Question: How are documentaries on nature filmed without disturbing the wildlife?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are documentaries on nature filmed without disturbing the wildlife?

I think a big part of this is that they are never as close as you think they are. The cameras they use are able to take high quality images from far away, so although it looks like the cameraman could reach out and touch the animal, they may very well be on the opposite hillside zoomed very far in. This is how I’ve seen it done with photography, where the picture looks like the animal was five feet away but in reality was probably several yards.


Question: Why is the binary system used in computers & How data is converted into signals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the binary system used in computers & How data is converted into signals?

You are asking two seemingly related questions but they are different. Starting with the question the question about why binary is used. Binary is used because there are only two options for the storage of data as bits. They are either on or off. When a bit is off it has a value of zero when on it has a value of 1. Bits are clustered together into larger collections until you get to a byte. Which is 8 bits and gives you 2 to the 8th power values. You may have heard of 8 bit music. The rest of your question has to do with meaning and how that meaning is complex.


Question: How do logging companies replant trees? Do they take everything, including the roots, from the old tree and place the new tree in it's place, or just find a new spot for the new tree?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do logging companies replant trees? Do they take everything, including the roots, from the old tree and place the new tree in it's place, or just find a new spot for the new tree?

Not quite the same, but I worked on a Christmas tree farm. We did everything by rotating sections. For example, we plant area A in year 1. Tend it from years 2 to 4. Then cut down and replant in year 5. Different areas had different stages of growth and we rotate. So every year we have one section to plant, several sections to tend, and one section to cut from.


Question: Why do lightbulbs go out, but not the lights that illuminate screens on TVs and phones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lightbulbs go out, but not the lights that illuminate screens on TVs and phones?

it is, DLP tvs for example used a honest bulb (though very bright and powerful), and it had a life of a few years. LCD screens use edge lighting, most are LEDs these days (all cell phones), but they used to use compact florescent lights (rarely still do). both have absurdly long lifespans, longer than the devices they are in. but its possible for the backlight to fail. the newest phones (and some TVs) are OLED, which means the screen itself are itsy bitsy LEDs that generate the light themselves. again, super long life.


Question: Is light affected by gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is light affected by gravity?

There's something called gravitational lensing where massive bodies bend light, but because light is so fast the effect is very very very small for Earth sized objects. The effect becomes more noticeable when light passes near blackholes.


Question: How does noise canceling headphones work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does noise canceling headphones work?

Hmm...since it's ELI5: There are two types of noise-cancelling headphones: (1) headphones with over-ear ear cups that are closed and therefore cancel both sound coming in and sound leaving. (2) headphones with technological noise canceling. These basically analyze the sound waves coming from your outside and produce a signal with inverted waves, matching those sounds from the outside. Imagine how when two people say exactly the same, it gets way louder. It's exactly the other way around: the "positive" waves from the outside and the generated "negative" waves from the inside of the headphones create waves close to 0, therefore "cancelling" the outside noise. Cheers!


Question: how does a heads up display, display the image sort of not as a reflection but far back floating in the air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a heads up display, display the image sort of not as a reflection but far back floating in the air?

I think the comments so far are missing what you are asking. HUDs are unique in that the imagery appears to be floating further out in front of you than a reflection like what you'd see in a car window. Mitary HUDs (and those red dot sights you see on some weapons) use something called a collimator to focus the image at a distance. By focusing the image further out, a pilot (or shooter) can align symbology or a reticle on distant objects. If you Google "collimator" you can read more about how they work. Simply reflecting something, like those cheap GPS "HUDs" doesn't focus the image further out, forcing you to shift your focus near and far.


Question: Why does English alphabets have both capital and small letters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does English alphabets have both capital and small letters?

They're not "English" alphabets but rather modern adaptations of the Latin alphabet that many Western languages use. It helps with reading - you can easily see where a new sentence begins and you can spot proper nouns/names quicker.


Question: Do products like Nespresso machines actually need to be regularly "descaled?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do products like Nespresso machines actually need to be regularly "descaled?"

I use diluted vinegar in my coffee maker. Cheap and easy. I don’t know about those that have pods.


Question: Why are tuberculosis skin tests still used to test for the disease?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are tuberculosis skin tests still used to test for the disease?

