Question: How can my iPhone tell the difference between a lightning charging cable and a lightning earbud cable? Both of the plugs seem to have the exact same shape and pins.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can my iPhone tell the difference between a lightning charging cable and a lightning earbud cable? Both of the plugs seem to have the exact same shape and pins.

There's a very small IC inside the lightning connector that identifies the cable/cord/whatever. You can only get them if you're part of the "Made for iPhone/iPod" hardware developer program. That's why you'll get messages like "This cable isn't certified" if you use cheap Chinese knockoff lightning charging cables.


Question: Why we hear footsteps from the above apartment, but not loud things like tvs or people singing karaoke?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why we hear footsteps from the above apartment, but not loud things like tvs or people singing karaoke?

Footsteps push the sound directly down through the floor, while voices and TVs project sound horizontally around the room. It’s not perfect, but can make feet sound much louder.


Question: What are the similarites and differences of the various rates dV/dr, dV/dh, dr/dV, dr/dh, dh/dV, dh/dr, dV/dt, dh/dt, dr/dt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the similarites and differences of the various rates dV/dr, dV/dh, dr/dV, dr/dh, dh/dV, dh/dr, dV/dt, dh/dt, dr/dt?

It’s just notationnn Okay, so just think of “d” as meaning “really small change in” (infinitely small). So, remember how y=f(x) (technically, f is a function of x and y is f(x). y(x) is when y is a function of x but whatever)? This means *y is a function of x* meaning that it acts on only x The slope of two points on this function is given by: The *change in* y/ the *change in* x Or... delta y/delta x Now... let’s make that change infinitely small. So remember how “d” was infinitely small? The slope now becomes: dy/dx That’s derivative notation, it means infinitely small change in y over infinitely small change in x... or, take the derivative of the function y with respect to x and treat all other variables as constants, OR find the instantaneous slope of y which is a *function of x*, it ONLY acts on x so you regard everything else as a constant because they are not changing from y. Like, y doesn’t do anything to them (later if you do multi variable calc, you’ll see y(x,z) which now shows y as acting on both x and z) So if you have dV/dr, or V’(r), take the derivative of the volume function with respect to the radius and treat all other variables like constants. dV/dh, take the derivative of volume with respect to height. dCupcake/dLove, take the derivative of cupcakes with respect to love because cupcakes only act on love (¿¿ this was unintentionally deep) And so on I hope I helped! :) Edit: and all the examples I gave are not rates with respect to time. dV/dt is a rare with respect to time. dC/dt, dr/dt, these are rates with respect to time... notice a similarity?


Question: How do stimulants (amphetamines) calm people with hyperactive brains (ADHD)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stimulants (amphetamines) calm people with hyperactive brains (ADHD)?

Neuroscientist here. It's more complicated than that (as everything brain related always is). The other commenter's response about needing stimulation isn't really accurate. First, ADHD isn't really about being overstimulated / overactive in general. It's more about having difficulty deciding which things to do, especially deciding which things to do based on what you're *supposed* to be doing / future consequences. This is why one of the hallmark features of ADHD in teens and adults is a long history of failing to get important things done, and why suffering consequences as a result often fails to have an effect on future behaviour. As for how stimulant medications address this: We aren't sure. Most likely, though, the stimulant medications are somehow stimulating the brain circuits involved in using information about future consequences to guide behavior, or other brain circuits involved in "executive control" of behavior (basically, exercising deliberate control over your actions).


Question: Why is liquid Oxygen blue and not red?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is liquid Oxygen blue and not red?

I don't think your Chemistry instructor was referring to the color of actual oxygen. It's just that in molecular diagrams and such, Oxygen is typically represented as a red atom. You can see that [here]( URL_0 ) The vast majority of the diagrams for the water molecule display Oxygen as the red atom.


Question: Why haven't we started harvesting energy from the core of our planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why haven't we started harvesting energy from the core of our planet?

They use geothermal energy in Australia but that's more like using the heat from an underground volcano Google the worlds deepest mine and compare with the thickness of earths crust and that's why It might be easier to colonize mars than drill to the core of earth


Question: Why is it that someone I'm on the phone with cannot hear the media I am playing on my phone, even if both the phone call and the media are on loud speaker?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that someone I'm on the phone with cannot hear the media I am playing on my phone, even if both the phone call and the media are on loud speaker?

The phone knows what sound it is putting out and uses a special circuit to cancel out that sound from what it detects coming in. This is most often used when the speakerphone mode is used and the phone is both producing and recording different sides of the conversation. Without such a circuit it would be possible for feedback to result.


Question: Even though the sun appears yellow, why do bright white LEDS (2300-3000K) light up a room the same way the sun does, but warmer toned lights/LEDs have a yellow/orange tinge?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Even though the sun appears yellow, why do bright white LEDS (2300-3000K) light up a room the same way the sun does, but warmer toned lights/LEDs have a yellow/orange tinge?

Because sunlight is actually primarily white like, in space the sun is completely white. The only reason it looks yellow to us when we look up at it is because the atmosphere filters out a bit of the other colors of light leaving it look yellow to our eyes. But it is still pretty much the full spectrum of light waves


Question: How is it that water soluble vitamins can be simply pissed out in case you take to much of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that water soluble vitamins can be simply pissed out in case you take to much of it?

