Question: Why will a zit hurt when there's no "head"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why will a zit hurt when there's no "head"?

Inflammation makes the pore close up. As your body fights the infection, the inflammation reduces and the pus forms. you probably could squeeze them out but its more difficult and more painful,


Question: Why does bread being thawed from frozen not go soggy, but if you get water on thawed out bread it does go soggy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does bread being thawed from frozen not go soggy, but if you get water on thawed out bread it does go soggy?

When you freeze bread you don't add water. Then you thaw it and the only water there is was in the bread from the start. There is nothing that could make the bread soggy. Ice is frozen water which many people associate with *cold*. But not everything that is cold is water. Bread has some water in it, that's why a little ice can form on it when frozen. But that frozen water goes back where it came from when thawed so there is as much or as little water in it when it's back to room temperature. Additional fun fact: when bread goes stale it feels unpleasant and dry but in fact it caught water. Condensation makes the starch molecules in it swell up so that you feel them more in your mouth and that makes it feel dry and stale.


Question: why is it so difficult to explore the deep ocean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it so difficult to explore the deep ocean?

Water is super heavy so when you go deeper, it puts a lot of pressure on you or whatever you're in. A submarine has to withstand the pressure, and carry air for it's crew. If you've ever tried to swim to the bottom of a pool while holding a beach ball, that's kind of what it's like.


Question: Physical currency can't just disappear. In a crash like the great depression (where the money ends up in nobody's pocket/bank account) where does all the money that was previously in circulation actually go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Physical currency can't just disappear. In a crash like the great depression (where the money ends up in nobody's pocket/bank account) where does all the money that was previously in circulation actually go?

Most of the world's wealth is not represented as physical currency. In fact, physical currency makes up only a small portion of the world's supply of money. In the event of a stock market crash like Black Tuesday in 1929, what happens is that the value of stocks go down, so the amount of money people have goes down with it, even if not a single physical dollar is created or destroyed. Think about it this way. Let's say you own a house that's worth $100,000. Even though that $100k isn't represented anywhere in terms of dollars, you still *have* that wealth. You can take out loans against it, and theoretically sell it. Now let's say the situation changes. The city you're in builds a landfill and maximum security prison next to your house. The value of your house drops, and now no one wants to live there. Where once your house was valued at $100k, now it's only valued at $50k. Even though not a single physical piece of money has been created or destroyed, you've lost $50k. Replaces houses with 'stocks', and make this happen on a massive scale and you have what happened in 1929. The wealth represented by those stocks didn't go anywhere. It just disappeared.


Question: Why does mouthwash sometimes seem to shake loose stuff that a toothbrush doesn’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does mouthwash sometimes seem to shake loose stuff that a toothbrush doesn’t?

It's because the liquid will manage to get into more crevices, and smaller gaps, than bristles or brushes can.


Question: Medicine commercials who are they for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Medicine commercials who are they for?

....you might have developed those symptoms since the last time you saw your doctor. They are meant to make you think "hey I feel that way, let me make an appointment"


Question: How did AMD manage to make such a great comeback?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did AMD manage to make such a great comeback?

While their success in the GPU segment isn't as huge or immediately noticeable, they've made headlines off late thanks to the success of their latest line of CPUs, Ryzen. Now, Ryzen, based of the 'Zen' core is a completely new CPU architecture and is in no way inherited from the previous (mostly) failure of an architecture, Bulldozer. It took them five years to design, but it's finally here and it's turning out to be a great alternative/competition to Intel. Now the main thing to know is the technology that made it possible for them to build so many CPUs at a low cost. They call it the 'infinity fabric'. This is basically a high speed interconnect that joins parts of a CPU together. This means that they can essentially serve three crucial markets, ie personal desktop, high end desktop and server by manufacturing a single version of a die and fusing them together using the interconnect. For example, all available Ryzen CPUs are based of a single one, the flagship R7 1800X. The high end desktop part, the Threadripper 1950X, is essentially two R7's fused together. Now this may not sound terribly exciting, but for a company in AMD's financial position, it's a stroke of genius. And in the CPU market, economics plays a huge role. All this, combined with a tight release schedule, aggressive pricing and smart marketing was enough to grab peoples attention and even persuade them that they had something special going on. They've also in a sense, exposed the fact that Intel, with all it's huge R & D has been robbing us a bit of innovation and cheaper-better products for years, which has in turn caused a psychological chain reaction leading consumers to antagonize the blue team. So that's been working in their favor too.


Question: How does our brain store information and how does it search for it when I'm trying to remember something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our brain store information and how does it search for it when I'm trying to remember something?

