Question: What is the downside to having an exo-skeleton, and why is it primarily only smaller creatures that have them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the downside to having an exo-skeleton, and why is it primarily only smaller creatures that have them?

Insects (and others) are basically contains of fluid. They absorb oxygen through holes in their exo-skeleton which then diffuses through the goop that is inside to what counts for their internal organs. The problem is, the rate at which they can absorb oxygen depends on the surface area of their exoskeleton. But the rate at which that oxygen can be diffused throughout their body grows inversely to the volume of their interior. And the first rate is much slower than the second. That is, if you double the size of a bug, the rate at which it can take in oxygen through its shell would quadruple but the rate at which that oxygen could spread throughout its insides would be eight times slower. The strength of its exoskeleton and the weight of its body follows this rule as well (known as the cube-square law) meaning it gets heavier at a far faster rate than it gets stronger. A bug too large would literally collapse under its own weight.


Question: Why do some foods get hard when they go stale (ie bread) and some foods get soft (ie cereal)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some foods get hard when they go stale (ie bread) and some foods get soft (ie cereal)?

Because some foods have high water content like bread that dries up when it gets stale and therefore hard while others we prefer with low ater content and absorb humidity from the air and get soft when they are stale like cereal.


Question: why is it that I tend to always know the time (damn near to the minute) without having looked at a clock for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that I tend to always know the time (damn near to the minute) without having looked at a clock for a while?

This sounds a lot like confirmation bias. You remember the times you get it right more than the times you get it wrong. If you kept a tally of correct and incorrect, you’d most likely find that you’re not quite as on point as you believe.


Question: In Computer Science, what is NP, P, NP-complete, NP-Hard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In Computer Science, what is NP, P, NP-complete, NP-Hard?

P is a class of problems that are easy to solve. NP is a class of problems that are easy to *check*. All problems which are easy to solve (P) are easy to check (NP), but no one has proven whether or not all problems that are easy to check (NP) are also easy to solve (P). No one knows how to solve a lot of those problems easily – *if* they can be solved easily at all – but they're easy to check – to see if you got the right answer. NP-Hard is the class of problems that's hardest to solve. The ones you can also easily *check* are called NP-Complete. These problems are such that figuring out how to solve any of them easily would mean that you can solve all of them easily, proving that NP and P are one and the same, and that you can easily solve anything you can easily check. See also: URL_0


Question: Why is cleaning one's room a sign of progress with depression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is cleaning one's room a sign of progress with depression?

I've never suffered from depression. But my understanding from someone I know who has is it's a small victory, but an achievable one. It means, at the end of the day, you don't feel like you've yet again done nothing. You've tidied that pile of clothes into drawers. It's not much. It took 5 minutes. But you did it. And that's a victory. Apologies to anyone who suffers if I've got this wrong or misunderstood.


Question: Why is that when you drink too much you get the “spins” when you lay down/go to bed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is that when you drink too much you get the “spins” when you lay down/go to bed?

Your body's sense of balance is messed and can't figure out which way is up. Put one foot on the floor and it goes away :)


Question: How can soft drinks, with many ingredients, be cheaper to purchase than water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can soft drinks, with many ingredients, be cheaper to purchase than water?

It's what people are willing to pay. Your example isn't always true (it's one of those "every square is a rectangle, not every rectangle is a square" thing). If you buy a case of aquafina water, you're paying about 10 - 15 cents per bottle of water. You're not going to find a 500 mL soft drink at a grocery store that costs that money. But if you are deliberately choosing an expensive water (which is expensive because people are willing to pay that price), you are creating the situation you mentioned where water is more expensive than soft drinks.


Question: How to scammers who request money into a bank account get away with it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How to scammers who request money into a bank account get away with it?

If money transfers into bank accounts is being used then they have either created a bank account under a fake or stolen identity, use a bank which as a policy does not give out the identity of their customers even to authorities or in most cases they hire or trick people as strawmen who can take the blame when they get found out. For example you may trick person A into thinking they won the lotery but need to pay $2000 tax before you can send the money. You then hire person B as a personal assistant to help with the travels of a wealthy individual. You then have person A send the money to the bank account of person B and then tell person B to send you $1500 in cash. Since you have used a fake name the only thing the investigation will ucover is the names of person A and B in addition to the missing $1500 in cash that was sent to an anonymous post box in another country.


Question: Is it actually possible to have exactly 1/3 of something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it actually possible to have exactly 1/3 of something?

An infinitely small fraction is zero (the limit as x approaches infinity of 1 / x is 0), so yes it is possible to have exactly one third of something. If I have one of three apples I definitely have exactly one third of the total apples and that's that. Just because our decimal system isn't able to express that quantity perfectly doesn't mean it doesn't exist.


Question: What happens if there is friction between two organs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if there is friction between two organs?

