Question: how can wild animals go so long without tooth care and not get rotten teeth/gum diseases yet humans can't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can wild animals go so long without tooth care and not get rotten teeth/gum diseases yet humans can't?

Because they consume a fraction of the sugars we do, and their saliva is able to deal with the bacteria in their mouth because of it.


Question: If and when economic depression hits USA, it affects all the national economies worldwide. Can anyone explain the chain of events involved step-by-step?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If and when economic depression hits USA, it affects all the national economies worldwide. Can anyone explain the chain of events involved step-by-step?

The US is a major importer of goods from other countries. When we hit a recession people tend to buy less which means stores import less which effects the economies of the countries we import from. Also a lot of foreign exchange is based on the US dollar. When the value of the dollar goes down it can effect other countries banking and currency as well. Edit: I should also add that speculation also plays a big role in the effect on other countries. If the US is in a recession it scares people which in turn can have economic impact elsewhere. Basically, people think that if the US is doing bad it must be a matter of time before they start doing bad which contributes to the recession cycle.


Question: how can you be "half a game" behind in the NBA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can you be "half a game" behind in the NBA?

If they haven't played the same number of games. One team is 3-3 one team is 4-2. That's a one game lead because if the 3-3 team beats the 4-2 team they're tied at 4-3. But if the teams are 3-3 and 4-3, now if the 3-3 team beats the 4-3 team they overtake them. They are now 4-3 and the other team is 4-4. That's how half game leads work.


Question: Does butchered meat from a slaughtered animal go through normal death processes like rigor mortis? Is it different for fresh slaughtered butchered meat vs. meat that has been left on carcass for a few days (like to bleed out?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does butchered meat from a slaughtered animal go through normal death processes like rigor mortis? Is it different for fresh slaughtered butchered meat vs. meat that has been left on carcass for a few days (like to bleed out?)

Rigor mortis occurs in chickens, making it important to pluck and process them immediately after slaughter, as chicken does not benefit from aging. Game birds can be hung until rigor passes, enhancing the flavor and making them easier to dry pluck.


Question: How does the US government's emergency disaster response work? Why is it so dependent on the President?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the US government's emergency disaster response work? Why is it so dependent on the President?

It has nothing to do with the President. Never has. The President (if he’s good at his job) delegates the response to people who do this stuff for a living. FEMA personnel, the military, coast guard, etc. The President doesn’t have a magic button to make things appear in another country/state on the doorsteps of those who need it. So, since the current narrative is that Trump is incompetent and hates Latinos, the reality of getting shit to Puerto Rico is now folded into the narrative. The President is a figurehead.


Question: Why does FM radio sound better than AM?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does FM radio sound better than AM?

FM and AM manipulate radio waves in different ways (frequency versus amplitude) to encode the sound being transmitted. Ultimately, though, each station on FM radio has six times the bandwidth as AM. More bandwidth means more nuanced sounds are possible. Think of it like drawing with 48 colors versus only 8 colors. Plus, because of how FM works, it’s less susceptible to interference than AM, so you’re also generally getting better clarity to begin with. Edit: several people have asked questions about why FM/AM can't occupy other bands, e.g. move FM lower to increase its range. [Here is a cool chart of the US' current radio frequency allocation]( URL_0 ). There's other reasons, but one big reason we can't just move the bands around is that nearly every sliver of wavelength is already being used or reserved for something else.


Question: How is Tesla worth more than Ford?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Tesla worth more than Ford?

Stock price and market cap are based on projection for growth. Ford is a mature auto maker fighting in saturated markets full of uninspiring vehicles, with 100 years of legacy costs and overhead -- older, less efficient plants, retiree pensions, etc. Tesla has a new exciting product that's revolutionary because it runs on electricity, yet doesn't suffer from the negative perception other "green" cars did/do. And they are investing billions in building state of the art factories to build their cars and -- of great importance for electric cars -- batteries. Tesla has only sold small numbers of expensive vehicles since their launch... not only did they have to win people over to electric cars, but they also had to do so with people willing and able to pay $60-100k to buy one. Once their upcoming Model 3 -- starting at $35k -- is released, and these plants are up and running to allow for greater capacity to produce cars, they will be selling many times the number of cars they do today, and their investment in building that capacity will have been made. So a company selling tens of thousands of cars could be selling a million in a few years, and the stock price anticipates that kind of growth for Tesla. Meanwhile, Ford is selling millions of vehicles but where's the growth opportunity for them? Maybe their next ___ model is more popular than Toyota's similar model and they grow that one model by 20% vs. it's previous version? That's not a lot of growth relative to the whole company...


