Question: Why is Mathematics called the Universal Language?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Mathematics called the Universal Language?

The rules of mathematics exist outside of any language or culture. 1 + 1 always equals 2, for example, no matter what. Different cultures might use different words or symbols to represent those numbers or the operations being done to them, but the underlying meaning is always the same.


Question: why is it that our minds can blindly know where all the keys are on a key board, making us able to type fast, yet if you were to ask someone to draw out and label a keyboard, they would likely have a hard time doing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that our minds can blindly know where all the keys are on a key board, making us able to type fast, yet if you were to ask someone to draw out and label a keyboard, they would likely have a hard time doing it?

So learning to type depends a lot on muscle memory. That is- when you repeat a motion many times your nervous system adjusts and gets used to that pattern so you can do it again quickly. So more so than learning the position of each letter on the keyboard, you're really learning the movements you have to make with your hands to type a certain character. Drawing and labelling a picture of a keyboard requires a better visual concept of the keyboard, which isn't as well developed in many typists.


Question: when astronauts do some space walk around the ISS, how are they not being left behind by the ISS that is orbiting around 17k mph?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when astronauts do some space walk around the ISS, how are they not being left behind by the ISS that is orbiting around 17k mph?

The astronauts are also moving at the same rate as the station. So astronauts relative to station there is no difference in speed.


Question: Why are tax haven countries reserved for the ultra wealthy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are tax haven countries reserved for the ultra wealthy?

It does require some effort to structure your companies and register them so that you can use these tax loopholes. And it often makes it harder to get hold of the money you own. In addition this is usually only going to work against some types of tax but not everything. So most small businesses is going to spend more money trying to avoid these taxes then the taxes would be in the first place. Some smaller businesses still do for various reasons but it is not that common.


Question: why does steak buckle when cooked in a frying pan but not on a grill?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does steak buckle when cooked in a frying pan but not on a grill?

A piece of steak sitting in a frying pan has a flat surface sitting on a flat surface and as the steak cooks and water inside is simmered and boiled into steam it has nowhere to escape, so it forms a steam bubble underneath, which causes the steak to misshape. When you cook on a grill, there is open space beneath the meat between the grill bars, and so the escaping moisture doesn't build up any pressure to deform the steak like that.


Question: How do services like "23 and me" and " URL_0 " distinguish human DNA from non-human (bacterial) DNA in the spit sample?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do services like "23 and me" and " URL_0 " distinguish human DNA from non-human (bacterial) DNA in the spit sample?

Its actually very easy. The DNA of Eukaryotes (humans, insects, fish, etc.) has the normal double helix shape of DNA you're used to. Bacteria on the other hand do not. Their DNA is in the shape of a ring. So there's really no mistaking that you're dealing with bacteria DNA.


Question: Why is radiohead considered so musically innovative?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is radiohead considered so musically innovative?

Their songs typically have unique arrangements and complex chord progressions and rhythmic structure compared to the standard alt rock music around when they first rose to fame. And then they continued to experiment and change their style with each new album release.


Question: How does a pig nipple end up inside of a can of kidney beans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a pig nipple end up inside of a can of kidney beans?

I assume it was a can of pork and beans and the piece of meat was simply not processed completely.


Question: Can someone explain “money making” to bail out an economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain “money making” to bail out an economy?

Making money appear is really easy for any nation with a central bank—they print it. As to how it helps bail out an economy is a much sketchier proposition. Theoretically, injecting some quick additional cash into the economy could help soothe the fears of businesses, investors, and consumers, and make them more likely to spend money and not slow down the economy. Whether this actually happens in practice or whether people actually just save whatever extra money they’re given because they’re still scared of what’s going on is up for debate.


Question: why does slow motion video need a specific setting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does slow motion video need a specific setting?

Video is made of of a bunch of photos played back typically at ~24 per second (24fps). When you're talking a slo-mo video it's recording 120-240+ fps. If you were to stretch out a regular 24fps video to be slo-mo it would be very choppy.


Question: Why is it that when you multiply 2 negative numbers, the negative sign cancels each other out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when you multiply 2 negative numbers, the negative sign cancels each other out?