The organ cells can tear from the friction which over long periods will cause internal bleeding and possibly organ failure


Question: Why was art from the Middle Ages so different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was art from the Middle Ages so different?

So as the Roman Empire fell, and most places were conquered or left in chaos, a lot of the artistic developments of Greece and Rome faded away. 1 point perspective, 3 point perspective, and so on would be lost for a long time. But not only that, at the time most couldn't read, so artists needed to make religious works easy to follow, with defined symbols and elements that would be recognized by any person. (Think like, how Batman wears a cowl with pointed ears, anyone would know thats batman, even if it wasn't 100% accurate. This would apply to religious leaders, with stuff like the color of their garments donating their position) Most artwork of medeival europe were done by Monks, and they often would create hundreds of characters with the same generic face to differentiate the commom folks from the important ones, who were the only ones whos images were made in their likness.


Question: How can people contain or transfer ClF3 or Chlorine Triflouride?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can people contain or transfer ClF3 or Chlorine Triflouride?

Almost. The key word there is almost. Steel, copper and Nickel will react and create a protective layer, the same as aluminum forms aluminum oxide in the presence of oxygen.


Question: Why are insanely huge debts owned by countries never considered a big deal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are insanely huge debts owned by countries never considered a big deal?

> Why is this not a huge issue for every country? As long as the country is seen as being capable of paying back the debt on time, it's not really a huge issue. It can become an issue however, when a country's economy does really badly and the financial world no longer believes that the country can pay its obligations. Note that the USA (and a lot of other countries) have never missed a payment on the debt. > Who do they own the debt to? Anyone who has bought treasury bills or government bonds. If you have a 401K, you are one of the people the government owes debt to. > Why do the debts just keep increasing? Government spends more than it takes in. The current US budget spends almost half a trillion more than it gets in taxes. See URL_0 for instance. > What happens if it needs to be paid one day? That's not how it works. If you hold 100K worth of Treasury Bills that expire in say, 2020, you get money in 2020, not before. > Is there a payment deadline to begin with? Kind of. National debts partially expire all the time, and at that point, part of it is paid.


Question: when a photon is emitted by an atom whose electron jumps down an energy level, why is that photon energy emitted as a discrete photon as opposed to emanating outward as a spherical bit of energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when a photon is emitted by an atom whose electron jumps down an energy level, why is that photon energy emitted as a discrete photon as opposed to emanating outward as a spherical bit of energy?

Well, it is. This is quantum mechanics for you. The photon travels outward in all directions, and only chooses to be one discrete particle when it interacts with something.


Question: How did the Big Bang happen? (For my 6 and 4 year olds)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the Big Bang happen? (For my 6 and 4 year olds)

That's a tough question, but for a 6 year old it would be suffice to say that our worlds best scientists noticed something very interesting when they look at far away stars and galaxies with telescopes. They see that everything is racing away from us. The scientists realized that if they are racing away from us, then at some point those stars and galaxies were next to us. They traced the steps and realized that the universe all formed in one epic moment a long long time ago (13.8 billion years ago). Unfortunately there isn't a consensus on what happened to start the Big Bang, or if there was anything before the Big Bang.


Question: What prevents huge tech giants from just saying "no" when a foreign country says "do this, or be fined"? Couldn't a company like Google or Facebook just laugh and say "Try and make us pay. Our user base native to your country would sure be upset if you blocked us for not paying."?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What prevents huge tech giants from just saying "no" when a foreign country says "do this, or be fined"? Couldn't a company like Google or Facebook just laugh and say "Try and make us pay. Our user base native to your country would sure be upset if you blocked us for not paying."?

They could do that, but they do not have a monopoly on the market. Once it is blocked, another company will gain popularity and replace Google or Facebook.


Question: how can China grant insane subsidies to factories and businesses that allow selling and shipping goods across the world for little to almost nothing and still make massive profits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can China grant insane subsidies to factories and businesses that allow selling and shipping goods across the world for little to almost nothing and still make massive profits?

There's a few reasons: Capitalism: China isn't it. The government is in control and can do whatever it wants to any company it wants, and it does. "massive profits" is a confusing idea in China. It's not wrong, but its definitely not right either. Currency and costs: China uses some methods to artificially keep the value of its currency low, which helps it sell on the international market for very cheap. /additionally, the costs of manufacturing in labor in China is crazy low, although its substantially rising and places like SE Asia and East Africa, which are even cheaper are now competing with them in this sector. Shipping/subsidizing: China is willing to lose money on stuff like this because they want to corner the market on this type of activity. They are not playing nice or fair, by design. The government is fine with subsidizing it, because it keeps them on top, again they don't care about making money, thats not their goal. They are looking to build and control. The people: China has a different relationship with its people than western countries. China is happy to keep people making low wages and 'bad' jobs for now, most of the issue you bring up, the biggest people hurt are the chinese people themselves


Question: What would happen in a hypothetically small and very targeted nuclear war?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen in a hypothetically small and very targeted nuclear war?