Question: What is the science behind catching someone else's yawn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the science behind catching someone else's yawn?

Mythbusters did an episode about this and if memory serves, they came up empty handed. A lot of hypotheses exist, but the one that I support the most is that it can be a way for pack animals to signal to one another that they're tired. Essentially, I yawn, then the nearby humans in my tribe yawn, and on and on, and very quickly, everyone as a non verbal way of knowing "it may be time to knock off for a few." Another hypothesis is that is has to do with temperature in the brain, as some birds have been observed yawning, and it having a noticeable effect on the temperature of the birds brain. And the last one that im aware of is oxygen intake. Basically the idea is that your brain senses it isnt getting enough of the good stuff, so it makes you take a huge, drawn out breath. Again, to my understanding, the jury is still out on this one.


Question: How do people who start new businesses, stores, etc., figure out from the start how much to charge for their items in order to make a profit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people who start new businesses, stores, etc., figure out from the start how much to charge for their items in order to make a profit?

In general what you do is set a few standard goals and decide a price in order to balance them: 1) cover the expenses related to the item. ALL expenses. You start from the of the materials, you add any other consumable (even the few cents of soap to clean the cup after serving coffee). You estimate how much you are going to sell (when you are at average speed) and split the general expenses (like the bills and personnell e and the expected stuff you need to replace, like spoiled, broken, ruined, old...). 2) you study the competition and see how much they charge. You decide a range of how much you should charge in order to be competitive: you want to reduce the price, or offer something better (service, quality...) or you are in a better position 3) you evaluate if, with the customers you expect to have, you yourself are going to earn enough to cover all expenses (break even) staying in the range set at point 2. That's the first goal. If the answer is no, something is wrong and the business probably isn't profitable. Go back to 1, cut expenses or change the offer. Here is where I should mention that is not clear-cut, it's a big mess. And that experience has a huge role in predicting these things. Also, you are going to lose money for month, until you get your customers. You cannot charge $2k for a coffee only because you have 1 customer per month, but you are waiting to reach 2k customers. DICLAIMER: I opened a business and it failed gloriously, so take my advice with a grain of salt. I now know some things you should never do, but I think I won't be able to make one work yet.


Question: Why does cancer kill you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does cancer kill you?

It depends on the exact type of cancer. For some of them the cancer simply takes more nutrients than your body can supply and it causes the other parts of your body to die off. For some kinds of cancers as the tumor grows it will apply pressure and restrictions to various other parts of the body (such as the mother of a person I once knew whose tumor grew so large it sealed her esophagus causing her to choke to death, or a brain tumor which applies pressure on the parts of the brain which control vital functions.) Some cancers remain functional in their original purpose and cause overproduction of the function for their purpose, whereas others contain other mutations that can cause them to produce toxins. Lastly sometimes the immune system, in desparation to remove the cancers, may cease to recognize the difference between self and foreign bodies and may begin attacking the vital organs.


Question: How does noise cancelling work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does noise cancelling work?

Active noise cancelling works by the headphones having a microphone on the outside that detects environmental noise, and then speakers on the inside that play the opposite soundwave to cancel it out. Sound travels in waves with peaks and valleys, so if it hits another wave with directly opposite peaks and valleys they cancel eachother out.


Question: Why do some games (e.g. Minecraft) need a launcher instead of directly launching the game ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some games (e.g. Minecraft) need a launcher instead of directly launching the game ?

There are at least a few reasons. The launchers that many games have now allow the game to check for updates when you open the launcher. It also allows for in game stores and advertising. There are probably many technical reasons as well, but this is why a lot of companies have launchers for games you would not think need them.


Question: Why does starting stuff up take so much energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does starting stuff up take so much energy?

Basic law of motion, inertia- objects at rest tend to stay at rest and objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force Basically objects need extra energy to start moving or changing motion (changing direction or speed) as opposed to continuously moving to break the static force of inertia


Question: What are smart mirrors and how are they made to be both a mirror and a touch screen display?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are smart mirrors and how are they made to be both a mirror and a touch screen display?

They’re a bit like “one way mirrors” that let somebody see into/out of a room but not the other way around. The glass is actually *mostly* reflective and slightly transparent, no matter which way the light comes from. But the “mirror” side is well-lit, so you see more of the reflection than you see what’s on the other side (which is mostly dark). If you shine a light from the “see-through” (dark) side, some of it will actually be reflected back. But some will make it through, and can be seen from the “mirror” side. So these are just displays behind semi-transparent mirrors. When the display is off, you don’t see what’s behind the mirror because it’s dark. When it’s on, you can see the light coming through.


