Question: How high could a balloon float?

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 How high could a balloon float?

There's two major factors determining how high a balloon can float: **The strength of its material** and **Archimedes’s principle**. As the balloon travels higher, the helium inside expands, and it explodes sooner or later, depending on the strength of the material. The ultimate limit is Archimedes's Principle, which states that balloons will stop rising once their density equates to the surrounding air, so it's impossible for it to rise into space. Read more about it here: URL_0


Question: What happens immediately after filing for bankruptcy?

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 What happens immediately after filing for bankruptcy?

After you file, the lawyers will contact your debts and let them know so they stop calling you. They will ask about your assets, some of which may be claimed to go against the debt. For example, if you own a few vehicles, you may be forced to sell one or two. That depends though. Over the next 9 months, you make payments to the agency handling your bankruptcy. These are based on your disposable income through the bankruptcy period. After that, you are no longer bankrupt, but it's on your record for the next 6 years, during which you will mostly be unable to get any new financing or loans. After 2 you can start building a credit rating again, but only usually through small things like prepaid secure credit cards and the like.


Question: why are some countries’ money worth more or less than others?

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 why are some countries’ money worth more or less than others?

The relative value of currencies is not arbitrary! People are correct to say that, in theory, you could multiply every price (and wages, bank balances, etc.) by 100 and not change anything, but that's not actually what's happening when we talk about whether the US Dollar is strong or weak versus the Euro. The main idea is that the currency you are holding affects what you can buy. If I go to Germany with nothing but USD in my pocket, I'm not going to be able to buy much. The merchants want Euro because they want to turn around and pay someone else (including taxes to the government), and those people will probably want Euro too. If I want to buy anything, I need to *trade* the USD in my pocket to someone else, which means finding a person who is holding Euro but would rather have USD. The terms of this trade are going to depend on how valuable it is to hold that currency. If BMW just released a great new car, the person trading me Euros is going to demand a higher price. Likewise, if Ford just released a great new car, I know I can squeeze a little more from the person I'm trading with. In this way, the market rate for transferring one currency into another is linked to the fundamentals of what you can buy in the places with those currencies.


Question: why does shaving cream help sharp razors glide across your face and not leave cuts?

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 why does shaving cream help sharp razors glide across your face and not leave cuts?

It's just a lubricant, nothing else. It's makes your skin too slippery for the blade to cut into it. It just slides instead. The little hairs, though, stick out and get mowed down instead. Keep in mind that the blade is never pointed so it will slice straight into you skin. It's points to cut into things right about the skin. You can (and I have) use a blade without shaving cream or gel, but there's more of a chance of cuts or burns. The extra slipperyness just helps the blade slip over bumps and uneven movements.


Question: why is counting cards considered “cheating” in casino games?

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 why is counting cards considered “cheating” in casino games?

Because it gives the house less of an edge/hold. In blackjack, the house edge/hold is about 20% when playing without tactics. So for every 1000 usd played they have a 200 usd profit on average. When using basic blackjack tactics that house edge/hold drops to 2% so they "only" get 20 usd on every 1000 played. Now add card counting in the mix and you can drop the house edge/hold to 0.5% and now the casino only gets 5 usd per 1000 played on a table. Casino's are businesses, and they make the rules. Card counting cost them money so card counting is cheating.


Question: Why is fusion/fission always "20 years away"? What is it that scientists can't quite accomplish to make it successful? Also, are we at the final "20 years", as in, could we finally see it happen in the 2030s or earlier?

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 Why is fusion/fission always "20 years away"? What is it that scientists can't quite accomplish to make it successful? Also, are we at the final "20 years", as in, could we finally see it happen in the 2030s or earlier?

Fission has been done and is used in nuclear power plants. The problem with fusion is extracting the energy released through the nuclear process. I believe we have now created a fusion plant which is releasing more energy than is put into the plant to initiate the reaction but this is so marginal that its not cost effective enough for commercial purposes. With regards to the first part of your question, the "20 years away" statement is usually propaganda to ensure that funding isn't cut by the powers that be (who typically don't understand the scientific method) so that the research can continue. Personally I think that fusion power will be cracked in the next 20 years, especially as the oil will run out and the funding for fusion will have to increase to ensure that we can keep our power hungry lifestyle that we have now.


Question: Why do we call 3D functions "vector functions" and call its output "a set of vectors"?

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 Why do we call 3D functions "vector functions" and call its output "a set of vectors"?

Not really. However you think about it, you've got a function of 3 variables that returns a 3-variable output: [u,v,w] = F(x,y,z) In some applications (for example, mapping), interpreting the output as a set of new points in space is appropriate. But for many applications, it's not. For instance, [u,v,w] could be the components of wind velocity at every [x,y,z] point in the atmosphere, or the components of the gravitational acceleration at every point near the Earth. In these cases, the output is best thought of as a little vector "arrow" at each point in space.


