Question: - Why are dinosaur fossils buried so deep under ground?

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 - Why are dinosaur fossils buried so deep under ground?

Sedimentary rocks (where we find fossils) are built up in layers. This needs two things: (1) a supply of sediment, which comes from rocks being weathered and the resulting sediments accumulating in some low lying area. (2) the subsidence of this area so that it becomes an actual sedimentary basin — the sediment is supplied, the whole region is sinking (ultimately due to tectonic forces pulling the land apart on a larger scale) and the buried sediments eventually get deep enough to compress and lithify into actual rock. The sediment supplied is being weathered from elsewhere: upthrust bits of crust, (especially mountain belts, but anywhere with higher relief than its surroundings), so it’s all a big cycle and no new mass is being generated — it’s just moving from highlands to lowlands in this particular link in the rock cycle. Any organisms dying in the sedimentary basin (or even dying elsewhere and being transported to the basin) have the potential to get fossilised, though the vast majority do not because they are not buried quick enough and get scavenged or broken down. On of the key factors being that the more hard parts the organism has, the more likely it is to fossilise. This means that there is a bias in the fossil record towards excluding soft bodied creatures and is why finds like the [Burgess Shale Fauna]( URL_0 ) are rare and can reveal a whole other host of organisms living alongside the usual suspects from whatever period it was at the time. Now, the deal with finding fossils from some sedimentary basin is not quite finished. The last piece of the puzzle is this: we need that basin to be **uplifted** (again, this is by tectonic forces) at some point after the fossilisation in order for us to be able to find it. It’s not like people are digging deep holes in the ground to find dinos or whatever else there was; we are just looking in places which have since been uplifted so that the overlying layers have been eroded away and we’re back to dinos (or whatever) being at or near the surface again. Fossil finds are often after some storm event where slightly more rock and sediment has been eroded and we see a little piece of something poking out, then an excavation begins (which could be as simple as hammering the host chunk of rock a couple of times and getting a little fossil, or it could be a whole operation lasting weeks to gradually uncover a larger specimen). Cliffs are special places in that they show many layers exposed like a slice through a cake, and they are places of very active erosion. Bits are always getting weathered away by the elements or just simply collapsing, so new fossil finds will often follow if the cliffs are sedimentary and known to host fossils. This is how famous early palaeontologist [Mary Anning]( URL_1 ) made several early discoveries of previously unknown species, the most spectacular being large marine reptiles like ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. The Geological Society of London still didn’t grant her a membership or let her disseminate knowledge with the “real” scientists because you know — early Victorian Britain was no place for a woman to be having intellectual ideas. Not even an upper class woman at that! Thankfully Mary Anning is beginning to be a bit more celebrated for her achievements these days, just a shame she didn’t live to see it. Anyway I hope that answers most of your question. For this bit: > If its from volcanos or internal forces pushing up does that mean Earth's core it getting less dense? Yes, some layers *are* due to volcanic ash being deposited on land. This doesn’t normally form fossils, but there are some quite amazing exceptions, watch [this 9 minute video to see the most notable one]( URL_3 ), from a volcanic system that I guarantee you will have heard of. Due to the recycling of material back into the Earth at [subduction zones]( URL_2 ) the Earth is not running out of new material to be erupted. Due to there being a fair bit of residual heat from formation *and* the continued production of new heat from radioactive material in the mantle, the Earth is not running out of heat for volcanic eruptions any time soon either. The core is actually getting denser over time — as the Earth very slowly cools, the solid inner core expands at the expense of the molten outer core. That is, more of the molten core gradually crystallises so that the inner core grows, the solid iron-nickel of the inner core is more dense than its molten counterpart in the outer core. We don’t need to worry about the dynamics between the core and the surface volcanic eruptions, they are not entirely separate (it’s all the Earth after all), but they are way more complicated and subtle to matter here.


Question: how exactly will this $1000 per adult thing work?

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 how exactly will this $1000 per adult thing work?

No actual proposal has been put on the floor of Congress for discussion/debate. As such literally anything could be possible.


Question: Why does the flame on a candle appear to bounce up and down?

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 Why does the flame on a candle appear to bounce up and down?

A flame needs oxygen to burn, so when you have a lit candle, it uses up the oxygen right near the flame. Luckily, that air is getting heated by the flame, so it rises, and new air comes from below and from the sides to replace it with fresh oxygen. site note: this is why a candle won't burn very long on the international space station. Since hot air doesn't rise in microgravity, the air around the flame will lose its oxygen and new air won't rush in to replace it.


Question: How can you "breed" plants?

