Question: Why is cranberry juice the go-to recovery drink after donating blood? Is there a science-related benefit over apple or orange juice following a donation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is cranberry juice the go-to recovery drink after donating blood? Is there a science-related benefit over apple or orange juice following a donation?

The main thing is that you want both fluid and sugar. The benefit to cranberry juice is that it's more shelf stable than the others. In many cases it's cheaper as well. Often, however, they use whatever juice they have on hand.


Question: Why do recipes for sweet foods (cookies, brownies, etc.) often call for the use of salt when the taste is near absent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do recipes for sweet foods (cookies, brownies, etc.) often call for the use of salt when the taste is near absent?

Salt ionizes and binds to taste receptors, reducing bitterness and amplifying sweetness, sourness, and umami. Food tastes more like itself when it has been salted.


Question: How does Fabric softener work? What does it do that washing does not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Fabric softener work? What does it do that washing does not?

Fabric softener leaves a sightly greasy film on your laundry. It relies on a trick that the touch sensors on your skin cannot tell the difference between a little greasy and a little softer.


Question: Is it actually possible to have exactly 1/3 of something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it actually possible to have exactly 1/3 of something?

An infinitely small fraction is zero (the limit as x approaches infinity of 1 / x is 0), so yes it is possible to have exactly one third of something. If I have one of three apples I definitely have exactly one third of the total apples and that's that. Just because our decimal system isn't able to express that quantity perfectly doesn't mean it doesn't exist.


Question: Why does "highlighter yellow" appear brighter than most other colors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does "highlighter yellow" appear brighter than most other colors?

Highlighters contain [*Fluorescent*]( URL_1 ) dyes. These are compounds that have the ability to absorb light energy at short wavelengths, especially ultraviolet or blue. This causes them to enter an excited vibrational state. They then re-emit that energy at a specific wavelength, longer than the one that was absorbed. This is different from most kinds of dyes and pigments which simply absorb some wavelengths but reflect others, resulting in specific colors. This is specifically the emission of light by the dyes themselves. You can get a better demonstration of this using an ultraviolet black light. Back lights have a coating or film of a type of pigment which absorbs all or almost all visible light but is transparent to ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light can't be seen by humans (although some other animals can see it such as birds and some insects.) However, fluorescent dyes can absorb this light, then re-emit the energy at l Fluorescent dyes and pigments are useful for many applications besides just paints and highlighters. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered, in 1895, that certain vacuum tubes emitted invisible rays that caused nearby barium minerals to glow, when a high enough voltage was passed through the tube. He called these X-rays. Some time later he was performing experiments with a cardboard screen painted with a barium compound. As he was working , his hand passed between the energized tube and the fluorescent screen, and was shocked to see the ghostly shadow of his own skeleton. Fluorescent pigments were used in televisions prior to the invention of liquid crystal displays. In Tube TV's a beam of electrons struck a screen composed of various fluorescent pigments. This caused them to glow. By modulating the electron beam in various ways, a moving image could be formed. Fluorescent pigments are of course useful in florescent lighting tubes. In these tubes, an electric current is passed through Mercury vapor at very low pressure. This causes the Mercury to emit both ultraviolet and visible light. Fluorescent pigments are used to convert most of the UV into visible light, increasing the efficiency of the bulb. They also play an almost identical role in modern LED lights. The LED's themselves only emit light at one specific frequency, blue usually for lighting purposes. In order to get white light, the LED is coated with several different fluorescent pigments. These absorb much of the blue light, and then convert it into green and blue wavelengths. This results on a mixture of red, blue, and green light which is roughly white. In cheaper LED's this coating isn't well executed for a variety of reasons, and so blue light still predominates in the output, resulting in a bluish tint. Another interesting application of Fluorescence is the fact that chlorophyll in the leaves of plants strongly flouresces in the range of infrared. They absorb blue light from the sun, convert some of the energy into chemical energy used by the plants to grow, then dump the remaining waste energy as infrared. (This has implications to the laws of thermodynamics which I won't go into.) Like ultraviolet, This can't be seen by the human eye. However it can be picked up by special photographic film([plant leaves positively glow in infrared]( URL_0 ).) It's also visible by satellites with specially designed cameras. This can be used to effectively measure plant cover or algae content in the oceans.


Question: What is Fortnite, how does it work, and why is it so popular right now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Fortnite, how does it work, and why is it so popular right now?

It's battle royale, which is pretty much last man/team standing. You find guns in houses etc and smash up houses and cars to get materials to craft walls and stairs. It's popular because A) it's quite a childish looking game (the textures etc) and so a lot of kids play it cause there's no blood so their parents don't care and B) it's free, unlike PUBG and C) it's pretty damn easy compared to PUBG and other BR


Question: How can oil with the same viscosity be better for old cars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can oil with the same viscosity be better for old cars?

