Question: Why is it impossible to whistle with dry lips?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it impossible to whistle with dry lips?

In order to whistle, your lips need to be wet enough to form a seal big enough to force the air you're using to create sound through a smaller hole between your lips. This air escaping through a small hole is what creates sound. If your lips are completely dry, they can't make a seal and air slips out, making it impossible (or very hard) to whistle.


Question: Why does all japanese animation must look like "anime" ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does all japanese animation must look like "anime" ?

Most anime is based on manga, and most manga is drawn with a fairly standardized art style. Anime is quite expensive to produce, so they mostly don't take unnecessary risks with it (that's part of why it's relatively rare for an anime series to not be based on some pre-existing work). Think of it as the same basic reason big Hollywood blockbusters mostly don't take risks: they're putting a ton of money into effects and want to make sure they're recouping costs. As for how that style became standardized - it's derived from Disney animation in the late 1940s and 1950s when Japan was heavily Americanizing after WWII, in part under the influence of direct contact with occupying American military. Compare the art style of, say, *Alice In Wonderland*, *Peter Pan*, or *Lady and the Tramp* (contemporary Disney films) and you'll see they're quite similar.


Question: What exactly is Critical Thinking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is Critical Thinking?

It starts fairly simple, then there are some more difficult skills to develop. It isn't a "talent". It takes practice. At the simplest level critical thinking is about questioning and not simply accepting conclusions as valid without understanding the premise and assumptions. Common mistakes are using narrow examples and extrapolating them as representative for larger populations. First step is to develop some basic logic. For example: All dogs have four legs. That animal has four legs. Therefore it is a dog. All dogs have four legs. That animal is a dog. Therefore it has four legs. One of the above is incorrect logic. These are the fairly straightforward logical errors. Then you start to develop the ability to break down arguments and assertions to figure out underlying assumptions and then ask or research whether and under what conditions would those assumptions be valid. The more difficult areas usually surround our own or built in biases. These can be hard to see. This is why critical thinking requires the ability to view issues from different perspectives - "why would this be true for this group/individual". At some point, understanding some fundamental concepts like Baye's Theorem really brings home how "intuition" can mislead. It is good to have a grounding on basic probability and statistics. It doesn't have to be deep but many/most scientific research use some kind of statistical framework. (it is very easy to get this wrong because the words used in language are seldom precise and can be manipulated/misunderstood) Then there is the ability to reason backwards. Most people reason forward but a very powerful technique is to do the reverse. There is also some value in understanding "cognitive breakdowns". Why framing, regret aversion etc lead to failures in reasoning. This gives you some idea how issues can be somewhat manipulatively presented - ie disguising an agenda with seemingly objective numbers/facts. Once you get to this point, it is probably safe to say that your critical thinking skills would be better than 99.9% of the population.


Question: If a prediction of a recession causes the market to crash, can it be said that the prediction itself is part of the cause of the recession? Like a self-fulfilling prophecy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a prediction of a recession causes the market to crash, can it be said that the prediction itself is part of the cause of the recession? Like a self-fulfilling prophecy?

The prediction is a sort of self fulfilling prophecy. However a prediction of a recession will not do much unless all the analysts in the market also make the same prediction. In addition people will be looking for some sort of trigger in addition to having predicted the recession. So if there is some sort of trigger and nobody predicts a recession then there will not be one yet. However if at some later point you get the same trigger but the majority of the market does predict that the recession is close it will trigger it and cause a recession.


Question: Why does Russia own a random chunk out of Lithuania and Poland?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Russia own a random chunk out of Lithuania and Poland?

If you're talking about Kaliningrad, that was a part of Prussia and then later a part of Germany that the Soviet Union claimed during its offensive westward against Germany. After the war, there was a conference on the fate of Germany and how certain territories should be split up, and the Allies agreed that the USSR could keep that territory for itself.


Question: Why do you cough when you put a q-tip too far down your ear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you cough when you put a q-tip too far down your ear?

You poke that part of your brain that controls coughs? IDK. I've never heard this before lol


Question: when a 2.40:1 movie was cropped to 4:3 for old TV screens, you could see more in the top and bottom of a shot then when it was in 2.40:1. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when a 2.40:1 movie was cropped to 4:3 for old TV screens, you could see more in the top and bottom of a shot then when it was in 2.40:1. Why?

