Question: With the idea that aliens might be a different chemical based life form. With our understanding of Science. Is such a think even possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With the idea that aliens might be a different chemical based life form. With our understanding of Science. Is such a think even possible?

Sure, although we have good reason to think that some of the chemistry we use is special. The easiest difference is that many of the chemicals used by life on Earth are asymmetric, and could come in one of two mirror images - but life on Earth only uses one of them. Almost all living things use glucose (a simple sugar), for example, but more properly they only use D-glucose (one of two possible forms). L-glucose is [identical]( URL_0 ) aside from being a mirror image that doesn't fit into our enzymes (in the same way that a left hand does not fit into a right glove). It's probably just random chance that we happen to use D-glucose instead of L-glucose, and so it would not be surprising if an alien life-form used L-glucose instead (and in fact, finding lifeforms using L-glucose would be strong evidence that they might not be from Earth). More generally, it's possible that other living things could be based on molecules that aren't built around carbon. Carbon has unique chemical properties that make it great for building the huge molecules necessary for life, but it's possible that other elements - particularly silicon - could do so well enough to sustain living things. But the simple answer is that we don't know whether alternative biochemistry is possible. Biochemistry, even in the simplest living things here on Earth, is unbelievably complicated and is only just starting to be understood at all. *Hypothetical* biochemistry is even harder.


Question: How does resolution (1080p, 1440p, etc.) work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does resolution (1080p, 1440p, etc.) work?

A higher resolution image has more pixels available for the definition of the image. This allows for more detail, sharper images, and less fuzziness. If you display a 480p image on a 1080p screen at the same level of definition, the 480p image will be noticeably smaller, or else will appear the same size, but blockier. Windows and most programs are designed to stretch to fit the screen, and many will have font sizes, different imagery, etc, to accommodate various screen sizes, so you can effectively work while making thing look better.


Question: Why does the additional chromium in stainless steel cause it respond weakly to magnetic fields compare to carbon steel, even though stainless is still typically ~75% iron?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the additional chromium in stainless steel cause it respond weakly to magnetic fields compare to carbon steel, even though stainless is still typically ~75% iron?

It's not actually the chromium, but the nickel. Matter can exist in different phases, like water (liquid phase) can also exist as ice (solid phase) and vapour (gaseous phase). This is overly simplified, and many different phases can exist for each state, for example ice can have a variety of solid phases depending on temperature, pressure etc. What distinguishes a phase from another in the same substance is the different arrangement of the atoms which leads to different properties. Pure iron and carbon steels at room temperature exist in the α-phase (ferrite) which is magnetic. However, the higher-temperature γ-phase (austenite) can be stabilised at room temperature by addition of nickel to the steel. Austenite is non-magnetic and softer than ferrite, but it's used because of its superior resistance to corrosion and cryogenic temperatures to name a few. Chromium is what makes the steel stainless, but since it stabilises ferrite nickel is also added to make the steel austenitic. So, it's nickel and not chromium which effectively makes the steel non-magnetic, though this is only a side effect. Not all stainless steel is austenitic, typically stuff that needs to be harder is made of martensitic steel (another phase, still magnetic). Some corrosion resistance is traded for superior mechanical properties. For example spoons and forks are typically made of austenitic steel, while knives are martensitic. You'll notice that knives usually tend to be magnetic, and will stain more easily than other cutlery.


Question: How do street lights know to turn colors when you pull up to an intersection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do street lights know to turn colors when you pull up to an intersection?

There are sensors on the road. Have you ever seen [those circles covered in rubber?]( URL_0 ) Whenever you drive over them it let's the traffic light know there's a car there.


Question: What is the point having the word "real" in "real estate"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the point having the word "real" in "real estate"?

It's a legacy term from a different era, real property is fixed property such as land and building. Personal property would the stuff on the land or building that's movable, like the tv, clothes, car, etc. URL_0


Question: How people -especially porn stars- clean their ass that deep so it is clean all the way that penis or dildo goes through?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How people -especially porn stars- clean their ass that deep so it is clean all the way that penis or dildo goes through?

They use an enema to clean out their colon before they engage in any sort of anal penetration, that way it's all cleared out and there's no mess


Question: Why people who can speak more than one language sometimes forget words or expressions in their mother tongue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why people who can speak more than one language sometimes forget words or expressions in their mother tongue?

I got told that when people speaking multiple languages want to say something, all words in every the languages spoken want to come out at the same time. The brain “chooses” which language is appropriate (which language they’re speaking with at the moment) but I think that there’s also a “short cut” thing that can happen. For example, my mother tongue is French, but I’ve been speaking English for a long time as I learned it in school. There are words that I find easier to say in English (a short cut) and so I use that word within a french sentence. That is why sometimes I forget about some words. I have trouble translating the word “awkward” in my own language now. I got used to speak “franglish” (français+english) so sometimes I forget how to say single words, I need my brain to work out to find it, aaand look stupid sometimes. All because I know well enough two languages. Weird. And it’s quite sad in my case as French is slowly dying in my country, but that’s for another topic.


