Question: Why do some phone batteries have more capacity than laptop batteries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some phone batteries have more capacity than laptop batteries?

They haven't. I'm pretty sure you are basing this on the amp-hours rating of the batteries. Let's take Apple for a second, and I chose that only because they sell both. iPhone 11 is a 3110 mAh (milliamp-hour) battery. MacBook Air is 4379 mAh. So those are close, right? Nope, not at all. Why? Because amp-hours is a rather stupid and misleading rating without more knowledge. I have no clue why it's used. Basically the amp-hours is how much electrical charge the battery stores, *but it does not say with how much energy that charge is held.* That would be the voltage. To compare batteries you need to multiply the amp-hours by the voltage to get the watt hours. Then you can compare. Watt hours being how much power it can supply and for how long, aka the energy. 1 Wh can last 1 hour with 1 Watt of power. Or 2 hours at half a watt, or 1/2 hour at 2 W. Amp-hours only works for comparison if the voltage happens to be the same. In the case of phones (3.7V) and laptops (12V), it does not work. iPhone 11 is 3.83 V, so gives 11.92 Wh. MacBook Air is 11.4 V, so 49.9 Wh. They aren't close, the MacBook Air, a really small and weak laptop, is over 4x a phone battery size.


Question: Mathematically, why does adding mass to the center of mass not change the location of CM?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Mathematically, why does adding mass to the center of mass not change the location of CM?

Seems like you get why it doesn’t affect anything on a conceptual level. But to answer your question about the math, when you set your two equations for X_cm equal to each other and solve for “x3” you find that the m3s cancel out and x3 equals your original X_cm. Here’s the algebra URL_0


Question: If 1=single, 2=double, and so one, is there one for 0?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If 1=single, 2=double, and so one, is there one for 0?

Not really. In math it's known as an "empty tuple" or "empty sequence." Colloquially there was never a need to come up with a term for a 0-tuple.


Question: Why did the US rely on Opec oil for so long when it's now an exporter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why did the US rely on Opec oil for so long when it's now an exporter?

A lot of the oil the US exports is called shale oil. Until about 10 years ago, it was very difficult to extract and the cost to do so made it impractical. Now we can extract it at about the same cost at what opec does with their crude. With shale oil it’s also more plentiful and more desirable product for the market. URL_0


Question: Why do some cheeses melt well like gruyere, some melt and split into oil like cheddar, and some don't melt at all like halloumi?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some cheeses melt well like gruyere, some melt and split into oil like cheddar, and some don't melt at all like halloumi?

Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [Do different kinds of cheeses have different melting and boiling points? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: Why do some types of cheese melt when heat is applied? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do different types of cheese melt differently? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: Why do somethings like cheese melt when heat is applied but eggs solidify? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does something with cheese get greasy and oily when you reheat it? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_10 comments_)


Question: Why is it relieving to exhale a little bit of air [at a time] while I'm holding my breath?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it relieving to exhale a little bit of air [at a time] while I'm holding my breath?

The feeling of needing to breathe is caused by too much carbon dioxide, not too little oxygen. This is why exhaling into someone's lungs during CPR is effective. When you exhale, you're exhaling plenty of oxygen but also carbon dioxide, and the decrease in carbon dioxide is what lets you hold your breath longer.


Question: What is the difference between a Psychologist, and a psychiatrist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is the difference between a Psychologist, and a psychiatrist?

A psychiatrist is a board-certified medical doctor. They completed medical school, followed by a residency in psychiatry. They're MDs and simply chose a different path than say, surgeons. Since they are doctors, they can prescribe medications and also see more extreme cases. A psychologist is not a medical doctor. They may be equally equipped to talk to you about your problems, but they cannot prescribe and manage medications for you. Generally speaking there are far more psychologists than psychiatrists, and can act as a "frontline" before referring you to a psychiatrist. For example if you see a psychologist and they're sure you need treatment for depression, they have to refer you to a medical doctor.


Question: Why do brass instruments only emit a sound when pursing your lips? Why can't you just blow into them and make sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do brass instruments only emit a sound when pursing your lips? Why can't you just blow into them and make sound?

There needs to be some kind of vibration. Your lips vibrate in the mouthpeice and the instrument basically amplifies that vibration. If you just blow all you do is move air though a bunch of tubes. A saxaphone is brass but is considered a woodwind instrument because they have a wooden reed that emits the vibration.


Question: Who creates social media bots / accounts to create bad reviews of new films and what do they get out of doing so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who creates social media bots / accounts to create bad reviews of new films and what do they get out of doing so?

