Question: Apple hit 2 trillion in value. Does that mean if they “sold” the company, that would be the price or is it a stock thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Apple hit 2 trillion in value. Does that mean if they “sold” the company, that would be the price or is it a stock thing?

Ownership of the company is divided into shares, each of which can be bought or sold. If you multiply the current price to buy one share by the number of shares that exist, you get $2 trillion. This doesn't exactly mean you could buy the company for $2 trillion though, since the price of a share is determined by supply and demand and only a relatively small number of shares trade on any given day. If you wanted to buy *all* of the shares, that would mean there was a sudden huge increase in demand, so then it would be worth even more.


Question: Why does sped up audio sound high-pitched and slowed down audio sounds low-pitched?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sped up audio sound high-pitched and slowed down audio sounds low-pitched?

The pitch is just how many vibrations are happening per second. If I play back some audio on my computer at double speed the speakers are being told to vibrate twice as quickly as they would at normal playback speed. Thus every pitch sounds like it's happening at twice the frequency. This is actually an octave. Every octave represents a doubling of the sound's frequency.


Question: Why are things that are wet with cold water so much harder to dry than those wet with hot water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are things that are wet with cold water so much harder to dry than those wet with hot water?

It’s all to do with evaporation. The hot water heats up the surface it is on and any friction from a cloth to dry it then causes the water to evaporate. Cold water cools down the surface it is on meaning more friction is needed to get the water to evaporate


Question: what is difficult about patching bugs in a video game? meaning why is it easier for companies to patch bugs after the release of the game rather than before?.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is difficult about patching bugs in a video game? meaning why is it easier for companies to patch bugs after the release of the game rather than before?.

You seem to be under the belief that they don't also fix bugs before release. Do you think they just leave hundreds of bugs, maybe thousands that would be found and created during the development process there until they release it? No, they do as many as they can before releasing it. Then once it's released there will be new ones that appear. New combinations of hardware and software they didn't test beforehand. They'll have to fix those now. And perhaps bugs that weren't a priority turn out to actually be bigger than they expected. Or they couldn't reliably reproduce or solve them. Or they just didn't have time.


Question: Axle Ratios: Someone I know is purchasing an F250 to tow a 5th wheel - why would they choose 4.30 Electronic Locking Rear Axle vs. 3.31 ELRA? What's the difference?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Axle Ratios: Someone I know is purchasing an F250 to tow a 5th wheel - why would they choose 4.30 Electronic Locking Rear Axle vs. 3.31 ELRA? What's the difference?

The Electronic Locking Rear Axle means that the differential can lock the two output shafts together, splitting the torque between the two. This is advantageous in low traction situations where one wheel might break free- robbing all the torque from the wheel that has traction. So why go go a higher gear ratio? It's about keeping the engine in the power band- the area where an engine can deliver the most power efficiently. 3.31 gear ratio means that the driveshaft needs to turn 3.31 times to turn the axle one time. By bumping this up to 4.30, the engine will need to turn faster to produce the same output speed, but it stay in its power band for longer when pulling a heavy load. This is desirable especially when climbing hills, as an engine might "hunt" for gears- downshifting and upshifting - if it can't decide which gear gives it the best mechanical advantage. Picture it like riding a bike. You don't use a high gear climbing a hill- you use a low gear that enables you to use less effort at the expense of pedaling faster. You expend more energy (fuel) but you don't need to exert as much force on the pedals to get the same torque.


Question: Why are Levoamphetamine and Dextroamphetamine not considered different drugs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are Levoamphetamine and Dextroamphetamine not considered different drugs?

They are both stereoisomers of each other: the same atoms arranged in the same order, except for being arranged differently at one particular point.


Question: What would you hear if an object was moving towards you at twice the speed of sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would you hear if an object was moving towards you at twice the speed of sound?

You're right, basically. Obviously, you won't hear anything until the plane reaches you; it outruns all of its sounds. But that means that the sounds it continues to emit are always going to be ahead of sounds it made in the past. Both the recent sounds and the older sounds are moving at the same rate, so the newer ones reach you fast; they're always closer. Then the plane passes you, and they spread out the other way instead of bunching up.


Question: What causes the skin on your fingers or toes to come loose, form an air bubble, and then tear off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the skin on your fingers or toes to come loose, form an air bubble, and then tear off?

If you are referring to blisters: First off, they have some fluid contained within them that varies depending on a few things. Secondly, It is your bodies way of trying to keep your skin safe after it has been damaged in some way. Most often, that damage is in the form of intense rubbing (i.e. friction). It can also come from burns (heat or chemical), extreme cold, blood pooling in a pocket just under the outer layer of skin, and some medical conditions.