Imagine the number line as a walking path and you always start at 0. The first sign is the direction you face and the second sign is whether you take your steps forward or backwards. So 3x5 is the same as +3 X +5 so you face the positive direction (+ sign in front of 3) and take 5 steps forward (+ sign in front of 5 indicates forward) 3 times. Meaning you walked 15 steps in the positive direction. Now if you have -3 X -5 then you face the negative direction and take 5 steps backwards 3 times still landing in the positive 15.


Question: how are votes kept anonymous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are votes kept anonymous?

They need a way of checking in case they have to investigate electoral fraud. The simple answer is that the people running the voting are honest and take their duty seriously, so they don't go through the votes to find out which box you checked or the other things you describe. Although it's theoretically possible, it would take a massive conspiracy to do it. Ballot boxes are sealed before voting starts with just the slot to put your paper through. They aren't unsealed until they get to the counting hall where there will be literally tens of thousands of papers being sorted by candidate and a hundred or more people around including representatives of all parties. They would have a hard time finding yours. It is possible that the different boxes you saw were because your polling station was being used for two neigbouring constituencies. So whichever street you lived in would decide which set of candidates you could vote between and which box it had to go in to get to the right count.


Question: Why do things smell different when wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do things smell different when wet?

The moisture level in the air has an impact on your ability to smell. For the most part the more moisture in the air, the better you can smell things. Just after rain the moisture level is very high. This combined with the water carrying particles as it evaporates creates a more 'intense' smell.


Question: How does a brain pick out what memories are traumatic enough to block out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a brain pick out what memories are traumatic enough to block out?

When a developing brain is flooded with enough of the neurotransmitters (the chemicals we use to think and feel) most strongly associated with negative emotions like fear, sadness, and pain, it triggers an instinctive reaction to cut off the connections with the memories formed in that section of brain cells. A brain has a lot of trouble finding memories that are cut off this way, like a blockaded section of a city. This is a survival instinct selected by evolution, which means that kids who didn't tend to do it died off from not being able to deal with all that trauma. Those who happened to respond this way survived and grew up to have their own kids, passing on a tendency to react this way. That's also why adults don't do it as readily: we've developed better ways to cope with trauma over the decades of our lives, so we're less likely to die from it (also that adults are more likely to have already bred).


Question: why do only some materials work on touchscreen, and what is in touchscreen gloves that makes them work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do only some materials work on touchscreen, and what is in touchscreen gloves that makes them work?

The basic difference is conductivity + surface area. A needle will not work because it has very little surface area that can directly touch. A cotton glove will not work because it is not conductive. A glove with a bunch of flexible little conductive fibers WILL work.


Question: What Causes Certain Elements To Be Concentrated in Ore Veins?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What Causes Certain Elements To Be Concentrated in Ore Veins?

There are many processes. Some spectacularly rich veins of silver, the dirt is literally heavy with silver, are from ancient stream beds where the silver precipitated out into the mud. The streams are long gone. But the mud remained and could be half silver. Much of our iron comes from iron precipitating out of oceans as conditions changed. PH and oxygen levels changed. The iron precipitated. Diamonds are known to have come from volcanoes from deep in the Earth. Different minerals form at different pressures and conditions. Syenite is a rock similar to granite but with more aluminum, aluminum oxide. When it decomposes in tropical conditions it becomes bauxite. So where mountains existed millions of years ago there will be strips of bauxite where it washed off the mountain. Bauxite is strip mined to produce aluminum.


Question: How would you best explain higher dimensions? How do we know if they are real/not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How would you best explain higher dimensions? How do we know if they are real/not?

Common descriptions use 3D objects casting shadows on a 2D surface; the shadow itself is 2D and doesn't really have depth. So it would be with a 4D object casting a 3D shadow, if you can imagine something like that. We don't know if they are real or not, exactly, since there's so many very specific questions about physics & quantum-level stuff happening that we probably won't know, or have any way to find out. One aspect worth mentioning is that when gravitational waves were detected, it supported the idea that higher dimensions don't exist - since the gravity wave should have "leaked" into those extra dimensions. On the other hand, some popular theories (like string theory and M-theory) can only really work out if there's 10 or 11 dimensions. They usually try to describe these as subatomic "small" dimensions, not really "big" dimensions that humans could interact with.


Question: How are humans able to sense footsteps or a car coming from beyond our vision?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are humans able to sense footsteps or a car coming from beyond our vision?

We detect these things using our sense of hearing. No psychic power or electric energy field is involved.