No. You’d need something that would only kill people and not cause lasting harm to the environment. Something like a ... pandemic.


Question: How does international money transfer create value for the receiver?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does international money transfer create value for the receiver?

Ideally USA would use those 1000 Euros to buy something they need from Germany. This would achieve a neutral trade balance - Germany got something from US, US got something from Germany, everybody is happy. In reality USA has a large trade deficit - they buy way more stuff than they sell. The reason for this is the fact that the US dollar currently serves as a reserve currency. People all over the world want to have some dollars just in case, or to trade with each other (without US). So when they sell something to the US they are likely to hold on to the dollars they’ve received rather than buy something from US. As for the question about Germany printing lots of Euros. Thing is, USA are fully capable to simply not take those Euros as payment and demand something else in exchange for goods or services delivered, for example US dollars. In fact, should Germany try it, this is exactly what would happen, because Euros would rapidly lose value. That’s what stopping Germany from doing it. And no, mode of transfer has nothing to do with it at all. It’s almost always electronic nowadays anyway.


Question: How do the postal service check contents of a mail/package?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the postal service check contents of a mail/package?

USPS is allowed to open any media mail package. Media mail is used to send books, CDs, DVD, and other printed educational material. USPS is allowed to open and inspect media mail packages by law, and I have heard stories of packages sent by media mail that contain non-media mail items being either returned to sender, or having the receiver be charged extra. So I assume that any larger package marked media mail they just open it with a knife, check if it contains any non media-mail products, and then close it with tape. They don't do this with every media mail package of course, I assume its just the larger ones in boxes. URL_0 > Media Mail packages may not contain advertising. Comic books do not meet this standard. Books may contain incidental announcements of other books and sound recordings may contain incidental announcements of other sound recordings. In accordance with standards in the Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service, Domestic Mail Manual (DMM), Section 170, Media Mail packages must have a delivery address and the sender’s return address and are subject to inspection by the Postal Service™. Upon such inspection, matter not eligible for the Media Mail rate may be assessed at the proper price and sent to the recipient postage due, or the sender may be contacted for additional postage.


Question: Why can't/don't hospitals dispense generic pharmacy items?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't/don't hospitals dispense generic pharmacy items?

Most hospitals do have supply closets full of stuff. It’s not generic, because there aren’t really generics of things that aren’t drugs, but it’s usually brands that exist to supply institutions at low price. Hospitals have shampoo, razors, nail files, toothbrushes and toothpaste, tampons, and so on. Usually you don’t pay for them, they’re included in your bill—some of the few things the hospital can’t bill you for!


Question: How does water become super heated or super frozen without actually boiling or freezing? How can it still be in a liquid state?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water become super heated or super frozen without actually boiling or freezing? How can it still be in a liquid state?

Pure water can't form the crystals required to freeze as a solid until it comes into contact with a contaminated surface. I would imagine the same is true for super boiling water as well. These are pure water (no miniscule minerals for the ice crystals to form on/around)


Question: How does card counting in Blackjack work and why is it commonly considered cheating or at the very least frowned upon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does card counting in Blackjack work and why is it commonly considered cheating or at the very least frowned upon?

You keep track of "high" or face cards, by counting +1 whenever you see one, and that tells you the odds of the next card being a face card. It's not illegal, but casinos will kick you out, because any establishment has the right to refuse to serve anyone for any reason, and they can refuse to serve you because you cut into their profits.


Question: Why do spoons/forks sometimes taste like they have an electrical charge? (Almost like putting your tongue to a battery)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do spoons/forks sometimes taste like they have an electrical charge? (Almost like putting your tongue to a battery)

Depending on the cutlery, the acidity of your saliva, and the presence of any fillings/braces, you can experience something called a galvanic reaction. In essence a very small current is flowing in your mouth, either between different parts of the cutlery, from some of the metal ions dissolving in your saliva, or from the cutlery to fillings, using your saliva as an electrolyte solution. This is especially apparent if you have metal fillings and bite a piece of aluminum foil (VERY unpleasant) and you get a "shock".


Question: How did animals that fought alongside humans (horses, elephants...) not panic when seeing all those members of their species dying, while getting poked with spears and shot with arrows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did animals that fought alongside humans (horses, elephants...) not panic when seeing all those members of their species dying, while getting poked with spears and shot with arrows?

They're intensely conditioned. Horses, for examples, are easily frightened animals. To condition them to a battlefield you'd (probably) do something like start them out easily. Make the loud noises they're expected to hear next to them so they get used to them. Place some dummies on the ground in the style of corpses and have it walk around them so they get used to that. And so on. But animals still frequently panicked. Elephants in particular were (in)famous for how frequently they'd panic and turn around to trample their own army. Remember reading that part of the job of an elephant rider was to be prepared to execute it with something like a nail and hammer to the head in case it panicked. Don't know how true that was, but it sounds very plausible.