This isn't completely understood but we know some things about how it works. We have 100 billion neurons that any one can connect to multiple others. Any sensory input we have can make many connections. But any single neural connection doesn't amount to anything mentally tangible and can be undone (short term memory). Repetition makes multiple connections that basically maps out some concept in your brain. Then, as you repeatedly traverse this mapped concept, or map whole other concepts together, the brain also processes these signals to form shortcuts for those "mapped concepts" with even more neural connections, so that accessing that stored information is faster. The brain is continuously reconfiguring these connections based on the input it receives (what you are doing) so whatever is repeated most could be retrieved the fastest. Trying to remember something is basically your brain looking for those shortcuts and if you were providing other sensory input, the reconfiguring to optimize whatever you were attentive would have used some of those neurons. Things you remember very easily, the connections were repeated enough to make so many connections that they'd never be completely undone again in your lifetime.


Question: How do some former presidents get to become "professors" even though they don't have PhDs or were academics in the conventional sense?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do some former presidents get to become "professors" even though they don't have PhDs or were academics in the conventional sense?

There is not a ton of formal criteria to become a professor. The school probably has policies, but many schools have professors that are academics and those that have direct field experience. Being president is usually enough to qualify you to bring added value to classrooms. They have enough direct experience to actually help students.


Question: Why aren't there self-driving trains even though they should be easier to make than self-driving cars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't there self-driving trains even though they should be easier to make than self-driving cars?

There are self driving trains. Most subway trains are automated. The conductor is only there to pull an emergency switch.


Question: Why doesn’t GPS work underwater?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why doesn’t GPS work underwater?

Water absorbs radio waves across a considerable band of wavelengths. It's so good at this that your microwave oven can quickly boil water by pelting it with radio. Since the GPS is relying on radio communication to triangulate itself, it will lose contact quickly under water.


Question: Why can’t we just pump man-made ozone into the atmosphere in order to fix the holes in the ozone layer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we just pump man-made ozone into the atmosphere in order to fix the holes in the ozone layer?

A couple of reasons. First, ozone is quite unstable. It breaks down quickly in the atmosphere. The ozone layer is constantly replenished, but any individual ozone molecule lasts a matter of ~~weeks~~ (edit: days! The lifespan is shorter than I thought.) Two, the ozone layer is very high up. It takes a long time for air at the ground to mix up to that altitude - longer, as it turns out, than ozone lasts. We actually do create a lot of ozone at ground level: it's a significant pollutant. But it doesn't get up to the ozone layer. And three, the problem isn't *getting* the ozone: the problem is that certain pollutants, which *do* last a long time, speed up the rate at which it breaks down.


Question: How do all the cells in our body stay stuck together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do all the cells in our body stay stuck together?

Some cells stick together via channels and surface proteins. A lot of cells are bound in connective tissues. Collagen is the most abundant kind. There are several different types which have different properties and functions and it sort of holds everything together. Specialised cells reproduce and form the tissues, but most structures are held together by, or contain, some form of collagen matrix.


Question: How do clouds exist despite being cooler than 100°C?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do clouds exist despite being cooler than 100°C?

Well, it's a misconception that clouds are water vapor - they actually consist of tiny water droplets and ice crystals, water vapor is invisible. Besides that, water can evaporate at temperatures below 100°C it just doesn't do it very fast but a small amount of water always does especially when in direct sunlight. Depending on the temperature of the air there can quite a lot of water vapor in the air (humidity) but as the rising warm air cools down at height the air can't hold as much water vapor so the water starts to condense (or freeze) high up creating clouds.


Question: how does the national grid work? How can my energy supplier say that all my power comes from renewable sources?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the national grid work? How can my energy supplier say that all my power comes from renewable sources?

So let's say you and other users who want renewable energy consume X units of energy. The grid may have both renewable and non-renewable sources, but as long as they buy/produce X units from renewable sources then they can say that your power was renewable.


Question: Why does hot water freeze faster than cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot water freeze faster than cold water?

We don't know. We don't even know under which circumstances it happens. All in all, the [Mpemba effect]( URL_0 ) is a very hazy subject. Possible explanations for the [Mpemba effect]( URL_0 ) include: * Evaporation: The evaporation of the warmer water reduces the mass of the water to be frozen. Evaporation is endothermic, meaning that the water mass is cooled by vapor carrying away the heat, but this alone probably does not account for the entirety of the effect. * Convection: Accelerating heat transfers. Reduction of water density below 4 °C (39 °F) tends to suppress the convection currents that cool the lower part of the liquid mass; the lower density of hot water would reduce this effect, perhaps sustaining the more rapid initial cooling. Higher convection in the warmer water may also spread ice crystals around faster. * Frost: Has insulating effects. The lower temperature water will tend to freeze from the top, reducing further heat loss by radiation and air convection, while the warmer water will tend to freeze from the bottom and sides because of water convection. This is disputed as there are experiments that account for this factor. * Solutes: The effects of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate among others. * Thermal conductivity: The container of hotter liquid may melt through a layer of frost that is acting as an insulator under the container (frost is an insulator, as mentioned above), allowing the container to come into direct contact with a much colder lower layer that the frost formed on (ice, refrigeration coils, etc.) The container now rests on a much colder surface (or one better at removing heat, such as refrigeration coils) than the originally colder water, and so cools far faster from this point on. * Dissolved gases: Cold water can contain more dissolved gases than hot water, which may somehow change the properties of the water with respect to convection currents, a proposition that has some experimental support but no theoretical explanation.