Question: How come at times I'm super good at a game (CS:GO, Valorant) but other times I'm absolutely dogshit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come at times I'm super good at a game (CS:GO, Valorant) but other times I'm absolutely dogshit?

Concentration is depending on time of day and can vary a Lot based on many other factors. Many have a noon tiredness, it's always an up and down every few hours. Also matchmaking and who your opponent is can make a huge difference in most games. Frustration can also escalate you downwards, a bad start makes you demotivated and hasty.


Question: How do infectious diseases/disease spread have such a significant impact on the economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do infectious diseases/disease spread have such a significant impact on the economy?

From my understanding, the very base of it is that money stops circulating in the economy. People are not working - making money or spending money. Businesses close, and the domino effect just continues


Question: Why does water expand when frozen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water expand when frozen?

Picture a bunch of people in a room. They're each a water molecule. Their body is the oxygen atom and each stretched out hand is a hydrogen atom. In liquid form they're moving around some, bouncing into each other. Occasionally one will grab someone else's shirt for a while. That's a hydrogen bond. It's pretty weak but a bunch of them combined can actually be pretty strong. That's what gives water its surface tension. As the water cools, they start to slow down. The bounces become less frequent and less energetic, so when someone grabs someone else's shirt they're able to hold on longer. As we cross the freezing point these interactions start getting locked in place. So now instead of losing grip on the shirt and bouncing together, they now stay at arm's length. They start to chain together forming a 3D crystal structure. Now everybody is nice and organized, spaced apart from each other at arms length. There's very little bouncing off of other people. So we went from a relatively dense state with people in close proximity frequently bouncing into each other, to a crystal state where everybody has space between everyone else, a less dense state. That's how water expands and density drops when frozen :D


Question: Why does snow leave my car so dirty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does snow leave my car so dirty?

Are you talking about driving around in a place like New England during the winter? If so it's not the snow that makes your car dirty - its mostly the salt they lay down and some crud on the road. The road is wet and very briney during/after a snow storm in an area that salts because the salt melts the snow, so as you and other cars drive around the tires throw it into the air and it sticks to your car. So while salt is the most of it there is also dirt and stuff being flung up too. There are people who keep their cars highly detailed that won't drive when it rains for this reason, even in summer.


Question: How do sea animals not get dehydrated from the salt water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sea animals not get dehydrated from the salt water?

Saltwater fish drink lots and lots of water to replenish the water the ocean (saltier than their body) takes out of them through osmosis. They pee out the salt. Freshwater fish don’t drink water, but their body sucks in water (less salty than their body) through osmosis the opposite way, and still have to pee it out. Seawater fish could technically live in fresh water if they could pee fast enough to get rid of all the water they take in from it. There are examples of fish that can live in both though, salmon and bull sharks come to mind


Question: Why do so many people recommend "no-kill" shelters for adopting a pet? Isn't it better to adopt from a "kill" shelter - you're actually saving a life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many people recommend "no-kill" shelters for adopting a pet? Isn't it better to adopt from a "kill" shelter - you're actually saving a life?

I don't know who recommends this, but as someone who's volunteered a lot at shelters, I can't agree at all. For the simple reason that in many people's opinion there's no such thing as a "no kill" shelter (at least in the US). Right now in the US there are about twice as many dogs and cats born every year as people want. That means that every puppy born has about a 50% chance they'll be put down because they can't find a home. We're talking about millions of dogs and cats every year. "No kill" shelters take in a tiny amount of animals, and they turn the rest away. They only have so much room, so they usually also prefer to take in pets that are very adoptable (puppies and kittens are much more adoptable than older cats and dogs, or pets with any medical problems), so that "unadoptable" pets won't take up space at their shelter. This means that other shelters have to take in those pets, and because they don't discriminate they get more than their fair share of old and sick pets that need more help and are more likely to stick around for a long time. Unfortunately, no one is able to keep 100% of the pets that get abandoned. Remember we're breeding 2 cars and dogs for every 1 that's going to find a home. Look at how many pets are in america, now double it, where is that 2nd group going to go? No one wants them, and no shelter has enough room or money to take in that many pets. So they going to get put down, when the problem gets this bad, that's literally the most humane option. So a "no kill" shelter does exactly nothing to unwanted pets from being put down, they just pass the problem on to someone else. That means that the vets at some other shelter have to deal with more old and sick pets and have to put down more pets because the people at the "no kill" shelter don't want to deal with it. They're not being humane, they're just passing the trouble on to someone else. If you think that this sounds horrible, it is. And much more important than choosing what kind of shelter, is to just make sure that you're adopting from a shelter and not a breeder. Also, make sure you spay and neuter.


Question: What’s the difference between an AA game and an AAA game? Is there such a thing as an A game?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between an AA game and an AAA game? Is there such a thing as an A game?