Question: Why do bears and squirrels hibernate whereas most mammals don’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do bears and squirrels hibernate whereas most mammals don’t?

Lots of mammals do really. Many different types of rodent hibernate, hedgehogs hibernate. Chipmunks, groundhogs, bats, skunks, they all hibernate. Other animals like deer adapt in different ways. Deer grow a winter coat of fur that absorbs more sunlight for warmth. They also cut their metabolic rate in half, spending far more time resting without going into full-on hibernation. But one of the biggest differences is that a deer's diet doesn't disappear in winter. There are plenty of evergreen plants providing leaves, mosses and other things for a deer to eat. By comparison, a bear's food sources almost disappear and an animal the size of a bear needs a lot of food. And animals with fast metabolisms like many rodents simply can't consume enough food with the winter cold sucking up their energy.


Question: what is a Markov chain and the Monte Carlo method?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is a Markov chain and the Monte Carlo method?

A Markov Chain is a system where something transitions from one distinct state to another with probabilities depending only on the current state. Let's start with a coin flip. If you get heads you take a step right (+1) and tails take a step left (-1). You start at 0. So at step 1 you move to 1 with 50% chance and to -1 with 50% chance. I just flipped a heads so at step 2 I'm at +1 and flip a coin again following the same rules. So now I will be at 0 with 50% chance or at +2 with 50% chance. Where I end up at each step depends only at where I am now. It does not matter how I got there. Whether I got to +1 on step 1 or step 51 won't change the likelihood of going to 0 or +2. Monte Carlo simulation is where you use randomness to change the inputs to a system and use the outputs to approximate the the expected value of certain parameters: average, variance, etc. Using these together allows you to run a Markov Chain using a Random Number Generator thousands, if not millions, of times and build really close estimates without having to perform really nasty integrals.


Question: How does SPF in sunscreen work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does SPF in sunscreen work?

I will leave this video here to explain it. URL_0


Question: Why do those batteries run out when they still have juice left in them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do those batteries run out when they still have juice left in them?

Alkaline Batteries are a chemical reaction that produces a charge. If the battery runs low, the voltage goes down but over time more reaction can build the voltage back up. It's just slower because there are fewer reactants to run into each other inside the cell. It's like a smoldering fire or a sputtering engine running out of gas. A standard alkaline battery has a 1.5 V charge. 2 of them in series gives 3 V. A mouse might need 2.4 V to push the electrons through the circuits and light the scanning led. A fresh battery can chemically react fast enough to supply constant charge as it is used. When the chemicals are 50% used up, the reaction starts happening slower and can produce less force (voltage is like an electrical pressure) so the voltage difference goes down. Over time, even a slow reaction can build up more pressure temporarily. It's almost exactly like a flat bottle of soda. A full 2 liter bottle will stay pressurized. Squeeze a little air out of it, seal it and shake it up and it will expand. But a half empty bottle needs a lot more shaking and more time to pressurize the bottle.


Question: How do they pick up the golf balls at places like Top Golf?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they pick up the golf balls at places like Top Golf?

Have you never seen the carts that drive around with the plow that picks them all up? Never tried to hit a ball at them? Those drive around, and collect the balls that are strewn around. More top golf specific, than a driving range; They drive the cart to the back of each of the targets, and enter through a hatch to get below where the balls fall when you hit the targets. They use a nifty vacuum thing to collect them all, and put them with the ones they've collected while driving the cart around. The cart comes back, and places all the balls it's collected on it's little adventure back where they go inside the facility. To be redistributed among all the people there at their stations. Source: Best friend used to work at top golf! Fun fact! He got fired.


Question: How do ships not capsize after firing a salvo?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do ships not capsize after firing a salvo?

Inertia The guns on a battleship might be massive but even the force of firing a full broadside isn't close to enough energy to cause such a massive vessel to capsize. An Iowa class battleship weighs something like 45,000 tons. A full broadside will however cause the ship to move, with reports of battleships moving upwards of 16 ft sideways after a full broadside. The 100 ton guns also have built-in recoil compensation using compressed air that forces the gun back to neutral position after fire. This absorbs a lot of the shock of firing.


Question: How can they be absolutely sure pi doesn't end somewhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can they be absolutely sure pi doesn't end somewhere?