You're describing films that were shot in "matted" style. The original standard aspect ratio of most films was about 4:3 (technically 1.37:1) until TV came along. TVs adopted Hollywood's 4:3 ratio, but to combat the competition Hollywood began producing films in widescreen. The trick is, the actual film itself, as in the hardware of the camera and film stock, was often *still* a 4:3 ratio. The director and cinematographer would have the widescreen ratio in mind -- perhaps with a superimposed rectangle on the camera viewer -- and just framed their shots with the top and bottom being ultimately useless. They would then distribute the film with mattes covering the unused top and bottom parts. When cutting the film for 4:3 television, editors had a choice (or perhaps they didn't and just went with whatever option they were given). They could use the finished, matted widescreen version and just pan from side to side depending on the focus of the scene (called "pan and scan"). Or they could get their hands on the original, un-matted print that was in a nice convenient 4:3 format (called "full screen" or "full frame"). The consequence of the "full screen" presentation is that a big chunk of that top and bottom part of the frame is not intended to be seen, so there are lots of occasions where boom mikes and other revealing mistakes are visible in full screen movies but hidden in the widescreen release. So for several decades, movies seen on TV usually had either a jarring pan-and-scan effect or had crew equipment occasionally popping in. VHS widescreen releases began to gain in popularity in the 90s and for a number of years DVDs were sold in either widescreen or fullscreen/pan-and-scan versions (or sometimes both on one disc) as 16:9 televisions began to take over. I worked at a video store throughout this transition period in the 2000s and can attest to the outcry from 4:3 TV owners who didn't want to see the "black bars" on widescreen movies ("I paid full price for my TV!").


Question: How do payment processors like MasterCard and Visa compete with each other? Why would I, layperson buying groceries, care?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do payment processors like MasterCard and Visa compete with each other? Why would I, layperson buying groceries, care?

This is actually a fairly interesting topic. Visa and Mastercard to compete for your use of their cards. When signing up for a new credit card, you may not look at whether its a visa or mastercard that you are getting since they are often so widespread, but they do impact what you do look at: card rewards. Credit card rewards generally get the money needed to find them by the use of the credit card interchange fee. This is a hidden fee levied on a per transaction basis onto the store you are buying from, is often 1% to 3% depending on class of card. This does not go to mastercard or visa, another smaller fee does. This fee goes to the bank who assigned you this card. This produces a balance that needs to be struck here. Banks want more customers, so they compete with eachother by giving greater rewards, funded by the interchange fee. Raise the interchange fee too high, companies will stop accepting your card or deincentives its use because it eats into their profits. But if you don't raise the interchange fee for banks, banks will go to the other payment processor and ask them to raise the interchange fee. This means your competitor gets more cards and as a result more income instead of you. This has become a bit of a problem lately since interchange fees have constantly been going up as a result. Kroger for instance stopped accepting Visa for a brief period last year due to high fees. This has largely resulted in a bit of a hidden corporate war currently playing out to figure out how to handle payment processing with all of this in mind.


Question: How did the first weight get weight to know how much it weights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the first weight get weight to know how much it weights?

It more-or-less went, "We need to define a weight, so we take this object and say that it defines the unit and calibrate our scales to match." In the case of the kilogram, it was defined as "the mass of one liter of water," and so no matter how massive one kilogram of water actually was, that mass set the definition.


Question: What are tennis players looking for when they are choosing a ball for their serve?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are tennis players looking for when they are choosing a ball for their serve?

Fuzz. They are looking for the fuzzyest and the least fuzzy. The least fuzzy is for the first serve where you're going for speed and the less fuzz there is the faster it will go through the air. For the second serve they're not going hell for leather (too much risk of a double fault) and so you serve slower and try and get as much topspin on it as possible. More fuzz=more topspin


Question: What is the definition of technocratic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the definition of technocratic?

Technocratic systems are based on decision-making by experts/specialists, and the increasing specialization of decision-making apparatus. I forget the title, but there was a paper on judicial politics published some time back that explored the technocratization of the court system in the US. Since judges are a limited resource, breaking the court system into different specialized branches (e.g. family court, drug court, traffic court, etc.) streamlines case management by matching appropriate cases to a court whose staff and judge are specifically equipped and experienced with those types of issues. In theory, this produces a more efficient system, and the concept extends to various decision-making entities you might imagine (the bureaucracy is one, for example).


Question: Why is processed "regular" pasta cheaper than whole grain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is processed "regular" pasta cheaper than whole grain?

Regular pasta is *much* more popular, so it is produced by many more factories, so there is more competition. Competition keeps the price down.


