Question: Can someone summarize about the 2007-08 financial crisis? What were the causes, impact and aftermath? How it affected various countries? What all policy changes took place? Also, any other relevant information.

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 Can someone summarize about the 2007-08 financial crisis? What were the causes, impact and aftermath? How it affected various countries? What all policy changes took place? Also, any other relevant information.

The underlying issue was created by 'mortgage-backed securities'. Traditionally, mortgages had been amongst the most stable of investments because there was real property backing the loans. People rarely ever defaulted on their mortgages. As a result, people were far more willing to invest in them than they would have been conventional loans. Investment banks began to take these mortgages and bundle them together into packages. You could then invest in those packages, rather than having to individually invest in mortgages. So you'd buy a share in a security that represented a large pile of mortgages. However, as they did this, the normal apparatus designed to assess securities risk didn't really check very closely what was being bundled together. This lack of diligence trickled down the chain, to the point where the investment banks were willing to buy virtually anything to feed their need for more mortgages to bundle. This provided an incentive for the original lenders to write mortgages without regard for their ultimate viability. They came up with a number of different techniques - no money down, 'balloon' mortgages, etc. - to convince people to take out mortgages that they had no reasonable chance to repay. Inevitably, those bad loans started to fail. This caused the bundled mortgage securities to also fail - and the various investment banks started taking massive losses. These massive losses meant that they were unable to perform their core economic task: writing short-term credit for large companies. When those credit markets froze, companies were unable to take out the short-term loans they needed for normal operations started to lay off employees and cut production. To get the credit market moving again, the government bailed out most of the large banks. However, they were very hesitant to write loans in a falling economy, so the credit markets remained tight. The Obama Administration attempted to fix this problem by creating a stimulus package. The original proposal was precisely that: a large package of infrastructure investment designed to boost the economy. However, various factions ended up re-purposing the stimulus package into a payoff for political favored groups and it created a situation where the government incurred significant debt while not meaningfully boosting the economy. This is likely why the recovery was so protracted and anemic. In terms of 'various countries', the major impact was a crisis of confidence. The world economy is largely shackled to the U.S. economy - if the U.S. suffers an economic downturn, it ripples across the globe.


Question: How are college tuitions increasing at a disproportionately higher rate compared to the US inflation rates?

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 How are college tuitions increasing at a disproportionately higher rate compared to the US inflation rates?

[Another reason is because state governments have reduced funding to public colleges and universities.] ( URL_0 )


Question: What laws or regulations enable a person in the US to live a lavish lifestyle even when that person is millions of dollars in debt?

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 What laws or regulations enable a person in the US to live a lavish lifestyle even when that person is millions of dollars in debt?

Federal income tax law was the most complicated class I took, but I’ll give this a shot: if you lose money for whatever reason (like, say, filed for bankruptcy), you can choose to either deduct all of that loss on your current year’s tax return, or you can save some of it for a year when you made a ton of money but really don’t want to pay taxes on all of it. So let’s say you made $100mil in 2020, but you also have a net loss of $100mil still leftover from a bankruptcy a couple years ago, so you record the loss. Now, on paper it looks like you made zero dollars. Edited to add: my professor actually used Trump as an example when teaching us this concept. Trump works in bankruptcy filings and carryover losses the way Picasso worked with acrylics.


Question: - How do pregnancy food cravings work?

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 - How do pregnancy food cravings work?

Your body needs weird combinations of nutrients to build a whole other human inside you(combinations that you would never need any other time). Your body "remembers" what food contains those nutrients and demands that you eat more of them, often in weird combinations. One example that doesn't make sense at first glance: crushed ice. An interesting side effect of crunching on ice is that it encourages your body to release its iron stores into the bloodstream which allows your fetus to absorb it out of your bloodstream.


Question: why does salt on stuff make water come out but eating a lot of salt makes you retain water?

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 why does salt on stuff make water come out but eating a lot of salt makes you retain water?

Water goes to the salt. Salt on top of food pulls water out to go to the salt. Salt in you keeps water from going out


Question: What is the butterfly effect?

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 What is the butterfly effect?

It's an idea that an action can have major unintended consequences. In the 1960s, a meteorologist Edward Lorenz was experimenting with predicting the weather with computers, and found that something as small as a butterfly flapping its wings one way or another could dramatically alter weather patterns, because that small flap of the wings would shift air a little, and that little shift could be enough to change something on the large scale. It's been used a lot in time travel stories, with the idea that if you go back in time and make a tiny change, like stepping on a twig, the chain reaction that comes from that could change the future in a huge way. So like, a time traveler could step on a twig, and then an animal that would have eaten that twig starves, and then another animal can't eat it, and the chain reaction occurs that results in a world where humans never existed.


Question: If diamond companies can create their own diamonds, how can they still justify charging thousands of dollars for one?

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 If diamond companies can create their own diamonds, how can they still justify charging thousands of dollars for one?