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 How can you "breed" plants?

When a mummy plant and a daddy plant love each other very much.... Seriously though, there are multiple ways. Sexual reproduction by a male pollinating a female, which produces seeds. You plant the seeds, grow them, and keep the plants which have the desirable characteristics. That's the most textbook answer for "breeding". There is also cloning, or growing plants from cuttings, which is non-sexual (asexual) reproduction. The simplest explanation is you cut a bit off the plant with the desirable characteristics, stick it in a growing medium, and presto! new plant. Grafting one plant to another is another form of propagation but not really considered breeding.


Question: How does Netflix and other services know I am using a VPN?

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 How does Netflix and other services know I am using a VPN?

It's easy to determine which company owns which IP address. When you use a VPN your IP is changed from the one you are using with your ISP to the one you are using with your VPN. If your vpn provider own their own pool of up addresses then it's easy to just block all the ip's belonging to that company. If your a smaller company and you are using your providers IP address pool then you are going to have to explain why you need so many IP's (IPv4 addresses are scarece these days, my provider charges me a premium for them basically so I only use what I need) or why you need to change them so often. That can you look very unfavourable and they might just drop you as a company completely. This game has already been played with email spam. So providers are always wondering why you want to change your servers IPs so often. Now IPv6 have a huge address space, but people like NetFlix will just blacklist the block of IPv6 addresses you have instead of just the single address (something very similar happened on Wikipedia recently, a single troll (we presume) was using T-mobile to vandalise Wikipedia, after a number of warnings and the like they just blocked the entire block of IPv6 addresses customers use to connect to the net from editing content on Wiki). NetFlix are contractually obliged to region lock certain content. So looking for patterns such as a large amount of content being served to a small range of IPs with many different logins looks fishy (if that's not a residential ISP) can flag those addresses for closer inspection, and then you wonder "Why does this server siting in a datacenter login as 50 different NetFlix users and consume a fuck ton of content compared to the average user?" Just block it and get the owner of the IP to come to you and ask for it to be unblocked.


Question: Why do school buses open thier doors at train tracks?

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 Why do school buses open thier doors at train tracks?

Not all crossing are controlled by signals and gates, so without stopping to check a train could run into the bus. Also controlled crossing are not immune to failure, it's safer to stop, look and listen for a train than risk the lives of 40+ people. More to speaking of opening the door, it's easier for the driver to hear a train approaching the crossing. Trains must honk or ring their bell or both at level crossings. If there was an obstruction that prevents the driver from seeing the train, opening the door aids in hearing the train.


Question: How do people know what rocks have fossils in them without some kind of lab test? In videos you will see people pick up a rock at the beach and crack it open to magically reveal a fossil, how do they know?

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 How do people know what rocks have fossils in them without some kind of lab test? In videos you will see people pick up a rock at the beach and crack it open to magically reveal a fossil, how do they know?

They don't know. When collecting fossils, you crack a metric ton of rocks that have nothing. They just don't show that on TV. What you generally do know is where the good spots are. There's a quarry in my area that is known to be rich in Jurassic fossils, mostly fish. You can still spend a week there and find nothing. Knowing those spots is often just by chance - someone found some exposed fossil and decided to look harder.


Question: How are we able to put sound on physical objects like CD’s and Vinyls?

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 How are we able to put sound on physical objects like CD’s and Vinyls?

