Question: How do painkillers kill pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do painkillers kill pain?

Generally speaking, it's about breaking the chain of compounds that relay the sensation of pain. In order for you to feel pain, a number of things have to happen. A specialized nerve receptor called a *nociceptor* is stimulated by injury, and its job is to kick off the chain of actions that cause you to feel pain. An enzyme called COX-2 is produced, and it binds to nerve receptors. As these enzymes bind to the receptors, the nerves carry that impulse to the brain where it's interpreted as pain. The more COX-2 binding to receptors, the more intense the sensation. For over-the-counter painkillers, most work by inhibiting the production of the COX-2 enzyme. Since there's less COX-2, not as much can bind to the receptors, so the transmitted impulses are weaker and, by extension, the feeling of pain is reduced. If enough COX-2 is inhibited, it can stop the production of the pain signal altogether. Other painkillers work in different ways. Some act directly on the central nervous system to depress (reduce) the nerve impulse intensity, reducing the pain signals reaching the brain. There's no one method by which painkillers work, which is why doctors have options: when one painkiller can't give a patient relief, they can try another that uses a different mechanism of action to try to reduce the patient's pain. All painkillers, however, have side effects, and the more powerful the painkiller the more serious the side effects tend to be. This is why dosing instructions are so important.


Question: How do suicide rates in the past few centuries compare to today?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do suicide rates in the past few centuries compare to today?

We simply cannot know. That information was not well documented. Most of the death records that we have from before the 1900s is from Church burial records. Since those who commit suicide were not allowed to have a funeral on Church grounds or to be buried on Church ground there was seldom a record for them. We have some records from other sources such as troop records from war, or criminal records regarding prisoners but those also get very sparse prior to the 1800s or so.


Question: How does Terahertz Radiation work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Terahertz Radiation work?

It works just like any other form of radiation, like microwaves or radio waves, just a different frequency/wavelength. The issue with treahertz (the treahertz gap) is that there aren't any cost effective technologies to use the band as optics aren't sensitive enough and electronics aren't fast enough. It's very power-intensive to generate THz waves or to power a detector to receive them.


Question: How does a throwing knife or tomahawk always manage to land blade first and not the handle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a throwing knife or tomahawk always manage to land blade first and not the handle?

The simple answer is that they don't. Thrown weapons are designed to give you the best chance to hit with the blade, but it takes a lot of practice and even then it isn't a sure thing. People who throw knives or axes at fairs and circuses and such are entertainers working in more or less the same conditions every time. With lots of practice they can get good enough throwing *a specific weapon at a specific range into a specific target* that they can land the shot most of the time. In TV and movies they're straight up cheating. They have as many tries as they need to get the shot right, or they use special effects. You only see the end result, which makes it look like thrown weapons are extremely accurate and deadly in the hands of a skilled user, when the reality is it's more of a toss-up. The only exceptions would be weapons like throwing stars, which are designed to be sharp from every angle. Even then, they were hardly ever used as a primary killing weapon. They would instead be thrown as a distraction, or stuck in the ground in the hopes an enemy would step on them. But they were rarely, if ever, thrown at an enemy with the intent to land a killing blow. While I'm sure there were a handful of people throughout history that got extremely good at throwing sharp things and used this skill in combat, for most people throwing a knife or axe in a fight just meant you were throwing your weapon away.


Question: Why does hot water freeze faster than room temperature water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot water freeze faster than room temperature water?

It's called the Mpemba Effect. It only happens under incredibly specific circumstances, so just filling your ice cube tray with hot water from the tap isn't necessarily going to freeze faster than cold water from your tap. There is a lot of disagreement in the scientific community about the mechanism behind the effect. The mechanism that seems most plausible to me is the circulation theory. Imagine hot water in a vessel that is placed in a freezer. The water on top is going to cool faster than the water at the bottom. So this cooler water sinks to the bottom, which brings more hot water to the surface to be cooled. This creates a very small circulation that results in the heat from the water being given off more efficiently.


Question: why are certain drugs more addicting than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are certain drugs more addicting than others?

