Question: How were the Lake of the Ozarks made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were the Lake of the Ozarks made?

In general, manmade lakes are made by simply damming a river. The river backs up and water pools just upstream of the dam, creating a lake.


Question: When something burns down and turns into ashes, it takes up significantly less space... where does all the stuff go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When something burns down and turns into ashes, it takes up significantly less space... where does all the stuff go?

The air. The carbon and hydrogen in the fuel combine with oxygen to create CO2 and H2O (water). These just go up in the air (CO2 is gas in room temperature, water from fire is still hot so it's steam). Other particles float away on the hot air as smoke.


Question: How do musicians know that a certain radio station is playing their music and consequently, collect royalties? Or how do even royalties work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do musicians know that a certain radio station is playing their music and consequently, collect royalties? Or how do even royalties work?

A musician or song writer would usually sign up with a royalty collection society, such as PRS in the UK. When they join the society they register their works, so long as they are the songwriters, performer on the recorded work or are a publisher of the work. The collection society will then collect the royalties on their behalf. A radio station will submit what they have played over a certain period of time to the collection society who will work out how many plays the song had. The radio station pays a license fee to the collection society for the use of copyright music on the station and the royalties for the artists will be taken from this license fee and distributed to the musician, performer, publisher or copyright holder depending on plays.


Question: What happens in our brain when we try to remember something we forgot and find find it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens in our brain when we try to remember something we forgot and find find it?

Not quite sure if this refers to those “tip of my tongue” moments, but if so, here the best I’ve got: When we try to actively remember a thought we recently forgot, the brain activates a ton of neurons primarily focused on that thought. Not knowing what that specific thought was, the brain tries to search or think about things related to it, consequently spreading out all that thinking power and energy on a lot of related things at once. This makes remembering the actual thought even harder because there are more things the brain needs to take into account. To give an example, imagine thinking about a specific fantasy book and forgetting about it. When you try remembering it, you remember that it is a fantasy book, so you try remembering all fantasy books you know, making the search for that one specific book that much harder since you’re thinking about a lot of them at once.


Question: What's special about CO2 that we add it to water/soda and not other gasses? Why not use compressed air or another gas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's special about CO2 that we add it to water/soda and not other gasses? Why not use compressed air or another gas?

Originally beverages were carbonate via fermentation, which produces CO2 as the yeast or bacteria eat some of the sugars. Some beverages still are done this way, such as beer. CO2 is still used because it's cheap and adds the acidic flavour. Some of the CO2 in the drink forms carbonic acid. Air couldn't be used because it contains oxygen, which will allow for the beverage to spoil. Other gases can be used though. Guinness beer for example uses a mix of CO2 and nitrogen, giving it a more foamy head. In general, for a gas to be used for "carbonation", it would need to: * not cause the food to spoil (which is pretty much just oxygen) * not cause some sort of undesirable chemical reaction with the beverage. CO2 will make some carbonic acid which is fine, but others may make more of worse chemicals. * not have any negative odour or taste. You wouldn't want sulfur based gases that smell like rotten eggs. * they would obviously need to readily dissolve in water. Helium for example would probably work fine, if you could actually get it to dissolve as well as CO2. * I suppose I should add on not be flammable would be nice too, as even if methane (aka natural gas) or hydrogen could work, they would also be a little dangerous. * Also in the extreme, you wouldn't want it being poisonous. We add a little chlorine to water to kill bacteria, but you wouldn't want a rupture of chlorine coming out of a beverage or it will kill you. Lots of other toxic gases you wouldn't want in there. * Again in the extreme end, you wouldn't want the gas to be a environmental issue. Something like SF6 may very well work, but you wouldn't exactly want a lot of that getting into the atmosphere. A lot of gases wouldn't work for one of these reasons or another. I'm sure there's some other gas out there other than CO2 and to a lesser extent N2, they however most likely wouldn't be as cheap and easy.


Question: Why does having WiFi turned on improve location accuracy on iPhones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does having WiFi turned on improve location accuracy on iPhones?

Apple (along with several other companies) have been using iPhones and other smart devices to record the MAC addresses and locations of Wi-Fi routers for years. When you open your map with Wi-Fi active, your phone will use this information to triangulate it's location based on which networks are in range and their signal strengths, allowing it to know it's approximate location in a matter of milliseconds, long before it could acquire enough GPS sattelites for that to help. Without WiFi, it'll first ask your celltower where it is, and then refine this kilometre-resolution gradually as sattelites pass overhead. This will eventually provide decimetre accuracy, but not without running the GPS constantly for several minutes.