Question: why is it that if we leave a battery overcharging it starts losing its charge-retention capacity? For example in laptops or phones.

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 why is it that if we leave a battery overcharging it starts losing its charge-retention capacity? For example in laptops or phones.

Overcharging isn't really a thing anymore since modern gadgets are smart enough to stop charging when a battery is full. They then bounce between 95-100%, discharging and charging as necessary. (Maybe not exactly, but roughly) But this still introduces wear since the battery is still providing and receiving energy. Lithium ion batteries also don't like to stay at the extreme ends of their capacity. (fully discharged or fully charged - I don't have an explanation to that at this time, I saw you asked in another comment) To help preserve life you sometimes get the feature to keep the maximum charge at 80% (again, this number can vary but it's a default) to reduce long-term wear. This is why the iPhone can learn your routine and charge up to 80%, wait, and then complete the charge when it's closer to when you wake up to reduce time at 100%. My laptop, some Android phones also have that feature but how it's accessed can vary widely.


Question: Why does weight gain make you tired?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does weight gain make you tired?

No. Your body now has extra weight to carry around. Its like having a heavy backpack full of canned food that you must carry everywhere. While yes, in case of emergency you could open those cans of food, until then you are carrying around a heavy weight all the time.


Question: is there a state of material that’s between solid and liquid?

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 is there a state of material that’s between solid and liquid?

Some materials like water have a harsh line between solid and liquid, the viscosity plunges at a specific temperature. In other materials the line is more blurry. Glass, rubber, tar, they’re clearly a solid at low temperatures, but they don’t have that harsh dropoff in viscosity at a specific “melt temperature” - they progressively get softer until they’re goo. The temperature where the strength and viscosity starts to drop considerably is the “glass transition temperature” - the point where the material has begun to flow, but is not yet reduced to a true structureless liquid.


Question: Why do tears come out while yawning when we are really tired?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 Why do tears come out while yawning when we are really tired?

When we open our mouths to yawn, the muscles around our eyes put pressure on our tear ducts; when the yawn is particularly wide, the pressure is great enough that our facial muscles literally 'squeeze' tears out of the ducts.


Question: Why is it common for people to be referred to as "Homeowners" when they are making mortgage payments to a bank?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is it common for people to be referred to as "Homeowners" when they are making mortgage payments to a bank?

They do own the deed to the home. A mortgage is a loan. The homeowner holds title to the house, the bank does not.


Question: How does speed affect the way we perceive time?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does speed affect the way we perceive time?

It's not a difference of perception, it's actually a difference in how time elapses. This is called [time dilation]( URL_0 ) the faster you travel, the slower time elapses, all the way up to the speed of light, where you cease to experience time.


Question: Why can’t computers solve Mathematical proofs?

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 Why can’t computers solve Mathematical proofs?

It's possible in theory. You can try and make a computer enumerate all possible syntactic consequences of a given set of axioms, until it arrives at a relevant statement (proof, disproof, proof of undecidability, etc), and [under certain assumptions]( URL_0 ) this will eventually give you the answer. Things become more hairy if we move to second-order logic, but generally, if it's doable at all, a computer could do it. The problem is that the space of all possible proofs grows very, very fast, and no modern computer is powerful enough to as much as make a dent in even the simplest of unsolved problems. Perhaps we would be able to do better than the brute-force algorithm with certain developments in AI, but that's just guessing.


Question: How come some pictures from the 1920/30s have what looks like higher resolution than pictures from the 1950/60s?

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[Your final answer goes here]
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 How come some pictures from the 1920/30s have what looks like higher resolution than pictures from the 1950/60s?

The Kodak Instamatic. Released in 1963, the Kodak Instamatic was a series of cheap, easy to use cameras. They generally had a fixed focus, minimal controls for aperture and shutter speed, and used very small negatives that were generally very "fast" (i.e. ISO 200 or 400). It was possible to take good pictures with an Instamatic, but just like older cameras you had to take the time to do it right: you had to have the right light, be exactly the right distance from the subject, stand still, etc. If any of those elements were off (especially the distance one) your photo would be blurry. Prior to the Instamatic (and other easy to use cameras, like the Polaroid Land camera) taking a photo was a complicated process, and expensive. If you were going to take a picture, you took the time to set it up and do it right.


Question: If I sell stock, who buys it?

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 If I sell stock, who buys it?

The stock market matches buyers and sellers in real time. You own shares in XYZ Corp you want to sell. So you put in a sell order. At the same time, the exchange is taking buy orders from investors wanting to buy the stock. It matches the buys and sell orders. If there are more buyers than sellers, the price will go up. If there are more sellers than buyers it'll go down. Until there is a balance in shares demanded by buyers and sellers.