So I saw a documentary or just an informative clip, can't remember exactly or find any reference with a quick google, on a Chinese company with 10s of thousands of phones covering walls in their offices. The people that worked there would use these phones to post reviews paid for by whichever company bought them. So there is plenty of potential for a company to pay for a flood of good or bad reviews on a product/service. Garaunteed postive/negative advertising. & #x200B; Now normal people who may create an extra account or two, maybe even the odd man out who creates 10+ fake accounts to help them accomplish a goal. Maybe it's to give themself a few extra likes/upvotes on social media, or just to have "friends" on a those games that give bonuses for having them, or post a bad/good review and have multiple accounts to agree with himself/herself in hopes of validating his/her own opinion. & #x200B; There is also the troll factor to remember, people like to do things just to piss others off and get a reaction. & #x200B; There are a lot of possible motivations really, but I imagine it all comes down to either money, validation or fun. & #x200B;


Question: How does counting cards work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does counting cards work?

A deck that has more tens and aces is beneficial to the player. * The dealer busts more often, because the dealer is playing by a fixed set of rules: dealer has to hit on 16, no matter how certain he is that he'll end up with 26 if he does hit. * There's also more blackjacks being dealt if there are more tens and aces. While it's true that the player and dealer are both going to get blackjacks more frequently, this is still an advantage to the player because he gets paid 1.5x his wager on a blackjack winner. At the beginning of the game, you know that a deck of cards contains four of each. Four deuces, four tens, four Jacks, four Aces, etc. At this stage of the game, the casino has the advantage so the player elects to bet small amounts. The player keeps a mental count of the cards being used up. For example, if a bunch of low cards have been used up, that means the remaining cards in the deck are heavily packed with more high cards than usual. When this situation arises, the player gains a small advantage and therefore bets bigger. It's not like how the movie Rain Man depicts card counting. It's not like you know exactly what the next card is going to be. Rather, real card counting just means that you have a general understanding that there are more high cards remaining than low cards.


Question: Why does spicy food make my eyes water and nose runny?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does spicy food make my eyes water and nose runny?

I only know that chilles developed a chemical called capsaicn as a deterrent to animales who want to eat. Capsacin reacts with a receptor ment to regester heat which in turn makes your pain receptors freak out. Maybe your just more sensitive to it? Dont quote me on any of this i am almost positive im wrong. I just reasearched tear gas and learned a bit of this


Question: . How does a garbage bag manage to keep such a wide range of strong and vile stinks contained?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . How does a garbage bag manage to keep such a wide range of strong and vile stinks contained?

I worked in a Blown Film Extrusion factory for about 9 years and we used to make a great amount of different type of trash bags. Every thing from little office can liners up to the big 55gal contractor bags. How the average house hold garbage bag fights odor is mostly a combination of 2 plastics blended into the material that make up the inside layer and the outside layer. There is a masking scent blended into the outside layer (we used a lemon or a pina colada type scented resin) and an odor absorber/filler type resin on the inside layer to help keep the stink inside the bag. If you are still curious about how it all comes together, pm me and I can run you through the whole process from resin pellets to finished trash bags. Edit: Wow.. this got big. lol. So you guys want a basic ELI5 rundown of how a bag is made? Okidoke. Sorry about formatting, I'm a lurker most of the time. * You start with your raw mats. This, for the plant I worked in, was a small batch of large cardboard gaylords (think tubs about the size of a hot tub) filled with different polymer resins. * Next, the desired blend of materials is fed into the extruders (heated, pressurized screws that churn, rip, and mash the blend) where they are heated up to melt point and basically mixed like cake batter (though much thicker) and pushed into the die * At the Die, the now goopy, molten plastic is pulled out in the form of a circle and pulled up while a massive amount of cool air is blown from the bottom, all the way around the bubble to cool the bubble allowing it to solidify and retain its shape. This stage is the fun "sciencey" part. You have to balance how fast the bubble is coming out of the die, with how thin or thick the blend is ("mil" or "gauge" thickness) and how much air you need to cool the whole thing or it just collapses in on it's self. * As the bubble cools it is hauled away from the die by pneumatically controlled rubber rollers while being filled with air to reach it's desired size. (Typically comes out of the die around 380-400 degrees Far. but needs to cool to around 250 degrees or less to be "solid") This is the width of the bag, and it's basically a giant, infinite tube at this point. * After the bubble reaches the rollers (Called a "nip") it is flattened into a sheet and called a web. The web is then pulled along a series of rollers and through other machines that modify the bag. Some machines add printing, while others slice, fold and reseal the bag to add draw strings. * Eventually the web enters the most important part of the down stream equipment: The perforation and sealing machine. Typically just called "the bag machine." This machine basically controls how long the bags are by perforating the web at a set interval and then adding a seal, creating a 3rd side to the web. * After the "bag machine" the web is usually folded and feeds into the final production machine. This machine will either fold separated bags into a pile where they can be hand packed into boxes and loaded into cases, or it will be rolled into traditional trash bag rolls where they also get hand packed and sealed into the store packaging and loaded into bulk cases. Edit #2: Again, sorry if this looks like slop, I'm not much of a Redditor, and this caught me off guard. So I spat out something for the hungry masses as soon as I could. Enjoy!


