Question: Why are so many books "bestsellers?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are so many books "bestsellers?"

It doesn't have to be #1 to be a bestseller. Every week, the New York Times publishes their lists of bestselling books. They are divided by category and format (fiction, non-fiction, e-book, print, hardcover & paperback). If a book was listed as the #10 best-selling book for young adults by NYT last week, the book could legitimately be called a bestseller. And that's just the New York Times list. Other publications have lists as well, and they often feature different books. Amazon's lists get updated every hour. If you have a book that shows up on their top 100 list for an hour, you are an Amazon Bestselling Author.


Question: Why you feel sometimes being drunk after just one beer and sometimes you feel sober after half the bottle of alcohol?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why you feel sometimes being drunk after just one beer and sometimes you feel sober after half the bottle of alcohol?

How drunk you are depends mainly on two things. How quickly and how much your drink, and what else is in your body when you drink. If I skip breakfast and lunch and then chug two beers for dinner, I’ll probably get pretty drunk pretty quickly. But if I have a large meal, and then drink half a bottle of vodka over the next 4 hours, it will take a lot longer for me to get drunk, and I won’t get as drunk as if I hadn’t eaten.


Question: When we hear that Unions and Companies are 'hard at work negotiating' or 'have been at the table all day', what are the two sides really doing 'all day'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we hear that Unions and Companies are 'hard at work negotiating' or 'have been at the table all day', what are the two sides really doing 'all day'?

I can’t speak for that specific company but yes, many times it is an hours-Long session of presenting your case, and the other side giving their thoughts/suggestions/counter offers. There are usually representatives from the company who can speak on the company’s behalf. It’s rare to see the head of the company at these negotiations for example. And the union has their own elected team speaking for the workers. Sometimes they put a hard cap on it like x hours or until a certain time for the day but often one side refuses to relent if their point still need to be made, and negotiations can go long into the night. Of course you can’t just gridlock out of protest because you’re both hoping to maintain good Will to come to a resolution, so neither side tries to hold the other hostage obviously (the picketers are often outside and add a layer of urgency to the meetings sometimes as well).


Question: What Ant Decides When A Colony Is To Be Moved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What Ant Decides When A Colony Is To Be Moved?

No one ant decides to move. Instead, when an ant thinks the colony needs to move, it goes out scouting for a new home. If it finds one it likes, it comes back to the nest, lays down a phermone trail, and brings another ant to check out the new nest. If _that_ ant likes it too, it will go back and also lay down a phermone trail and bring a new ant to check out the place. If it doesn't like it, the ant will just go back home. Eventually, if the number of ants desiring to move to the new place gets big enough, the whole colony will migrate over. Ants may move if their old home has been damaged, or if they've just outgrown the space available, or various other reasons. Here's a write up about an experiment that this info comes from URL_0


Question: How were we able to broadcast video through the air at reasonable quality for years before we were able to stream video at similar quality via internet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were we able to broadcast video through the air at reasonable quality for years before we were able to stream video at similar quality via internet?

Broadcast video is a single signal that goes to everyone. The internet involves individual communication from one computer to another. An analogy is that broadcasting is like giving a speech to a room with 100 people in it, while the internet is like having 100 simultaneous different conversations.


Question: Why does club soda taste salty when bubbly and sweet when bubbles run out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does club soda taste salty when bubbly and sweet when bubbles run out?

Carbonic acid. Club soda is water plus CO2 (carbon dioxide) bubbles. But flat club soda is not just water. Dissolved carbon dioxide actually changes the water. Water with dissolved CO2 is called carbonic acid and like it's name suggests, is mildly acidic which gives it a slightly bitter or vinegary flavor. Club soda also often has non-sugar sweeteners added for flavor that can remain.


Question: Why does a feather fall at the same speed as a hammer in a vacuum created on earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a feather fall at the same speed as a hammer in a vacuum created on earth?

Because acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects. The only reason a feature falls slower outside of a vacuum is because it has much larger surface area compared to mass, which allows the air particles floating around in the atmosphere to get in the way of the falling feather and slow it down more than they do something like a hammer (which has a much *higher* mass compared to its surface area).


Question: What made Communism work in China, but crash and burn in Soviet Union?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What made Communism work in China, but crash and burn in Soviet Union?

Communism did not work in China. It failed even faster in China than it did in the Soviet Union and they transitioned to a capitalist/semi-capitalist system before the USSR fell.


Question: How did we discover other solar systems and such?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we discover other solar systems and such?

Two methods. Firstly, looking for stars dimming very slightly, periodically, as a planet orbits in front of it. Secondly, measuring the very slight wobble of a star as the planets' gravity pulls at it.


Question: is it possible to see within pixels?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is it possible to see within pixels?