They contain seal swelling agents such as esters, pthalates or sufloanes. These are absorbed into plastic/rubber seals, and cause them to swell up. This reduces the oil leaking through worn seals.


Question: Why do we recognize CGI when we rewatch a movie years after seeing it the first time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we recognize CGI when we rewatch a movie years after seeing it the first time?

It's because CGI gets better and better slowly so we don't notice the change as much over time. Then when you look back at old stuff you have recent far superior CGI to compare to the less advanced stuff.


Question: What is "qualified immunity" and why was it ever put in place?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "qualified immunity" and why was it ever put in place?

Qualified immunity is a legal principle that was first authored by the Supreme Court in 1967. In Pierson v. Ray (1967) the Court said > [a] policeman’s lot is not so unhappy that he must choose between being charged with dereliction of duty if he does not arrest when he had probable cause, and being mulcted in damages if he does. The idea was that a police officer should not be both subject to discipline from his superiors if he did not follow their orders and also discipline from the courts for following those same orders. It put the onus of following the law and protecting civil rights on the department instead of the individual officers who work for the department.


Question: Why does freezing, even for short periods of time, compromise the flavor, texture, and overall integrity of food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does freezing, even for short periods of time, compromise the flavor, texture, and overall integrity of food?

Freezing causes the water in an object to expand, which can cause cells to burst. When it’s un frozen, all the ice returns to a liquid state.


Question: How come it's unsafe to defrost frozen meat on the counter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come it's unsafe to defrost frozen meat on the counter?

The external meat warms up while the inside is still frozen this allows bacteria to settle and grow on the outside of the meat, while cooking will kill bacteria; as the bacteria are growing and multiplying they also produce toxins (basically the urine of bacteria) cooking doesn't destroy toxins, so while the dead bacteria in the meat won't kill you the toxins might.


Question: How do trees determine where to branch, and is it more dependent on DNA or environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do trees determine where to branch, and is it more dependent on DNA or environment?

Photosensitive growth hormones. Just like your body uses chemicals such as testosterone to tell it's cells when and how to grow, trees and plants have their own equivalents, only some of the plant-hormones react to light. The hormones that decide where a new branch start are (in some trees) more active when exposed to light, while the ones that decide which side of a branch should grow faster (to make a curve) are deactivated by direct light. So it's almost entirely dependent on the environment, to the point that if you're growing chillies in your window you can change their growth pattern by rotating the pot they're in.


Question: When you pay tax money, where does it go? Like does it go into one central bank account?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you pay tax money, where does it go? Like does it go into one central bank account?

In the US, your federal taxes end up in the US Treasury. And yes they have bank accounts that aren't a ton different than your own personal bank account. From the US Treasury they then disperse the tax money to the places that need it, which generally just involves them transferring money from one account to a different one. US State taxes generally work the same way, but at the state level


Question: Why is it that turning the oven up super high doesn't bake my food super fast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that turning the oven up super high doesn't bake my food super fast?

There's two main reasons why that doesn't work: 1. Heat takes time to actually conduct through something. If you tried to bake a cake at 1000° for a minute, you'd end up with a scorched outside, but the inside of the cake would still be gooey batter. The heat just doesn't have time to move its way through the substance. 2. The chemical reactions that make food "bake" only happen at certain temperatures - a good example is the Maillard reaction, which gives browned food (meat, bread, toasty marshmallows) their flavor. That happens right around 300° F or so. So you need to get to at least that temperature to get the food cooking properly. But if you go too much higher than that, you start reaching the temperatures where food doesn't just brown, it burns. So if you scorch your food at 1000°, you'll skip the delicious browning temperatures and cut straight to burning them. No bueno.


Question: Can someone explain what a polity is to me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain what a polity is to me?

I go back to the Greek, which I think is related to the notion of a civil society and the rights and responsibilities of its citizens. In that sense, a polity is the civil community the citizens establish and operate. It is more than just the citizens, although it includes them all, since it also includes laws, institutions, and the social and economic structures they deem necessary. I hope that helps ... I’m sure others can add a lot better.


Question: how do smart phones know where you’re tapping on the screen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do smart phones know where you’re tapping on the screen?

There are two major types of touch screens, Resistive and Capacitive. Resistive: Very cheap, old style touch screens. Imaging two thin pieces of paper very close to each other. When you press down on the screen it pushes the top layer into the bottom layer. That's how it detects touching. Not very accurate, can't do multitouch or gestures. Capacitive: More expensive, commonly found in phones today. Essentially it sends electricity through the screen in a grid like pattern. When you touch it with your finger your skin changes the electricity on the screen my conducting that electricity, which is measured, and tells the device you're touching it.


