Question: What causes a shiver down one's spine and what is its purpose, if any?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes a shiver down one's spine and what is its purpose, if any?

I believe this is partly due to the same reason we get goosebumps. The shivers are usually followed by goosebumps, which is in part an evolutionary response. This was more useful when we were covered in body hair, and the hairs stood up when the pores pulled closed. This is to seem "larger" in the same way that cats raise their hairs when threatened. Our response is usually triggered by something scary/emotional.


Question: What is a "price check" and what is it for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "price check" and what is it for?

Before computers, prices were marked on each individual item. If an item didn't have the price marked on it the cashier had to call back to ask someone else to look up the price. Today on TV it would just be for comedic effect.


Question: How does a satellite dish work, and why did they become obsolete so quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a satellite dish work, and why did they become obsolete so quickly?

Well, first, satellite dishes are not obsolete. Not even close. They are absolutely *everywhere*. There are literally billions of satellite dishes in use worldwide. There are over a billion satellite tv subscribers in the word, and satellite tv is just a fraction of the uses for satellite dishes. As for how they work, the dish collects incoming signals and focuses and amplifies them to the receiver. To send a signal, it's more-or-less the same process in reverse.


Question: How do computers get the area of an irregular shape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do computers get the area of an irregular shape?

> Manually, we estimate the area of irregular shapes by dividing into regular shapes. This isn't an estimate. If you divide up your shape into regular shapes whose sum is exactly that of the irregular shape then you have exactly calculated its area, not estimated it. > How does a computer do it and is the computer's answer exact? Via triangulation. The shape is broken up into triangles, the area of the triangles found, then summed together. The answer may not be exact, but it will most likely be accurate enough for any purpose you might have.


Question: Is depression what takes away your energy/motivation? Or is it just the sign that you have none?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is depression what takes away your energy/motivation? Or is it just the sign that you have none?

With mental illnesses, frequently the characteristics of a condition are present in most people. The difference is a matter of scale. There are indeed some people who naturally seem to have more energy or more motivation than others. But not having energy or motivation is *also* a symptom of depression, and lack of energy and motivation caused by depression can be much more significant. We can tell this is true by how successful treatment of depression gives people more energy and motivation. If having no energy and motivation were simply the way that they were, we would see no change in that with the treatment of other depression symptoms.


Question: When radioactive element looses its mass via decay, whatever happens to protons, neutrons and electrons that is lost?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When radioactive element looses its mass via decay, whatever happens to protons, neutrons and electrons that is lost?

The radioactivity that these elements emit IS the lost mass. Radioactivity is emitted Most often In the form of alpha and beta particles (which consist of groups of protons neutrons etc) resulting in reduced atomic mass. They are expelled from the material into the surrounding area.


Question: What causes "bobbles" ("fuzzballs") on woollen clothing, please?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes "bobbles" ("fuzzballs") on woollen clothing, please?

Friction against the surface from things like your arms swinging, carry things that rub against the surface, leaning and brushing against things


Question: Why is petrol so much cheaper in Australia than it is in New Zealand considering their close proximity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is petrol so much cheaper in Australia than it is in New Zealand considering their close proximity?

Let’s say you and your sister grew up in a house with lots of toys, but to play with those toys you have to do chores. Now imagine your parents have different theories on how they want to raise you versus your sister. Your sister can play with toys after doing one chore, but you have to do two chores in order to play with the toys. A similar dynamic is at play with petrol prices. The governments of Australia and New Zealand charge different taxes on petrol in their respective countries. New Zealand charges close to a dollar per litre while Auzzielqnd charges about half that. The other big influence on price-at-the-pump is currency exchange rate, but that’s a discussion for another day ;-)


Question: - Where do the eyelashes that you don't get out of your eye go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Where do the eyelashes that you don't get out of your eye go?

Not to worry. Everything that goes into your eye gets eventually washed down into the corner near your nose and ends up as "sleep" or [Rheum] ( URL_0 ). You usually brush it off subconsciously when you wake up in the morning.


Question: Is plastic pollution still a problem if I properly dispose/incinerate all my trash?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is plastic pollution still a problem if I properly dispose/incinerate all my trash?

Incineration generates a ton of air pollution or toxic waste so I’m not sure if that can be considered a solution or “proper”


Question: how come boiling water before freezing it makes the ice clear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come boiling water before freezing it makes the ice clear?