The key is that synthetic diamonds, while they are *almost* completely identical to natural diamonds, have slightly different fluorescent properties. When they're hit by UV rays, they will fluoresce a different color. Why does that matter? Because it means the two types of stones can be told apart. And there's a certain romantic image in our cultural mind about *natural* diamonds -- formed deep underground, over millions of years, by immense heat and pressure, yada yada yada. It's the same reason that a flawless replica of King Tut's sarcophagus isn't worth as much as the original, the same reason that you can buy a replica dinosaur fossil for ten bucks when a real one is far more expensive. Essentially, diamond companies can charge so much because people will pay it. Synthetic diamonds are cheaper, but not as romantic -- and since diamonds are largely symbolic (nobody uses natural diamonds in a saw blade, but plenty of people will buy them on a wedding ring) there's still a substantial market for natural diamonds. Bear in mind that synthetic diamonds are cheaper than natural ones, but still quite expensive (about [half as much]( URL_0 ) as their more luxurious counterparts, for equivalent quality). The process of making a really nice, wedding-ring-quality diamond is not cheap. There are good ethical reasons to go synthetic -- you know you're not financing atrocities in the Congo -- but the price difference is not as large as you might expect.


Question: What exactly kills people who have Cancer?

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 What exactly kills people who have Cancer?

Cancer is basically an uncontrollable growth of cells. They kill people because they end up interfering with some part of the body's function that's necessary for survival.


Question: Why is Dew Point Important?

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 Why is Dew Point Important?

Dew Point is important because it tells pilots how likely they are to encounter foggy conditions.


Question: how exactly does milk get 'evaporated'? (Like for baking etc) shouldn't cans of evaporated milk be empty?

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 how exactly does milk get 'evaporated'? (Like for baking etc) shouldn't cans of evaporated milk be empty?

Evaporated milk has ~60% of the water removed, but everything else remains (milk fats and solids). It can be made at home by simmering down milk to around half its original volume. Evaporation of aqueous (water based) solutions doesn't result in their complete disappearance, only the water in the mixture actually evaporates. For example, evaporate salt water and you'll be left with dry salt.


Question: what is the purpose of super computers in the oil industry ?

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 what is the purpose of super computers in the oil industry ?

Imagine you really really want to know what is in your wrapped Christmas presents, but you only get to shake them and listen to the sound they make. If it was important enough, you might get a computer to help. If it was very very important you might want the biggest and best computer to help. Oil companies desperately want to know what is under the ground, so they know where to drill for oil. But the best way to find out (other than drilling) is to make the ground shake and listen to it. The super computers help them interpret the sounds, guessing what is under ground, so they know where to drill. Since it costs millions of dollars to drill an oil field, it is worth while to have very powerful computers to do this right. Edit: a word


Question: what is actually stopping us from exploring the bottom of the ocean?

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 what is actually stopping us from exploring the bottom of the ocean?

It's very expensive to explore there. We have already sent submersible craft to different parts of the ocean floor, but it's just very expensive to do. So unless there is some specific reason that you are searching for something, there needs to be a reason to justify the cost.


Question: Will the US ever change its currency to match inflation and make cents more useful again?

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 Will the US ever change its currency to match inflation and make cents more useful again?

I'm not sure this is a good idea. I don't remember where I heard it, but there was a poll asking if people would pick up a penny, nickel, quarter, and dollar. It was meant as an informal way to poll the value of the currency to the average person. Most would pick up the nickel, but less than half would pick up the penny. So, to make the penny "valuable" again by this metric, we'd have to have a 5x change in value. If you found out that your $1 would be worth $5 tomorrow, would you spend it? Probably not, right? You'd hold onto it and wait for it to be worth more. It's actually the opposite of inflation - deflation. Deflation is bad for the economy. People do not want to spend money to make bigger factories, hire more people, and all that, because that money would be worth more in the future than the future benefits from spending the money now. So there is little or no growth: no added jobs, no new enterprises, or inventions, or whatever. An alternate solution being discussed is to get rid of the penny, and rounding to the nearest nickel for cash transactions. (They did this in Canada.) It has the added benefit of keeping the value of the US dollar somewhat stable, but it would require adoption across the US. We're bad at making changes like this (metric system, for example). No idea if they will end up doing it.


Question: Why do plastic cups coming out of the dishwasher usually have water left on them but the glass cups are dry?

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 Why do plastic cups coming out of the dishwasher usually have water left on them but the glass cups are dry?