Question: Why do TV video clips from the 90s and 2000s look so low quality?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do TV video clips from the 90s and 2000s look so low quality?

Video has progressed this far...... We went from 240p to 480p then 720 and 1080 Now we are close to commercial 2k and 4k standard video format. Just that's it's currently minimum industry standard to stay at least 720


Question: What are quasicrystals? And what's different about the Red Trinitite formed at a nuclear test site?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What are quasicrystals? And what's different about the Red Trinitite formed at a nuclear test site?

Quasicrystals have a clear internal structure but do not conform to the symmetry and other structure rules of crystals. They have unusual symmetries and repetition. A quasicrystal is an "almost-crystal". Crystals are highly structured and have what's called "periodicity". They have a set of molecules called a 'cell' that is in a specific configuration, such as a cube with specific molecules at the same corners, and that cell is repeated over and over with consistent spacing, connections, and molecules. This high repeatability is part of the definition of a crystal. This periodicity leads to translational symmetry, which is to say if you picked up one part of it and moved it in a straight line, you would be able to find another part of the structure that it lined up with perfectly. Finally, crystals can have 2, 3, 4, and 6-fold rotational symmetries, but not 5-fold symmetries. *n*\-fold rotational symmetries mean the number of times *n* during a full rotation where the structure looks identical. For example, an equilateral triangle (all sides and angles the same) has 3-fold symmetry and a square has 4-fold symmetry. I think the theorem behind why 5-fold symmetry is not a crystal but instead a quasi-crystal is beyond the scope of the original question. Essentially, you can't make a proper lattice that has 5-fold rotational symmetry. There's a very technical explanation here: [ URL_2 ]( URL_0 ) We have yet to find a naturally occurring quasicrystal formed on earth. Previously, we thought the first synthetically made quasicrystal was formed in 1981, by scientist deliberately trying to make one. Most quasicrystals are from man-made metallic alloys, often involving aluminum ([source]( URL_4 )) The only quasicrystal found in nature so far is [icosahedrite]( URL_3 ), which came from a meteorite (and thus was not formed on Earth). We didn't know it at the time but Red Trinitite, first created in 1945 in a nuclear test site, is a quasicrystal. We only *just* discovered that it's a quasicrystal, but since it was formed in 1945, it's the first known occurrence of a man-made quasicrystal. They went looking for it after the theory behind icosahedrite was formed: two meteorites crashing into each other at very high speeds during the early stages of the solar system ([ URL_1 ]( URL_1 )). Scientists have also formed synthetic quasicrystals using high speed collisions, so they theorized that nuclear detonations might *also* have formed quasicrystals --- and they were right. **tl;dr:** quasicrystals are rare and likely do not occur naturally on earth. Red Trinitite is special because it's the oldest known instance of humans making a quasicrystal, and it proved a theory that quasicrystals could be made from nuclear explosions. We made them before we knew they could even exist, and that's kinda cool.


Question: How does cardio decrease ones heart rate?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 How does cardio decrease ones heart rate?

With extensive training, your heart will eventually get stronger and become more efficient at transporting oxygen to the rest of your body, meaning it'll require less pumps and lower one's heart rate. I dunno about the second question, though.


Question: Why is it normal for a woman to wear a bikini on the beach, but a bra and panties is unacceptable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is it normal for a woman to wear a bikini on the beach, but a bra and panties is unacceptable?

A lot of people are making some decently rational arguments about consent, but those are fundamentally nothing more than rationalizations of an irrational system and do not actually answer your question. It is only unacceptable because our culture has deemed it so. The reasons for this vary, but will all boil down to control and shame. Both which suck. It’s important to note that this isn’t universal. Here in Germany it is pretty common for people to swim and sunbath nude, in swimsuits, or underwear. Nudity and the human body are not considered sexual 100% of the time. Thus “unacceptable” means something very different depending on culture and context. If you want to know how we got here though, well that is a pretty long history lesson of cultural modesty standards. It’s all unnecessary and fucked up though, so feel free to disregard them and do what makes you comfortable. Don’t feel pressured to be wear to many or to few clothes.


Question: Why does the perception of sound inside a shower differ so greatly between someone inside the shower and those not (IE singing)?

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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the perception of sound inside a shower differ so greatly between someone inside the shower and those not (IE singing)?

The acoustic quality of the enclosed space makes the singing sound different (better?) To the person in the shower, as the sound is reflected back to them with little interference. Outside the shower, the sound has to get passed the curtains or door, which muffles and distorts the sound.


Question: Why do moths and other bugs fly into/around lights? Doesn’t it hurt them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do moths and other bugs fly into/around lights? Doesn’t it hurt them?