Ranking which drugs are more addictive is actually a bit complicated. There are a lot of different things to think about. Here are a few important ones: Reinforcement: how likely someone is to use a substance again and again Dependence: how difficult is it to quit, and how much users feel that they need the substance Tolerance: how quickly do users feel that they need more of the substance to get the same effect, and how much is needed to satisfy cravings Withdrawal: how severe are the symptoms of withdrawal of someone stops using the substance You could make a case for which drug is more addictive based on any of these factors. For example, cocaine has very high reinforcement. It causes a very strong, very fast high. This high appears quickly, but it also wears off quickly with a crash. That crash feels much worse than the high, so users will often seek out more cocaine to reach that high again. With that said, compared to other drugs of abuse, cocaine has low dependence, low tolerance and only mild withdrawal symptoms. Meth would have a lot of similar properties to cocaine, though the high lasts much longer and is typically considered to be stronger (cause more chemical release in the brain at similar doses compared to cocaine). Meth also tends to cause more dependence than cocaine. Something like heroin, for example, would also cause a very fast high and is very reinforcing. Unlike cocaine, someone who uses heroin will be much more likely to develop both physical and psychological dependence to heroin. There is often much stronger craving and much more severe withdrawal symptoms with heroin compared to cocaine, so people who use heroin will often feel the need to reuse even if only to prevent a miserable withdrawal. As you mentioned, all of these properties will be different from drug to drug based on different effects on chemicals in the brain. Certain chemicals will be more prone to causing changes in the brain that lead to the development of dependence and tolerance. Beyond this, how quickly a drug kicks in (often related to things like the size of the drug molecule, how easily it can cross the blood brain barrier, and other properties of the drug itself) and how long a drug lasts can impact things like reinforcement and withdrawal symptoms.


Question: Why does stretching feel so good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does stretching feel so good?

Why does stretching my hamstrings feel so unpleasant, while stretching my calves feels good?


Question: Certain strategy games like Hearts of Iron 4 and Europa Universalis have console commands (cheats) where one can artificially increase things like manpower, money etc. But if I input a really large number, say 100 million manpower the manpower number actually becomes negative. Why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Certain strategy games like Hearts of Iron 4 and Europa Universalis have console commands (cheats) where one can artificially increase things like manpower, money etc. But if I input a really large number, say 100 million manpower the manpower number actually becomes negative. Why is that?

It's how numbers are stored in computers. Negative numbers start with a 1 to show they are negative, so when you add up numbers that go over the limit of the datatype you will overflow and get to negative results.


Question: How does powder "clump" in liquids?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does powder "clump" in liquids?

it varies somewhat depending on the substance. salt, for instance, doesn't tend to do that. organic substances tend to have 2 ends that behave differently. one likes water, the other doesn't. when you add it to water, the water seeking sides go out and the water hating sides point in, forming a bubble. powders made of anhydrous material (there's no water in it), can enter the water and the parts on the inside pull so hard on the water that they pull the powder that has become saturated and it can't move away. think of it like a vaccuum cleaner that gets something stuck on the front. chocolate in particular has its own unique properties, as there are cases where it needs to be heated to dissolve, but can remain dissolved even when dramatically cooled.


Question: if we know who mobsters are, where they live, and even put them on TV, why can't we arrest them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if we know who mobsters are, where they live, and even put them on TV, why can't we arrest them?

Because for the arrest to stick, we have to convince a jury of their peers to unanimously agree on their guilt. Also, we have to make sure all the evidence we collect was gathered legally. Also, we need witnesses and victims to step forward and risk retaliation from the mobster's associates just to press charges or testify. Also, sometimes they like to hide out in countries without extradition agreements.


Question: Why is it RGB on screen but RYB elsewhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it RGB on screen but RYB elsewhere?

RGB are the primary colors of light, since it is additive, meaning the more you add, the closer you get to white. RYB are the primary colors of paint, since it is subtractive, meaning the more you add, the closer you get to black.


Question: What is tax fraud? How do people commit it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is tax fraud? How do people commit it?

You know on Halloween you get all your candy, and then you have a Mommy tax, where Mommy get’s to take a couple of pieces for helping you with your costume and walking around with you? Well, tax fraud could happen two ways: 1) Maybe you hide some of your candy so that mommy can’t pick those. Maybe you think if you hide enough, mommy won’t take any. That’s tax fraud. 2) Maybe you tell mommy that you already shared your candy with daddy or your sister, and now mommy won’t take any candy. That’s tax fraud. It’s being dishonest about how much candy you have so that mommy won’t take any of it. Sometimes people are dishonest about their candy by saying that a specific pile of candy wasn’t from halloween, it was candy they already had. Sometimes people give all their candy to a friend to hold for them so that mommy can’t have any. Sometimes people put the candy in their pockets instead of the trick-or-treat bag so that it looks like they got less candy.


Question: Why is it easier for people (kids notably) to put their head between two bars but harder to get it out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier for people (kids notably) to put their head between two bars but harder to get it out?

The top of the head is rounded, making it easy to gradually bend bars apart a little to allow the head to slip past. The jaw, on the other hand, is a jutting and angular bone structure. It’s hard to get that to slip into a gap without a lot of pain and risking injury.


Question: can anyone order off the senior citizen discount menu?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 can anyone order off the senior citizen discount menu?