We have [proof that pi is irrational]( URL_0 ) (the proof is far too complicated for this sub though). Irrational numbers are numbers that can't be represented as the division of two whole numbers. For example 1/3 is rational, but pi or the square root of 2 aren't. One property of the irrational numbers is that if you try to write them down as a decimal fraction, you get an [infinite, non-repeating sequence of digits]( URL_1 ) (specifically, we know that if a number's decimal expansion is repeating or finite, then it is rational). P.S. The irrationality of pi is one of its least interesting properties. There are tons of irrational numbers, such as pi, e, the square roots of 2, 3, 5 and of every number that isn't a whole square number. In fact, there are more irrational numbers than rationals.


Question: Why are processors so small? Double the size, double the performance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are processors so small? Double the size, double the performance?

Electricity 'only' travels at the speed of light, and you need to make sure that all the parts of the CPU are still on the same clock cycle. Modern CPUs are doing several billion clock cycles per second, so there is a limit as to how far electrical signals can travel within one clock cycle. One way to get around that limitation is to use several CPU cores on the same chip that can do their work semi-independently and don't necessarily have to be perfectly in sync with the others.


Question: Why does shakespeare still matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does shakespeare still matter?

Shakespeare was declared a canonical figure sometime in the 19th century. Being part of the literary canon pretty much means that an author is widely accepted as being important and influential. Since England was a colonial power, they imposed their literature on their colonies as a mode of superiority. This is why, worldwide, so many people know Shakespeare. If you're asking why we care about his works, one could go on for pages about why he's considered so great. Much of it lies in his use of language. However, he also explores themes of race, gender, sexuality, loyalty, and love in his works in a way that allows us to reflect on and question societal norms, culture, and our relationships with others. Edit: I may add more to this in the morning. It's like 4 am right now so this isn't really the most well-written response.


Question: Why can't a country in a trade surplus be sustained in that position indefinitely?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't a country in a trade surplus be sustained in that position indefinitely?

It can. Imagine you have a job at a convenience store where they give you a 50% discount on baseball cards. You don’t care for them much, but your friend does. He regularly buys them from you for 90% of list. You never buy anything from him. Your friend has a trade deficit with you. The trade, though, is beneficial for both of you and you’ll keep doing it as long as it works out for both of you. And you’re not living outside your means to do it. Your teacher may have been talking about a budget deficit, which is a whole different thing. That is living outside your means. *edit: I had the trade deficit backwards. Macro at 7am never safe.


Question: How does sand turn into glass and how does it suddenly become transparent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sand turn into glass and how does it suddenly become transparent?

Sand is often (but not always) made of small grains of quartz, which is made of silica. To make silica glass, you would need to refine the sand to just quartz grains, removing impurities like rocks and shells. You then melt those quartz grains and cool them to form a crystalline structure. The crystal allows light to pass through it because all the atoms in the crystal are lined up, providing paths that light particles can follow the move through the glass. If you look closely sand made from quartz, you will notice that some of the grains are actually transparent. Edit: Glass is not a crystal.


Question: You lose energy in cold weather because heat leaves your body, but why do you not gain energy in hot weather?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 You lose energy in cold weather because heat leaves your body, but why do you not gain energy in hot weather?

Humans are warm-blooded[citation needed] This means we generate put own heat via our metabolic processes which requires energy (from food) and water, we know all this. Now, when exposed to cold temperatures the body starts doing a whole bunch of stuff to keep us alive and warm, including using up more energy to keep this process going. The equation for this is long with many variables and can be found in [this article]( URL_0 ) I found after like 10 seconds on google. We don’t “gain energy” from hot temperatures like cold-blooded animals do, but if it’s hot we *dont* have to put the extra energy towards keeping ourselves warm. We’ve got other stuff going on, like sweating to keep ourselves cooler, but it isn’t at resource intensive as keeping warm. So we might not “gain” energy when it’s hot, but we’ll use up less just trying to stay alive **disclaimer: do not have a relevant degree so correct me if needs be, but this is my understanding


Question: How can a neutron decay into an electron and a proton?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a neutron decay into an electron and a proton?

Particles are perturbations of the underlying fields, and many physical processes produce or destroy particles via one of the interactions interacting with one or more fields while preserving total energy. The weak interaction allows quarks of different charges to be transformed into each other. The neutron decay process is `n - > p + e- + νe`, with a down quark turning into an up quark. This process conserves all the required quantities. The inertial plus kinetic energy of the decay particles are equivalent to the energy of the neutron, as a neutron is slightly more massive than a proton. In fact, free neutrons decay with a half life in minutes. & #x200B; If you want to get a bit more in depth, neutron decay is actually two steps: a neutron decays into a proton and a W^(-) boson, a process mediated by the weak interaction. Then the very short lived W^(-) boson decays into (generally) an electron and electron neutrino also by the weak interaction. It can be represented pictorially as a Feynman diagram: [\[1\]]( URL_0 ).


Question: How do stealth boats/planes/submarines hide themselves from radar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stealth boats/planes/submarines hide themselves from radar?