The results you are seeing are errors introduced by the image compression process. Pixel-based digital image files have a maximum number of pixels, and smaller that that there is actually nothing. There *are* images described in ways other than pixels, using math. Some of these can be zoomed into forever, as the computer will construct the missing details on request.


Question: Why are there only two candidates in the US presidential election? (IE: Why are there only two candidates left for people to vote on, instead of the entire initial candidate pool?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there only two candidates in the US presidential election? (IE: Why are there only two candidates left for people to vote on, instead of the entire initial candidate pool?)

America has what is called "Primary elections" where members of a political party vote for which of the many people running for President will be the official nominee of their party, in the spring of the election year. So this year, Buttigieg, Sanders, Warren, Yang, and Biden were all competing in the primary elections, and Biden got the most votes in that process and became the Democratic Party's nominee for president. The idea here is that if you have 5 people from Party A running for president, and 1 person from Party B running for president, Party B is going to win, because all of the votes from Party A will be divided between those 5, so none of them will get a majority, whereas all the votes from Party B will go to one person. So the political parties hold "Primary Elections" as a way for the public to choose who they want as their candidate. & #x200B; Some people feel that switching to a different voting system, such as ranked choice voting, would make that process unnecessary, but with the current American voting system, that is how things are. (Changing America's voting system is very difficult, but not impossible.)


Question: Why does the USA have thousands of nuclear weapons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the USA have thousands of nuclear weapons?

The problem is that the your enemy, the Soviet Union, may suddenly invent a way to surprise you and bomb your nuclear arsenal, or shoot your missiles with giant space lasers, or something like that. Thus you build more nuclear missiles than needed, so that even if half or 80% or 90% is taken out, you still have enough to destroy the enemy. As such, MAD is maintained.


Question: how do scientists know that a rock is from space and not of earthly origin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do scientists know that a rock is from space and not of earthly origin?

depends on what it's made of. [meteoric iron]( URL_0 ) is unique because metal doesn't naturally make that kind of pattern on earth. certain elements and compounds are reactive in earth conditions. metallic aluminum famously doesn't exist naturally on earth. if we found a hunk of it that wasn't man made, we'd know it wasn't on earth however many thousands/millions of years ago, or it would have eroded away. this also applies to certain isotopes. if something radioactive is too young, it can't be from earth. earth has a well known age and all the crap that was here has been aging all this time. there are also more obvious signs. something from space smacking into earth has an impact. if a meteor slams into a desert, you're going to find a lot of natural glass around the impact site. entire forests have been obliterated by meteors.


Question: When in free fall are you actually weightless or do you just FEEL weightless? Is it the same thing if weight is relative?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When in free fall are you actually weightless or do you just FEEL weightless? Is it the same thing if weight is relative?

'Weight' is the sensation of the ground *resisting* your free fall. When you feel weight, what you feel is the ground pushing up against your feet. Remove the ground, and you no longer have a weight. Objects in free fall are truly weightless. They are not *massless*, which still affects things like inertia, but 'feeling weightless' and 'being weightless' are the same thing because weight is something you can only *feel* to begin with.


Question: How does something qualify as a liquid? Is a sauce a liquid? What about hummus, or a smoothie? When does something become an official ‘solid’ or is there an inbetween state?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does something qualify as a liquid? Is a sauce a liquid? What about hummus, or a smoothie? When does something become an official ‘solid’ or is there an inbetween state?

I don't recall the exact point a liquid becomes "officially a solid", but I believe it has to do with whether the atoms can move freely among each other. Now as to whether your examples are liquids or not, that likely depends on the granularity you go to. If you pull a single grain of chickpea out of hummus, that's a solid. But hummus as a whole would likely be considered a liquid....or at a minimum "solids suspended in a liquid". Interestingly, the TSA rules that hummus *is* a liquid and therefore must abide by the 3-1-1 rule for liquids. Smoothies definitely would be considered something similar, as would any sauces, or gels, or any other similar items. [Here's a fun experiment]( URL_0 ) of very viscous liquids. Pitch...which at room temperature is about 100 billion times more viscous than water, but is still a fluid. It has taken about 87 years for 9 drops to fall from this liquid being held in a funnel.


Question: How do they determine the supply for particular commodity in a city at a given time? Take an apple for example?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they determine the supply for particular commodity in a city at a given time? Take an apple for example?

They have historical purchase data to go off of mostly. If you brought in 30 yesterday and they all sold out, you'll bring in more tomorrow. After a few years you can look back and see the general trends as to when people buy more or less apples and then correlate that data with how things are going this year, add a few extra for good measure, and ship off the package.


Question: Why does a cut sting when you first go into water (shower/bath) but then almost immediately stop hurting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a cut sting when you first go into water (shower/bath) but then almost immediately stop hurting?