AAA game is just a fun/easy distinction to say its made by one of the big, usually substantially established gaming companies, generally on a large budget, and is intended to be of very high quality, and usually has a huge marketing campaign and such behind it. A AAA game should be a big deal, sorta like releasing a blockbuster movie. We really only use the term AAA, there is no AA or A in common usage. Don't think about this too hard, its just a quick saying is all. People (meaning shitty bloggers) have tried to define AA or A, but its never taken off, as such, its left us with just AAA games, or not that, of which there are many categories and the "A" scheme is gone.


Question: How do math equations work? Why do they work they way they do, and how did people come up with it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do math equations work? Why do they work they way they do, and how did people come up with it?

Imagine you are a caveman, a long, long time ago. You have to hunt for your food and seek shelter to protect yourself from wind and rain (and probably other predators that want to eat you). During the day you gather wood so that you can light a fire at night and keep yourself warm. Chopping and carrying wood is a difficult task, so eventually you start wondering "How much wood do I need to keep myself warm for one night?". You chop 10 equally-sized logs and you burn them one by one until the sun comes up again. After repeating this for a week, your primitive head observes that you need 6 logs per night. Implicitly, you discovered the relationship between how long it takes for a log to burn, and the duration of the night. The ability to make these types of observations, plus thousands of years of experience and study, has allowed humankind to develop math. But how do you communicate math to other people? How can you make them understand what your discoveries mean? As a solution to that, we have developed standard notation for concepts. You know that this sign "=" means that the expression on its left should evaluate to the expression on its right. Skip a few millennia, we are not cavemen anymore. We concern ourselves with different problems, because we have already solved the burning rate of wood. And with every problem we solve, we have a set of equations that document its solution. And these are the equations you too are learning about.


Question: How come skin surface bleeding results in scab formation, but gum bleeding does not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come skin surface bleeding results in scab formation, but gum bleeding does not?

The interior of your mouth is always moist. Scab formation depends on the scab surface being allowed to dry.


Question: Why do cars make that weird choppy noise when you roll down the windows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cars make that weird choppy noise when you roll down the windows?

Have you ever blown in a bottle to get a tone? What's happening is that as you blow across the top of the bottle, it excites the air in the bottle and causes it to resonate. Now, when you open a car window, you're effectively turning the car into a giant bottle, but because it is so big, we hear the resonance as a chop rather than a tone, since the tone would be lower than we can hear. This is called Helmholtz resonance.


Question: What's the difference between flat footed people and people with arches? Why is it that flat feet is a disadvantage and was at some point a reason to excused from military service?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between flat footed people and people with arches? Why is it that flat feet is a disadvantage and was at some point a reason to excused from military service?

Back 100 years ago, most of the army marched from point A to point B, there weren't trucks or trains or airplanes. So if you had someone with lousy feet, you didn't accept them. You needed those who could march 25 miles per day, and flat footed recruits, it was thought at the time, wouldn't be able to handle that.


Question: How do these computers work at a library where you put stacks of items on a shelf and it automatically checks them in or out without scanning barcodes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do these computers work at a library where you put stacks of items on a shelf and it automatically checks them in or out without scanning barcodes?

RFID. The books have a thick sticker, probably in the back cover, with an antenna programmed to that book. The shelf reads those tags. Source: worked in library that made the transition to those tags. Tagged several thousand books.


Question: If we block robo-caller and spam callers that show spoofed phone numbers, are we blocking people's real phone numbers that we might actually want to talk to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we block robo-caller and spam callers that show spoofed phone numbers, are we blocking people's real phone numbers that we might actually want to talk to?

Yes, which is why the robocallers are using local area and prefix codes for the spoofed numbers they're "calling" from. Sadly, the best course of action is to mute the call and let it go to voicemail and pray that some day the telecoms can get their collective heads out their asses and put an end to this.


Question: what does it mean when mathematicians "find" a big number, like Graham's number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does it mean when mathematicians "find" a big number, like Graham's number?

It means they have proved that a particular number has some property. For example, it's no secret that the following number exists... 6353526374303929879127012501290127402919200192601923419028340912401927492180129801297012912012912261202912061 We don't need to go hunting for it. It's right there. However, is it prime? Is it a square? Is it a solution to < some famous equation > ? Some of these questions are hard or time consuming to answer. If I were to crunch a bunch of numbers and discover that the number above is prime, I could say that I "found" a prime number.


Question: Why do clouds make sunsets more colorful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do clouds make sunsets more colorful?

When the sun sets the light is shining through the atmosphere are a square angle to where it would during the day, the because of this square angle the light bends differently causing different colours, like a prism or how diamonds shine with flashes of different colours in the light, the clouds make this better by acting like a projector screen and capturing those different colours and showing them on a white background.


Question: Why do drugs such as marijuana and cocaine induce paranoia to some degree?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do drugs such as marijuana and cocaine induce paranoia to some degree?