Blood tests are more expensive, take more time, are less comfortable for the patient, and in general not worth doing as the first line if there is an easier skin test which can eliminate someone as having the disease. Only those who show up positive need to be tested to determine if it is a false positive and while that takes longer than the blood test alone, it is a better way of going about things.


Question: How is it possible to get two yolks from a single egg?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it possible to get two yolks from a single egg?

Same way we get twins in humans... not common, but not unheard of. I actually had a carton of eggs recently where I ended up with 4 twin yolks out of 6 eggs used when making breakfast one day (jumbo eggs, so I presume more jumbo sized ones will be twins).


Question: Why do bubbles blown from the same wand within the same blow have different colors from one another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do bubbles blown from the same wand within the same blow have different colors from one another?

Bubbles make rainbows because of what's called "thin film interference." Here's a Khan Academy video on that: URL_0 Short answer is that different bubbles shine in different colors because there are tiny differences in the thickness of the wall of the bubble that causes different wavelengths to interfere, therefore different colors. Blowing through a plastic wand is not a precise process, so different bubbles end up with different thicknesses even with the same breath.


Question: Why is there such a thing as a “feels like” temperature? For example, in NYC, it’s 91 degrees today but the weather app says it “fees like” 99 degrees

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a thing as a “feels like” temperature? For example, in NYC, it’s 91 degrees today but the weather app says it “fees like” 99 degrees

A large portion of that has to do with the humidity in the air. 90⁰ with 10% humidity feels way different than 90⁰ with 95٪ humidity. The air can only absorb so much moisture based on its temperature. If it's hot and humidity, it's hard for the sweat on your body to evaporate. Since it's not evaporating and cooling you, it feels hotter than it would if the air was dry.


Question: Why do MRI machines make such loud and strange noises when performing a scan?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do MRI machines make such loud and strange noises when performing a scan?

MRI magnets work by switching powerful electromagnets magnets on and off. They also have a 2nd super powerful magnet which is always on. When the electromagnets are turned on and off, they attract or repel each other and the always-on magnet. This attraction/repulsion causes vibrations which you hear as sounds. (This is basically how a loudspeaker works - you have a magnet, and an electromagnet connected to the speaker cone - you put an electrical signal into the electromagnet and it attracts/repels the other magnet moving the cone). Most types of scan with MRI make a sort of clunking or buzzing noise, but certain types (with strange names like diffusion weighted imaging, or functional imaging) make extremely loud beeping sounds, because the electromagnets are turned on and off so quickly that they produce a high frequency sound. It is possible to have much quieter sounds, by sequencing the electromagnets to only turn on and off gradually. This way, you don't get sudden attraction/repulsion which causes the big vibrations. Most scanners have an option to run in "silent" mode, with certain limitations (scan takes longer, images not as sharp, diffusion weighted imaging not available, etc.) There is a 2nd source of noise on most MRI scanners, which is much quieter and always on, which sounds like a strange little birdy tweeting - a sort of rhythmic tick-whoo-tick-whoo. This is the special cooler needed for the main magnet. The main magnet needs to be cooled to a low temperature (about -271 C), and it uses a special device called a Gifford-McMahon cooler which makes this strange pulsing noise. This actually makes noise from moving parts (it's the only moving part, apart from stuff like ventilation fans and the slider on the table).


Question: Can someone explain how a leak on the International Space Station is not a huge deal (no decompression)? Also, how are they making air fast enough where this isn't an issue? How is the air replaced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain how a leak on the International Space Station is not a huge deal (no decompression)? Also, how are they making air fast enough where this isn't an issue? How is the air replaced?

Two reasons. 1. The flow rate of air into space is proportional to the size of the hole. A very small hole leaks air very slowly. 2. The ISS has atmosphere reserves to add more air into the system as needed, since they inevitably lose some every time they open any exterior hatch.


Question: Why is our breathe so disgusting when we wake up from a nap?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is our breathe so disgusting when we wake up from a nap?

The sour smell is bacteria breaking down particles (mostly tiny bits of food) in our mouth, and then dying. During the day, our saliva typically washes away food particles that would linger. When you sleep (especially if you keep your mouth open), a decrease in saliva production increases the likelihood of a dry mouth, which then allows bacteria to grow and multiply. Brushing your teeth before you sleep can help a little, but just about all of us will have bad breath in the morning (or after a nap).


