Question: How can the laxative effects of caffeine or cigarettes onset within minutes, while effects of regular laxatives (e.g. bisacodyl) take hours to manifest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the laxative effects of caffeine or cigarettes onset within minutes, while effects of regular laxatives (e.g. bisacodyl) take hours to manifest?

Caffeine and Nicotine are stimulant laxatives. They trigger muscle contractions in the intestines to get your bowels moving. They are also delivered through the blood. Bisacodyl is only slow acting if you take it orally. It is also a stimulant laxatives, but when taken orally it must be digested before the drug takes effect. If taken as a rectal suppository or enema, the drug acts much faster usually within an hour. Often as fast as 15 minutes.


Question: why didn’t my belly button get completely covered up rather than the innie/outie we all have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why didn’t my belly button get completely covered up rather than the innie/outie we all have?

There's an opening in the abdominal wall there so that you could get that second-hand nutrition as a fetus. It punches through all the muscle and fat that normally shields that area, creating the visible gap. All mammals (except for the weird egg layers) have one, but humans are both hairless and have unusually strong abs for upright walking so it's very noticeable. There's no built-in mechanism to perfectly seal this opening since that's kinda pointless. It does make a great entry point for minimally invasive surgical procedures these days though.


Question: Why is Britain leaving the EU?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Britain leaving the EU?

The people voted for it. There was a referendum and that's what was voted for. It wasn't legally binding, but it indicated that's what people wanted. Common reasons given for wanting to leave were control of immigration and for preventing the EU from being able to impose laws and regulations on Britain. I personally voted against it, but the majority (only just) voted to leave.


Question: Is Sun more like a frozen explosion (held back by it’s own gravity) or is it more like a boiling ball of lava?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is Sun more like a frozen explosion (held back by it’s own gravity) or is it more like a boiling ball of lava?

Its actually more like an implosion held up by the energy coming from its core. Said core fuses hydrogen nuclei together, which produces helium nuclei, as well as a lot of energy.


Question: What determines if precipitation is hail or snow? What’s the difference of how they form regarding altitude and temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines if precipitation is hail or snow? What’s the difference of how they form regarding altitude and temperature?

Hail is a warm weather event. It is caused by giant thunderstorms which have huge temperature gradients and large wind drafts within the storm clouds. A small ice crystal formed in the higher colder part of the storm cloud will get blown back up to get a new layer of ice around it. The cycle repeats until the hail stone is too heavy for the updrafts of wind and falls to the ground before it melts. Snow is a cold weather event. The weather is too cold for a thunderstorm, the temperature is below freezing, there are no large updrafts of wind. The small ice crystals formed in a the cloud simply fall to the ground.


Question: How those anti-counterfeiting stickers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How those anti-counterfeiting stickers work?

These types of stickers is designed so that they are quite hard to make yourself. You can not just print them out on a printer but they need to be printed on a press with a very expensive type of die with specific microgroves in them to make the exact fine texture that gives it these effects when seen in different light conditions. So you either have to develop some sort of new technology or you need to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on making such a die. However when you have that die you could print them out in the millions. This is why it is cheap for manufacturers to make these stickers but very expensive for forgers who only need to make a handful of them.


Question: if we say an atomic clock is wrong 1 second for every 1 000 000 years, have we actually a better way of measuring time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if we say an atomic clock is wrong 1 second for every 1 000 000 years, have we actually a better way of measuring time?

Yes, two atom clocks. You do not know which one is right but it gives you an indication of how accurate they are.


Question: why do some people's hands feel much colder even though it's closer to our own temp than say a bed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do some people's hands feel much colder even though it's closer to our own temp than say a bed?

Not all materials transmit heat equally well. Water is very good at it compared to cotton. To prove this, use a dry fabric oven mitt to grab something from your 450 degree oven. Then do the same with a wet fabric oven mitt just kidding don't do that you'll burn yourself. A hand feels colder when you touch it because heat from you is moving down gradient from your warm self to their cold self because water readily gives up heat to the environment. The cotton bed sheet does not.


Question: Why do Humans and Animals need heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do Humans and Animals need heat?

Many of the chemical reactions in your body only happen in a certain range of temperatures. In particular, enzymes - which accelerate certain reactions by a factor in the thousands - often only work within extremely narrow temperature ranges, which means the reactions they support effectively shut down outside those ranges. This means your body needs to maintain a fairly narrow range of internal temperatures to function normally. Humans, as mammals, are endotherms ("warm blooded"), so our body regulates its own temperature by things like sweating or shivering. We also have behavioral cues: if you're cold, warm feels good; if you're hot, cold feels good.