Question: How is the value of money determined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the value of money determined?

The value of pretty much anything comes down to "what would someone give me for this". People will give up pretty much anything for the right amount of the right kind of money and that gives it value.


Question: How do explosions tear limbs off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do explosions tear limbs off?

There's enough impact to break the stuff that holds the limb on. The explosion produces a concussive force that's like standing still and being hit by a car


Question: Why is it that when you hit the mouth of a beer bottle from above with another bottle it foams up like crazy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when you hit the mouth of a beer bottle from above with another bottle it foams up like crazy?

When you knock the bottle it sends a shock down through the glass. When it hits the bottom it rebounds up through the beer, forcing gas out of solution. The gas wants to leave the bottle, the beer wants to hold on to it, so the gas forces a bunch of beer out. [This]( URL_0 ) is a better explanation but is a little more advanced than ELI5


Question: how does a camera autofocus and know what to focus on ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a camera autofocus and know what to focus on ?

There are two main autofocus types. Phase detect autofocus is used by SLRs when not using live view. The image coming through the lens is split and then the lens is moved until the image comes back together perfectly. This is also used in newer mirrorless cameras using dual pixel technology. Contrast detect autofocus works by ... Detecting contrast. Imagine a black square on a white background. When it's perfectly in focus, you will have a perfect black pixel next to a perfect white pixel. If you defocus the square, you have shades of grey between the black and the white. That is how contrast detect works - it seeks to have as much contrast between edges as possible. It's used in mirrorless cameras and SLRs in live view. How the AF system knows what to focus on depends on the settings. If you leave it on full auto some pretty sophisticated code takes over to detect likely objects like faces or moving things. If you use a more manual mode to select focus it just uses whatever is under the focus point.


Question: How did scientists figure out the roles of different parts of a cell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did scientists figure out the roles of different parts of a cell?

This largely depends on the organelle (part) being studied, as back when these functions were first being discovered, we did not have anywhere near the biochemical knowledge we do today. In general, the method would be: 1. Grind/mince/blend up a sample of cells, to break up the cell membranes and leave all the parts floating around in the solution. 2. Separate each one using a centrifuge. This works by spinning a test tube or similar container of the sample around at a certain speed, which causes all the parts above a certain mass to sediment at the bottom. This is easiest for large organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, golgi bodies, chloroplasts etc. as you only need a low speed to separate these. 3. Try to look at the organelle you've isolated under a microscope, usually using some kind of stain which can help to make their shapes more obvious. This is only possible for relatively large organelles however, as light microscopes can only work on objects above a certain size (for example ribosomes are too small). 4. Perform some kind of tests on the organelle and see what happens. Back when the organelles were being discovered, our knowledge of biology was quite limited compared to now, so a lot of the tests kind of involved trial-and-error type work. For example, if you isolated the chloroplasts from a leaf cell, gave them a supply of CO2, and left them in the sun, you could find that they produced some glucose and oxygen, and deduce that they are responsible for photosynthesis. You could do a similar study on mitochondria, and you would discover that they produce energy in the form of ATP (a molecule) with a supply of oxygen and suitable "food". This all relies on knowing what you're looking for in the first place, so it took a long time to identify the functions of a lot of the organelles, for example the nucleus. Since it's so large, it was the first obvserved organelle, recorded in the 1700s. Despite this, nothing was known of its function until over 100 years later, when it was obvserved (in sea urchins!) that during fertilisation the sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell, indicating the nucleus contains some form of information that is passed down from parent to child. It took another 100 years (in 1944) for people to work out that it's the DNA inside the nucleus which carries this information. This was actually discovered through obvservations on the DNA in bacteria, which don't even keep their DNA inside a nucleus! Nowadays, we can identify that the nucleus secretes mRNA with a complementary sequence to the DNA stored inside of it, and work out exactly how this controls protein synthesis in cells.


Question: In terms of technology and programming, what is an API? Hearing that the homebrew scene is working on porting OpenGL to the Nintendo Switch, so makes "OpenGL" different than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In terms of technology and programming, what is an API? Hearing that the homebrew scene is working on porting OpenGL to the Nintendo Switch, so makes "OpenGL" different than others?