Question: Why does alternating current with higher frequencies passes through tissues (biological) more easily than AC with lower frequencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does alternating current with higher frequencies passes through tissues (biological) more easily than AC with lower frequencies?

Do you have any source from which your claim comes? e.g. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) figure 4 shows, that AC in range from 60Hz to 100Hz shows requires the least current to give symptoms, and very high frequencies require much greater current to show any measurable effects on human.


Question: Why shouldn’t Li-Ion batteries be fully charged or drained?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why shouldn’t Li-Ion batteries be fully charged or drained?

The top and bottoms of the charge percentage are the most stressful for the chemicals in the battery. They charge slowly and are more prone to getting warm while charging. Heat is bad for batteries, always. Li-Ion batteries in particular have circuitry on the batteries to protect them from overcharging and stuff since they're especially prone to fires or explosions when mistreated. This does have the side-effect of causing them to drain a bit faster than normal when not in use. Also when drained too far (ie. drained, and not charged for a while) the battery will simply die permanently. This isn't really manufacturer rigging, it's just the nature of the chemical make-up. All types of batteries today are basically bags of chemicals, and should be treated as such. "Peak charge" is something that can be chemically defined, but we've learned that when total power out of the battery's lifetime is what really matters, keeping it away from the extremes really helps. Whether a manufacturer decides to go for maximum lifetime or maximum charge is up to them, and might even change with software updates and stuff.


Question: when a helicopter's blades are spinning incredibly fast, why do they sometimes look distinguished as if they're actually barely moving at all?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when a helicopter's blades are spinning incredibly fast, why do they sometimes look distinguished as if they're actually barely moving at all?

Are you referring to videos of helicopters? Because this shouldn't happen in real life. As for the videos, the rate of the spin of the blades simply matches the "shutter" speed of the camera, so that every time an image is generated the blades happen to be in the same or nearly the same position


Question: How Did High End Clothing Brands Like Gucci, LV, And Other’s Blow Up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Did High End Clothing Brands Like Gucci, LV, And Other’s Blow Up?

**Same way as anything else: Quality of design, production and marketing; innovation — sussing out people's needs and meeting them so well or so prematurely that you hardly need to convince them to buy your product... and then convincing them to buy it anyway.** For example, Guccio Gucci started out as a hotel worker and became fascinated with some of his patrons' luggage, and so with his experience handling luggage he sought to make something all at once perfectly practical and simplistic that would appeal to the high-end clientele that he knew. He hired some traditional leather workers and got them to make some of his own designs, and the rest is history. Louis Vuitton started out as a box maker during the industrial revolution and realized that with mass transit and shipping, stackable packing would be desirable. So he made stackable trunks, and did so well that the Empress of France made him her personal packer... and the rest is history.


Question: In terms of computing technology such as servers and "the cloud", what happens when you play online video game which connects to other players?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In terms of computing technology such as servers and "the cloud", what happens when you play online video game which connects to other players?

Video games are just a bunch of equations being run by computers. That doesn't change whether the game is on your console or in the cloud. If you're playing a console game, some of that processing is being done on your console and shared in real time over the internet. Those equations mix with other people's equations and the result is your game. If it's all in the cloud, it's essentially the same thing, but most of the computation is being done somewhere else. You're just seeing the outputs.


Question: why can’t time go backwards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can’t time go backwards?

Time is less a "place" like a coordinate but more the concept of things happening after one another. It's a way of describing a series of events and their respective durations. While time is relative, its perception is as well, as it depends on the perceptor for how fast it goes, which is why traveling to the future isn't really "travelling" but more like speeding up time for the observer, which is what happens the closer you get to the speed of light or c. Think of it like a burning candle. You can remove energy (oxygen, fuel) to make it burn slower, but you can't make it restore the burnt wax. EDIT: Changed absolute to relative


Question: why do a lot of people tilt their heads when writing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do a lot of people tilt their heads when writing?

If you're right handed (most people) you might be inclined to tip your head to the left, so you can see what you're doing around your hand. Since we write from left to right, your right hand is constantly obstructing your view as you go along. If you're left handed (me) you just drag your whole hand through everything you write and end up covered in ink/graphite.


Question: Why does "pure" alcohol feel so strange to the touch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does "pure" alcohol feel so strange to the touch?