Take a cup of water, pour some salt in it. Stir, and watch it dissolves. Pour some more salt, stir, watch it dissolve. Repeat until no matter how much you stir, it won’t go away. You have now reached saturation. If you take too many vitamins, same thing happens, they just can’t be “absorbed” after a certain point.


Question: How do credit cards work when they use the phone lines vs. someone using the embossing machine? When are things submitted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do credit cards work when they use the phone lines vs. someone using the embossing machine? When are things submitted?

The credit card systems is using the same procedures as before but we have just automated it. So instead of humans doing the work we now have automated machines who do the same thing. A credit card terminal does the same thing as when people call the bank to verify a transaction. When you swipe the card the terminal will read the numbers of the magnetic stripe. It then calls the bank and sends over the card information and the details of the transaction. The bank may then challenge for a pin code that have to be entered by the cardholder. When the bank is confident that the transaction is legit it will confirm this with the terminal and they both log the transaction as completed. The money is then transfered after having completed lots of other verifications offline, some of which require that the banks wait for more information so it can take up to two months for the money to finally arrive. If you are using a chip and pin the process is slightly different. The chip in the card is actually a small computer and it does not hand over the card information as easily. Instead the terminal will send the transaction to the card who might then ask for the pin. It then creates a digital signature of the transaction and the terminal will go on to send the signature and the transaction to the bank for verification and logging like in the example before.


Question: Do hospitals have a mini air traffic control to direct medical helicopters in and out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do hospitals have a mini air traffic control to direct medical helicopters in and out?

Not sure where you live, but I have not seen a hospital that had more than one helicopter. That helicopter would communicate with ATC when going through controlled airspace, but no need to communicate with the hospital for landing permission.


Question: Why does a frozen water bottle explode in the freezer when the water becomes ice if the particles are more densely packed and should thereby occupy less space when solidified?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a frozen water bottle explode in the freezer when the water becomes ice if the particles are more densely packed and should thereby occupy less space when solidified?

Most liquids take up less space when they freeze into a solid. This is because, as you have pointed out, solids are typically denser than liquids. But water and ice are an exception - ice is *less* dense than liquid water. This is why it expands when freezing, and also why ice floats. The reason why is complicated, having to do with the crystal structure of ice and the hydrogen bonds the molecules form. Hopefully someone else can explain that part better than I did.


Question: How come planes are really loud and can be hear from ground level but when you fly in one you can barley hear it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come planes are really loud and can be hear from ground level but when you fly in one you can barley hear it?

They are insulated. Some aircraft are not insulated. So you have to wear hearing protection cause they are so loud.


Question: Why can we see light reflections from an angled surface? How are photons getting back to us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we see light reflections from an angled surface? How are photons getting back to us?

You're following the old axiom from physics class of "the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection". Physics class almost always modeled the world with a level of perfection of surfaces and materials rarely or never really found - e.g. the frictionless surface, and in this case "the perfect mirror". To that point, in your example were it reflecting _perfectly_ as a sign it would _be a mirror_ and you'd not be able to see it was there other than that the world would look strange in the spot occupied by said "sign-mirror" (e.g. you'd see a tree trunk start at 10 feet of the ground and end at 12 for that 2 foot tall sign and an lots of sign poles with seemingly non-existance signs!). So...we don't build signs as mirrors, we build them as ... signs, and their surfaces are so imperfect that that they bounce light back in nearly all directions. In fact, the surfaces of these signs are designed to have the reflecting surfaces be nearly omnidirectional. Imagine pasting sand on top of a sign and each grain of sand is pretty reflective. Each grain of sand would be oddly shaped and at least a lot of surfaces/edges of sand would be bouncing light back in the direction from which it came, not using the orientation of the face of the sign. TL;DR: Light does work that way, but surfaces of materials on signs aren't flat and parallel to the face/orientation of the sign.


Question: why it's hard to escape from a forest fire, even if you are in a car?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why it's hard to escape from a forest fire, even if you are in a car?

Wild fires can be very, very fast. Many people underestimate just how fast a fire can spread. The other thing is that cars usually only go on roads and roads only go in a limited number of directions. Fire does not always come from a single direction it may circle around you without you noticing. If the road in front of you is blocked by fire and the one behind you too, than no speed in the world will safe you. In hilly regions like the one in Portugal you may end up with the additional problem that roads though mountains are seldom straight, if the fire doesn't circle around you then if you are really unlucky the road may circle back. There have been reports that the fire in Portugal today managed to advance as fast as 20 km in 10 minutes that works out as 120 km/h which is the speedlimit on highways in Portugal. Fires can be faster than people driving away from it in a car can go. If the road does not lead you directly away from the fire but at an angle to the direction the fire advances it gets even worse. If the fire advances somewhere else faster than it does behind you it may suddenly appear in front of you too. If your road doesn't lead you away from the fire you are in trouble. Fires can be fast and unpredictable even if you have a complete overview of what is going on. If you only have a ground level view of lots of smoke filled surroundings getting an accurate assessment of where to run can be hard and sometimes there is nowhere to run at all because everything is on fire.