Because they us the moon light as a guiding system. Before the artificial light, this was not a problem.


Question: - Why is some debt considered "good" and some "bad"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why is some debt considered "good" and some "bad"?

The debt itself isn't inherently good or bad— but demonstrating that you can reliably pay debt back, keep debt to a healthy percentage of your borrowing limit (usually around 30%), and don't miss payments is how you build credit. In order to demonstrate that you can do these things, you have to take out a little bit of credit/put yourself in a reasonable amount of debt. If you keep your lines of credit at 0%, you're not showing that you're reliable for paying back debt— only that you don't take any out. So when you eventually want to take out a very large loan like a mortgage, and the bank looks at your credit score, it won't be as high as it could be if you have a long standing good history of paying your debts.


Question: How do owners or CEOs of companies pay for things if all their value is tied up in equity/stocks of the company?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do owners or CEOs of companies pay for things if all their value is tied up in equity/stocks of the company?

You can sell your stock, of course. Or you can borrow against the equity you have (and even against future vesting and compensation).


Question: What are some examples of things that would be acceptable under Thomas Hobbes' system which wouldn't be allowed under Locke's?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are some examples of things that would be acceptable under Thomas Hobbes' system which wouldn't be allowed under Locke's?

Both are supporters of a strong central government, but where Hobbes' leviathan describes the reasons for forming and philosophy of maintaining an absolute government (not necessarily a single person), Locke's work focuses on a religious rational for killing a particular sort of corrupt king. Hobbes has strong feelings about rebellion, but he also includes a lot of advice for the leviathan to make revolution/rebellion less likely. To avoid the state of nature (which Hobbes considers to be the *worst* thing ever), a leviathan must be able to protect its people from things like foreign invasion, and it must be able to protect itself from rebellion. Hobbes recommends the leviathan behave in various ways to make rebellion less likely (basic freedoms, consistent and fair application of the law, yadda yadda), and he recommends absolute brutality in shutting down any rebellion that does crop up. Locke on the other hand agreed with the merits of a strong central government, but in his case the King was amassing personal riches at the cost of the taxpayer. Locke equates it to highway robbery and moves from there to how government should be limited. The life of the average joe is pretty similar, but where Hobbes instructs the leader(s) on how to create a strong and successful government, Locke instructs the citizens on what kinds of governments need to be torn down. Edit to actually answer your question: there is a ton of overlap (if not complete overlap) between the various lifestyles that would be acceptable under leviathan and the central government as envisioned by Locke. The difference is that where Hobbes says, "The citizens might rebel if you do this. They're not allowed to, and you should crush them ASAP, but they might rebel, so don't do this," Locke responds, "If the government does these things, you have a god-given duty to rise up and fix it."


Question: Why does wearing a bandaid for a day cause discoloration of your skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does wearing a bandaid for a day cause discoloration of your skin?

It’s called maceration- same reason your fingers are all wrinkled and white after a long bath or shower- moisture gets trapped under the bandaid and swells the skin


Question: Why does eating simple foods like toast help with nausea?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does eating simple foods like toast help with nausea?

Your stomach is in distress and lost most of its hydrochloric acid because of the vomiting. Devouring a toast into small, slimy pieces isn’t nearly as hard for your stomach as devouring a steak because the ingredients of toast can be faster processed by your body as the ingredients of a steak.


Question: Why are prime numbers so crucial for encryption and what makes them so fascinating. Why are scientists/physicists searching for the largest prime number? Are there great benefits to knowing larger and larger prime numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are prime numbers so crucial for encryption and what makes them so fascinating. Why are scientists/physicists searching for the largest prime number? Are there great benefits to knowing larger and larger prime numbers?

The biggest application of these large prime numbers is for RSA encryption. Which allows the internet in its current form to work. RSA encryption works because splitting a number into its prime factors (EG figure out 21 = ? x ?) is a lot harder than multiplication (EG figure out 7 x 3 = ?). It starts with 1 guy knowing two prime numbers, and freely distributing some number they get based on those two primes being mathed with in a certain way. If the numbers are smaller it easier to figure out. (EG you can probably figure out 21 = ? x ? in your head)


Question: How do engines react so quickly to changes in air/fuel intake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do engines react so quickly to changes in air/fuel intake?

Sensors feeding information to a computer that electronically controls the fuel injectors. Your foot on the gas pedal opens a valve that lets air into the engine. There are sensors before, at, and after that valve talking to the computer. Then there are more sensors telling that computer when to ignite the spark plugs to combust the fuel/air intake valves/injectors let into each cylinder. As long as all those sensors are telling the computer what it needs to know, the whole process goes pretty smooth at 700RPM, 5000RPM, or whatever speed you rev the engine.