Short answer: there aren't all that many liquids that you come in contact with frequently. Most of them are water-based. Water with stuff in it. Alcohol is fundamentally different. It's not alcohol in water, it's that the alcohol IS the liquid. Most of us have water as our frame of reference for what we expect a liquid to be like, but alcohol is as different from water as oil or dish soap is.


Question: Why is it so hard to port console games to PC and vice versa?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to port console games to PC and vice versa?

Because you literally have to rewrite the software to work on a new console if there doesn't already exist a way to play the game on the console. Just like your body has nerves, and bones and muscles etc. to make you work, a computer works much the same way. If you just... Take a kidney out and put it in someone else, its no guarentee that its going to work, just that you put a kidney in them. You have to make sure everything is compatible, that the operating system and the game can talk to one another, that they display properly, that they have the same blood type.


Question: Why does the taste of a burger vary so greatly from restaurant to restaurant?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the taste of a burger vary so greatly from restaurant to restaurant?

Are you ordering the same (or at least relatively) the same ingredients on your burgers? Meat quality and cooking style varies from restaurant to restaurant, along with bread quality and cheese varieties. For instance, a place with fresh baked buns and real cheese will differ from a place with American cheese and frozen buns.


Question: Why does a car going in reverse make that distinguished sound?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a car going in reverse make that distinguished sound?

Your forward gears have helical-cut teeth because that makes them quieter, but they're more expensive to make than straight-cut gears, and since you don't use reverse for long periods of time it doesn't matter if it's louder.


Question: why is it so bad if a tick head comes off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it so bad if a tick head comes off?

If the tick is accidentally pulled apart and the head stays in the skin, there's a risk of being infected with other microscopic organisms. URL_0


Question: Why do humans need to lie down to sleep while some animals can sleep standing up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans need to lie down to sleep while some animals can sleep standing up?

It would be a neat trick for us to sleep standing. It's quite precarious on two legs. Some birds can do it because they can mechanically "lock" their legs and grasp a branch or similar without exerting their muscles, but for humans standing up takes continuous effort and adjustment - we're not that far removed, evolutionarily speaking, from little four legged rodents and haven't needed to develop the clever machinery that perching birds have. The mammals that can sleep standing up have four legs - more stable - and even among them, some prefer to sleep lying down if they can, like cows.


Question: How come loud noises like the sound of rain isn't annoying where as something like construction is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come loud noises like the sound of rain isn't annoying where as something like construction is?

Consistency, mostly. It’s much easier for your brain to tune out something consistent because it’s easy for it to “predict” the next sound and ignore it in a way that doesn’t bother you. For something like construction - that consistency isn’t there. Your brain can’t “tune out” something that it doesn’t know is coming as easily such as a jackhammer that starts and stops or banging that happens sporadically. There’s probably some more evolutionary cause as well - our ancestors slept outside and had to deal with rain and over time evolved such that it didn’t prevent them from getting sleep. If you’d like to learn more, you can look up “habituation” which is basically a fancy term for when our brains react less and less to a repeated stimulus.


Question: How was it decided to start counting years with the death Of Jesus Christ, who not everyone believes in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was it decided to start counting years with the death Of Jesus Christ, who not everyone believes in?

It depends on the calendar you use. Most of the world uses the Gregorian calendar which was instituted by Pope Gregory. Many Islamic countries use the Hijiri calendar which I think is based off the time of Muhammad. For example we are in 2021 but in Hijiri it is 1442.


Question: How do completely torn ligaments such as ATFL heal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do completely torn ligaments such as ATFL heal?

Fairly complicated, the simple answer is that cells communicate. A cell can tell other cells where is it, what type of cell it is, and if it’s in some kind of “distress”. There is also a 3 step response when tissue tears, and the first step is basically inflammation. In this step, a ton of different cell types (tissue, stem, blood, immune, etc.) rush to the site of trauma and they all have different jobs. This is where a lot of communicating occurs, and your body is essentially trying to figure out what happened and how it can best be fixed. Cells that make up what’s left of the ligament will communicate, and with the help of other cell types, will slowly undergo mitosis and other cellular processes to repair the ligament.


Question: Can someone provide a good example of how principle and interest works for things like credit cards, auto, home loans, etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone provide a good example of how principle and interest works for things like credit cards, auto, home loans, etc.?