Question: How does a fridge use energy to remove energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a fridge use energy to remove energy?

A refrigeration cycle consists of a cool refrigerator and a warm exterior. A cool refrigerant is compressed. When fluids are compressed, they heat up. The cool refrigerant is now hot. The hot, compressed refrigerant is pumped outside, to the exterior. Since it's hotter than the warm exterior, it cools down until it's warm (usually with a fan blowing on it), releasing heat. The warm, compressed refrigerant is allowed to expand. When fluids are allowed to expand, they lose heat. The warm refrigerant is now cold. The cold refrigerant is pumped inside, to the refrigerator. Since it's colder than the refrigerator, it warms up, absorbing heat, until it's cool. The cool refrigerant is compressed, and the cycle repeats.


Question: How does immune system distinguish between "good" bacteria and "bad" bacteria in the gut?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does immune system distinguish between "good" bacteria and "bad" bacteria in the gut?

It doesn't. Inside of the gut is basically outside of your body so there's little immune defense (generally just IgA antibodies). The main mechanism good bacteria have is that they don't hurt our guts, don't produce toxins, they don't destroy the tissue. Intact tissue means no inflammation, which is the main trigger for immune reaction. But if these good bacteria somehow overgrow, or they happen to enter the tissue (trauma, or necrotic bacteria cause it) they become bad for the blood/organs. This is what we call opportunistic bacteria.


Question: Can you really make glass the way they did in Sweet Home Alabama?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you really make glass the way they did in Sweet Home Alabama?

Well... Technically, kinda, yes. But probably not the kind of glass you're thinking. Glass as we know it is the stuff used in Windows and cups, and a vast majority of the time that is soda-lime glass. Lightning strikes create fulgurite which is *a type* of glass, yes. But it's not the kind you're gonna be making a window out of. It's usually not even clear! There are also impactites which are created from meteor impacts, and lechatelierite (lightning can make this too but it has to be pretty much pure silica sand), and even obsidian is considered a natural glass. Even pumice is technically a glass! The common denominator in all these glasses is silica, aka silicon dioxide, and is most commonly found in nature in the form of quartz. Quartz is the second most common mineral on Earth behind feldspar. And while we know quartz for the crystals, it can exist in other forms... Like in sand.


Question: What does a movie producer do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a movie producer do?

They are in charge of all the logistics basically. They are the bossman of everyone on both the business and creative side of movie making. If you think of a movie as a project you can call them basically like the overall project manager.


Question: When the Fed injects capital into money markets, who actually gets the money? Who gets the benefit, who bears the cost?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When the Fed injects capital into money markets, who actually gets the money? Who gets the benefit, who bears the cost?

Consider a world where there are only two things: money and stuff (assets, stocks, bonds, etc). The Federal Reserve can buy lots of stuff, which sends a lot of cash-money out into the world. Or it can sell lots of stuff, which takes cash-money out of the world. When times are bad, people have a lot less money to spend and no one wants to buy their stuff. If no one buys their stuff, they can't make money to give to someone else. This repeats until no one is buying anything. Its like a traffic jam, where everyone is waiting on everyone else. When times are good, people have a lot of money to spend on stuff. Maybe there is so much money that everything will become too expensive as people have more and more dollars to spend (and more and more want to buy) so people start charging more. So, when times are bad the Fed can buy lots of stuff with new money. This "injects" cash into the system by trading some of that unwanted stuff for money. When people that were previously unable to get money for their stuff have money, they can in turn spend it. This repeats to (hopefully) undo that traffic jam of no one buying anything. When times are good the Fed can sell lots of stuff to get that money back out of the system. This helps to prevent prices getting too high or for there to be too much money out there (the less money, the more valuable it is!). This also means they're in a safe spot later to send that money back out when times get traffic jammed again. The people who benefit are those that the Fed originally buy from and then wherever that money goes next. In a perfect situation, that money goes everywhere and kickstarts the traffic jam to get moving until everyone is clear. The cost is born by a reduced value in the dollar (more money out there means people will start charging more and every dollar is worth less) as well as the Fed sitting on lots of stuff. The Fed currently has so MUCH stuff after 2008 that they are still sitting on that mountain of stuff waiting for times to get even better than they have been to offload it more. This messes with indicators like the "yield curve," where people are predicting the benefits of the stuff that the Fed is also sitting on top of.


Question: Why do WiFi routers make a noise when loading something on a phone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do WiFi routers make a noise when loading something on a phone?

They cheaped the hell out on the router and the power supply circuit inside gets coil whine when the router actually has to do work. Well made units don't really do that.