API stands for [Application Programming Interface]( URL_0 ). When someone writes a big computer program, like Windows or Linux or the DirectX graphics library or the OpenGL graphics library, that program includes an API that lets other programmers tell the big computer program what to do. For example, when you launch the game Overwatch on your Windows PC, the Overwatch program uses the Windows API to tell Windows to draw a window and load a bunch of graphics into memory. Then the Overwatch program uses the DirectX API to tell the DirectX graphics library to draw a bunch of 3D graphics within that window. The Overwatch program doesn’t have to care about what things exactly get drawn when the window is shown, or how exactly graphics get drawn using different kinds of graphics chips – it lets Windows and DirectX take care of the details. OpenGL is a huge program that can draw 3D graphics on the screen. There are already many games that use OpenGL to draw their 3D graphics. By porting OpenGL to the Switch, these homebrew people are saying that game developers can port their OpenGL-using games to the Switch, and the graphics will just work, or work with very small changes. The game developers don’t have to learn all about how the Switch’s graphics chips work, because the games already use the OpenGL API. For a dirty example of how the API is used, below is a line of code, in the C++ programming language, that uses the Windows API to create a window on the screen. This of course is gibberish, but the programmer uses the [API documentation]( URL_1 ) to find out what "API call" to use to create the window, and what all the below items mean. myWindowHandle = CreateWindowExA(dwExStyle, lpClassName, lpWindowName, dwStyle, X, Y, nWidth, nHeight, hWndParent, hMenu, hInstance, lpParam);


Question: How does hail work when its summer and the temperatures are way above freezing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does hail work when its summer and the temperatures are way above freezing?

Temperatures are not above freezing a few Km up in the air. Hail falls too fast to melt before it hits the ground.


Question: How are we able to get such crisp pictures of astronomical objects, when the earth is constantly moving and destabilizing the image?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to get such crisp pictures of astronomical objects, when the earth is constantly moving and destabilizing the image?

I mean while we're constantly moving (and at a pretty snappy pace), the objects we're photographing are so far away that relative to us they seem relatively static over short time periods - just like when you're in the car driving and the Moon seems to stay in the same place in the sky no matter how fast the car goes. Plus a lot of the more incredible images are space telescopes, and so the actual rotation of the Earth isn't a factor, just it's orbit.


Question: What cause cleft lip or palate in human individuals? Are these common around the world? In what area people have higher tendency to have cleft lip or palate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What cause cleft lip or palate in human individuals? Are these common around the world? In what area people have higher tendency to have cleft lip or palate?

It is a developmental problem and the cause is in most case unknwn. But there are risk factor include smoking during pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, an older mother, and certain medications (such as some used to treat seizures), maternal diet and vitamin intake and some other stuff. There is also dome known genetic risk factor. It occurs all around the world and you have 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the developed world. In the developed world it is fixed within the few few month for cleft lip and before 18 months for cleft palate. So you do not see it in older children in the developed world because is fixed with surgery when the the children are small. In the developing world the problem is one of lack of healthcare, the parent do not have the money or insurance to pay for the operation so there is charitys in the developed world that collect money to do that kind of operation. It is a relative simple operation and it have a hue effect on the individual. So even if there is some difference in frequency around the world the reason you see it on older individuals in the developing world is lack of healthcare. If you look at the images on [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) you can see that it is not easyu to see a few yars after the operation. So you have likely seen someone that have had the operation done and not noticed it when 1-2 of 1000 people is born that way.


Question: Why do children not get injured as much as adults do when running or exercising?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do children not get injured as much as adults do when running or exercising?

Children's muscles, bones and joints are more flexible, and children tend to be more relaxed when active. Also, children are smaller and lighter but made of the same materials as bigger heavier people. These things all play a part. Beyond this, adults tend to ignore pain while children will stop what they're doing the moment something starts to hurt.


Question: how when you look at something that has a brighter background for a long time, and you suddenly close your eyes. How does that image get "burned" in your brain for about a minute?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how when you look at something that has a brighter background for a long time, and you suddenly close your eyes. How does that image get "burned" in your brain for about a minute?

Your vision is formed by the excitation of specialized nerve cells on the back on your eyes. When light falls on them, they send a signal to your brain, and your brain assembles the data into an image. When overly bright light is shone on the cells for an extended period, the cells can get over stimulated, and produce too much of the signal, and keep doing so even after the light has gone. Your brain perceives this as the after image.


Question: So someone asked the "Dinosaur" question again and it got me thinking. What is the most reasonable telescope we could build that would see the furthest in Earth's past?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 So someone asked the "Dinosaur" question again and it got me thinking. What is the most reasonable telescope we could build that would see the furthest in Earth's past?