> I was quickly reminded how many common life skills the schools are failing to teach kids these days. ?? Schools definitely teach how interest works. Did your kid not take math classes or something?


Question: How do teeth not get smaller and degrade?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do teeth not get smaller and degrade?

They really do mate, even with amazing dental care you teeth can still suffer a lot of wear and tear over the years, certain habits are going to do it more damage than others of course. Looking after your gums is mega important, they can hold your worn teeth in fine if they have been looked after.


Question: Why is darker skin an adaptation to more sun if dark colors absorb more heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is darker skin an adaptation to more sun if dark colors absorb more heat?

ELI5: The darker skin is the result of more of a pigment called melanin. The melanin helps to absorb sunlight, and heats the body, rather than causing damage to our genes. ELI20: The darker skin is the result of more of a pigment called melanin. The melanin helps to absorb the UV radiation, and heats the body, rather than causing mutations in our DNA which link thymine together into pairs called dimers. Our body can either utilize blue light to break apart these thymine dimers in a process call photoreactivation, or the bad portion of code can be clipped out, and a proofreader DNA processor (polymerase) can read the opposite strand of DNA to restore the code in a process called nucleotide excision repair. Sometimes this repair process fails. If too many mutations accumulate, a skin cancer can manifest. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common and is caused by chronic sun exposure. Melanomas are less common, but more deadly, and they are associated with acute sun exposure (like a bad sunburn). White people have evolved to allow more sunlight to penetrate cells, thereby synthesizing enough Vitamin D even in winters at northern latitudes where a black person would not thrive without supplementation. ELICaveman: Arrfhh. Black good sun. White good snow. Arrehghdg.


Question: Most FPS games have bloom patterns for where the bullets go. Is this how it works in real life? What causes the bullets to not fire in a straight line when exiting the barrel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Most FPS games have bloom patterns for where the bullets go. Is this how it works in real life? What causes the bullets to not fire in a straight line when exiting the barrel?

Games massively exaggerate the inaccuracy of firearms for gameplay purposes. Most modern guns are easily more accurate than the shooter. Pretty much any modern hunting rifle, for example, will shoot a 1" group at 100 yards. At longer ranges the environment (wind, humidity, etc) add instability to the flight of a projectile, and cause it's impact point to get less predictable.


Question: why do you get back pain if you’ve been laying down all day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do you get back pain if you’ve been laying down all day?

Often it’s due to inflammation, that is an increased swelling in the area. When you lie down, due to lack of gravity and more stasis circulation the inflammation can “pool” in the area. That’s why when you get up and start moving around, etc.. it feels better. Also why if you have low back pain, get out of bed as soon as you can.. just laying around makes it feel worse.


Question: how do medications like Bupropion and Mirtazipine work to help ease depression and anxiety?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do medications like Bupropion and Mirtazipine work to help ease depression and anxiety?

They work in more or less the same ways. Instead of selectively blocking serotonin receptors, they block norepinephrine and/or dopamine receptors. & #x200B; Basically, this makes these neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that signal nerves, hang out in the space between two nerves for a little longer. These chemicals also make you feel good, so with them hanging out for a little longer it makes you feel better. & #x200B; Source: am doctor who treats people with these medications regularly (beyond explaining general principles, I cannot offer medical advice).


Question: why N95 masks aren't available to the general public yet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why N95 masks aren't available to the general public yet?

The non-Covid/non-medical demand for N95 respirators (mostly painters and jewelry workers) is very small, and the industry makes many thousands of masks per week to support these trades. It would be possible to build new plants and make more, if Covid was going to produce demand for another 20 years. But, it's not. By this time next year people in rich countries will have been vaccinated and demand will be back to 2019 levels. You can't build a respirator factory and make enough of them fast enough to make money before the demand goes away.


Question: Why do some cheeses have holes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some cheeses have holes?

we let the cheese rot and it tastes good. We let bacteria or mold grow in cheese intentionally because we like how it tastes. Stuff like swiss cheese the holes are actually bubbles where the bacteria let off bubbles from converting one chemical in the cheese into a different chemical. On some cheeses the holes are literally places mold ate out a pit in the cheese.


Question: How can a person be guilty of murder in the 2nd and 3rd degree and manslaughter if they only killed 1 person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a person be guilty of murder in the 2nd and 3rd degree and manslaughter if they only killed 1 person?