Question: I always thought free healthcare was unrealistic to implement here in America due to how much it would raise taxes. Then, I saw Canada’s tax rates. Where does that money come from and how could it be implemented in the states?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I always thought free healthcare was unrealistic to implement here in America due to how much it would raise taxes. Then, I saw Canada’s tax rates. Where does that money come from and how could it be implemented in the states?

Some numbers for you. (As of 2016) The U.S. spends almost $10,000 per person on health care, presumably much of that comes straight from individuals. Canada specifically spent almost $5,000 per person on health care. On the assumption that we could copy the Canadian model on a per cost basis, we would simply increase taxes to meet the $5k and let people pocket the rest that they would have spent themselves. It's basically changing the source of the money from individuals and Medicare/Medicaid and moving it into a tax. So the money is easily found because it's not an added expense, it's actually a reduction in overall expenses.


Question: If symptoms of a cold serve the function of ridding our body of the illness, then do cold medicines that reduce these symptoms slow our recovery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If symptoms of a cold serve the function of ridding our body of the illness, then do cold medicines that reduce these symptoms slow our recovery?

Yes. This has been proven in animal models and strongly suggested by human studies (it's difficult to find volunteers to deliberately get infected for study). From the Business Insider article [Your Cold Medicine Could Be Making Things Worse]( URL_0 ): > In one study of people with the common cold, researchers found that those who took fever reducers shed more of the virus than people who didn't. And a recent study of people with one strain of the flu found that the more doses of fever-reducing medicine someone received, the longer they stayed sick. A confounding factor is that rest is really important for recovery. If symptoms keep you from sleeping well, taking symptom suppressors before bed will speed recovery because of the better sleep. Or, taking symptom suppressors during the day and then NOT resting because you feel OK enough to be active will slow down recovery because you are not resting.


Question: What exactly happens to flies and wasps when you spray them with bug spray?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly happens to flies and wasps when you spray them with bug spray?

Most bug sprays that kill on contact contain pyrethrin, or modified versions of it. Insects don't have noses, they breathe through their skin (Exoskeleton). Because of this, they almost instantly absorb the substances sprayed onto them. In the case of pyrethrin, it causes their nervous system to fire rapidly, paralyzing the insect and eventually causing them to die due to nervous system failure. Homemade bug sprays are usually just dish soap mixed with water. The soap helps ensure that the spray adheres to the insect, rather than wash off. It works by choking them to death. As mentioned above, they breathe through their skin, so if a substance is sticking to their skin, they won't be able to breathe. & #x200B; Pyrethrins and dish soap are not toxic to humans (In the quantities used in bug sprays), so they're both safe to use.


Question: Why does some healthcare workers wear white coat, and some don't, even though they may have same profession?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does some healthcare workers wear white coat, and some don't, even though they may have same profession?

I'm a doctor: the main reason we wear the white coat is as a uniform. It also serves the role of keeping our street clothes clean if we are dealing with a potentially messy situation...though that's an artifact of history because protective gear is so widely used. Lastly, the added pockets are handy. The white coat originated long ago, and my understanding is that the color white was chosen to demonstrate cleanliness. A lot of doctors don't wear the white coat because it has been demonstrated to be a fomite--an object that helps transfer disease. Ideally--from an infectious disease standpoint-- doctors would all wear short sleeve shirts. I wear mine because in the ER patients are seen by a dozen people--nurses, PA's RT's, phlebotomists, radiology techs, etc.--and the white coat lets them know that at least they have been seen by a doctor.


Question: Why is it so crucial that a public company continue to grow at all costs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so crucial that a public company continue to grow at all costs?

It's about increasing profits above and beyond that which you could invest for the same return elsewhere. If you can't make more money than that, the business shouldn't exist. This is the concept of opportunity cost... Beyond that, inflation renders yesterday's dollar worth less. You can't simply maintain profits. But it's not at "all costs". There are different types of cost: variable, fixed... It's simply about making more money than last year because the money you make is worth less with each passing moment. Applies to public or not companies.


Question: Why were telephone/headphones cords spiraled back in the days, but they're straight now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were telephone/headphones cords spiraled back in the days, but they're straight now?