Question: If it is better to be entirely relaxed on impact (ie ragdoll effect) why is our instinct to tense up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If it is better to be entirely relaxed on impact (ie ragdoll effect) why is our instinct to tense up?

It is definetely *not* better to entirely relax on impact. This is a myth and I have no idea where it actually comes from. For example in a car crash where you drive straight into something (the most common one), if you relax entirely your head will be whipping forward and back again really fast like a whiplash (you can probably guess where this is going...) and this may cause severe whiplash damage *to your spine* in the neck. This may cause all kinds of aches (if you are lucky) or partial paralysis if you are less lucky. By tensing you neck really hard (best thing to do is to push it back against the head rest or whatever it is, I think) in order to counteract the whipping motion of your head. Sure, you may sprain your muscles and what not, but that is *always* preferable to spine damage and will probably automatically get well after some time. I am definitely no expert in the area and I hope that someone who is comes here and gives a better answer, but I do know that you should definitely not relax on impact. EDIT: I removed the last edot because I learned chiropractics is not real science. English is not my main language so I originally thpugh it meant some legit thing. We don't have chiropractics in my country...


Question: How does cellular data work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does cellular data work?

The cell tower doesn't know what specific data you want, any more than the post office knows what's inside your mail...it just knows it's got a "packet" addressed to you and it delivers it. Your phone is the one making the requests and processing the receipts. As far as knowing where your phone is, as long as you're connected to your network, you've got an active radio connection to the "nearest" cell tower ("nearest" because it's really the one with the strongest signal, not necessarily physically closest). When someone calls you that request goes into your phone company's network. The network says "Right, which tower is talking to number XYZ?". If you're on the network, one of the towers will say, "Me!" and the cell network routes the call to that tower. Then the tower sends a radio signal to your phone saying, "Call for you." The tower already knows where you are (in a "which antenna" sense) because your phone is always maintaining a connection.


Question: What does Aspirin do to us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does Aspirin do to us?

So aspirin has a couple of therapeutic effects. It is known as a salicylate (this is important later on) and a NSAID, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. To start it is an antipyretic, also known as a fever reducer, much like Tylenol. It is also an anti inflammatory, aka stops swelling, and an analgesic, aka stops pain. It’s most common use though is for anti platelet which means that it lowers the platelet amount in your body in order to prevent clots, which can wreak havoc if they get to the lungs or brain. In the lungs it causes a pulmonary embolism and in the brain it causes a stroke. It also is used to prevent heart attacks due to these properties. If platelets are higher than 450,000 per microliter of blood, there is an increased risk for these clots. Aspirin will lower the function of platelets sticking together and prevent coagulation. However, you cannot give aspirin to a child as it can cause Reye syndrome, which is deadly. If you’d like me to go into depth about the other three effects let me know, but there are much better options for those, including for children. Edit: misspoke, evidence of comment down below. Sorry guys, doing multiple things at once!


Question: How does an Oasis form in a desert?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an Oasis form in a desert?

There's an underground spring or an underground water flow near the surface. That irrigates the local area, and maybe feeds a small lake, which allows plants and trees to grow and animals to drink.


Question: How come we almost never see flowers in the forest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come we almost never see flowers in the forest?

Flowers take a lot of energy to make. Plants get their energy from sunlight. So in dense forests the trees shade the ground and don't leave enough sunlight for flowering plants to thrive.


Question: How does water evaporate if the boiling point is 100° C?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water evaporate if the boiling point is 100° C?

In any body of water every molecule will have different amounts of energy. In, say, a puddle, most of the molecules will have fairly low energy, but some will still have enough to zip right out of the puddle and into the air - in other words, they evaporate. When you add heat - say the sun comes out and warms the puddle - you increase the energy of the molecules so more and more start zipping into the air. That's why heat causes evaporation.


Question: How and why does the moon affect the Earth’s ocean tides and whatnot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why does the moon affect the Earth’s ocean tides and whatnot?

Everything has gravity, however immeasurably small. When the moon goes over water, there is a slight pull that both brings more water with it and elevates it upward.