Cloudiness in ice is the result of a few thing. One is dissolved gasses or other particulate. This is why using distilled water can lead to clearer ice. Boiling helps by letting trapped gas and particles to escape, aiding in clarity. However air itself will reduce clarity, and can't entirely be boiled away. Because impurities arise at the end of the freezing process, they can be avoided by creating the ice in a container that is insulated on 5 of the 6 sides, leaving the top exposed. This results in something called directional freezing, where the water is forced to freeze down, pushing anything that would disrupt the clarity to the bottom. This explains why icicles tend to be clearer, as they freeze from the top down. & #x200B; The YouTube channel The Modern Rouge did a [video]( URL_0 ) on this exact topic.


Question: If the the tail of a Prince Rupert's drop is the main weak point on the drop, how would a tailless Prince Rupert's drop work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the the tail of a Prince Rupert's drop is the main weak point on the drop, how would a tailless Prince Rupert's drop work?

What you're talking about is [tempered glass]( URL_0 ). A sphere of it would be even more resilient than a Prince Rupert's Drop, but by no means indestructible. The Drops are notable because they have an obvious weak point, so they are useful for demonstrating what's neat about tempered glass - it's much stronger than normal glass, but is less easily worked after cooling because when it does fail it does so spectacularly.


Question: why does the trip back from your destination usually feel faster than the trip there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the trip back from your destination usually feel faster than the trip there?

I'm not sure this is a universal experience. For me it's usually the other way around. On the way to the destination there is enough excitement I don't think so much about the travel time. On the way home I'm usually tired from sleeping in an unfamiliar bed. The fatigue makes the travel time more of a slog.


Question: How does the Square Cube Law work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Square Cube Law work?

A 1x1x1 cube has a weight of 1 A 1x1x1 cube, dimensions doubled, is 2x2x2, which would weigh 8 2x2x2, doubled is 4x4x4, a weight of 64 It’s all dimensions doubled, not just one. It’s how we can understand the math preventing an ant from being 20ft tall. It couldn’t just scale up because the weight of the ants body would increase far beyond the structural strength of its legs. It would literally crush itself under its own weight.


Question: Why do people only sneeze when awake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people only sneeze when awake?

During REM sleep (the phase where dreams take place), your muscles are paralysed so that you don’t thrash around and hurt yourself. This paralysis extends to reflex muscle contractions, so you can’t sneeze while you are dreaming. In non-REM sleep your muscles are free to move again but the trigeminal motor neurones responsible for triggering a sneeze are still suppressed. It is just about possible to sneeze during this non-REM sleep, but the exertion will normally wake you up.


Question: What happens in the brain when you at first can't remember something, but then suddenly you can?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens in the brain when you at first can't remember something, but then suddenly you can?

at an abstract level your brain is searching for information. You know that you know the information. But the your brain needs to do work to find where that information is. for information that you access frequently, the brain can easily retrieve this information. It remembers where the information is because it uses the information all the time. If your brain doesn't exist to ever need a piece of information again, then it doesn't store it or is stores it poorly. You brain uses a lot of energy and its always looking for ways to use less energy. Computers work in a similiar way. Data storage and retrieval is not an easy thing. If you program in certain languages especially older computer languages, you're code is responsible for remembering where is stores information and its entirely possible for the code to screw up and lose track of where information is stored.


Question: Why do temperate fruits have more antioxidants and phytonutrients than tropical fruits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do temperate fruits have more antioxidants and phytonutrients than tropical fruits?

I'm not sure if this is really true. Tropical fruits tend to be a bit sweeter so perhaps they're a bit higher in calories and thus have less nutrients per calory. One reason that temperate fruits might have more phytochemicals in them is that they are more affected by fungi (as fungi prefer lower temperatures), and thus need to defend themselves better, which they use these compounds for. Berries in particular suffer a lot from fungi, so they are packed with chemicals to help them resist. Generally speaking though deeper coloured fruits are higher in nutrients (as it's these plant chemicals that that usually give this colour, like beta carotene giving carrots their deep orange colour or lycopene giving tomatoes their deep red colour).


Question: how do they decide the name and generic name of medications?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do they decide the name and generic name of medications?

When chemists name chemicals it is not as much a name as a description of it using Greek words. This is also why some chemicals can have multiple names as there are multiple ways of describing a chemical. The problem with these names is that they can not be trademarked because it is just a description of the chemical. They might also not be as easy to market. So drug companies go to their marketing department and ask them to come up with a better name. It may sometimes be similar to the chemical name but does not have to be. The designers in the marketing department need to come up with a name which sound good and distinctive to the group of people they try to market towards.


