds. This can form different types of clouds such as waves or mushrooms depending on how the air layers interact with eath other.


Question: When you're about to sneeze, why does looking at a light source help you get it done?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you're about to sneeze, why does looking at a light source help you get it done?

This happens only if you have a genetic photic sneeze reflex. It isn't fully understood, but it likely has to do with the fact that the eye nerves are very close to the facial nerves, especially those of the nose, so people with particularly active optical nerves could have some of that "bleed through" into their facial tactile sense, making that tickling sensation that causes a sneeze.


Question: Why does studying make you physically tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does studying make you physically tired?

Your brain is a big, expensive muscle. Using it a lot takes a lot of energy. By default the brain easily uses up 20% of the energy your body uses, and that number only goes up if you actually use it extensively. Chess grandmasters can burn 6000 calories a day(that is 2-3 times what an average grownup eats in a day) in a hard tournament, just sitting there and *thinking really hard*, that is a similar number to what pro athletes get during their physical sports.


Question: How was the universe created? Given the fact that energy cant be created or destroyed...

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was the universe created? Given the fact that energy cant be created or destroyed...

Science don't have an answer our model and experience can only go back to the planck time so far (it's 5.39 × 10-44 second). It's an estimate of when our current understanding of quantum physic break out. We simply have no way to confirm our idea of what happen before that, at least for now. There is different concept about the ''apparent'' problem of no energy can be created. Science say that energy can't be created, only transformed, but that's because of our understanding of causality, which require time. Maybe that time as we understand it started with the big bang, so we can't use physics law to explain before the big bang, even if before the big bang even make any sense. Maybe the Big bang was only the start of our universe in a multiverse. So that no energy was created for our universe, maybe it was just a small portion of energy of the multi-verse that created ours. Maybe the singularity always existed. The energy was always there, it just needed something to trigger the big bang and transform that energy into our universe. So far it's only idea and hypothesis until we can create new models or find evidence of how the universe was created.


Question: how socialized healthcare works and why people in the US are so against it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how socialized healthcare works and why people in the US are so against it?

**TLDR: It works just like the US system but the government pays for everything. It's cheaper to do it that way, and people aren't ever denied coverage. It's consider communist because of leftover Cold War propaganda.** The proper term for it is Single-payer Healthcare and the US is the only Western nation to not have this type of system. **In Canada the system works like this:** Doctors either own their own practices or work for a larger clinic or hospital just like in the US. They see patients and give treatments the same way as in the US. The major difference is that the Provinces regional health authority receives all of the bills. So all procedures and visits are paid for by the government, and in turn the government is funded with taxes. By having an effective monopoly on paying for healthcare the Government has the power to negotiate prices, effectively defining what the standard rate is for a visit or a procedure. The government also uses this power to negotiate down the costs of procedures, medical equipment, and drugs because you have to deal with the government, there is no competitor or private option. This drives overall costs down. Single-Payer healthcare recognizes that healthcare is not something that is compatible with Free Market Economic theories. People can't stop getting healthcare if the cost is too high so their is no market incentive to drive costs down. So free market healthcare just causes prices to spiral upwards constantly. Being a citizen of Canada is all you need to qualify, there is no such thing as 'pre-existing conditions clauses' (we call that medical history) and people are never denied coverage. Despite the drive to keep costs down procedures are never denied, and Doctors and medical professionals are still compensated very well in Canada and they never have to deal with unpaid bills and collections because the Government always pays. From a patient perspective you can go to a clinic, hospital ER whenever you need to and never see a bill. All primary care is paid for by the government. **Common Questions** **Why do people say it's communism?** This is a result of Cold War propaganda and McCarthyism. Starting in the 1950's the US media and politicians successfully got a significant percentage of Americans to associate anything even remotely socialist or atheist as 'communism' and therefore bad. Despite the fall of the USSR in the early 90's these beliefs persist to this day. The US had an opportunity to introduce Single Payer healthcare shortly after World War 2 as an extension of Medicaid but the program was shot down due to anti-communist beliefs in the government at the time. Today this propaganda still persists as it's en-grained in the American psyche, and is further pushed by Drug Companies, Insurance Companies, and Medical lobbyists that have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo as single payer healthcare will drastically affect their profits. **Does that mean you pay more in taxes?** Yes, but that is balanced but not needing health insurance for primary care. Compared to the cost of paying for health insurance we actually pay on average 30% less than an American for healthcare. There is also no co-pays or deductibles so Canadians don't have the problem of Medical Debt like in the US. **Do you have health insurance in Canada?** Yes, unfortunately. We still get health insurance through our workplaces like in the US but it serves a different purpose. It is also orders of magnitude cheaper. While Primary Care (clinics, hospitals) are covered by the government other medical treatment is not. Insurance is used to fill in the gaps where the Canadian healthcare system won't cover you. Dental care, eyewear, certain prosthesis, post patient care, chiro/physio, and medications (outside of a hospital) are not covered by the Canadian healthcare system. So we still deal with insurance providers for that. There's no reason why the Canadian healthcare couldn't cover these things, the government just hasn't gotten around to implementing it yet. Of note non-essential cosmetic procedures are not covered either. The government will pay for reconstructive procedures to a point involving accident victims, cancer, etc but if you want a set of Breast Implants you have to pay for that yourself. However a breast reduction might be covered if it is causing you significant health problems like back and neck injuries. **Is the quality of healthcare in Canada worse than the US?** It might shock you to discover that overall healthcare outcomes in the US is actually very low compared to the rest of the Western World, and the infant mortality rate in particular is much higher than of most western nations. The problem is while healthcare quality in the US is high, it's not available to everyone. Healthcare quality is defined by your (and by extension your insurance companies) ability to pay. Not all insurance plans are equal and a significant percentage of Americans are uninsured. The risk of being burdened by excessive medical debt is such that many people refuse to get treatment for obvious conditions. This fact aside positive outcomes for procedures in Canada are actually higher than in the US in many fields. On average healthcare outcomes in Canada are actually better than the US. People are generally healthier because procedures are readily available to anyone that needs them, healthcare is more affordable, and preventive care like regular check ups are covered and available to everyone. **What are death panels?** The Right-wing US media loves to claim that single payer healthcare will result in the formation of 'death panels' where government agencies will decide who lives and who dies. This comes from the US system where this is true to a degree, because insurance companies choose whether or not they will pay for any given procedure. Death panels do not exist in Canada. Unlike with insurance companies there is no denial of coverage, the Government **never** says no to a procedure due to cost. That is between you and your doctor. **What about delays?** It is true that there are delays to get certain procedures in Canada, in particular medical imaging. When you have more people able to get healthcare it can cause delays and waiting lists. A surgeon can only operate on so many people a day after all. However people are triaged in order or priority, so if you need a procedure urgently you'll get it immediately, vs someone that can wait. Canada is also sparsely populated for it's size and we have issues with certain specialists only being available in metropolitan areas. Some non-essential procedures have waiting lists as long as a few months, but in general Canadians accept that this is the price of making sure everyone has access to healthcare. **Do you get to chose your Doctor?** Yes, I changed Doctors several times because I wasn't happy with mine and no one at the Government cared. The government never interferes between Doctor and Patient, they just pay the bills. I can walk into any ER or walk-in clinic in my city and be treated no questions asked. The government pays the bill regardless.