Question: if you have louses, why cant you just dive under water and wait for them to run out of air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if you have louses, why cant you just dive under water and wait for them to run out of air?

It take lice hours to die from suffocation & also even if you kill the living lice it won't kill the eggs they laid in your hair so they will just hatch & you back to square 1


Question: How are hand sanitizers still effective?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are hand sanitizers still effective?

Hand Sanitizers work in a very different way than, say, antibiotics. Hand sanitizers are mostly alcohol, which alter proteins and destroy cell membranes - literally destroying the organism. It's the same reason that humans haven't developed resistance against spears or swords over the past several hundred generations - it's not attacking them on an axis they can feasibly protect against.


Question: How come that Americans can reclaim the VAT after buying something in Europe and not vice versa?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come that Americans can reclaim the VAT after buying something in Europe and not vice versa?

VAT set by the EU regulations is not something that the US has agreed to, nor something that they benefit from as they are for running the EU. As such many of them can be reclaimed by any non-EU citizen, not just US citizens. The US on the other hand has no VAT system. Instead we have a sales tax system that cares about the physical location of the item being sold being within a States borders and does not care one iota the citizenship of the person buying the product.


Question: When animals die in a perpetually frozen environment, where do the bones go? Wouldn’t the landscape be littered with bones/ frozen carcasses from the extremely slow rate of decomposition?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When animals die in a perpetually frozen environment, where do the bones go? Wouldn’t the landscape be littered with bones/ frozen carcasses from the extremely slow rate of decomposition?

Animals that die in constantly frozen areas tend to get eaten by other, living animals trying to survive in said constantly frozen environment. A preserved corpse of an animal that is at all visible would be munched down on by whatever scavenger came along, they can't really afford to be picky.


Question: How was bread stored throughout most of history without it going bad? Was stale bread just the norm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was bread stored throughout most of history without it going bad? Was stale bread just the norm?

It wasn't really stored long-term the way we do now. You ate bread within a day or two of it having been baked. And if you didn't, yes, it got hard and stale, and you lived with it. Maybe soaked it in water to make it easier to chew.


Question: What is happening when you get the “chills” from listening to a great song?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening when you get the “chills” from listening to a great song?

It’s less that it’s from the great song as much as it is certain memories or feelings which the song evokes either through affiliation to life events or through emotion of the instrumentation or the impact of the lyrics. The chills you are talking about is most likely the little shiver you get when you do things like turn down a loud radio or move from hot air to cold or the other way around. This sensation is the body basically resetting its senses because there was a drastic shift in the surroundings that you literally went into momentary sensory overload. This can be evoked on occasion through music both because the song itself is being experienced through a sense as well as the body’s tendency to relate physical sensation to non physical occurrence and vice versa.


Question: Why are there hundreds of different color of oil paint, couldn't all those color be created from a palette of just red, yellow, blue and white?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there hundreds of different color of oil paint, couldn't all those color be created from a palette of just red, yellow, blue and white?

First, remember how we 'see' color. Light of all colors hits a surface, and some of the light is absorbed, and some is reflected. We only see the *reflected* light. So something 'red' is taking away the green and blue light, but not the red light. Therefore, the pigments in oil paints do not 'add color', they actually only 'subtract' colors. So when you have a color, you can't *increase* it's intensity by adding colors, you can only decrease the intensity. For example, take a [vermillion]( URL_0 ) pigment, which has a red-orange color. The amount of intensity of that color cannot be duplicated by combining "Cadmium lemon" and "Cadmium Red". The resulting mixture may be the same *hue* as Vermillion, but won't be a bright, as *saturated*. And adding White to that mixture will result in a color that is more 'pastel'. TL:DR; If you have Coke and Sprite, you can make a drink that is 50% Coke, and 50% Sprite, but you can't make a drink that is 75% Coke and 75% Sprite.


Question: Why can't we artificially make plastic decompose faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we artificially make plastic decompose faster?

Decomposition happens when something eats the thing that is decomposing. Ie. wood decomposes because fungi and bacteria are literally eating and digesting the wood. You can accelerate decomposition by improving conditions for the microbial life that processes whatever it is you're trying to decompose. Heat and humidity greatly accelerate organic decomposition because it helps microbes digest and reproduce faster. The trouble with plastic is that virtually nothing eats plastic so you can't speed it up. When a plastic bag has that little logo that says 'biodegradable' it doesn't mean something will eat and decompose that plastic bag. It just means the structural integrity of the plastic bag will cause it to fall apart into ever smaller pieces of plastic over the course of years. Unfortunately, since it just falls apart rather than actually decompose, those biodegradable plastic bags still end up polluting.