Question: why do people sleeping in cars usually wake up when the car stops moving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do people sleeping in cars usually wake up when the car stops moving?

When you're in a car, even though you feel like you're just sitting still, your body *is* actually moving along with the car at the speed of the car. So when you're driving at 40MPH, your body is going 40MPH as well. When you come to a stop, your body doesn't stop exactly as the car does - notice how you lurch forward when you come to a sudden stop. That's because your body is still moving at the speed, and while it can slow down when the car does, sometimes that change in relative movement can be enough to wake someone up.


Question: why people feel annoyed and irritated when they are tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why people feel annoyed and irritated when they are tired?

When you are tired your brain is less capable of dealing with stress. So the threshold for stressors that would normally be simply delt with internally becomes much lower and the person acts out on things that they would otherwise not cause a reaction. Common reactions to stress is anger or sadness which is what you get in those situations.


Question: Why do scratches and smudges on a video game disc affect the video game itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do scratches and smudges on a video game disc affect the video game itself?

Imagine you have to run round a full race track within a certain time, but there are obstacles (which you weren’t expecting) in your way to interrupt your flow and momentum. The track represents the data on the disc, the obstacles represent the smudges or scratches.


Question: why can't we feel the earths speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't we feel the earths speed?

You don't feel speed, you feel acceleration. When you're in a car going 70 mph you don't feel it, you just feel yourself speeding up or slowing down, or the little bumps on the road, and you see the scenery outside moving. For comparison airplanes fly much faster than cars (around 500 mph) but you don't feel that at all.


Question: Why can't Flight Traffic Controllers remote control Airplanes in Emergency Situations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't Flight Traffic Controllers remote control Airplanes in Emergency Situations?

> So why can't they just program the auto pilot remotely if e.g. the pilots passed out? Because both pilots becoming incapacitated pretty much **never** happens, so it's not worth the effort to establish the necessary infrastructure


Question: What’s the stuff that falls off the hot metal in metal forging?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the stuff that falls off the hot metal in metal forging?

That's called scale. Its an oxide, and basically a layer of rust from the heat. It doesn't "look rusty", but it indeed is a layer of iron oxide. Every time you heat the metal, you loose some metal to oxidation because of the composition. Its mostly iron with some carbon and other things. Forging temperatures require oxidizing flames (as in forced air) of sorts to make the flames hot enough to make metal malleable, and those oxidizing flames oxidize the metals themselves.


Question: Why do our arms/legs "tingle" when they fall asleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our arms/legs "tingle" when they fall asleep?

It's called "parasthesia." It's not from loss of circulation, but rather from compressing a nerve. When you compress a nerve, you disrupt it's ability to send information to the brain. The "pins and needles" sensation you get is basically your body being overly sensitive in an attempt to get information to your brain.


Question: How does a custom soundtrack score for a movie work? Are the scenes usually structured around the score, or is the score usually structured around the scenes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a custom soundtrack score for a movie work? Are the scenes usually structured around the score, or is the score usually structured around the scenes?

Hey, I’m a director and editor. It works pretty similarly across most films, but the director and composer work together very closely from pre-production to discuss the nuance of the script and the emotion that the characters are feeling, the story etc. The composer usually forms their work around a picture-locked edit, which means that the timing of the cuts won’t change from that point forward, only things like colour grading, visual effects etc. will change, which doesn’t change the timing of the film or the cuts. OST’s sound like they come before the edit because composers are so good at what they do. They often say music makes up 50% of a film, and it certainly does, especially when a great composer really understands the material and understands how that emotion should be conveyed sonically


Question: How is it a half dozen companies make up a quarter of S & P 500 index fund holdings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it a half dozen companies make up a quarter of S & P 500 index fund holdings?

The S & P is weighted by market cap, it does not invest equally in all companies. I think I’ve heard of funds you can buy that do weight all the companies equally, but I’m not sure if that’s the case.


Question: what's the difference between a producer and consumer city?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the difference between a producer and consumer city?

Producer cities produce things. Consumer cities consume things. A producer city creates things and has an economy based on what it sells. The consumer city would have money coming in either from government taxes, military, or wealth made elsewhere.


Question: What exactly is plastic and how did it become so wide spead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is plastic and how did it become so wide spead?

Plastic is composed of [polymers]( URL_0 ). Polymers are organic molecules composed of a chain of many monomers; basically an organic molecule that easily links to others of its kind to form really long strands or surfaces. Basically, carbon has 4 links and can easily link with other carbon molecules present in organic compounds, forming really long chains or large surfaces. Plastic is wide-spread because it is easy to create (chemically), because it's easy to get different plastics with different characteristics, from soft to rubbery to hard, transparent or not, etc., because it just takes a little bit of heat to be able to shape it into whatever shape you need, and because it's chemically inert. Thus, plastic is an alternative to glass (which is brittle), to metals (which can be shaped but can be rare or expensive), to wood (degrades if wet or left outside in weather), and to ceramics (also brittle). This is why it's popular.