Question: Why can eating far too much pineapple make your tongue bleed? What makes that happen? Furthermore, if you say in a tub full of pineapple, would your whole body bleed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can eating far too much pineapple make your tongue bleed? What makes that happen? Furthermore, if you say in a tub full of pineapple, would your whole body bleed?

In the same way pineapple juice can be used to tenderise meat by breaking down the surface proteins, tongue (and on other mucous membranes in your mouth) is also subjected to the same enzymatic action. The enzyme is bromelain. It's actually a self-defence mechanism for the plant, evolved in order to deter/kill predators by dissolving their mouthpieces and digestive tracts. Once the surface proteins are dissolved, the acidic nature of the pineapple is then what gets in and causes the irritation and bleeding for some.


Question: how and acid or base causes burns to the skin. What happens at a chemical level?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how and acid or base causes burns to the skin. What happens at a chemical level?

Typically, what happens is the breakdown of fats and proteins in the skin. Many parts of the body have carbonyl groups, which in the context of skin means a carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a carbon, and single bonded to one other thing. That other thing might be a nitrogen with other stuff attached in the caste of protein, or an oxygen with other stuff in the case of fats. When a strong acid or base gets on skin, it attacks the carbonyl, and replaces the "other thing" with either the base, or water in the case of acid. So by sort of "kicking out" an essential part of the chemicals that make up skin, acids and bases break down tissue and cause burns. With acids, this is somewhat reversible, but with bases it's essentially irreversible, which is why bases cause much worse burns


Question: Why do software updates (such as notable examples iTunes and iOS) now download the entire software every time, rather than just a small patch for the portion updated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do software updates (such as notable examples iTunes and iOS) now download the entire software every time, rather than just a small patch for the portion updated?

There are two issues with patches. Either you need a patch from every old version to the current version and every time you release and update to need to regenerate all these patches. Or you just create a patch from the previous version to the next version. If the user is out of date by several versions, then they need to download several patches and apply them all in order. Neither is particularly difficult, it's just one more thing to manage. Bandwidth is fast and cheap now, so it's just easier to make the user download the whole thing again.


Question: Why are there more visible air bubbles in tap water when it is cold outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there more visible air bubbles in tap water when it is cold outside?

Gasses are more soluble in a liquid like water when it is really cold, and its solubility goes down as temperature increases. In hot water, a lot of those dissolved gas bubbles have left the water, whereas in cold water, the gas bubbles stay dissolved in the water easily. Thats why you see more bubbles in cold water than in hot water.


Question: when someone walks in the snow, how come those footprints disappear when it snows again? Why aren’t the footprints always there, just with more inches of snow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when someone walks in the snow, how come those footprints disappear when it snows again? Why aren’t the footprints always there, just with more inches of snow?

If the snow falls straight down sometimes you’ll still see the outline of the footprints. Usually snow is accompanied by wind though, and the drifting snow fills in gaps and smooths out the surface layer again.


Question: When dreaming, why do my punches seem like they're in slow motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When dreaming, why do my punches seem like they're in slow motion?

Dreams lack the physical feedback you would get in the real world. Activities that involve a lot of physical interaction, like running or punching, often feel unrealistic, because while your brain is sending the command, the tactile feedback is missing.


Question: Why are ants able to do so much with brains so small?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are ants able to do so much with brains so small?

Individual ants can't do much. They do very simple tasks in response to very simple stimuli. It's ant *colonies* that can do a lot, and a big ant colony has just as much collective brainpower as you or I (quite possibly a lot more). It's like asking how we can do so much when nerves are so small and simple...individual nerves don't do all that much, but if you connect a whole lot of them incredible things happen.


Question: why does gum get so tough after drinking water while chewing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does gum get so tough after drinking water while chewing it?

It's not so much the water as the temperature. Basically, the long strands that make up chewing gum and give it its elastic consistency seize up when it gets cold; the water is cold enough to make the gum less elastic, which makes it much harder to chew. (A side note of this is that gum becomes much easier to get out of hair when it's cold. It's for that reason that it's often recommended to use cold water to get gum out in case of a chewing mishap, because warm or hot water will just make the gum runnier and let it spread further.)


Question: Why is there personal property tax in some states when the money you bought property with was already taxed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there personal property tax in some states when the money you bought property with was already taxed?

Property taxes are generally collected by the city or the county, not the state. It allows them to pay for the infrastructure they provide. The state law doesn't allow the cities to charge an income tax, so their only options are sales tax, or property tax. Lots of money gets double taxed. You earn income and pay income tax. You spend some money and pay sales tax. Or you invest some money and make a gain and then pay capital gains tax.