Question: How do animals know which plants are edible and which are poisonous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do animals know which plants are edible and which are poisonous?

they cant always. part of it is training (being taught by their parents/colony/whatever), part of it is just by smell ("this smells like food"), part of it is trial and error. had to get rid of a couple of plants when I got my last cat, due to them being poisonous for her


Question: For example, you read that the movie cost 50 million dollars, a that it made 100 million in domestic theatre and another 100 worldwide. Usually, who spend the money, and who earned the money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 For example, you read that the movie cost 50 million dollars, a that it made 100 million in domestic theatre and another 100 worldwide. Usually, who spend the money, and who earned the money?

Movie studios make it very difficult to find out exactly who is spending what and who is getting paid, it's called 'Hollywood Accounting'. Studios want to hide how profitable their movies are because if they made a deal with the actors or the writer to give them a share of the profits, you want to make it look like the movie didn't profit very much so that you don't have to pay anyone but yourself. It'll also effect how much you pay in taxes so it's better to say that of the $150 million dollars you profited, $70 million went to the marketing company (which you own) and another $50 million went to repaying your investors making the 'actual' profit of the film something like $30 million.


Question: What exactly is a Puppet state?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a Puppet state?

It's really simple. When two country are allies one and the other are considered at the same level and everything on or the other does is their own decision. When a country has "dominance" over another it's called a puppet state or puppet country. which means that the country whether it's a kingdom, democracy,... looks the same from the outside but an external power makes the decision for that state. During the cold war many european countries were considered the "puppet states" of the Soviet Union.


Question: How did humans first find the gasses on the periodic table we use today, and how did they go about collecting it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did humans first find the gasses on the periodic table we use today, and how did they go about collecting it?

Helium was first discovered by analyzing the spectrum of sunlight. That's why it's named after Helios the sun. It was thought that it only existed on the sun until they were doing checks on the spectrum going through different gases that came up from the earth and they discovered that the same lines appeared as what appeared in the sun.


Question: How are new Pharmaceutical drugs "designed"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are new Pharmaceutical drugs "designed"?

One way, based on structural biology, is to determine the 3D structure of an enzyme or protein and use computer modeling to design molecules that fit into its shape. A common method is to determine where the native substrate sits and design molecule which fits the site better. Another method is to take existing drugs and slightly modify them to see if then can be made better. Adding methyl groups can massively increase there effectiveness or fluorines can make them last longer. Or, we just brute force it and have robots screen every chemical known to man in ultra-high throughput facilitates against potential drug targets and see if anything sticks.


Question: why is Texas having such extreme weather this year ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is Texas having such extreme weather this year ?

Climate change does play a role as it makes weather on both ends of the spectrum more extreme. In this instance there was a huge winter storm from Canada(?) that came down and hit most of the US. The weather Texas got was unusual for them, but not different from what other states got, it’s bad for them because they don’t have the infrastructure to deal with winter weather like northern states do like snow plow and salt trucks, etc. House also aren’t built for snow, people don’t know how to drive on ice and snow, things like that make it worse


Question: Why do asphalt roads go from dark black when fresh to the dull grey?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do asphalt roads go from dark black when fresh to the dull grey?

It’s called *photobleaching*. Here’s why some things are black: their chemical structure absorbs energy from the suns rays. That energy has to go somewhere. Sometimes, that energy gets turned into heat. But sometimes that energy is enough to break apart a chemical bond. The broken bond forms a slightly different chemical that is a different color — so over time, some of the asphalt chemically bleaches to turn gray.


Question: If you trap a beam of light inside a perfect mirror sphere, where does it go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you trap a beam of light inside a perfect mirror sphere, where does it go?

Yes, but the reality is that real mirrors aren't perfect, so if you do that for a real mirror sphere, it will end up eventually being absorbed by the mirror and turned to heat. Each bounce will cost around 1% of the light being turned to heat even with extremely good reflectors. Also, you'd never be able to view it, because any device put in to view it would also absorb photons.


Question: How does sepsis lead to septic shock?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sepsis lead to septic shock?