Question: Why do credit cards have a verification code? Why not just make them 3-4 figures longer and treat the last few digits as a verification code with the rest of the card number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do credit cards have a verification code? Why not just make them 3-4 figures longer and treat the last few digits as a verification code with the rest of the card number?

The vast majority of transactions don't involve the security code. The magnetic strip of the card doesn't have it and if you imprint the card you won't get a copy of it This makes the security code actually somewhat secure since it's less likely to get picked up during everyday transactions. It's only used in transactions where the card isn't present It's not great but it's good enough. No point trying to make a perfect security system, none exist


Question: How does counting cards work? Can anyone simply master it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does counting cards work? Can anyone simply master it?

In blackjack, multiple decks are shuffled together into a big deck that's called a "shoe." The shoe has a limited number of each card in it, so as certain cards come out it changes the probabilities of getting more favorable cards delt to you later on. This is difficult to keep track of in real time and requires lots of focus, but the system is very simple and anyone can master it with practice. The way it works is that you, as the player and not the dealer, want more high cards in the shoe to make it easier for you to win with a high number like 18-20 or just get a blackjack right out the gate, or, more likely, the dealer will bust when they are required to hit on 12-16. This means that you want to keep track of how many low cards vs high cards have come out of the shoe and wait to bet the most money when the shoe is "hot" (when you have seen significantly more low cards come out than high cards). The easiest way to keep track of this is by breaking the cards up ino cards that give you +1 point to the "heat meter" (my phrase I just made up) of the shoe, cards that give you -1 point, and cards that are neutral. So as you are watching all the cards come out, you have to keep a running total of your "heat meter" by adding +1 point for every low card you see (2-6), subtracting -1 point for every high card (10-A), and doing nothing to the total for your neutral cards (7-9). So, to give an example starting at a heat score of 0, if I saw a 3, a 2, a 10, and a 7 come out, I would add +1 heat for the 2 and 3, minus one point for the 10, and do nothing for the 7, leaving me with a heart score of +1 as we move onto the next hand. Repeat this process for every card you see while you bet very low amounts of money per hand until you have a high heat score (remember, the heat score is just a shorthand way of representing how many high or low cards are still in the shoe), usually between +15-20 and then you start to bet really really big amounts of money because your chances of getting favorable cards is higher when there are more of those favorable high cards still in the shoe. In blackjack under totally normal conditions the dealer has an expected winrate of about 51%, so even small shifts in the probability of you getting favorable cards can make a huge difference in your expected value (EV) per bet. It's also important to remember that this is usually done as a team, and not as an individual sitting by themselves at a table. One person who dramatically changes their bet sizing in this way will immediately draw scrutiny from the pit boss who will likely kick you out for card counting. However, if done as a team, you can have multiple players at different tables who only ever bet the minimum and count the cards until the heat score at there table is high enough. At that point, a signal will be sent to the "big bettor" who will come over to the hot table and start wagering very big on every hand in order to exploit the favorable conditions of that table until the shoe gets cold again, or until it's time to dip out to avoid getting caught by the pit boss. Oh, and many places now have automatic card shufflers that make all of this completely impossible, so I don't think card counting in this fashion is much of a common practice anymore. If you want more information about any of this or just a really really cool story, I can't recomend "Repeat until Rich" by Josh Axelrad highly enough.


Question: How do IQ test work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do IQ test work?

They are standardized by age. We know that the average 8 year old gets 10 questions correct on this subtest. If you are 9 years old and get 8 correct that is below the expectation for your age range. Extrapolate that over a number of tasks and you get an overall score that says where you are in relation to others your age. They lose meaning and accuracy the older you are. There's a massive difference between what a six year old knows and can do and what a twelve year old knows and can do. There's very little difference once someone gets to be 25 or so. Subtests can be very simply broken down into knowledge (crystallized intelligence if you want to look up more specifics) and tasks (fluid intelligence) which tests the ability to figure out unique situations. Anyone who knows IQ testing will tell you that the overall IQ score is the least meaningful result to interpret. Knowing you are 'above average' says almost nothing about your intellect. Do you have a strong knowledge base or are you a quick thinker? Do you have a learning disability or exceptional strength in an area? Tests can be interpreted to answer much more important questions than what your IQ score is. That being said (as someone already mentioned) a genius level score or an extremely low score do carry some weight.


Question: I don't understand graphics optimization, can you guys help me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I don't understand graphics optimization, can you guys help me?