Planes and boats have carefully designed angles to their surfaces, along with special materials, to reduce the reflection of radar waves. Planes also have things like internal missile storage to reduce the surfaces that radar can reflect off. Submarines are not detected by radar (at least underwater) but sonar. They use similar ideas to reduce reflection, but mainly rely on quiet propulsion systems and sound proofing the interior, to reduce their chances of being heard by hydrophone systems.


Question: Why the bass is so important to music in general, even though it doesn't sound loud in most songs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the bass is so important to music in general, even though it doesn't sound loud in most songs?

Depends on the music you are listening to. Most pop songs will have the bass ride the root notes. Bass players job is to keep time and out line the chord. So that in genres like rock, jazz, blues, etc the other instruments like piano, guitar, horns can solo and improvise. Jazz music is a great example. Bass “walks” the chord progression while keep time with the drummer, keeping the overall feel and rhythm while the improvisation is done. Check out Miles Davis “So What”


Question: How the film's millimeter(mm), affect in a photo or recording?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How the film's millimeter(mm), affect in a photo or recording?

In a broad sense it affects resolution. Film is basically clear plastic covered with very tiny crystals. You can think of these crystals like the pixels (or rather sub-pixels) on a monitor, the only difference is they aren't arranged in a nice neat grid but rather just a big jumbled mess like someone dropped them. Using different chemical processes you can make the crystals sensitive to different types of light, so you have red, green and blue sensitive crystals glued to the film. Once they are exposed to light another chemical process is used to lock in the colors. The larger a film negative you use (like 8mm, 16mm, 35mm or 70mm) the more crystals will fit onto the frame and as a result there will be more 'resolution'. The size of the image is determined by how far away the projector is from the screen and how the focusing element is shaped. In theory you can project an 8mm film onto a huge IMAX screen, it will simply look really bad because you'll be able to see the film grain very clearly. As I said the crystals are not distributed in a nice even way, it's more like painted sand which you can see when viewed very close. Color and grain size can also differ depending on the actual chemical technology used - older film used more primitive chemicals/procedures and so grain might be bigger and the color might not be as accurate.


Question: Why does a pile of coins left alone for long periods of time get that “icky” dirty feeling and grime to them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a pile of coins left alone for long periods of time get that “icky” dirty feeling and grime to them?

Fresh coins wouldn't, i suspect. I believe this is because they're covered in oils from our skin (which is also what makes them smell of metal) that pick up dust and fluff from the air over time.


Question: Why cant we imagine a new colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why cant we imagine a new colour?

Our eyes can only see a certain range of light. This means we can only see colors that have wavelengths within the range we are physically capable of seeing. Other colors do exist we just can't see them because our eyes can't detect those wavelengths. Because we've only ever seen these colors, we can only imagine colors that are mixures of what weve already seen, which already exists.


Question: Why every social media is moving away from chronological order for its feeds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why every social media is moving away from chronological order for its feeds?

If your feed is in chronological order, it’s easier to feel like you’ve seen everything and can therefore leave the site without missing anything. If they jumble it all up, you don’t get the feeling of “completing” an action, so you continue scrolling and scrolling, seeing more and more ads.


Question: How does a smartphone know the time after being switched on again without internet connection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a smartphone know the time after being switched on again without internet connection?

There's a small chip somewhere in the phone that keeps running even when the phone is off. It's just a clock, so it used an incredibly tiny amount of power.


Question: Why are keys of a computer keyboard arranged in that specific way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are keys of a computer keyboard arranged in that specific way?

There are lots of different arrangements, but if you're referring to Qwerty, it's because the letters are offset such that more commonly used keys are next to less commonly used keys. This is because back when mechanical keyboards had arms that flipped around as the keys were pressed it could cause problems if two next to each other were pushed in quick succession. By placing commonly used keys next to uncommonly used ones the chances of this happening were reduced.


Question: How did we discover how to make antidepressants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we discover how to make antidepressants?

Two semi-accidents in the 1950s. A lot of drugs in those days were sort of stumbled onto by trying lots of different chemicals that were very close to ones which worked well. * Some people had noticed that isoniazid, a drug we still use tuberculosis, made some people more energized. It was the first drug called "antidepressant." A related drug, iproniazid, was being tried for tuberculosis, and oddly seemed to make patients unusually happy. It turned out to be stopping a chemical that breaks down certain neurotransmitters in the brain, the first monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant. * Scientists had been trying all kinds of related antihistamines to help with nausea, itching, and sleep. One was tried to help calm patients with schizophrenia, and turned out to also reduce hallucinations. This was chlorpromazine (Thorazine), the first antipsychotic. This was a big deal, so people started trying drugs with similar structures. One promising candidate also made people very sleepy, but didn't help with psychosis, and strangely made manic patients MORE energized and out of control. So, they tried it on the depressed patients, and it worked. That was imipramine, the first tricyclic antidepressant (TCA.) Essentially all antidepressants approved since have been more or less related, working on the same targets or in similar ways. SSRIs and SNRIs were just an attempt to make tricyclics without as many side effects.