Question: Why does Braille use raised bumps instead of raised letters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Braille use raised bumps instead of raised letters?

Letters and numbers share shapes that are easily mistaken for one another ( 6 G , W VV , O D , etc.). Braille has been set up in a way that minimizes risk of mismatched characters.


Question: Why do some alcoholic drinks give you really bad hangovers while others not so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some alcoholic drinks give you really bad hangovers while others not so?

There are different chemicals in different alcohols, and so a combination of how its distilled and blended can effect the smell taste and makeup of the drink. These chemicals boil at different temperatures,eg. methonal(bad stuff can send you blind) boils at 64c where as ethanol(good stuff thats the alcohol.) boils at 78c. So when distilling the methonal is collected first followed by any other chemicles with a boiling point lower than ethanol, then the ethanol is collected, followed by chemicals with a boiling point higher than ethanol. So with vodka it's all about trying to minimize flavor and get get a smooth neutral alcohol, so a good quality product will remove the anything collected before 78c and stop collecting once boiling goes above 78c. But cheaper products will collect a wider ranger to increase the volume that they produce it also adds flavors. Drinks like whiskey and bourbon need to collect a larger ranger to get the flavors they want out of the product, which is then aged in oak barrels, while soaking in the oak the wood helps to remove/soften some of those bad chemicles, leaving a better quality product, which is why older aged spirits are smoother and less headache inducing.


Question: What makes CBD different than other cannibinoids that make it approved by the FDA for medical purposes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes CBD different than other cannibinoids that make it approved by the FDA for medical purposes?

It doesn’t make you feel funny And if you’re not 5, it’s considered mostly non-psychoactive. Non-psychoactive is defined by Miriam-Webster as: not producing an effect (such as changes in perception or behavior) on the mind or mental processes. It can give some users a calming effect, which is why we make the distinction of ‘mostly’ non-psychoactive, but basically it doesn’t have the same mind altering effects on perception, reaction time, and mood as the other cannabinoids found in marijuana. Having a relaxing and calming effect isn’t considered much of a negative when you weigh it with some of the proven benefits for managing and treating seizures


Question: What does the "Night Shift" feature on an iPhone actually do? What are it's benefits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the "Night Shift" feature on an iPhone actually do? What are it's benefits?

it basically reduces the amount of blue light that's displayed by the display when the ambient lighting is low. blue light can interrupt sleep patterns and is generally bad for your eyes in low light.


Question: What does it mean if someone says they’re a Gestalt nihilist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean if someone says they’re a Gestalt nihilist?

Gestalt is a psychology term for seeing thinks as simply as possible while viewing the whole as greater than the sum, such as in the mind. Nihilism is the believe that nothing has explicit purpose or meaning within a specific context. I guess it means they are nihilist who follows gestalt principles. Honestly, it just sounds like some psuedo-intellectual nonsense to me. They person who said this probably watched a couple Wisecracked videos and thinks they're the second coming of Sartre now.


Question: Why are eyes (and sometimes lips) so puffed up in the morning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are eyes (and sometimes lips) so puffed up in the morning?

When you lie down your venous drainage isn’t as efficient. Some swelling is normal. Water binds to the glycosaminoglycans which is what gives you those temporary pillowcase imprints. As you age, fewer glycosaminoglycans means it takes longer to lose that pillowcase imprints. Source: I’m a doctor. I paid attention during cell biology and histology.


Question: Why can't we create water? I heard that it's too dangerous but can't we do it in a controlled enviroment now that we have robots that can get up close instead of us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we create water? I heard that it's too dangerous but can't we do it in a controlled enviroment now that we have robots that can get up close instead of us?

The only way to _create_ water is to combine hydrogen and oxygen. We don't have practical supplies of hydrogen to do this. If we did we'd be able to use it as a fuel source. Besides, it's not like we're running out of water... We have a few oceans full of it. What would be useful is a way of turning seawater into freshwater. That's not so much dangerous as costly in terms of energy.


Question: How do the calorie counters work on things like treadmills? Are they accurate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the calorie counters work on things like treadmills? Are they accurate?

They're ballpark estimates based on average weight body shape person. So no, they're not accurate


Question: How is the US stimulus package going to affect the US economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the US stimulus package going to affect the US economy?

The US is anticipating a slowing of purchasing due, in part, to people being laid off. Because of this there will be less money in circulation. In theory, potential stimulus checks will simply make up for that reduced income, while encouraging others to continue purchasing to help other businesses stay in business and continue to pay employees. It is very unlikely that it leads to hyperinflation.