Actually, marijuana is not a drug itself. Marijuana is a plant that harbors a range of chemicals we call cannabinoids. We have identified more than 85 different cannabinoids. Marijuana may either induce or alleviate anxiety. Your brain already has cannabinoid-like compounds that it uses all the time. When marijuana is ingested, new mixes of cannabinoids are introduced and they can bind to differing receptor cells. Long story short, the anxiety-response of the brain is based on the initial biochemical conditions of the brain: > Our naturally occurring cannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) have effects much like 9-tetrahydorcanabinol (THC). Cannabinoids may cause increased or decreased anxiety levels. Anyone who has experienced feeling "paranoid" while smoking marijuana has felt the effect of increased anxiety, while others report feeling "mellow." These disparate effects are also produced by our naturally occurring cannabinoids. AEA and 2-AG have been called "promiscuous" molecules, as they bind to CB receptors, but also bind to other types of receptors; locking-on to different receptors leads to different effects. In general, CB receptors mediate the "calming effect" of THC-like molecules. In contrast, anxiety increases when cannabinoids bind to other receptors. One example is a receptor called TRPV1. When either THC or naturally occurring AEA/2-AG bind to TRPV1, anxiety symptoms increase. These different effects of cannabinoids on the brain have complicated the study of marijuana and are responsible for the different effects from one person to another. > It has also been shown that our internal cannabinoids have different effects in different parts of the brain. In some areas of the brain, such as the periaqueductal gray matter, stimulating CB receptors leads to increased anxiety and depression. With increased use of medical marijuana in California, the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) has tracked increased rates of suicide, up 9% between 2010 and 2012. While we can't say for certain that marijuana makes people suicidal, there is an association between marijuana use and suicide that has been seen in other studies. In the past few years, hospitals in California have seen an increase in people treated for cannabis-induced psychosis, where individuals may report hearing voices, among other psychotic symptoms. URL_0 All in all, these chemicals are actually very poorly understood. The US federal government's Schedule 1 status for marijuana has severely handicapped, if not outright stalled, medical research into marijuana for decades. As a marijuana user (Colorado, recreational), i would not recommend marijuana as a treatment for anxiety even though i have found it to be useful for my own anxiety.


Question: Why do eggs become solid when heated, instead of a gas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do eggs become solid when heated, instead of a gas?

Eggs are mostly protein. Proteun molecules have several "bends" in them, where they fold in on themselves. Heat makes those folds disappear (not all) and turns them white and solid. This is called denaturation (if you want a more scientific explanaiton search for that term).


Question: What factors enabled dinosaurs to reach the sizes they did?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What factors enabled dinosaurs to reach the sizes they did?

Most dinosaurs weren't that big either, it's just that the really huge ones speak to our imagination. The most important thing that's needed is for the benefits of their size to outweigh the drawbacks. The biggest animal that ever lived is alive today, the blue whale. So animals can still get that big. It's just that size isn't always an advantage. Large animals usually need enormous amounts of food. And that's something dinosaurs had readily available. But that's usually not enough, being big needs to be an advantage. And there are lots of ways that can work out. Arctic animals are often much bigger than similar animals elsewhere. Because large bodies are better at maintaining body heat and carrying around fat reserves. Blue whales are so big because they have a very unique lifestyle. They need enormous amounts of food, so they travel around the world to feed during krill blooms. The mating season when krill populations explode. Since they only eat during those krill blooms, blue whales need to be big enough to carry enormous energy reserves while they literally cross the oceans chasing seasonal events. Island gigantism is a phenomenon where animals on isolated islands don't have any predators and plenty of food. And as a result, there's no selective pressure for staying small so they need less food and hide more easily. The giant turtles on the Galapagos are a great example. It's no different for dinosaurs really. Being large is a great defence strategy. Today we can see how elephants, giraffes, rhino's and so on are fairly safe from predation because even large predators like lions would prefer to hunt easier prey. Which means that if dinosaurs had plenty of food and opportunity, being large was a viable strategy. We have plenty of very large animals today. But being large needs to make sense. Under most conditions, there are more advantages to staying smaller. If you look at the size of all organisms throughout Earth's history, even a human is already a very, very large animal going by the average size for an organism.


Question: how does a (formula 1) car wheel spin without much resistance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a (formula 1) car wheel spin without much resistance?

Each part in an F1 car is built to precise specifications in not just weight but also mileage. Parts are usually made of high strength, low weight materials like titanium and carbon fibre. And they get swapped out during pitstops and over the race weekend. So they don't have to last for a long time, or even an entire race weekend. Unlike a family car where parts are built for endurance rather than performance. P.S. Great start to the race, but looks like it's settled down to the usual fare now.


Question: Why do most animals tend to share major physical characteristics, such as 4 limbs, 2 eyes, 2 ears, 2 nostrils etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most animals tend to share major physical characteristics, such as 4 limbs, 2 eyes, 2 ears, 2 nostrils etc?