There are 2 factors at play here: 1. The amount of heat that plastic vs. glass can retain (heat capacity) 2. The way in which water spreads itself on plastic vs. glass (adhesion) For the first point, glass can retain heat for much longer than plastic. As you know, heat will cause water to evaporate at a faster rate, so as the water stays on the glass it absorbs much more heat from the glass which allows it to evaporate at an increased rate. Similarly, water stays on plastic but the plastic cools down much faster than the glass, and it doesn't absorb nearly the same amount of heat so more of it will remain in liquid form and not evaporate. For the second point, water has a tendency to ''stick'' to itself because water (H2O) molecules have a special type of intermolecular force called ''hydrogen bonding'', it basically means that the forces between each water molecule is strong and they stick together because of this (this is the reason that water is found in the shape of ''beads'' on a leaf for example, water prefers to stick to itself in a sense). Not all molecules have the special property of hydrogen bonding. If the material that water is on also is made of molecules with strong bonds, then the water doesn't have to adhere to itself, like how it does on a leaf in the form of water ''beads''. Instead, the water will spread itself across the surface into a film of water because it is attracted to the molecules that make up the glass. Glass is made up of these strong bonds (silicon dioxide), so water spreads itself across the surface of glass. Similarly, plastic inst made of very strong bonds, so the water molecules are not attracted to the molecules that make up plastic and therefore the water will remain as ''beads'' on the plastic, minimizing surface area. The point is that surface area is also factor for how fast a liquid can evaporate. Since water spreads itself on glass and doesn't spread itself on plastic, the water covers more surface area on the glass and will therefore evaporate faster as a result of that. In conclusion, its a mixture of both factors. Water absorbs more heat and has more surface area on glass, therefore evaporating at a fast rate. Water absorbs less heat from plastic and doesn't spread itself, which minimizes the surface area it covers, therefore not evaporating as fast as if it were on glass. Note: I know that's a very butchered way of explaining polarity.


Question: Why do sneezes feel good? What is the benefit of it feeling good, if there are any?

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 Why do sneezes feel good? What is the benefit of it feeling good, if there are any?

Sneezing gers rid of dust and debris in your nasal cavity. It "feels good" so that you are enticed to sneeze, and not just hold in all the dust. It's similar to how farting "feels good" so that you'll want to get rid of that excess gas, or how sex "feels good" so that you will want to make more babies.


Question: How were first elements discovered ? How did they know one thing was an element and other wasn't ?

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 How were first elements discovered ? How did they know one thing was an element and other wasn't ?

Which time period? In antiquity certain elements were known. Lead, mercury, silver, tin, copper, and gold come to mind. I suppose back then they were seen as pure metals of some kind rather than how elements are viewed in modern times. How they identified those is likely through material properties and how they separate from composite materials. Fast forward to the 1600s-1900s and we have a developing modern view of elements. It's beyond the scope of a reddit reply to explain each one. An easy example is Hydrogen. In the late 1700s it was identified as the result of a reaction between certain acids and metals. While not the first to synthesize or encounter it, the person attributed with its discovery also figured it was proportioned 2:1 in water. It's difficult to explain without writing a full history, including all scientific knowledge at the time. Electrons were not even explicitly known until 1898. And the modern view of atomic structure wasn't proposed until 1913. Atomic weight was largely used in the 1800s as a classifier. The earliest attempts at periodic tables relied on that. But prior to the discovery of the electron we already had some idea about radiation, could do non-visible light photography, and more. So to answer your question, they sort of didn't know in the sense we did now. But they did know in the context of their time and there are very few false positives. They just knew they had a material with unique properties that didn't further break down with the methods used to break down materials at the time. It also had properties measurable at the time. Periodic tables didn't even come into existence, in any state, until long after many elements were known. And while initial ones were incomplete and had less accurate measurements than today, they were still pretty solid. Apologies for the scattered post. The best way to learn about this is to just read a bunch about the history of chemistry, light/e & m/particle physics, quantum mechanics, and all of that. I don't believe there's a single good consolidated source, and a lot of history in textbooks or articles are just one line "hydrogen was discovered here" without providing the context that it wasn't referred to as hydrogen or known as the "first" element and the discovery didn't discover certain properties of hydrogen that we take for granted today. It'd be an excellent book for someone to write.


Question: why does sound from headphones sound good next to my ear but terrible and tinny when I'm far away?

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 why does sound from headphones sound good next to my ear but terrible and tinny when I'm far away?

The speaker membrane is basically an air pump that moves air back and forth to produce sound. The movement of air creates pressure on our ear drums, which is what we can hear. For high frequencies, it only needs to move a tiny amount of air, but do it many times per second, but for lower frequencies it needs to move a large amount of air, fewer times per second. That's why bass speakers are large and speakers for high frequencies very small. Headphones however only have a small speaker, so they have to a trick to reproduce low frequencies: Instead of moving the air back and forth, they just pressurize and depressurize the air between the speaker and the ear drums. This way, the air pushes against the speaker membrane, creating far more sound energy in the process than if the air can just move freely like in a regular speaker. But if you remove the headphones from the ears, this pressure can just go away, and the headphones lose their ability to produce low frequencies. That is what causes the tinny sound. Imagine this a bit like using a bicycle pump: If you connect it to an empty tire, it's very easy to move the pump because the air can just easily move out of the hose and fill the tire. But if the tire is already full of air, it becomes very difficult to pump, costing you far more energy each stroke and in turn putting more energy into the tire.


Question: How come sometimes we feel more awake after 5 or 6 hours of sleep than I do after a "full 8 hours"?

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</answer>
 How come sometimes we feel more awake after 5 or 6 hours of sleep than I do after a "full 8 hours"?