Question: . Why do mirrors flip the image horizontally and not vertically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Why do mirrors flip the image horizontally and not vertically?

Mirrors don’t flip an image. They just reflect what’s directly in front of them. Imagine painting your body with blue paint and then walking into a white canvas. What would the canvas look like? Your feet would paint the bottom, your head would paint the top etc.


Question: Deadweight vs. liveweight. Why does a 50lb bag of concrete feel heavier than my 50lb kid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Deadweight vs. liveweight. Why does a 50lb bag of concrete feel heavier than my 50lb kid?

What people are missing is the ergonomics of the item. (I'm using that word loosely for the sake of discussion.) If you try to lift a 200lb log into the back of a station wagon Vs. a 200lb dead body, the body will be much harder. As a matter of fact, almost everything is easier to lift than a dead body. This is due to the rigidity of the object. A log, chair, door, table... these things are not fighting you by changing shape and balance/leverage points on the fly. Once you find the leverage points on a couch, it doesn't change. A dead body, on the other hand, is a cornucopia of balance points and weight that redistributes itself randomly at the most inopportune moments. Even with two people, moving it can be a chore. This is why you want to, preferably, wrap them in a thick wrap of shipping plastic, or visqueen and duct tape, or roll them in a thick rug. The main point is to keep the limbs tightly together: The arms straight along either side of the torso, and the legs tightly together at the ankles and just above the knees. This can be done with just duct tape, or a whole lot of zip-ties, but wrapping is really your best bet. Hope this helps with your son.


Question: How come some days you genuinely think you are so hot and other days you think you are very ugly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come some days you genuinely think you are so hot and other days you think you are very ugly?

It has to do with your mood. You know how everything seems great when you're in love? And how everything seem to suck when you are low? It's because your mood has been chemically altered.


Question: How do HBO's servers work for Game of Thrones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do HBO's servers work for Game of Thrones?

One of the ways is by having a big distributed network of servers spread out geographically. Each of these servers has its own copy of the content and can send it to clients (viewers) in its area.


Question: How are impartial juries selected in massively publicized cases like OJ Simpson's trial? Can they insure a impartial jury?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are impartial juries selected in massively publicized cases like OJ Simpson's trial? Can they insure a impartial jury?

Yes they try, but they can't do magic. The Simpson case might be the best example of the maxim "hard cases make bad law". You can't design the law to accommodate the weirdest thing, or it would fail on all the common things.


Question: why can't you divide by zero?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't you divide by zero?

Okay so say you have 10 apples. You can put those apples into 10, 5, 2, or 1 group/s quite easily. You could even put them into 4 groups by splitting 2 of the apples in half. How many apples would be in those 0 groups? How do you put 10 apples into 0 groups? The answer is that you cannot physically put those 10 apples into evenly into 0 groups. So the answer is undefined.


Question: Why does child trafficking happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does child trafficking happen?

Some people want to adopt children but can't because of legal reasons or don't want to go through the hurdles of legal adoption but have the money to pay someone to get a child for them. Some people want to have sex with children. Some people want children for their labor because they're cheaper in the long run than paying adults. And more pliable. Some people want to make money off the above. All objectives are easier to accomplish when the children are trafficked away from the protection of home and family, especially if they're taken out of the country to where where no one would look for them and where the child likely doesn't speak the language.


Question: Why do weed and alcohol cause 'the munchies'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do weed and alcohol cause 'the munchies'?

Your brain in both situations: No weed/booze, "I don't really need anything too sweet or salty, just a little hungry." On Weed/Booze, "Lowered inhibitions mean i don't care what goes in me because I'm only thinking about now, so yes, I'll take the chocolate covered chocolate with dipping chocolate." Also Cannabinoid receptors, and booze is technically a light poison and your body instinctively craves food to soak up said poison and to return electrolytes/nutrients to your body.


Question: how does our body create the chemicals it uses, Like adrenaline and dopamine? Are they a product of the food we eat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does our body create the chemicals it uses, Like adrenaline and dopamine? Are they a product of the food we eat?

Adrenaline and dopamine are modified amino acids. You get amino acids by digesting proteins, which can be used to make simple molecules or larger proteins. so it’s like disassembling what we eat to be reassembled later. Other important chemicals like ATP can be gotten by digesting sugars, while fats / fatty acids can be synthesized from sugars too. Other than that, you need ions such as potassium, calcium, sodium, chlorides and phosphates, which come directly from what we eat/drink. Your body is capable of transforming between different fats, amino acids and glucose, but there are some exceptions which humans cannot produce, so we still need to eat other foods other than raw sugar. Other life forms like yeast/bacteria can produce all the necessary chemicals, so you can just feed them raw sugar.