Two eyes is the minimum you need for depth perception. Two ears is the minimum you need to determine the direction of a sound. By "most animals" you probably mean "most chordates", as most animals are actually beetles, and they certainly don't have four limbs and not two nostrils. Chordates tend to be larger than insects and arachnids, and the larger you get the more expensive it is to grow extra limbs. It's got to be an even number, because symmetry is more efficient. Two is really too few for most animals (notable exception being ostrich-like birds, where the wings are largely vestigial), so that leaves us with four limbs.


Question: how do they take the caffeine out of coffee and teas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do they take the caffeine out of coffee and teas?

There are two processes for coffee-caffeine is very soluble in water, so you can just rinse it out. Or you can use liquid CO2 and rinse it in that - that process somewhat reduces the loss of other flavor compounds. I am not familiar with tea processes.


Question: How does focal length of a lens in a camera affect zoom and focus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does focal length of a lens in a camera affect zoom and focus?

It's not so much 'zoom' as magnification. Lenses bend light to bring them to a point or focus. The shorter the focal length, the more the light is bent to bring it to a focus - literally a stronger lens bends light more so it focuses closer. Because of this, the amount of light it can bring into that focus is also higher. So a shorter focal length lens will capture a wider area because the lens is powerful enough to bring a wider area into focus at that point. A longer focal length lens is weaker and so brings the light together in a focus further away and does this with a much smaller area. Because it does this it effectively magnifies the image more than a short focal length lens and provides more 'zoom'. Imagine taking a picture of a house. With a short focal length lens, it is powerful enough to focus enough area to capture the whole house. With a longer focal length lens it can only focus enough area to capture one window. i.e. the long focal length lens magnifies more and has zoomed in on the window. The other effect on focus is that with the shorter focal length, more of the picture will be in focus because more light is bent into the focus point. So when you look at the picture the front garden gate the house and the tree behind it might all be in focus. With a long focal length it can't bend as much light together to focus it so something a little closer or further away than the window would be out of focus.


Question: How do companies not run out of stocks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies not run out of stocks?

You're asking a wrong question, sorta When a company goes public, ALL (*some exceptions) of its stock is public to be bought or sold. Any owner of any individual share can choose what to do with their share, they could sell it or not. That is, all shares of public company are always "taken" to use your language. Really it means that the company is 100% owned by its owners, that is all shares are owned. So yes, thats all the stock thats out there! Thats it. OK, but not really, technically at any point a company can issue more shares and this is common. The most common thing is for giving stock grants to employees, instead of buying shares on the open market to give to employees, they just issue them new shares. And yes, the stock price of the company will be effected by this. the overall value of the company didn't change, so with more stock in the market, then each share is worth a little less.


Question: Why do iPhones correct words that are spelled correctly even in correct grammar into other words? Why doesn’t it just correct misspelled words?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do iPhones correct words that are spelled correctly even in correct grammar into other words? Why doesn’t it just correct misspelled words?

It tries to learn your typing habits, find what it thinks you would type, based on previous inputs. So even though what you typed may have correct spelling and grammar, iOS uses your past inputs to determine what you likely meant to type.


Question: Why is it so comforting when you pet animals? Is there some sort of chemical thing or is it just physical contact?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so comforting when you pet animals? Is there some sort of chemical thing or is it just physical contact?

Indeed it is. Every conforting physical contact with other beings, be it hugging, peting releases serotonin. The hormone linked with well being and hapiness. In fact aodpting a pet is a good sugestion for depression treatment.


Question: Why is it that we get tornados in the summer when a cold front moves in and combines with the hot air, but we don't get tornados in the winter when warm air moves in to combine with the cold air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that we get tornados in the summer when a cold front moves in and combines with the hot air, but we don't get tornados in the winter when warm air moves in to combine with the cold air?

Basically, the difference is in the way the air masses move in the respective situations. Generally speaking, warm air rises, but with a warm front the warm air sort of rolls up and over the colder air and rises pretty gently, causing rain showers. With a cold front, however, the colder air mass moving in forces the warm air mass upwards much more rapidly, creating large updrafts and rapid cooling that lead to thunderstorms and possibly tornadoes. & #x200B; [Here's]( URL_0 ) a short video (\~4 minutes) explaining it.


Question: If the odors that our bodies emit mean they are doing their job properly, then why are their smells so offensive to us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the odors that our bodies emit mean they are doing their job properly, then why are their smells so offensive to us?

Humans dislike smells that they assume are related to disease. Feces and other bodily wastes can cause disease - so we find those smells bad. It causes us to avoid them.


Question: Why does pain from high temperature feel like two separate pains, one after another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pain from high temperature feel like two separate pains, one after another?

Just to add on to the first response to hopefully answer your question a little better...you also have two types of pain receptors on your skin, fast and slow. They're connected to different nerve fibers. The fast pain receptors are attached to myelinated nerve fibers, so that pain travels fast to your brain (or first to the spinal cord for the reflex)(6-30 m/sec). Slow pain receptors send signals along different fibers that are unmyelinated, so the signal moves much more slowly (0.5-2 m/sec). When you grab something hot, the fast pain receptors cause you to feel the sharp, electric pain and the slow pain receptors are responsible for the slow, achy, burning, throbbing pain that comes about a second later. After the reflex, it's not exactly a length of travel issue as far as your brain is concerned, but more the fiber type carrying the signal. The fast pain fibers actually travel farther and most terminate high up in the brain, whereas most of the slow pain fibers terminate in the brainstem and are considered to be much older in terms of evolution.