Your brain's sleep time works in cycles, it cycles between stages 1 and 3, with REM cycles. & #x200B; Stage 1 isn't exactly sleep, it's the process of your body falling asleep or waking up. Stage 2 is when your body is actively asleep, and stage 3 is "deep sleep", when the brain does most of the work it needs to during sleep. REM sleep happens between the stages of 2 and 3 usually, although it can happen during stage 1 as well. Most of these stages are differentiated by the number of delta waves produced, stage 3 producing a lot of delta waves, and brain activity is massively slowed down. The deeper into sleep the brain is, the more delta waves are produced. REM is different, as the brain enters a period of activity that produces dreams. The cycle between stage 2, REM, and stage 3 repeats a few times during the night. & #x200B; If you wake up during stage 3, the brain was in a deeper state of its cycle and was actually "slowed down", and thus will actually feel more tired than it should. If you wake up during stage 2(or ideally stage 1 as your body is naturally waking up) you will feel far less groggy. & #x200B; 8 hours is an asinine myth, and is actually quite toxic to those that require more or less. Some people will need more, and some less. It all depends on what your brain needs to do during this period.


Question: What is the point in providing First and Last months rent if you are signing a contract anyway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the point in providing First and Last months rent if you are signing a contract anyway?

It's pretty easy for people who give no shits to disappear well enough to make it almost impossible for them to collect the money they want. You might also die, declare bankruptcy, or go to prison. And if you aren't a compliant person about paying what you owe, it can be expensive for the rental company to squeeze the money from you using lawyers and court.


Question: Can the light passed through a prism be split or refined further?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can the light passed through a prism be split or refined further?

If red light passes through a prism then red light exits the prism. If you pass any color of light through a prism that's not white light then you will see black bars in the ROYGBIV spectrum where certain wavelengths are missing. In the case of red light the OYBGIV portion will be black.


Question: Cyberpunk 2077 started production in 2012. Since then the ps4 and ps5 had launched. Did they program the game for the ps5 before the ps4 was even launched?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Cyberpunk 2077 started production in 2012. Since then the ps4 and ps5 had launched. Did they program the game for the ps5 before the ps4 was even launched?

No. Cyberpunk wasn’t really in development that long. CD Projekt Red just revealed it and then went back to work on The Witcher 3. Then in 2016 when development on W3’s final expansion Blood & Wine was almost complete they moved a small group of employees over to begin development on Cyberpunk. Once B & W was completed the rest of the team joined the small group on Cyberpunk and that’s when full development began.


Question: When a phone is on speaker, why can't the person on the other line hear themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a phone is on speaker, why can't the person on the other line hear themselves?

There is a special circuit that takes the input from the local side and filters it out of the incoming audio to prevent feedback and echo from just such a thing. It is called "Acoustic Echo Cancellation" or AEC.


Question: Before money was invented how did people accumulate "wealth"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Before money was invented how did people accumulate "wealth"?

Given what we know about hunter-gatherer tribes, it's not all that likely that becoming rich, as an opportunity, preceded the existence of money. Most early societies appear to have had some form of exchange, such as beads and shells. That said, even today, while money is how we keep score, few people are rich in money. Most people are rich in stocks (companies) and bonds and real estate and farm/ranch land. Bonds are recent. Stocks are less recent. There were corporation-like bodies in ancient Rome, but before that a person, family, or a few partners might own a valuable company or resource. Farmers skilled in management could increase their landholding and have others do the work. (There was also a fair amount of conquerors giving their soldiers chunks of conquered land.) There were traders that got rich exchanging Eastern silk and spices for Western gold and jewels, whose wealth could be measured in the value of their inventory. Much like today, people spent their money on servants, nice houses, leisure travel, expensive mausoleums, hot women and pretty things. Mausoleums aren't so popular today because most of us believe that you can't take it with you. Jewelry stood in for conspicuous consumption the way that sports cars do today.


Question: Could someone explain this coin flip scenario to me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could someone explain this coin flip scenario to me?

No, it's still a 50/50 chance. Across some large sample of coin flips, it's likely that you'll see roughly half heads and half tails, but it's also likely that you'll see some other ratio, up to and including a minuscule chance of seeing all heads or all tails. Individual flips have no influence on flips after them, though. It's just that each individual one has a 50/50 chance.


Question: How do companies avoid tax using the Double Irish/Dutch Sandwich arrangement ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies avoid tax using the Double Irish/Dutch Sandwich arrangement ?