Infection can lead to sepsis which can comprise effective blood volume leading to blood pressure dropping. Not enough blood pressure means heart, brain, kidneys, other organs do not get blood flow - blood flow is essential for supplying organs with oxygen so they can function. Reason why blood pressure drops is release of interleukins and other substance which leads to leaking of circulatory volume from blood vessels. Two most important thing for treatment of septic shock is antibiotics (if appropriate) and supporting effective volume loss with IV fluids and medications to keep blood pressure up. I tried to keep it simple. Hope it makes sense.


Question: How come I'm still dehydrated eventhough I drink a lot of soda, coffee and tea which contains water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come I'm still dehydrated eventhough I drink a lot of soda, coffee and tea which contains water?

Even though the caffeine in Tea, Coffee and some soft drinks is a diuretic there should still be enough water within the drinks to offset any caffeine effects. It could be worth looking at underlying health issues. Diabetes causes increased urination if you have sugary drinks. So maybe assess the colour of your urine. If it is a dark colour, especially first thing in the morning, might make it worth getting a check-up.


Question: How the hell does South Korea have a larger economy than Russia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How the hell does South Korea have a larger economy than Russia?

Russia's economy is almost entirely dependent on the price of oil and natural gas. They don't really have too many other meaningful exports, and their domestic service industry BARELY meets domestic demand at BEST, over the past few years the Russian economy has also been actively shrinking as oil and gas prices lower, and as other countries have put sanctions on them, cutting them off bit by bit from the global market for putin's various misdeeds, so no money for Russia. South Korea on the other hand has a VERY robust tech industry and actively exports tech products all over the world (samsung!!!) and is not economically dependent on the price of a natural resource. Because of its robust tech industry and domestic service industries, South Korean workers are more economically productive, and produce more wealth for their work time


Question: Why do US based airlines lag behind in service and quality, especially in their premium cabins?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do US based airlines lag behind in service and quality, especially in their premium cabins?

A good number (but not all) of those airlines are subsidised by their government for political/ prestige/ strategic reasons, so a $100 ticket buys you $150 of product. Emirates/ Eithad/ Qatar especially don't have business models that would survive without outside money.


Question: () What are hedge funds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 () What are hedge funds?

A hedge fund is essentially a turbocharged investment fund. Like any investment fund, they take money from clients, invest it in financial assets, and give (some of) the returns back to the original investors. Regular investment funds have to follow certain rules designed to protect the investors in them. They must be clear about their investment strategy and stick to it. By contrast, hedge funds can be very flexible with how they invest. They can also use risky strategies like leverage and short selling. These strategies can potentially make a lot of money, but they also increase the possibility that investors will lose everything or even end up owing money. Many reputable hedge funds manage these risks well, but not all of them do. For this reason, regular people are generally discouraged from using hedge funds as their primary investment. They make more sense as an investment for people who already have a lot of money in traditional assets and are looking for something high risk-high reward.


Question: if the hottest flame is blue. Why is the sun yellow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if the hottest flame is blue. Why is the sun yellow?

The sun is a lot hotter than your average flame. Also, there is scattering of light in the atmosphere to produce the yellow hue for the sun (like how the sky is blue because of the scattered light).


Question: Why does a company like Tesla or Uber have such high valuation (over 50 Bn) despite have low sales or losing money yearly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a company like Tesla or Uber have such high valuation (over 50 Bn) despite have low sales or losing money yearly?

Valuation is not simply a product of sales/revenue/net. It also has a growth component to it. The hope is that these companies will grow into profitable companies. So the value of the company today, is it's current value + its expected value at some point in the future.


Question: Where does the extra matter come from on earth over millions of years to result in layers in the ground over time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the extra matter come from on earth over millions of years to result in layers in the ground over time?

Tectonic plates crash into each other forming mountains and volcanoes. Those erode away covering the land below. The extra weight/mass pushes down on the crust which is floating on magma so we aren't actually getting further from the planets core. If anything the earth is shrinking slightly as it cools over time. The Himalayas are growing by about 2.5 inches per year. Thats ~40 miles of height gain per million years. Erosion eats away at that and spreads that rock over a huge area and we never actually have 40 mile tall mountains. A million years is a long time.


Question: - when you have an allergic reaction and your entire body swells, where does that increase in volume come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - when you have an allergic reaction and your entire body swells, where does that increase in volume come from?

Most of our fluids can be found in three places: inside cells, inside veins, and in the 3rd space (which is just floating around outside the veins). This fluid carries your white blood cells. When something bad happens to the body, your veins open up to allow more fluid to get to the affected area (so the white blood cells can do their work there). Bodies can get confused during allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), causing your veins to release fluid everywhere because it can’t tell where the problem is. Thus, you get swollen (edema).


