Question: How do some people sudden become, or stop, being allergic to something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do some people sudden become, or stop, being allergic to something?

Two parts. First I should explain 'allergies'. Allergies are when your immune system recognizes a foreign object that is not harmful as harmful and attacks it - producing symptoms ranging from a stuffy nose to lethal amounts of fluid in the lungs, depending on how big a threat it thinks it is. 1) People can become allergic to something when, completely randomly, one of their immune cells 'suddenly sees it' and becomes activated, eventually resulting in many more immune system cells that all see the foreign object as harmful. This is also how an allergy can get worse over time - constant exposure to some allergans can cause more and more anti-allergan immune cells to be produced, causing a bigger and bigger effect every time you are exposed to the allergan. 2) People can become gradually non-allergic to something (or rather, their immune system response becomes muted) by exposing them to very gradually increasing doses of the allergan. This causes their body to kill off some of the anti-peanut or whatever cells over time as the body does have ways of shutting down a mistaken response. 2.b) People can become suddenly non-allergic to something in two ways - 1) Nuke the immune system from orbit, it's the only way to be sure. You can go through some surgical/cancer procedures that require your immune cells be killed off completely - often they will manage to kill off every single one that produces that allergan's antibody, rendering you no longer allergic to it. Then you die unless you get a bone marrow transplant. Measles has also been know to reset allergies by resetting the immune system. 2) Your body randomly kills off all the anti-allergan antibody producers on it's own. It 'suddenly sees' that they are attacking self and kills them all off. -RIP inbox-


Question: Why are some colours synonymous with emotions, and where did this trend originate from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some colours synonymous with emotions, and where did this trend originate from?

I think it’s a cultural thing. In the west red can mean anger and other things, and I believe in China it represents good luck. So you and I may think of blue as the color of sadness but someone from a different part of the world may think it’s the color of hope or something like that. Someone else could probably better explain the origins of these links but that’s what I think.


Question: Why is it that when someone in a movie does something really embarassing and everyone around starts to stare at him for instance, I feel ashamed for him, like I was there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Why is it that when someone in a movie does something really embarassing and everyone around starts to stare at him for instance, I feel ashamed for him, like I was there?

Second hand embarrassment. It is a real thing. You are an empathetic person. And while we can intellectually understand fact and fiction, we get emotionally attached to fictional character as though they are real people.


Question: After watching Captain Phillips, and hearing the true story that inspired it, I was left dumbfounded by the obvious question: Pirates have been a thing for nearly a millennium, why would there not be a defense plan by default?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 After watching Captain Phillips, and hearing the true story that inspired it, I was left dumbfounded by the obvious question: Pirates have been a thing for nearly a millennium, why would there not be a defense plan by default?

There is, and it was demonstrated in the movie. Hoses, and calling for assistance. Even the best plans can fail, however. The stories that we remember, and are worth making a movie about, are when those plans *don't* work.


Question: How can horror movies make us experience the sensation of fear, even though there is no true threat?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 How can horror movies make us experience the sensation of fear, even though there is no true threat?

They take advantage of our imaginations. Your body doesn't only react to "real" threats. It reacts to anything that it imagines *could* be a threat. It's a useful instinct that kept humans safe in more dangerous times, and one that filmmakers utilize to make entertaining movies.


Question: Why is diet soda more bubbly/carbonated than regular soda?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is diet soda more bubbly/carbonated than regular soda?

Sugar increases the viscosity of the liquid. A more viscous liquid will have enough surface tension to form larger bubbles with the carbonation instead of many smaller bubbles. A larger bubble has a greater strain on it’s surface to they pop easier. Smaller bubbles are more stable since they aren’t under that much strain so they stick around for a bit. Consider a balloon. The more you blow it up, the easier it is to pop. The acid in lemon juice helps break the bonds that are holding together the surface of the bubble. This is like poking the balloon with a needle. When you break these bonds, the bubbles pop.


Question: Why is breathing through your nose recommended?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is breathing through your nose recommended?

Speaking as someone who can't breath through my nose, having to breath with my mouth all the time as helped contribute to sleep Apnea - as I would fall asleep, my mouth would dry out and my throat close up, causing oxygen levels to drop and sleep apnea. A CPAP machine was a life changer for me.


Question: Why is it that drivers are seated closest to the middle of the road?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is it that drivers are seated closest to the middle of the road?

My guess is that it has something to do with the fact that you're in a better place to judge the clearance of the vehicles you'll be passing in the other direction


Question: why do nightmares cause you to snap awake quickly instead of waking up normally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do nightmares cause you to snap awake quickly instead of waking up normally?