Question: Why do defibrillators need to be rubbed together right before use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do defibrillators need to be rubbed together right before use?

There is a conducting gel that they apply to the paddles. Rubbing the paddles spreads the gel evenly.


Question: The market crash of 2008 was about the housing market. So how was it able to impact the entire market as a whole?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The market crash of 2008 was about the housing market. So how was it able to impact the entire market as a whole?

The first source was that it hit the banks. They had a ton of mortgage paper, and they were leveraged. In other words, they borrowed money to buy those mortgages. For every dollar of cash they had, they'd buy thirty dollars of mortgages. When them value of those dropped, they were wiped out -- if that thirty dollars is now worth 29, you've lost your first dollar, so are at even. So you try to sell. But that pushes the prices lower, so more people are forced to sell. So that's the banks, where a lot of, well, banking happens. Now banks and other people need more cash to support themselves. But if you can't sell the mortgage stuff, you start selling anything else you have, even -- or especially -- stuff that has held its value until then. That's how the rest of the market gets hit. Got a few hundred million dollars of Apple stock? Sell it to get cash to keep the rest of your operation going.


Question: Why does multiplication and division take precedence over addition and subtraction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does multiplication and division take precedence over addition and subtraction?

At the end of the day it's just the convention everyone agreed on. We could change the convention just fine, it just means we'd need to write our equations differently. But there is a certain kind of logic. For example, multiplication is considered to be repeated addition. That is, 3x3 = 3+3+3 With multiplication taking precedence over addition 3x3+3 = 9+3 = 12 And you can replace the 3x3 with the 3+3+3 without affecting the outcome: 3x3+3 = 3+3+3+3 = 12 But if you swap it and have addition take precedence, 3x3+3 = 3x6 = 18 And you *can't* swap 3x3 with 3+3+3, which kind of bucks against our intuition of what multiplication is.


Question: How exactly does a consumer's money circulate throughout society after a product is bought?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does a consumer's money circulate throughout society after a product is bought?

Start backwards. Raw materials are produced and the workers are paid. Raw material company sells to the factory. Factory makes product and workers are paid. Now factory needs to make their money back so they sell to a distributor/store/etc. That store may be part of a chain that moves stuff around for sale and there may be more transactions in that bit too. To simplify, the store had bought the product and now THEY need to make some money. You buy the product. That store charges what they paid +x% (their markup) to produce a profit. Every step has charged a slightly higher price than the last, in this way. So now you own the phone. Your money went to pay for that store to stay open and thay store owner to support his existence. The money makes it back to you in the form of the community, businesses, and other public and private interests continuing to exist. Simpler example: A student organization wants to build a park. They hold a fundraiser. You would like to see a new park and be able to enjoy a new park so you donate some money. You get your money 'back' in the form of a new park you helped pay for. Now apply this concept globally and spending money in your community on locally sourced goods puts money directly back into the pot of the people who pay you and your friends and family to do your own jobs. The further up the chain you go and farther away that takes you is that much further that your dollars are going to support the livelihood of others and the businesses for which they work.


Question: How do binary systems (pcs etc.) handle decimal points ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do binary systems (pcs etc.) handle decimal points ?

There are two possible interpretations of your question: A ) How do non decimal bases represent a decimal point (I.e what is "a half" in binary") B ) How to computers (or other systems that use binary or have a fixed number representation) represent fractions? I'll answer both. A : The 'decimal point' is not something the decimal base has sole ownership of. All bases have a fractional component, it just works in different powers. In decimal 3.21 means "3 'ones', 2 'tenths', 1 'hundreth' In binary 1.011 would mean "1 'one", 0 'halfs' 1 'quarter', 1 'eigth', or 1.375 in decimal. Each 'binary fraction' is half as large as the one that came before it. In ternary each point is a third as large, in hex it's one sixteenth. It works just the same as in decimal, just uses N as the base instead of 10. B : There are two main methods computeres use. A fixed point representation or the more common floating point representation. A fixed point simply states "In ever X bits, the decimal point is there". If you see a number '01100111' you simply just decide to see it as '0110.0111' and interpret that as a binary number. the upside is it's simple. The downside is you're limiting yourself to a very fixed range and representation. A floating point representation means that the decimal point isn't fixed. The common standard uses scientific notation, essentially. Instead of going "25.5" it goes the equivalent of "255 x 10^-1" by storing the binary equivalents of 255, and -1. The upside is that you have versatility and range. You can express a large range of numbers with a lot of power over what ranges or precision you need. The downside is that you can't always hit all the fractions you want and it's a bit more complicated, but that's something fixed point also has. Floating point doesn't deal well with very large or very tiny numbers.