It used to be that phones were connected to a landline and therefore screwed into the wall, or at lest could not be moved far. So in order to allow people to walk around with the headset without tangling it the phones would have spiraled cords that would stretch out when needed and contract when not. This allowed people to walk around the room while talking on the phone. Nowadays phones are all wireless in some way or another. So if you want to walk around you can just carry the phone with you and there is no need to vary the length of the chord. It does not get tangled as easily. If you are sitting at a computer you are more or less locked to the screen and can not move around anyway. So there is no need for a spiral chord there either. That being said you can get spiral chords today as well. However they are more expensive and bulkier then their straight equivalents so most people do not bother with them.


Question: What are canker sores? What makes a person get them? How can they be stopped in their evil tracks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are canker sores? What makes a person get them? How can they be stopped in their evil tracks?

Canker sores (not to be confused with cold sores, which several answers seem to be thinking of) are not all that well understood. They seem to represent the immune system attacking a small area of the inside of the mouth. They don't appear to be infectious or contagious. Various triggers are associated, often stress but things like smoking or certain vitamin deficiences as well. They generally go away on their own, but topical steroids can help if needed.


Question: what happens to your money if your bank goes out of business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens to your money if your bank goes out of business?

It depends where you live, in Europe a certain percentage of your savings are protected by the government, but there's a limit for each different bank you're with ( €100,000 ).


Question: What’s the difference between dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin and endorphin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin and endorphin?

They all work like different keys to different locks. Each one of them has specific and numerous effects within the brain and other organs in the body which either cause cells to activate and produce new proteins or work as messengers to other parts of the body.


Question: Why are there two sexes instead of only one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there two sexes instead of only one?

When you say having a single sex, do you mean individuals have sexual characteristics of both sexes? If that is what you meant, snails are already doing that. Snails have sexual characteristics of males and females, but they cannot self-fertilize. Also, it may be that maintaining sexual characteristics of both sexes may be too energy intensive for an individual, when another one is needed for fertilization anyway. Therefore, it makes more sense, evolutionarily, to separate sexes between individuals.


Question: how does a weighted blanket work ? What is it about it that provides so many folks with pleasant experience?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a weighted blanket work ? What is it about it that provides so many folks with pleasant experience?

The weight of the blanket applies pressure to activate your parasympathetic nervous system which lowers your heart rate. The pressure also mimics the sensation of being hugged or swaddled which people often find calming.


Question: Why can different email service providers (e.g. gmail, Yahoo! Mail) send emails to one another but instant messaging apps (e.g. Telegram, WhatsApp) cannot send messages to each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can different email service providers (e.g. gmail, Yahoo! Mail) send emails to one another but instant messaging apps (e.g. Telegram, WhatsApp) cannot send messages to each other?

Email business models, like telephone ones before them, built on the idea of interconnection. App based messaging is a different business model,based on seclusion in an ad ecosystem. They could technically interconnect, bwt that's bad for the companies selling ads.


Question: How does ID check under 40 work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does ID check under 40 work?

If you appear to be under 40 they have to check your id. The thinking is it should be very very obvious that you’re not 21 before anyone is allowed to eyeball it.


Question: How does games sync up NPC so accurate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does games sync up NPC so accurate?

Server sends every player's computer a data packet containing information like an NPC's coordinates and clothes.


Question: Why do ads load better and faster than the video you’re trying to watch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do ads load better and faster than the video you’re trying to watch?

There are often several copies of the same ad stored in servers all over the place, and only one or two copies of your video. This is because each ad gets viewed by many more people than each video. Since there are more copies of the ad, odds are you'll be closer to one of them than to a copy of your video, and so the ad loads faster.


Question: How does naturally occurring radioactivity differ from the one in power plants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does naturally occurring radioactivity differ from the one in power plants?

The natural radioactivity of uranium is a different phenomenon from the nuclear *fission* that's used in nuclear reactors, and vastly different than what happened at Chernobyl. Uranium is only very weakly radioactive; the most abundant form of uranium, uranium-238, has a half-life of 4.468×10^9 years (roughly four and a half billion years). For context, that's about the age of the planet. Also, when it decays, the particles it emits aren't very threatening. In fact, uranium used to be a popular additive to various glazes and pieces of china back before the Cold War. All of this to say the environment surrounding uranium mines isn't affected much at all; the level of radiation it emits is more or less background noise.


Question: Why do some cuts leave a scar and others don’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some cuts leave a scar and others don’t?

A big reason some injuries leave scars is the depth of the wound. The more layers of tissue damaged by a knife, for instance, the more likely a more prominent scar will result. Also, some people have more of a tendency to scar than others.


Question: how does the library of babel even work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the library of babel even work?