Question: Why can diesel engines be used in underground mines, but gasoline cannot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can diesel engines be used in underground mines, but gasoline cannot?

Gasoline vapor is much more combustible. Little gas vapor and a spark will go boom. Diesel is much less dangerous in tight spaces that do not have great ventilation. You will actually see a lot of electric machinery for this same reason.


Question: Why do we use units like kph and rpm? Wouldn't it be easier to have seconds as the basis for units like this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we use units like kph and rpm? Wouldn't it be easier to have seconds as the basis for units like this?

Unless you had a very stern physics teacher you never *have* to use base units. If it is just a matter of SI-prefixes and/or easy conversions, use whatever unit is most appropriate to your purpose. Which brings us to > since second-based measurements would be easier to judge and approximate This fascinates me! I do not doubt that you're being genuine with that statement and you truly would have an easier time judging and estimating measurements that way. Consider the possibility that this does not apply to everybody though! As distances are most commonly given in km and (car) travel times are most commonly given in hours, the obvious choice as unit for velocity for the majority of traffic participants will be km/h, since no further conversions need to happen to relate distance and travel time to speed. Now I'm very interested to hear about your background! What do you suppose gives you a preference for other measurements?


Question: "Peeling after sunburn is our body's way of getting rid of damaged cells. This is necessary because cells damaged by the sun are at risk of becoming cancer". Why is it recommended to use an after sun moisturizer to help prevent drying and peeling of the skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 "Peeling after sunburn is our body's way of getting rid of damaged cells. This is necessary because cells damaged by the sun are at risk of becoming cancer". Why is it recommended to use an after sun moisturizer to help prevent drying and peeling of the skin?

The moisturizer is for two reasons... first it doesn't help prevent the peeling of the skin, it makes it happen faster. Second, is that one of the jobs of your skin is to keep in body moisture, when the outer layers start sloughing off you are less protected.


Question: What do no tear shampoos have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do no tear shampoos have?

Some people are probably going to comment here saying "no tears" means the other kind of tear, as in it won't break your hair, which is just plain wrong. Because if any shampoo is *tearing your hair*, you probably shouldn't use it. Eyes are very sensitive, and normal soap or shampoo has a higher pH than the water in your eyes does. "No tears" shampoo has the same pH as our eyes to prevent that strong stinging sensation. But getting anything foreign in your eyes could still feel irritating, so if you apply the shampoo directly into your eyes it might still hurt.


Question: How does the https transfer the key to decrypt the data without compromising the contents of said data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the https transfer the key to decrypt the data without compromising the contents of said data?

If data could be encrypted with a paint colour, then... If I wanted to send you encrypted data, first I would send you some random colour paint. Next, you and I would independently choose a second secret random colour paint (both different) and mix it with the first colour I just sent you. We would come up with two new colours. We then send each other our new paint colours, and mix in our own second secret random colour with each other's new colour. The result is that we both come up with the same final colour (the final colour each being a total mix of the three colours: the original, your secret colour, and my secret colour). I can now use this final colour to encrypt the data, knowing that you will have independently come up with the exact same colour. If someone else were watching us send these colours, they would get the first colour and the third pair of colours that were produced, but it would be very difficult for them to figure out what each of our secret colours were; it would be difficult for them to un-mix the third colour back to the first colour and whatever secret colour we each chose, so they would not be able to produce their own final colour. HTTPS uses mathematics that have similar properties, easy to compute one way, difficult to reverse.


Question: How much 5G cell tower radiation dissipates within 3 feet of antenna? "Read description"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How much 5G cell tower radiation dissipates within 3 feet of antenna? "Read description"

Others have answered the power question, but I’d to emphasize that these transmitters are **non-ionizing** radiation. The only thing they can do is heat you up. They can’t cause cancer or mutate your DNA or anything else scary you could think of.


Question: How did scientists reach the conclusion that the big bang was the beginning of our universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did scientists reach the conclusion that the big bang was the beginning of our universe?