Question: How can there be a global water shortage if virtually all of our water is recycled naturally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can there be a global water shortage if virtually all of our water is recycled naturally?

We are short on drinking ready water where people are, which is how this is measured. (How many people don’t have access to enough water each day)


Question: Why is it called coconut milk and not juice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it called coconut milk and not juice?

The stuff you get out of the coconut is called coconut water, not coconut milk. It's not called a "juice" because there's no processing - it's just there. Coconut milk is a combination of that and coconut pulp.


Question: How are muscles and ligaments "glued" to the bones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are muscles and ligaments "glued" to the bones?

To a large part with structures of bone and gelatine, which is a protein. Incidentally gelatine from livestock and horses was actually used as an actual glue in the past. It's also used to make jello. If you make really, really thick jello you can use that as a glue if you apply it before it sets (but don't put flavorings in it then!) Edit: As background to the moderator response below, my initial discussion with moderator u/Rhynchelma (which is deleted here in this thread) can be seen here: URL_0 . Hope it is OK that I post the link here, if not PM me and I'll remove it.


Question: What about salt and pepper as seasonings makes it such a good combination to season our food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What about salt and pepper as seasonings makes it such a good combination to season our food?

Salt pulls water out of plant and animal cells. Many of the flavor compounds that *make the food taste like the food* are water-soluble. It doesn't change the flavor so much as pull more of the flavor out of the food to where you can taste it.


Question: If I choose a random number between 0 and 1, shouldn't the probability of choosing 1 number out of infinitely many be 0 and in turn prevent me from choosing any single one of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I choose a random number between 0 and 1, shouldn't the probability of choosing 1 number out of infinitely many be 0 and in turn prevent me from choosing any single one of them?

The probability of getting any particular number is probability 0, but that doesn't mean it's impossible. The reason for this is that we're dealing with a continuous set of numbers, not a discrete set, and the rules for dealing with probability are different here. In this context, we don't ask 'what is the probability that x is precisely 0.45', because it's 0. Instead, for example, we look for the probability that 0.44 < x < 0.46. We deal with probability densities over a range, not of discrete numbers. It is a bit weird that you can have a range of numbers where each individual number has a probability 0, but the range as a whole does not. But that is the case. Using probability densities is more sidestepping the problem than it is solving it, but it's the practical solution. If you want to know more, 3blue1brown did a very good video on probability densities [here]( URL_0 ) Another thing to keep in mind is the difference between asking about the probability of x being _precisely_ 0.45, rather than being 0.45 to an accuracy of 3 significant figures. 0.450001 isn't precisely 0.45, but if you only care about the accuracy to three significant figures, that doesn't matter to you. So you could write this as the probability of 0.445 < x < 0.4549, and still get a meaningful answer


Question: Why is a negative multiplied with a negative equaled a positive? Fx. -2 x -2 =4

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a negative multiplied with a negative equaled a positive? Fx. -2 x -2 =4

it's the result of mathematics principles that we already know, and the only logical thing where negative times negative is positive. for example, there's the distributive properties for multiplication if any number x 0 = 0, then we can write it like this: 2 x ( 5 + -5 ) *must equal* 0 // where we already know that 5 + -5 equal to zero thus, (2 x 5) + (2x-5) *must equal* 0 hence, 10 + (?) = 0 what's the best number to replace the "?" ? it's -10 using the same idea with your example -2 x (2 + -2) *must equal* 0 thus, ( -2 x 2 ) + ( -2 x -2 ) *must equal* 0 with the first example, we already know that positive x negative will resulted in negative number, so: -4 + ( ? ) *must equal* 0 the best number to replace the "?" in this example? it's 4.


Question: How do plants with red and purple leaves preform photosynthesis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do plants with red and purple leaves preform photosynthesis?

The red/purple leaves still contain chlorophyll, and they capture the energy of sunlight the same way as regular green plants. High amounts of dye chemicals just make them look not-green. As far as I know, the purpose of these chemicals is debated, but a likely possibility is that their antioxidant properties protects the plant tissues from damage.


Question: Why do lots of mobile video game advertisers just show random fragments of out of context gameplay, without showing us the name of the game or even trying to make an ad that is nice to watch? Does that strategy even work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lots of mobile video game advertisers just show random fragments of out of context gameplay, without showing us the name of the game or even trying to make an ad that is nice to watch? Does that strategy even work?

ads are designed to capture as much attention in as short a time as possible. and these ads you're talking about do exactly that. after some time you might realize the ad doesn't represent the thing very well, but there're tons of people who haven't seen the ad yet. and the more exposure you're given the more likely hood of you doing it. so even bad ads can be effective.