So let me put it this way. Even if it was legal for restaurants to not allow certain people to order certain items on the menu, why would they ever do that? The senior citizen discounted menu (or the kids menu for that matter) is not discounted because they really like seniors, it is discounted because the portion size is smaller. You are getting less food for less money.


Question: How and why do people 'see' a malicious, demonic presence with their eyes when they get a sleep paralysis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why do people 'see' a malicious, demonic presence with their eyes when they get a sleep paralysis?

It's a dream. Part of your brain is awake and part of it is still dreaming. A sleep demon, a hag crushing your chest, an alien abduction, they're the same experience with different costumes.


Question: what is the purpose of paramedics giving people blankets after an accident?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the purpose of paramedics giving people blankets after an accident?

I’ve never done it on scene, unless my patient is cold. My ambulance doesn’t carry all that many blankets, so I don’t give them all away. I’ve really only seen it on TV or movies where everybody involved is wearing a blanket.


Question: how do parking lot operators like Impark make their money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do parking lot operators like Impark make their money?

There are two principal ways which they can work: 1. Profit sharing. The operator gets a certain "cut" of the profits. 2. Fixed rate. The owner pays the operator a daily, monthly or yearly fee. Of course it's also possible to work on both, e.g., $10,000 per month plus 10% of monthly profits.


Question: How to Kurt Godel manage to "break" mathematics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How to Kurt Godel manage to "break" mathematics?

Godel did not "break" mathematics, but rather he proved that there existed limitations to the degree we could root complex mathematics in basic, formal logic. Philosophers and mathematicians wanted to devise a system where you could take a few basic axioms (unproved statements accepted as generally true), some rules of inference, and then construct every possible mathematical statement that was true. There are two qualities we want in a system: 1. Consistency - The system never produces a result that is false (for example: 2+2=5) 2. Completeness - If something is true, then our system is capable of producing it as a result (for example: 2+2=4 is true, so we want our system to be able to prove that). Philosophers and mathematicians spent a great deal of effort trying to develop such systems, until Godel proved that you cannot have a system that is both consistent or complete. A fully consistent system won't be complete (it won't be able to prove everything that is true) and a fully complete system won't be consistent (the system will "prove" things that are false). Needless to say, it basically shelved such efforts to ground math in pure logic, and any logical system of mathematics has to settle for being either incomplete or inconsistent.


Question: Why do apartment buildings use vertical blinds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do apartment buildings use vertical blinds?

Vertical blinds are easier to repair - you only have to replace the broken individual pieces. Horizontal blinds are all tied in so it typically involves a complete replacement. Further, vertical blinds are much better for sliding glass doors and the windows are frequently matched to the door.


Question: In video game piracy, how does cracking work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In video game piracy, how does cracking work?

It really depends on the game in question - there are all manner of security systems in software. In the olden days, validation of the software's legitimacy was done by validating a license key. The games could be cracked either by developing a keygen (an algorithm that would generate a key the game would accept as legitimate) or by altering the code to accept any key as legitimate (removing/altering the algorithm that checked to see if the key was legit). Now, most games have some sort of DRM that checks in with a central server to validate that the copy is legitimate. Sometimes this can be bypassed by altering your machines host file so it can't connect to the validation server (an the software allows itself to continue to run in cases where it cannot validate) or again by altering the code to automatically return a valid response without actually checking in with the server. It is always a game of cat and mouse, though. Each time DRM is cracked, developers create new, better DRM. DRM will _always_ get cracked eventually, because so long as you know there is a key for the lock, it is only a matter of time before you figure out how to replicate the key.


Question: Why does the sun shining make certain materials smell different? Like the sun shining through the window on the carpet, on a blanket, even the plastic blinds. Each thing has it's own distinct sun smell... Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the sun shining make certain materials smell different? Like the sun shining through the window on the carpet, on a blanket, even the plastic blinds. Each thing has it's own distinct sun smell... Why?

The heat may cause the scent of the material to permeate the distance further than normal; really the question your asking is how does the sun intensify the scent of materials


Question: In what ways are matrices used in the real world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In what ways are matrices used in the real world?

Matrices are a form of representing data in a mathematical format Without going into detail, matrices are used in many things in our everyday life, such as predicting/forecasting the weather, or calculating the statistics of diseases (such as the current pandemic) or even in finding best paths to go from point A to point B on a map We just don't get to see them because we have made software that does all the calculations on matrices behind the scenes to give us lines and shapes with pretty colours that we like/prefer to see


Question: What does it means that a stock has a lockup expiration?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it means that a stock has a lockup expiration?

A lockup means certain people, usually early investors can't sell their stock for a while. This is common practice to stop early investor from selling too much stock after a company first joins the stock market. The expiration just means it's ending so they will be. Able to sell their stock as they please. Usually its not a huge deal but if anything it may cause the stock to go down a bit if a lot of people are selling.