This is easy. Imagine a full bathtub. If you tap the surface of the water, ripples will spread from where you tapped and travel throughout the tub. If you tap many times rapidly, you'll get a constant stream of ripples. If you and a few friends sit around the tub and all tap at different speeds, you'll get a whole lot of ripples forming complex interactions with each other. Now what if you wanted to save those ripples? You could put a ping pong ball in the water. As the ripples hit the ping pong ball, it will rise and fall. So you attach a sensor to the ping pong ball that measures how high it's floating and records those measurements. To recreate the ripples, some of them at least, you could take those recorded measurements and use a motor to push the ping pong ball up and down accordingly. The resulting waves would at least somewhat resemble the original pattern of taps. Sound is much the same way, just in 3 dimensions- it's ripples in pressure that travel through the air away from their source. [watch a few seconds of this video]( URL_0 ) to see that visualized- when the hands come together, you can see the pressure wave move away from the hands. So a microphone is just like the ping pong ball. It's a diaphragm plate, which moves forward and backward when sound waves hit it. That in and out movement is captured and recorded. A speaker then does the opposite- it has a cone which, when you play music, tracks the movement of the microphone- as the microphone diaphragm moved in and out in response to sound, the speaker cone moves in and out to create the same sounds. The question you ask is of course the recording. So understanding that we need to record the in and out movements of a microphone diaphragm, we've invented a few ways to do that. Vinyl records- when a vinyl record is created, a machine takes the sound wave and moves a needle as it cuts a groove in the master record. When that is pressed into vinyl, the vinyl takes those grooves as its shape. Then at your house, the needle in your record player slides through the groove, and is moved the same way as the factory needle that cut the groove. So microphone - > needle - > master - > vinyl - > player needle - > speaker, result is in each step the same set of movements to recreate the same sound. [Here's a picture of vinyl record grooves]( URL_1 ). Of course vinyl is vulnerable to dust. So there are better ways to record audio. Take that microphone. For a digital recording, you assign a number to every possible position the diaphragm can be in, and you measure the position of the diaphragm 16,000 times per second, each time recording the numeric position it's in. You can then transmit those numbers through a computer, and at the other end move the speaker cone 16,000x per second to a corresponding position. As long as you have the same numbers, you have a recreation of the original sound. For CDs, the question is not storing music, but storing those numbers. So rather than use a needle, you take a piece of very thin metal foil, and use a laser to burn millions of tiny holes in it. Those holes are arranged in concentric spirals, just like the grooves in a vinyl record. In the player device, the disc spins and a laser shines at the track. Everywhere the metal foil is burnt, it won't reflect the laser light, and where it isn't burnt, it will reflect. Patterns of burn marks represent the numbers of the diaphragm positions, and the laser can read them fast enough to decode 16,000 positions per second, which is then fed to the speaker cone. Hope that makes sense!


Question: Why do saying or writing our thoughts out can help relieve stress?

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 Why do saying or writing our thoughts out can help relieve stress?

Once you express a thought, the brain “checks it off the list,” considering it a done deal even if you don't actually act on the thought you express. This is also why you might feel less motivated toward a goal after telling someone about it.


Question: What determines whether a "bad meal" causes you to vomit or have diarrhea?

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 What determines whether a "bad meal" causes you to vomit or have diarrhea?

If food is in your tummy when your body realizes it's poison, it goes out your mouth. If it's closer to your butt when it realizes it's poison, it goes out your butt.


Question: What would happen to you if you jump into a deep pool of boiling hot metal like this guy? [NSFW]

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 What would happen to you if you jump into a deep pool of boiling hot metal like this guy? [NSFW]

Yes he felt it. Your skin would burn just from the heat radiation, your muscles and internal organs which contain more water would instantly turn from water to steam and burst ( causing that large flash) . Nothing would be left, the water in his body exploded in to steam and the remainder burnt till it was only carbon. Nothing left. No there would be no statue, the metal would have what ever was left of you as carbon content and anything like your shoes or zipper or teeth fillings would be dipped off as slag.


Question: How do zinc sacrificial plates stop rust?

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 How do zinc sacrificial plates stop rust?

Oxygen is really good at reacting with metals in redox reactions. There's basically no way to stop it from doing so, not in a cost-effective way. The problem is that iron is a very cheap, versatile metal used in many many applications. However, iron also reacts with oxygen when it rusts and becomes very flaky. When iron oxides, which is very brittle, flakes off, it exposes more iron for oxygen to react with, furthering the process. Sacrificial plates attempt to preserve the iron structure by covering it with another metal that reacts with oxygen in a different matter. Rather than being flaky and brittle, it makes a more durable metal oxide compoud that's more resistant to wear and tear. This helps keep oxygen from getting access to the iron and damaging the core structure.


Question: Why do sometimes soft blankets feel warm and sheets feel cold in the same condition?

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 Why do sometimes soft blankets feel warm and sheets feel cold in the same condition?

Think of it this way, a blanket doesn't make you warm. It stops the heat from leaving. Your body warms the air around you. A fuzzy or fluffy blanket is harder for the air to escape than a sheet, so there's more time for your body to heat it up, and it takes longer for it to float away, so you have warmer air around your body. This is the opposite of what a fan does. A fan doesn't make the air cooler, it just blows away the warm air that's around you.


Question: How in the world does a cd, mp3 player, or any other sort of digital music player take data and turn it into sound?

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 How in the world does a cd, mp3 player, or any other sort of digital music player take data and turn it into sound?

Remember, it starts out as sound. When it's digitized, it is compressed using an algorithm. To turn it back into sound, the process is simply reversed. It is decoded using the same algorithm. It's also important to remember that all sound is simply vibration at varying frequencies, so encoding that into something mathematical isn't that hard. Ergo, decoding it isn't that hard, either.