Question: why does rubbing alcohol melt ice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does rubbing alcohol melt ice?

Water freezes at 0°C, alcohol doesn't, it freezes at lower temperatures. Ice = water. Water + alcohol = alcohol, therefore the freezing temperature changes to lower than 0°C, melting ice.


Question: Photons have no mass, how can they transfer momentum to solar sails?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Photons have no mass, how can they transfer momentum to solar sails?

The equations you learn in basic physics are just approximations that work for most ordinary things. They're technically not correct, though, particularly when you get to extreme energy/mass levels or something very small. Photons have momentum, and so they can transfer that momentum. Their momentum is given by a constant times their wavelength (which basically describes how energetic they are). This is observable when light (photons) knocks out electrons from their orbit. And maybe it helps to explain why this all works out by again pointing out that while they have no mass, they do have energy. And transfer of momentum is also about transfer of energy.


Question: How on Earth does a snake move at all?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How on Earth does a snake move at all?

[This Gaboon Viper movement is really cool]( URL_0 ) This movement is called Rectilinear movement and the snake just moves their belly scales forward a small amount alternating sides. [There are 4 other types of snake movement]( URL_1 ). Each one allows the species of snake to play to the strengths of its body characteristics. Remember that snakes still have tons of muscles and are very flexible, they use all those muscles and flexibility to coordinate their body and move gracefully through their habitat.


Question: Why does the iPhone require a passcode after restart if the fingerprint scanner is secure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the iPhone require a passcode after restart if the fingerprint scanner is secure?

As was made famous by the FBI/Apple confrontation from last year, recent iPhones do a pretty decent job of encrypting all content stored in the phone. The way the encryption works is that the *master key*—the big, 256-bit secret number that's required to decode the phone's contents—is never stored in the phone's permanent memory, but rather reconstructed when it's needed. Reconstructing the master key requires two pieces of information: * The phone's secret unique ID, stored in the processor when it is built; * The passcode selected by the user. The fingerprint scanner cannot be used for this, because it's an *inexact* scanner that doesn't produce the same result twice. It's like taking two photos of the same person—you can recognize that it's the same person in the two photos, but the photos won't be identical. But reconstructing the master key requires an exact match—something that's possible with a passcode but not with a fingerprint scanner. So the phone uses the fingerprint scanner to reduce the frequency at which you'd need to reenter your passcode. The phone can only use your fingerprint to let you in when the master key is available in temporary memory. Restarting the phone loses the content of the temporary memory, so you must reenter the passcode.


Question: How do all of our internal organs stay in their own spot and not move around or drop to other places in our body as we move?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do all of our internal organs stay in their own spot and not move around or drop to other places in our body as we move?

Connective tissue, muscles and fat keep them in their places. We don’t have many empty spaces inside us, so it’s not like an organ can go walkabout. Some trauma can move some organs here and there (notably kidneys), but most of them are firmly nestled in a layer of connective tissue, some muscle over/under/around it, and fat.


Question: why is there not thunder/lightning storms in the winter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is there not thunder/lightning storms in the winter?

Oh, but there is! Thundersnow is a thing. While I'm in no way able to fully explain just how and why it happens, I assure you it does. Rare, yes. But real. Here's a vid from the weather channel. URL_0


Question: why do banks not process your payments on the weekends? For example, if I make a rent payment on Friday, the money isn’t withdrawn from my account until Monday. If it’s all electronic, why can’t they process it the next day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do banks not process your payments on the weekends? For example, if I make a rent payment on Friday, the money isn’t withdrawn from my account until Monday. If it’s all electronic, why can’t they process it the next day?

In the U.S., the Federal Reserve is responsible for exchanging money between banks. They don't work weekends.


Question: How does a basic four-function calculator get its answers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a basic four-function calculator get its answers?

It calculates them using binary arithmetic. Just like you can add two numbers using [vertical addition]( URL_0 ), the calculator does the same, except it uses binary instead of decimal. The same concept of vertical/long arithmetic is used for division, multiplication and division as well.


Question: Why does wine oxposed to oxygen turn into vinegar but whiskey oxposed to oxygen remains whiskey. Shouldn't the alcohol transform into acidic acid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does wine oxposed to oxygen turn into vinegar but whiskey oxposed to oxygen remains whiskey. Shouldn't the alcohol transform into acidic acid?

Wine is fermented just once. Vinegar is a product of a second fermentation, after wine is made. Oxygen itself doesn't do it. Bacteria are needed. Edited for clarity and correct info.