I think what you're describing is the descending control of pain. Essentially when you get an injury, the nociceptors (pain receptors) detect tissue damage and send that information up to the cortex. Nociceptors experience a weird phenomenon called sensitization, which is a decrease in the threshold for activation (how much stimulation is needed to cause a response). This creates allodynia, where normally non-painful stimuli (i.e. Water) is now painful, and hyperalgesia, where painful stimuli cause an exaggerated response (which is why burning an area thats already burned hurts way more than just burning yourself). So when you initially hit the area with water, you are activating these nociceptors and you feel pain. But if you stimulate the cutaneous receptors* (by rubbing the cut or hitting it with water for a while) then that stimulation can 'mask' the pain transmission. This is called afferent inhibition, and it's the basis for pain treatments like TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) Source: Neuroscience Major, about to graduate. *ie the receptors that let you know when something is on your skin edit: included some definitions for better understanding


Question: Why do smaller loans have much higher interest rates than larger loans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do smaller loans have much higher interest rates than larger loans?

If you ask for 1 pen, it costs you two dollars. If you ask for 100 000 pens, they will only cost you one dollar each. I prefer selling you 100 000 pens at half price, than selling you 1 at full price and have 99 999 sitting around doing nothing. In a similar way, if you ask for a small amount of money, you pay a big interest, and if you ask for a big amount of money, you pay less interest. The bank actually wants you to ask them for a LOT of money, so they lower the price the bigger the loan is. Loans is where they get their profits from.


Question: How Is Math A Universal Language?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Is Math A Universal Language?

Math is truly a universal language in the sense that if you were to be teleported to some random place in the universe, math would work exactly the same. 1+1 equals 2 literally wherever you are. Likewise, if an alien visited Earth, we could exchange complicated mathematical concepts no problem, as math is the same everywhere. Even though we might not have thought about it a certain way, that does not stop it from being true. If math were not a universal language, then we would be in trouble because everything around us would break down randomly, with no way to predict anything at all.


Question: Is making porn still big business with all the free porn nowadays?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is making porn still big business with all the free porn nowadays?

Porn is still big business, though certainly not as big as it was. I managed a porn store for a few years about 4 years ago... and before I worked there, I thought the same... who is buying/renting these movies? As it turns out, lots of people. At least half our business was movies. I often asked our regulars, who I got to know a bit, why they were in 3 times a week getting movies when free porn of any variety one could want is available for free on the internet. Some were old guys who didn't "get" the internet (some of the old guys were still on VHS tapes, which we had very few, as DVD players were too modern and scary). Some of them were guys who were afraid their wives would find out if they looked it up on their computer, so they snuck DVD's in to watch when the family wasn't around. The rest were typically younger guys who would rent about 5 DVD's at a time, take them home, and rip them onto their computers as part of their collection. Even still, I don't really get it. I would think you would learn to use the internet and clear your history as opposed to wasting 100's of dollars a year on something you could get for free.


Question: If I fill a lighter with compressed liquid butane, and some gas spills on the floor (cold feeling gas is noticeable when filling), what happens to it after 24 hours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I fill a lighter with compressed liquid butane, and some gas spills on the floor (cold feeling gas is noticeable when filling), what happens to it after 24 hours?

It’s evaporated within minutes. Don’t ban this answer I’m not good at contrived sentences lol


Question: How does the LEGO company decide which pieces should they include duplicates of in a set?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the LEGO company decide which pieces should they include duplicates of in a set?

As a long time legoist, this seems to be almost exclusive to very small pieces and fairly random. I've never seen a set be short, but duplicate or triplicate of *some* small pieces is basically guaranteed. Other equally small pieces are not duplicated, which suggests this is a packing error they simply live with rather than a conscious decision. More generally in industry, part hoppers are allowed to exceed but never under-fill. Nobody's ever been sued for putting too many chips in the bag or including a few random extra washers.


Question: how we know what inside of the center of the earth if we never been there ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how we know what inside of the center of the earth if we never been there ?

We use the known to deduce the unknown: i.e We can deduce the mass of the earth by observing its orbit around the sun ( 5.9 sextillion tonnes.) Then, we can observe that things on the surface of earth don't have enough mass to fit that weight so we can deduce that the core must be more massive than the surface. An element that would fit the bill would be iron. so on and so forth. logical deduction is the key and it can be tested.


Question: How come homes and circuits are measured in Volts but appliances and electronics are measured in Watts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come homes and circuits are measured in Volts but appliances and electronics are measured in Watts?

Volts is a unit of potential - it describes how energetic the electricity is. Watts is a unit of power - it describes the actual consumption of electrical energy We use volts in circuits because we are interested in the *signal* that the electricity caries. In circuits, watts usually comes into play when discussing how much energy a resistor lets off as heat. We use volts in houses because it describes a standard for "how energetic" the electricity is going to be, because our appliances need to know or bad things happen. We use watts in electronics because at that stage we are interested in things like cost of electricity or battery life, and so now *power* is what we are interested in, not signal. The relationship between the two is in the current, or the actual flow of electrical charge. When you scale the speed of a charge by the voltage applied, what you get is the power, in watts.