Question: Video game designers, why do the computers never move at the same speed as you? It always feels like they’re a tad slower, forcing you to wait for them in campaign-style games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Video game designers, why do the computers never move at the same speed as you? It always feels like they’re a tad slower, forcing you to wait for them in campaign-style games?

Yes. They kinda sprint and kinda not, so your walking speed is lower but your sprinting speed is higher. I wish someone could explain this.


Question: why is the 'single ancestor' theory so well accepted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is the 'single ancestor' theory so well accepted?

1. All life on Earth shares common biochemistry. Everything has either RNA or DNA (which are related to one another). 2. The way that genetic code is translated into proteins is almost identical for all life on Earth. 3. Seemingly-unrelated species have "neutral" features (things that confer no survival advantage) in common. And this is at a very fundamental level. For instance, proteins that can be encoded in DNA in a couple of different ways that are all functionally identical will be coded the same way for every organism that can produce that protein. 4. Many type of molecules used in biology are "chiral" (they "twist", so that they can be either right-handed or left-handed), and all the amino acids of all life on Earth are left-handed. If life had originated in multiple places, you wouldn't necessarily expect to see all these similarities. It would be possible, but not likely. Though I should add that it's entirely possible that rudimentary life originated multiple times, but only one of those progenitors survived and evolved into all modern-day organisms.


Question: Why does soap rinse off your hands so much faster when you use warm water rather than cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does soap rinse off your hands so much faster when you use warm water rather than cold?

Dissolution is a physical process due to which different substances "mix". The energy given off by the warmer water (in the form of heat) makes the particles in the soap move faster, making them more likely to mix with the water and wash away faster. If the cold water is colder than the soap (which it most likely is since the soap was heated by your hands), it takes away heat from the soap, which means less energy, which means the soap particles move slower and dissovle into the water at a slower rate. Even solids will mix into each other given enough time. Gasses mix the fastest. Liquids are in between. Also some things have particles that are better stuck together so they require more energy to dissolve


Question: Why does bleach remove color from fabric?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does bleach remove color from fabric?

First of all, we produce color in two ways. Emission and absorption. Emission means that the object releases the color of light, think any screen. Absorption works by absorbing wavelengths of light other than the one that you want to be seen. & #x200B; Bleach works by oxidizing stuff it comes into contact with. This means it releases oxygen molecules from the other material. Dyes in your fabric are often organic dyes, but the color in these organic compounds come from a part of the structure called a chromophore. When the bleach reacts with the dye the chromophore changes often from one that reflects light in the visible spectra to one that reflects light outside the visible spectra. TLDR: Its a reaction that doesn't really remove color it just changes the color that the dye reflects.


Question: Why is frostbite or skin freezing considered a burn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is frostbite or skin freezing considered a burn?

The wounds caused by burns and frostbite initially resemble each other. This is due to extreme heat and the expansion of cold ice crystals causing similar damage to skin cells. At least, this is what they told me in school.


Question: Why does a collection of small lights (like christmas light) make us feel happy and cozy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a collection of small lights (like christmas light) make us feel happy and cozy?

Dim light, in this case small christmas light, stimulates melatonin that makes us feel relaxed, in contrast to bright light.


Question: Why is the US government allowed to shut itself down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the US government allowed to shut itself down?

I think it's a bug in the system. Where "the government can only run with an approved budget" turns into "well the _wording_ says I have to approve this before the government runs....."


Question: . What happens to compostable packaging and other compostable materials when they are thrown in the garbage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . What happens to compostable packaging and other compostable materials when they are thrown in the garbage?

Generally, they will break down faster than plastic, but much slower and more harmfully than if they were composted. The key here is aerobic vs anaerobic decomposition: Whether the bacteria breaking down the material are using oxygen or not. The reason why you turn compost heaps is to get air in for aerobic decomposition, because it’s faster and more odourless than anaerobic decomposition. Since we bury trash in landfills, oxygen can’t get in for aerobic decomposition, and so it breaks down much more slowly. It also results in the decomposition giving off methane instead of carbon dioxide, which is a much more powerful greenhouse gas


Question: - How do Sea Monkeys come to life from a packet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How do Sea Monkeys come to life from a packet?

Sea monkeys are actually brine shrimp. The eggs they lay can dry out and remain viable for years. The stuff you pour into the water are the eggs and when exposed to salt water the eggs hatch and the shrimp start growing.