One act can result in several charges. In fact, killing a person usually triggers a dozen other crimes (for example, illegal use of weapon, assault, endangerment, etc.). The standard practice in America and many other countries is to build enough record to cover all of them, and then go to trial with the most important ones (you usually don't see "murder and jaywalking" go to trial, because the jaywalking isn't important enough). The jury's job is to convict on ALL the crimes that are proven beyond a reasonable doubt, and not worry about the duplications. Then, the judge's job is to use that stack to calculate the sentence. Sentencing laws are complicated, but generally, this is where the principle that your can't be convicted twice for the same crime kicks in. The sentence will mainly come down to the greatest of the offenses, and all the lesser crimes that came along for the ride, but weren't really independent actions, will be considered aggravating factors rather than separate crimes. P.S. I should add that one reason this is useful is that it's quite common for a jury to find that the most severe felony charge was not proven, but that the lesser charges were proven. For instance if the jury find the accused did indeed kill the victim, but the jury decides it was unintentional, then they don't get convicted of intentional homicide, but that lesser stack of guilty convictions for things like manslaughter and assault will kick in.


Question: Why is turning off my PC from the plug bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is turning off my PC from the plug bad?

Its the difference between getting knocked out and going to sleep. When you go to sleep you take actions, like laying down and slowly slipping into sleep. When you get knocked out, you can only hope you dont fall too hard.


Question: why acceleration is constant in a vacuum, and an airplane would fall at the same velocity as a tennis ball?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why acceleration is constant in a vacuum, and an airplane would fall at the same velocity as a tennis ball?

Because in a vacuum a moving object has no resistance acting on it. Clarify the second part of the question please.


Question: Does leaving my light switch on with a dead bulb in one socket and a smart bulb in the other use electricity all day even if the smart bulb is off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does leaving my light switch on with a dead bulb in one socket and a smart bulb in the other use electricity all day even if the smart bulb is off?

In order for a smart bulb to be "smart" it must always remain connected to whatever network it uses. A quick Google search says that the Phillip's hue draws 0.4 watts in the off state. This is a very minimal amount and would hardly be noticable on your power bill. (0.4 Wh x 24 x 30 = 0.288 kWh per month then multiply by your company's kWh rate)


Question: Why are fish not scared of bigger animals like turtles, manatees or alligators when they are close by but completely freak out when a human swims close to them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are fish not scared of bigger animals like turtles, manatees or alligators when they are close by but completely freak out when a human swims close to them?

Because they recognize things that are not a threat, and they don't recognize people. Think of how comfortable you are around airplanes and helicopters, but what if an alien spaceship came along.


Question: why does salt so significantly change the flavor of tomatoes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does salt so significantly change the flavor of tomatoes?

Salt does two things, it increases salivation which helps deliver the flavor of tomatoes to your taste buds, and it supresses the bitterness receptors in your mouth, which helps tomatoes taste sweeter than they normally are.


Question: Why do we get dark circles under our eyes sometimes, even if we get enough sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we get dark circles under our eyes sometimes, even if we get enough sleep?

The layer of skin below our eyes (eye lids) is thinner than most of our skin anywhere else - so it is prone to show more blood vessels. In general blood vessels seem blue because the skin tissue only allow the blue/violet wavelengths of light to pass through it which are reflected back. Veins often won't appear blue if a person has darker or lighter skin. Rather, the veins tend to appear green or brown. On the other hand, people with extremely light skin, such as albinos, will typically have veins that show up as dark purple or dark red, more closely resembling the actual color of the blood running through the veins. So, those dark bluish circles are (usually) just the result of light being reflected back off of the blood vessels sitting just below the surface of that incredibly thin patch of skin. Additionally, as we age, our skin loses elasticity and becomes thinner. Some people are genetically disposed to have thinner skin than others. There is also a condition (mostly within dark skinned people such as those from India) that results in more melanin (dark brown or black pigments or skin color) being produced by the skin below the eyes, resulting in it appearing to be a darker color. There are also some conditions that can make the appearance worse, such as: 1) blood vessels around the eyes being damaged, 2) fluid buildup below the eyes, either due to illness, allergies or simply excessive salt consumption which can result in the body retaining more fluid than usual, 3) when the body is tired, production of the chemical cortisol is dramatically increased to help give you the energy you need to stay awake. Among many other things, cortisol actually increases the volume of the blood in your body, which causes the blood vessels (including the ones below your eyes) to engorge to accommodate it, 4) medication that causes blood vessels to dilate, 5) scratching or rubbing your eyes excessively, such as during allergy season, 6) regularly sleeping on your stomach, and 7) a similar light diffusion process is happening when we see people who are suffocating and have purple lips and fingertips. In this case, the blood is so oxygen deprived that it turns an extremely dark shade of red. When the light diffuses through the skin of the lips or through your fingernails, it then often ends up looking dark blue or purple.