Jupiter is 43 light minutes from the sun, so if you want to see what Earth looked like a half hour ago you can put a telescope there. This question really has no answer because the ship you send will be slower than light. No matter how good your telescope, you'll never see anything from before it was launched.


Question: How do you calculate the digits of Pi beyond what’s physically measurable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you calculate the digits of Pi beyond what’s physically measurable?

Pi is a mathematical constant defined in terms of abstract ideas like circles, so it can be derived through purely logical processes without relying on physical measurement at all. For example, with some calculus it's possible to prove that the series 1/1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 - 1/11 + 1/13 - ... converges to pi/4, so you can just compute this series to whatever extent you like, multiply the result by 4, and get something close to pi. This series actually converges extremely slowly, though. Other series have been found that are more complicated but converge significantly more quickly.


Question: What are the circuits of court?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the circuits of court?

When you hear about the "Ninth Circuit," the rest of the phrase is "United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit." There are thirteen such circuits: eleven numbered circuits, covering various geographical areas; the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, covering the nation's capital; and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has no geographical area, but covers certain subject matter appeals. As the name implies, these courts can't hear original trials, but only appellate decisions from lower courts. They are relatively powerful in that each court of appeals covers multiple states, and their decisions are binding, should they reverse or overrule. The only court with higher authority than the courts of appeals would be the Supreme Court of the United States. The concept of a "circuit court" in which judges travel to different locations, as held sway in the US between 1789 and 1911, is present in different countries, but the concept of geographic courts of appeals is unique to the United States due to sheer size.


Question: How do restaurant/bar ATMs work in terms of profit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do restaurant/bar ATMs work in terms of profit?

I have ATM's in my bars and restaurant. You can choose to lease or buy a machine. I always choose to buy as the return is better. I go through a company that manages the transactions which is supplied by the guy which provided the ATM. We charge 2.75 a transaction and they take .25¢ of every transaction. I fill the machine with cash myself and there is a kinda dumb rule to somehow prevent money laundering that the cash that I put in I have to first deposit into the bank before I put it into the machine. So I literally will walk into a bank with $20,000 in twenties and deposit it and then withdraw the same money five seconds later and put it into the machine. I don't see why you couldn't have an ATM in your house, but you would lose money on the transaction fees. I'm sure there is a way to setup a machine that would just spit out money at your hearts desire, seems like an expensive novelty item though.


Question: Why is the US Housing Market insanely competitive right now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the US Housing Market insanely competitive right now?

Interest rates are still low, job growth has been strong, and people have their down payments ready to go. There's just one problem: homebuilders got crushed in the 2008 meltdown and haven't built any houses since. Those that survived are building mid and high-end homes where the profit margins are better. So you have a large number of new home buyers looking to pick up their first house in the sub $250k range and no houses available at that price. The people who own them locked in a great rate years ago and won't budge and the people who build them can't make any money on it.


Question: What is the use of pace cars in racing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the use of pace cars in racing?

The pace/safety car comes out when there's an accident on track to basically stop the race without actually stopping the cars. Many teams use this opportunity to take a pit stop because you're losing less time while your opponents are tooling around behind the safety car. If you can complete the pit stop before the safety car passes the pit lane again, you can circle back around the track and catch it again, barely losing any time at all on the cars that didn't pit. If you take too long and it passes the pit exit you'll be stuck behind it a full lap down.


Question: From my understanding, being a democrat or republican is based on how much power you want given to the government. Why, then, are there so many differing characteristics in people between the two in things like being religious, their race, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 From my understanding, being a democrat or republican is based on how much power you want given to the government. Why, then, are there so many differing characteristics in people between the two in things like being religious, their race, etc?

> From my understanding, being a democrat or republican is based on how much power you want given to the government. Well, there's the problem: your understanding is wrong. Certainly, the breadth of the role of government is _one_ distinction between parties (and an important one), but it is not the _only_ distinction. *However* ... The ironic thing about US politics is that Democrats and Republicans have *soooooo* much in common. Both parties take a bunch of basic rights for granted and *then* spend most of their energy quibbling over *how* we're going to implement those basic rights. They make it seem like these arguments over whether a baker has to make a cake for a gay couple or whether the tax rate should be 32% or 36% are gut-wrenching decisions of epic impact. But those arguments can only take place because America has already attained a certain level of basic rights that enable those next-order arguments to even be feasible. Certainly, those decisions impact people's lives, and, yes, there are life-and-death decisions made by the US government all the time. But Americans would do well to stop and think how good we have it, *and how much we have in common across parties,* even when our political divides are at their worst. Many places in the rest of the world would rejoice to be able to *just* argue how deep the tax cut will be and who will pay for it. Instead, they are dealing with whether you have the right to, you know, not be *summarily executed* for loving someone of the same gender ... or have the the right not to be raped as part of an initiation ritual for the child soldier conscripted against his will to murder you and your family ... or maybe just decide whether you yourself eat today or give that handful of rice to your starving child. in the US, here's more that unites us than divides. American politics needs to take the rhetoric down a fucking dozen or two notches and instead do some actual work.