Question: why is glass transparent but other things are not? As in, why can you see through glass but not say a wall?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is glass transparent but other things are not? As in, why can you see through glass but not say a wall?

Light is not reduced to the light we, humans, can see. As a matter of fact X-rays, Ultraviolet, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio waves, Wifi are all different types of light and Visible light is just a portion of the whole spectrum. Transparency is not reduced to visible light. Your cells are transparent to X-rays but not your skeleton and that's how doctors can examine your bones. Walls are transparent to radio waves and wifi so that's why you can listen to radio without needing an antenna outside your home and connect to the wifi from any room of your house. It happens that glass is transparent to visible light so we can see through. Now, the reason why glass is transparent to visible light and walls are transparent to radio waves has to do with their atomic structure. It is kind of complicated for an Eli5 but it is a matter of interaction between atoms and light: if the atoms interact with a specific kind of light, it can't get through unscathed so it is not transparent to that particular kind of light. If there is no interaction then the light just goes through and the result is transparency.


Question: How do medicine companies make money off commercials?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do medicine companies make money off commercials?

> Don't people just take whatever their doctor recommends/prescribes to them? Advertising them seems pointless if your doctor has the final say on what would be best for you. Prescribing medicine and taking medicine takes both a doctor and patient. Sometimes, patients go to see their doctor and are already convinced they want a specific medicine. Sometimes that medicine is a good option for them, sometimes it's not the best (but is acceptable), sometimes it's a shitty option. Which one to prescribe is a discussion with the patient and their doctor. If people want to spend more money for a drug that isn't superior to competitors, then that's their business. Also, doctors watch TV. I see ads for new drugs all the time, and will Google it to see the mechanism of action. They're usually drugs targeting adult populations, so I will likely never prescribe them myself, but the company just got me spend a couple minutes looking at their drug. The more time they get docs to see and hear about their drug, the more likely they are to consider prescribing it. Can't prescribe something if you've never fucking heard of it, and that drug may or may not get space in whatever journals you read.


Question: What exactly is WiFi? Why does accessing the internet on my phone without WiFi cost me data while being on WiFi doesn't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is WiFi? Why does accessing the internet on my phone without WiFi cost me data while being on WiFi doesn't?

WiFi is just a wireless way to be on a local computer network (aka LAN, local area network). Before WiFi, you had to have a network cable plugged into your device. & #x200B; WiFi isn't technically free, whomever owns the network is paying an internet bill. So if I'm using WiFi at my home, it's using my broadband internet which I pay $70 per month to have. If I go over my data cap, I would be paying more. & #x200B; So what we are dealing with are 2 companies providing 2 products. A wireless connection where you can be anywhere that has coverage (using their towers that they have all over the place), using their internet (and phone) connections, or a wireless connection where you connect to someone's router and use their connection to the internet.


Question: What is this article describing regarding Federal Reserve liquidity injections?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is this article describing regarding Federal Reserve liquidity injections?

In short, there is such a thing as 'money supply' and 'money demand'. If your interest rates are very low then you aren't 'creating' money. Interest rates are one way we make money out of thin air. If your interest rates are near zero, as they are now, then money supply tightens which is a problem. So the Fed 'injects' money into the economy as a way of making sure there is enough supply of money to keep the economy going. Don't think of money as the paper thing in your hand - it is a theoretical construct. What this article is suggesting is that what should be happening, banks are getting access to nearly free cash that is then lent to people in the *real* economy (say, a restaurant owner that needs capital to upgrade his/her kitchen) at a small interest rate to keep the *real* economy going - is not reliably happening. Instead, banks are using this capital to boost their economy. The solution is to raise interest rates, which will cause pain in the financial industry and consumers but for a short(ish) amount of time when everything finds a new equilibrium (or ceteris paribus if you are so inclined).


Question: Watching the Netflix Doc on drugs business. Are the reporters held accountable by Law Enforcement for being there while they are making the cocaine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Watching the Netflix Doc on drugs business. Are the reporters held accountable by Law Enforcement for being there while they are making the cocaine?

The answer is going to vary wildly from country to country (and in the US even state to state), but there are two general reasons that reporters can view criminal activity and not be held accountable. The first, in most places you are not legally required to report crime. This means even if you know crime is happening, as long as you do not take part or support the crime in some way, you cannot be charge in relation to the activities. The second are what's called Shield Laws. These are specific legal protections for reporters. Shield laws very wildly, but the most common things they protect are allowing reporters to keep their sources a secret and making it so that reporters cannot be asked to testify in a criminal trail.