Question: 95% of the moving truck vehicles for families I see are Uhauls. How did one company create such a monopoly over the moving business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 95% of the moving truck vehicles for families I see are Uhauls. How did one company create such a monopoly over the moving business?

One of the innovative things U-Haul did was franchise via gas stations. Existing infrastructure for fuel, office and garage space made the barriers to entry of a new franchisee really low. And there needs to be gas stations located strategically, so you get the coverage. Also, the one-way rental is pretty huge, not sure if the other truck rentals have come up with anything similar that doesn't cost a fortune.


Question: how does sword swallowing work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does sword swallowing work?

It's one part illusion and one part a lot of practice. First of all, they don't use battle-ready swords. They're not at all as sharp as a weapon should be. Half of of the trick is making them *look* like swords. Second, your neck needs to be straight as an arrow and, after a lot of practice, you can just kind of slide it down and hold it down.


Question: Why do selfies not capture what you look like in a mirror?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do selfies not capture what you look like in a mirror?

Your brain is expecting the mirror/reverse image. It is what you think you look like, the photo shows you what you look like from a different perspective ( URL_0 )


Question: When you are driving home and have to use the restroom, why is that when you get closer to home, the feeling to use the restroom intensifies more and more?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you are driving home and have to use the restroom, why is that when you get closer to home, the feeling to use the restroom intensifies more and more?

Well, the answer to this is honestly a lot more simple than you think; more time passes and your bladder fills more and more. Your bladder fills as a result of your kidneys 'filtering' out extra fluid in your blood. This process is always happening, so your bladder is constantly filling (although the rate at which it fills is certainly variable and may even be almost 0). I'm assuming you're more looking for the psychological aspect of this. There may be *some* psychological contribution (ie. that you know you can pee when you get home so your brain 'prepares' the bladder to pee.) however it is almost certain that the major cause is the first point.


Question: When a human is buried in a coffin, what actually happens with the dead organic matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a human is buried in a coffin, what actually happens with the dead organic matter?

depends how much embalming fluid there is in their veins. generally, after 10 years there's a lot of liquid in there, recognizable skin and bones lots of hair and a dank smell. if the coffin leaks and doesn't flood they get leathery but if it collapses its usually just dirt and bones. i woked at a cemetery. people move and a lot of times they want loved ones exhumed and cremated. the dead travel better as ashes. one time we dug up a teenaged overdose victim from the 70s. her father was retiring to California and wanted her near. she was perfectly preserved and still beautiful.


Question: How does a phone knows when a wireless/bluetooth device paired to it (e.g. Wireless earbuds) are turned on even through the phone's Bluetooth is turned off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a phone knows when a wireless/bluetooth device paired to it (e.g. Wireless earbuds) are turned on even through the phone's Bluetooth is turned off?

It knows because your phone's bluetooth isn't actually turned off. It's merely in a low-power mode. It's called "off" in software (probably so users aren't confused and look for an "off" button that doesn't exist) but it's closer to "hybernated" in hardware.


Question: Why is the picture in night vision goggles green?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the picture in night vision goggles green?

When the light enters the goggles, it's converted to electricity, then boosted electrically, then the light hits a phosphor screen (like the screen part of old school CRT displays) and converted again to light. There's no way to preserve the color, so it's effectively a black and white image, but it's converted to Green because our eyes see better contrast that way.


Question: Why does milk in cartons last significantly longer than milk in a plastic jug? (US)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does milk in cartons last significantly longer than milk in a plastic jug? (US)

It doesn't. Shelf life is all about the pasteurization process used, and not all dairies do it the same. HTST, filtration, UHT, etc. If the same dairy packaged the same milk into two types of packaging, as long as they were both sterile and packed properly, it would last the same amount of time.


Question: Why are there so many outtakes in movies, when actors in theaters are able to play for hours without any to obvious mistakes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there so many outtakes in movies, when actors in theaters are able to play for hours without any to obvious mistakes?

They rehearse more in theatre and when they make mistakes, they push through because they have to. With film, since they’re aiming for perfection, there’s no point in trying to salvage a mistake, they’ll stop and start over. Also, a lot of films will let actors improv after they get what they need for the scene.


Question: the Golden Ratio / Fibonacci sequence. Are the "natural" patterns associated with this number simply selection bias or is the universe somehow guided / structured around them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 the Golden Ratio / Fibonacci sequence. Are the "natural" patterns associated with this number simply selection bias or is the universe somehow guided / structured around them?