Question: Why is it considered more disrespectful to make fun of a dead person than a living one?

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 Why is it considered more disrespectful to make fun of a dead person than a living one?

Because the person can't defend themselves, and there are likely to be some people who are experiencing pain and grief from their passing.


Question: Why do planets rotate the Sun on a horizontal plane, rather than vertical?

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 Why do planets rotate the Sun on a horizontal plane, rather than vertical?

> For that matter, do we even really have a frame of reference to say what horizontal/vertical is? Only one you choose. You can just as easily represent the solar system rotating vertically and be perfectly correct. Or you could have a 45 degree angle. The horizontal depiction itself is just a choice. They orbit in a plane because the planets all formed out of the same rotating disc of material and are simply carrying on moving in the same direction the material they formed from was moving initially. The orientation of that plane is up to you, as space doesn't have an up/down, but having standard representations are useful to reduce confusion.


Question: Why do human ears have crevices and folds?

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 Why do human ears have crevices and folds?

The shape of the ears is probably important in allowing us to perceive the direction of a sound. We don't hear a sound until it arrives at the eardrum. To get there, it has to bounce around the folds in our ears and down the ear hole. High frequency (higher pitch) sounds, including things like s, t, k etc in speech, bounce off the folds in the ears in different ways. The brain can process the tiny differences in the arrival time of the different pitches so, even with one ear, we can roughly locate the direction of a sound. Add to that, we have two ears, they are not identical and the differences from one ear to the other also help. The [Wikipedia article]( URL_0 ) is not exactly easy reading. In fact, some of the scientific research articles are easier to read. Some of the early research is here URL_1 and here URL_2 Note that this work has been critiqued and refined. URL_3


Question: Could trees potentially live forever?

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 Could trees potentially live forever?

The oldest living thing is a tree over 10,000 years old, and I don't think we know if it has a maximum life span. ,Aside from disease and natural disasters, man is the bighest threat to trees, and in fact a bristle cone pine over 9,000 years old was accidentally cut down in the 1970's when a tree core tool got stuck in it. It wasn't till later that the researcher realized his blunder.


Question: How and why 6gb, and 12gb RAM sizes came to be in smartphones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why 6gb, and 12gb RAM sizes came to be in smartphones?

Memory in pcs always come in powers of two because of the architectural design. Ie dual channel, requires it to be even. And since the dimm dimensions are also strictly defined its just been convenient. For phone memory, the architecture is different so they could plop in whatever GBs they wanted since ram is soldered on and space is more important as well so they stick on the bare minimum they think they can get away with based on modern usage scenarios. In terms of memory controller design. Ram has a row and column address and the number of rows and columns is in powers of two (because binary) so making 6GB ram doesnt leave any unused addresses. But 5gb will.


Question: why does snow appear to be white when water and ice is usually clear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does snow appear to be white when water and ice is usually clear?

The crystal structure refracts the light rather than letting it go through in a straight line, merging all the the different color light waves until the mix into white... it's similar to how frosted glass looks white instead of clear.


Question: How does soaking in Epsom salts help heal an injury?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does soaking in Epsom salts help heal an injury?

Your immersing the wound into a hypertonic environment(high salinity) which will then cause your cells to move water toward the solution. This Hydrates the wound while also killing bacteria due to the salinity, speeding up the healing process. That's about all I got off the top of my head.


Question: Why are coins in the U.S. not sized according to their values?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are coins in the U.S. not sized according to their values?

Because their values used to be based on their metal content. Quarters and dimes were silver, nickels were nickel, and pennies were copper. That became too expensive, so all the silver-colored coins were switched to copper-nickel and the penny was changed to zinc, but they kept the old sizes so the new coins would look the same.


Question: How can clouds can get in the way of the sun, but don't block out the light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can clouds can get in the way of the sun, but don't block out the light?

Clouds do not block the sun, they change the speed of the light and defuse the light coming though them from the sun. This is why the tops of thunderclouds look like they are glowing while the bottom are dark, the light has slowed so far down it is no longer defuses.


Question: How Google expands their databases so that they can supply the customers' storage demand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Google expands their databases so that they can supply the customers' storage demand?

They go to Best Buy and buy more hard drives... But seriously they either add more data centers once it looks like they are nearing capacity or expand their current ones/bring online existing hardware to fill the demand.


Question: How does anything live on islands where the max elevation is less than about 20 feet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does anything live on islands where the max elevation is less than about 20 feet?

The same waves typically peter out as the sea floor elevation rises towards the island. While it does happen, the waves produced out at sea dont carry the same force as a tidal wave, as only the surface water is raised (vs a tsunami in which the entire depth of the ocean is raised)


Question: What does the EU banning memes actually mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the EU banning memes actually mean?