Question: How did we discover bread? Like it seems to be a rather complex mechanism to make bread was this a gradual thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we discover bread? Like it seems to be a rather complex mechanism to make bread was this a gradual thing?

Well, we know that people living in the northern part of what is now Jordan were making bread as much as 14,000 years ago, but so far we have no idea who was the first person to make bread, or how they figured it out. And breadmaking could have started much earlier than that, but we can't be sure until we find actual evidence of it. Based on the archaeological evidence that we do have, we know that people were eating various grains and seeds for thousands of years, probably using them to make some sort of porridge, which really just requires putting seeds into water and getting the water hot. So given that some people were already familiar with wild grains, and with cooking them to make them easier to digest (and maybe better tasting), it wouldn't take much creativity for someone to think "Oh hey, I wonder what would happen if I ground them up really good first and then cooked them". The earliest bread may have been cooked simply by slapping blobs of dough onto hot rocks around a campfire, a method that's still in use today, in one form or another.


Question: Why do we feel the need to turn around while lying in bed, and why is it so satisfying when we do turn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel the need to turn around while lying in bed, and why is it so satisfying when we do turn?

Because when you lie on one side of you're body, the brain is still active even when the somatic nervous system (muscle nervous system) is asleep and it is aware when your body weight becomes heavy enough to cause nerve impingement in the joints or interruptions to your circulatory system thus registering pain or blood flow constriction. Your brain then will wake your somatic nervous system temporarily to make you move which is why you often wake up for a brief moment to do so. Usually you are not awoken by this process but it saves your body from causing more permanent damage such as nerve damage and blood flow to a certain part of the body.


Question: Why are people funding rebuild of Notre Dame. Wouldn't such a thing have an insurance to cover?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people funding rebuild of Notre Dame. Wouldn't such a thing have an insurance to cover?

My question is what company insured a centuries old Cathedral, that housed countless priceless relics and pieces? I honestly have no idea. If I had to guess, the contents were probably protected with insurance, but the building itself? Its a National Landmark. Is Paris a self insured city, in which case, Paris is on the hook. If the Church owns it, where would they go to insure it? Interesting question.


Question: Why does marinara sauce always stain reusable containers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does marinara sauce always stain reusable containers?

Plastic is a actually porous so it’s almost as if that container is absorbing it. The same is true for disposable contact lenses absorbing pollutants.


Question: How is the brain able to visualize rotations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the brain able to visualize rotations?

Brains easily perform many, many tasks hat are difficult for computer. Take that we know brains are optimized for pattern-finding. Consider intelligent life forms have to interact with a real 3-world and real time. Which means they can check their expectations. Testings a supposition is as simple as rotating an object while remembering the original pov. Babies don't have the ability to start with, but by the time they are of enough to talk everyone has extensive experience rotating real 3-d objects. Computers don;t live in a 3-d world, they use numbers to simulate one. They have limited learning and are not optimized for the task. Usually little to no ability to perceive or influence with the 3-d world. Living things can do things like perform multiple parallel advanced multi-dimensional calculus involved in say, catching a ball.


Question: What's the difference between active and passive radar jamming?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between active and passive radar jamming?

Radar is basically a well tuned microphone that listens to how sound rebounds from whatever it sends an initial burst of sound at. An active jammer is 'screaming' at the microphone, and tries to mask the sound that it seeks. A passive jammer is more to do with construction of the target, by using specific shapes and materials it tries to minimise the sound that can bounce back to the microphone.


Question: Why did we agree on rounding up if a value is 5 instead of rounding down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did we agree on rounding up if a value is 5 instead of rounding down?

Because it splits the gap exactly in half: & #x200B; 0,1,2,3,4 = Round Down (5 digits) 5,6,7,8,9 = Round Up (5 digits)


Question: Why do most people have the same goal in life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most people have the same goal in life?

Here are a few things almost everyone wants: 1) to have children and transmit their genes to the next generation 2) to be loved by a mate 3) to be liked and respected by other people 4) to live in material comfort and not have to work really hard or do unpleasant things A picture perfect family satisfies those first two. Owning nice things like cars and houses often satisfies the third thing. And cars and big houses also make living more comfortable. You don't have to walk long distances outside in the heat/cold/rain, and with a big house, you have space to yourself to spread out and not have to limit yourself. A big house also usually has a bunch of magical appliances that do unpleasant work for you: dishwasher, clothes dryer, oven, etc. And finally, a good job also satisfies 3 and 4. Doctors, teachers, and lawyers are well-respected, and if you make enough money, you'll usually be respected as well. So-called "good" jobs are also usually not unpleasant: they don't involve hard physical labor, tedious repetitive tasks, close supervision by a boss, or working outside exposed to the elements. And a good job pays you enough to enjoy pleasures like restaurant meals, live entertainment, vacations, drugs and alcohol, and frequent time off of work.