We can see that the galaxies in the sky are red-shifted, which means that they are drifting away from us, and from each other, which obviously means that they were closer together in the past. And if you turned the clock back by around 14 billion years, all the matter in the universe would have been in roughly the same place. So after this discovery around 90 years ago, someone came up with this idea, probably just some abstract calculation model at first, that everything started out from a single point. I'm sure that most physicists did not believe that there was anything real to this single-point-thing back then, but over time more and more observations were made that supported this big bang: For example, if the big bang was real, then the universe would not only get smaller the further you go back in time, but also hotter. Before a certain point in time, calculated around 400.000 years after the big bang, everything would have been glowing hot and also the universe would have been more or less opaque, since everything must have been just a gas cloud with no actual empty space in between. The thing is, we then discovered the background radiation: If you point your instruments at any empty spot in the sky, there is some microwave radiation, at frequencies that correspond to the heat radiation of a very cold object, just 3°C above absolute zero. But since light waves get stretched together with the expansion of space itself, and since this light, coming from further away than even the furthest stars, was also older than these stars, this meant that whatever sent out this light must have been hotter back then. Let me rephrase that, since its pretty significant: If you look at any seemingly empty point in the sky with a microwave antenna, you can see light from something very hot very far away in the very distant past, and you can see absolutely nothing from beyond that! And it just so happens that if you crunch the numbers, this fits very well with the big-bang-model, in which the universe became transperent about 400.000 years after the bang when everything was about 3000°C hot. Thats when people realized that this single-point thing might be more than just a model. Of course, that was only the first step. Knowing that the universe was something in line with a model 400.000 years after the big bang is still far away from knowing that the universe had been concentrated in a single point. However, pretty much every time we figured something new out about the physics about this theoretical very early universe - for example with particle collider experiments - we only ever got results that were in line with the big bang model. We can now say with confidence that the history of the universe corresponds to the big bang model up to a much earlier time than the age of 400.000 years. We can NOT confidently extrapolate this to the single point of the big bang. Our knowledge only permits us to extrapolate back to a certain point in time, and this point so far has moved further and further back to the hypothetical big bang itself. Maybe in the future we will figure something out about high-energy-physics that contradicts the idea of a single-point-big-bang. Maybe the universe did not actually have a beginning. But whatever happened, it certainly was very very small, very very hot, very very dense 14 billion years ago.


Question: how do doctors and veterinarians decide between stitches, staples, and other ways of keeping together surgeries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do doctors and veterinarians decide between stitches, staples, and other ways of keeping together surgeries?

Surgical Staples Much like the staples used to hold paper together, surgical staples are used to hold a wound together. Staples are easy to place, strong enough to hold a wound closed in an area that moves frequently like the abdomen, and often painless to remove. These staples, unlike office supplies, are sterile to help prevent infection in the wound. Sutures Also known as stitches, sutures are a synthetic thread that is used to sew a wound closed. They are used to close deep cuts, and are also used to close surgical incisions. Sutures are inexpensive and can be placed quickly once the area is numbed. Dermabond Surgical Glue This type of wound closure uses an adhesive much like SuperGlue to hold an incision closed. This is frequently done on small incisions that don’t require a tremendous amount of strength to be held in place for healing. The glue wears off in the days and weeks following placement, so a healthcare professional is not needed to remove it. In some cases, a small dab of surgical glue may be placed on sutures. This is done to keep the stitches from unraveling during normal activity. Steristrips Steristrips are small stripes of sterile adhesive material that are used to “tape” a wound closed. They are typically used on small incisions that do not experience a great deal of stress during the wound healing process. These strips of material are worn until they fall off, typically staying in place for about a week and falling off during or after routine bathing. A stubborn strip that is no longer needed can be gently removed after a shower when the adhesive is soft. Source: (very informative and in depth for each choice) URL_0


Question: if there are no molecules whatsoever in space, there should be no temperature, so how does it feel on human skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if there are no molecules whatsoever in space, there should be no temperature, so how does it feel on human skin?

First thing, there are molecules in space, they are just very far apart. Heat is transferred or felt not only from conduction (touching a material and exchanging heat), but also by radiation. How space would feel would largely depend on if you are in sunlight, and how far away from that Star you are. If you were in shadow, it would be absolutely freezing, as your body would be shedding heat through evaporation of your water content as well as through IR radiation. In the light, you would be dead pretty quick from the heat (also the lack of air, pressure differences, etc) around earths orbit.


Question: Flinch Reflex or Flinch Response: That split second reaction to an incoming threat (i.e. When you're about to get hit by a ball in the face and parts of your face recoil prior to contact/impact) ??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Flinch Reflex or Flinch Response: That split second reaction to an incoming threat (i.e. When you're about to get hit by a ball in the face and parts of your face recoil prior to contact/impact) ??

The human body has evolved and fine-tuned to protect itself from danger. Virtually all involuntary responses can be defined as defense mechanisms, though some are more discrete than others. When the brain perceives a threat (i.e. an object hurdling towards your face), it sends a neurochemical/electrical signal to the neurons that activates your face muscles to recoil, scrunch up, turn away, etc. The recoil may make your muscles more rigid so the object will bounce off to lessen the damage. Our eyes also close to protect them. Your facial movements signal to others that you’re in danger and need help. This has been perfected through thousands of years of evolution, and also in your own life. As you learn more and experience more threats, your brain adapts to respond to them. Another classic example of this is a child putting his hand on a hot stove, which he quickly learns not to do.


Question: How is the area of a country calculated given that the Earth is a sphere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the area of a country calculated given that the Earth is a sphere?

The earth is spherical but that doesn't mean the land doesn't sit flush on its surface). So in that respect they can measure the area of a country or the area of the earth's surface or the area of anything on the earth because the same general geometry rules apply there.


Question: How did mankind go from bartering goods to the sophisticated system of money and economics that applies today?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did mankind go from bartering goods to the sophisticated system of money and economics that applies today?