Question: In a nutshell, what happened between Tesla, Edison, and Westinghouse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In a nutshell, what happened between Tesla, Edison, and Westinghouse?

It was about the battle between DC and AC current, and which one would become the worldwide standard in the new electrical power industry. EDISON was already a rich & famous inventor and marketer. Edison was trying to convince investors to choose DC current. Because DC current can only be transmitted a mile or so, he imagined every neighborhood in a city would need it's own power plant. And who would provide these dozens of plants to power each city? Why Edison himself, of course. $$$ TESLA was an unknown employee that originally worked for Edison. Tesla was pushing for AC current. The advantage of AC is that unlike DC, it can be sent over VAST distances. A city would need only one large power plant on the outskirts. As Tesla's employer, Edison had the influence to make AC the standard, but Edison was already too invested in the DC plan. Edison scoffed at Tesla's plan and humiliated Tesla in public trying to discredit him. WESTINGHOUSE was a wealthy financier that wanted to back one of the platforms. Westinghouse chose Tesla's AC current to finance and (in spite of a lot of whining from Edison) AC fortunately became the world standard we have today. If Edison would have had his way we would likely have small power plants every 6 blocks or so in cities. Could you even imagine that?


Question: Why does the addition of even a small amount of milk cause hot drinks such as coffee to turn opaque?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the addition of even a small amount of milk cause hot drinks such as coffee to turn opaque?

You can imagine the white color of milk to be like extremely dense fog or smoke: It's caused by small droplets of fat, which scatter light passing through them. In milk, there are so many of these droplets that even a very thin layer of it is able to scatter light backwards almost completely. That's plenty to make a cup of coffee opaque with just a few drops of milk.


Question: What would the area under a function actually represent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would the area under a function actually represent?

Think about the x and y axes of the graph. Say the function is earnings over time (y axis being earnings at that time and x axis being time). The area under that curve is the total earnings over the period in time you're covering, that is, the earnings at each point in time summed together.


Question: How do they replace lights on the top of tall temples?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they replace lights on the top of tall temples?

They are hollow. You walk up stairs or ride a small elevator. At the top there are handholds for climbing the last bit. Source: that's how they replace the light bulbs on the TV station tower I worked at.


Question: How do store shoplifting detectors know you are stealing an item that you haven't already paid for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do store shoplifting detectors know you are stealing an item that you haven't already paid for?

Magnetic strip in the bottom of big items that's usually built into the cardboard, when you take it to the register and they push it over the scanner the magnetic strip is deactivated thus no longer tripping an alarm. Occasionally the strip doesn't deactivate and it'll go off but even then simply showing a receipt will send you on your way. I worked as a cashier at Walmart which is the system they have in place or did to prevent theft on items over $50


Question: With all the freshwater rivers of the world flowing into the seas over millions of years, why is the saltiness of the seas not reducing over time ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With all the freshwater rivers of the world flowing into the seas over millions of years, why is the saltiness of the seas not reducing over time ?

Because just as much water evaporates into the air. That water then falls as rain that goes into the rivers and ends up in the ocean.


Question: Why do audiences/large groups of people sound the same whenever they make a noise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do audiences/large groups of people sound the same whenever they make a noise?

It's because you are averaging together hundreds of voices. When you do this, all of the high voices, low voices, melodic voices and scratchy voices all get averaged into one voice, the average human voice.


Question: If air is all around us, why does fire burn upwards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If air is all around us, why does fire burn upwards?

Simply put heat rises and cold descends. Molecules coming off a fire are very spread apart due to heat and cold air is very compact and feeds the fire when it's dragged down


Question: I've noticed that women I know who have 1 C-Section seem to have C-Sections for every child thereafter. Can someone explain to me 1) Is this a necessity, or just coincidental in the particular women I've known, and 2) Why would that be necessary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've noticed that women I know who have 1 C-Section seem to have C-Sections for every child thereafter. Can someone explain to me 1) Is this a necessity, or just coincidental in the particular women I've known, and 2) Why would that be necessary?