Question: Are angry and belligerent drunks just people who are angry inside, and their inhibitions are removed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are angry and belligerent drunks just people who are angry inside, and their inhibitions are removed?

Alcohol is a depressant. This means that it's inhibiting other systems in your body that keep various things in check. How this works out for an individual depends on the current homeostasis their body has, and what parts of that are based on active suppression. So someone who depends on continual supreme mental control to keep themselves from becoming outwardly angry will fly off the handle when drunk, whereas someone who makes healthy life choices and avoids putting themselves in situations where they would become frustrated/angry will likely just get sleepy when drunk. Everyone else falls somewhere in between.


Question: What actually is the open-door policy in China?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually is the open-door policy in China?

The open door policy was initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. The idea was to open up China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. This set in motion the economic transformation of China into the semi-capitalist state that it is today. China has since become one of the worlds industrial super powers due to its wide spread access to cheap labor and in the past decade in particular China's economy has been booming. In this way China has managed to avoid the economic pitfalls faced by the Soviet Union in the 80's while the communist government still maintains a stranglehold on the nation. Worse Western powers are no longer criticizing the Chinese Communists because they have become dependent on Chinese labor and its markets for products.


Question: Why is a straight line shorter than the sum of its dimensional components?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a straight line shorter than the sum of its dimensional components?

Well if you travelled x units in the x dimension, and then x units back again, you would have covered 2x units and ended up with no net change in position - that right there should tell you that the way you're thinking about this is wrong.


Question: How do companies such as VISA or MASTERCARD make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies such as VISA or MASTERCARD make money?

They charge a small amount for every transaction and also charge for the company's ability to use the services


Question: How is Tesla worth more than General Motors even though they only sell around 250k cars and GM sells 4.7 million cars each year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Tesla worth more than General Motors even though they only sell around 250k cars and GM sells 4.7 million cars each year?

Investors are investing in the company they believe has their best interest for profits in the future.


Question: Why are video games and DVDs region-locked? I get changing things that better appeal to different countries, but why region lock them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are video games and DVDs region-locked? I get changing things that better appeal to different countries, but why region lock them?

DVDs are priced to be profitable. This is a different number for everywhere DVDs are sold. So if I, a young and enterprising grifter, decided to buy thousands of DVDs where they are cheaper and having them sent over to me where I can sell them for cheaper than the price everyone else can offer, I'll make a killing. The companies that produce the movies, and in turn produce the DVDs, don't want people like me (the hypothetical scalper) to cut in on their profits. They are region locked so that I can't do this. If I may quote a line from a really terrible Tom Cruise movie: what is the answer to 99 out of 100 questions? MONEY.


Question: How did Super Mario Bros on the NES look blocky, have no detail, and lack a bunch of features; yet Super Mario Bros 3, also on the NES, with the same hardware, have a fully fledged world map, Siginificantly higher quality sprites, and more content? While on the same cartridge?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Super Mario Bros on the NES look blocky, have no detail, and lack a bunch of features; yet Super Mario Bros 3, also on the NES, with the same hardware, have a fully fledged world map, Siginificantly higher quality sprites, and more content? While on the same cartridge?

Memory hardware inside of cartridges advanced precipitously in the five years between the release of Super Mario Bros. & Super Mario Bros. 3. The limitations on the quality of graphics were almost entirely based on the amount of available storage in the carts.


Question: Why do most world maps (regardless of projection technique) place the Americas on the left and Eurasia on the right with the Atlantic Ocean in the middle and not the other way with the Pacific Ocean in the middle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most world maps (regardless of projection technique) place the Americas on the left and Eurasia on the right with the Atlantic Ocean in the middle and not the other way with the Pacific Ocean in the middle?

Most world maps are drawn from a European, or at least Western, perspective. The Prime Meridian -- zero degrees longitude -- runs through London (well technically Greenwich). So if you follow the logical course and place the Prime Meridian in the middle of the map, you end up with the projection you find on most Western maps.


Question: Why is seemingly every TV's volume unbearably loud at like 30/100? What is the last 70% for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is seemingly every TV's volume unbearably loud at like 30/100? What is the last 70% for?

many people have many needs. not every TV is placed in a bedroom or a living room. most are, but people have different uses for TVs. a bar, a school, small auditorium, office etc where they'd need for it to be louder


Question: How do short ETFs work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do short ETFs work?