Question: What is a "kernel" in mathematic/statistics, and what's the 'trick' it enables?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "kernel" in mathematic/statistics, and what's the 'trick' it enables?

This is a tough one... A kernel function is a function that transforms points in a lower-dimensional space into points in a higher-dimensional space. So let's say you have points on a 2-d grid at random places around the point x=0, y=0. By applying a kernel function, you could transform them into points on a 3-dimensional box. For example, the new z axis value could just be distance from x=0, y=0. This is useful when you're using linear methods to try and separate two classes that aren't linearly separable in 2-dimensions. So in the previous example, let's say all your points form up in a 2-d circle shape with x=0, y=0 at the middle and all the points of class 1 are in the middle of the circle and all the points of class 2 are at the outside. You can't separate them linearly because you can't draw a line that nicely separates them into two distinct groups. But you can apply the kernel trick by applying a function that adds a 3rd dimension. A simple one like z = distance from the centre (x=0, y=0) would do it. Now your points are in 3d space. And all the points of class 1 which were in the middle of the circle are lifted up much lower on the z axis than the points of class 2, further away from the centre. These points of different classes are now linearly separable because you can draw a 2d plane between the two classes that neatly separates them into 2 distinct groups.


Question: Why does America send so much aid around the world when it’s own people have a massive homelessness, drug, healthcare, infrastructure problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does America send so much aid around the world when it’s own people have a massive homelessness, drug, healthcare, infrastructure problem?

Foreign Aid is to a large part a geopolitical tool. It also has a humanitarian aspect, but mostly it is political. This is not only about America (USA), but an answer in general. You are making sure countries are pro-you and stabilised (edit: regarding the *government*), people from there do not move (for example as refugees to "you"), countries are influenced culturally as you want, you ensure economic access, ensure the geopolitical grasp in that area (which explains when the aid is taking the form of military items or money for military). All those things are "pro you", but you also want them to be "contra other geopolitical and local players". Furthermore, a lot of that money goes back into your own companies. Especially regarding infrastructure (and military) projects which are usually done by large companies - and those are not from the place you're giving the money to.


Question: How do those thin dust strings that hang up from ceilings form?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do those thin dust strings that hang up from ceilings form?

Those are cobwebs. They are formed by dust attaching to strands of spider silk that were spun not to create a web, but used by a spider to move from one place to another, or just examine the environment.


Question: Why do people that aren't normally suicidal, randomly have the urge or thought to drive into oncoming traffic or other ways to die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people that aren't normally suicidal, randomly have the urge or thought to drive into oncoming traffic or other ways to die?

The feeling you're describing is called as L’appel du Vide or the high place phenomenon. The speculation is that when you see somthing like oncoming traffic, you veer away or step back as an instinct, a survival response. But your conscious brain, constructs a rational explanation for the instinct. "I must have wanted to drive into that traffic." This post hoc explanation revises your understanding of the situation, implanting intent or motive where none existed.


Question: CPU threads and cores. Whats the difference? How do they work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 CPU threads and cores. Whats the difference? How do they work?

A core is a hardware component. The difference between multiple CPUs and multiple cores is that multiple cores share some resources on the same cpu, like cache memory where multiple ~~cores~~ CPUs don't. It makes thing more compact and efficient overall. A thread is a software concept. It represents a specific programming task that needs to be done. Threads run mostly independently from each other though they can share information. As a very basic example on how threads are used with a simple unzip app one thread can handle user input on a gui and display progress bars, and a second thread can handle decompressing and loading actual files. Most GUIs work this way to make sure that the interface stays responsive (doesn't look frozen) even if it's doing processing in the background. In a bit more advanced program one thread can handle decompressing the first half of a file, and another the second half. There's also a hardware thing called hyper-threading where a single core can handle execution of multiple threads at the same time. It isn't as fast as having multiple cores because it doesn't have a complete copy of all the hardware needed to independently do different things, but it's still faster than just running a single thread on one core.


Question: How do calculators find square roots?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do calculators find square roots?