If you make enough random combinations of characters, some of them will make sense. On a small scale, if you start making random combinations of three letters, most of them will be gibberish but some of them will make perfect sense. I've just done this myself in Excel - after 46 lines of nonsense, 47 was DAY, 68 was TOM, 93 was HIM and so on. If you let your random generator run for long enough, it will eventually produce larger strings of text that make sense. Not only will it produce, in time, the complete works of Shakespeare, but it will also produce the complete works of Shakespeare but where all the main characters are gerbils. It'll produce my CV, the answers to my secret question and answers for my online banking, and a list of every single person I've spoken to in my life. There's no deeper meaning or guiding force at work here - it's just that when you've only got so many characters that we use to make up our languages, you can start randomly throwing them about and eventually something will form.


Question: Why does a can of coke taste better then a bottle of coke?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a can of coke taste better then a bottle of coke?

More like, why do you like cans better than bottles. Lots of possibilities Cans and bottles have different shapes of openings. That imparts different shapes of your lip and mouth and tongue when you drink them. That makes then taste different. Experiment with a double blind test of both can and bottle poured into a same shape cup.


Question: Why do some foods taste better hot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some foods taste better hot?

Things like texture and aroma play a large part in what we consider the “taste” of food. Heat changes the texture of many foods— for example, take a fatty food like a cut of steak or a piece of fried chicken. when the food is hot, the fatty parts of the dish are moist and almost like liquid, so that they pleasantly “melt” in your mouth. If you were to eat fatty steak or fried chicken cold, it would not be as good because the fat would just taste hard, cold and greasy (think of how a stick of butter feels in the fridge compared to room temperature). Another thing that contributes to our experience of flavor is smell, so a bowl of soup would taste better hot because it’s giving off pleasant aromas with all the steam but if you ate the soup cold, you would not experience this sensation. So those are just two reasons/examples.


Question: If tires wear away while driving, why are roads not covered in rubber debris?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If tires wear away while driving, why are roads not covered in rubber debris?

Usually the rain washes it away before it can really accumulate, but the tracks tires and oil leave [can become noticeable]( URL_1 ) [The effect can be pretty dramatic on racetracks.]( URL_0 )


Question: What exactly is amber and how did/does it trap specimens of animals or animal parts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is amber and how did/does it trap specimens of animals or animal parts?

Amber is fossilized tree resin. Small creatures, plants and animals can get caught in the resin (it's very sticky) as its excreted. They get completely enveloped and preserved. The resin dries and hardens, and gets buried. Over a very long amount of time, the heat and pressure of layers of sediment accumulating causes it to turn into amber.


Question: Why is order of operations a thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is order of operations a thing?

Because with out it, you can run into issues with the answers to equations based on order. If we just went left to right, then the equation 2 + 2 x 2 would equal 8, but the equation 2 x 2 + 2 would equal 6. That could get confusing when you are doing more complex math, as you would have to be incredibly careful about the order of the various items in an equation. Thanks to the order of operations, the order of the actual elements doesn't matter: 2 + 2 x 2 = 2 x 2 +2 so we don't have to worry about keeping the order straight with each step - the 'order' is agreed upon on the outset and is easier to keep track of during the work.


Question: What is interstellar ‘dust’ actually made of and how similar is it the dust we’d find on an old shelf or windowsill?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is interstellar ‘dust’ actually made of and how similar is it the dust we’d find on an old shelf or windowsill?

What you find on shelves and windowsills is made up of dead skin cells and fibers from rugs, carpets, clothing. It also consists of dead bug parts. What you find in space is pulverized rocks and minerals.


Question: Why does “cleaning” our ears with a cotton swab feel so good when we’re told not to put anything in them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does “cleaning” our ears with a cotton swab feel so good when we’re told not to put anything in them?

Because you are touching the Vagus nerve. It's a cranial nerve and one of the longest in your body. It controls a lot of stuff, like heart rate and swallowing. Stimulation to this nerve can feel good! To the point that some women have reported to had orgasms from just stimulation to the Vagus nerve. This nerve is also the reason why touching your breasts and armpits can feel good, or makes you giggle.


Question: I leave the same time every morning and same drive. Yet some days my FM radio channel has a lot of interference and I canta hear my channel. There is not a cloud in the sky. I’d say this happens a couple different days each week. Why is it like that when the situation is always the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I leave the same time every morning and same drive. Yet some days my FM radio channel has a lot of interference and I canta hear my channel. There is not a cloud in the sky. I’d say this happens a couple different days each week. Why is it like that when the situation is always the same?