Question: if water doesn't conduct electricity then how does it break electronics, in detail? And why are they called "shorts"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if water doesn't conduct electricity then how does it break electronics, in detail? And why are they called "shorts"?

Water is often full of impurities (salts, minerals) that make it better at conducting electricity. Distilled water should be fine on electronics, but the stuff from your tap is a problem.


Question: How "reality" TV can openly deceive an audience with fake tricks and scripts and still keep an audience?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How "reality" TV can openly deceive an audience with fake tricks and scripts and still keep an audience?

Because it really doesn't matter. If people like the characters and situations they tune in. Whether it's 100% real and unscripted doesn't play a part. You don't like the characters and situations, so you don't watch it.


Question: What is the difference between sarcasm and irony? Is sarcasm a subset, is there any overlap? How exactly are the two related?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between sarcasm and irony? Is sarcasm a subset, is there any overlap? How exactly are the two related?

Irony is just when a situation ends up contradicting itself or going off in a set of events that contrast with the intention. Like a man wanting to be the fastest man in the world, but ends up being killed by speeding in his car or by being hit by the worlds fastest car, thus being flung at speeds faster than anyone ever has been before without some sort of suit or something) Sarcasm would either be pointing out a contrast in a statement or creating one in a mocking manner. Thus creating irony, or pointing it out. Maybe, I could be oversimplifying or adding in my own spin of things


Question: What is space made out of? What is the blackness in space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is space made out of? What is the blackness in space?

Blackness is what we see when no light comes from a place. If a region is empty, and no light comes from it, then it must appear black. Only if a star is on the other side of the space will it appear lit. Space is 'made of' emptiness.


Question: What causes egg wash to darken bread the way it does?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes egg wash to darken bread the way it does?

Eggs undergo the Maillard Reaction like any other food - what we usually call browning. A very thin layer will brown relatively quickly and relatively deeply. Using the whole egg also means the yolk contributes some colour to the end result. Using just the white results in a less golden but still shiny crust.


Question: Why do we need peristalsis in the oesophagus when we have gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need peristalsis in the oesophagus when we have gravity?

The esophagus isn't a giant, dilated tube that stuff just falls down directly into the stomach due to gravity. It's actually pretty narrow and elastic, so peristalsis helps us push down large volumes of solids, especially closer to the stomach where swallowing isn't helping much. That said, we don't need peristalsis in the esophagus as direly as our four-legged friends. Dogs or other quadrupeds who suffer from esophageal damage/scarring don't fare nearly as well as humans do. They can actually die without peristalsis pushing solids into their stomach.


Question: Why are “flushable wipes” marketed as flushable when they are not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are “flushable wipes” marketed as flushable when they are not?

For what it’s worth, I used to work for a company that manufactured flushable wipes. They broke up in water in much the way toilet paper did, hence marketing them as flushable. The problem that they had to overcome, that they did not anticipate, was that flushable and non-flushable wipes look almost identical. So when your plumber pulls a wipe out of a clogged drain it’s because someone flushed a wipe that was unlikely to have been marketed as flushable. They (the company I used to work for) went so far as to have some municipalities send us samples of wipes pulled from their sewage systems (after receiving numerous angry emails and calls, occasionally from places wanting to send up bills for cleanup and repair). Our internal findings determined that the samples sent to us were make-up removal wipes or other similar items that never should have been flushed and wouldn’t have been marketed that way. My personal opinion is that the the marketplace is confused, I’ve locally tried to purchase flushable wipes and found flushable and non-flushable ones are put side by side on the store shelves and even with me having some knowledge of the items, found it hard to tell them apart. My wife came home with some recently that in very small print said these were not intended to be flushed. Yet were sold along side the flushable wipes with similar packaging. Two things to keep in mind. 1) We had a large R & D department at my former job, there were labs and transparent septic systems so people could actually study paper refuse as it worked its way through a typical flush cycle. This stuff was extensively studied. They also tested competitors products and found they also had similar flushability. 2) I did none of this actual work myself. I worked in finance. We had internal blogs and resources were these sorts of information was readily available. But I know nothing of the chemistry or nuance of the items in question. EDIT - Typo city above


Question: How is sound recorded in the grooves of a vinyl record?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is sound recorded in the grooves of a vinyl record?