Key things are transfer payments. You could create iamkimi Brands that owns all your product's names and trademarks and charges iamkimi Europe and iamkimi America to use those names and trademarks. Doing this smartly lets you recognize the profits wherever iamkimi Brands is located rather than where your sales are. This gets your tax rate down to the level charged in a low corporate tax country (Ireland is the common example) at about 12.5%. However, you can go much further. Doing this uses some unintended consequences of EU and EU member nation laws, with the goal of creating income that no one calls earned in their nation. By setting up a Bermuda company that has an office in Ireland, Ireland doesn't consider it an Irish company, and Bermuda doesn't tax the income the company earned in Ireland. You can't just do that with the first firm, but by taking a series of steps (the original was to have the iamkimi Brands pay a royalty to a Dutch subsidiary (iamkimi Netherlands) and then pay another royalty to a second Bermuda/Irish company (iamkimi Brands2) you create income that neither country recognizes as corporate income. And the US allows foreign subsidiaries to earn income indefinitely without tax so long as it's reinvested overseas, and you report to your owners the consolidated financial statements which include the income and assets from all your subsidiaries (the US firm iamkimi Holdings owns all the above firms so reports their income as it's own).


Question: Is there a reason why phones record the time you've spent during a phone call?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a reason why phones record the time you've spent during a phone call?

Back when cell phones were very knew you were charged a set amount of money and you got a set amount of minutes with your plan. And so by knowing your whole time you knew how much you would use during the month. And if you had gone over and used more phone minutes then what your plan gave you, you were charged a certain amount usually $.40-$.80 per minute to talk. So people would do what they can to limit the call.


Question: How do mosquitoes “choose” where to bite us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mosquitoes “choose” where to bite us?

Ages ago I read that it's from smell. Different kinds of mosquitos prefer different areas. The most common kind that spreads malaria prefers feet and ankles. For research, someone put cheeses that are generally considered to smell like feet in mosquito traps, and they were drawn to the traps by the cheeses. It's at least 10-15 years ago I read about it, but I recall it being in a serious article that also wrote about Bill Gates's funding of malaria research, so take it as an anecdote+.


Question: What does "±" symbol mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does "±" symbol mean?

It basically means "plus or minus". In this context, it looks like they're using it to mean "approximately" as in "give or take a couple years". Under more typical circumstances though, it would be used to indicate a range. For example, if it said 16±2 years, then it could mean anywhere between 14 and 18 years of education (ranging from 16-2 to 16+2 years). In sciences, the symbol is frequently used to express tolerance or statistical margins of error in measurements (i.e. indicating a range of possible values). In mathematics, it can indicate that a value may result from either an addition or subtraction operation, or that a given value can be either positive or negative.


Question: Are there more than 3 "conventional" dimensions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are there more than 3 "conventional" dimensions?

So... imagine you have an orange and a cardboard tube, and the orange just barely fits into the tube. If you put the orange inside the tube, you may notice that from the right angle, both of these shapes look like a circle, but from any other angle you can tell that they're different. Mathematically, what I'm getting at is that the orange is a sphere, and the tube is a cylinder. Both of these shapes look like a circle from the right angle, but from any other angle you can tell that they're different. What you've made there is, more or less, 3 cylinders cut out of a block of wood. It's *closer* to a sphere, but still not a sphere. Fun thing to consider: if you were able to safely and accurately repeat this cut from 10 angles, or 100 angles, the resulting shape would start to look more and more like a sphere.


Question: Why are there so many cash registers in supermarkets (20-25) even thought it is very rare to see more than 3 open at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there so many cash registers in supermarkets (20-25) even thought it is very rare to see more than 3 open at the same time?

Supermarkets are built for max capacity - the weekend before a major holiday, you’re going to want the ability to get as many people through as possible. And if one lane breaks, then another can be used while the first is being repaired.


Question: Where do governments borrow money from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do governments borrow money from?

It’s own citizens. You can buy government bonds. This is you loaning money to the government.


Question: Why is it so difficult to fake a convincing sneeze?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so difficult to fake a convincing sneeze?

A true sneeze involves a lot of involuntary reflexes and muscles you either can't or basically never utilize voluntary control over. Thus accurately recreating it is extremely difficult to impossible.


Question: Why is everyone around the world aware of American politics? Why america?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is everyone around the world aware of American politics? Why america?

For many years it has been the strongest economy, the strongest military, the strongest producer and exporter of pop culture. What happens in America has a big chance to affect what happens in other places. I would also like to point out that if you ever go to a foreign news service, like BBC, Deutsche Welle, etc., they do a *much* better job offering news about actual foreign events and politics than most US-based news outlets. So it's a good mix of domestic and foreign news, easier to stay up-to-date on what's going on around the world.


Question: How does Audio in Old Video Games sound "Pixelated"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Audio in Old Video Games sound "Pixelated"?

There’s usually a single chip and it’s designed to take in electrical current and output literally mathematic noise. Most chips have “voices” or the number of notes that can be played at once. On the C64 I believe it had 3 and each one was only one “instrument”. An instrument in this case is a wave form that can be modulated like a square wave. Called as such as it had square edges on an oscilloscope. So these waves are modulated to make sound kind of like how a human hums, but since they are digital signals being turned into analog sounds they have little points where they aren’t fluid so they sound “chirpy” or pixelated. Now some ppl can get these chips to sound divine with a lot of work, but games didn’t have the time or luxury to do this so they went with noisier solutions. Check out Chiptunes in the ‘Tube or the 8-Bit guy/8 Bit Keys for more!