Question: Why do people get a bad taste in their mouth after a short nap but rarely after sleeping the entire night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people get a bad taste in their mouth after a short nap but rarely after sleeping the entire night?

Do people not wake up with gross morning breath? I thought that was a pretty common well known thing. You don't brush your teeth before a nap generally, so that's likely what would do it of for you.


Question: how passwords work? what happens in the backend when you type password in gmail,facebook etc?what about phone passwords?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how passwords work? what happens in the backend when you type password in gmail,facebook etc?what about phone passwords?

Well at is most basic you type in something and the computer checks that against the value stored in a database. You might enter "gaussianpc" as your username and "hunter2" as your password and the computer checks a table of usernames and passwords if the password next to the username your gave is the same as the one you typed. Of course this is an extremely stupid way to do it and nobody does it like that anymore. Instead of writing the password into its table of passwords exactly as you tryped it in the normal way is to "hash" it first. Instead of writing your password as it is, it is first run through an algorithm and turned into something like this: "f3bbbd66a63d4bf1747940578ec3d0103530e21d". The same password is always turned into the same hash, but anyone reading the table won't know what to type since it is not easily reversed. This means that even the people working at google or facebook or whatever can't easily know what your password is and for example try to use it steal data from a different account where you used the same password. Of course the system is not fool proof and many screw up when trying to build it, but generally the only place your password should be stored permanently is in your head.


Question: Where do slugs come from when it rains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do slugs come from when it rains?

They hide under stuff when its hot and dry. When its wet they can move easier with their slime and the water and don't get dried out as quickly. You dont wait for the hottest time of the day to cross a desert right?


Question: - Why is it not okay to waste water? Doesnt it go in the sewers, then back in a river or back to the earth? Or in a water treatment plant, then back in our faucets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why is it not okay to waste water? Doesnt it go in the sewers, then back in a river or back to the earth? Or in a water treatment plant, then back in our faucets?

It costs energy and water treatment capacity to treat water. So in water scares places wasted water raises the price of water as its more valuable.


Question: () why is dividing by zero confusing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 () why is dividing by zero confusing?

The best explanation is to remember that division is just multiplication backwards. 20 divided by 5 is 4. So here's the "backwards multiplication" part: __ x 5 = 20 Fill in the blank. Answer: 4 So what's 20 divided by 0? __ x 0 = 20 No answer possible.


Question: Why are we prone to anger and being short tempered when we are hungry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we prone to anger and being short tempered when we are hungry?

The amount of natural sugar in your blood drops. This sugar, which your body makes out of food, is the fuel that keeps your body going. When the the amount drops really low, it sets off all kinds of responses in your body meant to protect you. Certain processes slow down. The brain sends fuel to the most important functions, so things like controlling your behavior—which requires effort by the brain— may not be working the best. Also, your body starts sending chemicals (hormones) to signal your hunger in a big way. Those same hormones can cause anger!


Question: Why nausea feels so abysmally bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why nausea feels so abysmally bad?

Our bodies have evolved to enjoy things which favor staying alive and reproducing. Things which introduce threats to this state are typically perceived as unpleasant.


Question: why do wax melts and candles always loose their scents so fast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do wax melts and candles always loose their scents so fast?

According to fragrance chemistry, you can expect the top notes of fragrance to start to dissipate within about 30 minutes into burning a scented candle. BUT While the top notes are making their statement, the middle and base notes are also blending in with them so that you get a whiff of all three simultaneously. Only the top notes are the most prevalent. So this is why a candle’s scent would still be pretty strong even after that 30 minutes. Then the middle notes take over as the top starts to fade. So you may, now, wonder, “If I can smell the candle for about 4 or 5 hours, and you’re saying I get all three notes at the same time, how is the scent fading?” Gotcha. Here’s another thing about top notes. Top notes are the cheapest fragrances used in a candle because they’re composed of compounds that are made of small molecules that quickly evaporate. If your scent is fading halfway through your candle, a couple of things could be happening: Your candle is composed of more top notes and middle notes and is missing the necessary bottom notes to help it stick (known as linear scents), Your candle was poorly made with fragrances that did not properly bind to the wax


Question: Why/how do we turn and change body positions in our sleep when we are technically paralyzed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why/how do we turn and change body positions in our sleep when we are technically paralyzed?

You are only paralyzed during certain deep sleep phases. In the other phases you move around quite a bit. Have a look on YouTube for sleep cycle time lapses, you can clearly see the moving and non-moving cycles.


Question: "According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly. Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible." So, how DO bees fly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 "According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly. Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible." So, how DO bees fly?