Sound is vibrations in air ( or any other medium ) Vibrations are picked up by a diaphragm which causes needle to move up and down in the same way to produce the sound frequency wave. Two channels are cut out each side at 45 degrees to each other to produce a stereo recording.


Question: How does anaesthesia make your body fall asleep almost instantly and not wake up when enduring pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does anaesthesia make your body fall asleep almost instantly and not wake up when enduring pain?

General anesthesia uses a combination of drugs that will do different things, some drugs will relax your muscles, others will stop reflex signals, others will cause you to not remember anything, and of course we have the ones that will knock you out. How those drugs make you unconscious: We are not sure. We know that some messes with specific receptors, but we don't actually know how it causes the unconsciousness. How we don't wake up: General anesthesia dampens pain, also messes up with reflexes. However, it is still possible to wake up during the surgery (happens more often than you would like to believe). But, as I said, there's more to that, and we don't fully understand what's happening to our brain during when we are under the effects of those drugs.


Question: Why are coroners elected officials?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are coroners elected officials?

In some places, there is a difference between a medical examiner and a coroner. A medical examine needs education, training, skill, etc. in order to properly examine dead bodies and make deduction about why they died. In many places, the medical examiner is a coroner. However, in other places, *the* coroner is the department head of the coroner's office. They are more of an administrator and public official instead and of medical doctor or pathologist. They make use of the budget to hire/fire staff, expanding facilities, invest in new equipment etc. A coroner has a general policy, and the voters determine what policy they want by voting the coroner that best falls in line with that policy. In the USA, many public official are voted into their positions, including district attorneys, sheriffs, and judges. If the coroner is a public official, and it is typical to vote in public officials, it makes sense to vote for coroners. EDIT: In some places in the USA, the coroner is the only person allowed to arrest the sheriff, and/or acts like the backup sheriff. In places like these, they are closer to being politicians than medical examiners.


Question: Why do we urinate even when we are dehydrated/thirsty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we urinate even when we are dehydrated/thirsty?

Let's start by differentiating between thirsty and dehydration. Thirst is wanting water, dehydration is running out of water. At later stage dehydration your renal system shuts down and waste backs up. You eventually die. You pee because you're using water to get rid of bad stuff in your system, not because you have too much water.


Question: How is a publicly traded company affected if it splits its stocks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a publicly traded company affected if it splits its stocks?

Generally speaking, you can buy at minimum one whole share of a company. For a big investment firm buying millions or billions of dollars worth of shares, it doesn't really matter to them whether they cost $10 each or $10,000, but for smaller investors, those a high per-share price limits the increments that they can invest. Splitting the stock opens the stock up to smaller investors, meaning you grow the pool of potential buyers, which can consequently boost total demand, driving up the stock price and making all of the investors happier.


Question: Why are we warm? Where does bodyheat come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we warm? Where does bodyheat come from?

Food. Specifically, heat is a byproduct of your body's metabolic processes of eating and digesting food, and then a further byproduct of what you do with that energy (moving muscles and exerting yourself in particular uses a lot of energy, which in turn releases a lot of heat as a byproduct). Like every other method of extracting energy from matter, it's a lossy process and some of that energy is lost to heat.


Question: Why is card counting illegal in casinos? Isn't it just a skill that not everyone has, how would they even know?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is card counting illegal in casinos? Isn't it just a skill that not everyone has, how would they even know?

It's not "illegal" it's just frowned upon and will likely get you kicked out and banned. Casinos are businesses, and their goal is to make money, not lose it. So anyone who wins too much is going to look suspicious, and eventually they are going to be asked to leave, regardless of if you just got really lucky or had some kind of strategy to help you win more often.


Question: Why is it necessary to wear special glasses during a solar eclipse? And why can't you just use normal sunglasses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it necessary to wear special glasses during a solar eclipse? And why can't you just use normal sunglasses?

Normal sunglasses won't adequately block out enough of the UV band of radiation that can permanently damage your retenas. Staring at a solar eclipse (or staring at the sun at any time) can cause a burned retina — called solar retinopathy or solar maculopathy — that can cause permanent vision loss. So having adequate eye protection when viewing a solar eclipse is extremely important. Certified "eclipse glasses" offer adequate protection from the sun's potentially damaging UV rays when viewing a solar eclipse. Look for documentation somewhere on the disposable glasses that says the eclipse shades are certified to meet the [ISO 12312-2]( URL_0 ) international standard for safe direct viewing of the sun.