Interference can manifest itself from many seemingly benign sources, differences in temperatures along the cable path from the radio decoding the signals and the antenna can induce electrical artifacts that the radio itself misinterprets, small flaws in the wire and antenna itself can cause discontinuity along the conduction path degrading the signal before the radio can read it and differences in temperature can cause those flaws to be slightly different through many seemingly identical circumstances. Changes in the Earths magnetic fields and the sun's activity can also add artifacts to the signal, which if your radio were complicated enough could be compensated for, but also require lots of scrutiny on your antenna, its conductors, and all paths to ground along the equipment. Finally, there can also be bleed-through from neighboring radio channels that happen to be too far away to notice most of the time but manage to have 'good days' where it bleeds through and over your preferred channel, and other types of synthetic interferences from similar circumstantial causes. There is a lot more things going on in all of these scenarios, but that is the gist, it's mostly the electrical engineering quality of your radio itself, and the shortcuts to make it cheap add up to poor reception and negotiation of amplifying the signal it is trying to look at.


Question: why locks can be locked without being closed? (link to pic in description or in comments)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why locks can be locked without being closed? (link to pic in description or in comments)

Has to do with the design of the internals of the lock. It was just designed in a way where this happens. Probably locks on both sides to make it harder to shim, but I can’t be sure.


Question: How do you find the line of best fit on a scatterplot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you find the line of best fit on a scatterplot?

There are different ways to do it depending on what you care about most. The most common way is doing a least squares regression. Basically you use calculus to figure out the line that makes the square of the distance from that line to each point the smallest. The math of it is a bit above an ELI5 but you can look up least squares.


Question: Why are people still using Handwritten Signatures to sign checks and contracts when it takes literally less than an hour to forge it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people still using Handwritten Signatures to sign checks and contracts when it takes literally less than an hour to forge it?

A signature is not rock solid proof of identity. A signature is more proof of _intent_ - if you can prove (somehow) that I signed the check, it's hard for me to argue that I didn't intend to give you money.


Question: How do enzymes work? I know that they speed up chemical reactions, but how?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do enzymes work? I know that they speed up chemical reactions, but how?

Chemical reactions are all about energy and position. In regards to energy, some reactions need a certain amount of energy to start, even if the reaction ends up releasing energy in the end. Some enzymes help to reduce the amount of energy needed to start the reaction. In regards to position, some reactions require the various molecules reacting to be in very specific positions in order to proceed efficiently and in order for the correct reaction to occur. Some enzymes work by holding molecules in specific positions relative to each other.


Question: Why do some electronic devices stay on after being unplugged?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some electronic devices stay on after being unplugged?

Capacitors are kind of like a small bucket of water with a big hole on the bottom while batteries are a little like bigger buckets with a hole on the bottom that's only open when needed. So when you unplug your device, there is still water in the bucket but it leaks out of the capacitor within seconds of you unplugging the device.


Question: How did we get metal to think? How does it know what the 1's and 0's are? Is it at it's core mechanical?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we get metal to think? How does it know what the 1's and 0's are? Is it at it's core mechanical?

You might be referring to [this quote]( URL_1 ) about computers "thinking". [Here is a really good video] ( URL_0 ) where people build a computer out of domino pieces. You can clearly see that those dominoes perform calculation, but they do not "think", it just happens because of the way they are arranged. Metal does not think either. A computer does not think. A transistor puts out electricity (1 or 0) depending if you give it electricity or not. After all, it does not know what is 1 or 0. It is all just a bunch of transistors that electricity goes through, which in turn do calculations. A computer doesn't think "what is answer to 2 + 2", you just put electricity into it and it gives out the result. Computer seems to think, because programs on the screen somethings say such things. "Waiting to download...", "Processing..." etc. Those are just abstractions which are created so humans would have some analogy what the computer is doing. All in all it is just tiny transistors that do not think. The computer does millions or even billions of similar calculations (like in the domino video) per second, sometimes the binary numbers represent data, like color, letter, internet address, sometimes instruction, sometimes something else.


Question: why is the Lucas number superior to the fibonacci sequence in terms of calculating the golden ratio?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is the Lucas number superior to the fibonacci sequence in terms of calculating the golden ratio?

It cheats. Lucas cheats because it's opening ratio of 2:1 is closer to Phi than Fibonacci's opening ratio of 1:1. Not only that, but Lucas's first two sequence numbers are simply Fibonacci's second two sequence numbers backwards. Almost any starting pair of positive integers added in sequence like Fibonacci can reach Phi. A 9, 3... sequence reaches 4 digits of Phi (1.618) at the 11th step, same as Fibonacci.