Question: Why does a serrated knife work better to cut bread than a “flat/normal” bladed knife?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a serrated knife work better to cut bread than a “flat/normal” bladed knife?

The teeth concentrate a lot of force on a tiny area, poking through the outer surface or getting between tiny protrusions. Once in, they cause a "ripping" action which gets the cut started.


Question: What is CMOS technology and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is CMOS technology and how does it work?

CMOS is more of a layout than a technology, we use it to make low power logic gates In something like an inverter you just need to flip the signal so if a 1 goes in a 0 comes out and vice versa. You can do this really simply with a transistor and a resistor but whenever the transistor is on you'll burn off lots of power in that resistor which isn't ideal CMOS has you replace that resistor with the **C**omplementary type of **MOS**FET thus the name CMOS. If you were previously using an n-type FET on the bottom and a resistor on top then you'd replace the resistor with a p-type FET. The end result is that when the n-type is on the p-type is off so the output is 0 and no significant current flows. Conversely if the n-type is off then the p-type is on and the output is high but again no significant current flows. Old logic gates did not use CMOS and ran hot, but most modern digital devices have their transistors laid out in a CMOS style to minimize power consumption.


Question: Why do so many low-quality youtube videos loop over from the beginning midway through the video?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many low-quality youtube videos loop over from the beginning midway through the video?

To pad the runtime and try to make more revenue. Longer videos = more money. 10 min YouTube videos make the most per ad click for the time they are. Short videos don’t make as much. Longer videos make more money than shorter videos, given they have the same number of subscribers and views. Solved!


Question: Why do objects accelerate while falling?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do objects accelerate while falling?

Because a force (gravity) works on them. Whenever a force affects a body with mass, it gets accelerated. If I have a ball and hold it in my hand, it is at rest. The Earth is pulling on it with gravity and my hands must exert some force to keep the ball from moving towards the Earth. When I let go, the ball is still at rest. However, now nothing opposes the gravity force from the Earth and the ball starts to drop. It must accelerate because otherwise it wouldn't move.


Question: Why do companies use download assistants instead of direct downloads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do companies use download assistants instead of direct downloads?

All of that software uses download managers for exactly the same reason that Steam does - so the software can be automatically updated. Drivers get frequent updates, Adobe products are frequently updated & Unity is also frequently updated.


Question: What is the tingling sensation between my eyes when there is something near my forehead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the tingling sensation between my eyes when there is something near my forehead?

It only happens if you are aware of something that close, and it is because your brain is anticipating contact. I like it, it can be kind of hypnotic.


Question: how does the “birthday problem” work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the “birthday problem” work?

It's because of the numbers of pairs is far higher than the number of people present. With four people in the room, you actually have six possible unique pairings--if we number the people 1 to 4, those pairings are 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4, and 3-4. By the time you get to 23 people in the room there are 253 possible pairings to check for a birthday match, which is why the chance of that match is much higher than you might think.


Question: Why can paying off your student loans hurt your credit score? It seems like it would be a good thing.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can paying off your student loans hurt your credit score? It seems like it would be a good thing.

Part of a credit score is being able to prove you can pay off debt, which requires having debt to begin with. That’s why people who have never had a credit card or loan generally don’t have good credit. Without any debt, you can’t prove you have the ability to pay it off, hence the lower score. To summarize, lots of debt = bad / no debt = bad / some debt = good


Question: What is the best way to explain Derivatives by examples from every day life ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the best way to explain Derivatives by examples from every day life ?

A the solution to a derivative is simply how quickly something is changing at a point in time. * Velocity is the derivative of position: velocity is how quickly your position is changing. * Acceleration is the derivative of velocity: Acceleration is how quickly your velocity is changing.


Question: How is an infinitely small positive number not real?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is an infinitely small positive number not real?

Infinity is not a number. An infinite small number is zero. The difference between 0.9999 with an infinite amount of nines ... And 1 is zero. There is a simple proof: 1/3 = 0.333... 2/3 = 0.666... 3/3 = 0.999... = 1. That's why we use fractional numbers


Question: How do grocery stores prevent their frozen foods from frosting over inside the bags?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do grocery stores prevent their frozen foods from frosting over inside the bags?

That usually only happens after you open it. As long as the bag remains sealed, there should be any moisture from the air getting in that would settle and freeze on the food.


Question: How do theoretical physicists find solutions to the biggest and smallest answers to the universe using math alone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do theoretical physicists find solutions to the biggest and smallest answers to the universe using math alone?