There are smart ways of doing things, and silly ways of doing things. Same applies to coding. Smart takes effort, money, skill and time so sometimes shortcuts were taken or cheats were used to take advantage of a feature that was fast on a particular popular graphics card or processor that was around at the time. Rather than try to make the game work in a way that would work the same on all PCs, all cards, in all combinations, some programmers just throw code at the problem until it works, and then ship the game. And the way that we do things changes over time. Just in OpenGL, we've gone from having to use immediate mode, to display lists, to vertex lists, to shaders, to compute shaders, etc. Modern cards aren't optimised for immediate mode and just "emulate" it, in essence. It's like making a car. You can make a car that everyone can drive, that can drive on every road, that's fast and economical. Or you can just throw out something that you have to squeeze into, that large people can't drive, that only works on side-streets and can't go on the motorway, or burns so much fuel that it's impractical but gets you where you want to go. There is no one "way" of coding. There's an ideal, which changes over time, and there are myriad ways to get there. Coding is far more akin to writing a book, or an instruction manual. If you wanted to write a book about how something worked, there are MILLIONS of different ways to write that book... but some people will write books that are easier to understand, some will write books that are more accurate, some will write books that don't even describe reality, some will write horrendously so you can barely understand them even if you're correct, and some might even write the book in Chinese which might be perfect for some people, and terrible for others to read. Games are millions upon millions of lines of code, often running on dozens of platforms, with sometimes millions of potential hardware combinations (e.g. CPU, RAM, graphics card, motherboard bus speed, etc.). A good, well-optimised game will work the best it can for everyone. But a game that's badly coded, rushed, or done on a small budget will more likely only work on a handful of combinations with any decent speed because it will assumptions about the kind of hardware it's running on. This is also why console ports are often terrible - they were written by one team who were told "This will only ever run on Playstation 4", so they heavily optimise everything from the screen size to the number of things in memory to the speed which they pull stuff from the disk or Internet to those assumptions. Then a year later some other poor sod gets nowhere near the same amount of time or budget but is told "Make this work for every PC".


Question: Why does frozen food (once thawed) taste different from fresh food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does frozen food (once thawed) taste different from fresh food?

As the water inherently inside the food freezes it creates ice crystals, and depending on how quickly or slowly it freezes the crystals will be bigger or smaller. If I remember correctly the slower something is frozen the larger the ice crystals, which leads to a bit of a break down in texture and structural integrity of the food item, which will have an effect on the all round delivery of the flavour. This also means the water inside the food is displaced from where it should be, as it ends up more on the surface than dispersed throughout, which means it’s more difficult for the tasty flavour molecules to end where they normally would, and kinda dilutes it.


Question: Why polystyrene(yogurt cups) get smaller, when heated, while polystyrene(small balls) get bigger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why polystyrene(yogurt cups) get smaller, when heated, while polystyrene(small balls) get bigger?

Both just melt. But the cups are so tightly squeezed into a mold that there are no air bubbles left in the polystyrene. But the polystyrebe balls have air bubbles in them that expand when heated.


Question: Why isn't nuclear research/development not as big as it used to be?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't nuclear research/development not as big as it used to be?

It kind of lost favor when the US spent decades trying to decide what to do with all the piling up nuclear waste. I think they still haven’t decided, actually. Are they using Yucca Moutain? LPT: Don’t make dangerous waste that will take 50,000 years to become safe if you have no real plan on how to store it for 50,000 years.


Question: Why do you need a NASA computer to emulate a game system from 2001 that in terms of raw power barely outperformed a middle of the road computer from 1995?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you need a NASA computer to emulate a game system from 2001 that in terms of raw power barely outperformed a middle of the road computer from 1995?

Because you aren't running the game. You are running an operating system which is simulating a piece of hardware which is running the game. It's like... Instead of watching a movie, hiring people to reenact all the actors and crew on set creating the movie and then watching that. Which is why it's better to port a game, if possible, where you actually make whatever adjustments are needed to let it run naively in the PC.


Question: why is it so easy to fall asleep on your couch even with desperately trying to stay awake, but after dragging yourself to bed, you find yourself wide awake and unable to get back to sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it so easy to fall asleep on your couch even with desperately trying to stay awake, but after dragging yourself to bed, you find yourself wide awake and unable to get back to sleep?

I think this is a psychology rather than biology question. The answer will vary from person to person but broadly it's likely to be that when you're on your sofa you're in your relaxation frame of mind so you can go to sleep but when you start your bed routine you start thinking about plans for the next day so you a/ get your brain working and b/ start worrying about how much sleep you need so can't relax. It's basically a 'sleep hygiene' issue, meaning your bed routine isn't helpful.