Question: How does digital compression work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does digital compression work?

Imagine a tool box or a sewing kit, any of those need little storage devices with cubbies and drawers and little fold-out shelves. How much space to they take up? When they are stored away, they take up very little space. You open them up and take all the little bibs and bobs out to use, and they take up a more space. And once you're really get into your project, and have things spread out all over your workbench, they take up a lot of space. There is really no one right answer to how much space it takes up, because it is really a tradeoff between space and accessibility. Information in a file, like a story, a song, a picture, or a movie, works the same way. It can be very accessible, and take up a lot of space, or take a lot of work to get at and be packed away tightly. There is really no magic to making it smaller, you are just making the same tradeoff between size and accessibility. When you transform a file into the small but less accessible format, we call that data compression. There are two kinds of data compression lossy and lossless. With lossy data compression, you are actually throwing out some of the less necessary data. A lot of it based on human perception. The ear is less sensitive to very high frequencies, so eliminating the data associated with that would go largely unnoticed. The eye is more sensitive to brightness than color, so it is hard to tell the difference if only half the colors were used. Lossy data compression techniques usually have a quality setting, that instructs the algorithm how much data to drop. At the lowest quality, size becomes very small, but the differences become more noticeable. When you cannot afford to lose any data, like with an executable file, you must use lossless compression. It works by removing redundancy (sometimes called entropy) from a file and encoding it in a more efficient form. Text files are normally encoded using something ASCII, where each letter is assigned an 8 digit binary code: A = 01000001 B = 01000010 C = 01000011 etc. With this scheme A, a common letter, takes up the exact same amount of space as Z, a less common letter. Even worse, the word "the", takes up three times as much space as Z, even though it is more common as well. Lossless data compression figures out which sequences are most common and assigns them shorter codes, leaving longer codes for uncommon ones. It might encode An as 1101 and Z is 1001100111. For every A it encounters, it saves 4 bits, but for every Z, it uses 2 more. Overall this is a big win because there are going to be more A's than Z's. One frequent question is why can't you just compress a file over and over until it is as small as you like? When you stow your tools and fold up your tool box, it becomes optimized for space, there just isn't any more space to remove. Similarly, lossless compression removes redundancy and optimizes how data is encoded so it takes up less space. Once you remove it once, there is nothing left to remove. .


Question: what is the difference between lucifer and satan?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between lucifer and satan?

In Christianity, they are just synonyms to refer to the Devil. In Judaism, Satan (*Ha Satan*) is the accuser, an angel under the command of God, to accuse wrongdoings of people. The reason Lucifer has been understood to be a proper name of the Devil has to do with the Latin translation of the Hebrew term Helel. This word was understood, by some, to be a proper name for the king of Babylon. It means "light bearer," or Lucifero in Latin. The Latin title became a popular name for this evil figure. When the King James translators rendered the Hebrew term into English, they kept the popular term "Lucifer" for the Devil.


Question: 5: Prior to the first moon landing, how did scientists get the necessary data to help them design the equipment required for them to land? For example: rockets, landing gear, space suits and stuff necessary for the astronauts re-entry into earth.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 5: Prior to the first moon landing, how did scientists get the necessary data to help them design the equipment required for them to land? For example: rockets, landing gear, space suits and stuff necessary for the astronauts re-entry into earth.

Through space missions and experiments on earth prior to going to the moon. It's why there were space programs, like Gemini, before the Apollo moon missions.


Question: How and why does a word like 'bi-monthly' exist as it does? It simultaneously means twice a month and once every two months, which is an incredibly important distinction.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why does a word like 'bi-monthly' exist as it does? It simultaneously means twice a month and once every two months, which is an incredibly important distinction.

Bi- as a prefix usually means every two (as in bicentennial=200 years), but using it as "twice per" seems to have crept into usage as a malapropism. The more correct and less confusing way of saying "twice a month" is "semimonthly". The error might arise because "bi-" can also be used to denote "a pair of" like bipedal=having two legs and bimonthly by analogy meaning "a pair per month". That's just speculation though. The same issue is also found in biennial incorrectly used as "twice a year" but semiannual is the right way to say this. Car dealers seem to get this right often in their semiannual sales. Good on them.


Question: how do people supply their homes with water from a well? Can wells "run out" of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do people supply their homes with water from a well? Can wells "run out" of water?