They don't. They have centuries of observations to draw upon, they are trying to find math that is consistent with those observations. Sometimes that math takes them beyond what can be shown with experiments, but by no means are they using math alone.


Question: Why does the earth have a magnetic field? What makes it and do other planets in our solar system have one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the earth have a magnetic field? What makes it and do other planets in our solar system have one?

Why and what: The core of Earth is made of mostly iron and nickel, some of it molten some solid. As this core spins (at a rate of about 1 day per day) within the magnetic field given off by the Sun (directly and indirectly), an electric current is produced which in turn produces a magnetic field along the axis of the spin... Or that's one theory. We can't dig deep enough to look what's really going on, but spinning balls of molten metal produce similar magnetic fields in small scale experiments. Other planets: Some of them do, some of them don't. Jupiter has a vastly more powerful magnetic field believed to be caused by very high pressure hydrogen behaving as a metal, while Mercury's magnetic field is only 1.1% as strong as Earth's and Mars has hardly any at all - but localized magnetic fields that suggest it used to have one. Maybe. Again, we can't really go back in time to look.


Question: Why when you use more power you are less precise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when you use more power you are less precise?

With more power, any slight error will be amplified. Also, focusing more on power, takes concentration away from accuracy. Obviously this can be improved over time with practice but again, still affected by the amplification of any errors that occur.


Question: How can birds see depth (for example, when landing) if they can only see with 1 eye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can birds see depth (for example, when landing) if they can only see with 1 eye?

Motion. If you move your head from one place to another, you have two images to compare, just like having two eyes. You only need stereo vision to have motionless depth perception.


Question: How did Bernie Madoff’s scam work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Bernie Madoff’s scam work?

He collected money from investors. They kept their investments with him for decades in most cases. He sent them statements showing what trades he made that month and how much money they made from them. But the trades were all a lie. He had a guy who’s full time job was to look up stocks trading ranges and make fake investment reports to send out every month. Because his investors tended to be very wealthy, very few attempted to withdraw money, and he was able to show they were making “profits”. In 2008, during the financial crash, there were enough people who actually wanted/needed their money that he ran out. He desperately tried to find new investors so that he could pay the people who wanted their cash, but of course, at that time, no one was investing in anything. So he had to confess and say that he was unable to pay them back. It is a very strange case, because he didn’t spend the money he got from them, he just put it in the bank. But he sent out reports showing people they were earning 10% a year and their accounts were growing when they were not. Some banks became suspicious, because he wasn’t moving money around like a guy investing billions normally would. So he just moved money around from various accounts to try to make it look reasonable. No one called him out because he was a very well respected financial guy.


Question: How do we know Pangea existed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know Pangea existed?

We can see which way continental drift is taking the landmasses, and can, from that, surmise where they came from We can also look at all the landmasses of earth, and see how they fit together like a giant puzzle. Combined with geological sampling, sampling of core samples from the poles and across the earth, figure out what was close to each other and connected, and what wasnt


Question: How is the ink permanantly sticking onto the paper but can be erased from the hand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the ink permanantly sticking onto the paper but can be erased from the hand?

You mean erased or washed off? Pen doesnt wash off easily. The difference is your skin isnt a solid piece like paper. It has different layers of living and out on the outside dead cells. By washing your hands or rubbing hard, you remove all the layers that can in contact with the ink


Question: If the ocean floor is 90+ % unexplored, how do we know that Marianas trench is truly the deepest crack in the Earth's surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the ocean floor is 90+ % unexplored, how do we know that Marianas trench is truly the deepest crack in the Earth's surface?

Most of the ocean floor is only "unexplored" in that people haven't been there. We have mapped it out fairly thoroughly through sonar, geodesy and satellite imagery. For the most complete map I am aware of and to learn more, go here: URL_0


Question: How do market makers avoid going broke or getting liquidated of their positions if the market price moves up or down too fast for an extremely long period of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do market makers avoid going broke or getting liquidated of their positions if the market price moves up or down too fast for an extremely long period of time?

That's accounted for with the spread. For a regularly traded stock and thus unlikely to move rapidly the spread will be small. For a smaller more rarely traded stock it will be much higher.


Question: How does mouthwash work, and why does it foam up in your mouth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does mouthwash work, and why does it foam up in your mouth?

Mouthwash is mainly an antiseptic. In most cases it is alcohol based but this is not essential. Mouthwash foams because the companies that make it add a foaming agent. A foaming agent is added because market research says that people prefer cleaning products that foam up.