The golden ratio is largely a myth and doesn't exist naturally as often as some people claim it does. It is an example of confirmation bias. People WANT to see the golden ratio and they end up finding it wherever they look even when it doesn't fit. Almost all claims of the golden ratio disolve away when you actually do some accurate measuring. It's like the moment you think there is something special about the number 23...and then all of the sudden are amazed at how often the number 23 turns up just because you are looking for it now.


Question: ; Why can you not thaw ground beef then refreeze it and thaw it and then consume it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; Why can you not thaw ground beef then refreeze it and thaw it and then consume it?

Answer: The refrigerator guarantees thawed meat didn't ever go into the Goldilocks zone for bacterial growth. **Technically** any thawing method is safe as long as it doesn't give bacteria time to multiply - this would be very hard for someone to do with a microwave unless they were trying to prove a point "that it can be done".


Question: - Is it true if someone gets a Spinal Injury they will have an erection? If that is true, why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Is it true if someone gets a Spinal Injury they will have an erection? If that is true, why is that?

The spine carries and protects your nerves so any damage to it and nerves can either stop working or even send the wrong signals. With the normal flow of nerve signals disrupted the signals can instead be sent back down to the original nerves causes twitching or muscle cramps or priapism (persistent erection). Priapism is usually pretty painful and not connected to sexual arousal and is a very rare complication of spinal cord injury. The common outcomes would be either paralysis or recovery.


Question: What happens after you pass the sound barrier. Does vehicle control return to normal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens after you pass the sound barrier. Does vehicle control return to normal?

Yes and no; weird effects related to unequal shock formation around the various surfaces of the aircraft (e.g. Mach Tuck) do tend to go away as you get beyond Mach 1. At the same time, though, if the aircraft is not designed to fly past the sound barrier, it's entirely possible that you won't be able to get normal control without slowing down as all of your control surfaces are in the "shadow" of the shock waves being produced by the aircraft.


Question: How can space bend, expand, and ripple if it’s just an empty void?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can space bend, expand, and ripple if it’s just an empty void?

General relativity posits the existence of something called a metric - a structure in spacetime that determines the distances between objects. This isn't wholly dissimilar to how quantum field theory posits the existence of quantum fields, or classical electromagnetism posits the electric and magnetic fields, except that we generally think of distances as a fixed background property, so it's a bit odd to think of this as a variable property. When physicists say that 'space' bends or expands, they really mean that the metric takes on different values, and so distances and anything related to them (velocities, time intervals) become properties contingent on where in space you are. Like for quantum fields, we don't have any underlying physical model for what this metric is (which I think is what zdepthcharge was trying to get at). It's just an assumption of the theory that, whatever the physical object 'actually' is, corresponds to this mathematical structure. String theory explains it one more layer, by radically changing the entire structure of spacetime, and having this metric be an emergent property of graviton field within this structure and its interaction with the other fields. The issue is that it's not an experimentally tested theory, or even a theory that describes a single universe - it's a family of particular models which can describe many kinds of universe, and as such can make a variety of predictions. There are some universal ones (classes of new particles, or higher-order effects in currently known interactions) which could be used as tests, but none have yielded anything so far.


Question: how can we suck liquids up through straws without it getting in our lungs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can we suck liquids up through straws without it getting in our lungs?

Sucking is a pressure thing, you don't inhale to get the liquid through the straw. When the straw is in your mouth there is neutral pressure. Then you move your tongue in a way to suck it creates a pressure change that draws the liquid up the straw. Thats why you can plug the end of a straw with your tongue on the middle of drinking and it stays in the straw. Maybe it juat feels like we are inhaling because we are sucking air?


Question: How is it that an economy is classified as "booming"? ie; what makes the economy "good" or "bad"?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that an economy is classified as "booming"? ie; what makes the economy "good" or "bad"?

When people talk about the overall "health" of the economy, they're talking about growth in economic output. Usually, this is described as the year over year growth in overall spending/overall production in the country (or whatever your unit of analysis is). If it is growing rapidly, that's good. If it's growing very slowly or declining, that's bad.


Question: How is cancer so deadly but a person feels fine one day then the next they are told they have 4 months to live?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How is cancer so deadly but a person feels fine one day then the next they are told they have 4 months to live?