Question: are hurricanes essentially just tornadoes that form over water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 are hurricanes essentially just tornadoes that form over water?

No, waterspouts are tornadoes over water. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do people often have a harsher view of themselves than other people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people often have a harsher view of themselves than other people?

Because they have to live with it. They know what they did, and if they hate themselves for it they've been thinking about it for a while. When they see someone else, they give them the benefit of the doubt more often than not, plus it's easier to be positive and helpful towards someone else than tackling your own demons.


Question: why does soda fizz more when poured into a glass with ice as opposed to one without?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does soda fizz more when poured into a glass with ice as opposed to one without?

The surface of the ice is rough until it starts to melt enough. This provides nucleation sites where the bubbles can grow more easily. It's the same principle as the mentos in diet coke thing. If you rinse the ice with water first, it won't foam up as much. Try also pouring into a dry glass vs one that you've just rinsed. The rinsed glass will foam less.


Question: Everyone thinks funerary services are grossly overpriced, and yet no one has swooped in to undercut everyone with a reasonably priced alternative. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Everyone thinks funerary services are grossly overpriced, and yet no one has swooped in to undercut everyone with a reasonably priced alternative. Why?

Most consumers of funerary services are not active comparison shoppers. They are very busy processing a life event, and an industry has grown up to exploit that situation.


Question: how do we measure the height of mountains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do we measure the height of mountains?

One way is geometry. Stand in a spot and measure the angle to the top. Now you know two angles and a side of a right triangle (the angle to the top from where you're standing, the default 90 degree angle of a right triangle, and the length of the side that is the distance from you to the mountain). Then you can calculate the height of the triangle which is the height of the mountain. Keep in mind this only gives you the height to the top relative to where you're standing, so if you want the height of the mountain relative to sea level you have to know how high above sea level you're measuring from.


Question: Why when you breathe in and out really fast it makes you dizzy ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when you breathe in and out really fast it makes you dizzy ?

Breathing is just as much about carbon dioxide as it is about oxygen. CO2 isn't just a waste product that you want to get rid of - your body actually uses it as a buffer to keep the acidity of your blood balanced. CO2 isn't an acid itself, but it does turn into one very easily (carbonic acid). So the more CO2 there is in your blood, the more carbonic acid there also is, and thus the more acidic your blood gets. Less CO2, less acidic. When you breathe in and out really fast, you're expelling CO2 with every breath. That means that your blood very rapidly loses acidity, becoming more alkaline. This is not good. It's called [respiratory alkalosis]( URL_1 ), and it causes dizziness, palpitations, seizures, etc. If you're prone to hyperventilating like this, the go-to remedy for alkalosis is to hyperventilate into a paper bag. The bag will trap the CO2 you're exhaling, so that you breathe it right back in. This keeps your blood's CO2 levels, and thus its acidity, from going out of whack. Bonus note: breathing too *slowly* causes the opposite problem: [respiratory acidosis]( URL_0 ), aka your blood becoming too acidic. Gotta keep everything in balance.


Question: how is cheeto cheese made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is cheeto cheese made?

Pretty much any cheese can be turned into powder, if you dry the cheese either with an oven or a dehydrator it becomes very easy to crumple into powder, then you can just mix it with whey powder and whisk it until it all becomes a fine flour-like powder. Once it's powder, you can easily apply it to a number of food items, such as puffed cornmeal, thus making a cheesy snack. I can't say exactly what process they use to make their powder or what other additives they have, but it's likely Cheetos is mostly just cornmeal and powdered cheese, you could probably make them homemade pretty similar.


Question: When you read that flu has killed otherwise healthy people, what are the symptoms that actually take them out? Are they drowning in lung fluid or exhaustion from coughing, or what?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you read that flu has killed otherwise healthy people, what are the symptoms that actually take them out? Are they drowning in lung fluid or exhaustion from coughing, or what?

A few ways. The flu can cause intense inflammation in your lungs and you can die from respiratory failure. That's the most direct way (along with heart or organ failure, also brought on by inflammation). But the flu can kill you by making you susceptible to other bad stuff, too, because your body is weak and slow from trying to fight off the flu. In fact the most common way to die from the flu is to get it and then get pneumonia as a result. that's how the elderly usually go when it happens to them.


Question: How do custom email domains work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do custom email domains work?

You need to own the domain\*. A domain is not protocol specific, it's what's used to route all TCP/IP requests to that domain. The DNS isn't just used for web. \* - If you have an agreement with the actual domain owner to forward your email elsewhere then you don't need to own it, but you do need the domain owner to work with you. That's how you can have a @gmail address without owning @gmail.