Question: Why does sand "stick" together when it's wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sand "stick" together when it's wet?

Partly to do with the size and shape of the particles, 'sharp' sand used in building is jagged and fits together better than more rounded sand particles. It is also because water molecules have + and - charged ends, which are attracted to both the sand particles (or the charged ones at least) while also being attracted to other water molecules. (Somewhat like a magnet)


Question: How to fugitives on the run go to a new place and get settled in with a new identity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How to fugitives on the run go to a new place and get settled in with a new identity?

> How to they find jobs? Also when applying for a job, how do they get away with using an alias? Cash in hand work that don't ask questions.


Question: Why do lithium ion batteries in a laptops charge to 100% then uses adaptor power while batteries on phone don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lithium ion batteries in a laptops charge to 100% then uses adaptor power while batteries on phone don't?

Two reasons, the practical being the most important case though Practical: There is basically zero demand for people to run a mobile phone, without a battery, in a fixed location. This is an exceptionally obscure condition, as such, designing a phone that would be in a case with no battery and get power direct is never gonna happen. If people did use phones this way (and they don't), they would figure out ways to manufacture them to allow it, but since they don't, why would you? Technical: Space inside a mobile phone is at a premium. It takes more complex and cumbersome circuitry and design to allow a device to run from power vs. battery. Running from battery is much much easier and can be done smaller (and lots of other electronics/electricity reasons). Laptops are large enough and are used in a different way that makes it reasonable they can run off power directly, and then also use it to charge


Question: Why didn't Latin survive in the British Isles after the Roman Empire fell, whereas in mainland Europe, Latin replaced the local languages and became the modern Romance languages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why didn't Latin survive in the British Isles after the Roman Empire fell, whereas in mainland Europe, Latin replaced the local languages and became the modern Romance languages?

When rome fell the lands were settled by Germanic tribes. However these varied heavily. The goths who settled most of it were already a form of Christianity. The franks who settled France were friendly-ish border tribes of rome for centuries. These assimilated the native regional Roman culture and religion of the lands into their own kingdoms. The tribes that settled britain originated from an area never touched by Rome and couldn’t care less about the culture and religion. Plus the Romano-Briton control and population was more sparse than on the continent so it was more easy to dominate the language and culture into the Anglo Saxon form.


Question: How is a wi-fi enabled device able to tell the signals from one specific wireless router from the (potentially) hundreds of other wireless routers in range?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a wi-fi enabled device able to tell the signals from one specific wireless router from the (potentially) hundreds of other wireless routers in range?

Wifi breaks the frequency in channels similar to TV. Your computer or phone will surf through the channels and listen for a bit to see what is on the channel. Each access point or router will broadcast a unique ID number and also a name set by the user. This scan will make the list of networks in the area that you can try to connect to. When a device wants to talk it listens and waits until nobody else is talking. When done it listens for the other side to say that they got the message. If two talk at the same time the message will not be acknowledged and they will know that they need to wait and resend.


Question: Why is it that under general anesthesia it feels as if no time passed when you wake up (as if you were asleep for < 1 sec) while when sleeping you feel as if time passed by?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that under general anesthesia it feels as if no time passed when you wake up (as if you were asleep for < 1 sec) while when sleeping you feel as if time passed by?

In order for you to feel like time had passed you must remember something that happened after you were put under. Sounds, the slight movement of an arm, a dream, and even waking during the procedure can happen. All these are actively experienced. You can answer questions if you woke. If your arm is pulled you'll pull back. The medication blocks your ability to remember any of it. So, when they bring you out you have no memory of any of it. So, you think back and the brain doesn't have a way of filling that memory gap. The film of your day before surgery is spiced to the film of the moment you were brought out.


Question: How do neural networks work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do neural networks work?

[This]( URL_0 ) video explains it very well. Basically, a neural network consists of nodes which receive inputs, perform a calculation, and return their result to the next nodes. These nodes are ordered in layers. The nodes in the first layer receive the input data - for example the colors of the pixels of an image. The nodes in the last layer represent the 'answer' the neural network gives. I think there are more complicated types of Neural Networks but I don't understand those yet.


Question: Why does water make whisky taste different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water make whisky taste different?

Whisky has many in depth flavors that are hard to distinguish when it's "whole". When you add water to whisky it's called "opening it up" which is diluting the layers of flavor so you can taste each more clearly therefore changing the flavor.


Question: How do we calculate the sizes/masses of stars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we calculate the sizes/masses of stars?