Step one: Bartering. I have a sheep, you have an axe. We swap. Problem is, I don't need an axe, I need grain, and the grain farmer doesn't need a sheep, he needs a plow, from the guy down the road who needs an axe, hence why I need your axe. It gets complex fast, very bad system. Step two: We all agree that one neutral object that is in limited supply, but is ideally long-lasting and very easily moveable is a universal trading item - a currency. So we now have gold, for example. I give you my sheep, you give me gold, I take my gold to the grain farmer, who gives me grain for my gold, which he buys his plow with. Much simpler. Step three: After a while, banks are created, people who make it their job to standardise coin sizes so everyone knows exactly what a coin is, and they also loan people money and act as a trustworthy neutral third party to large trades. They also protect my gold when I'm not needing to travel with it. Step four: Taking the gold in and out of the bank is tedious and time consuming, so the bank - an agreed trustworthy entity - writes a document for me that says "You have 500 gold coins in your account, we will give these to whoever holds this document." I trade the document in the next sale, much easier than moving my money around physically, bank just keeps track. Step five: Bank creates many notes each one backed by a small amount of their gold stores. One "dollar" is worth one standard amount of gold, and a note worth one dollar can be exchanged for gold at any time. Paper currency now exists, is very convenient and light and easy to carry and secure. Step six: As countries become solid things with inherent value of their people and great stability, national governments take over currency production. Eventually they stop having notes being worth a piece of gold, but instead worth something more vague... kind of like "a portion of the wealth of the whole country and the work done by all of its' citizens". This is called a fiat currency and allows the value of the unit to fluctuate based on how well the country is doing, rather than be tied down to how much gold is drawn from the ground. The country can now create money whenever it wants to provide currency for its' people - however it cannot make too much because part of its' value comes from being limited. If it's just paper printed forever, it loses its' value and people won't trust in it anymore, so modern economics is a complex balancing act of having enough money available to allow for easy trade, while not flooding too much and dropping the value.


Question: How do people with most of their wealth in stock make money for daily use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people with most of their wealth in stock make money for daily use?

He does get paid but he gets paid in stocks. So instead of getting paid at the end of the year he gets X # of shares of facebook stock He can turn around and sell that stock for a profit. Also because of tax reasons he only has to pay 15% tax on it not the normal rate most of us pay what with all the taxes is around 35-40%


Question: How does banking works interest-free islamic economy? How does a bank earn if there is no interest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does banking works interest-free islamic economy? How does a bank earn if there is no interest?

If everyone is being honest about it, it's just a set of technicalities. - You don't buy the car for $20,000, we buy the car and you buy it from us for $24,000 in equal $500 monthly payments over the next 4 years. - We're not giving you a loan, we're buy a piece of your business that you will buy back from us over time. - We don't give you interest on your savings account, we use your deposits to buy asset and give you a profit share. In reality, these countries all deal in interest anyway. Islamic countries issue sovereign debt all the time, and those bonds pay interest.


Question: Why does the rotation of a wheel on a car force the car to move? I was told it was due to the wheel 'pushing the ground and propelling the car,' but this seems a little basic.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the rotation of a wheel on a car force the car to move? I was told it was due to the wheel 'pushing the ground and propelling the car,' but this seems a little basic.

It helps not to think of it as rotation, just look at the patch where the tire touches the pavement. The engine is twisting the wheel, trying to push the tire contact point backwards. But it can't slide (because the tire is grippy) and the ground can't go backwards (because it's ground) so the only way for the bottom of the tire to move backwards is for the axle to move forwards. The friction between the tire and the ground is transmitted through the tire and wheel and shows up as a force pushing forward on the axle through the wheel bearings. As the car (and axle) moves forward, that little patch of tire on the ground lifts away...but it's a wheel, so as it rotates a new patch is coming into contact. Rotating the wheel makes sure that you've always got a piece of tire touching the ground to push off with. If the tire \*isn't\* grippy enough, the tire will slide over the ground, you spin your wheels, and don't go anywhere. If the ground isn't solid, the ground will go backwards and spray dirt/gravel behind you, and you won't go anywhere. Edit:typo


Question: If the Earth's temperature is only increasing by a few degrees, why are massive chunks of ice breaking away in places that are always freezing cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the Earth's temperature is only increasing by a few degrees, why are massive chunks of ice breaking away in places that are always freezing cold?

**Average** temperature is increasing. This can mean, for example, that an area that had a day or two of above-freezing temperatures now has a couple of weeks of above freezing temperatures.


Question: How do multiplayer shooter video games track bullets. In games like Battlefield thousands of "bullets" can be fired in a round. How does the game know who fired what and who hit/killed who?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do multiplayer shooter video games track bullets. In games like Battlefield thousands of "bullets" can be fired in a round. How does the game know who fired what and who hit/killed who?

A bullet is an entity, storing the ID of the player who fired it and the direction of the bullet, maybe also what weapon fired it, the speed and the damage depending on the game It’s programmed to move until it finds another player or the ground and if it hits a player, damage is applied and since it knows who fired it you can do What You need to do. Another even simpler way that is used is to, when a player presses the trigger, look for all players in a straight line form the muzzle and damage the first one, since it’s instant, there is only one player that can shoot in that instant and you don’t need to store the player who shot it or anything, but this is falling out of use because it’s less accurate


Question: If humans were as efficient in water as we are on land, are there animals in the ocean that wouldn't be lethal like they are now?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If humans were as efficient in water as we are on land, are there animals in the ocean that wouldn't be lethal like they are now?