Nightmares are dreams that cause the stress response, otherwise known as “fight or flight”. When you’re awake, the stress response is triggered because a threat is perceived through the senses (you see a car coming toward you, or hear a wolf howling in the woods at night). When you’re dreaming, your brain, at some level, is processing the dream as sensory input, so a nightmare can trigger that same stress response. Physiologically, the sensory input is processed by the amygdala, which sends a distress signal to the hypothalamus, which engages the sympathetic nervous system. This triggers the adrenal glands to start producing epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline) into the bloodstream, causing increased pulse, blood pressure, and respiration, and releasing stored glucose and fats, which increases the available energy in the bloodstream, so that your muscles react quickly and immediately, if needed. Depending on how long the threat (or for the nightmare, perceived threat) lasts, once the initial surge of adrenaline and glucose subsides, the hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropin, which triggers the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Cortisol which keeps the stress response going by helping to break down fats / carbs / proteins, jacking the blood sugar back up. While all of this is going on, you’re still dreaming, but since dreaming is REM sleep, which is very close to being awake, you'll eventually wake up. When you do, you'll wake up very quickly, all jacked up on adrenaline and cortisol and blood sugar, your heart racing, breathing heavily, ready to run hard or fight harder. Sources: Harvard: URL_4 Wikipedia: URL_2 , URL_3 , URL_1 , URL_0


Question: Why is coffee at a nice restaurant so amazing and coffee at home garbage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is coffee at a nice restaurant so amazing and coffee at home garbage?

I literally have the exact opposite problem, and I'm not even a huge snob. Peet's Coffee + French Press = heaven. All the restaurants I go to the coffee tastes burnt, or not brewed long enough


Question: What would be the last place(s) with water in case of a widespread (extreme) water drought? An apocalyptic scenario, but just for the sake of argument.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would be the last place(s) with water in case of a widespread (extreme) water drought? An apocalyptic scenario, but just for the sake of argument.

The 2 biggest fresh water reservoir are located underground in South America, the biggest one is in Brazil, known as "Alter do Chão Aquifer", and is estimated to provide fresh water for world population for 250+ years in case of shortage. The second one covers Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and is known as "Guaraní Aquifer" and could provide 200+ years of fresh water. Other estimatives say if world population stagnate at 7 billion people in the future each Aquifer could provide around 1500+ years of fresh water. Edit: Also every continent has some aquifer system beneath the surface.


Question: What is a Pseudo-Riemannian manifold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is a Pseudo-Riemannian manifold?

I’m going to assume you don’t know what a manifold is? The difference between a pseudo riemannian manifold and a riemannian manifold is somewhat technical and unimportant in this context. So, a riemannian manifold is actually 2 things: a differentiable manifold, and a so called “metric tensor”. A differentiable manifold is an object that “looks” like normal Euclidean space (think a plane) if you get close enough. For example, the earth, being a sphere, is an example of a differentiable manifold because when we get very close, it looks flat. The second condition that we need is this metric tensor. It’s a functions which takes its inputs as 2 tangent vectors (again, picture the earth - tangent vectors are straight lines that touch the earth at exactly one point on the surface. Just like a tangent line, if you know calculus). It outputs a scalar that tells us some information about how the original space might look, but in a simpler setting.


Question: If mirrors work by reflecting incoming light, then why does a black screen act as a better mirror than a white screen if black absorbs all light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If mirrors work by reflecting incoming light, then why does a black screen act as a better mirror than a white screen if black absorbs all light?

Because a black screen is easier for our eyes to notice the difference in brightness detail, whereas a white screen makes it harder to notice the differences. Also, The "Black" screen looks black but isnt, and then you take into account the glass, thats helps add the reflectivity needed for the reflection.


Question: Do you become more dehydrated after urinating? Because you’re releasing a good amount liquids from your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Do you become more dehydrated after urinating? Because you’re releasing a good amount liquids from your body?

Going to the bathroom won't dehydrate you - because what you urinate is waste the body has stored in a container called your bladder - those liquids have already been rejected by the body and won't be reabsorbed. You are likely to be dehydrated long before you urinate.


Question: The Scoville Scale. How do they calculate it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<answer>
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 The Scoville Scale. How do they calculate it?

Almost entirely sure that it's PPM of capsaicin x 16 for a max value of 16 million SHU for pure capsaicin. They used to calculate it by diluting peppers in a sugar solution and having a panel of five people taste it, but that's inaccurate.


Question: Could a daily dietary intake of mushrooms provide sufficient levels of vitamin D to replace sunlight? (in case of a zombie apocalypse, nuclear winter, etc.)