There are actually 3 things to understand here - ETFs, Shorting, and Inverse or Short ETFs ETFs are exchange traded funds. They're similar to mutual funds in that they are a bundle of assets(stocks, bonds, or other) that can be bought or sold. Their pricing generally reflects the value of the assets the fund is made of. ETFs can be traded on the exchange(thus *Exchange Traded* Fund) during market hours just like a normal stock. They work pretty similarly to a stock except instead of owning a small slice of one company you own a tiny slice of dozens or hundreds. Shorting a stock involves borrowing the stocks, selling them *now* at their current market value, and buying them back at the future hopefully for less so you can return them and make a profit. Shorting can be done directly with the stock or through options and futures which basically bet on the price of a stock Inverse ETFs make use of naked shorts, Put Options(shorts), and Futures to attempt to match the inverse gains of their underlying assets. If its a 1x inverse ETF then if the normal assets(stocks/bonds/other) go up by 10% then the ETF will fall by 10%, if they fall by 10% then the ETF will rise by 10%. The actual execution by which they inversely track is quite complex and there are computers hard at work making sure they track as close as possible for as little management cost as possible.


Question: How did Stephen Hawking’s voice tech work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Stephen Hawking’s voice tech work?

He had a small screen where he could select letters & words He had one functional muscle in his cheek he could use to input commands to the screen A computer reads out the message when he is finished composing it.


Question: How come balloons are so good at collecting electrons if you rub them on your hair, even though rubber and similar materials are generally terrible conductors for electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come balloons are so good at collecting electrons if you rub them on your hair, even though rubber and similar materials are generally terrible conductors for electricity?

The static generated by rubbing a balloon only occurs because the balloon is an insulator, otherwise the charges would be able to flow freely around the balloon and the local concentration of electrons would dissipate. The balloon is able to collect electrons because the molecules have a high electron affinity, meaning they accept additional electrons and bind them into the molecular structure (so they aren't free to move).


Question: Why does some materials turn yellow-ish instead of white when exposed to sunlight (or UV) for extended period of time? Why that color specifically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does some materials turn yellow-ish instead of white when exposed to sunlight (or UV) for extended period of time? Why that color specifically?

As regards ABS plastic specifically (the kind used in game consoles like the Super Nintendo as well as some older computers), this yellowing occurs because when it was being put together, the manufacturer added a special chemical to it to act as a flame retardant. This chemical has the element *bromine* in it, and over time, sunlight can tear the bromine away from the chemical. The bromine then combines with oxygen and becomes yellow.


Question: Why are things that are distant (1 mi+) have a blueish fog?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are things that are distant (1 mi+) have a blueish fog?

It's the same reason the sky is blue. The particles in the air reflect a blue wavelength of light because they absorb all others. This effect can be seen at large distances because there is enough atmosphere inbetween the observer and the obejct


Question: If pocket pets would never "willingly" climb into a hamster ball, what makes it acceptable for them to hop right onto an excercise wheel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If pocket pets would never "willingly" climb into a hamster ball, what makes it acceptable for them to hop right onto an excercise wheel?

Define enough space? A hamster will run a good five miles every night on those little legs. In a wheel they can just go and keep going until they've had enough. Circling their tank is more of a start/stop than a good run.


Question: Some animals have more color receptors than us, what do they see, more colors, different shades, and why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Some animals have more color receptors than us, what do they see, more colors, different shades, and why is that?

For apes it has been theorised to give an evolutionary advantage when choosing ripen fruits which often have a colour difference depending on a degree of ripeness. Insects, like bees, are capable of seeing in ultraviolet spectrum which gives them an advantage of spotting flowers rich in pollen.


Question: Why does NASA have to wait until 2024 to land on the moon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does NASA have to wait until 2024 to land on the moon?

We don't have any sort of rocket that can travel to the moon and back. We don't have a vehicle that can detach from that rocket and land on the moon. Takes a LOT of time and money to design and build those. Even 2024 seems way too soon. That's only five years. Plus, all the guys who worked on the Moon missions are long since retired or dead. We need to train all the current guys so they don't screw this up and get someone killed. The technology we used to go to the moon and back in the 1960's is all completely outdated and would be of no use. It's like someone saying they want to build a modern racecar by studying a Model T. Plus we have no astronauts who have trained for anything like that. It's not something you can learn as you go. Takes years of training because if something goes wrong, you don't have anyone but yourself to fix it. Plus even a delay of a few seconds in failing to react could spell your doom. Space is very unforgiving.