Question: what causes this thing where you tip a cup/glass full of liquid and the liquid instead of falling down as soon as it reaches the edge, runs along the side and falls down once it reaches the bottom of the glass/cup?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes this thing where you tip a cup/glass full of liquid and the liquid instead of falling down as soon as it reaches the edge, runs along the side and falls down once it reaches the bottom of the glass/cup?

This is called adhesion. Water is very very sticky and it likes to be attracted to things. It is far more attracted to the side of the glass than the air. Gravity has some effect, but not enough until theirs is more liquors with more mass. Water also has a property called cohesion, where it sticks to itself. This is why there is a water droplet in the first place. The molecules of water stick to each other, and therefore they go down the side of the glass to stay with the molecules that are attracted to it.


Question: Why do so many businesses demand deliveries between 6am and 10am?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many businesses demand deliveries between 6am and 10am?

Usually those are slow times for customer traffic for retail-type businesses. So they can get a delivery without the truck eating up parking space and/or taking employees off the floor to deal with it.


Question: How would not knowing a language impact brain development and operation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How would not knowing a language impact brain development and operation?

There's some evidence that language is fundamental in memory development and thought. There's been studies of deaf people without language being taught sign language as teenagers/adulthood, and they can't recall much of their life before language. They don't know how/what they were thinking during that time. There's a Radiolab (NPR from NYC) episode about it. Really interesting: URL_0


Question: why is it more difficult to talk to people you interested in romantically to than it is to talk to other people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it more difficult to talk to people you interested in romantically to than it is to talk to other people?

You have invested emotions and a heightened anxiety of the out come if that interaction. Notice when you are super angry telling someone to piss off becomes far easier.


Question: Why can't we extract the salt from sea water and use the left over water for drinking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we extract the salt from sea water and use the left over water for drinking?

We can, google desalination plants. It's just requires enormous amounts of electricity, there are other things in water that also need to be purified, and it leaves you with brine which needs to be disposed of (rather than extracting pure salt, it's easier to convert somewhat salty water to not salty + very salty).


Question: If there are infinite numbers between 1 and 2, how could there possibly be a 2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If there are infinite numbers between 1 and 2, how could there possibly be a 2?

The simplest way I can think to put it, is that numbers are not "objects", but rather "names" that describe a "location". Every location's name describes how far it is from another location. You can give that location an endlessly long name to be endlessly precise about how far away it is, but that doesn't stretch or shrink anything. So if I tell you where to stand in a city, I can describe it by how many blocks you have to walk, or by how many blades of grass you have to pass, but just because I gave it to you in terms of grass, you're still going the same distance right? If I tell you a story about my 20 min trip to the store, I could talk to you for a hundred years about it, but that trip was still 20 min. So you can "say" an infinite amount of information about a finite thing. The thing itself is not infinite. So between two locations, infinity just says: there is no limit to the amount of descriptiveness you can put in a name, therefore there is an endless number of names you can make. Or another way of putting it, if you cut 1-2 into tenths, you have 10 "numbers" (names) that exist, but you didn't add anything to that region, you just attached names to some locations (and didn't name everything in between those chunks). If you cut those chunks onto a million, it's just more "names" for what was already there. If it settles your mind, this doesn't really exist physically in nature as far as I can think of. Meaning that, if you cut a stick into smaller and smaller pieces, you'll reach a certain number of atoms that make up the stick. There won't be an infinite number of "actual objects". In real life, we invented "precision" (longer, more detailed names of locations) so we could go from talking about number of inches to number of micrometers, and then stop when we can accurately describe the tiny object we're interested in. When people say "there's an infinite amount of numbers" they're really just saying "there's no rule that says we can't make smaller names forever". That's all it is.


Question: Why did World War 1 seem to be the nastiest and most brutal war in modern history in terms of the psychological and physical effects on soldiers as opposed to more modern wars or even WW2 for that matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did World War 1 seem to be the nastiest and most brutal war in modern history in terms of the psychological and physical effects on soldiers as opposed to more modern wars or even WW2 for that matter?

WWI was basically a tipping point in terms of technological advancement. Technology was good enough to kill people on a massive scale, but not good enough to fight a more modern war. The result is essentially a meat grinder where two sides dig a hole and shoot at each other for days on end until one of the holes is filled with dead people. Then reinforcements come in and you do it again.


Question: [Netflix, PrimeVideos, Hotstar, etc.] Why does rewinding back, and forwarding again from where you rewinded the video, need to be buffered again?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 [Netflix, PrimeVideos, Hotstar, etc.] Why does rewinding back, and forwarding again from where you rewinded the video, need to be buffered again?

Part of the answer is that the people who own the content REALLY don't want "streamers" to be able to easily keep the media they stream. So the amount of the video file that your device keeps in memory is as little as possible for smooth playback, and the parts of the file you have already watched get dropped fairly quickly.