In practice not much. What it means is they put in legislation that makes it illegal to use copywrited images without permission. So all those stock photo memes or screenshots now break that rule and are “illegal” (god knows how they will manage to enforce it). Anything that is actually original content is fine.


Question: What is an NDA (non disclosure agreement?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an NDA (non disclosure agreement?)

An document that says, you don't disclose certain information (listed in the doc). If you do so, you get a fine (can go real high)


Question: If you can't sleep so you lay still for an extended period of time with your eyes closed, does that do anything to restore energy? Or does the fact you're still awake make it a useless gesture?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you can't sleep so you lay still for an extended period of time with your eyes closed, does that do anything to restore energy? Or does the fact you're still awake make it a useless gesture?

When you are laying at night with your eyes closed and relaxed, but you feel awake, you may actually be in the first stage of sleep. People who go for sleep studies can report that they didn't sleep all night but when their brain wave activity is analyzed, they were going in and out of light sleep.


Question: How did we figure out what plants and animals were edible? Did someone just take one for the team and try it and if they didn’t die we knew it was safe to eat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we figure out what plants and animals were edible? Did someone just take one for the team and try it and if they didn’t die we knew it was safe to eat?

You don't have to die to know if something is safe/unsafe. Although there is that risk. There would be a certain amount of risk involved, but if you eat a very small amount of something and it doesn't make you sick, then you can try eating a slightly larger amount of it, etc. It's basically trial by error. A lot of things would make you ill if you ate them in decent quantities, but in small amounts would just make you feel not great. It's relatively few things that would kill you even in small amounts (e.g. hemlock and monkshood). Then the information gets passed down via oral tradition. The greater question is how did people discover that SOME parts are edible whilst others aren't?! That's just a testamant to the tenacity/stupidity/curiosity of humans. Rhubard stalks are edible, but the leaves will poison you. Asparagus stalks are delicious, but the berries are poisonous. Mayapple fruit is edible in small amounts but the rest of the plant is poisonous.


Question: How can animals live off a single food source for their entire lives but humans need a diverse diet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can animals live off a single food source for their entire lives but humans need a diverse diet?

Two primary reasons. First, animal diets in the wild tend to be more diverse than you probably give them credit for (though probably not significantly). Second, and this is the crucial point, is why humans need all the vitamins and minerals we do. Here's a hint: Rather than speccing into raw physical strength, we put all our skill points into things like "accurately lobbing projectile weapons" and "create a generalized framework for transmitting complex ideas". I.E: throw rocks and talk shit. As it turns out, being able to hit things consistently when throwing rocks or whatever requires a lot of specialized hardware which takes an obscene amount of energy and maintenance. Conveniently, once you've already invested in the upgrades necessary to run the targeting computer, the language module is basically a free add-on.


Question: Why do we like hearing music and how does it control our feelings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we like hearing music and how does it control our feelings?

There's a 20 min episode of Explained on music that's pretty interesting. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) e: TLDW: It makes use of many parts of the brain acting together. Humans have the right combination of thinking skills to produce the effect, including anticipating a beat, noticing harmony, and associating series of notes with feelings that you learn from the culture you are raised in.


Question: How is it possible that we can figure out how exactly the Unvierse was put together? From the big bang, to the creation of elements, etc.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it possible that we can figure out how exactly the Unvierse was put together? From the big bang, to the creation of elements, etc.

It's not that we know it for sure, but we can make guesses based on things we can know. We can verify that the universe is expanding, so we can conclude that it used to be smaller. We can date rocks and get core samples that tell us things about the atmosphere and the soil composition, and we know how the chemistry works and make educated guesses of the biology. We have all of these little things that we know happened, and how they work, and from there we can see how they work together, and we come up with grand theories of existence that all of those little things tell us works.


Question: With Somali (or whatever) pirates being a real and regular threat, why aren't cargo ships equipped with basic mounted defensive weapons, and a couple of trained, qualified men to use them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With Somali (or whatever) pirates being a real and regular threat, why aren't cargo ships equipped with basic mounted defensive weapons, and a couple of trained, qualified men to use them?

Because that would cost more money than just paying insurance, and most countries are not going to allow civilians with heavy weapons anywhere near their ports.


Question: Why do electric appliances get warm after longer usage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do electric appliances get warm after longer usage?

Warmth is energy that was not efficiently used in the appliance. It can be electrical resistance in the wires, or friction in a motor. Any kind of inefficiency results in warmth, and nothing is 100% efficient.