Question: How did Houston know what conditions would be like for a human on the moon to prepare the space suits just right to protect the astronauts during apollo 11?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Houston know what conditions would be like for a human on the moon to prepare the space suits just right to protect the astronauts during apollo 11?

Nasa was very woried about the suits during the first moon mission. The astronauts were instructed to stay close to the capsule in case of emergency. Plant a flag get some samples and get out. They also where not sure if th spacesuits could survive a fall from one of the astronauts, so they had to be carefull. When they examined the suits they saw minimal damage so for later missions they knew that the suits where good. So from later missions we have footage like this. URL_0


Question: How has Uber been able to sustain itself for so long without having a single profitable year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How has Uber been able to sustain itself for so long without having a single profitable year?

Investors keep giving Uber money. So long as you have people willing to give you money (in the form of loans or investments for ownership) you can keep running at a loss for as long as the money holds out. Investors believe that Uber will _become_ profitable in the future, so they are willing to keep investing to help Uber get there. When investors no longer feel that Uber has a profitable future, then it will need to get profitable _really fast_ or it will collapse.


Question: Why isnt data that can identify an individual, more protected?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isnt data that can identify an individual, more protected?

That isn't a bug, its a feature. Let me give you an example here. I went to install the Uber app at least three times and each time I stop because of how offensive their access requests in the app are. In theory here the app needs access to my GPS, and an internet connection so it can hail a ride. It doesn't need anything else to do its job. But millions and millions of people happily downloaded that app and handed over permission for a huge amount of personal information. Why? Because they don't care. And on the flip side of the coin so much of this data is valuable (though they don't know how yet), companies want to get everything they can. There was a time in the early 2000's when I was very much against government putting its big feet into the internet because we just couldn't know how things were going to develop and what good/ill uses this technology would be put to. However we have quickly reached a point where we kind of see where the internet is going, what it can do, what dangers it brings, and now we need government to step in and restrict companies from collecting information they don't need, and mandating they store that information securely and never, ever, sell it. However right now politics is more focused on the topics of the last two generations than the topics of the next generation.


Question: How come the IRS knows if your taxes are wrong, yet you still have to do them yearly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come the IRS knows if your taxes are wrong, yet you still have to do them yearly?

What you’re thinking of is called “return-free filling” and the reason we don’t have it is that tax prep software companies lobby against it: URL_0


Question: Why do your eyes water when you get something stuck in your throat and have to cough?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do your eyes water when you get something stuck in your throat and have to cough?

Your throat, eyes and sinuses all have a defense mechanism to try and rid the body of foreign objects. Usually triggering Mucus, tearing and coughing. It would appear that they work in unison.


Question: Why does beer in a bottle spray when you hit it on top with another bottle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does beer in a bottle spray when you hit it on top with another bottle?

When the bottle is tapped, shockwaves ripple through the beer. These waves are essentially areas of higher and lower pressure. In the lower pressure areas the bubbles in the beer expand, in the higher pressure areas they are compressed. As the ripples move through the beer this rapid change in pressure makes the bubbles collapse into clouds of even tinier bubbles. A cloud of tiny bubbles has a much bigger surface area than lots of big bubbles, so they absorb a lot of the CO2 (the gas that makes drinks fizzy) in the beer rapidly. This makes them grow rapidly and rush to the top of the bottle. The faster they move, the more they absorb CO2. The effect snowballs as the bubbles rush to the top and eventually explode out of the bottle.


Question: why a smartphone camera makes several flashes before taking the actual picture?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why a smartphone camera makes several flashes before taking the actual picture?

Red eye reduction. The first flash causes people's iris to contract, making their pupils smaller so that less red light reflects back out from their retinas. That prevents the ugly red-eye effect in the picture.