Question: What causes blocked noses and blocked ears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes blocked noses and blocked ears?

When you are sick, the walls in your nose and sinuses get inflamed and swell up. Thus blocking your nose.


Question: Why does prolonged screen time make me feel so drained?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does prolonged screen time make me feel so drained?

A lot of the tiredness comes from your posture. When we sit in front of a screen (or lay down in the same posture for a long time), our muscles strain and tense up. There needs to be movement in our muscles for proper blood flow. The strain in muscles is why we feel tired.


Question: how data or electric signals travel through the wires in an Ethernet cable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how data or electric signals travel through the wires in an Ethernet cable?

Computer engineer here, Ethernet is supported over several mediums. The following is relevant to 10BASE-TX, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-TX, and 10GBASE-T also known as Ethernet over Twisted Pair. This is not applicable to Ethernet over Coaxial cable or Ethernet over fibre optic cable. 10BASE-TX and 100BASE-T require two pairs of twisted wires. Cables that have more than 2 pairs may use some of those pairs for DC power delivery. In 10BASE-TX and 100BASE-T each pair is unidirectional. One pair transmits, and one pair receives. Historically, when a computer was connected directly to another computer the pairs needed to be crossed such that the transmit pair on computer A became the receive pair on computer B. This is known as a crossover cable; modern hardware automatically determines this and adjusts accordingly so crossover cables are no longer necessary for new installations. Data transmission on Ethernet cables is not clocked or timed. Rather, it uses *Manchester encoding*. Manchester encoding encodes the clock signal used to sample data into the data stream itself through the use of edge transitions at predictable times. Once a clock has been established, it's simply a matter of measuring the direction of a voltage change at the right time. In 10BASE-TX a transition from +2.5V to -2.5V is a 0 and a transition from -2.5V to +2.5V is a 1.These transitions mirror each other on each pair so that interference affects both pairs equally. Because unshielded twisted pair cables act as low-pass filters, it's not possible to increase the transmission rate of 10BASE-TX (10mbps) by 10 in order to reach 100mbps. Thus, the encoding scheme of 100BASE-T is different. Rather than transitioning on every bit ala 10BASE-TX, 100BASE-TX transitions only on a 1, and transitions between 3 voltage levels rather than 2. Transitions always occur in the same pattern, -1, 0, + 1, 0, -1... and so on. Extracting data is a simple matter of determining if a transition occurred or not. 1000BASE-T uses 5 levels +1V, +0.5V, 0V, -0.5V, and -1V as well as all four pairs in both directions. Unlike 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T does not measure transitions but rather voltage levels. Each symbol (one of five voltage levels) decodes to two bits, and four pairs of two bits decodes to one byte. 1000BASE-T also uses a very complicated scrambling system to reduce spectral interference caused by Manchester encoding.


Question: why don’t chimpanzees and other primates have buttcheeks like humans, but instead protruding buttholes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why don’t chimpanzees and other primates have buttcheeks like humans, but instead protruding buttholes?

They do not walk upright on two legs, or at least do not do so often enough to develop glutes. The entire reason that we have butcheeks is that they are our glute muscles that allow us to control balance and power our walking and running on two legs.


Question: Why is seawater so hard to convert into drinkable water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is seawater so hard to convert into drinkable water?

It's just hard to do it cheaply. A lot of people think that membranes are the way to go because membranes can let water pass but stop other stuff. But you got to push the water through the membrane and that takes pressure which takes energy. But who knows, maybe someone will think of a cheaper way of doing it.


Question: Why cant people use artificial hearts for the rest of their lives?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why cant people use artificial hearts for the rest of their lives?

One of the big problems with artificial hearts is throughput. An adult typically needs 5-7 liters of blood pumped per minute while at rest. During exercise, you may need 3x to 4x that amount. The only [artificial heart with commercial FDA approval]( URL_0 ) can pump up to 9.5 liters per minute, and achieving that pace requires wearing a backpack with equipment inside.


Question: What is YouTube Rewind and why is it so widely hated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is YouTube Rewind and why is it so widely hated?

Youtube rewind is a video that youtube makes near the end of the year to highlight what was popular and important in the past year. Now, why it is so widely hated, there isnt a single answer for that. A few reasons stated are: too much political "propaganda" in this year's YT rewind. Overlooking a lot of YT's memorable moments; pewds vs T-series. Demonetising videos that have trans-focused content, yet they claim there was a large progress in social acceptance. What i think the reason fot a lot of people is, is that YT is becoming too distanced from its content creators and too much company-focused. A ton of creators arent acknowledged in the videos and the same people keep getting starred in the videos. Pewdiepie does have a great explanation in a [video]( URL_0 ). Although it is paired with some pewd-esque crazyness, he does bring up very good points and explains it better than i think i can. Also, i'm sorry if this isnt very ELI5... Edit: as others mentioned; yes, there are obviously people that just dislike it because others do so. You will alwayd have those people, but i dont think over 6million people are like this.