Question: Why does being in the sun drain your energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does being in the sun drain your energy?

The body needs to hold his temperature at round about 36°C. So if you heat up due to beeing in the sun, the body needs energy to get the heat out. (Just like a fridge which need energy in form of electricity to transfer heat to the outside)


Question: Given how fast ruins are covered by vegetation and dirt, how can something as simple as Nico Ditch (a 2-meter deep ditch) still be visible 1000 years after it was first dug?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Given how fast ruins are covered by vegetation and dirt, how can something as simple as Nico Ditch (a 2-meter deep ditch) still be visible 1000 years after it was first dug?

The short answer is it has. The ditch would have been much more pronounced 1000 years ago. That you still see it today is a testament to how deep and wide it once was. Edit to add after reading up on the wikipedia page there, apparently the ditch was used as a property boundary for many years after it outlived its usefulness as a defensive fortification. That would have lengthened its life and made it less likely to be backfilled, although it appears much of it has been anyway.


Question: Why is there no maximum wage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there no maximum wage?

I mean... Nobody who is noisy and powerful wants one. Also, it is very difficult to enforce a maximum wage. For instance, if I work for a company, and that company can only pay me 2k/mo, then they can simply create a second company that also pays me 2k a month. Technically, I now have two jobs where I do the same thing, and am making the maximum wage in each one. That's a simple example, but remember that there are a whole lot of people out there who get paid to find loopholes.


Question: Why are people so concerned about tax brackets for the rich when they can do write off and deductions so it doesn't make a huge difference anyway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people so concerned about tax brackets for the rich when they can do write off and deductions so it doesn't make a huge difference anyway?

"People" aren't concerned. A couple thousand exceptionally rich families are, who then tell their representatives to be concerned about it. These families, being rich and powerful, hold a lot of sway with their representatives in government, and can literally make and break people and things, with a flip of their fingers if need be. Average people are rarely concerned or understand anything involving tax brackets and economics, other than "don't raise my taxes". It's a significant issue in the US that few people, outside of significantly educated people, actually understand that much about how income taxes in the US work and their effects. Basically there's a really small amount of people who this would affect who hold a disproportionate amount of power, and make that power known.


Question: Why are some percussion instruments (steel drums) blatantly pitched and played melodically while others (drum kit in a rock band) are played only rhythmically but still make sense in context?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some percussion instruments (steel drums) blatantly pitched and played melodically while others (drum kit in a rock band) are played only rhythmically but still make sense in context?

Drums in a normal drum kit are actually tuned to certain notes depending on the key of the song. It's not as noticeable as say a guitar or piano but each Tom is tuned to a key bass drum and snare as well.


Question: if exercising is good for you because it gets your heart pumping, why isn’t drinking energy drinks, caffeine, or getting scared just as good because all of those also gets your heart pumping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if exercising is good for you because it gets your heart pumping, why isn’t drinking energy drinks, caffeine, or getting scared just as good because all of those also gets your heart pumping?

Exercise isn’t good for you because it gets your heart pumping. In fact it’s almost the opposite, exercise encourages your body to improve the cardiovascular system so that the next time you exercise your heart doesn’t need to pump quite as much. But those benefits aren’t confined to just when you exercise. Train enough and you will lower your resting heart rate as well. But other methods of raising the heart rate don’t generate the same feedback loop, so don’t lead to improvements in your cardiovascular system. Bonus tip: don’t drink energy drinks.


Question: Why is it when you bend or squeeze a finger or toe the skin becomes kind of yellow-ish?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when you bend or squeeze a finger or toe the skin becomes kind of yellow-ish?

> Is this because less blood goes to the skin? Yes. You're probably squeezing all the blood out, leaving just the skin. A small amount of the skin pigment [melanin]( URL_0 ) gives skin a somewhat yellowish color. Releasing your skin allows blood to flow back. Don't worry too much about squeezing the blood out. Your skin can go quite a while without blood and be fine.


Question: Why is it that fast-food is drive-thru, pizza is delivery, and Chinese is takeout?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that fast-food is drive-thru, pizza is delivery, and Chinese is takeout?

Chinese is also delivery. They were traditionally delivery before pizza was. And pizza places offer take out. And all three have sit down portions that also allow you to place an order to go.


Question: Why is rhyming satisfying, and does it cause a chemical reaction in the brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is rhyming satisfying, and does it cause a chemical reaction in the brain?