Wells work by drilling a hole that's very deep, deep enough to reach the water table or aquifer. Wells can definitely run out of water. One way is if too much water is pumped up at once. Groundwater will only trickle into the well bore slowly, it takes time to fill the well bore back up. So you'll have water again, but you have to wait (also, don't do this, it's hard on your well pump which is expensive to replace). To help wells fill up faster, the well is drilled deeper and wider than is strictly necessary to allow more surface area for the water to trickle in to it. Wells can also go dry when too much water is removed from the aquifer in the general area. For example in California, so much water has been pumped from wells that people with shallower wells that used to work just fine simply don't get water any more. Those wells must be redrilled deeper to get back down to the lower water table.


Question: How can water evaporate normally in nature while having a 100°C boiling point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can water evaporate normally in nature while having a 100°C boiling point?

The amount of energy that each molecule of water has is not equal, some have more and some have less than average. If a molecule at the surface happens to have more energy than average it can fly off. This is evaporation. The hotter the liquid the more molecules will have enough energy to fly off, and so the greater the rate of evaporation. When the water reaches its boiling point, so many molecules have lots of energy that they start to form a gas (water vapour) inside the liquid. Up to this point not enough molecules become gas, and so any bubbles that try to form get squeezed back into liquid.


Question: When adding bleach to fabric, what happens to the original fabric dye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When adding bleach to fabric, what happens to the original fabric dye?

Bleach works to remove color from fabric because it is an oxidizing agent. The colors exist because certain molecules in whatever causes the color (fabric dye, grass stains) that are structured in a way that causes certain wavelengths to be absorbed, and others reflected, allowing us to perceive that color. When bleach interacts with these molecules, oxidation occurs. This changes the structure of those color molecules, causing them to become something different. Either they’re no longer color-producing molecules, or they no longer absorb any of the visible light, resulting in white. In short, bleach does indeed react with the dye, causing it to no longer be able to reflect color.


Question: Why is it that positive real numbers and zero have the property of being able to describe quantities, but other numbers do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that positive real numbers and zero have the property of being able to describe quantities, but other numbers do not?

You can make a coherent statement like that. It's unlikely that you will have a chance to, because there aren't many sandwiches that "burn" 5.3 grams of proteins in your body upon consumption. Amount of money, on the other hand, is more common to use negative numbers. "I have -200'000 dollars" is a very coherent sentence that perfectly conveys an information that you are a college graduate in America.


Question: If heat is a measure of the mean kinetic energy of the particles of a substance, then how does compressing it increase its temperature, since compression squishes the particles of a substance closer together, theoretically limiting movement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If heat is a measure of the mean kinetic energy of the particles of a substance, then how does compressing it increase its temperature, since compression squishes the particles of a substance closer together, theoretically limiting movement?

You're thinking temperature, not heat. These are related but different. The reason compression increases temperature is because the energy of the compressed gas is now more concentrated into a smaller volume, and thus the mean kinetic energy of the *volume* of the substance is higher because it occupies less volume with the same stuff.


Question: I saw a post about college tuition being $152 in the 70s, and inflation means that’s around $700 now. What about income rates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I saw a post about college tuition being $152 in the 70s, and inflation means that’s around $700 now. What about income rates?

The median income of American families in 1970 was $9,870 and minimum wage was $1.45 per hour. Average annual tuition at a public university in 1970 was $405, and at a private university $1,792. This means a year of public uni tuition was 4.1% of median annual income, and a year of private uni tuition was 18.1% of median annual income. It took 280 hours working at minimum wage to cover public tuition (about 7 weeks of full time work), and 1,236 hours to cover private school tuition (about 31 weeks). The median income of American families in 2020 is $78,500, and minimum wage (federal) is $7.25 per hour. Average annual tuition at a public university in 2020 is $11,260 for in-state students, and at a private university $41,426. This means a year of public uni tuition for in-state students is 14.3% of median annual income, and a year of private uni tuition is 52.8% of median annual income. It takes 1,553 hours working at federal minimum wage to cover public tuition (about 39 weeks of full time work), and 5,714 hours to cover private school tuition (about 2 years and 39 weeks). So while wages and income have indeed risen in the past 50 years, tuition has increased much, much faster. Families must now set aside nearly 15% of their annual income to cover a single in-state college attendee's tuition at an average public college, whereas 50 years ago they could set aside 4% to cover the same thing. And that's just tuition - housing and other costs at uni have also increased dramatically. And given the even more dramatic increase in private uni tuition, such schools are simply out of reach to most families without massive financial aid packages.


Question: How do shower sponges make there be so much more body wash than if there wasn’t a sponge?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do shower sponges make there be so much more body wash than if there wasn’t a sponge?

If you got wet, put that squirt on your arm, then avoided the falling water as you spread the soap all over your body, it would be nearly as effective as using the sponge. It’s all about being able to distribute it before the water washes it away