Question: Why is desalination so hard, also what would be the benefits of being able to take massive amounts of ocean water and make it fresh?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is desalination so hard, also what would be the benefits of being able to take massive amounts of ocean water and make it fresh?

It's not hard, as much as it's expensive. Boiling water is easy, we've been doing it since the dawn of human civilization. Boiling enough water to supply our needs, millions and millions of gallons, takes a ton of energy. If we could get an infinite amount of energy, there wouldn't be a problem. Well, the sheer amount of excess salt that would need to be dealt with in a safe way, as just dumping all of it into one place at once could be pretty bad for the local wildlife.


Question: What actually happens inside of a meat when its marinaded that gives it the flavor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually happens inside of a meat when its marinaded that gives it the flavor?

Also the citrus or vinegar in the marinade will start to break down the muscle tissue, allowing the flavor to absorb more completely.


Question: Why can credit card transactions be instant, but refund can take days and weeks to process?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can credit card transactions be instant, but refund can take days and weeks to process?

Credit card transactions aren’t instant; only the bit between you and the merchant is instant. The only things checked are whether you are on the hotlist and whether you are over your limit. Then the transactions get batched up for end of shift/day processing, at which point they go through the processor to the credit card company. Then the transactions are sorted and batched to pay the merchant bank. On a monthly basis, the credit card issuing bank then asks you to pay down your card. For the refund, the request has to follow that same route, but YOU don’t get the money credited to your account until the entire path has been traversed.


Question: How do we know the age of the earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know the age of the earth?

Uranium dating mainly. We find uranium deposits on earth and on meteors. We know from experiments that given a chunk of pure uranium, half will decay in 4.5 billion years. We can see the byproducts of the decay, primarily lead. If lead is mixed with uranium, we generally assume that it is there because uranium decayed to it. We found Uranium deposits that are considered static (they don't mix/change composition beside decay), about half the uranium has decayed, a little more in fact. By this, we estimate the earth is about 4.5 Billion years old. Edit: Misleading word deleted.


Question: How does a computer - which operates on fixed inputs/outputs create entropy to generate things like private keys?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a computer - which operates on fixed inputs/outputs create entropy to generate things like private keys?

High-quality random number generators use a small amount of nuclear material. If there's one truly random thing in this universe, it's nuclear fission. You only need a small dollop and two sensors to make an effective, but slow, random number generator. If your device doesn't need to produce more randomness over time, you can preload it with some random bits. A cryptocurrency wallet doesn't need any randomness to store your wallet information. It only needs randomness to create a new asymmetric key pair.


Question: Why do ants carry dead ants back to the nest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do ants carry dead ants back to the nest?

They are moving dead ants out of the nest in order to prevent any kind of disease from attacking the colony. There isn’t anything moral or ethical going on. They smell an acid on the body of an ant that has been dead a couple days, and once determined it is dead, they move it away so it doesn’t spread possible infection to other ants.


Question: What do Gödel's incompleteness theorems mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do Gödel's incompleteness theorems mean?

It means that a mathematical system cannot be both consistent and complete. I.e. if you design a mathematical system based on a number of rules in the end you will always find that either: \- Your system will be able to prove that something is both true AND false. \- Your system will be unable to prove for certain statements neither that they are true or false.


Question: Why, when you start laughing, every other joke, as silly as it may seems in a normal context, seems absolutely hilarious?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, when you start laughing, every other joke, as silly as it may seems in a normal context, seems absolutely hilarious?

The part of your brain that makes you laugh has an activation threshold, but once it's active, well, it is easier to keep it active. Think of it like turning on a car with an half-dead battery: hard to do, but once it is running, it keeps going. It's actually like this with many other things, many other moods. Think of sexual arousal.


Question: What do people mean when they say big, obviously successful tech companies don't make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do people mean when they say big, obviously successful tech companies don't make money?

A lot of tech companies were not profitable for the longest time. But there was just belief that they would eventually be based on potential, which lead people to buy the stock and raise its value.


Question: What is a photon and how is one created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a photon and how is one created?

Light is very much a "thing". It's just not the same type of "thing" as your coffee table, because it has no mass. It's not really a particle or a wave. It's its own thing that acts like both. It turns out that all "things" are kind of like this. At a fundamental level they are all just wiggles in something called a field. Light is wiggles in the electromagnetic field, while an electron is a wiggle in something called the electron field (go figure). > how does an electron (for example) absorb or emit one? It boils down to energy and probability. Every particle has some state that it's in. This is all the information about it like its energy, position, etc. There is some probability (which changes based on the situation) that a particle will change its state to some other state which is allowed. So for instance, an electron in an atom could jump from a high energy state to a low energy state. It must follow the rules of the universe, however, which say that energy can't be created or destroyed, so that energy has to go somewhere. Well, one way place for it to go is into wiggling the electromagnetic field, creating a photon. This may sound like black magic, but remember that an electron has electric charge, so it's already interacting with the electromagnetic field anyway.