Question: How do people come up with math formulas or equations by just observing the world around us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people come up with math formulas or equations by just observing the world around us?

So, there's a bit of a mix of looking for patterns, knowing what certain relationships look like, and thinking about how stuff relates. Let's take a basic example. Suppose you have a bunch of square tables. Each table can fit four chairs round it, one on each side. But now you join two tables together. If they were separate, you'd get 2•4=8 chairs. But together, you can only get 6. You keep adding more tables in a row and seeing how many chairs you get. 3 gives 8 chairs, 4 gives 10, 5 gives 12, and so on. What about 100 tables? One way to look at it and just spot the pattern. It goes up by 2 chairs every time. You could keep counting up by 2 and see where you get. Another way is to think about what's going on. Each table basically gets two seats. Plus, we get an extra two seats, one at each end. So if t is the number of tables and c is the number of chairs, we get that c=2•t+2. Then for t=100, c=2•100+2=202. There are other ways to look at it. If you plot the first few numbers, you'll see it's a straight line. You can use something you maybe already know, the formula for a straight line (y=mx+c). Maths and physics are all about spotting this sort of pattern. Maybe you throw an object and realise the movement follows a parabola. You maybe also know different rules about parabolas, so you can apply them and see if the pattern fits.


Question: How does salt make food flavourful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does salt make food flavourful?

We have tastebuds for salt. These will be triggered by salt in your food. A lot of triggered tastebuds we expierence as flavourful. Evolutionary: salt is a necessary nutrition many animals actively have to search for. If we can taste and like salt we will also naturally choose salty food over saltless and will be less likely to have to low salt levels in our body. Of course in modern days we just add salt to everything and have often to much.


Question: can logical fallacies ever be baseless?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 can logical fallacies ever be baseless?

A fallacy is an incorrect use of reasoning. Example: All men are mortal. Socrates is mortal. Therefore Socrates is a man. Wrong. Socrates is my cat. Properly applied, logic works just fine. It's only when it is misused that it does not work. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore Socrates is mortal. That is correctly applied logic: If A then B. A, therefore B. Logic can do a lot more than just that. I always recommend the class in formal logic, taught by the philosophy department, to every college student I meet. It was the single most useful class I took.


Question: I really truly don’t understand what “gaslighting” is, other than it is a form of psychological abuse, what is an example of such behaviour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I really truly don’t understand what “gaslighting” is, other than it is a form of psychological abuse, what is an example of such behaviour?

Gaslighting is making someone doubt their own sanity. For example, an abuser might say something hurtful and then the person they're abusing will bring it up later, and they'll deny it ever happened, making the person think they're imagining their own memories/abuse.


Question: Why can you not dissolve materials like wood or stone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you not dissolve materials like wood or stone?

You can, it just takes a different solvent. Different liquids dissolve different things. Water is a very wide ranging solvent, and dissolves lots of different materials, but other things (like glues) dissolve more easily in alcohols.


Question: How does the market sense and adjust to the overproduction of a currency by reducing its value? As we go increasingly cashless, are the principles different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the market sense and adjust to the overproduction of a currency by reducing its value? As we go increasingly cashless, are the principles different?

> As we go increasingly cashless, are the principles different? Only about 3% of the money in circulation is currency. The rest is electronic bits inside computers. Yes, devaluation and inflation work the same way for it too.


Question: If our cells constantly born, grow, replicate and die, then why do we get old or die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If our cells constantly born, grow, replicate and die, then why do we get old or die?

One part is that new cells are generated when existing cells replicate their DNA and divide into 2 cells. The DNA replication process can generate errors in the code. There are systems in place to detect and fix, and also terminate cells that have errors. But they're not perfect either. So over long enough time, these errors add up. As for what causes ageing...


Question: Why do letters have a different phonetic sound individually vs when combined with other letters?...for example we say D individually as DEE but when we say “duck” we don’t say DEEuck.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do letters have a different phonetic sound individually vs when combined with other letters?...for example we say D individually as DEE but when we say “duck” we don’t say DEEuck.

"Dee" is just the name of the letter. It's not meant to be named in a way that mimics its sound. Think of how ridiculous what would be for W. Other languages do this too. In Spanish W is called "dow-blay-vay" which means double V. Neither language calls W "weh".


Question: Why is chocolate that you melt and then let solidify again less shiny than the original bar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is chocolate that you melt and then let solidify again less shiny than the original bar?

There's a specific heating/cooling process called tempering that gives it a more shiny finish: URL_0


Question: how do Netflix movies/shows make money individually if they don’t get paid from ticket sales/box office?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do Netflix movies/shows make money individually if they don’t get paid from ticket sales/box office?