Question: I just watched Arrival for the first time and the idea of a non zero-sum game is not making sense to me. What is the simplest explanation or example? #

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I just watched Arrival for the first time and the idea of a non zero-sum game is not making sense to me. What is the simplest explanation or example? #

I am a lawyer. If I win a case, my opponent loses a case. If my opponent wins a case, I lose my case. For me to win, someone must lose. This is a zero sum game. I am a doctor. If I save a life, every doctor who worked on the case also saved a life. The patient had his life saved. If I lose a patient, every doctor who worked on the case also lost the patient. The patient lost his life. For me to win, no one has to lose. This is not a zero sum game.


Question: Don't see an interior liner in some canned products - is there an epoxy resin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Don't see an interior liner in some canned products - is there an epoxy resin?

> So I'm looking at this can of fruit cocktail and I see no interior white liner, just the metal can. Do not all cans have an epoxy resin liner? Is this one transparent on this can? Also, why is it necessary to have it? Most cans do have an epoxy liner, especially if they are holding acidic contents. This liner is commonly transparent so that is probably what is going on with your can. This is necessary because otherwise the acidic contents of the can will erode the material of the can and cause the taste of the food to alter, and also potentially present a health threat.


Question: Why do compressed air cans/dust remover cans gets really cold when you use them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do compressed air cans/dust remover cans gets really cold when you use them?

Gas which reduces in pressure also lowers in temperature (the heat it contains becoming less concentrated). Also the "canned air" typically contains a fluid that boils at a relatively low pressure and the transition from liquid to gas also consumes heat energy. This "enthalpy of vaporization" sucks up heat from the environment and cools it down as the fluid turns to gas in order to replenish the internal pressure of the canister.


Question: What is 'Legacy Code' in programming?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is 'Legacy Code' in programming?

It is code, often written in archaic languages running on archaic systems, that no one who has to work with it really understands anymore. The original programmers have retired or are dead, the company that made no longer supports it or is out of business, and the requirements are lost or never existed. If it serves a vital purpose, it becomes a sort of a black box everyone is afraid to touch. It doesn't interface well with more modern software, so it takes increasingly convoluted hacks to keep it working. Eventually the company will bite the bullet and commission a project to replace it. These projects often fail and the company returns to the legacy software.


Question: How are games like "Breath of the Wild" ported over to a completely different console (Switch) with different hardware, yet are flawlessly identical when playing both?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are games like "Breath of the Wild" ported over to a completely different console (Switch) with different hardware, yet are flawlessly identical when playing both?

I don't know the precise answer but the best vague one I can give is that the GPU/CPU architecture on the switch is well known since it runs off Tegra X1 and uses the Maxwell architecture which there is lots of information on. The previous generation consoles were an absolute nightmare to Port games to due to how closed off and complicated hardware was due extreme paranoia of piracy. I heard that porting games to PS3 was so difficult that many devs just opted not to bother and go for the Xbox instead. The Switch uses the same chipset as the shield tablet which runs Android apps pretty well so I imagine it being easy to adjust to.


Question: What is the difference between a bisexual and a pansexual?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a bisexual and a pansexual?

They're basically identical. Pansexuality is trying to be more inclusive to NBs or Trans people, though most bis wouldn't rule them out either. One thing I hear is that pans often describe themselves as bi because it's easier to understand than pan.


Question: Why is there so much focus on saving the middle class?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there so much focus on saving the middle class?