Question: Why instant coffee is water soluble, but coffee grounds aren't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why instant coffee is water soluble, but coffee grounds aren't?

Instant coffee is made by brewing coffee at a very high heat and pressure, then spraying it out of an orifice into a heated chamber where the water instantly evaporates, leaving behind just the coffee solids. Instant coffee is just dehydrated brewed coffee, where as the coffee grounds are just the ground up coffee beans.


Question: how is liquid nitrogen kept cold? Can it be kept in a bottle for a long period and still be cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is liquid nitrogen kept cold? Can it be kept in a bottle for a long period and still be cold?

LN2 is stored in dewar's for smaller amounts or in cryogenic tanks for larger quantities. Dewar's are just high efficiency thermos tanks usually with a vented lid. Why the vent? Because no thermos is perfect at retaining temperature, so as temp goes up, the volume increases and there is a phase change from liquid to gas. The cryo tanks usually have a mechanism for keeping the tanks chilled so as to keep the LN in a steady state. Edit: typo


Question: Why do some things melt and others burn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some things melt and others burn?

Every solid substance can melt, but only some substances can burn. For some substances, their ignition temperature is lower than their melting point, and they burn up before they get the chance to melt.


Question: Why do American cigarettes taste so much more like cigars than Canadian ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do American cigarettes taste so much more like cigars than Canadian ones?

Typically American cigarettes blend several types of Tobacco, whereas Canadian cigarettes usually use less of a blend and more of just a single strain. There could also be a difference in chemicals and curing process of the leaves that could lead to a cigar-like flavor.


Question: Why can't we outrun bears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we outrun bears?

Because they are good runners. I’m sorry they don’t seem that way, but bears, and many other animals are considerably faster than humans. We cannot outrun them because they are faster than we are. Nothing magical about it


Question: Why are certain elements bad for humans but when combined together arent so harmful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are certain elements bad for humans but when combined together arent so harmful?

For Sodium Chloride, AKA table salt, it has to do with ionization. An atom of Chlorine (Element #17) for reasons best left unexplained on this sub, really wants to gain an extra electron. [If you look at a periodic table]( URL_0 ), all the elements on its vertical column want to do the same. These elements are called Halogens. If you move one step to the right, you get to the Noble Gases. These elements have all the electrons that they want, and as a rule of thumb, an element wants the same number of electrons as the nearest Noble Gas. Now, if you look at Sodium, its nearest Noble Gas is Neon. It wants to lose an electron. So you have Sodium that wants to gain an electron, and Chlorine that wants to lose one. Match made in the cores of very large stars. This is called an ionic bond, and is often created whenever a non-metal (All the orange, dun and light blue ones on the periodic table I linked to, except Hydrogen, sometimes) and a metal (All the rest except the brown ones, those are metalloids or semi-metals.) are combine. If you have just pure Sodium or Chlorine, however, they try to get the amount of electrons they want from other sources, like taking electrons from your lungs (Poisonous) or giving them to water (explosive). Carbon dioxide is somewhat harmful to us in large amounts, but we have mechanisms specifically designed to get rid of it. It poses no danger to healthy humans. Carbon Monoxide however, is different. If introduced to our bloodstream, say, if you breath it in, it replaces oxygen in our red blood cells- Carbon Monoxide is better at binding to them than oxygen is, and this presents a problem because you need that oxygen to survive. Feel free to ask any other questions.


Question: why do phone automated systems and hold music STILL have extremely bad sound quality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do phone automated systems and hold music STILL have extremely bad sound quality?

I know you've been answered - but a picture is worth a thousand words - here's a Tom Scott video about it - URL_0


Question: What is war gaming, in regards to the US Military?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is war gaming, in regards to the US Military?

A wargame is a simulated battlefield scenario. Two or more teams get together and face off, trying to complete their own objectives, in order to test strategies, equipment, or training effectiveness. A common wargame is Search and Destroy, where one team is tasked with getting to a location and finding a specific item. Another team is tasked with defending that item. They'll use paintball guns and such instead of live weapons. Sometimes it will be interagency teams; Team A might be the US Army, Team B might be the Canadian Army, heck they could even throw in a "surprise" Team C made up of English SAS just for a "random" element. These kinds of wargames are very useful in training agencies to communicate effectively between each other, and to share tactics and strategies, and to work together... and ultimately to form stronger bonds and teamwork in live battlefield situations.