Probably not. Our efficiency on land is our endurance. The fish that eat us now are just faster than a motherfucker.


Question: Why is Southern Europe considerably warmer than Canada which sits on the same latitude?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Southern Europe considerably warmer than Canada which sits on the same latitude?

The North Atlantic Gulf Stream current brings relatively warm water to the areas off of the UK, making Europe have warmer weather than comparable areas in America and Canada.


Question: How is looking up a hash table O(1), but looking up something in a normal array still O(n)? What's the difference between a hash table and a list of hashes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is looking up a hash table O(1), but looking up something in a normal array still O(n)? What's the difference between a hash table and a list of hashes?

Accessing an array is O(1). Perhaps you mean searching for something in an array. If the array is ordered then searching is O(log(n)). For an unordered array the search is O(n). Hashing means taking the search key and processing it in some consistent way to produce a single number which you can then use as the array index, i.e., the storage location in the array. If the keys are words then a simple hash would be to add the ASCII values of all the letters in the word so you'd find the entry for the word "A" in array slot 65. No searching is required, so the time to find an element doesn't depend on the size of the array (though it does depend on the size of the key). Obviously there are problems with the above simple hashing scheme. The words "ab" and "ba" would be stored in the same slot. The array would need to be very long to have space for long words. Read up more on [hash tables]( URL_0 ) to find out how these and other issues are handled.


Question: What exactly IS free speech?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly IS free speech?

In the United States, per the first amendment, the government can not prosecute you for any words you say, print, publish, broadcast, or otherwise disseminate to another individual, group, or the public at large. However, if you use speech with the intent of causing harm, by inciting a riot, threatening another individual, etc etc, that CAN be prosecuted. But it is not so much the speech that is being prosecuted, but rather what you did with it. Furthermore, non-government entities can absolutely punish you for your speech, as they are not bound by the first amendment. For example, Facebook banning people who spread the speech.


Question: why do some cheeses melt, while others don't?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do some cheeses melt, while others don't?

ABoss has the correct answer for processed cheeses. For the rest of the "real" cheeses, I think it largely depends on the fat content of the cheese, which liquefies under heat. It's pretty easy to apply too much heat though, which typically causes these fats to break the emulsion and separate from the rest of the cheese's solids rather than "melt", which is why processed cheeses have added emulsifiers to preserve the melty gooey texture we all know and enjoy in our grilled cheese sandwiches.


Question: Why does running cold water over meat defrost it faster than just sitting there?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does running cold water over meat defrost it faster than just sitting there?

Water is a really good heat conductor - much better than air - which will help the meat warm up more quickly. You may have also seen ads for meat blocks that defrost things super quickly. They're usually made out of aluminum (or some other comparable material) which acts as a really good heat conductor compared to your counter top or a plate.


Question: Why do some people have opposite reactions to caffeine and drowsy medicine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some people have opposite reactions to caffeine and drowsy medicine?

This is actually a fairly common occurence, especially with certain types of drugs, and it's often referred to as a "paradoxical reaction." Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is especially well known for having these sort of side effects; it will cause drowsiness for most users, but will cause hyperactivity in some patients. The reason for these paradoxical reactions vary from drug to drug and person to person, and can be complex (especially if they affect the brain). Generally, these reactions are caused by genetic differences involving metabolic chemical processes or brain structure or chemistry or all three. Diphenhydramine hyperactivity, for example, is thought to be generally caused by the presence of an extra or altered copy of a gene for a metabolic enzyme (Im pretty sure its related to either CYP450 2D6 or 3A4). This mutation causes the body to sort of "over react" when that metabolic pathway is activated, which results in "ultra rapid metabolization" of all 2D6 substrates, including diphenhydramine (and a huge variety of other things, including chemicals which affect brain chemistry and mood). This breaks down the diphenhydramine very quickly, and leaves the metabolic pathway in an excited state for some time. This ultimately changes brain chemistry and mood, temporarily. If you want the specifics, ask and ye shall receive. Other "different reactions" can be caused by tolerance/exhaustion, or interactions with food and other drugs, and in some cases even mental state or environmental stimuli. TL;DR / ELIactually5 Some people have different reactions to the same medicine. This happens because not everyone is the same. Sometimes two people can even have the exact opposite reaction!


Question: Why are people panic buying Toilet rolls?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people panic buying Toilet rolls?

What started it in Australia was the irrational fear of running out since people thought it was all made in China but 60% of toilet paper in Australia is made here, not to mention the huge warehouses full of the stuff. It then escalated from their with people stock piling out of fear that there wouldn’t be any stock left from the original hoarders


Question: How do teabags (made of cellulose/paper) not break down in the hot water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do teabags (made of cellulose/paper) not break down in the hot water?