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could a daily dietary intake of mushrooms provide sufficient levels of vitamin D to replace sunlight? (in case of a zombie apocalypse, nuclear winter, etc.)

[According to this article]( URL_0 ) it looks like the answer is "no". Supplements and ingested Vitamin D don't seem to have the same effect on people as sunlight does. We don't adsorb it well if it's ingested.


Question: how YouTube gaming channels work. Do the hosts actually do everything themselves or is a studio involved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how YouTube gaming channels work. Do the hosts actually do everything themselves or is a studio involved?

Most large channels will have one or more editors who work in the videos instead of the host doing it themselves. As for their surroundings and financial situation we can't really know, but a sufficiently large channel can attract enough advertising that a comfortable life is easy to obtain.


Question: How do mountian top plants get pollinated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do mountian top plants get pollinated?

Wind? Growth is sparse for a number of reasons, no?


Question: What is that white stuff on my teeth I scrape off sometimes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is that white stuff on my teeth I scrape off sometimes?

Bio film. Bacteria basically create this gooey substance to live in and try to take over the world. They’re comfy there so they can replicate. But when we brush our teeth, were disturbing their colonies and pull them apart. Ideally, you shouldn’t have it on your teeth, it’s a sign of poor oral hygiene.


Question: How does blackjack work for casinos? All the games have the odds in the houses favor, but isn’t the dealer essentially just a player in blackjack?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does blackjack work for casinos? All the games have the odds in the houses favor, but isn’t the dealer essentially just a player in blackjack?

If both the player and dealer busts then the dealer wins. Even at optimal play by both the player and the dealer this would happen from time to time giving the dealer a slight advantage over the player in the long run.


Question: How come we can get close enough to take images of Jupiter's moons, but can't land a rover-like device on the surface to take images?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come we can get close enough to take images of Jupiter's moons, but can't land a rover-like device on the surface to take images?

Some locations we're very cautious of landing on because of potential biological contamination, like Europa. That being said, we could totally land an object there and rove around. But satellites let you see the entire surface. You probably want to find interesting landing sites first, then send your rover, which is going to be less-wide ranging. Funding definitely plays a role in the number of missions and the type however. Probes can fit a lot of things into one mission. Look at this Moon, look at that Moon, check out this planet and that planet. Your rover is a one-off. Land on Europa, and you aren't leaving.


Question: Why does sitting for long periods cause so many physical and mental health problems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sitting for long periods cause so many physical and mental health problems?

The human body just functions better when standing. Your posterior chain—the muscles in your upper leg, butt, and low back—are the stabilizing muscles that keep your body able to move properly and stand upright. When you sit too much, that whole muscle chain gets weaker which, over time, will cause back pain, poor posture, hip problems, knee problems and so on. Sitting also shortens your hip flexors which, again, means hip problems. Too much sitting also means decreased flexibility, which makes movements like tying ones shoes more difficult over time. Low flexibility also raises your chances of getting a muscle injury. Sitting makes you stiff, too. Humans were made to walk and climb and look around. Sitting still and staring straight ahead at a computer is just asking for a sore neck and back. Additionally, digestion is more effective when you’re moving because your body metabolizes fats and sugars faster to use them as energy. Sitting slows digestion and metabolism because your body just doesn’t need as much energy, so you hang onto those fats and sugars and they end up settling happily in spots we don’t want them (looking at you, my annoying love handles). Prolonged sitting also increases insulin resistance, which increases risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Exercise lowers insulin resistance, so taking a brisk 10 minute walk every hour is beneficial when stuck at the office. Movement also helps your bowels work better. Sitting and lying down inhibit your body’s ability to poop whereas standing and walking reduce risk of constipation. Over time, this means a reduced risk of colon cancer. [Fun fact: as a rule, you should poop at least once per day and it should not be a strain. If you poop less than that or have to strain, your body needs more fiber.] Next, your heart pumps blood more effectively when you’re standing. Sitting raises your blood pressure which always dangerous over prolonged periods, can cause painful varicose veins from blood pooling in your legs, and can even cause deep vein thrombosis aka a blood clot in your leg. This can be life threatening if the clot travels to the heart or brain! Lastly, sitting increases anxiety and risk of depression. When seated, not using your muscles to burn up excess energy or work through stress, your body just soaks in a messy pool of worries and negativity. When walking, especially if doing so in nature, you can almost breathe away your anxieties. Nature makes you less stressed and gives a feeling of peace. Other movement helps too because you are getting endorphins or focusing on breath and clearing your mind. So there you have it... For the sake of health and happiness, sit less! Edit: If possible, get a standing desk at work. If that’s not an option, sitting on an exercise ball is better than using a chair because you engage your legs, core, and back muscles. Also, set an alarm to take a break every hour and honor that like it’s law! On this hourly break, do 5-10 push ups and/or plank for 30-60 seconds, then go for a brisk walk or climb a few flights of stairs. I hope this helps!