Question: How has neanderthal DNA survived in humans through to the present day? How do we know it is neanderthal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How has neanderthal DNA survived in humans through to the present day? How do we know it is neanderthal?

The sterility of the offspring depend on how separated the two species are. Homo Sapiens and Homo Neanderthal were not that separated. A Neanderthal dressed in modern clothes and with a modern hair cut would not seem unusual on the sidewalk of a city. DNA is wonderful for its variety. Genetic variations include having a different number of chromosomes or just one little variation, one nucleotide change, which does not affect protein production in the slightest. DNA analysis can spot single nucleotide substitutions. Often they do not change which amino acid is specified in a polypeptide which becomes a protein. Even if they did the protein produced would not be affected. So a DNA sequence can be uniquely identified as Neanderthal as opposed to Homo Sapiens. Yet the Proteins produced are unaffected. Here is an example. Suppose I am typing this response to you.I type and incorrectly as adn. You could still read the text. But if you were to cut and paste my answer complete with typos you could identify what came from me. You could do this if I typed the Declaration of Independence. You could identify my copy with my errors if it were cut and pasted a thousand times. But my transcription would still be legible, and usable. In the same manner DNA can be recognized by typos in it, small variations which identify it, but the DNA still works. Neanderthal DNA can be recognized. But it still works. To be fair Neanderthal DNA has been identified as producing variations in human genes. Neanderthal genes producing neanderthal traits can be recognized in human genes. It is like having a great great grandfather who was polynesian. The DNA can be recognized.


Question: Why does grass look lighter when you cut it one way than the other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does grass look lighter when you cut it one way than the other?

The reflection of light. Most grasses are slightly glossy. If you run your mower one way then make a pass in the opposite direction, it'll seem like the grass is different colors. On one hand you've got all those grass blades pointing at you. On the other you're looking at the sides of all the grass blades thus creating the illusion that the grass is different colors. This effect is popular with baseball fields. All they do is have a big brush and roller on the back that combs the grass down uniformly as they pass over it. Source: I was a greenskeeper at a golf course.


Question: Why do we need lenses on cameras? What does a photo look like when taken without a lens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need lenses on cameras? What does a photo look like when taken without a lens?

You can compare it to a box. The bottom is the sensor area, and the top is the opening pointed at the scene you want to capture. If you just simply open the box: all the light goes into the box from all angles. So a specific point on the bottom of the box receives light from a lot of different angles. The sensor would just see a white blur. So the problem here is that light falls onto a part of the bottom from all directions. Pinhole cameras solve this problem. You close the top of the box, and only make a very small opening in it. Then each point of the box only receives light that falls exactly straight through the hole onto that spot. [The image is inverted this way, but that's not a problem.]( URL_0 ) What ís the problem with pinhole cameras is that you block out a ton of light, and we would like to use that light. So lenses provide a way to open the box, let in all the light, but focus it in a way that a single point on the sensor only receives light coming from a single direction.