So it depends on the definition (and connotation) of plastic, which is a contentious topic currently. “Plastic” generally brings forth images of your typical crude-derived PVC, polystyrene, PET, etc but it’s traditionally defined as a type of polymer. These days, you have your non renewable/traditional plastics as well as “renewable” bio-derived polymers/bioplastics. Bioplastics are made from renewable resources like starches, cellulose, etc but this does not mean they are compostable or even readily break down. Every plastic is degradable, even your petroleum-based ones, it’s just a function of time scale. In terms of cellulose: it’s incredibly durable. It’s not as simple as “paper”. Cellulose comes from plant cell walls and fiber. It’s insoluble and indigestible by humans. It’s what allows plants to grow rigidly. While overly simplified, boiling water is not about to fell a tree. The stuff that makes up teabags is the same stuff makes up the 2x4s that likely frame your house and the cotton tee shirt in your drawer. This website can explain the bioplastics better: URL_0


Question: Why/How could one get a heart attack after being angry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why/How could one get a heart attack after being angry?

I've heard that it works like this (but someone please correct me if I've been misinformed): The heart is a muscle and when you get angry one of the body's reactions is to increase heart rate, blood flow, etc. If the heart is asked to do more than it's capable of doing (i.e., you're out of shape, older, etc) the heart simply isn't able to keep up with the signals to beat (kinda like the drums on slave galleys) and just sort of falls over. Like I said, that's how it was once explained to me, but I can't independently verify it.


Question: Why does the Spotify radio algorithm always suggest horrible songs for my playlist, even when there are great, well-themed songs out there I haven’t heard of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the Spotify radio algorithm always suggest horrible songs for my playlist, even when there are great, well-themed songs out there I haven’t heard of?

Your friend and you make different "thumbs up/thumbs down" choices when presented with songs. Spotify uses these choices to offer you new songs, based in part on what others who have made similar choices have found favorable. So if you say UP to Song A and DOWN to Song B, Spotify looks at users who have done the same (UP for A, DOWN for B) and finds a song that most of them gave a thumbs up to (Song C) and presents that to you. And the process continues. For whatever reason, you've made different choices when presented with certain songs than your friend, so you don't get offered the same songs. Spotify uses the exact same algorithm and process for you and your friend, so the different song lists are the result of the different choices you've made. Have your friend curate your Spotify for a few days if you want to be closer to your friend's playlist.


Question: What parts of the brain are responsible for the auditory hallucinations and illogical beliefs when it come to schizophrenia symptoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What parts of the brain are responsible for the auditory hallucinations and illogical beliefs when it come to schizophrenia symptoms?

Although by no means an expert on the subject, I did some personal research and hope my answer helps. Illogical beliefs mainly stem from the schizophrenia victim's prefrontal cortex not functioning properly. The prefrontal cortex helps makes logical decisions and organize thoughts, and its inability to function with schizophrenia victims' brains leads to them being unable to think logically or make rash decisions, creating delusions and false realities, and having unusual thought patterns. As for auditory hallucinations, (despite being unable to tell you the exact area causing them since I am not well versed in neurology, I can provide some information) they appear to be caused by issues in the auditory cortex, which helps process sounds from pressure waves into usable information, and it appears scientists have pinpointed the area to somewhere around the left lateral sulcus and left superior temporal sulcus (image links below). On a cheerful note, scientists, using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (not really ELIF but this is a bonus anyway), have achieved better-than-placebo results in lessening the number of auditory hallucinations that patients suffer (check the link below; pretty cool). Left Lateral Sulcus Image: [ URL_2 :]( URL_3 :) Left Superior Temporal Sulcus Image: [ URL_5 ]( URL_4 ) Illogical Beliefs Source (Video): [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) Auditory Hallucinations Source (Page): [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 )


Question: What differentiates a nonprofit from any other business entity not making "excessive" amounts of money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What differentiates a nonprofit from any other business entity not making "excessive" amounts of money?

A non profit cannot collect capital for their shareholders or owners. That's the main difference.


Question: Why do brand name drugs all have such distinctly "druggy" sounding names? (Prozac, Vyvanse, Viagra, Daytrana, Centrix, Cialis, etc.)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do brand name drugs all have such distinctly "druggy" sounding names? (Prozac, Vyvanse, Viagra, Daytrana, Centrix, Cialis, etc.)

The drugs names are usually shortened versions of the drug’s scientific names, which all come from the specific “recipe” for whatever substance you are buying. This isn’t the rule though, some companies just make zippy brand names for their drugs that might have something to do with their effects, like “Claritin” resembling the word “clarity”.


Question: can anyone explain what the difference is between oxo degradable plastics and oxoBIOdegradable plastics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 can anyone explain what the difference is between oxo degradable plastics and oxoBIOdegradable plastics?