Question: How do we know that Pi's decimals never repeat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that Pi's decimals never repeat?

There are proofs that Pi is irrational, ie it can't be the result of the division between two integers. There's another proof that when you try to write down an irrational number as a decimal fraction, you get a never ending sequence of non repeating digits. The proof that Pi is irrational is a bit complex for eli5, but here it is: URL_0


Question: How do Orion drives work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Orion drives work?

It doesn't ride the shockwave in the traditional sense. I certainly would not describe the thing as a shockwave. The nuke generates an expanding sphere of very hot plasma. This expansion can be taken advantage of. The force may not be comparable to that experienced when detonating a nuke in-atmosphere, but the force is still significant.


Question: Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?

A lot of math symbolism, like this one, was popularized by the French philosopher and mathematician, René Descartes (Fun fact: the term "Cartesian" is named after him). He wanted to make the convention of using letters like x,y and z to represent unknown variables, while a b and c are known constants. Why he chose those letters specifically is not really clear, but they're a convention that we still use today.


Question: How does chicken and other meats in canned soup stay good and safe to eat even though the meat isn't refrigerated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does chicken and other meats in canned soup stay good and safe to eat even though the meat isn't refrigerated?

Canned soup is put into a hot, very hot, autoclave. It is heated to the point where every bad thing in the can dies. Bacteria, etc. So it cannot go 'bad' because there is nothing in the can to make it go bad.


Question: How do laser thermometers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do laser thermometers work?

The laser is just to show you where the thermal sensor is pointing. The thermal sensor responds directly to increased temperature. It does need to be calibrated though to the type of object (metal vs stone vs flesh) because each give off heat differently.


Question: If the Universe is Accelerating, How do We Know It Isn't Much Bigger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the Universe is Accelerating, How do We Know It Isn't Much Bigger?

For the size, as far as we know, the universe is infinitely big - the age of the universe hasn't got anything to do with that. As for the age, we don't really know how old the universe is - we can run the clock backwards on the expansion of the universe, and when we do it looks like everything crunches together and gets really hot and really dense. We call that the "singularity". A lot of people think this is the start of the universe, but in reality, it's called the singularity because it gets so hot and so dense, the laws of physics as we know them break down and we can't look any further back. We don't know what, if anything, happened before that point - it could be much older and it just bounces between being sparse like it is now, and really dense like it was then; it could be very different. We just don't know.


Question: Why do we have favorite seemingly arbitrary things, like numbers or colors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we have favorite seemingly arbitrary things, like numbers or colors?

Likely a positively reinforced cerebral connection to that shape, color sound etc. If you were given a big blue blanket to sooth you when you were crying as a toddler; It's not unreasonable that you'd develop an affinity for blue later on.


Question: Why do you sometimes get tiny muscle spasms in specific places, like a tiny spot on your thigh or a finger twitch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you sometimes get tiny muscle spasms in specific places, like a tiny spot on your thigh or a finger twitch?

The body fires an electrical charge through your nervous system as your brain commands for movement. No one is quite sure what causes a twitch or a cramp due to the randomness of it happening (Hard to investigate in a lab). But the theory behind it is that these electrical charges are being randomly sent off to affect the muscle to move. Due to your self not wanting to move it it dosn't fully contract.


Question: What happens in the background when you click on the 'Safe to remove hardware' button in Windows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens in the background when you click on the 'Safe to remove hardware' button in Windows?

The safe removal function instructs the operating system to wait for all processes accessing a filesystem to finish and then "dismounts" the filesystem, preventing further read/write operations. If this step is not taken, there is potential for read/write operations that have not completed or are waiting to fail, which has the potential to cause data loss.


Question: How can we with certainty say that some animals see more colors whilst us humans can't see them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can we with certainty say that some animals see more colors whilst us humans can't see them?

We can dissect their eyes and locate cone cells (the kinds that detect specific wavelengths of light). A lot of animals have two types. Humans are fairly advanced and have three for broader color differentiation. Some weird species of shrimp and other oddball animals have four or more, or have different layouts of cone cells to detect infrared or UV light. I believe one species of shrimp has seven cone cell variants. Bees can see UV light. We can't really say what it actually "looks" like to them, but we do know that some animals have some really bizarre color detection setups, and react to light that humans can't see at all or see no variation in.