Question: What is National Debt and How does It differ From Personal Debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is National Debt and How does It differ From Personal Debt?

The US Treasury issues debt instruments called bonds. A bond is a promise by the government to repay the cost of the bond, plus interest, at a later date (10, 20, or 30 years). People buy these bonds because they are an incredibly safe investment. The US government always honors its bonds. The biggest single holder of US bonds is the US Social Security Administration, and the majority of bonds are owned by US citizens and US companies. International companies and foreign governments also invest in US bonds, because they are such stable investments. The interest rate on US bonds is often very close to, or even less than, the inflation rate. Which means the US government actually stands to make money on some bonds. So a country's debt isn't really like personal debt at all.


Question: were ancient people really so naive that they believed their kings to be gods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 were ancient people really so naive that they believed their kings to be gods?

The Romans had a formal process by which the deified worthy persons. Augustus, for example, and many of his successors. But only the simple folk actually believed such people were gods. As Gibbon wrote, “ The plebeian believed that all religions were equally true, the philosopher, that they were equally false, and the politician, that they were equally useful.” Worshipping a deceased emperor was, to a Roman, a bit like the way Americans revere their flag. It was a way of showing loyalty. Except the Romans weren’t such pompous gits about it.


Question: Why is the molecule of H2O not linear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the molecule of H2O not linear?

Oxygen has 4 electron pairs. Just like magnets, electron pairs like to be away from each other as far as possible. In 3d the optimal shape for this is a tetrahedron. Hydrogen bonds to two of those pairs and what you get is a non linear molecule.


Question: what does sexual frustration feel like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does sexual frustration feel like?

Like having to poop extremely bad but having a football sized bowel obstruction except it’s happening in your **crotch**


Question: Why does a little pepper in tomato juice have more spiciness than a larger amount of pepper in something like macaroni and cheese?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a little pepper in tomato juice have more spiciness than a larger amount of pepper in something like macaroni and cheese?

Milk neutralizes the spice. There's milk in the mac and cheese or the creamy sauces. This is why you drink milk to "cool off" when you eat peppers that are too spicy. Water doesn't work well because the spice in a pepper is in an oil, and water doesn't do well against oil.


Question: what's the meaning and difference between "Workforce Participation rate" and "Unemployment rate"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the meaning and difference between "Workforce Participation rate" and "Unemployment rate"?

Unemployment only counts people who are actively trying and failing to find a job. Workforce participation includes people who have chosen not to work for whatever reason (they are already rich, they are a stay at home spouse, they are disabled, retired, etc.)


Question: How do the new prosthetics work where people can seemingly control their new limbs with just their mind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the new prosthetics work where people can seemingly control their new limbs with just their mind?

It begins with a special operations surgery where the bone is removed but the muscles are left intact. This is so sensors in the limb can pick on impulses sent to your muscles from Your brain. Most amputations aren’t preformed this way, however in the unlikely yet extremely lucky chance you are fortunate to lose a limb in a way that allows for the muscles to remain relatively intact, you can have a bionic limb that feeds back with tactile sensitivity and seem less control.


Question: Why do shoes/tires have better grip with less surface area touching the ground?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do shoes/tires have better grip with less surface area touching the ground?

They don't. The greater the surface area in contact, the greater the friction (grip). Race cars have wide slick tires, rock climbing shoes have smooth soles. The problem is if it is wet then you get a layer of water between road and rubber so no contact and no grip.


Question: What is lambda calculus, and how does it relate to computation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is lambda calculus, and how does it relate to computation?

Lambda calculus is simply a format that any computer program is mathematically identical to. It's mathematically equivalent to a Turing Machine. What it means is that if something can be written as Lambda calculus, it is computationally possible, and if it can't, then it's not.


Question: What does the half-life of a prescription drug mean? And why is it longer than the duration of the medication?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the half-life of a prescription drug mean? And why is it longer than the duration of the medication?

The half-life is the duration after which only 50% of the initial dose remains in your system. The duration of the medication is shorter most probably because said medication needs more than 50% of its initial dosage to be effective


Question: Why do we use units like kph and rpm? Wouldn't it be easier to have seconds as the basis for units like this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we use units like kph and rpm? Wouldn't it be easier to have seconds as the basis for units like this?