Because our brains are designed to recognize and use patterns. We feel satisfied when things in the world match a pattern. Rhyming is one type of sound pattern that makes us satisified as the same sounds repeat with different meaning. The ability to string different meanings using the same pattern is considered impressive when looking at poems, songs, or rap lyrics. However, our sense of patterns can come with issues. For example, the gamblers fallacy. Just because you have lost many times does not mean your next chance has any higher odds but our pattern-finding brain can trick us to think that way.


Question: How do explosions trigger car alarms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do explosions trigger car alarms?

Most car alarms detect movement on the car, like when someone tries to break in. If it is too sensitive, it can be set off by someone leaning on the side. An explosion sends out a massive shockwave, which shakes the car and sets off the alarm.


Question: Is it harmful to keep my laptop plugged in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it harmful to keep my laptop plugged in?

No, just the opposite. It saves wear and tear on the battery. Don't worry about overcharging; the charging logic in your laptop knows how to take care of the battery properly.


Question: How do "Government Leaks" actually happen? For example Amber Rudd... Does someone steal a file? Forward an email? Take a screenshot....? What happens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do "Government Leaks" actually happen? For example Amber Rudd... Does someone steal a file? Forward an email? Take a screenshot....? What happens?

In Amber Rudd's case somebody who had access to the memo in question sent a copy to a guardian journalist who wrote a story on it. All the methods you mentioned above are possible ways of doing so.


Question: My fiancée and I had laptops (plugged-in) on our laps, went to kiss each other, and conducted shocks through our noses; we removed the laptops from our laps, went to kiss, and weren't shocked. This has never happened before. Why did it happen now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 My fiancée and I had laptops (plugged-in) on our laps, went to kiss each other, and conducted shocks through our noses; we removed the laptops from our laps, went to kiss, and weren't shocked. This has never happened before. Why did it happen now?

Probably had nothing to do with each other. You both had a static charge and discharged it, the second time you weren't charged.


Question: How does strong light serve to ‘bleach’ colour from a picture or photograph?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does strong light serve to ‘bleach’ colour from a picture or photograph?

URL_0 TL:DR UV light contains enough energy to break down the chemicals that cause the pigment. The smaller molecules that are formed aren't coloured.


Question: how did the 2008 recession make so many people lose the money in their savings accounts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did the 2008 recession make so many people lose the money in their savings accounts?

No, savings accounts were untouched. If you had money in a savings account, you were good. The government in fact insures all bank accounts up to 250K, so even if the bank goes bankrupt, you will be able to get your money back. Since money loses value over time and because its generally a good idea anyways, people often invest their money into various things so that their money can increase, generally so that they have money for retirement. Some was put into the stock market which did take a big hit. But there are other places to invest money, bonds for instance. The people that took the biggest hit were the ones investing in real estate through various means. One way is by buying things called mortgage backed securities (MBS), which allows you to buy a slice of someone's mortgage. Since the housing market collapsed, many defaulted on their mortgages, meaning the slices of those mortgages became worthless.


Question: Due to Time Dialation, are there places in the Cosmos where the Universe is only minutes old instead of 14 billion years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Due to Time Dialation, are there places in the Cosmos where the Universe is only minutes old instead of 14 billion years?

Theoretically, there are such places (relative to our frame of reference). However, we can't see them because the universe was not [transparent]( URL_0 ) until about 400 thousand years after the big bang, or the universe was expanding faster than the speed of light at the time. --- Edit: I probably mistook the question. My answer talks about the appearance of the universe due to the time it takes for photons to reach us. But time dilation is to do with relativistic effects such as matter moving relative to each other in actual space, or regions of high gravity.


Question: What's that feeling before eating something sour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's that feeling before eating something sour?

You feel your salivary glands working. Saliva has many uses and you are producing it day. If your body decides you need a lot of saliva right now - for example if you haven't eaten in hours and really crave that sandwich in your hand - you can feel your salivary glands squeezing out all the saliva they can muster. A lemon works especially well because another use for saliva is diluting damaging substances, like acidic lemon juice. So when you are about to bite into a lemon, you subconciously know your mouth will get flooded in citric acid, so you drench it in saliva first to lessen the damage done to teeth and tissues.


Question: Why do the Vietnamese seem to have a monopoly on the nail salon industry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the Vietnamese seem to have a monopoly on the nail salon industry?

I'm pretty sure the bots or mods will delete my reply because it won't be long enough. However I cannot explain any better than this story: URL_0


Question: If ice forms on your property, does that mean that you own that ice? Or the same with snow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If ice forms on your property, does that mean that you own that ice? Or the same with snow?