Question: Do up and down directions exist outside of earth? Is there an “absolute up” or an “absolute down”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do up and down directions exist outside of earth? Is there an “absolute up” or an “absolute down”?

Nah, you're right that up is relative. Astronauts use a complicated relative system to both far-away objects as well as Earth satellites (similar to our GPS) to identify position.


Question: In terms of biology, why and how do people die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In terms of biology, why and how do people die?

It is frequently a combination of failures, except in massive trauma. I trauma, the issue is organ injury and blood loss. Multiple system failure starts with simple issues. Reduced caloric intact leads to less fuel to power the systems. The kidneys diminish their filtering of the blood and the toxins in the circulatory system continues to fail. The liver starts to fall behind and slowly, as the toxins increase, function decreases. The kidney eventually shut down and the body slowly fills with fluids and drown the heart and lungs. Breathing slows..... The end is near. Add different diseases and cancers and it either accelerates the failure of diminishes the organ function.


Question: How do student loans contribute to the rising price of higher education?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do student loans contribute to the rising price of higher education?

It's less the fact that student loans exist, and more the fact that the government guarantees student loans. So, when students were able to get loans from the government, colleges raised tuition, to see how much money that they *could* get for it. Basically, since high prices didn't *deter* anyone (or at least not *many* people, comparatively), since they could just get a loan to cover the costs, and college was being pushed on these kids as something that they *absolutely had to do* by high school teachers and counselors, as well as their parents... they raised prices as high as the government would give loans, until the gov't put a cap on it at some point.


Question: What causes your eye to unvoluntarily switch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes your eye to unvoluntarily switch?

I asked a neurologist about this, and he said that he leading reasons were (1) Lack of sleep; (2) Stress; and/or (3) Too much caffeine.


Question: How does our internal organs deal with gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our internal organs deal with gravity?

The same way the rest of us does:. By being supported by other parts of the body. The human body is much more packed than most people think. The roller coaster feeling is when the acceleration counteracts gravity and all your parts stop resting on each other and start to float for a bit.


Question: Why do touch screens and mousepads not work as well when your fingers are cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do touch screens and mousepads not work as well when your fingers are cold?

As you know, calluses are dead skin, which means that they aren't very electrically conductive. So when your calloused fingers touch the surface of the screen, it can't detect the tiny disturbance in its electrical field that it needs to operate. Unfortunately that's kind of a normal behavior for capacitive touch screens. when your finger is cold it doesn't change the current on the screen in the same way as it does when everything is warm. I hope this helps.


Question: How do old videos/movies that are made with old technology get made into HD without being totally remade?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do old videos/movies that are made with old technology get made into HD without being totally remade?

These movies were recorded on film with negatives rather than to some kind of VHS-like tape medium. Each frame actually holds pretty high quality images. You can go back to the original film and re-scan the frames with higher quality digital equipment and produce HD videos from it. Any editing and special effects will have to be re-done since this is just the filming of the actors on the sets. But it's totally doable.


Question: Why are desalination plants so energy intensive or nonviable on a large scale?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are desalination plants so energy intensive or nonviable on a large scale?

This is only an amateur answer but desalination requires reverse osmosis which pumps water at very high pressure through membranes. This takes a lot of energy and is very slow. There is also distillation which is boiling water then collecting the vapor. Same two problems, slow and energy intensive. Both of these are done a lot on small scales. But to do it on the scale that farming and residences use water would require a ton of infrastructure and energy.


Question: Why does “the economy” just go bad sometimes? The world has roughly the same resources before during and after a recession/depression, right? It seems like it just arbitrarily goes bad and we point to symptoms and domino effects but not causes.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does “the economy” just go bad sometimes? The world has roughly the same resources before during and after a recession/depression, right? It seems like it just arbitrarily goes bad and we point to symptoms and domino effects but not causes.

The economy is growing all the time, more people are being born, inventing things and buying things. There’s also people who bet money on whether the economy will go up or down all the time. Finally, in order for the economy to grow people lend money with the hope that as the economy grows they’ll make more money. Sometimes though people lend too much money too quickly in businesses where there’s not enough people to actually buy things. Think of it like food, you’re always going to be hungry but if you buy too much food it will all go bad and you won’t have any money to buy more when you’re hungry again.


Question: why is earths core so hot? Is it just because it “hasn’t cooled down yet“?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is earths core so hot? Is it just because it “hasn’t cooled down yet“?

The Earth's core was hot to start with. It has been slowly cooling, but a lot of heat is generated by radioactive elements in the core decaying. This has kept it hotter for much longer than the "baked potato" Earth simulation would predict.


Question: How can someone wealthy have mass amounts of debt but not pay it off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can someone wealthy have mass amounts of debt but not pay it off?