There are iterative algorithms for solving most types of equations. The easiest method is nested intervals: If you know that larger values of a always lead to larger values of i, you could start with 0\*0 < 256 and 256\*256 > 256. Then you take the mid-point and narrow it down from there. 128\*128 > 256, so sqrt(256) is somewhere between 0 and 128. 64\*64 > 256, so sqrt(256) is between 0 and 64. Instead of having to try a times, you just need to try log2(a) times to find the closest integer. To get fractional numbers right even faster, there are methods such as Newton-Raphson iteration: To get the point where your function crosses zero, you evaluate the derivative at your current guess, let the slope intercept zero, then use the X value at that zero as your next guess. You would probably need pictures to render these explanations LI5, though.


Question: How can we think in terms of more than 3 dimensions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can we think in terms of more than 3 dimensions?

It’s something called “projecting.” When someone draws a cube on a piece of paper, that’s a 2D representation of a 3D object. That’s projecting. A 3D cube’s shadow is a 2D square, right? If an nth-dimension object casts a shadow, that shadow is (n-1) dimensions. So then a 4D “cube” (not sure what the name would be, but something of a similar nature to a cube in a higher dimension) would have a 3D cube as its shadow. Using that, we basically use our imaginations to think of higher space. You can’t craft an exact image of it, but you can certainly think of its shadow and use that to gather some of its properties. It’s really confusing, but the shadow thing is the best way to start processing it.


Question: After invitro eggs are fertilized, are they kept at a certain temperature to grow before implanted? How does the lab part work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 After invitro eggs are fertilized, are they kept at a certain temperature to grow before implanted? How does the lab part work?

They are incubated under optimal conditions (the correct Temperature, Oxygen levels and nutrients) , usually until a blastula is formed. at this point a cell can be removed for genetic analysis (also called Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis or PGD) and the embryos can be frozen in liquid nitrogen until needed.


Question: On foggy days why are we able to see a short distance in front of us but decreasingly so the farther ahead you look?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On foggy days why are we able to see a short distance in front of us but decreasingly so the farther ahead you look?

Imagine a screen window. You can see through it, because the screen only blocks a little bit of light. Most of the light still gets through. Now, imagine a hundred screens all on top of each other. Now, you probably can't see through that, because each screen blocks a little bit more and all of the screens put together block most of the light. It's the same with fog. The water particles are small and spread apart, so light can still pass through, but a little bit gets blocked. The more space there is between you and what you're looking at, the more fog there is and the more light gets blocked.


Question: Why do we use the order of operations and why is it necessary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we use the order of operations and why is it necessary?

The whole order of operations isn't *strictly* necessary since we could use parentheses to show absolutely everything and the maths would work out, but it would look messier than what we can do with the order of operations. There's nothing intrinsically "correct" about it; it's just a convention that everyone's agreed upon so that ambiguity is reduced and notation can be more efficient.


Question: You know when you're in a quiet room like a library, when your stomach makes noises or any noise from your body that you cannot really control, is it as loud as how you hear it from yourself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 You know when you're in a quiet room like a library, when your stomach makes noises or any noise from your body that you cannot really control, is it as loud as how you hear it from yourself?

It's probably not nearly as loud to other people, especially since they're not as tuned into it as you. Also, it happens to everyone, so even if it is loud, nobody thinks it's weird or anything. Definitely nothing to be embarrassed about.


Question: What is the coastal paradox?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the coastal paradox?

I think you are thinking about this too hard. It just means that the more accurately you measure something the greater the length of measurement.


Question: Why do kids and teenahers find every sexual term or word, or anything to do with intercourse funny?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do kids and teenahers find every sexual term or word, or anything to do with intercourse funny?

The leading question aside... Part of it has to do with something being a social “taboo,” what with the high social stigma involved with sex. It’s an awkward transition to make if we always tell children and teenagers that sex is an adult thing, but still bring it up in their presence. The healthiest way to deal with that awkwardness is usually going to be a sense of humor, even if it sometimes seems out of place.


Question: How do governments make trade deals with other governments?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do governments make trade deals with other governments?

Most trades happen between companies in the two countries. Diplomats, bureaucrats and politicians may attend these negotiations to help out but they do not have the authority to sign the trade deal on behalf of the company. But all trades are subject to the laws of the country. Especially when there are multiple countries with their own legislation and export/import specific legislation it can become difficult to find a trade deal. There may be different standards for measuring the quality of the product for instance or standards for how the products should be packaged and shipped, as well as of course tax rates and tariffs. Government officials can help by providing clarifications of their interpretation of the legislation and politicians can change the laws if needed. However when you see big "trade deals" between two or more countries it is often the case that there are no actual trades in the deals at all. Diplomats and officials can get together and sort out all the issues with the different sets of laws even before any companies have started negotiations. This will help companies that later on wants to do the trade as most of the legal issues have already been solved. It is quite common that such trade deals does require changes in the laws and therefore have to go though all countries parliament to be accepted.