Question: Why is the difference in air pressure able to move things? (Ex. Close a door)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the difference in air pressure able to move things? (Ex. Close a door)

ELI5 pressure is force applied to an area. So if I have high air pressure on one side of a door and low pressure on the other side, the side with lower pressure will apply less force to the door than the higher pressure side as such the net force will push the door towards the low pressure side just as if you and a friend are each tugging on a rope, the person that is tugging "harder" will pull the rope towards them.


Question: Why do pop rocks pop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do pop rocks pop?

They're carbonated, just like soda. While they're being manufactured, pressurized carbon dioxide is forced into the molten candy syrup. When you eat pop rocks, each bubble rapidly depressurizes and makes a popping sound as it does so.


Question: If humans are social animals, why do so many of us quickly become annoyed and impatient with our fellow man?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If humans are social animals, why do so many of us quickly become annoyed and impatient with our fellow man?

Psychologically, being around strangers is one of the most stressful things we experience on a daily basis. We’re not programmed to sing kumbaya and love everyone. We’re programmed to treat everyone and everything with suspicion until they prove they’re not a threat.


Question: Why does heat distort images ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does heat distort images ?

Hot air is less dense than cold air. This affects the speed at which light can shine through it. This causes light to bend when it crosses a boundary between cool and hot air. So when you look out over something hot such as asphalt or metal on a hot day, the air just above it will be hotter, and light shining through cooler air then through the warmer air will bend and distort.


Question: There is many types for gas/dust mask. How to know which one to use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 There is many types for gas/dust mask. How to know which one to use?

It depends on what you're using it for. Different masks have different filter properties, and different chemical resistances.


Question: It seems that the most appropriate way to control the hoarding problem would be for all retailers to limit one pack person. How come this isn't being done everywhere when everywhere has the problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 It seems that the most appropriate way to control the hoarding problem would be for all retailers to limit one pack person. How come this isn't being done everywhere when everywhere has the problem?

It's not really a problem from the point of view of the merchant, is it? Stuff's flying off the shelves, and trying to stop people from buying as much as they want leads to arguments with those customers- which *is* a problem for the merchant.


Question: What's the difference between the different varieties of gasoline, why do they exist, and who even buys anything other than regular and diesel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between the different varieties of gasoline, why do they exist, and who even buys anything other than regular and diesel?

The engine has to squish the mix of air and gasoline together before it makes it burn with the spark plug. But some engines reeeeeally squish it a lot (because they're trying to be more powerful), which can make the mixture burn on its own while the engine is still trying to squish it. This makes the engine break. So for these engines you have to make the gasoline harder to start burning. This 'how hard is it to burn' rating is the octane number on the pump, and the higher the number the harder to burn (and the more expensive to make it). Since new cars try to make the same power out of a smaller engine, a lot of them squish the mixture more by using a turbocharger (basically a fan that pushes in more air), which is why they need the more expensive gasoline. If your car doesn't require it, higher octane fuel just wastes money. It won't make your car more powerful.


Question: When people compare something to the number of grains of sand on earth, how can that possibly be accurately estimated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When people compare something to the number of grains of sand on earth, how can that possibly be accurately estimated?

Calculate the number of grains in a container of known volume, like a 3 inch cube. Once you have that number, you have a standard measurement to tell you that "x" grains of sand fit into "y" amount of space. Using decades of geographical and ocean surveys, you can estimate (with a notable margin for error) how many miles of land are covered in sand, as well as another estimate for the ocean floor. From there, you use your standard measurement to calculate your estimates.


Question: How do mathematicians figure out absurd odds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mathematicians figure out absurd odds?

They don't really "figure them" out, instead they measure them. Taking your example: Around 300 people in the US tend to be struck by lightning on an annual basis (according to medical treatment data), putting any given individual's chance of being struck by lightning in a given year at 1 in 1.08 million. Your odds may vary based on line of work, geographic location, etc.


Question: Why sleeping just 30 minutes less during night, horribly affects my cognitive function and performance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why sleeping just 30 minutes less during night, horribly affects my cognitive function and performance?