Question: How can a computer beat a human at chess? No matter how pro a player is, a computer can always beat him. How?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a computer beat a human at chess? No matter how pro a player is, a computer can always beat him. How?

Being a good strategist at chess basically hinges at how many iterations of the board you can predict. If you're only thinking of the next move, playing against someone experienced you'll always lose basically because they're thinking five or ten moves ahead. A computer program might, for example, be able to look thirty moves ahead. That means they can plan strategies a lot further in advance than you can, and can use that knowledge to steer you in the direction of a loss, basically.


Question: If a neutrino is hypothetically stopped and observed, how could the flavour be determined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a neutrino is hypothetically stopped and observed, how could the flavour be determined?

The way you pose the question is a bit confusing so I'll clarify that oscillation refers to the probability of measuring the neutrino to be a certain flavour. It happens no matter what speed the neutrino is moving. If it didn't, that would be a violation of special relativity. The problem with a neutrino at rest is you can only measure flavour by producing a charged lepton via charged-current scattering. There needs to be enough energy to create any of the leptons. You could try to do this by firing a proton beam at your stopped neutrino, but any scattering products will be at a very small angle to the beam and probably not measurable.


Question: Why does the selfie cam flip the picture? Cant it just take a normal picture like the front camera?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the selfie cam flip the picture? Cant it just take a normal picture like the front camera?

It's for usability. When the camera is facing you, a lot of people find it more intuitive if it behaves like a mirror instead of a camera. People are used to handling mirrors, so it just winds up being more comfortable for the majority of users. A lot of phones will also let you set whether the image is flipped or not.


Question: Why is it that water in like a cup or sink looks clear but in the ocean it’s blue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that water in like a cup or sink looks clear but in the ocean it’s blue?

It's the same reason as why the sky is blue (*not* that the ocean "reflects the color of the sky," to be clear). Water inherently "scatters" light in the blue region; that means that, when white light hits it, the blue frequencies bounce off in unpredictable, random directions with the others continuing on. The effect isn't large enough for us to notice in a glass of water, but when you're looking at an entire ocean, the effect adds up.


Question: how do infrared cameras work? Why can they see infrared light but we cant? What’s different in the lens of a camera to the lens in our eye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do infrared cameras work? Why can they see infrared light but we cant? What’s different in the lens of a camera to the lens in our eye?

Infrared cameras have little pixel sensors to detect infrared light, as opposed to visible light in a normal camera. The lens works similarly, but traditional lens glass absorbs IR light and so a special glass must be used. Our eyes have four different kinds of cells for detecting light. These cells use chemical reactions that detect specific frequency ranges of light. When a normal camera is made, we try to give it three sensors to mimic the three cells/frequency ranges in our eyes that detect color. Thermal IR is beyond the range of what eye chemicals can detect, and so we can't see it.


Question: Why do higher altitudes planes leave trails but lower ones do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do higher altitudes planes leave trails but lower ones do not?

The trails are vapour trails, its very cold high up in the air and plane engines produce a lot of heat, its also exhaust. Essentially, cold air plus warm air equals vapour trail. The air closer to the ground is warmer.


Question: What effects do coffee and tea have on our hydration levels? Since they're mostly water, do they help? Or since they're diarrhetics, do they dehydrate us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What effects do coffee and tea have on our hydration levels? Since they're mostly water, do they help? Or since they're diarrhetics, do they dehydrate us?

\*Diuretic - they make you pee more \*Diarrhetic - relating to diarrhea Just so you know.


Question: - How does a sailboat travel faster than the wind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How does a sailboat travel faster than the wind?

So, in the Steve Mould video, you should have learned from the stick wheel demonstration that the distance your boat moves can be greater than the distance the wind has moved in the same period of time, provided you're at an angle to the wind, right? Well, as you might imagine, that's great if you want to go in a different direction to the wind, but not so much if you want to go in the same direction. What you do then is once you've gone a fair distance one direction, you turn your boat and your sail so that you're at the same angle to the wind but in the opposite direction. This way, you've made two long stretches of movement in directions different to the wind, but the total distance you've moved just in the same direction as the wind is still higher than the distance the wind has moved in the same period of time. At 8:49, Steve talks briefly about tacking, the method of moving against the wind by making short movements at alternating angles to it, and the same principle can work downwind.


Question: Why when we learn a new word we start to hear often and sometimes the same day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when we learn a new word we start to hear often and sometimes the same day?

Its called the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon or frequency bias, when you learn something you start to see it everywhere.


Question: My boss says that giving a customer a 10% discount and being able to sustain it, would mean we would need to increase business by 40%. How does that workout?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 My boss says that giving a customer a 10% discount and being able to sustain it, would mean we would need to increase business by 40%. How does that workout?