Question: how does a train travel without tipping over on those thin little tracks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a train travel without tipping over on those thin little tracks?

The wheels also have a flange that helps to keep the train aligned with the track. The train is not simply riding on top


Question: Why do bottled/canned sodas, juices, energy drinks, teas have long shelf lives, but say if you make your own tea or juice, they go bad in days?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do bottled/canned sodas, juices, energy drinks, teas have long shelf lives, but say if you make your own tea or juice, they go bad in days?

Because they have stuff added that prolongs it. Also they are filled with a nitrogen atmosphere before closing which prevents the growth of bacteria. If you make youre tea its not in a clean and sterile environment. If you buy fresh bottled orange juice, the shelf life might be two or three weeks, but once you open it it goes bad in a few days.


Question: What does it mean when people say you can buy something just to write it off? Isn't getting a writeoff usually a small fraction of a purchase price?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when people say you can buy something just to write it off? Isn't getting a writeoff usually a small fraction of a purchase price?

I went to dinner with the owner of 22 million dollar a year company and about 18 other people. The tab was 12 grand and the tip 10 grand (trust me the staff earned every penny). Halfway through dinner the CFO had the owner sign some checks. Now that $22,000 became an operating expense for the company because he conducted business during the dinner, decreasing profits, lessening the taxable earnings for the year. Taking a loss on something is a similar sort of strategy.


Question: Where do scammers send the money to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do scammers send the money to?

Money like that is gonna get laundered somehow. There are different ways and methods of doing this but it typically would work like this: (this is simplified to just give the general gist) They send that money to another bank account or analogous financial account that yes, could hypothetically be traced. But, that account will have no personal ties to the actual scammer, as in it was set up with a fake identity, or a stolen identity, or with an institution that doesn’t require identifying information. So now they have the money in an account, they’ll withdraw that money to cash. They will then cycle that cash, which is much harder to trace/untraceable in through other things, like say take it to a casino, exchange it for chips, play a couple games, and then go exchange the chips they have back for cash. But the pro gal cash they had is lost somewhere in the casino and the cash they have now is new cash (if they were tracing something like serial numbers). This new cash is not effectively untraceable and clean. Not tied to the original 40k, and then can be deposited into a normal account if they wanted to. Again, that’s just like a really basic possible method, which might have its flaws that law enforcement can crack, and there definitely other more complex methods that maybe don’t involve cash at all that exist.


Question: Mathematically, 0.999... (infinitely repeating) = 1. How does that make sense?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Mathematically, 0.999... (infinitely repeating) = 1. How does that make sense?

Think of it this way: 0.99... is clearly not greater than 1, so our options are less than 1 or equal to 1. Now, if you want to say 0.99... is less than 1, I ask you: what is the difference of 1-0.99... There is no non-zero number small enough to be an answer to that question, so the answer is 0. And if 1-0.99... then 0.99... is clearly equal to 1


Question: How does opacity of digital images work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does opacity of digital images work?

> Would putting a pure blue pixel over it with 50% opacity result in a perfectly purple pixel? [Yes it would]( URL_0 ) Putting a layer on top of the background and setting it to 50% opacity blends the two layers together at 50%, meaning half-way between red and blue, giving you purple.


Question: how does a handheld device/laptop switch itself off after you tell it to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a handheld device/laptop switch itself off after you tell it to?

The button triggers a rundown code that shuts down the system. Your phone has an internal power system even when its off, so pressing the button to turn it on triggers the power cycle and it boots


Question: What are SPACs in finance and why are they so popular recently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are SPACs in finance and why are they so popular recently?