They don't is the short answer. Nothing on Netflix makes money on it's own. The purpose of most of the content is to keep users coming back, month after month, keep them paying those monthly fees. A few things they make are aimed at drawing in new users, like their higher production original content, but at the end of the day it's all meant to serve that subscription renewal.


Question: Why are the letters on the QWERTY keyboard positioned this way and how come the Dvorak keyboard was never adopted despite its efficiency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the letters on the QWERTY keyboard positioned this way and how come the Dvorak keyboard was never adopted despite its efficiency?

As far as I know, originally the letters were organised like they are because typewriters tended to get stuck if the letters that were pressed were next to each other. Thus they organised the letters so that the most used letters were next to least used ones so they'd have the least chance of getting stuck. That way the typing would be most efficient. The order of the letters stayed even when the problem went away along with computer keyboards, because the order was already familiar so they decided it would be easier just to keep it the way it is. Correct me if I'm wrong!


Question: What's the marketing strategy of skipping a number in a numbered line of products?

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 What's the marketing strategy of skipping a number in a numbered line of products?

assuming you are talking about the iphone 10 (rather than windows 10): this was most probably about the 10th anniversary of the iphone. the first one came out 2007. but i'm not sure what the the official reason is, if they even announced one. for windows: i believe they said that they skipped 9 to avoid apps confusing windows 9 with windows 95 or 98. because apps check the OS version on 2 digits or something (like they check for the "9" and then for the "5" to determine what system its running on), which they wouldnt be able to to on windows 9, because there is only that 1 digit.


Question: G-force - What is it and how does it injure/kill?

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 G-force - What is it and how does it injure/kill?

G-Force is just a shorthand way of referring to a force using the force of gravity as a reference. & #x200B; So 1G is the same as the force we feel due to gravity. This feels like almost no force at all because we feel it act on us all the time. 2Gs would be twice the normal force of gravity and 3Gs would be 3 times the force etc. It injures you and kills you the same way force from anything else would. It crushes you causing your internal organs to compact and your bones to break.


Question: How did people reset their clocks when the power went out, 50 years ago?

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 How did people reset their clocks when the power went out, 50 years ago?

Well son, back in my day we had these time pieces we wore on our arms and they called them watches. If you didn't have one or your battery dies, you could just ask the fella next to you: "Hey bud, you got the time?" And he would be happy to oblige and tell you.


Question: Can the economy expand even if the unemployment rate also increases? If not, why?

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 Can the economy expand even if the unemployment rate also increases? If not, why?

Yes, GDP can increase even as unemployment goes up if workers are more efficient. On a micro scale, imagine a factory that installs more modern production machinery that doubles output even as they cut staff in half. Or two firms merge and can lay off redundant cost centers (HR, IT, etc.) while having no impact on upward tajectory of sales. Now imagine other situations where similar changes happen, and that's how you might see GDP growth while also seeing higher unemployment.


Question: why do our muscles get sore when we get sick?

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 why do our muscles get sore when we get sick?

When your body senses that something has gone wrong, say for example, that you fell down and cut yourself, it sends blood rushing towards the injured spot hoping to repair it. This is because in your blood, you have small units called white blood cells (WBC), which you have undoubtedly heard of before Now, the white blood cells get to the site of injury and they have multiple functions: getting rid of bacteria and helping to deal the wound One of the ways that WBCs work is by secreting a family of molecules called cytokines, which help send signals through the body to stimulate inflammation, pain, and recruitment of the repair systems in your body, since these are all defense mechanisms intrinsically programmed into you. Now, you're sick and feel awful and sore. What happened was your body, in response to the virus/bacteria/spore or whatever made you sick, pumped up WBC levels to deal with the foreign invaders What did we already say that WBCs do though? They make cytokines, which stimulate your fever and can make you feel all achy everywhere.


Question: Why is gasoline rainbow on pavement?

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 Why is gasoline rainbow on pavement?

The thickness of the gasoline is close to the wavelengths of visible light. Light reflects off of the surface of the gas/air border as well as the gas/water border. The two reflections can mix in two ways. At a given thickness, some colors are attenuated due to destructive interference, while others are enhanced by constructive interference.


Question: What makes sharp cheeses "sharp"?

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 What makes sharp cheeses "sharp"?

Aging. When you make a cheese, say cheddar, the curds are pressed into a smooth block of cheese. Then it is aged. Mild cheddars are aged 2 to 3 months, sharp 6 to 9 months, and extra-sharp 1 1/2 to 2 years old. As cheddar ages, its texture also goes from smooth and creamy to developing hard, salt-like crystals called calcium lactate that give it a more tangy flavor.


Question: Why does food make you less tired?

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 Why does food make you less tired?