That's a decades-old myth that doesn't hold any water. People do know how bees fly, and they do not defy any laws of aviation. You can read more about the origins of the myth and the actual science to it here URL_0


Question: How are songs from concerts recorded, considering the sheer amount of background noise from the crowd?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are songs from concerts recorded, considering the sheer amount of background noise from the crowd?

The audio is recorded straight from the source. So the mic's, guitars etc all go straight to the sound board and are recorded from there.


Question: When you make an entire bucket of water boil, why doesnt the water vaporize at the same time ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you make an entire bucket of water boil, why doesnt the water vaporize at the same time ?

So for water to turn from liquid to gas it needs to be at a certain temperature (usually 100C) and then it needs to absorb enough energy to transition from liquid to gas, this is called Latent Engergy of Vaporization. This is why water "boils", because the pot of water may be at 100C but as some of the water absorbs enough energy to turn to gas it bubbles up through the rest of the water. The amount of energy for water at 100C to turn from liquid to gas is about 100 time more energy than to heat the water from room temperature to 100C. This is why only small parts of the water turn into gas at a time. You can "flash boil" water, where it would all vaporize at once. To do this you would have to heat the water under enough pressure to raise the boiling point high enough that you could get enough energy into the water that once the pressure is released and the boiling point drops it all instantly boils. Though this would be extremely dangerous, because that would essentially be a bomb. A better example is "flash freezing". Where water is super-cooled then with a single tap it all turns to ice in a second. Look up videos of that.


Question: why do sports cars/luxury vehicles require premium gas? Does regular gas harm them in some way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do sports cars/luxury vehicles require premium gas? Does regular gas harm them in some way?

Sports cars and other vehicles with high performance engines may use a higher compression ratio cylinder and piston in the motor. Higher compression requires a gasoline with a higher resistance to pre-detonation to prevent the air/fuel mixture from igniting before the spark plug fires. While most modern emotors can detect pre-detonation and adjust to prevent damage, older motors can be damaged by the detonation occurring before all the mechanical bits are in the right place. The octane rating you see on gasoline is a measure of its ability to resist pre-detonation. High octane fuel in a low-compression motor just wastes money, and low octane fuel in a high-compression motor can cause damage (in older motors) and will reduce fuel economy and performance.


Question: How did people living in hot regions get ice before the invention of refrigerators?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did people living in hot regions get ice before the invention of refrigerators?

Great minds think alike. Ahoy, fellow redditor. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How did people freeze items/ have ice back before freezers? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_20 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How was ice produced in the days before freezers in warmer climates? Was there any way to conserve foods/meats? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_18 comments_) 1. [ELI5:How did humans make and maintain Ice Cubes before the refrigerator? How did we keep drinks cold before ice cubes? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how did people in places like florida get ice before machines were made to make ice. ]( URL_3 ) ^(_8 comments_)


Question: Why Does the Bail System Exist as it is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Does the Bail System Exist as it is?

Just to be clear, bail is not a fine. You don't pay the court money to go free. Instead, the court holds on to your money until the trial, and if you show up for your trial date, you get it all back. The amount you have to put up depends on what the court things your chances of fleeing are and how much money you have- a rich person with international connections accused of a terrible crime will be asked to put up a lot of money or denied bail altogether, the head of the local soup kitchen accused of something small may be asked to put up very little. If the crime is small enough and the flight risk considered low enough, they may be released without putting any money up at all- this is called being released on their own recognizance. At least that's how it works in theory. In practice, with so many people living paycheck to paycheck, many people can't make much of any bail at all so instead an industry has popped up where you pay a fee (that you won't get back) and they put up the bail.


Question: Is it possible for a corporation (or multiple corporations) to bailout the government, in a time of crisis, and obtain control of a country?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it possible for a corporation (or multiple corporations) to bailout the government, in a time of crisis, and obtain control of a country?

Well technically it depends on the laws of the country. But I believe for every country the answer is no. When you buy a bond it's not a share of the government and holds no power, it's simply a promise to be repaid. Ultimately though it's issued by a government within their jurisdiction, it holds whatever power they want and they can change the relevant laws whenever they want. There isn't some higher authority telling them they can't do XYZ.


Question: How does google maps or waze figure out what speed you are moving on ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does google maps or waze figure out what speed you are moving on ?

The app monitors your position and based on how far you've traveled since it last checked it can determine speed


Question: how is there a widespread fear of a, “Monster under the bed / Monster in the closet” in kids when nobody told them of such imaginative things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is there a widespread fear of a, “Monster under the bed / Monster in the closet” in kids when nobody told them of such imaginative things?

The reason why is people have a fear of the unknown. As a child who doesn't know if there is someone under the bed/closet or not they fear that


Question: Why is KiloByte not 1000 bytes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is KiloByte not 1000 bytes?