Unless you had a very stern physics teacher you never *have* to use base units. If it is just a matter of SI-prefixes and/or easy conversions, use whatever unit is most appropriate to your purpose. Which brings us to > since second-based measurements would be easier to judge and approximate This fascinates me! I do not doubt that you're being genuine with that statement and you truly would have an easier time judging and estimating measurements that way. Consider the possibility that this does not apply to everybody though! As distances are most commonly given in km and (car) travel times are most commonly given in hours, the obvious choice as unit for velocity for the majority of traffic participants will be km/h, since no further conversions need to happen to relate distance and travel time to speed. Now I'm very interested to hear about your background! What do you suppose gives you a preference for other measurements?


Question: Why are snow flakes sometime really small or sometimes really big?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are snow flakes sometime really small or sometimes really big?

They grow out from the center and with more time to grow, or more water freezing on it, they can be different sizes.


Question: Can a graphics card be used as a computer on its own?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can a graphics card be used as a computer on its own?

Wholly on it’s own, not really, the GPU doesn’t really have anything that can keep data after you turn off the power, plus it sucks at a lot of the math not related to graphics. That being said, a lot of the math related to graphics can be applied to other things. And people do use their GPUs for a lot of other stuff. It works great for a lot of database and big data things. They call this General-Purpose GPU computing. URL_0


Question: if water is tasteless then why does hot water taste so bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if water is tasteless then why does hot water taste so bad?

Plain hot water doesn't really taste of much at all. But hot tap water has gone through your home's water heater and hot-water pipes, where it often picks up dissolved minerals that don't taste good.


Question: why are some countries’ money worth more or less than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are some countries’ money worth more or less than others?

The relative value of currencies is not arbitrary! People are correct to say that, in theory, you could multiply every price (and wages, bank balances, etc.) by 100 and not change anything, but that's not actually what's happening when we talk about whether the US Dollar is strong or weak versus the Euro. The main idea is that the currency you are holding affects what you can buy. If I go to Germany with nothing but USD in my pocket, I'm not going to be able to buy much. The merchants want Euro because they want to turn around and pay someone else (including taxes to the government), and those people will probably want Euro too. If I want to buy anything, I need to *trade* the USD in my pocket to someone else, which means finding a person who is holding Euro but would rather have USD. The terms of this trade are going to depend on how valuable it is to hold that currency. If BMW just released a great new car, the person trading me Euros is going to demand a higher price. Likewise, if Ford just released a great new car, I know I can squeeze a little more from the person I'm trading with. In this way, the market rate for transferring one currency into another is linked to the fundamentals of what you can buy in the places with those currencies.


Question: why does earworm (few seconds of any song repeat in the back of your head) happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does earworm (few seconds of any song repeat in the back of your head) happen?

I was listening to a 90s - 00s Playlist and Brittany Spears Toxic has been in my head for a week.


Question: Why does turning on lights / flickering lights make sound? Do light make sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does turning on lights / flickering lights make sound? Do light make sound?

Light doesn't make sound. Without knowing what kind of lights you are talking about or getting too technical, it's basically the case that rapid electrical fluctuations can cause different conductive elements to buzz due to vibrations caused by rapid heating/cooling or rapid changes in the magnetic field produced by the current.


Question: What goes on inside a person's body that forces them to be in a coma? What's preventing them from simply waking up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What goes on inside a person's body that forces them to be in a coma? What's preventing them from simply waking up?

Though a coma outwardly resembles sleep, it’s actually extremely different. Coma is when the general state of the brain is submerged into a severe depression level of consciousness. Sleeping has highly organized and complex electrical brain activity. A coma has slow electrical brain activity. Unlike sleep which can easily be reversed, no matter how much the patient is stimulated, he is incapable of becoming fully alert.


Question: How can the same medication (e.g. ibuprofen) be designed to target specific body parts? Is that just marketing, or does the formulation make a difference?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the same medication (e.g. ibuprofen) be designed to target specific body parts? Is that just marketing, or does the formulation make a difference?

Ibuprofen specifically targets inflammation. If a body part is inflamed, it probably hurts. Ibuprofen affects inflamed tissue, nullifying the pain. However, the chemical itself is in your bloodstream, and therefore is going everywhere in your body. You can't make it focus on one body part over another." Other things, like Tylenol (acetaminophen), we have no clue how they work on a cellular level even now. We just know that they do. So having them "target" a specific area is even more impossible than with ibuprofen. However, we do know that certain painkillers tend to work on different kinds of pain differently. For instance, acetaminophen does not work on inflammation, so using tylenol to aid a sprain or pulled muscle won't help.