The answer depends on your health history. The reason why other women you know had c sections may be different then for you. From what you are saying your c-section was an emergency section. An important note is what kind of incision was made. Typically scheduled c-sections where it isn’t an emergency are done with what are called low transverse incisions. These incisions are good bc the uterus is usually able to heal pretty well. However in an emergency sometimes there isn’t time and the baby needs to come out quickly. In this case a vertical incision is made. Now why does this matter? A vertical incision is more likely to result in uterine rupture. So if you had a second baby and went into labor the uterus contracts while having a baby inside stretching it. The place on the uterus where the vertical incision is can tear and the baby will enter the abdomen where it will most likely die. For this reason patients who have had a vertical incision c-section will have repeat sections from then on. With transverse incisions the chance for a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) can be tried. However once again bc the uterus is scarred there is a greater chance of rupture and therefore a higher probability of a repeat section. However statistically many VBACs go well and some patients have multiple babies after a c section. There are many other reasons for c-sections. Babies presenting as breech where the feet are down instead of the head. In this case One can attempt to move the baby into the proper position but if this fails it will most likely result in a section. A baby may also be face up in the pelvis (occiput posterior) and gets caught on the pubic bone. Sometimes in this case If the baby doesn’t rotate a c-section may be necessary. Other indications would be twins that are mono mono. So they share the same placenta. A vaginal birth could be dangerous bc once baby A is out baby B is not receiving blood and oxygen so a c-section will have a better outcome. Sections may also be indicated depending on the babies fetal heart monitoring strip. This is basically a way that we can see how the baby is handling the stress of labor and specifically is related to acid-base status or hypoxemia. If vaginal delivery isn’t happening and the baby is doing bad then a c section may be needed. To sum it up. A c-section may be a necessity if you have certain risk factors. If not then a VBAC is completely reasonable. It’s always nice to have a vaginal birth as it’s easier on the Mom and baby. However, c-sections in some cases are a medical necessity but having one does not always mean you will have another.


Question: Why are ISIS referred to as "so called Islamic State" on BBC?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are ISIS referred to as "so called Islamic State" on BBC?

"Islamic State" is the name the group itself uses now; it's more up to date than "ISIS." However, the BBC does not want to legitimize the idea that it is actually a sovereign state, which is why it says "so called."


Question: Why foreign investment is considered good for an economy? Isn't more money going out of the country in the long run?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why foreign investment is considered good for an economy? Isn't more money going out of the country in the long run?

I thought foreign investment was about money coming "into" the country as in others investing in your country.


Question: Why don’t we use atmospheric water generators to solve the water crisis literally everywhere in the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don’t we use atmospheric water generators to solve the water crisis literally everywhere in the world?

Building such an infrastructure would be unfathomably expensive and take incredible amounts of energy in order to run it.


Question: What happens inside your body after you finish working out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens inside your body after you finish working out?

Essentially a very complex series of processes. Firstly, you will get an adrenaline/endorphin rush as a reward for (potentially) outrunning that sabre toothed tiger. Next, you need to understand that your body is a finely tuned machine. If you exercise lots, you will become fit and if you sit around all day eating Pringles and driving everywhere, your muscles will waste away because there is essentially no need for them. To achieve this your muscles are stimulated by damage during exercise. A bunch of hormones - key among which are testosterone, human growth hormone and insulin - then kick in to strengthen whatever muscles you were using *in the way you were using them*. This is why weightlifters have a different physique to endurance athletes. These hormones push the digestion system to focus more on protein, and inhibit existing proteins from being broken down. They activate stem cells involved in muscle development and stimulate additional anabolic hormones which kickstart more muscle growth. If you exercise over a longer period you will increase the amount of human growth hormone and testosterone, and also increase the sensitivity of your muscles to testosterone. tl;dr These are fairly primitive systems designed to equip you to outrun any predators, whilst conserving energy if you never need to run anywhere. They respond at least initially, to muscle damage, which is why workouts are initially painful.


Question: why does honey form small coils when it's being poured?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does honey form small coils when it's being poured?

Destin from Smarter Every Day has a video on this: URL_0


Question: How do paleontologists know how dinosaur skin was patterned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do paleontologists know how dinosaur skin was patterned?

They really have no idea beyond educated guesses, that it could be some variation of current reptile patterns.


Question: Is one the only number and all numbers after that just words that mean 1+1, 1+1+1, 1+1+1+1c ext. ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is one the only number and all numbers after that just words that mean 1+1, 1+1+1, 1+1+1+1c ext. ?

Kind of yes! In set [theory]( URL_2 ), you define the number 0 as an empty set, 1 as a set containing an empty set (i.e. containing 0), 2 as a set containing 1 etc. Similarly in a thing called lambda calculus you define 0 and then you define 1 as a something that says "the next number after 0", 2 as something that say "the next number after 1" etc. So You're kind of right in this. But note that we're talking about 0 and natural numbers here, i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3 etc. In mathematics we sometimes need to add more numbers, like negative numbers for example. This can then be done by kind of reordering the numbers, like saying: - 0 will be 0 - 1 will be 1 - 2 will be -1 - 3 will be 2 - 4 will be -2 - 5 will be 3 - etc. It turns out you can also [define fractions this way]( URL_1 ), if you're clever! It seems like you can't but you can. You cannot however define real and complex numbers this way, i.e. "all" numbers including things like Pi. This has [been proven]( URL_0 ), we know we can't do this. If we're talking about real numbers, no number has a immediately next and immediately previous number. This is where this kind of thinking falls apart. EDIT: It doesn't mean 1 is the only number though, the other numbers are real too, they just "refer" to 1 if we define them like this. It'd be like saying you aren't real because you came from your mother and so only she is real. That is not true. This kind of talk however now belongs to philosophy and not math.