Exponential growth. At first cancer is a single malformed cell dividing without restrictions. That 1 turns into 2, 2 becomes 4, 4 becomes 8, 8 turns into 16, etc. With each division the number of cancerous cells doubles. (More or less) So for the first few months or so the cancer is only a minor disruption, but soon it rapidly becomes larger and larger and starts affecting the function of the entire organ and body. Taking up nutrients and putting stress on other organs causing cascading organ failures if left untreated.


Question: What causes random pains that feel like something is biting or pinching you on your skin when nothing is actually causing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes random pains that feel like something is biting or pinching you on your skin when nothing is actually causing it?

I've heard that a varicose capillary breaking can feel like a sting. They look like tiny blue lines on your skin, usually legs. Called spider veins and broken veins.


Question: Why does bruising a fruit make it go bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does bruising a fruit make it go bad?

When you get a bruise on your arm, your body reabsorbs the blood from damaged vessels through various means. If you cut your arm off, there’s no immune system or circulatory system available to respond, so the blood in the bruise rots and spreads to the rest of your arm. It’s kinda like that.


Question: Does Chinese Herbal Medicine work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does Chinese Herbal Medicine work?

Technically, we have to say "it depends", as all actual FDA-approved medicine was once herbal medicine that was studied for active ingredients, and we now know exactly what to extract that produces desired results. Eg; Your grandma's secret poppyseed bread may always remove pain because it's loaded with "milk of the poppy", aka Opium. Or that jar of mold she spreads on a cracker to cure your food poisoning is incindentally a raw version of penicillin. More than likely though, it's just placebo, or at least giving you vitamins and nutrients you haven't been eating because you hate your grandmother and don't eat your vegetables like a good boy.


Question: When does it stop being a personality and become a personality disorder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When does it stop being a personality and become a personality disorder?

The line is that a disorder is interfering with your ability to live a full and healthy life. If your hyperindependence is making it hard to seek support you need, it is a disordered behavior. If your lack of trust causes social problems for you, it's a disordered behavior.


Question: Why are humans so sensitive to small ambient temperature changes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are humans so sensitive to small ambient temperature changes?

Our bodies generate heat and regulate heat as part of normal functions. It takes time days to weeks for your body to adjust (acclimate) to environmental changes like temperature, humidity, and altitude. Until you acclimate the best thing your body can do get you to go to an environment that is less harsh. Sensitivity is your body nudging your Brain put on a layer of clothing (or take one off) and limit exposure.


Question: How well do waves go through the atmosphere and space? Could an alien a million light-years away one day hear part of a phone call that got away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How well do waves go through the atmosphere and space? Could an alien a million light-years away one day hear part of a phone call that got away?

All light travels infinitely but has a exponentially decreasing intensity. Your phone call is super weak to begin with but the signal would travel in all directions forever until it reaches some obstacle


Question: Why do companies like Amazon and HBO continue to stick with the one episode a week format?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do companies like Amazon and HBO continue to stick with the one episode a week format?

If you pay a monthly membership to them once, and watch all the episodes of a particular season of a particular show, you have little reason to continue paying. If they extend the length of their season to many months then they get more money from you.


Question: What kind of tasks are humans going to be still doing manually and cannot depend on automation or technology to do them? And why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What kind of tasks are humans going to be still doing manually and cannot depend on automation or technology to do them? And why?

From a robot technician: Current robotics are just starting to merge the fields of AI with real-world applications. See "Spot" for an example of this. However, the vast majority of robotics nowadays are in factories, and these robots are able to react to limited input, as long as its pre-programmed. For instance, if the part Is red, use bolt 1, otherwise, use bolt 2. Generally speaking the more repetitive some task is, the easier it is to automate. For instance, screwing toothpaste lids on in an assembly line. It's nothing but a repetitive motion, and a robot could be set up to do this task in probably less than 10 minutes. Whereas say a travel agent takes a starting location and a destination location and looks for the cheapest price. This is more complex, but can be broken down into many simpler processes. (Find itineraries, find cheapest itinerary, book itinerary), and is why online travel agencies have be one commonplace over the last 10 or so years. A task such as designing a vehicle for instance, does not have one correct answer, and there are many many factors and processes tdd o consider, as such this is a very difficult process to automate, potentially even impossible. So the safest jobs are those that are complex, but cannot be broken down to several simpler tasks, or those professions that require creativity.