There is a general historical and political theory that the presence of a strong middle class protects a society from revolution. Think about a stratified society of the obscenly wealthy next to the obscenely poor. The two groups probably fear and hate each other, and operate with a lot of myths and resentments about each other. This creates the breeding ground for a politician, a faction leader, a military leader, or some other strong but corrupt personality to play the two sides against each other. Lie to one side, appeal to the other, and generally divide and conquer. The rich get richer, the poor get poorer, and sometimes there are bloody revolutions and death in the streets. Whereas historically a middle class, ocuppying the middle ground between the obscenely poor and obscenely wealthy act as a moderating influence. They are not as angry or fearful, have fewer resentments and mythologies about other parts of society, have a generally cohesive education, and are therefore less easily manipulated. *Ideally.* Of course the middle class can be flawed, oblivious, passively racist, and open to manipulation as well. But we're talking about the ideal. In the United States, this was the concept of Jefferson's "gentleman farmer." Self-sufficent, intelligent, relatively educated (reading, writing, history, and bookkeeping) with independent judgement, owing fealty to no lord or lady, humble, but owning property in his own right. Jefferson's phrase "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" was originally "life, liberty, and the pursuit of *property.*" That's important. So the US political and social systems going back to the beginning are built around the ideal of the middle class as a stabilizing influence. This was hearkened back to strongly during the Cold War when people believed things like "a Bolshevik revolution could never happen here because we have a strong middle class, and that protects us from the depravity and exploitation of communism." We are living today in the hangover from the Cold War, and in a new version of it. Whether the middle class protects us from revolution is true or not is another debate. It has been argued that the middle class itself is not a form of liberty, but is a tool used against poorer classes, to keep them in their place without it appearing the wealthy are doing it, while dangling a carrot in the faces of the poor about what they can have (a house, car, dog, and a 401k) if they act like the right kind of poor person. Some have seen this in the American emphasis on "stay in school and get a college degree to get ahead" while saddling graduates with tens of thousands of dollars in debt. That's one argument. Either way, the middle class is an important factor in the relative stability of the US against overt revolutions. It serves a purpose for the elite as ballast against the ship being destroyed in a storm, and it serves a purpose for the poor as a status it feels realistic to strive for (rather than striving to be uber elite one day). The middle class is also phenomenal at building wealth, while also distributing it. The wealthy elite build wealth but hold onto it, just amassing it without it flowing back out of their hands. The very poor distribute because they have to spend everything they can and then some just to survive. They can't keep anything. But the middle class acts like the heart of the circulatory system, building wealth and spending it, moving it to and fro at the same time. Sell a house to buy a new house. Trade in a car for a new car. Build investments that are then spent on college education for the kids or on elder care for oneself. This engine of wealth generation and redistribution is important to a healthy economy with a beating heart. And a healthy economy is also a bulwark against revolution.


Question: What and where are the "sensitive electronics" in an American passport and how do they work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What and where are the "sensitive electronics" in an American passport and how do they work?

Additionally, please list exact component SKUs and suppliers where they can be obtained, and a tutorial on proper assembly. Thanks!


Question: How do sports leagues coordinate scheduling so many games without running into any conflicts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sports leagues coordinate scheduling so many games without running into any conflicts?

a professor of mine in graduate school (he was an Operations Research guy), scheduled MLB games. Long story short, he ran a huge optimization program with constraints given to him by the league and the teams (i.e., need to be home these dates..no more than X consecutive games on the road, etc.).


Question: Why do CPUs get so hot, and what is preventing people to make CPUs run cooler? Will there ever be a groundbreaking advancement to allow classical CPUs to run at low temps without fans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do CPUs get so hot, and what is preventing people to make CPUs run cooler? Will there ever be a groundbreaking advancement to allow classical CPUs to run at low temps without fans?

There is a lot going on in such a small chip. There is a ton of currents running all around and microcontrollers moving around, all that generates a lot of heat. The more stress you put on the chip the hotter it gets and if left ~~uncooked~~ **uncooled** can melt your whole system.


Question: How do luxury watches like Rolex keep so many stores open when you hardly see anyone ever walk in there and buy anything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do luxury watches like Rolex keep so many stores open when you hardly see anyone ever walk in there and buy anything?

Selling one watch every 1-3 days is enough to make a profit, also the price for servicing watches can range anywhere from 40-2000 dollars (new parts, watch straps etc).


Question: Why does it hurt a lot more when you’re wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it hurt a lot more when you’re wet?

When your hand is dry its almost like a sponge in the way that it has many many different pores and openings, so when you slap someone air escapes through these holes (eg between your fingers) and the energy is dispersed a little When your hand is wet these holes are for the most part filled, so it feels more like getting hit with a ruler than a sponge.


Question: How do firemen find the root cause of a fire when a whole building is burnt out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do firemen find the root cause of a fire when a whole building is burnt out?

There's lots of signs and clues to help firefighters forensically determine the source of a fire. - fire goes "up". So if there's multiple storys, usually the ground and some rooms of the originating floor will be completely untouched. - as fire burns it consumes oxygen. The parts that burned first will burn more completely than in other rooms that burned later when there was less oxygen. In areas where the fire didn't burn as completely, only the surfaces will be charred but the underlying material will be fine. - things like electrical arcs or grease or accelerants like gasoline will change the way things burn or alter how fire travels. An experienced arson investigator knows what to look for. Its an older movie, but go watch Backdraft (good movie!); arson investigation plays a big part.


Question: Why does adding n number of odd numbers yields n^2? What theory is being applied?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does adding n number of odd numbers yields n^2? What theory is being applied?