There's a bit of marketing that mucked things up so KB is both 1000 bytes and 1024 bytes depending on what you're looking at *Technicially* a Kilobyte(KB) is always 1000 Bytes and 1024 Bytes is a Kibibyte(KiB), but that's confusing. People don't want to be flip flopping prefixes so marketing for most things just rounds to the nearest 10s place and calls a KB and a KiB close enough. Windows when reporting sizes reports in KiB/MiB/GiB(2^10/20/30) despite saying KB/MB/GB(10^3/6/9) so when you install a 1000 GB hard drive and it shows up as ~960GB, that's what happened.


Question: Why do we rub our eyes when tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we rub our eyes when tired?

As eyes tire, they dry out. Rubbing stimulates the eyes' lacrimal glands, which creates lubrication and gives some relief. Pressure on the eyes also stimulates the vagus nerve. That reflex slows down your heart rate and can actually help you fall asleep.


Question: Why can you see better at a distance if you squint?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you see better at a distance if you squint?

Vision loss is often caused by the eye's lens being out of focus: the light it takes in is not being focused on the receptors at the back of your eyeball like it should, so the light is more spread out, causing a blurry image. Even if you have good vision, far-distance objects may be harder to see for this reason. Squinting reduces the amount of light taken in by the eye overall, providing a narrower ray of light entering the eye. If the light comes in through a smaller hole, even if it would be spread out and be out of focus, it can't get *as* out of focus. This makes the image a bit clearer. --- Imagine that the light entering you eye needs to be focused to a point about 5mm wide (making up numbers here, bear with me) in order for you to see it clearly. Let's say the hole in your eye letting in light is 20mm wide, and your lens is able to focus that to a 10mm-wide point (reducing it by half). It's not in focus, so you see a blurry image. Now, if you squint your eyes, you make the hole in your eye smaller. Let's say you squint and that blocks off the upper and lower 5mm of your vision, so the light coming in is now 10mm wide. Your lens does its job, focusing that down to half size like before, and now the image is 5mm wide. Now it's in focus. --- That's almost literally how it works, in fact; and you can see how this works at home. In a darkened room with a window, cover the window with cardboard to block the light. Then, poke one tiny hole in the cardboard so some light comes into the room. If you put a piece of paper in the beam of light and move it back and forth a bit, you may be able to see a reflected image of the world outside that window. Without that pinhole, light from the outside is scattered, and you can't see any particular image. The pinhole in the cardboard, like the opening in your eye, restricts most of the light and only allows a small beam of light through, which can only be traveling in a certain direction and spread out a certain amount before it hits something: either the piece of paper in your hand or the back of your eyeball. That's the same way very early cameras, such as the [Camera Obscura]( URL_0 ), work. So, squinting your eyes to see distant objects is like making your own Camera Obscura. :) *edit words for clarity*


Question: Why do seeds grow even though they don't have access to sunlight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do seeds grow even though they don't have access to sunlight?

Plants need sunlight to create sugars, which they use as an energy source. Seeds are plant embryos packaged with some of those sugars in a protective shell. When the embryo begins to grow, it can feed on the sugars that it was packed with for a while, until it breaks through the soil and can start making them independently.


Question: Can AIs really learn things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can AIs really learn things?

You may be interested in Alan Turing's landmark 1950 paper [*Computing Machinery and Intelligence]( URL_0 ). It is not technical and is readily accessible to the layman. In it, he introduces the concept of the famous Turing Test, but often overlooked is his treatment of various arguments about why machines cannot be intelligent. In it, he considers the arguments and points out none of them really draw a clear line between humans and machines, a most can be applied to humans as well. If you claim that computers are merely responding to input and thus not intelligence, you can make the exact same claim about humans.


Question: Why is Google Earth free?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Google Earth free?

Because Google makes a shit ton of money from selling the data it collects from your use of their services.


Question: How are certain foods made to be “instant”? Such as instant oatmeal, potatoes, pasta, etc.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are certain foods made to be “instant”? Such as instant oatmeal, potatoes, pasta, etc.

Each product is prepared in a different way, but the general strategy is this: Do most of the cooking process, then dehydrate it so it will last in a package, then package it. That way when the customer gets it, they simply have to add hot water which will rehydrate it and finish the last 10% of the cooking process.


Question: How do the ancestry experts know where I am from just based on my DNA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the ancestry experts know where I am from just based on my DNA?