Question: How do wheelchairs that are controlled by people blowing into the straw-like tube function?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do wheelchairs that are controlled by people blowing into the straw-like tube function?

Wow something I know about! I used to work on designing these kind of devices. The straw is connected to a pressure sensor which can detect blows and sucks of different intensity. At a most basic level you can either blow or suck on the straw. On top of that it is usually split into hard and soft blow/sucks. That gives you four actions which corresponds to the four directions. For experienced drivers forward is usually latching which means that the chair keeps driving forward until it is cancelled by a reverse action. This let's the driver turn while still moving forwards. Finally, the driver can increase the speed by repeating the forward action which gives them more control.


Question: How come hydrogen doesn't connect with water in the air to make H2O2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come hydrogen doesn't connect with water in the air to make H2O2?

Hydrogen peroxide is a very unstable and volatile chemical. Water is a very stable chemical. To break one of the hydrogen bonds in water takes a lot of energy, and then bonding at OH would produce a much weaker molecule. Chemical reactions run the other way.


Question: Why is light that fastest possible thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is light that fastest possible thing?

A smart guy named Einstein showed us that is you push something faster, which we already knew took energy, that energy gets added to the mass of the thing being pushed. He also showed that the more you push, the more and more mass is added, and it turns out by a formula that relation has a limit just before the speed of light -- you can never push something all the way there, just closer and closer. Light (or photons) have no mass, so they jump right to that speed, where (again) nothing else can catch them, ever.


Question: Why and how does the brain memorize much more easily topics it finds interesting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and how does the brain memorize much more easily topics it finds interesting?

One of the explanation is schemas- your brain works by association, I say fire truck you think fireman, ladder, red etc. So if you study an interesting for you topic you will have more already existing associations, thus you have more room to add new information to and find it easier to access since it's in bits that have strong neural links due to heavy use. Same principle f9r remembering in the first place - because it's a highly used area of your brain that is active when learning about things you like it's easier for the brain to create the memories and access them. . Another element is that our brain is generally lazy, watch the video "The science of thinking" from veritasium on YouTube. In the context of your question the answer is that interesting topics get the conscious (You) part of the brain working harder because it is motivated. . Mind you, this is a very simplified A-level psychology explanation. You can find more cool stuff to expand on this on sites like ted, simply psychology or some popular science websites (though please check their sources when you read sth, don't take things for granted just because)


Question: how do they translate texts, labels, shop name plates or even news articles in movies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do they translate texts, labels, shop name plates or even news articles in movies?

Many things can be changed in digital post-production. Signs are just one of many possible tweaks.


Question: why do couples who already live together consider marriage a big step?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do couples who already live together consider marriage a big step?

It's getting the government involved. It makes you a single legal unit in many cases, like filing taxes jointly. It's usually legal shorthand for having all sorts of rights over each other: common property, medical decision making.


Question: What’s the difference between ping pong and table tennis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between ping pong and table tennis?

They are the same exact sport, but people refer to the sport differently depending on their involvement. The common person who plays the sport occasionally and for fun tends to say ping pong. Professional players tend to refer to the sport as table tennis.


Question: Stock options - How do they work, and what motivates the buyers and sellers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Stock options - How do they work, and what motivates the buyers and sellers?

Let's say, for example, that they are options to buy the stock at a slightly higher price a month from now. Buyer: "I think the stock is going way up, so an option to buy at this modest price is like free money." Seller: "I don't think the stock is going to go up, so selling you this option is like selling you a worthless piece of paper for cash."


Question: Why do UTIs hurts so much? What causes the intense pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do UTIs hurts so much? What causes the intense pain?

You have a (usually) bacterial infection inside of the sensitive urinary tract - microbes that shouldn't be there are having a reproduction, consumption, and excretion fest which inflames tissue causing intense burning and pain.


Question: What is the Unified Field Theory?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Unified Field Theory?

It’s a theory that explains everything in the universe in just one equation. The reason why we want a unified field theory is to stop the argument between general relativity and quantum physics since both contradict each other. Quantum physics says “you cannot know the exact energy in space” general relativity says “no.” Quantum physics says time is absolute, general relativity says “time is relative”.