Imagine a square of one unit by one unit. This has a total area of one unit squared, or 1^2 = 1 Now imagine adding one layer to the top and right side of the square (not forgetting the corner, so it stays square shaped). This is now 2 units to each side, and a total of 4 unit squares. This is 3 more than before. The total area is now 2 units squared, or 2^2 = 4. This is because it is now 3 units larger than before: 4 = 1+3 +1 +1 1 +1 Notice how the original 1 unit is surrounded on two sides by the 3 new units? So 2x2 = 2^2 = 1+3 = 4 If we extend the sides to 3 on each edge, we get this: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1 +1 +1 This is the same as our previous result, plus the number of units needed to extend the two sides again to make it square. This number is 5 units. 3x3 square = 3 squared = 3^2 = 2^2 +5 = 1+3+5 From this you can see that to get to 4^2 you need to add 7 to 3^2 (3 on top, 3 on the right, 1 in the corner), and so on. 4^2 = 3^2 +7 = (2^2 +5)+7 = ((1^2 +3)+5)+7 = ((1+3)+5)+7 = 1+3+5+7 This is easy geometry. Geometry is why n^2 is called "n squared."


Question: Why are there so many different cryptocurrencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there so many different cryptocurrencies?

For one thing, starting a new one that is just the same as an existing one with a different name takes almost no effort since they're all (I think, certainly most) open source. Then there are different motivations: * The get-rich-quick scheme: if you ran ran bitcoin mining on your home PC for a few weeks back when it just started, you'd be a millionaire today. So why not start a new one where you can be the very first miner, and hope it will somehow become popular? * Shits and giggles: Dogecoin. * It's a genuinely interesting and also very hyped concept, so many programmers want to experiment with it. * Some are serious attempts to add features or fix problems that Bitcoin can't address because it has to stay compatible with the existing Blockchain. Ethereum is probably the one with the most feature innovation.


Question: How did credit cards work before the internet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did credit cards work before the internet?

It depends on the era. The modern credit card is mostly traced to the Diners Club card. Basically, some dude was eating out and forgot his wallet and that *was super embarrassing* (his wife had money on her person so he was fine but still embarrassed) and he hatched a plan to basically get restaurants to "charge" meals to accounts. Then, at the end of the month, they'd go pay their bills. Later on, credit cards got big. That brought about those big machines you may have seen before. I worked in retail just early enough that we HAD one though I never used it. How those worked is you would put the card in the machine, and run a thing over the card which rubs an imprint into a piece of paper. You then put the amount of the bill on the paper, and the customer signs it. At the end of the day (or week, or whatever) the merchant would then physically mail all the imprints off to the issuing bank (or drop them off) and the bank would then pay it. Later, most merchants moved over to a system that uses a phone to do all of this. Even now, a *lot* of the merchants still use an old style system that dials everything up. Keep in mind though, wiring money around via telephone/telegraph is old. Like, late 1800s old.


Question: How did Humans create perfectly flat objects prior to the invention of advanced tools/machinery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Humans create perfectly flat objects prior to the invention of advanced tools/machinery?

There are no *perfectly* flat objects being made today. Even the mirrors on giant telescopes have fluctuations on the surface. If one wanted to make a fairly flat stone surface with only stone tools available one could use water in a bucket and grind a disk (or whatever) so that the edges and surface are even with the still water. Metals can be pounded flat pretty easily. Polish them to see how flat they are and work at it some more if necessary.


Question: - have traditional cloud shapes changed from men altering landscapes or build large cities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - have traditional cloud shapes changed from men altering landscapes or build large cities?

The cloud SHAPES or the locations of the clouds? There is indeed an effect on the temperature of an area due to the heat island effect around large cities, and this could impact the convective activity directly overhead. And you will certainly see clouds forming where they usually wouldn't due to exhaust from power plants and such carrying warm moist air upward.


Question: Why does milk turn yellow when frozen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does milk turn yellow when frozen?

Riboflavin's Coloring As the milk freezes, though, the riboflavin doesn't freeze as quickly as other ingredients, which makes it separate from them and become more concentrated. When it finally does freeze, its concentrated enough that its yellow coloring is clearly visibl


Question: Why do batteries die if theyre kept in to low of temperatures and at what temperature would they just not work?(like double a batteries that go in controllers)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do batteries die if theyre kept in to low of temperatures and at what temperature would they just not work?(like double a batteries that go in controllers)

Batteries run on chemical reactions. Chemical reactions proceed at a speed that's roughly proportional to temperature. If you just warm them back up they should be ok.