Question: Europes AC electricity has a frequency of 50hz instead of 60hz. Is it still possible to get 60fps on televisions and monitors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Europes AC electricity has a frequency of 50hz instead of 60hz. Is it still possible to get 60fps on televisions and monitors?

Back in the days of analogue TV, refresh rates were tied to the frequency of AC power. This is why PAL televisions were based around 25/50 Hz instead of NTSC's 30/60. These days, it's not relevant. Wall current is converted to DC before it feeds into the monitor where it drives a frequency-generating crystal to figure out how everything else works. The adapter on my laptop will run on anything 50-60Hz and 100-240 Volts and still provide a constant 19V output.


Question: do MRI’s have any effect on our brain function?

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 do MRI’s have any effect on our brain function?

There's no lasting effects but short term exposure to really strong magnets can cause areas of the brain to act weird and even shut down. Neuroscientists use this to their advantage by using a method called Transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS for short. A neuroscientist could want to test a function of an area of the brain to test a hypothesis so instead of finding a test subject and removing that part of their brain (unethical apparently) TMS can shut off that part of the brain for a short time.


Question: what physically happens in the first few seconds after the detonation of a nuclear bomb? Both in the bomb core and the physics of the blast?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 what physically happens in the first few seconds after the detonation of a nuclear bomb? Both in the bomb core and the physics of the blast?

Let's consider a simple example, the explosion of a 20 kt implosion device. In such a device, the actual nuclear explosion is typically over in less than 600 nanoseconds, by which time the energy produced from all the fissions will have caused the core the expand to the point where a chain reaction can no longer be sustained. Everything after this is an effect of dumping 84 terajoules of energy in a spherical volume roughly 10 cm in diameter. At the end of the chain reaction, the temperature of the core will be around 60 million Kelvin. In a vacuum, particles at the core surface would fly off unimpeded. In a bomb however, the expanding core is surrounded by other material: bomb components, the bomb casing, and of course air. Thus, the expanding core creates a shock wave: it is expanding so fast that surrounding materials cannot get out of the way in time and instead pile up in front of it. This results in a thin shell of high density surrounding an inner, roughly spherical volume of very low density. This, however, is not what we see in photos of very early fireballs. At the temperatures found in a nuclear fireball, most (roughly 80 & #37;) of the energy is present as low- to mid-energy X-rays.\[note 1\] Air is largely opaque to X-rays, so most of the energy radiated from the surface of the fireball is absorbed by a thin layer of air around it, heating it up and eventually ionising it. Ionised air is relatively transparent to X-rays (and being very hot, will itself emit X-rays), so the radiation can penetrate and heat up the air beyond it. Consequently, much of the early fireball expansion is due to radiative transport. Since it takes time to heat up air, radiative transport occurs much slower than the speed of light, but it is still very rapid: much faster than the expansion of the bomb core discussed earlier, and also faster than the expansion of the newly heated plasma itself. The temperature within the fireball at this point is more or less uniform as the energy is distributed quite evenly, showing a slow drop until the edge, whereupon it drops very rapidly to near ambient temperatures. As such, this sphere of plasma created by radiative transport is known as the isothermal sphere. As the fireball expands via radiative transport, it cools. Intuitively this happens because the same amount of energy is being distributed over a larger and larger volume, so the temperature has to drop. As it cools, it emits radiation of longer wavelengths, to which air is more transparent. Growth by radiative transport slows as a result, and eventually expansion of hot plasma takes over as the primary mechanism by which the fireball grows. Since the plasma is expanding faster than the speed of sound in air, a shock wave forms. This is known as hydrodynamic separation, and it occurs roughly 100 microseconds after the initial explosion. We now turn our attention back to the expanding bomb core. Up to this point, what we've seen so far is a product of the bomb core radiating energy into the air around it. However, slowing expansion by radiative transport means that the expanding shell of bomb material has now had time to catch up with the surface of the fireball, and it joins with the hydrodynamic shockwave around the time separation occurs. The surface of the isothermal sphere at this point is still incredibly hot, around 300,000 K. However, the expanding shock wave compresses and heats up the air as it passes, reaching temperatures of around 30,000 K. At these temperatures, air is ionised and incandescent, but since it is much cooler than the isothermal sphere, it appears dimmer. Ionised air is also opaque to visible light, so it obscures the much brighter isothermal sphere behind it. As the fireball expands, the shocked, incandescent air cools and becomes dimmer. This produces the first dip in brightness that you were wondering about, and in our example it happens at around 11 milliseconds. Eventually the air becomes cool enough that it is no longer opaque to visible light, and the isothermal sphere once again becomes visible. Since it is still very hot and emitting a lot of light, the fireball brightens significantly, producing the second, much longer pulse of light. The shock wave, of course, continues travelling outwards and destroying things in its wake. Everything from this point can more or less be treated as a very large conventional explosion however, so I won't explain it here as I don't think it's what you're asking about. The specific timings of events described depends on the yield and construction details of the bomb itself, but the essential features remain unchanged. \[note 1\]: This is a consequence of Planck’s law, from which the internal energy of a photon gas can be derived. This is found to be proportional to the fourth power of temperature, which means that the amount of energy present as photons climbs very rapidly as temperature increases. The rest of the energy is distributed among other degrees of freedom (e.g. translational and electronic).