10% comes from the whole amount, but a company only makes a margin of profit. Let's say I sell thingies. A thingie costs me $8 to manufacture (or that's what I pay for it wholesale) and I sell it for $10. My goal each month is to sell 100 thingies which gives me a $200 profit ($2 per thingie) If I give a 10% discount to a customer and sell it for $9, and I sell 100 thingies, my profit is $100. I've lost half of my money. I will need to sell 100% more thingies just to get back to where I was before a 10% discount.


Question: why do carbonated drinks make you burp?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do carbonated drinks make you burp?

A carbonated beverage is one where the water is mixed up with carbon dioxide, which is a gas. When you swallow this water, the gas gradually leaves the water, filling your stomach. A burp is your stomach's way of getting that gas out.


Question: If you see police abuse (ex. beating an unconscious man) what can you legally do to stop it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you see police abuse (ex. beating an unconscious man) what can you legally do to stop it?

Record it. Police acting in performance of their duties will hardly ever be prosecuted. Call 911, report a a police officer (s) abusing victim, tell them you are streaming live the events. Only give basic info, time and place. DO not give name, address, etc. Do not physically interfere - even when you would be right to do so - you will always be wrong.


Question: What makes sugar a bad carbohydrate if you work out? What distinguishes bad and good calories?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes sugar a bad carbohydrate if you work out? What distinguishes bad and good calories?

There is no bad is good carb. It's marketing bs. There are complex and simple carbs. Complex take longer for your body to break down, so the energy is released slower. Sugar is a simple carb. I'm not clear on the timescale differences between releasing energy "fast" or "slow". For weight management (including working out to build muscle or lose fat) all that matters is calories. The type of carb is irrelevant. (Though you generally feel less hungry with complex carbs). There may be issues with blood sugar levels for diabetics, that's a slightly different topic.


Question: How can someone wealthy and high-profile make it so there is not a single photo available of them online?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can someone wealthy and high-profile make it so there is not a single photo available of them online?

Is an advisor to a government bureaucracy really a “position of national recognition” though? There’s *thousands* of lobbyists and advisory people in DC, and you probably can’t name any of them. People who grew up before the age of social media and haven’t taken newsworthy life paths don’t exist online. There may have been one or two old photos on webpages of universities and corporations that he can request be removed, and then you’re gone.


Question: When on a trampoline, why does someone bouncing near you send you much higher, and also how does 'stealing' someone's bounce work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When on a trampoline, why does someone bouncing near you send you much higher, and also how does 'stealing' someone's bounce work?

When they get close to you, the trampoline is stretched even tighter than it usually is, allowing you to bounce higher when it’s being stretched by your friend. When your jump is stolen, their weight pulls the trampoline away from you, and so the trampoline has less tension underneath you, and thus can’t launch you back up as high.


Question: what happens to the water that passes through fish gills? Is it similiar to what happens to the air after we breath? Do fish "exhale" carbon dioxide?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens to the water that passes through fish gills? Is it similiar to what happens to the air after we breath? Do fish "exhale" carbon dioxide?

Fish exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide at the gills. They also dump urea and some salt wastes. So it's both fish "exhale" and fish pee.


Question: Where does the water on earth come from? (Question from an elementary school kid)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the water on earth come from? (Question from an elementary school kid)

There are two hypotheses about the emergence of water. One is that it arrives on planets by accident, when asteroids containing water collide with the planet in question The other hypothesis is that water emerges in connection with the formation of the planet. It means that the presence of water is a bioproduct of the planet formation process A new paper presents evidence suggesting that water isn’t delivered to rocky planets but forms as part of the planet-forming process itself. URL_0


Question: If someone is getting rich, someone else should be getting poor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If someone is getting rich, someone else should be getting poor?

Since money is fake, it’s not bound by conventional laws of balance. There is always an exchange, but it’s very disproportionate, and ridiculously hard to trace every step that led to you getting that wealth. If it’s at a job, there’s the cost of the building you work, the cost of products or service you produce, the cost of your time, the cost of the people who produced or procured the ingredients that *you use* to make your product, etc.


Question: Why won't herd animals like Bulls or Wildebeest help their herd mates when caught or cornered by predators most of the time? They even out number the predators.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why won't herd animals like Bulls or Wildebeest help their herd mates when caught or cornered by predators most of the time? They even out number the predators.