Bioengineer here. Oxo-degradable plastics contain a catalyst to speed up the oxidative degradation process. (Usually Titanium Dioxide). What this means is the plastic will begin to break itself down, as long as there is oxygen. However, while the plastic is broken down into smaller pieces, those smaller pieces themselves may or may not be degradable. The worry is about the small fragments causing micro plastic pollution. The term oxo-degradable plastics is so large, it contains plastics may or may not need heat, UV light, acids and/or time to degrade. There are literally thousands of formulations with different properties. Some might create micro plastics, some might not. Oxo-BIOdegradable plastics means that the small fragments produced are biodegradable, or at least broken down till the point where microbes can absorb them. This paper suggests that oxo-biodegradable plastics are completely broken down, then release an acid to finish the job. URL_1 This paper suggests that microbes in the soil can degrade the small chains left after he catalyst breaks the big plastic into smaller fragments. URL_0 A paper was published by 150 companies to ban these plastics, claiming that the previous results were false, and microplastic pollution still occurs in oxo-biodegradable plastics. I personally think this is 80% true. While some oxo-biodegradable plastics do break themselves down until microbes absorb them in the lab, we have no field tests, and the formulation for such plastics is so varied that you cannot generalise them. But the plastic companies could disprove this with field data, if such data exists. By the way, there are many more biodegrade plastics which are known to be completely safe, instead of these oxo-biodegradable plastics. You can use PLA, PGA, PLGA or PVA plastics, these will safely degrade after a few months to a year (not as fast as oxo-biodegradable, but known to be safe).


Question: Why is it futile to try to “time the market”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it futile to try to “time the market”?

Because the market responds to human emotions and reactions to things in the real world. We have no concrete, accurate, specific way to predict human emotion.


Question: Why is it that computers get slower as time goes on, even when you factory reset it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that computers get slower as time goes on, even when you factory reset it?

Computers don't get slower. Software just gets more and more demanding, since it's always designed for newer computers. And even if you factory reset the computer, you're going to be getting newer versions of the software, which run more slowly on the old hardware.


Question: What is the difference between trotskyism and stalisnism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between trotskyism and stalisnism?

Though question but I'll try to answer you in a simple way because I'm not an expert of Russia's history. So trotskyism, lelinism, stalisnism all came from the same ideology : Markism from the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. To resume it, they want a different society free of capitalism with no social classes. Marxism said that history changes when they are movement and clashes between the traditional social classes. For Marx history is basically this : 1. Feodalism came from the people who owned the lands 2. and then there were social battles (French revolution and so on) which gave the power to the Bourgeoisie (the owners of factories, shops for example) 3. then industrial capitalism came and workers became a strong group in order to make a social revolution 4. the workers then became owners of their working tools in order to create a proletarian state. 5. the proletarian dictatorship suppresses the State itself 6. The society is perfect with no social classes, religion and the State's power & #x200B; So it's through socialism (the process where social classes and the state disappears) that a perfect state can exists. But for Marx the proletarian dictatorship (self destruction of the State) is only one of the many ways to access to socialism where Lenin makes a proletarian dictatorship mandatory in order to access to socialism. So when Stalin took the succession of Lenine he wanted to continue his legacy with the Stalinism-Leninism. Then with the dictatorship of Staline, came the supporters of Trosky who wanted to go back to the original ideas of Lenine. Staline considered in 1929 that the USSR was developped enough and it was not mandatory to make a global revolution. He wanted to consolidate the revolutionnary ideas into the USSR before the rest of the world. And this nationalist way of thinking was in total contradiction with the global revolution and proletarian dictatorship idea of Lenine. For Trotsky the revolution is a continious one until you reach socialism. There are no steps and a progressive revolution like Staline wanted. Trotsky does not want a strong and nationalist state and no democracy like Staline did. He wanted a proletarian force, with direct democracy, debates and no bureaucracy with an elite and a pyramidal organisation. & #x200B; I hope it is enough clear for you, sorry for my english I'm not a native speaker and I'm not a expert of socialism and Russia's history. Did my best ! Enjoy !


Question: Why are essential oils "essential"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are essential oils "essential"?

It is _essentially_ a marketing scam. It is 'essential' in the sense of 'containing the essence', not in the 'need'-type of way.


Question: How did black boxes for descrambling cable channels in the 90s work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did black boxes for descrambling cable channels in the 90s work?

Back then the way scrambling worked was they just didn't send the sync pulse (the mark for the start of the frame). The cable box then had a circuit that when authorized made a sync pulse and inserted it back in. The descramblers were boxes that just added in sync pulse to make it watchable.


Question: Why do babies of one dark skinned parent and one light skinned parent, land in the middle generally? Is skin color not a dominant/recessive thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do babies of one dark skinned parent and one light skinned parent, land in the middle generally? Is skin color not a dominant/recessive thing?

There is no single gene for skin color. There are multiple genes that encourage production of eumelanin. Multiple genes that encourage production of pheomelanin. Genes that inhibit eumelanin. Genes that influence how melanin-producing cells are distributed throughout the body. Genes that influence melanin precursors. All of these genes interact with each other. The whole dominant/recessive thing, a simplification in the first place, just does not work when you are talking about complexity on that scale.


Question: How can asking a sample size of 1,003 people give an accurate view of over 250 million people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can asking a sample size of 1,003 people give an accurate view of over 250 million people?

It assumes that you have a properly random sample of the population. Suppose you have a (very large) bag full of millions of balls. You draw out 1003 without looking, and get 600 reds. How confident would you be that close to 60% of all the balls in the bag are red?


Question: Why isn't bread soggy when frozen and then thawed out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't bread soggy when frozen and then thawed out?

typically, there isn't a lot of moisture in bread, since it mostly gets baked out. What you typically find when freezing and thawing is the moisture found in the air, which evaporates fairly quick when pulled out of the freezer.