Measuring the mass of stars in binary systems is easy. Binary systems are sets of two or more stars in orbit about each other. By measuring the size of the orbit, the stars' orbital speeds, and their orbital periods, we can determine exactly what the masses of the stars are. We can take that knowledge and then apply it to similar stars not in multiple systems. We also can easily measure the luminosity and temperature of any star. A plot of luminocity versus temperature for a set of stars is called a Hertsprung-Russel (H-R) diagram, and it turns out that most stars lie along a thin band in this diagram known as the main Sequence. Stars arrange themselves by mass on the Main Sequence, with massive stars being hotter and brighter than their small-mass bretheren. If a star falls on the Main Sequence, we therefore immediately know its mass. In addition to these methods, we also have an excellent understanding of how stars work. Our models of stellar structure are excellent predictors of the properties and evolution of stars. As it turns out, the mass of a star determines its life history from day 1, for all times thereafter, not only when the star is on the Main Sequence. So actually, the position of a star on the H-R diagram is a good indicator of its mass, regardless of whether it's on the Main Sequence or not.


Question: How do game developers know that the skills and damage of their created characters are balanced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do game developers know that the skills and damage of their created characters are balanced?

They guess, then tweak values until it seems like everyone is winning or complaining the same amount. Usually the exact number doesn't matter so much as the number of hits or amount of time it takes to kill something. As for why the weird numbers, the balance tweaks are part of it, but another part of it is that sometimes you move content around in terms of game design, so you scale up the difficulty of an area to make it suitable for a different level, and you probably set a stat multiplier somewhat arbitrarily, then tweak it until it feels right.


Question: how can people who have suffered trauma lose all of their memories, but still be able to remember the language they speak?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can people who have suffered trauma lose all of their memories, but still be able to remember the language they speak?

Basically we're not exactly sure. But technically speaking, it's because the brain doesn't have strictly divided sections for specific tasks, they're more loosely organized systems and each system sometimes bleeds into others. This is, for example, why some people experience what's called "synesthesia", which is when your senses overlap in your cognitive functions, causing you to experience sensory crossover. (like seeing sound, smelling color, etc). This also has something to do with schizophrenic patients, there's cross chatter in the brain that causes hallucinations. Back to your question though; The entire brain is used in the act of memory, where a specific area is used to process speech and language (which are two different things). Language and it's comprehension is a cognitive, memory, and motor task, and different, deeper parts of the brain are used for those functions. Memory, because it is not a task-based system, derives it's function by linking neuron pathways. This is why a smell will remind you of a memory, and that memory will remind you of another, and another, etc. The pathways that are triggered during recalling a memory all link to one another in some way, and when there is some type of catastrophic damage to the brain caused by blunt trauma, swelling, fever, etc, it can severely damage or sever these pathways, which are extremely temperamental. Because of the way memory works (as far as we currently understand it to), if you sever the first set of pathways, the brain loses access to the entire string of memories. So, when you used to be able to recall the information of someone's name, based on their face and voice, that information is no longer accessible after damage to the first pathway, which was triggered by the sight, sound, or smell of something. Some types of therapy for this kind of amnesia involve helping the individual recall a specific memory by "going around" the damaged portions, or in other words getting them to recall it a different way, so if they used to remember someone's name because of their face, they may tell them a story about how this "stranger" was involved in their life, and the brain may find an alternative route to the memory, and as a result would be able to recall everything. This is also why amnesia patients will sometimes suddenly remember entire chunks of memory at once instead of in small incriments. Tl;Dr because the brain doesn't put all its eggs in the same basket, and if it loses the basket full of memory eggs, it still had the basket full of language eggs. Updoot if this helped. Downdoot if I'm an idiot and everything I said was wrong.


Question: How does the measuring of electricity work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the measuring of electricity work?

Voltage is the electric potential. Thats more like the pressure than anything else. Voltage hurts but doesn't really harm you. This is because our nerves are quite literally run with electricity. Amps is the current, the speed of flow of electricity. A small current into your heart will kill you, but you need a good amount of voltage to get there, and be unlucky to have that be the path of least resistance. Watts is the power, the current multiplied by the voltage. No pressure in high speed is no power. Tons of pressure with no movement is no power. Lots of pressure and lots of speed is high power. An electrical component typically has a voltage and current requirement to turn on. The adapter (wall plug part) of a typical usb phone charger will set the voltage and allow for up to an amount of current to flow in. A wall outlet is 120v ac in the us. The current is very high but depends on what you plug into it. A dc battery has MUCH less power because the current and voltage are nowhere near what the wall outlet can allow. What matters most if you can feel electricity is the voltage. 120v outlets can be felt very easily. 9v battery, not so much. However the voltage doesn't matter if the resistance of the connecto pulls the current down too much. Rubber gloves have an insanely high resistance, so basically no current can flow causing little power to be provided. I am not exactly an expert but I have an engineering degree if you have any questions.