Question: How does a liver regenerate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a liver regenerate?

Adult liver cells are closer in design to their "immature" natal cells and can be triggered to regress to this state to allow for regeneration. Other organs, in the process of becoming functional as they develop in the womb and immediately after birth, take on a design that is too different from this origin state to allow regression to be triggered later. One theory as to why exactly this is, postulates that the liver is in a sense a "simpler" organ, with cells functioning more independently of each other, all sort of doing the same job, not really getting in each other's way and so no given cell takes on an extremely specialized design relative to any other. If the heart or the brain regenerated in the way the liver did, simply accumulating more cells with no real rhyme or reason to where or to preserving a certain shape, the result would most likely be very harmful to the function of the organ because a certain complexity and balance of functions has to be very well preserved for them to do their job.


Question: What is the significance of Pi (3.14) in real life applications?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the significance of Pi (3.14) in real life applications?

One example I can immediately recall off the top of my head is my friends father, who is a farmer, used the wheels of his harvester as quick measurements. He painted a white line on the tire and counted how many rotations it made across a portion of field he wanted to measure out for the season. He had his son, my friend, count how many times the white line passed then did some quick calculating to find the area of the land. He then based his purchases off of those calculations. Sorry if that wasn't the best written piece, I'm on mobile. Hope I could help!


Question: If our brains are more advanced and faster than computers, then why are computer so much better at so many things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If our brains are more advanced and faster than computers, then why are computer so much better at so many things?

For the same reason we use hammers instead of our hands to pound on nails. Our hands are much more advanced and capable of doing flexible things, but sometimes you just want a piece of metal to bang on something. Computers are really good at banging on arithmetic.


Question: Why is the sea calm in the mornings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the sea calm in the mornings?

There are two types of waves which can turn a flat sea into a rougher one - swell waves and wind waves. Swell waves can arrive at any time of day, but because wind waves are generated by the wind, they only develop when the wind begins to blow steadily. Since wind speeds are often low at night, and increase during the daytime, wind waves often die out during the night, leading to a relatively flat sea (perhaps with swell waves) in the early morning. During the day, the wind waves increase in size as the wind speed increases, leading to a rougher, more choppy, sea surface during the afternoon and evening. URL_0


Question: Why does your credit score drop when you check it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your credit score drop when you check it?

It shouldn't. Usimg credit karma to keep an eye on you score does not have an effect on it. What drops it among other things is when someone does a hard inquiry on it. Like when applying for a credit card for example


Question: How are meteorologists able to forecast the weather 15+ days in advance? How often are those forecasts accurate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are meteorologists able to forecast the weather 15+ days in advance? How often are those forecasts accurate?

A few models will show weather out a few weeks. Some models are for determining seasonal outlooks on monthly basis. Most Meteorologist use models as guidance to their skills, and all will tell you there are drop offs in model guidance at days 3 and 5. Most Mets will not talk about anything beyond day 5. Anyone who says he saw someone on TV saying there will be a snow storm in 2 weeks should find another station. -A Meteorologist


Question: A colony of ants is entirely made up of females. So what are the males up to during this time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 A colony of ants is entirely made up of females. So what are the males up to during this time?

This type of sex-determination system is called [haplodiploidy]( URL_0 ) and it is frikkin wacky. Basically females (i.e. the queen ant or bee) can choose whether or not to fertilize an egg. Fertilized eggs become females, while unfertilized eggs become males. This means that male ants and bees literally have no father. Like I said, wacky. This means that ants can control the gender ratio of their colony. Since male ants literally have no use other than mating, they are only produced in a minority. Basically they stay in the colony until mating season, when they swarm out looking for a virgin queen to mate with. Then they die.


Question: why are some plastics recyclable but others aren’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are some plastics recyclable but others aren’t?

Different plastics are made with different chemistries. Some are easier to melt with heat, some are easier to dissolve with specific solvents. Some are also more toxic than others. So it's not that some plastics aren't recyclable, but that some areas don't have facilities available to recycle certain kinds of plastics in bulk, or don't have a good way to differentiate between some plastic types. Automated single stream recycling facilities have always fascinated me... some smart people have figured out what order to break down the plastics in order that they can re-use the compounds from multiple plastic types without pre-sorting.