SPACs are a trick to speed up an IPO of a company. I’m sure you probably are aware of an IPO, when a company initially puts shares on the market and “goes public.” The problem is that for the owners of the company, this has heavy regulation attached to it and constant delays. It takes a while to take a company public through an IPO. Most companies have a lot of assets and statements they have to sort out and publicize before they go public. An SPAC is a bit of a cheat around this system, cheating the regulations by making the IPO look like company acquisition. The idea is that some kind of trusted person on Wall Street creates a new company and takes it public immediately, these companies have no assets and no employees, none of the messy stuff that causes delays in a common IPO. The funds raised from the IPO are then used to buy a company, or at least a large share in the company.The SPAC in effect converts itself into the company. The reasons for their popularity is pretty clear here of course, it’s just faster. The SPAC already likely exists as a public company for when a private company wants to go public, so it just has to negotiate the sale. The sale has significantly less regulations on it. The initial investors in an SPAC actually have no idea what the SPAC will end up as. Investing in the SPAC itself is risky, but later on its less so. There is an element of trust of the executives, though the executives have also put in much of their money into the spac so you can trust their interests align with yours. Typically they were considered sketchy because of course they are bypassing the traditional IPO regulations. But apparently people have been viewing them as more of a burden recently than something protecting investors.


Question: What is the difference between sound and heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between sound and heat?

Sound is a wave. It means it's a perturbation that propagates over time and space without (in general) a macroscopical displacement of particles. If I talk to you, you'll ear me but none of the molecules I had in my lungs have made their way into your ear. A wave also has non-random properties : direction, etc. In a hot gaz, particles move and their speed is linked to their temperatures. But, in average, at every moment (e.g. the average speed of all the particles at time t) and for every particles (that is, the average speed for ONE particle between time t and a bit later), this speed (accounting direction) is zero. So they are two very different concepts.This : [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) is a wave. You see that "something" moves from the left to the right (without the particles themselves following it). This : [ URL_2 ]( URL_1 ) is temperature (particles moving at random). So, when a sound wave hits your tympanun, it vibrates, turns the vibration into an electrical signal that is sent to your brain. \- > "Yeah, but the particles moving due to the temperature can also hit the tympanun, so why can't we ear that too ?". True, they do. But so do the ones on the other side, that ALSO make it vibrates, and they cancel each other (in average).


Question: Why is the glass on our phone screens more slippery than the glass in windows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the glass on our phone screens more slippery than the glass in windows?

The glass in your phone has special coatings to make it slippery. You drag your finger across it constantly so it needs to be slippery. Window glass need to be glass. That’s it. Were you to make windows out of iPhone glass they would be prohibitively expensive.


Question: How does contact tracing work? If you walked through a mall, how would they know every person you came into contact with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does contact tracing work? If you walked through a mall, how would they know every person you came into contact with?

I think it's one of those things where an ok job is better than nothing. They probably won't be able to trace every single person in the mall. But they can ask you which stores you shopped and then look for receipts for that store in the same period of time, for example.


Question: Why does the brain find painful flavors such as spicy or sour pleasurable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the brain find painful flavors such as spicy or sour pleasurable?

When one experiences pains, endorphins are released, which is a pleasurable neurotransmitter. This applies to spicy foods, as well as the “runners high”


Question: Why is a movie file size smaller than what each frame would be if it was an image?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a movie file size smaller than what each frame would be if it was an image?

Compression works by basically reusing pixels from the previous image that haven't changed instead of loading a fresh pixel for every frame. For example, if a scene includes a shot of a blue sky, most of those pixels won't change between frames, they'll stay blue. Therefore those blue pixels don't need to be updated, only the part of the image that changes needs to be loaded.


Question: Why do crusty bits form near your eyes after you wake up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do crusty bits form near your eyes after you wake up?

They form while you are asleep - you just notice them when you wake up. They are formed of the solid stuff that was dissolved in the fluid your eyes secrete. There's stuff like protein, sugar, salts and stuff. While you sleep your eyes continue to secrete fluid. The water evaporates leaving the crusty stuff behind.


Question: Why do grapes take so long to freeze?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do grapes take so long to freeze?

Grapes take longer to freeze than water because of the sugars present. The sugars have the effect of dropping the freezing point and also increasing the amount of energy that has to be extracted to change the phase of the juices from liquor to solid


Question: When you hit the top of an open bottle of beer with your own, why does it erupt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you hit the top of an open bottle of beer with your own, why does it erupt?

When you do that, it sends a shockwave through the bottle and beer. The little bubbles in it compress and break up. The surface area of the bubbles goes way up when this happens (because it's broken up), and this accelerates the natural release of the carbonation in the beer. The bubbles grow, and the process keeps going until your beer is a foamy mess. Think of it like suddenly, instantly shaking the carbonation out of the beer.


Question: When the color from paper (or other materials) fades due to the sun where does the color go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When the color from paper (or other materials) fades due to the sun where does the color go?