Question: What happens to homeless people if they die on the streets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to homeless people if they die on the streets?

In the UK, local councils are required to arrange a funeral for anyone who dies/is found dead within their area if no-one else can. So if a homeless person dies, they will usually get a 'pauper's funeral' which is a very simple cremation service.


Question: Why does bopping your foot up and down when concentrated while seated help improve focus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does bopping your foot up and down when concentrated while seated help improve focus?

I'm not about to drop citations cuz I wanna give a quick answer. But from what I've read it's about giving your brain a rythm-tempo from which each thought feels more measured. This has the effect of not deviating as easily from the primary focus because the brain is partly occupied by that voluntary movement (or sound if your listening to repetitive brain stimulation), so there aren't any "back-thoughts" moving into the front. But for this reason it can be JUST as annoying as it is beneficial if there is some other non-voluntary noise like someone chewing gum with their mouth open, or tapping their shoes because if the rythme isn't voluntary then it breaks the primary thought, repeatedly.


Question: How can you have one set of thoughts when the brain is composed of billions of cells? And how do they work together to form thought?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you have one set of thoughts when the brain is composed of billions of cells? And how do they work together to form thought?

There are a hundred levels one could begin to answer this question. ELI5: It works a lot like the dots that make a picture on the old TVs when you look really close, or like your computer's circuits do. Each cell doesn't do much, it's basically a switch that is either on or off. But when you get the patterns, then they mean something. No neuron is giving a thought, you need all the little dots to make a picture. May come back and try do an ELI5 and ELI15 later.


Question: If the universe is expanding, aren't new stars being born all the time? And I guess they would be even if it wasn't, so why is it said that the universe will be completely dead one day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the universe is expanding, aren't new stars being born all the time? And I guess they would be even if it wasn't, so why is it said that the universe will be completely dead one day?

The idea is that, while the universe is expanding in size, the amount of matter and energy in it is finite. That whole, can't be created or destroyed thing. What happens when you have a set amount of something in a container that's getting bigger? Eventually the universe will be so massive and stretched out that there'll be mere ones of atoms per cubic kilometer. Not much of a universe at that point, is it? Certainly not one full of stars and planets and junk.


Question: Was Mathematics discovered or invented?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Was Mathematics discovered or invented?

I like to describe math as the language we use to describe the phenomena we witness. those phenomena always exist, we just apply labels to it.


Question: What would happen if the government couldn't identify a person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if the government couldn't identify a person?

TLDR - everyone would probably just treat him like he was homeless. Well, unless it was an emergency the hospital wouldn't treat him because he doesn't have medical insurance. They'd probably assume he was a homeless person, and leave him to wander their waiting room until he got too disruptive. If he got disruptive, the police would get a call, and when he told them his "from another world" story they'd probably think the same thing and escort him out of the hospital and leave him to fend for himself.


Question: Why do camera lenses cost so much and have such a wide variation in prices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do camera lenses cost so much and have such a wide variation in prices?

Depending upon the lens fStop (how much light it allows in) and focal capabilities (magnification), there are potentially multiple layers of glass, and lots of highly accurate moving parts inside the lens. Then there is the quality of the construction of the lens and how well it keeps all of the light focused correctly. When you have a lot of lenses in the path, color separation begins to happen (chromatic abberation). Manufacturers spend a lot of money on research to minimize abberation, ensure the speed of the mechanism is as fast as possible for both auto-focus machinery as well as the shutter speed. The glass used is also manufactured to different tolerance levels and is more/less clear and accurate in their curvature. More R & D costs more - more accurate tooling costs more - more pieces and complex construction costs more. Cheaper lenses have cut costs in manufacturing, or don't have as much spent on R & D.


Question: Why can you not see through fog when it's ahead of you but you can once you're in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you not see through fog when it's ahead of you but you can once you're in it?

You have a bunch of particles in the fog blocking your vision. Let’s say there are particles directly in front of you blocking ten percent of your field of view and they’re evenly distributed as small bits in the air. And then another. And five feet away, there’s some more particles blocking another ten percent of your vision. That’s twenty percent. The farther away you go, the more particles are there getting in between you and what you want to see.


Question: Aside from light pollution, are there any reasons why we see fewer stars than before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Aside from light pollution, are there any reasons why we see fewer stars than before?

Mostly light pollution, but depending where you live it could be regular pollution too. Also the phases of the moon have an impact, you'll see more stars with a new moon than at the full moon