Question: What is the Mandelbrot set and why is it important?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 What is the Mandelbrot set and why is it important?

The Mandelbrot set is a kind of map of how multiplication and addition interact with each other in the complex numbers. Complex numbers are, basically, two-dimensional numbers. Whereas real numbers convey the concept of bigness and smallness (magnitude), and forwardness and backwardness (sign), complex numbers expand on this by adding 'sidewaysness'. We represent normal 'real' numbers visually as existing along a number line. Complex numbers exist in a number *plane*. Suppose I give you the instructions: - Pick a number. - Now square that number , i.e. multiply it by itself. - Now take the result, and add your original number to it. - Now take the result, and square it. - Now take the result, and add your original number. - Repeat the last two steps forever. A few different things might happen, depending on the number you picked. If you pick 1, then it goes like: 1 squared is 1, add 1 makes 2, squaring 2 makes 4, adding 1 makes 5, squaring that makes 25... Your number just gets bigger and bigger and grows toward infinity. If you pick 0.1, then squaring that gives 0.01, adding 0.1 gives 0.11, squaring that gives 0.0121, adding 0.1 gives 0.1121... things seem to stay pretty small. If you pick -1, then things are a little weirder! -1 squared is 1, then adding -1 gives 0, squaring that gives 0, adding -1 gives -1, squaring that gives 1, adding -1 gives 0... and we're in a loop. So if you liked, you could count along the entire real number line and check what happens to every single number if you play this square-and-add game with it, and shade it one colour if it remains small or goes into a loop, and shade it another colour if it grows toward infinity. The Mandelbrot set is basically the result of doing this over all the numbers in the complex number plane. Why is it important? For most people, it isn't really. It's just something to marvel at and think "Wow, how amazing that such an intricate shape comes from such a simple rule." But if you're very interested in advanced mathematics, the Mandelbrot set contains hints of a lot of other branches of math. For instance, this add-and-square-and-add-and-square game is closely related to the [logistic map]( URL_0 ), which is used for modelling a lot of natural systems, chaos theory, and even has some connections to the [distribution of the prime numbers.]( URL_2 ) [This Veritasium video]( URL_1 ) is a good overview of some of the different domains of math which are touched by the logistic equation, and its deep connection to the Mandelbrot set.


Question: Why does yawning change the pitch of music/audio?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 Why does yawning change the pitch of music/audio?

It doesn’t. It just lowers the volume of the higher sounds while mainly leaving the low end the same. I assume this is because high pitches are very “directional” and lose volume “going around corners” and trough objects. Lower pitches tend to go just.. everywhere. This is why you feel the bass in your chest at a concert but not the guitar or anything high pitched. Yawning, I assume, squashes/compresses the ear canal, making a direct path for the higher pitches less available.


Question: Why, when filling a water bottle, does the frequency of the sound increase as the water gets higher?

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 Why, when filling a water bottle, does the frequency of the sound increase as the water gets higher?

It's just like a flute or a slide whistle. You have a tube and a vibration that travels through it caused by all the splashing and as you fill the tube with water, the distance the vibration has to bounce around gets smaller and smaller which means it creates sound of a shorter wavelength, which we perceive as a higher pitch.


Question: Why, when drunk, do we not remember certain things?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why, when drunk, do we not remember certain things?

Think of your brain as a space ship and alcohol as a solar storm the ship has to travel through. As the solar storm intensifies (more alcohol), the ship has to divert power from other components to maintain power on the shield and protect the ship. One of the first changes is that the AI autopilot (smart decision making) gets switched to a basic manual controls (impaired judgement). As the storm intensifies, the captain decides to disable the flight recorder logs to save power. This means that the current flight data (short term memory) is not stored to the archives (long term memory). This is what happens when we drink too much alcohol. It's not that we lost memories but the alcohol prevents us from recording them in the first place. Low to medium amounts may result in patches of time when memory is not recorded but heavy drinking can result in whole sections of time where you have no memory of what occurred. Alcohol does not erase memories as you generally remember all the events that occurred before you started drinking.