Ultraviolet light from the sun is destroying the large molecules that make up the color, breaking them apart into smaller colorless pieces. On a large scale ripping something purple in half gives you two purple pieces, but on an atomic scale splitting a molecule that absorbs violet light in half creates two new molecules that *can’t* absorb violet light anymore.


Question: How do fitness tracking devices/smart watches analyze your sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do fitness tracking devices/smart watches analyze your sleep?

Mainly by movement, in combination with heart rate, and sometimes apps on your phone that may pick up sound of snoring or slow breathing. Even if you've been still for a time (say, sitting reading a book, watching TV, lying in bed thinking) you *still* move somewhat (especially you limbs), and your heart rate is also higher than if you were asleep. The manufacturers know this, so they program the logic into their devices and the apps that go with them. They can *reasonably* determine if you're just lying back daydreaming, or actually asleep., logic assumes that you're asleep. As far as how it detects things while sitting *on top* of your wrist: it uses a red wavelength of light that peers *through your skin* and detects the "redness" and shade changes of your small blood vessels. From this, and due to lots of studies and analysis from actual medical equipment that does the same thing, we can guess with pretty good precision what your heart rate (and sometimes even oxygen level in your blood!) is.


Question: Why do humans like to categorise everything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans like to categorise everything?

There’s also a natural limit to remembering a long list of things, but the brain can remember lots of lists, so having 5 lists of 4 things is easier to remember than a single list of 20 things.


Question: how does an air conditioner work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does an air conditioner work?

i can put it in lay terms. ur fridge has a gas container and this gas get really cold when it gets out of the container, so we runnit through tubes which freeze and we blow air around the frozen tubes which cools the fridge. then when the gas comes out the other side of the tubes a compressor pumps it back into its original container so it can be re released again and again and again.


Question: Why do gas stations knowingly have a higher price than the gas station across the street when they won't bring any customers in since everyone would rather go across the street for cheaper gas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do gas stations knowingly have a higher price than the gas station across the street when they won't bring any customers in since everyone would rather go across the street for cheaper gas?

The profit margin on gas is incredibly low. Most gas stations make the bulk of their money from the snacks/drinks/cigarettes etc that they sell inside. If you buy gas for $1.75 per gallon, you have to sell it at that price or higher for a profit. If the station across the street gets gas for $1.65, they can undercut you and still make a profit on it. Alternatively the lower gas station may raise the price to match yours in order to get more profit on the gas. Also, to many people, a few cents per gallon isn’t worth the effort of crossing the street if it is difficult to do so. I’d pay a few cents more to turn right into a station instead of trying to cross 2 lanes of traffic to turn left. My car only hold 10 gallons, so at most I’m losing out on a quarter or so.


Question: Why does shaking soda release the carbon dioxide?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does shaking soda release the carbon dioxide?

Soda is saturated with CO2 when it's in a can highly pressurized with pure CO2. When you pop open the can, this reduces the air pressure (specifically, the partial pressure of CO2). Suddenly, the soda is highly supersaturated with CO2. When the CO2 comes out of solution at the surface, you don't really notice, but when CO2 comes out of solution under water, a bubble of CO2 forms. The equilibrium state is a completely flat soda (leave an opened soda out for a few days - dead flat and no bubbles). But equilibrium isn't reached instantly, it takes time. You can reduce that time by creating more nucleation sites. A nucleation site is an irregularity that allows a bubble to begin forming. Simmer some water and you'll see steams of bubbles forming at specific locations on the bottom of the pan. Each corresponds to a tiny scratch on the pot where the bubbles form. What's interesting is a bubble is itself a nucleation site. In boiling water, you can see the bubbles growing larger as they rise. Shaking a can mixes air into the soda, creating more bubbles, creating more nucleation sites, and allowing the CO2 to fall out of solution faster. A mentos tablet has an extremely rough surface that also dissolves into more rough surfaces, putting ridiculous numbers of nucleation sites in the soda, allowing the soda to reach equilibrium nearly instantly. The result is all the CO2 turns to gas.


Question: How does a Casino's edge work in Blackjack? It feels like the player and the dealer should have the same odds if they play the same (eg, always hit on soft 17).

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a Casino's edge work in Blackjack? It feels like the player and the dealer should have the same odds if they play the same (eg, always hit on soft 17).

The biggest advantage the house has is that it plays last. Even if a player busts out and the dealer busts as well, the house still wins.


Question: How do we not run out of Oxygen in closed rooms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we not run out of Oxygen in closed rooms?