You can't pay a creditor with a house. Someone can have lots of wealth but have it in the form of things that are not easily transferable. Someone with a net worth of $150 million almost certainly has far less than $50 million they have access to on even moderately short notice.


Question: How does the common cold/flu get stronger every year and where does the 'flu' begin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the common cold/flu get stronger every year and where does the 'flu' begin?

It's not that it gets stronger every year, it's that the viruses evolve to a form that your immune system has never seen before, so you're vulnerable to it without a vaccination.


Question: What's the difference between OLED and AMOLED? And which is better when it comes to phone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between OLED and AMOLED? And which is better when it comes to phone?

Pretty much the same, amoled is from Samsung and they have been going at it for a longer time, worked out most of the kinks and is more reliable. Oled is from LG among others, many people online have complained about its lack of quality compared to samsung


Question: How does a global financial crisis work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a global financial crisis work?

No. If people stop buying stuff companies stop making stuff so they lay off staff who have no money so they stop buying stuff etc etc. It is a spiral down and down. If it effects the whole world it makes recovery harder.


Question: What kind of techniques are best for counting the number of protestors in Hong Kong? Or any crowd for that matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What kind of techniques are best for counting the number of protestors in Hong Kong? Or any crowd for that matter?

Draw an imaginary square and count how many people fit inside, then count how many squares are in the crowd and you a pretty good guess


Question: what is the difference between Sales taxes vs Vat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between Sales taxes vs Vat?

A sales tax is only collected at final sale to a consumer. Vat is applied every time something exchanges hands. So for example lets look at a bottle of wine. In the sales tax system only the bottles final sale is taxed but in a VAT system the sand that goes to the glass maker is taxed, the empty bottle is taxed when it goes to the vinyard, the wine is taxed when it goes to the store, and then it is taxed one final time when you buy it. If the VAT system rates are low enough there will not be much difference in the final price, but there is potential for massive price inflation very quickly because you keep charging tax as you go.


Question: What is resonance in physics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is resonance in physics?

Resonance is the frequency at which an object likes to vibrate. For example, guitar strings make different sounds when you pluck them because they naturally vibrate at different frequencies due to being different thicknesses. If you shorten any of the strings, it will also make a higher pitch. Resonant frequency is related to the inverse of the length of the vibrating object. This is because the inverse of frequency is wavelength, and if the wavelength matches the length of the vibrating object, there will be resonance. So if you force a vibration at a particular frequency, the object will vibrate better the close it is to its resonant frequency. In fact, if the it is exactly its resonant frequency, and there is no damping, the object's vibrations will getting larger and stronger indefinitely! Think about pushing someone on a swing. They are swinging at a certain frequency. If you push them close to that frequency, their swinging will get bigger. This resonant frequency is how singers can supposedly break wine glasses with their voice, why washing machines will shake the floor when spinning at a certain speed, and why microwaves can heat up water molecules. It is particularly imporrant when designing bridges and tall buildings, because the right frequency caused by the wind or and earthquake can do a lot of damage. Look at the Tacoma bridge for example: URL_0 URL_1


Question: How does our brain merge the two “images” we see from our eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our brain merge the two “images” we see from our eyes?

I have something to contribute! I have strabismus- so it doesn’t work on me, actually. I can only look out one eye at a time! The other eye works fine, but I use my right eye for focus and to talk to people with. My left eye tends to act as peripheral, but I can switch eyes. It’s basically cuz I have a lazy eye. Or had, I got surgery that made it look fixed- but the brain still believes one eye is lazy. So because the idea of a lazy eye requires that the eyes are looking down two different paths at the same time, and the brain can only focus on one task at a time, it mutes the focus of one of my eyes. So while my brain combines both images of my eyes, I can only focus with one of them, while the other acts as peripheral vision. I know this doesn’t answer your question exactly and I know others have answered it better, but I just wanted to give you some neat information. I didn’t know my eyes were weird until a couple years ago- I thought everyone had a dominant eye they looked out of.


Question: Why does microfiber clean glasses so well but other fabrics don’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does microfiber clean glasses so well but other fabrics don’t?

Basically, microfiber cloth is like regular cloths, but very tightly wound compared to regular cloth. This allows it to pick up extremely small particles, like the tiny bits of dust and dirt off of glass, and it's soft, so it doesn't scratch. Meanwhile other cloths would probably just spread it around, or scratch the glass.


Question: Is the probability of flipping a coin and getting the same result as last time 1/4?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is the probability of flipping a coin and getting the same result as last time 1/4?

The flips are independent. 1/4 is your chance of getting heads or tails two times in a row, not the chance of getting heads or tails any particular time.