Because of different food components: Carbohydrates (rice, pasta, potatoes, grains, etc.) are a great source of energy. Generally speaking the lighter/smoother the texture is, the quicker your body turns it into energy. That's why you get a burst of energy after eating something sugary sweet (sugar is pure carbohydrate) or pasta dishes, mashed potato etc. The downside to this is, that energy from simple carbohydrates (as in, simple structure, easy to break down) doesn't last. On the other hand, the darker/coarser the carbs are - think potatoes with skins on, wholewheat pasta, wholemeal or granary bread or brown rice etc., these are still covered in a layer of fibre, which stops us from digesting it too quickly, so the energy release is a lot slower, but steadier over a few hours. These are called complex carbohydrates and are generally considered a healthier option. That's just the basics that answer your question directly, but if you are interested, I can explain a bit more about the rest of the food groups.


Question: How is powdered milk created?

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 How is powdered milk created?

The water content of milk is evaporated away until a hard substance remains that is ground into powder from wikipedia: In modern times, powdered milk is usually made by spray drying[6] nonfat skimmed milk, whole milk, buttermilk or whey. Pasteurized milk is first concentrated in an evaporator to approximately 50 percent milk solids. The resulting concentrated milk is then sprayed into a heated chamber where the water almost instantly evaporates, leaving fine particles of powdered milk solids. Alternatively, the milk can be dried by drum drying. Milk is applied as a thin film to the surface of a heated drum, and the dried milk solids are then scraped off. However, powdered milk made this way tends to have a cooked flavour, due to caramelization caused by greater heat exposure. Another process is freeze drying, which preserves many nutrients in milk, compared to drum drying.[citation needed] The drying method and the heat treatment of the milk as it is processed alters the properties of the milk powder, such as its solubility in cold water, its flavour, and its bulk density.


Question: When a company gets fined millions of dollars for decieving consumers or selling a faulty product where does the money go?

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 When a company gets fined millions of dollars for decieving consumers or selling a faulty product where does the money go?

It depends on the agency and the nature of the fault. Sometimes it goes right into the US Treasury. Sometimes it goes towards restitution for those injured/mislead by the product (like some of BP's fines for Deepwater Horizon went towards rehabilitation of the Gulf). Sometimes it goes to the department who levied the fines to recoup the cost of investigating the issue.


Question: What happens to an eyeball after it's removed from a body and loses its moisture?

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 What happens to an eyeball after it's removed from a body and loses its moisture?

Well, it would definitely depend upon the environment around the eyeball, but since you're particularly curious about it being dried out; in an arid environment (say under a heat lamp or something) yeah, it would turn into basically an eyeball raisin. But under most conditions, it'd basically just eventually rot, turning into a dark goo as it decomposes, like the rest (mostly) of the organs.


Question: What is a Dedekind cut? And why is it relevant in math?

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 What is a Dedekind cut? And why is it relevant in math?

Edit: Thanks so much for the silver, kind redditor! I appreciate it a lot. They are one way of showing that "between" the fractions, there are numbers that aren't fractions, without having to just assume the existence of irrational numbers (like sqrt(2), pi, etc.). & nbsp; The definition is just that a Dedekind cut takes all the rational numbers and splits (partitions) them into two groups, LEFT and RIGHT. The main rule is that every member of LEFT is less than every member of RIGHT. (We also demand that neither set be empty, and one other convention that isn't important to understanding the big concept). & nbsp; At first, this seems kind of boring. You might think they are just splits like "LEFT is all the fractions < 1/2, RIGHT is all the fractions > = 1/2". It's true, that is a Dedekind cut. But let's take a look at LEFT here. Notice that it doesn't have a largest element? Any fraction *r* that you can name that is less than 1/2, I can name another fraction that is bigger than *r* and still smaller than 1/2 (for example, I can take the number halfway between *r* and 1/2- it's still a fraction). We could have put 1/2 in LEFT instead, giving LEFT a biggest element. But then RIGHT would not have a smallest element. By convention, whenever we have this choice, we put the fraction in RIGHT. & nbsp; Where things get interesting is that you can find Dedekind cuts where LEFT doesn't have a biggest element *and* RIGHT doesn't have a smallest element. How can this happen? Well how about this Dedekind cut: LEFT is all the negative fractions, (edit - and zero), and all the positive fractions which, when you square them, are less than 2. RIGHT is all the positive fractions which, when you square them, are greater than or equal to 2. Let's call this cut "S2". It should be easy to convince yourself that this is a Dedekind cut - everything in LEFT has to be smaller than everything in RIGHT. But it turns out that in this case, LEFT has no biggest element and RIGHT has no smallest element. There's no fraction that, when squared, gives the number 2 exactly. What is going on here?? In this case, the "number" that splits LEFT from RIGHT is *not a fraction*. But it seems like it should be a number, since it's right there between the fractions in LEFT and the fractions in RIGHT. & nbsp; Here's where it gets a bit mathy, but I'll leave out the details. You can come up with a way to "add" and "subtract" and "multiply" and "divide" Dedekind cuts with each other. Importantly, when we do these things to the first type (where RIGHT has a smallest element), it behaves exactly the same way as doing them on regular old fractions, using each Dedekind cut to represent the smallest fraction in its RIGHT. & nbsp; But here's the magical thing - those operations (adding, etc.) also work when one (or both) of the Dedekind cuts is the second type - where RIGHT doesn't have a smallest element. And when you do that, the resulting "numbers" turn out to exactly correspond to the *real numbers*. Remember S2 from before? It corresponds to the irrational number sqrt(2). We know that sqrt(2) isn't a fraction, and we know where it should be on the number line, but now we've managed to "build" it using fractions - and it's right where it should be! & nbsp; Why does all this matter??? Well, we just managed to *build* the real numbers using only fractions and "normal" math rules. This is a pretty big deal, because the only other option would have just been to "declare" that real numbers exist, and that they are between the rationals. In math, it's always preferable to build on existing results, rather than just making new axioms. We don't usually *use* Dedekind cuts when we are adding and multiplying real numbers. That would be super complicated. The point was to prove that we *can* build the real numbers out of the fractions this way, and that they behave how we expect them to. Then we can get back to using them in the normal way.