Question: How and why does Amazon refund your purchase without needing to return the item?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why does Amazon refund your purchase without needing to return the item?

I believe it is because with the smaller purchases, Amazon absorbs the cost/price because it would cost them more to pay to ship it back and then restock etc.


Question: Why is gas sold in tenths of a cent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is gas sold in tenths of a cent?

Actually it's not. 1/10 of a cent is actually called a mill and is used in accounting all the time. Your property taxes are likely calculated down to the mill and rounded off. Certain financial transactions like mutual funds are technically completed at the mill level and then rounded off. The extra decimal becomes very meaningful when dealing with a large sum. It's also handy to have more decimals when trying to divide a continuous object like gas.


Question: Why does it seem like less people are interested in working now than 10 years and even 20 years ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it seem like less people are interested in working now than 10 years and even 20 years ago?

I'm not sure this is *that* new an attitude, more a longtime dream getting realized bit by bit. If you look back at a lot of mid-century "here comes the future!" art, there's lots of time to relax as robots do all the work. George Jetson was a low man on the totem pole at his company and *still* only needed to push buttons to get his work done. This was in the 60s where the US still had plenty of hands-on manufacturing jobs. Tech is starting to catch up with the concept.


Question: Why are we told that it's a bad idea to run away from a tornado/hurricane?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we told that it's a bad idea to run away from a tornado/hurricane?

These storms move fast, if it's close enough that you're looking at it you're already out of time to get out of the way. It's ~theoretically~ possible to outrun a storm system with a vehicle and an un-blocked freeway headed in the opposite direction. But the odds of you having that scenario are really low, and these storms (especially hurricanes) are quite wide. So the most likely thing that'd happen is you'd be caught out in the open with no shelter. Better to just get on top of the shelter issue ASAP.


Question: Why does being out in the cold make your nose run?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does being out in the cold make your nose run?

Cold, dry air can damage the mucous membranes in your nose as well as the bronchioles (the thousands of delicate little sacs that fill with air when you breathe!) in your lungs. So to prevent this damage, your mucous membranes make extra mucous that both warms and moisturizes the air you breathe in through your nose. This extra mucous is what is running and dripping in/from your nose. Edit: Condensation is also a secondary contributing factor to your runny nose. When cold air hits warm air, the reaction produces moisture (essentially water). That condensation mixes with the hyper-drive mucous being made and adds to your flow/drainage.


Question: how was 0 invented? Was it just the word and number 0 or were there no word for having nothing of something? Did negative numbers exist before 0? How would that work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how was 0 invented? Was it just the word and number 0 or were there no word for having nothing of something? Did negative numbers exist before 0? How would that work?

See here for an in depth explanation: URL_1 India invented 0 as a number, rather than just a placeholder around or before 628 AD. The Middle East adopted it into the current form we see today (Arabic numerals). It took a while to get used in Europe because the Catholic church viewed 0 as emptiness, evil, and of the devil. And negatives: URL_0 Negatives came about before and after the number zero. China used negative numbers to represent debts in 200 BC, but it wasn't a part of unified math. Again, India brought the concept into math in 620 AD.


Question: How can a single port “understand” which function to perform based on what device was plugged into it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a single port “understand” which function to perform based on what device was plugged into it?

The port is nothing more than a specified way to transfer signals. I'm not familiar with lightning ports specifically but I'd assume it has a way to transfer power, and a way to transfer data. Every device that uses a lightning cable follows the same standards that the port has so it knows it gets power and data over specific parts of the cable. So when you plug a device in, every device works effectively the same way. It transfers data over the cable and the computer/phone/whatever that has the port is able to use the data it transfers to identify the device. Once it knows you have (for example) an audio device connected, it knows if it transfers audio signals to the device, the device is capable of using them properly.


Question: Why do water tapped from different rooms in the same house taste different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do water tapped from different rooms in the same house taste different?

This is not a universal thing. Perhaps the piping in part of the house is different? Maybe the metal piping is degrading/corroding, or something is growing in the pipes.


Question: What actually happens physiologically when a person "dies of old age"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually happens physiologically when a person "dies of old age"?

Death by old age is a legal determination, not a medical one. When someone dies, there is always a cause, heart failure, stroke, asphyxiation, etc. A cause of death of old age means an elderly person died peacefully, without suspicious circumstances, and it really isn't worth the effort to find out exactly what killed them.


Question: Why are we so obsessed with nicknaming? What is the psychology behind it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we so obsessed with nicknaming? What is the psychology behind it?

We are a primate species and as such, we constantly thrive to be in communication with each other. Tunt put it best when he said ‘..the naming of each other shows that we share a bond’. By naming our friends and family with a specific name we show that we have a bond that outsiders/strangers will not know.