Question: How are living DNA and cells formed out of atoms and dust?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are living DNA and cells formed out of atoms and dust?

There are theories about how life started, but we don't know for sure. Laboratory experiments with a mixture of chemicals in water have resulted in some rather complex organic chemicals that ARE part of life, but so far we have not observed an entire cell assembling itself and starting to "live". Otherwise, we do chemistry by dumping 10^23 or more atoms of one kind into 10^23 atoms or molecules of another kind, and they react because atom energy levels are "better" if they complete their electron orbitals by joining with other atoms. Cells, on the other hand, do chemistry internally atom-by-atom: the proteins function like little robots that literally assemble molecules together. Cellular function is extremely complex, but in simple terms, sections of the DNA (master recipe) get copied to RNA (recipes) and proteins get created or used to *do* what the instructions say, with other parts of the cell acting as "sensors" for "too little or too much" and to control the reactions. The cell is a factory, basically.


Question: is there a difference between having a high IQ or intelligence and being smart?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there a difference between having a high IQ or intelligence and being smart?

There’s a few different factors that people consider when they talk about someone being “smart” The most fundamental is the processing speed - how fast can this person take in information and analyze it? Can their brain absorb a lot of information quickly? Can it return an accurate response quickly? Then there’s knowledge. This is information that you’ve accumulated over the years. How well do you retain things you hear? Can your brain link these pieces of information together later? A raw IQ test is mostly a test of a few specific types of processing speed - can the person quickly and accurately answer some reading comprehension and simple relation questions? The tests typically don’t ask much about knowledge, as this is highly situational. People with lower IQ results but many years in a certain field can be extremely knowledgeable, but not so quick on their feet. People with higher IQ results but poor education/vocational history may be super snappy, but have a poor knowledge base to work with. People who have focused their processing abilities on harder to test spatial or interpersonal skills like professional athletes or actors may not do well on knowledge or standard reading comprehension IQ tests. You’ll often hear sports analysts talk about a player’s “sports IQ” - a hard to test skillset of spatial reasoning and game knowledge that high level athletes usually have, letting them accurately predict the way a play will unfold in a split second.


Question: What are integrals in math?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are integrals in math?

When you're driving along yhe highway, coasting at 50 mph for two hours, you know you've driven 100 miles: 2\*50=100. And that's great, but what if you have to slow down or stop a bunch of times. Well, you could say "from that tume to that time, I went at that speed, and from then to then at another". Do the same, and figure it out. Except you then realize you fon't come to an immediate stop when stopping. You slow down a bit first. So you factor that in, but even then, it's still kind of ok, because evrn the slowing down doesn't happen instantaneously... So in the end, you take your instantaneous speed, and multiply it with an infinitely tiny amount of time, anf sum all of that together. And that is, in essence, what an integral is. The geometric meaning is that it's the area under a curve. And if your curve is complicated, you can approximate it by making a bunch of rectangles, and summing those areas. If you make more, thinner rectangles, you get a more accurate result. And if sum an infinite amount of infinitely thin rectangles, you get the exact result. And in calculus, it's the inverse of a derivative. That is, if you take the derivative of an integral of a function, you get the original function. And if you take the integral of the derivative of a function, you also get the original function (up to an additive constant). And this is also shown in my example above: if you consider the distance the car has driven as the original function, then the derivative is its speed. And the integral of its speed gives you its location.


Question: Why Ip address exist on the internet and why we need them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Ip address exist on the internet and why we need them?

The IP address is kind of like a phone number: it identifies a single connection, a phone number identifies a phone connection, an IP identifies an internet connection You don’t often see them because you use the URL instead of the ip, that works like a phone book, you loop up the address and you find the phone number to call, but it’s done automatically


Question: what the biological basis for a "second wind" is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what the biological basis for a "second wind" is?

2 hours and no answer! I'll give it a shot I'm sure better answers will come. One reason could be the dinner you have. I often feel energetic around 11 pm if I don't sleep before that, and then onwards I find it difficult to sleep until 2 or 3 am, and I have come to attribute it to my dinners since this doesn't happen on days I skip dinner. Secondly I remember reading a hypothesis that as gatherer hunters, we split our sleep in two parts. We slept from sundown to around 10-11 PM and then woke up, lead some night life and slept again around 3 am to wake up soon after sunrise. This actually made a lot of sense to me given how energetic I personally feel when its 12 pm and it's often the time when I get shit done!