Question: Why if I drink out of the same glass more times having flu i do not risk to reinfect myself?

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 Why if I drink out of the same glass more times having flu i do not risk to reinfect myself?

Each flu has it's own "strain". A type. A shape and identity. Once it gets into your body and starts reproducing, it doesn't matter much if you get a few additional cells of influenza in your body, it's a drop in the ocean. And once your immune system identifies and develops a resistance to it (based on it's shape an identiy, antibodies that are literally shaped to stick to it's surface) then your body can fight off those cells pretty easily. We get infected with a BUNCH of bad bugs all the time and don't even notice because our immune system does it's job. Likewise, you can french-kiss the wife you gave your cold to. You've been there, done that, got the T-shirt and the immunities. (although the bugs CAN mutate enough in a few jumps to thwart that immunity)


Question: What's the purpose of having a flag on every shopping trolley?

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 What's the purpose of having a flag on every shopping trolley?

So people wouldn't take the cart out the store. I assume OP meant pole, and not a flag, that's attached to the cart. My local 99¢ store has them, so does the goodwill. The poles are too tall and stop people from wheeling the carts through the front door.


Question: Soy sauce and Tofu are both made from soybeans. Why does soy sauce have such an intense flavor while tofu has almost no flavor?

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 Soy sauce and Tofu are both made from soybeans. Why does soy sauce have such an intense flavor while tofu has almost no flavor?

While they are both made with soy beans, the process is so different that it's like comparing why beer and velvet cake taste so different if they are both made with wheat. Soy sauce is caramelized fermented hydrolyzed soybean paste with added salt. Tofu is curdled soy milk, usually with Gypsum, that is pressed into blocks.


Question: How did we figure out that the Earth, a sphere, which is suspended in outer space, a place where there is no "Up" or "Down," rotates on a 23.5° axial tilt?

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 How did we figure out that the Earth, a sphere, which is suspended in outer space, a place where there is no "Up" or "Down," rotates on a 23.5° axial tilt?

Let's say you observe the sun at noon (sun at highest point in sky), standing on the same spot, every day for one year. You measure the sun's angle from the horizon using an astrolabe, Jacob's staff, quadrant, octant, sextant, etc. Throughout the year, you will notice that sun is sometimes further from the horizon, and sometimes it is closer. Over the course of the year, you will notice that the angular difference between the highest spot and lowest spot is almost 47 degrees, or in other words, 23.5 degrees higher than, and 23.5 degrees lower than the centre position. Since we rotate around the sun, the only explanation for this is that the earth is inclined by 23.5 degrees.


Question: How does putting red meat on a black eye help?

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 How does putting red meat on a black eye help?

It doesn't don't do it. A long, long time ago, but in this galaxy, people had ice boxes. Literally a large box in which they stored a large block of ice a d the foods they wished to keep cold which were usually milk, meat, and butter. When someone got a boo-boo, they went for something cold to bring down the swelling. What did they have that was cold a d would conform to the shape of a face? Meat. Cartoons are what really spread this. Most people would have just used a wet rag. Meat was expensive and no one was wasting their dinner on your face. So, although there's a grain of truth in it, it really didn't happen as often as we think it would have.


Question: how do we make 0 calorie sweeteners actually have 0 calories?

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 how do we make 0 calorie sweeteners actually have 0 calories?

The 0 calorie sweeteners aren't digested is why. You can't get calories from something you don't digest. The way the sweeteners work is by tricking your brain into thinking it's sugar, but your body doesn't actually digest it.