Question: What changed with immigration in the last 100 years? Why is there a need for reform?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What changed with immigration in the last 100 years? Why is there a need for reform?

Society has changed. A hundred years ago the country was far less populated and people were needed for every task. There were more jobs than people. Nowadays there are far more people and, with the advent of automation and globalization, far fewer jobs. This creates a resentment among those who're competing for jobs that is largely directed at foreigners, mostly because outsourcing creates the perception (largely justified but not always true) that foreign workers are prepared to work for less money than Americans. Oh and as an aside, depending on where your grandfather came from, it wasn't 'easy'. Most trans-atlantic immigration came via ellis island and people were quarantined there or sent back if there was any doubts about their health.


Question: Why do our clothes generate static electricity in the winter, but we can't get thunderstorms, and why is the opposite true in the summer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our clothes generate static electricity in the winter, but we can't get thunderstorms, and why is the opposite true in the summer?

Friction creates small electrical charges that clothes are good at holding onto. This is why if you rub your shoes on carpet, you generate a charge (Because of the friction). During the spring and summertime, the air is often very humid. This humidity is good at dissipating static charges from objects, such as your clothing. This is why it's rare to get a static shock during those seasons, but common in the Winter, since the air is often very dry. Thunderstorms are **less common** (But can still occur) during the wintertime since the air is cooler, so less hot updrafts occur (These are necessary to form storms). Static shocks and thunderstorms happen for totally different reasons, but both do happen to change during the winter time. Static shocks are more common, but thunderstorms are less common.


Question: Why is it that licking small wounds or sucking the blood out of cuts heal us faster when our mouths are full of bacteria?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that licking small wounds or sucking the blood out of cuts heal us faster when our mouths are full of bacteria?

In general it doesn't. Animals licking their wounds is an effective way to clean out debris from the wound such as dirt which could have been pushed in during the event, but that is just because they don't have hands. Washing out your wound with clean water is a much better method, and "sucking the blood out of cuts" isn't something which helps matters.


Question: When we eat protein, what exactly are we eating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we eat protein, what exactly are we eating?

Protein is a category of molecules, made from smaller molecules called amino acids. If you buy protein powder, usually it's extracted from milk or soy, sometimes nuts or another plant. Animal flesh is made mostly of protein too, so chicken, beef, pork, fish, etc., are all protein foods.


Question: () Why do some of the world’s largest Oil producers (Exxon, Shell, BP) have such a low stock price compared to Big Tech (Amazon, Google, Apple) despite having similar or better revenue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 () Why do some of the world’s largest Oil producers (Exxon, Shell, BP) have such a low stock price compared to Big Tech (Amazon, Google, Apple) despite having similar or better revenue?

Stock price isn't an indication of a company's worth. Market cap is. Market cap is Outstanding Shares multiplied by stock price. A company that has 100 outstanding shares valued at $1 each, has a market cap of $100. A company who has a stock price of $100 per share, but only has 1 share outstanding has a market cap of $100. In this scenario, both companies are valued the same, despite the disparity in stock price.


Question: Why are essential workers who are risking their lives to serve us all making less money than people collecting unemployment? (Additional $600/week)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are essential workers who are risking their lives to serve us all making less money than people collecting unemployment? (Additional $600/week)?

Because they agreed to work for that payment. This is about contracts and not about crisis or extranormal problems.


Question: Why does it take half a year to decode an airplane's black box?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take half a year to decode an airplane's black box?

Imagine someone’s car crashed and you want to understand what happened. You have a recording of the crash, but it’s not a video - it’s a recording of the exact speed each wheel was doing, what the brake pressure was, what the position of the accelerator was, the engine temperature, the air con setting, and so on. You’d eventually be able to understand a lot about the crash, but you’d need an expert to look at all that data and tell you what it meant. Now imagine that for an aeroplane except there are several hundred times more pieces of data to look at, and the ultimate cause of the crash may be buried deep in one obscure sensor reading. That’s what you’re ‘decoding’ with a black box. Edit: thank you for the gold and awards! My first ever!


Question: What is a mathematical "Ring"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a mathematical "Ring"?

Ignoring the details of exactly which properties we require each to have, you can think of groups, rings and fields like this: - A group has one operation and its inverse, which we'll think of as addition and subtraction. - A ring adds a second operation which interacts "nicely" with the first, but the second operation need not have an inverse. We'll think of the second operation as multiplication. - A field also has an inverse for the second operation (except that you can't divide by zero). So the natural numbers aren't a group under addition (you can't guarantee that subtracting two natural numbers gives another natural number), and therefore they're not a ring either. Moving up to the integers gives you a ring, but not a field (dividing two integers may not give you another integer). The rational numbers form a field, since you can always divide two rational numbers and get another.