I answered a very similar question recently. So I'll take the liberty of plagiarizing myself: Genealogical companies that trace your ancestry use ambiguous terminology to make you think they're that good. The methods they are not so reliable, and vary greatly from company to company. Roughly how it works is, they get your DNA, they take a look at a large number of locations on your genome, locations thought to vary between ethnic groups. Then they compare your results to a reference library, basically a DNA database, that they built over time. They build such libraries by different methods that aren't really that clear, because they don't disclose too much information about it. But the general idea is that they go around the world and take the DNA of people with deep roots in a given region like a bunch of families that are known to have been in one region for a long time. They find similarities between these people at those locations on the genome or "loci" and they Label these common denominators as a marker for a given region. So as you can see, the results they give you are only as good as the accuracy of their reference library. And this library is built with not so accurate methods (like partially with self reports for example, a family could say oh we're hardcore Scots, we been living in this land for a thousand years, but too many people want to believe that about themselves, doesn't make it true). Sometimes a whole group of people who lived in region A for thousands of years migrate to another region B a couple centuries ago and stay there, they still make it to the reference library as people of region B. So that's one giant problem with their approach, another is that they look at a limited number of locations in your genome, they don't sequence the whole thing that would be too expensive. So they're missing a lot of info. That's another issue. Yet another problem is they use mathematical algorithms to actually compute percentages based on your results but the algorithms are kept hidden as a "trade secret." So we don't even know how good their algorithm is. So when you get results that say you're 30 percent British, it doesn't necessarily mean one third of your DNA came from there. It just means 30% of the locations in your DNA they looked at, they think are quite common in Britain, because the people they first looked at in Britain think of themselves as very British. People migrate way more than you think, and these "markers" of a given area, are just statistical estimates, these markers could also exist elsewhere, they have not looked everywhere on the globe. Edit: Wow, I comment on many ELI5 posts, first one I get silver for, thank you kind redditors. There's an overwhelming amount of replies, it will take some time to respond to them. I'm at work, but I'll try to get back to you guys asap. Just a few quick clarifications though: - The results these companies give you are likely to be accurate, qualitatively (where you could have roots from) but not quantitatively (how much of your family tree originates from a given region, percentages). I'm a scientist, so when something is inaccurate quantitatively, I dismiss it altogether. So that's a point to bear in mind. - I gave the example of self reporting to emphasize the magnitude of error that could contaminate their results. But they obviously use other methods to establish their ref library, such as registered records and family trees in governmental bodies and databases.


Question: How do different ingredients affect plain omelets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do different ingredients affect plain omelets?

Milk makes eggs fluffier. So that’s why you would want to add milk. Not sure about the other ingredients.


Question: If lighting isn’t attracted to metal anymore than any other substance, why are their metal lighting rods in houses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If lighting isn’t attracted to metal anymore than any other substance, why are their metal lighting rods in houses?

Because metal provides the lighting a path to travel. Ideally, the metal pole is connected to ground so the lighting that would struck a house would travel through the metal pole into the ground, leaving the house unharmed. I think the notion of metal doesn't increase chance of lighting means that your house won't get struck by lighting more often with a metal pole, but the lighting that struck near or onto the house would be attracted by the metal pole. You are definitely at a higher risk being in contact with a metal object that isn't grounded than without in a thunderstorm.


Question: Why does a laptop screen looks bad when it is taken with a camera?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a laptop screen looks bad when it is taken with a camera?

Your laptop screen is a grid of pixels, and your camera(unlike your eye) is also a grid of sensors. Unless you perfectly align each sensor to each pixel you will get Moire patterns.


Question: How does the machine that finds the biggest ever prime number actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the machine that finds the biggest ever prime number actually work?

All the largest known prime numbers are [Mersenne primes]( URL_0 ). Mersenne primes are prime numbers of the form 2^(n)-1. Normally, checking whether a number is prime is a pretty difficult task - there are deterministic algorithms which take a really, really long time, and there are probabilistic algorithms (which can say that a number is prime with a degree of certainty) which are a lot more efficient, but still take a lot of time for large numbers. However, for Mersenne numbers there's a much more efficient algorithm to check whether they are prime. First of all, in order for 2^(n)-1 to be prime, n also has to be prime, and since n is much smaller than 2^(n)-1 it is much easier to check. If n is indeed prime, then the [Lucas-Lehmer primality test]( URL_1 ) can be used. Unfortunately it is a little complicated to ELI5 this algorithm.


Question: Generally, how do car accidents kill people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Generally, how do car accidents kill people?

Depending on where the victim is... A pedestrian struck by a car is either killed through internal bleeding or head trauma generally. A driver or passenger usually either does from head trauma, internal bleeding, the severing of the spinal column resulting in brain suffocation, or if metal or glass is involved external blood loss or damage to the brain would do it.


Question: How do things like radio or wifi transmit different types of data if they are always on the same frequency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do things like radio or wifi transmit different types of data if they are always on the same frequency?

In very simple terms, in much the same way a DVD can hold music, or video, or a game, or software, the information is coded and formatted based on how and what is being transmitted (and how far). Different technologies use different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum with differing communication protocols