Question: Why is the logic in mythology always so nonsense? How does everyone end up agreeing that the story should go like that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the logic in mythology always so nonsense? How does everyone end up agreeing that the story should go like that?

Plenty of people probably did recognize it doesn't make any apparent sense. Neither does Santa Claus delivering presents to everyone in the world, or trolls guarding bridges unless you know their true name, or girls breaking into bears' houses to steal their porridge. Ancient people weren't especially concerned with the consistency or sense of the stories, in part because things ancient cultures didn't understand or that seemed weird happened to them all the time. Rituals like "put a bunch of cow poop on your field before you put the seeds in" didn't make any apparent sense to ancient people, but by tradition they did it anyway - ancient people lived by traditions, not by scientific principles. Many people today still do. They were concerned with the traditions and norms they passed on, and obviously supernatural beings could break the rules as much as they liked. And culture carries a meaning all its own just because it's *your* culture: the same way a parent in Europe today might feel warm and fuzzy watching their kid listen to stories about Santa Claus, an ancient parent might have felt when their kid came running into their room asking for a bedtime story about Zeus.


Question: Why don’t you bleed out when you get an injection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don’t you bleed out when you get an injection?

There is about 50 processes that occur to act together to clot your blood and plug the hole. Some people could bleed out, they are called haemophiliacs, and their blood clotting system malfunctions in one way or another. Bonus fun fact for you, if you take too many blood thinners, you can bleed out through your skin, don't even need a hole.


Question: why is it that paying off all your credit debt can reflect badly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that paying off all your credit debt can reflect badly?

This is wrong. Credit scores are based on how often you pay your owed amount, how often you default, how much credit you have available, and how much you make. Leaving a little unpaid does nothing for you.


Question: Can the internet run out of space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can the internet run out of space?

I might be wrong but iirc, the “internet” is just a network that connects computers. So technically each website or video you see is actually saved on a server computer at a physical location, just like you would save photos on your phone or laptop. When you go to the website, you send a request to access it and to see the video and the server sends the corresponding data to show you what you requested. So the amount of data the “internet” can hold is theoretically infinite if you just keep adding computer to the network and expanding the storage of said computers


Question: What do each of the greeks mean in financial markets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do each of the greeks mean in financial markets?

Delta represents the rate of change between the option's price and a $1 change in the underlying asset's price. Theta represents the rate of change between the option price and time, or time sensitivity - sometimes known as an option's time decay. Gamma represents the rate of change between an option's delta and the underlying asset's price. Vega represents the rate of change between an option's value and the underlying asset's implied volatility. Rho represents the rate of change between an option's value and a 1% change in the interest rate. URL_0 .


Question: In theory, could hackers create wealth by simply editing the numbers in a bank account?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In theory, could hackers create wealth by simply editing the numbers in a bank account?

> Just add a couple of zeros to the end of the balance in your account with some sophisticated hacking programme, cash out, and Bob's your uncle. Banks have very detailed, legally-required auditing trails. Every single transaction must show where the money came from, and where it went. Simply changing the numbers in an account would instantly flag it as invalid, because there would be no corresponding transaction showing the origin of the money. Electronic banking is **extremely** complex -- way beyond just "numbers in an account".


Question: Whats the difference/distinction between semi-automatic and automatic weaponry and what are/how do Bump Stocks turn Semi-Autos into Automatic weapons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats the difference/distinction between semi-automatic and automatic weaponry and what are/how do Bump Stocks turn Semi-Autos into Automatic weapons?

A semi-automatic firearm fires one bullet each time the trigger is pulled. To fire a second shot the trigger has to be released and pulled again. An automatic will keep firing as long as the trigger is pulled and isn't released. Bump Stocks don't turn semi-auto's into auto's they just cause the trigger to be pulled extremely quickly by 'bumping' the weapon forward so the trigger is pushed into the finger which has the same result as if the finger was moved back to pull the trigger. Bump Stocks enable the trigger to be pulled much faster than if the operator actually was actually moving their finger each time.


Question: Why when looking out at the ocean from an airplane do the waves appear to not be moving at all, while other objects like cars are still in motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when looking out at the ocean from an airplane do the waves appear to not be moving at all, while other objects like cars are still in motion?

It's because your brain needs something relative to base the wave speed on. A car will look like it is moving relative to a road/landscape. Waves in an ocean have nothing for the brain to base the motion from, unlike waves on the shore. So unless there is a rock or something to break up the area and show motion, waves will appear stationary.


Question: why can we move in any direction in space but only one direction in time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can we move in any direction in space but only one direction in time?