Question: How is a piece of vegetable different from a regular leaf?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a piece of vegetable different from a regular leaf?

They are All plants, true...it's sort of like the same thing with meat. A chicken and a cow both look and taste different but they are still both animals. So a cucumber is a plant like poison ivy is a plant, but we can eat a cucumber because it is a different type of plant that has evolved in a different way.


Question: Why do you sometimes react with smiling/laughing to shoking things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you sometimes react with smiling/laughing to shoking things?

I'm not a biologist so I can't 100% comfirm this, but I've heard that it's a coping/defense mechanism after-the-fact. The unvoluntairy laugh is basically an *I survived* reaction, you usually only start to laugh *after* already being frightened by a jump scare for instance.


Question: How do "discoveries" in math happen and why do they matter, given that our number systems are man made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do "discoveries" in math happen and why do they matter, given that our number systems are man made?

Let me use a slightly different approach: Suppose you are the inventor of chess. You came up with the concept of putting 16 pieces on each side, then gave each piece certain rules of how they can move. Does that mean you know any specific strategies, openings or maneuvers? Can you say what the best moves are? Not really. These need to be discovered by the really good players over hundreds of years of playing the game. The moves themselves "exist" in the game from the very beginning but their value and how they are related needs to be researched nonetheless. Similar with math. Just because you say "Hey, how about we make some labels we can use to count things" doesn't make you automatically aware of all the characteristics of these numbers and how they are related.


Question: - why does applying two layers of SPF 30 sunblock give you less protection than one layer of SPF 60 sunblock?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - why does applying two layers of SPF 30 sunblock give you less protection than one layer of SPF 60 sunblock?

The chemicals coat/soak into the skin, at least certain types. Zinc-based sunblock that continues to be visible (white) and doesn’t “rub in” would be an exception. So you’re not necessarily creating a double-thickness layer of sunscreen by applying it twice. The second layer isn’t sitting on top of the first layer, both are soaking into the skin and/or mixing with each other... It’s worth noting that more than 30 SPF is considered overkill, and that using enough sunscreen and re-applying it often are needed for good protection. As a result, 2 layers of 30 SPF might be as good or better than one layer of 60 SPF, if the layer of 60 wasn’t enough or wasn’t re-applied often enough. This isn’t because the 2 layers make it perform like 60, but because the 60 might not perform as well as it’s supposed to.


Question: how do mobile phones increase GPS accuracy by proximity to WiFi networks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do mobile phones increase GPS accuracy by proximity to WiFi networks?

They don't so much increase accuracy, as rule out a number of possible locations while you only have a small number of satellites acquired by matching the information about Wi-Fi in range of you to a list of known Wi-Fi networks and their approximate locations. Since you *can't* always acquire more than a couple of sattelites in for example heavily built up areas like Manhattan, and even in the middle of an open savannah or ocean it can take a few minutes, this is extremely helpful (especially on battery powered devices), but it doesn't actually increase precision beyond what you could get from just always on GPS on a ship or large boat.


Question: what happens when someone is sued for more money than they have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens when someone is sued for more money than they have?

This is a question that heavily depends on where you live when you are sued. In most cases, there are certain things that are safe from judgements, like the one home you live in, furniture, a single vehicle. Some places, like Texas, have more extensive lists of what is safe, including an allotment of personal property. Outside of those things, the court can order your bank accounts frozen, essentially seizing what is deposited there, and can have a sheriff come to your property to collect non-exempt personal belongings that add up to the value of the judgement. Check with a lawyer in your area for details on what is exempt or not.


Question: What causes water to interfere with electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes water to interfere with electricity?

The contaminates in water decrease its resistance which allows it to conduct electricity outside of the preferred path. Pure water does not conduct electricity at all.


Question: How do odors work? Are they infinite?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do odors work? Are they infinite?

It's molecules spreading away from an object, it smells less strong the further away you are because they dissipate.


Question: In the movie Silence of the Lambs, there’s a scene where some of the characters use a cream before opening a body bag, what is it and is there something more advanced today?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the movie Silence of the Lambs, there’s a scene where some of the characters use a cream before opening a body bag, what is it and is there something more advanced today?

It's just a regular thing, like Vaseline, with a strong smell, so they don't get overwhelmed by any odours coming off the dead body.


Question: How do goggles/glasses that correct colourblindness work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do goggles/glasses that correct colourblindness work?

They don’t correct true colour blindness, they only work for people who have problems distinguishing close colours (eg different shades of red/orange/yellow). The filters on these glasses remove these problematic “in-between” colours, making the world look like a digital image with high saturation levels. This lets people distinguish colours very easily, because instead of a “smooth gradient” they have “large spikes” of colour.


Question: What's a 'Dopamine Detox' and does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's a 'Dopamine Detox' and does it work?