Generally, nothing is going to be airtight unless *it's specifically designed to be*. Making stuff airtight is very difficult, and very expensive. It requires special materials and precision. There are lots of places for air to get in, such as a window frame, underneath a door, vents (even if the furnace isn't running). If you were in a room sealed well enough to prevent much air from entering, an average size room has *a lot* of oxygen. It would take many days, even weeks, to use it all up and asphyxiate. Chances are you will have left by then.


Question: What's the difference between beating separately and folding in, and just beating it together? Doesn't it both accomplish the purpose of mixing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between beating separately and folding in, and just beating it together? Doesn't it both accomplish the purpose of mixing it?

When you fold in eggs you are preserving the air bubbles made when you beat the eggs to begin with ending up with a fluffy consistency. If you beat it altogether you just get scrambled eggs with no bubbles and no fluff


Question: Why do people find extreme heat pleasurable (like in saunas, hot tubs, or hot showers), but enjoying extreme cold is much more uncommon (such as polar bear plunges)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people find extreme heat pleasurable (like in saunas, hot tubs, or hot showers), but enjoying extreme cold is much more uncommon (such as polar bear plunges)?

Because showers saunas and hot tubs are not extremely hot, relatively speaking. A hot shower might be 120 degrees F. That's only 20 or so more degrees past your normal body temperature, a small amount relatively speaking. Damage occurs to cells instantly past 160 degrees F when burns occur. Heat also has positive effects on muscle fibers as heat allows them to stretch and lengthen thus relaxing. Cold is different, extreme cold really starts below 15 degrees F. A much larger difference from normal body temperature. In addition it takes much longer for cold to permanently damage cells. I don't know at exactly what temperatures and times damage occurs. Cold will cause muscles to contract (shiver) to produce heat in order to preserve themselves.


Question: Why do people make their axes razor sharp? Doesn't that make the tip thinner and more prone to chips and damage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people make their axes razor sharp? Doesn't that make the tip thinner and more prone to chips and damage?

The YouTube videos about "axe so sharp I can shave with it" are mostly about showing off their sharpening skillz. Axes and picks rely more on impact and wedge effect than on sharpness. You can give them a fine edge, but under normal use they won't benefit much from it and the edge won't hold up long.


Question: Why does the United States import fruits and vegetables from other countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the United States import fruits and vegetables from other countries?

Because our consumers expect a wide variety of fruits and vegetables year round, and the only way to have fresh produce of all varieties year round is to buy them from the countries where they can grow year round. Also some countries are cheaper to buy from than others, labor, land, and supplies cost way more in the USA than they do in, say, Mexico. So the USA buys produce very cheap from mexico’s warmer climate and makes more money than if they tried to grow/buy the products in the USA. Also, the majority of US farmland is owned by very large corporations who are more interested in grow cash crops (corn, soy) so make more money in a larger market than to specialize in veritable fruits/veggies.


Question: What is source code and how do they compile into apps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is source code and how do they compile into apps?

From my understanding, a compiler takes a source code, code the creator(s) writes, and translates into assembly language, a language in which a computer system can understand and execute.


Question: What is the biological reason as to why turtles/tortoises get to live for so long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the biological reason as to why turtles/tortoises get to live for so long?

A shockingly low number of them survive to sexual maturity (I saw one article that said about 1%). Not all of them will have children, and even fewer will have children reach maturity. To overcome that deficit you need to have a lot of babies. Longer lifetimes means more breeding seasons means in the end more turtles/tortoises and better propagation of the species. There's probably a lot more to it than just this.


Question: How do fish gills extract oxygen from the water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do fish gills extract oxygen from the water?

The gills are a series of very thin membranes through which blood can flow. The membrane is so thin that gasses can cross through via osmosis. Basically, if oxygen is higher on one side, it will cross the barrier until the concentration is equal on both sides. The same thing will happen with carbon dioxide, ammonia, water - anything that can cross the cell membranes. It should be noted that all of this happens in the alveoli in lungs. The main difference is that since the alveoli need to say moist and you are not underwater, the alveoli are kept inside big sacks that are more or less climate controlled. Gill don't work well outside of water because they also need to stay wet and when they dry out they start to stick together. When the membranes stick together, the sides touching each other *aren't* touching water or air, so they can't dissolve anything into or out of them.


Question: Why does mathematics work to describe reality (physics)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does mathematics work to describe reality (physics)?

Cheating really. Its not a coincidence that mathematics happens to describe reality. We intentionally developed mathematics based on reality. It was quite literally tailored to do just that. We looked at reality and found relationships , describing those relationships is what math/physics is.