Question: How do bike/car stuntmen learn to do it without dying?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do bike/car stuntmen learn to do it without dying?

Firstly, they can practice with safety equipment. You can have mats and nets and other things to soften the landing of a failed attempt. Also, they start with smaller, safer types of tricks and work their way up. Lastly, failing isn't necessarily a death sentence. Just broken bones and stuff. So they try - and fail - without dying, but not without injury. Evel Kinevel is reputed as having broken every bone in his body.


Question: How did the scientists know when was the big bang?

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 How did the scientists know when was the big bang?

We can see back in time by looking further and further away from earth. Eventually there is nothing left to see. As nothing was producing light before a certain point. This is of course a greatly simplified explanation


Question: why does boiling water make bubbles?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 why does boiling water make bubbles?

It's the steam. When you boil water you are heating it to a state change tempreature (liquid to gas). The bubbles form at the bottom as this is the heat source, where enough energy was given to a small amount of the liquid water to convert it into gas water (steam). You see the bubble because of the volume difference between the two states. Ie. 1 gram of liquid water takes up 1ml of volume. 1 gram gas water takes up about 1.7L of volume.


Question: If whiskey only ages in wooden barrels, why aren't whiskey bottles made out of wood instead of glass?

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 If whiskey only ages in wooden barrels, why aren't whiskey bottles made out of wood instead of glass?

I have a small barrel that I've used to age spirits. A wooden whisky bottle is undesirable for many reasons: 1. Cost. Barrels are expensive. You wouldn't want to buy a $20 bottle of whiskey in a $50 barrel when a $0.50 bottle would do the trick. 2. Rate of ageing. Whiskey is aged in barrels that are tens of gallons. It's sold in bottles that are less than half a gallon. That means relatively more barrel surface area per gallon of whiskey. This is important because of point 3... 3. Overageing. More isn't always better. Different flavors come out of the wood at different rates and you want some flavors more than others. If you leave the whiskey in a barrel too long then it'll pick up the wrong flavors. With a tiny barrel this can happen much much faster. 4. Sediment. Some of the barrel flakes off; it's been charred on the inside and then soaked in alcohol. Bottled whiskey has had this removed, either by settling or by filtering. 5. Volume loss. Barrels don't seal tight. They lose some alcohol and water to the air which changes the alcohol content of the contained spirits. When you buy a bottle of whiskey you're paying for the stuff that went into the unaged spirits, the time and space it took to age it, and the expertise of those who aged it, making sure that it picked up the right flavors and made it to the right alcohol content. If you turn around and stuff it into a barrel to sell then that expertise goes right out the window and the price goes through the roof.


Question: Why do some popcorn kernels not pop but most do?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some popcorn kernels not pop but most do?

It is just the wrong water content. You need so much water (14% moisture) to create enough steam to expand and pop the kernel. Some kernels just get too dry during storage and never pop.


Question: - Why / how does ginger settle my stomach?

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 - Why / how does ginger settle my stomach?

Nausea originates in signals from your Enteric Nerve system, the nerve receptors that line your intestinal tract, to your brain. Ginger is thought to contain a chemical that happens to disrupt those signals. It might be numbing those signals or crowding them out with stronger signals.


Question: Why does 38 degree weather feel so hot when our body temperature is supposed to be around that temperature?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 38 degree weather feel so hot when our body temperature is supposed to be around that temperature?

Unless the environment is below freezing, mammals need to have heat constantly moving out of our cores in order to maintain the core temperature range where our biochemistry works right. In cool environments we don't have to do anything to maintain this heat movement - heat naturally has a net flow from hot to cold. In environments closer to our core temperature, our waste heat doesn't naturally leave (well) because we're not much warmer than the environment. We have to put effort into moving the heat away, mainly by sweating.


Question: Why do we compare defence budgets between countries?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we compare defence budgets between countries?

It's not necessarily the dollar (or other currency) amount that country spends on defense that's significant, but rather the overall percentage of their gross domestic product. Out of all the profit a particular country makes as a whole, how much do they dedicate toward capabilities of war. This is further scrutinized in alliances such as NATO. NATO countries have agreed to spend equally on defense of the community. Understanding that each country is different, of a different size and capable of producing different exports and revenues, instead of assigning a dollar amount for all these nations to spend, they agreed on a percentage of GDP to spend