"Dopamine detox" is a pseudoscience fad: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) Basically, the original idea was just to practice mindfulness and reduce anxiety, but it was misappropriated and twisted by people who don't know much about the brain. Dopamine is a chemical your brain releases when you do certain activities that make you feel good. Other parts of your brain detect that chemical and it trains your memory to enjoy doing that activity, like if your parents give you some money after you mow the lawn. The (false) premise of a "dopamine detox" is that, if you do activities that produce a lot of dopamine, it will cause your brain to demand more and more dopamine to stay satisfied, and the claim is that you can deprive yourself of dopamine-producing activities for a short period of time to reduce your brain's demand for dopamine. The fad attempts to compare dopamine to drug addiction, which is false. Chemical addiction physically changes the brain such that normal function is impossible without the addicting substance. But your brain produces dopamine whether you're being stimulated or not. Doing dopamine-producing activities *doesn't* increase your brain's demand for dopamine, it just makes your memory associate those dopamine-producing activities with being rewarding. Over time you can "forget" about those activities, but not by avoiding them for just a day or two. It's a bit like forgetting about a hobby. If you're playing a video game you really like, you'll want to keep playing it. If you quit playing it for one day, you're still going to want to play it the next day. If you quit playing it for two years, you'll probably forget about it. In summary, a dopamine "detox" or "fast" does not work. Making long-term lifestyle changes does work.


Question: Why do some fuel pumps pump very quickly while others take forever?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some fuel pumps pump very quickly while others take forever?

a pump is a mechanical machine, which consumes power and degrades over time so 1) a gas station could save money putting in lower quality pumps or putting pumps which are slower but consume less electricity to run 2) another option is that gas is volatile, it means that its a liquid that evaporates quite easly, so using a slower pump can reduce problems caused by gas vapor and pressure buildup in the gas tank.


Question: Why is almost all the unhealthy food is also tasty? Isn’t our body supposed to warn us about it and make it disgusting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is almost all the unhealthy food is also tasty? Isn’t our body supposed to warn us about it and make it disgusting?

Context is important here. A lot of food is unhealthy because it is energy dense and we can eat a bunch of it, which we convert into things like fat. But consider that for most of our evolution, we didn't have supermarkets and candy stores. In that context, 'energy dense' means something vastly different. It is a *lifeline.* Here is a relatively compact piece of food that will give you a significant boost to survival. If you don't know when your next meal is, energy dense foods are extremely valuable, because they might help you store up enough to not starve. So as far as your evolutionary history is concerned, they aren't bad for you at all. They're *Awesome.* The problem however, is that you can go to the store and buy 10 candybars a day, and get two buckets of fried chicken, and a milkshake. As far as your body is concerned, this stuff is survival gear, it's going to pack it on and use it to keep you going the next time you are starving and can't find a meal... But since you can just buy another 10 candybars and more friend chicken and so forth, you can overload your system. Evolution didn't result in a "dump the excess" mechanism to counterbalance the storage mechanism, because that excess meant survival. TLDR: It isn't necessarily inherently bad for you. Rather, it is bad for you because we can eat without moderation.


Question: How is an IP address 4 bytes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is an IP address 4 bytes?

1 byte isn't equal to 1 character in all applications, it just so happens that ASCII uses an 8-bit encoding to store characters in a binary form. an 8-bit binary number is simply a number in binary with 8 digits; when converted to decimal, they can range between 0 (00000000) and 255 (11111111); Much like how in base 10 we have each column of digits equal to a power of 10 (1, 10, 100, 1000, etc), in binary each column of numbers equals a power of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64...) The sequence is as follows: 1 = 00000001 2 = 00000010 3 = 00000011 4 = 00000100 [...] 253 = 11111101 254 = 11111110 255 = 11111111 so when you look at an IP address of 20.30.1.4 what that is really telling the computer is that the address is 00010100.000011110.00000001.00000100


Question: Why does earth’s axial tilt affect our climate significantly more than perihelion even though the latter brings us 5 million miles closer to the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does earth’s axial tilt affect our climate significantly more than perihelion even though the latter brings us 5 million miles closer to the sun?

Solar power radiated per unit area decreases with distance from the sun in accordance with the surface area of a bounding sphere at that radius, proportional to r^2. So, from perihelion to aphelion, the ratio difference in energy intensity is 91.4^2 / 94.5^2 , or about a 6.5% reduction. Conversely, the intensity of radiation striking the Earth's surface is proportional to the sine of the angle of incidence. The Earth is tilted approximately 23.5°, but that swing is either side of the equator from winter to summer, so the effective difference is actually double that. This corresponds to about a 27% difference in energy intensity from winter to summer at either tropic. So, the axial tilt represents over four times as profound a change in energy input as is caused by the change in proximity to the sun.


Question: is there any way to use gravity as a renewable energy source?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there any way to use gravity as a renewable energy source?

Not alone, no. Gravity permits you to generate power by moving matter from higher to lower in the gravity. However, if you want to continue to generate power, you need some mechanism for moving the matter back up to the top of the gravity well. Both hydropower and wind power are 'gravity powered' in the sense that part of their cycle requires matter moving downward in a gravity well. However, to complete the cycle you need solar power to move the matter back up to the top of the gravity well. To build a 'gravity generator', you don't necessarily need solar radiation to complete the cycle. But you need *something* to reset the matter's position within your generator to re-use the power you can realize from gravity.