It depends. It might belong to you, unless you live in a regulated water rights district. In Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma and Utah; the default is that the government owns precipitation, even on your property. In general, these water rights owners are not responsible for damage done by their water on your property, so it's strictly lose-lose for you.


Question: Why do people cover their plants in sheets when it gets cold outside? Do plants produce their own “body heat”? How does a simple cover keep them warm? Thanks!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people cover their plants in sheets when it gets cold outside? Do plants produce their own “body heat”? How does a simple cover keep them warm? Thanks!

Two things. It helps keep wind from cooling the plants down, and, especially on clear nights, lots of heat is lost straight up into space. The idea isn't so much to keep them "warm" as it is to slow down how fast they cool off.


Question: How does information pass through the air? (ie, Wifi, television, phone calls, etc.) How did someone learn to do that? What? Science and technology literally blow my mind.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does information pass through the air? (ie, Wifi, television, phone calls, etc.) How did someone learn to do that? What? Science and technology literally blow my mind.

Wireless communication usually uses radio waves, which are a form of electromagnetic radiation just like visible light is. While visible light is blocked by most solid materials, radio waves can pass through most substances to some extent, which is why you can use a cell phone from inside your house (but probably not in a tunnel underground). The radio waves are created by passing an electric current through an antenna. When the radio waves hit another antenna, they then create another electric current. The electric current used to make the radio waves is varied to send specific signals, and the electric current on the other end is measured to decode those signals.


Question: What is cavitation in a fluid? I understand the theory behind it, and I have seen damage on things like boat props, I just don't logically get where all this energy is coming from.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is cavitation in a fluid? I understand the theory behind it, and I have seen damage on things like boat props, I just don't logically get where all this energy is coming from.

Cavitation happens when an object is moving in a fluid and gass bubbles are created in the lower pressure on the trailing side of the object. The small bubbles implode and split when the pressure increases again and creates small shock waves that do microscopic damage to solid material.


Question: How can our brains always remember the first letter of the word we are trying to recall but not the whole word?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can our brains always remember the first letter of the word we are trying to recall but not the whole word?

It's called the bathtub effect, because of the shape of the graph of what part of the word we are most likely to recall. There is a greater likelihood to recall the first part of the word, less likelihood of recalling the middle part and again a high likelihood of recalling the last part. It happens because that's how we store visual information about the words. See how you asked about the "first letter", implying that you are as well.asking about the written and printed letters and not the sound. We commit to our brain the initial and last parts of a word better than the middle parts. This helps us in reading fast. You look at the first part and the last part of the word, which are easy to identify because of the surrounding white space before and after the word. The middle of the word is what you just "fill in" from context. You don't really read the middle part. It is this reason why it is esay for you to raed tihs setnece even though it wasn't all written correctly. Did you notice the spelling mistakes in the previous sentence? Did you manage to read it nevertheless? Mavrellous!


Question: Why are we able to do anything we want with one hand while the other can't even hold a pencil properly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we able to do anything we want with one hand while the other can't even hold a pencil properly?

Well for one: PRACTICE... think about it, how many times have you held a pencil with your dominant hand vs the number of times with your non dominant hand.


Question: Why do you have to refrigerate some items after you open them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you have to refrigerate some items after you open them?

When they are vacuum sealed some products (like Mayo, Ketchup, or BBQ sauce) can last for long periods. However, once that seal (or even freshness seal) has been broken all manner of bacteria is able to get inside. Refrigeration does not stop this process, but, only slows it down. Mayo will stay fresh sealed on a shelf, but, turn after a month or so opened and in the fridge.


Question: Homo Sapiens mated with Neanderthals and other human species. But, if they were different species, how could they mate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Homo Sapiens mated with Neanderthals and other human species. But, if they were different species, how could they mate?

We have cross-breeding species now: the mule is the result of crossbreeding between a horse and a donkey. Lots of the big cat species can cross-breed to create things like ligers (male lion/female tiger) and tigons (vice-versa), leopons (leopards and lions), etc. "Species" is just a designation that we create - some animals are genetically a lot more close than our labels account for and allows for offspring.


Question: Why do sausages fried in a pan curl up but sausages fried on a BBQ remain straight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do sausages fried in a pan curl up but sausages fried on a BBQ remain straight?

The difference isn’t likely the cooking method. Different sausages will curl differently depending on the collagen levels in the skin. When the collagen is heated it shrinks! When heated unevenly it shrinks unevenly, creating a curling effect. Good appliances that heat evenly will create a straight sausage!


Question: is there any explanation to why people have favourite colours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there any explanation to why people have favourite colours?

Do people actually have favorite colors? I always just thought that was small talk for children, and you just say a random color and move on.