Question: What is the intended purpose of having someone testify to congress (US)?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the intended purpose of having someone testify to congress (US)?

In the modern day context, its primarily used for media and publicity by members of congress. Nothing really more than that. In theory, its supposed to be broadly similar to having someone answer question in court about some activity, where congress asks them questions and they are supposed to answer truthfully. But again, this isn't what actually happens and its pretty much just used for publicity now.


Question: How do bar shows work on the back end?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do bar shows work on the back end?

I am a former promoter of bands back in the Post-punk days (ca. '85-'92-ish). Our struggle was to find venues that would host us. Afternoon shows at pizzerias, smaller bars, a failing teen club all took a chance on us. As a naive lad of 17, I helped build what you are trying to do. Some of this info is dated, but money is money. You want to start with bars that have a PA already in place. Where they play recorded music on Saturday night, dance clubs, dance halls and the like. If you're very lucky the part time guy who runs the board will know how to run live music. They won't have any other gear. No mics, wires or miscellanea. Do not propose architectural changes to any venue. They will not let you bring in or build a stage. Live music night is a deviation from how they're making money today and they don't want to mess with the formula. One of our success stories was a former disco trying to make a run of it as a teen club. The punk fans continued to go to the club. Some of the club regulars became part of "the scene". It paid off for everybody. The club already had risers on the dance floor which were used as a stage. After a few successful shows the club invested in rudimentary stage lighting for the "stage" and hosted genres outside our purview as self-righteous elitists. After that, you approach management at anywhere people gather with a preference to bars. You will be doing everything that isn't playing (and you'll be too tired and exasperated to play yourself by show time). You get the PA. You find and hire a tech or do the sound mix. You get wires, mics and the like. You may even have to acquire lighting, although this may or may not be required depending on the room. Do not forget security. A bunch of big tough-looking guys standing around can prevent a lot of problems. They get a few bucks for the night. If you are just starting out in a new venue with bands looking for a room, forget all of the newfangled stuff and just do an old-fashioned door deal. This is how we used to do it. It was $4 to $6 at the door (in 198X). For a set of untested groups, I'd limit the cover to $10 in today's money. The venue who works the door gets half. Arrange that you have a loyalist to count the door. You get the other half. All of your expenses come out of your half. This includes paying the bands. The bands get a set amount of time on stage, neither more nor less within 20% or something. If you have a headliner with a crowd, they only get a minimum, say, 30 minutes. In the contract, oral or otherwise, it must be clear that all the bands must clear the venue 30 minutes before last call. Generally, they are free to roam the premises personally but their gear must be in the van after the shows. This keeps things straight with the venue. Of your cut, the bands get 40-50% and they have to trust you on this. You could work it so that your expenses are a fixed amount and after that each band gets a cut with no minimum stated. It is also possible that you are out of pocket on the show and nobody gets paid. On the occasions this happened to me I handed out $40 (198X) for expenses, your mileage may vary. The business of presale is for established acts playing at established venues or for people so desperate to play out they are willing to put up a grand or two for the night. Until you have an active "scene", that's not something you should mess with. With a door deal, everybody knows they show up at a certain tavern or whatever and they might make $500 or they might make nothing if no one turns up. Promotion is very specific to regional influence, and is a whole other ball game.


Question: What makes "Median" a relevant metric?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes "Median" a relevant metric?

Median is more resistant to outliers than mean, so median is a better metric to use for measurement of a center or “average” value in cases where outliers (extreme values) are likely (such as income, some people make fucking huge amounts of money, which would highly raise the mean but barely move the median)


Question: Why does dragging a scissor along a length of ribbon cause it to curl?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does dragging a scissor along a length of ribbon cause it to curl?

This is actually a well studied phenomena and the reason is pretty cool. Basically you are stretching one side of the material more than the other side and that deformation persists after you run the blade down the ribbon. Since one side contracts more than the other side it tends to curl naturally.


Question: Can someone provide a good example of how principle and interest works for things like credit cards, auto, home loans, etc.?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone provide a good example of how principle and interest works for things like credit cards, auto, home loans, etc.?

> I was quickly reminded how many common life skills the schools are failing to teach kids these days. ?? Schools definitely teach how interest works. Did your kid not take math classes or something?


Question: When I’m at home and playing video games an hour feels like 5 minutes, but when I’m at work an hour feels like 5 hours. Why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When I’m at home and playing video games an hour feels like 5 minutes, but when I’m at work an hour feels like 5 hours. Why is that?

That's relativity. Either Einstein or people explaining Einstein's theory said, "A girl sits on your lap for an hour and it feels like a minuter and if you put your hand on a stove for a minute and it feels like an hour. That's relativity."