Interesting question, I looked this up a long time ago and landed on an explanation something along the lines of this, but I am not an expert by any means. so we are 3 dimensional beings meaning we can move forwards/backwards, left/right, and up/down. This makes us “prisoners” of the 4th dimension (time). We have to stay in the timeline that we’re currently in and are not free to move around in time how we are free to move around in any direction. This is similar to how a stick figure (2 dimensional) can move left/right and forwards/backwards, but not up/down from the paper. That stick figure is a “prisoner” of the 3rd dimension. Hopefully this provides some insight until someone with more knowledge can give a better explanation.


Question: How do services like Netflix decide how much money their originals make? Like, if a movie was released in theaters there’s a set amount of money each person pays for a movie, but how would that number be set for streaming?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do services like Netflix decide how much money their originals make? Like, if a movie was released in theaters there’s a set amount of money each person pays for a movie, but how would that number be set for streaming?

Nobody knows for sure since Netflix is one of the most opaque streamers when it comes to viewership data. Presumably they have a method of assigning a value to viewership statistics that takes into account the idiosyncrasies of streaming (does a person who stops watching before the end count as a view? How many views do you count for someone who watches it multiple times or across multiple sessions?)


Question: Why does the boiling point of water decrease with altitude but the freezing point does not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the boiling point of water decrease with altitude but the freezing point does not?

There is less air pressure at higher elevations. It is easier for water to enter the gas phase when there is less water vapor and other gases around. Water's melting point *does* change at different pressures as well. You can see it here on this [phase diagram]( URL_0 ) which shows what phase water is in at various temperatures and pressures. At extremely high pressures it will basically always be a solid and at extremely low pressures water will be a vapor at 0 degrees Celsius. Without air pressure around pushing on the water on all sides, even water molecules in a relatively cool block of ice will move into the gas phase.


Question: What is an induction motor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an induction motor?

Normal motors are DC motors, synchronous AC motors, or universal motors. Induction motors are unique in that they provide torque at a wide range of RPMs while requiring no contacts that can wear out. Metals tend to resist moving magnetic fields. If you move a powerful magnet quickly past some metal, the metal will get tugged along. Induction motors use electricity to create a rotating magnetic field around a piece of metal, and the metal tries to spin with the field.


Question: Nowadays we need to use toothpaste but what was past's toothpaste? And why animals don't need it

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Nowadays we need to use toothpaste but what was past's toothpaste? And why animals don't need it

First, pets need dental hygiene. You *should* be brushing your cat and dogs' teeth! When it comes to wild animals, well. Many don't *have* teeth. Many have different strategies than us humans - many rodents have teeth that are always growing, sharks are constantly growing new teeth, etc. Dogs have teeth that self-seal as they wear down. Plus most animals don't live as long as humans, so teeth not lasting as long isn't a big deal. Second, remember that for *most* of the time humanity existed, we didn't eat a lot of refined sugar and other stuff that's *really* bad for our teeth, so that kind of dental issues wasn't as big a problem. Also, losing a few teeth isn't a huge survival disadvantage for an early human.


Question: How does alcohol kill germs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does alcohol kill germs?

Basically it tears at the fabric of bacteria cell walls and once there is a large hole in the bacteria cell wall it dies fairly quickly. Alcohol also causes some chemicals to denature to basically break down into the simpler components especially long complicated protein molecules being broken down into amino acids.


Question: Where do countries get loans from - and what happens when they go into debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do countries get loans from - and what happens when they go into debt?

Governments and big companies does not go to the bank to ask for loan terms but instead writes their own loan terms and sells them as what is known as bonds to anyone interested. Bonds are a much safer form of investment then most other forms because they give a stable interest no matter how well or badly the issuer does. Government bonds is considered especially stable due to the size of the country. So most people buying government bonds is savings banks (using customer deposits), savings funds like pension funds and private individuals. Most governments are in debt. This is because it is the most efficient way to run a country. It is much better to take up loans to build infrastructure that increases the tax revenue so you can pay back the loans then it is to try to save up money for the infrastructure projects the slow way. Of course you always need to spend money on infrastructure, schools, wellfare, security, etc. to improve the tax revenue in the future so the government never actually pay down the debt but keeps juggling it by selling more bonds to get money to pay for the maturing bonds. But as long as the taxes is able to theoretically pay back the debt it is fine. The problem is when the debt grows too big as this can cause a runaway effect where the debt keeps increasing even if the government cuts as much expenses as it can and increase taxes as much as they can. There is no bankruptcy protection for countries. Defaulting on the debt can be even worse because most of the debt is to their own citizens and taking away the savings of most of your population can cause an even bigger economic crisis then increasing the tax beyond what the citizens are able to sustain.