Question: Why do gas prices change daily but other goods remain almost constant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do gas prices change daily but other goods remain almost constant?

Because gas is sold at a much closer state to the raw material. That's rare, most consumer goods have enormous value added before they're retail goods. [Oil prices]( URL_1 ) and [wheat prices]( URL_0 ) have very similar volatility, but bread prices don't move nearly as much as gasoline prices. That's because wheat accounts for about $0.05 of a loaf of bread. So when wheat prices double, that's only a 2.5% move on a $2 loaf of bread. Gasoline is almost entirely oil prices (on average something like 70% of gasoline's value comes from the value of the input oil). The refiner, service station, and taxes split the rest. That means when oil prices jump, gas prices have to follow.


Question: Why can't we regulate pressure in an airplane to stop ears from popping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we regulate pressure in an airplane to stop ears from popping?

They can. The max pressure is equivalent to 8000ft of elevation, however most operate at or below 7000. Newer business class Jets pressurized to around 4,000 ft which makes the ear popping very very minimal. Pretty much cost is the driving factor. If you want a high pressure aircraft, you'll have to pay.


Question: Why is it said/taught in Economics and Finance that companies want to make "zero" profit? Shouldn't they want to make as much profit as possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it said/taught in Economics and Finance that companies want to make "zero" profit? Shouldn't they want to make as much profit as possible?

In economics profit means something different than what most people mean by profit. Economic profits are more like what most people mean by temporary boom or windfall (when prices are so high that profits exceed all their costs, including the cost of capital and other non-accounting costs). Economic profits are relatively rare, and generally can only be earned by businesses temporarily (because soon more businesses enter the industry to compete away the economic profits). So firms don't "want" to earn zero profits, they end up stuck in industries where they stop earning economic profits (these businesses still earn accounting profits which cover costs like the cost of their capital).


Question: Will the Tesla stay in pristine condition as it orbits in space? I thought atmospheric changes would ice the car, or space junk would hit it, but it is expected to be in orbit for a long time, what about comets or are those paths not destined to cross?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Will the Tesla stay in pristine condition as it orbits in space? I thought atmospheric changes would ice the car, or space junk would hit it, but it is expected to be in orbit for a long time, what about comets or are those paths not destined to cross?

> I thought atmospheric changes would ice the car There is no atmosphere to speak of. Its in space. It will be warmed by the sun in the sunshine, and cooled by radiative cooling in the shade (even the shade of its own body). The extent to which it heats depends on how fast it's rotating, the properties of the material getting sunlight on it, and so forth. > or space junk would hit it, Space is really big, even in orbit (which is relatively crowded). It's not likely to get hit by much, and if it is hit it's probably going to be something small. Although even a small object could do some significant damage because relative velocities can be high. > what about comets or are those paths not destined to cross? Back to the whole "space is big" angle. A comet hitting this car would be like you winning twelve consecutive lotteries. It's just really, really, really, really unlikely. Like if you were trying to hit a bullseye on an archery target in Maine with a specially prepared arrow you fired from Mars while blindfolded and under constant shark attack. > Will the Tesla stay in pristine condition as it orbits in space? All that being said, it is still getting bombarded by radiation, and in a vacuum with uneven heating. It will degrade over time. But I wouldn't necessarily expect a spectacular or fast deterioration, living near salt water might be worse.


Question: Why does the world economy tank when oil prices goes down? Should it not go up as more people willbe able to travel more, products involving oil, like plastics should become cheaper, so should airtravel, shipping etc. So why does the world economy rumble when oil prices does the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the world economy tank when oil prices goes down? Should it not go up as more people willbe able to travel more, products involving oil, like plastics should become cheaper, so should airtravel, shipping etc. So why does the world economy rumble when oil prices does the same?

Oil prices rise when economic output is strong. When business aren’t producing as much across the whole world then they don’t need to buy as much oil. That means that the oil that has already been produced doesn’t sell so the price lowers. So a low price for oil is sometimes related to a low demand for oil which is due to shrinking economic activity. It’s a little more complicated because oil isn’t freely traded. A large number of oil producing countries have banded together into a group called OPEC+ which can artificially set oil prices. Russia has recently had a disagreement with the group and has left the group. That made Saudi Arabia, one of the largest oil producers, increase production to extremely high rates in an attempt to flood the market with oil so the price will drop. This is designed to hurt Russia because the Russian economy is essentially little more than production of oil and other raw materials. This is extreme action that is a sign of high tension and instability. Stock markets tend to sell in times of uncertainty or when tensions may risk conflict. In the current situation there are worries that reduced travel and increased numbers of people sick from the COVID19 virus will reduce economic output/demand for oil. So the surplus of cheap oil on the market isn’t as likely to have a stimulatory effect.