For the same reasons that humans do not always come to the aid of other humans that are under attack. Because doing so means risking being attacked oneself. Herd animals absolutely do work together to protect each other, but that only goes so far. Once predators actually have their teeth in a herd mates, the rest will generally cut their losses and take advantage of the situation to get away unharmed.


Question: How does one actually buy or make a bank?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does one actually buy or make a bank?

A bank is a business. Investors put in money, and apply for a government license. Then they hire some staff, rent a building or part of one, open the doors, and start accepting deposits and making loans (or other investments).


Question: Where does the gum go when teeth grow in ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the gum go when teeth grow in ?

Pressure from the erupting tooth causes the gum to break down. After the tooth has emerged, the gum tissue recedes down the tooth until it is in the proper place. Tissue recession in this case means essentially that it shrinks.


Question: How do big companies like Amazon that have customer support Twitter accounts handle all the tweets that they get by the minute?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do big companies like Amazon that have customer support Twitter accounts handle all the tweets that they get by the minute?

My fiance does this for a living for one of the huuuuge companies (she does mostly Instagram, but the software does Facebook, Twitter, insta, YouTube). Her company runs CS phone banks and email services which they contract with corps to handle on their behalf. Social media team's are considered the advanced positions since they have more latitude with responses. Basically there is a team that gets the incoming messages in a program, and her team's full time job is to tag each tweet, and send an appropriate canned (usually) response. Different brands have different "voices". They have authority to hand out coupons as apologies and such to a certain extent, have to do medical documentation for medication complaints, and refer to specialists when needed. Mostly it's just fun feedback (i.e. " your baby is soooo cute!" or "sorry to hear that, here is a coupon for a new item since that one was faulty"). She has a video conference with each brands marketing team on a regular basis, and works from home on her laptop. Pay is in the teens per hour.


Question: How can Tesla be the most valuable car company in the world whereas it was almost bankrupt last year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can Tesla be the most valuable car company in the world whereas it was almost bankrupt last year?

Vehicle manufacturers are fined in many states if they do not produce enough EVs. Tesla, who produces *only* EVs, sells their extra "credits" to these manufacturers. In the previous four quarters, they made over a billion dollars doing something that essentially cost them nothing. That led to them posting a profit for four quarters, which (among other things) made them eligible for the S & P 500, which caused people to buy more stock, which caused their valuation to go up, and so fourth. They also had the [7th best selling sedan in Q4 2019]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why do spicy foods like wasabi, mustard and horseradish burn differently to foods like chilli's and curry's?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do spicy foods like wasabi, mustard and horseradish burn differently to foods like chilli's and curry's?

Different molecules, different chemistries, but the same sensory receptor. Wasabi and horseradish get their effect from a volatile sulfur-based compound. This means it's carried very easily into your nasal passages and throat by normal airflow, where it binds to those receptors and gives you the distinct pungency. Chili/Currys and similar foods contain oily capsaicin, which binds to the receptors in the mouth and isn't wafted up into other areas as much.


Question: How do bands make sure their backing tracks are starting in sync with thier live music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do bands make sure their backing tracks are starting in sync with thier live music?

Audio engineer here. Generally on smaller shows the musicians will trigger the start of their backing tracks with a drum pad/footswitch as previously stated. The drummer (possibly the rest of the band as well) will then play along to a metronome in their in ear monitors to keep in time with the pre-programmed backing tracks. In large productions there is a playback technician that is responsible for setting up an entire system that is basically a big metronome that can be as basic as above all the way up to also generating smpte or midi time code that can trigger cues to go off for lighting changes, video playback, set pieces moving, guitar effects changing, and other effects.


Question: Aside from piracy, what are the other major implications of a games source code being leaked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Aside from piracy, what are the other major implications of a games source code being leaked?

One perspective is that if a game's source code were to be leaked, it could be used to achieve a company's result of it's hard work that it paid for. Example aside from Cyberpunk 2077: Let's say a company produces a racing game with the most realistic car physics on the market. They've invested millions of dollars into creating this grade A experience for racing games. If that source code were to be leaked, it could be used by other studios without them needing to spend a dime. Even if it's not just copied and pasted, the ideology behind it could be applied, again, with someone else footing the bill. Hope this helps.


Question: Why does tea makes you feel better from your stomach when you are feeling nauseous, shouldn't water be even better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does tea makes you feel better from your stomach when you are feeling nauseous, shouldn't water be even better?

Do you mean specific teas? I'm not sure if it applies to all teas because tannin which is found in many things including tea leaf can make you nauseous. But specific herbal teas are very good, because the ingredients can have therapeutic effects. Very notably, ginger is a very effective antiemetic, and most pharmacy antiemetics are just crushed ginger.