Question: Why do small bugs divebomb your ears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do small bugs divebomb your ears?

They don't. There are simply more of them flying around , at any one time, due to the increased buoyancy (of warm air rising)


Question: how do things produce light, if light comes in little packets called photons, how are photons made and where do they come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do things produce light, if light comes in little packets called photons, how are photons made and where do they come from?

TLDR: Applying energy to an atom makes it excited, the excess energy causes its electrons move further away from the nucleus (its core), but they don't like to stay there for long so they jump back to a stable closer orbit. This releases energy as light or a photon. All matter can be converted into energy and back again. How much energy is in matter is defined by Einstein's equation E=MC^2. That means there is A LOT of energy even in a single atom. Photons are produced when electrons jump from an outer shell to an inner shell of an atom. When you energize an atom of something, say applying electricity to a filament in a light bulb, the electrons react by jumping from an inner electron shell to an outer one. But electrons don't like to remain in outer shells if there is a space available in a lower shell so they jump back. Jumping back to a lower shell releases the excess energy in the form of a photon. Inside the sun the process is slightly different. Nuclear fusion releases photons as a by-product. When two atoms of Hydrogen fuse together to make helium they release a photon. The total amount of energy contained in a Helium atom is slightly less than the sum of its two parts, minus the photon. This release of energy is what creates light and heat and powers the sun.


Question: What is RESTFUL API and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is RESTFUL API and how does it work?

Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of commands commonly used with web transactions. Compare to standard web browsing. You will make an http request to URL_0 , this will return you an html page that your browser will display. In REST you will send a read, write or delete command to such a place, i.e. URL_0 ?picture=pinkbunny if the other end have defined this point as some place from which you can 'GET'. You can't directly put in the read and write into a browser line, you have to use a tool that will create an http request with a payload of things to read or write. Where you will see this most often is between front and backend, i.e. you load a webpage into your browser. This webpage then wants to show you a value, so it sends a REST GET back to a point on the server it came from and loads a value. Arguably the easiest way to create a REST message is to use something called cUrl. Look it up if you're interested.


Question: Why aren’t there giant crustaceans or insects? - as in ones that are man sized or bigger

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren’t there giant crustaceans or insects? - as in ones that are man sized or bigger

The square-cube law limits the sizes of things. If you make a creature ten times longer then it will have a hundred times the surface area (square law) but a thousand times the weight and volume (cube law). For insects, which absorb air through their skin (they have no lungs) this means that big insects can't absorb enough oxygen through their skin to support their much larger volume. Strength also scales with the square but has to support a body weight that scales with the cube. And there are many other similar issues that place limits on any life form.


Question: Why are partners of millionaires entitled to half their worth and sometimes even future earnings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are partners of millionaires entitled to half their worth and sometimes even future earnings?

> rich guy's wife wants half of his Half of **their**. When you are married, everything earned while married is considered mutual property. There is no **his** money or **her** money, it is their money. > Why would she be "entitled" to anything he earned **They** earned. While it may not be true for any particular case, the idea is that one spouse will often forgo their career in support of the other. They keep house and raise children which allows the other spouse to focus on their job and excel. They made sacrifices that impacted their ability to earn a living so the other could succeed, and thus are entitled to compensation.


Question: What is the Iran Deal and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Iran Deal and how does it work?

So Iran was refining nuclear fuel. If you do this enough with the right fuel, you could make a nuclear weapon from it. The talk was from Iran saying that they need this to make nuclear energy (and other benefits), and other countries were worried that they could either be lying and it was an intent to make a nuclear weapon, or that this nuclear fuel that COULD be made into a weapon could fall into the wrong hands and become a weapon (from a non-state group like Hamas). Complicating the matter, Iran would not allow the UN to inspect their nuclear programs. The UN and the US imposed sanctions on Iran because of this. Part of it was freezing assets in international banks, on top of trade sanctions. "The Iran Deal" was a way to provide Iran with nuclear fuel that could not be weaponized, and if they followed inspection rules, they would get their assets unfrozen (this is what is talked about by people like Donald Trump when he says the US gave them billions of dollars. It was their money, but the US had control of it). This allowed the UN/US to "call their bluff." I put it in quotes because if they were truthful all along that it was all about energy, then it wasn't a bluff. But this gives both sides what they publicly state they want. Energy for Iran, and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons for the rest of the world. The pros and cons for this deal are entirely on the parties involved. If either side violates, that's a con. If all sides comply, it's a pro. It is written to be a win-win arrangement as long as the public intentions of everyone involved match their actual intentions. If there are other motives involved, then the deal could end up being ineffective (but ultimately it was better than having no deal at all which increased regional tensions).


Question: why do ancient sites end up buried?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do ancient sites end up buried?

Sediment accumulates over time dust, decomposing leaves, and other material accumulates over time and remember we are talking quite long periods of time.