Question: Why do geese walk thru traffic to cross the street instead of flying across to the other side?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do geese walk thru traffic to cross the street instead of flying across to the other side?

Large waterfowl usually prefer to walk or swim, taking off is tiring. In the spring and early summer they’re also often escorting that year’s fledglings that are not proficient flyers yet, even if they’ve lost their baby feathers. And of course, geese are aggressive, cocky little shits.


Question: In what way is antimatter atom different than normal matter atom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In what way is antimatter atom different than normal matter atom?

An anti-matter atom is one made up of the anti-matter equivilent of normal subatomic particles. That is, instead of being made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons, it will be made up of positrons, anti-protons, and anti-neutrons. At the most fundamental level, particles and their anti-particle counterparts have the same mass, but opposite electrical charges.


Question: What is the Fast Fourier Transform? (Or FFT) and how does one go on implementing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Fast Fourier Transform? (Or FFT) and how does one go on implementing it?

The *Fourier Transform* is a way of expressing a function in terms of the sum of sinusoids. This is most commonly used to transform a time domain signal (such as a time-varying amplitude of a signal) in the frequency domain so you can isolate and identify periodicity in the signal. However, it can also be used spatially (although it could be argued this is the same thing). The fundamental way to perform a Fourier Transform involves an operation called convolution, which is extraordinarily tedious (it involves multiplying two functions at every possible relative offset). The *Fast Fourier Transform* is a specific computer algorithm designed to use a divide-and-conquer strategy to cut down on the processing demands substantially. It's important because Fourier Transforms are important. However, it's also important because multiplication on a transformed function is equivalent to convolution on a non-transformed function. As a result, you can short-circuit any convolution operation by performing an (efficient) FFT and then multiplying. Since convolutions are useful in statistics and data analysis (amongst other places), this can dramatically cut down processing time.


Question: Why are our brains so good at remembering each and every word to a countless number of songs, yet we can't remember the simplest, smallest things like telephone numbers or passwords?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are our brains so good at remembering each and every word to a countless number of songs, yet we can't remember the simplest, smallest things like telephone numbers or passwords?

Memory works by forming connections between things. Song lyrics get extra connections because there is a basic underlying structure to the song. Thus if you can remember the basic pattern of the song, it acts as a memory jog for the specific lyrics. Instead of the hands of a clock, I tell time by the crow of my _____ You’ve never heard that before, because I just made it up, but based on assumptions about rhythm and rhyme scheme, it’s very easy to fill in the blank with the correct word. Technically, there’d be nothing wrong with “rooster” as an answer, but that’s not the word you filled it in with. Songs work the same way. If you forget a word, the surrounding structure of the song creates a specifically shaped hole that limits the possibilities of what could fit in it, and that makes it easy to remember the right word. A phone number is a semi-arbitrary string of numbers. If you forget the last digit, nothing in the preceding digits is going to give you any clue as to what that last number could possibly be.


Question: have languages for animals developed over time similar to that of human beings, or say can a lion in this time communicate with a lion five hundred years ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 have languages for animals developed over time similar to that of human beings, or say can a lion in this time communicate with a lion five hundred years ago?

When it comes to some animals like whales, dolphins, orca and the like, separated by 500 years they would most likely not be able to communicate well with each other, they have regional dialects just like us. I wouldn't be surprised if the same applied to elephants but I'm not certain how complex their "language" is compared to the ones of the killer whales. There is another interesting thing concerning killer whales, they have been shown to be able to learn the "phrases" from other dolphin species vocabulary, though to which extent that can occur is not really known. Lion communications are far more simple. I think they are pretty universal going back a few thousand years.


Question: Why can't music damage the dopamine system in brain like drugs do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't music damage the dopamine system in brain like drugs do?

In theory it could, but the sheer number of receptors being triggered etc is just massively different


Question: How does a Casino know you are counting cards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a Casino know you are counting cards?

As others said, they don't need to prove it, just suspect it. That said, it is somewhat easy to tell if an amateur is counting cards. The point of card counting is to give you extra information about what cards might come up in the deck so you can make better decisions. These better decisions are going to be the _opposite_ of what a normal person would do (else counting cards won't be valuable). If you see someone consistently staying on a 13 or hitting on a hard 18, odds are they are counting cards.