Question: CNN reporter Chris Cuomo said on air that its illegal for a citizen to study wikileak emails, is this true?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 CNN reporter Chris Cuomo said on air that its illegal for a citizen to study wikileak emails, is this true?

> CNN reporter Chris Cuomo said on air that its illegal for a citizen to study wikileak emails, is this true? Nope.


Question: why do firefighters bother putting out a fire (and endanger themselves) if the building is empty and there are no other buildings around it ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do firefighters bother putting out a fire (and endanger themselves) if the building is empty and there are no other buildings around it ?

I am a career paid Fireman. The best way to simplify it is to say that we do not ALWAYS enter a burning structure. There are quite a few common sense reasons that are a definite no go for us (such as flames through the roof, indicating a high probability for collapse on most residential fires). If there is a possibility that we can enter the structure, the incident commander has to make a decision which comes down to "risk a little to save a little, risk a lot to save a lot". If there is any chance that a VIABLE human life is inside, you can guarantee that every firefighter on the scene would risk their life without question to save the person inside. The big word there being viable. Most of the time the toxic chemicals produced by modern manufacturing give off super heated and immediately deadly fumes that can kill you after only a few breaths. We have to take that into account and will not risk as much to recover someone who has without a doubt perished. Our next goal is to save property that can be saved. Family photos and heirlooms are irreplaceable and we make every effort to minimize your loss. If I can read the conditions of the fire and make a direct attack inside the house right at the seat of the fire, it extinguishes the fire quicker, preventing extension and also limiting damage from water being shot in through Windows. Most of our nozzles put out at least 200 gallons per minute. That is a lot if water to put inside your house blindly through a window. Most kitchen fires could probably be extinguished with less than 30 gallons if there is no extension into the walls/roof. Also as others have said, there are a lot of times you can't be certain that the building is unoccupied. A lot of accidental fires happen because squatters light "camp fires" in abandoned buildings to keep warm. They have a right to be saved and us not completing a search of the building (conditions permitting) would be negligent. In residential buildings we keep our eye out for indicators of people that would occupy the structure. For instance if there is a car in the driveway then someone was likely home. Or if there are small children's toys in the yard or house then we automatically assume the possibility that we need to account for children. Sorry for any typos, I'm on mobile. Hope this helps answer your question. If you take anything away from this, just know that if there is a possibility for me or any of the firefighters I know to save a life, we will fight until our last breath to get you out safely. Edit: Thank you all for the kind words and thank you for the gold! Reading through all of your comments really brightened my day!


Question: Why do phones lose connection when flying? Isn't airplane altitude well within cell tower range?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do phones lose connection when flying? Isn't airplane altitude well within cell tower range?

For a couple reasons. 1. As u/AllReligionsAreTrue guessed, towers focus their antennas towards the ground, so they send and receive less well to things at high altitude. 2. Your phone is a relatively low power transmitter, and you're inside a sealed metal tube. That's pretty much a worst case scenario for trying to get a signal through. 3. The cell network *really* can't handle a device moving at very high speed. Cell service works by handing your call off from tower to tower as you move, and there is a lot of complicated techno-wizardry that goes on to make that all seamless to the user. That means there are a lot of assumptions made in the system, and one of them is that you won't be moving at mach 0.8 and bouncing to a new tower every 10 seconds. Start doing that, and the system stops working.


Question: Why is "proof" on alcoholic beverages twice the percentage of alcoholic content? Why not simply just label the percentage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is "proof" on alcoholic beverages twice the percentage of alcoholic content? Why not simply just label the percentage?

**ELI10**: Way back in the day people in England used to measure the amount of alcohol in something by soaking gunpowder with it and seeing if it burned. The lowest amount of alcohol content needed for it to burn was called 100 proof and was about 57% alcohol by volume. Add a few centuries, lots of math and a bunch of rounding errors and eventually you end up with the U.S. deciding enough of this proof thing lets use ABV, and I guess for a simple ratio we'll say that 50% ABV = 100 proof. **ELI5**: If you put half water and half alcohol on gunpowder it will burn, and that's the "proof" that its really strong alchohol. **Edit**: I primarily set out to answer "Why is proof on alchoholic beverages twice the percentage of alcoholic content?". I didn't really answer "Why not simply just label the percentage?". The answer to that is as follows: AFAIK Every country in the world now labels their alcohol by ABV. This includes the U.S.. Some companies **also** label the proof - most likely for marketing reasons. "120 Proof" sounds stronger than "60% ABV" even though its the same thing.