Probably because you're interrupting a sleep cycle. During an average night, you will go through two sleep cycles. Your brain will go into REM sleep, then fall into deeper sleep, bounce around for about 90 minutes at the lowest levels of sleep, then come back up for REM sleep and do it all over again. A whole sleep cycle takes about 3-4 hours depending on the person. If you wake during REM sleep, you will probably feel refreshed. Wake during one of the deep sleep phases, though, and you're pretty fucked up. It's a terrible analogy, but it's sorta like you tried to go into fourth gear from a standing stop if you wake from deep sleep, rather than going smoothly from third to fourth when waking from REM. So it has less to do with the total amount of sleep you got than with the length of your sleep cycles and when in one you are woken up.


Question: Where do governments borrow money from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do governments borrow money from?

It’s own citizens. You can buy government bonds. This is you loaning money to the government.


Question: How did Astronomers use the transit of Venus across the Sun to calculate the distance between the Sun and Earth back in the 17th century?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Astronomers use the transit of Venus across the Sun to calculate the distance between the Sun and Earth back in the 17th century?

By recording exactly the moments that Venus "touched" the sun, or was completely within the sun's disc. These times would be slightly different for different places, because of parallax.


Question: How is the the amount of force required to break something calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the the amount of force required to break something calculated?

This is a whole field of research. First, you ask "what sort of force is being applied?" A rope being pulled at either end is under a tensile force. The wood block in your example is under a compressive force. A piece of metal being bent in half is being compressed on the inside of the bend and stretched on the outside. We then ask "what is the response of this material to what amount of force?" Different materials respond different ways, and many, MANY materials have been tested. For most things, they will respond to a little force by undergoing plastic deformation; that is, they give, and then return to their original shape when the force is removed. More force results in inelastic deformation; the material has permanently changed shape. Yet more force results in failure; the material breaks apart. Some materials can take lots of force and still rebound, like rubber. Others fail at just slightly over the stress they deform at; for example, glass. Then, you ask "how great is the force, and over what area is it being applied?" The wooden block can withstand twice as much total force as one half its size before breaking. We know, experimentally, that the wood will crush when such-and-such a force is applied per unit area. We just ask how big its area is, divide that by the known unit area, and multiply by the known failure force. So if it will crush when 10 pounds are applied per square inch, and there are eight square inches, 80 pounds will crush it.


Question: Why do people with higher intelligence worry more often than people with lower intelligence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people with higher intelligence worry more often than people with lower intelligence?

To make it very, very simple; smarter people can imagine and think of more things to be worried about than dumber people. A dumber person might be worried about getting to work on time one day. A smarter person might be worried about whether his car will start, if he has recently checked the oil, that weird noise when he applies the brake, if he has enough gas to get to the gas station, whether he should leave the house early so that he can get to the gas station and then to work during traffic, whether he remembered to get groceries last weekend so he can make breakfast before leaving the house early to get gas and then get to work, whether he has time to make a hot breakfast or if he'll have a cold one instead, whether or not that thing he did at work last night was noticed by his boss and whether or not he'll be noticed today because of it. That chain of thought can get more complex very, very fast.


Question: How do stem cells repair parts of the body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stem cells repair parts of the body?

Stem cells are "Generic" cells that haven't specialized into other body parts. In some injuries, your body can tap into a limited, finite supply of stem cells to replace missing cells. They travel to the location of the damage, specialize, and plug the hole. Some stem cells also partially specialize, narrowing the types of cells that they can become but allowing them to work more quickly or be recruited more easily. This is one of the catches for stem cell treatments. You have to ensure that the body can recruit them and signals them to become the right thing. Your body's finite supply is also an issue. You can't use just anybody's stem cells. Get the wrong ones and your body will kill them, thinking that they're invader. Only your own stem cells are guaranteed to work, and most of your stem cells die when you get your umbilical cord cut as a baby. Odds are, unless you had some collected as a baby and frozen, you have next to no embryonic stem cells left and most of the cells you do have have already partially specialized.


Question: Why is polyamory considered ok, but polygamy is considered both illegal and amoral?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is polyamory considered ok, but polygamy is considered both illegal and amoral?

The moral differences are very culturally specific, and not as black and white as you propose. The legal distinction is as clear as you suggest, at least in the US, because the law clearly says you may only have one spouse at a time. Special privileges, including tax breaks, are defined for spouses in the law. If those privileges extended to more people, there would be implications on the government, so governments have applied a limit.


Question: why the speed of the light is the maximum possible speed in the universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why the speed of the light is the maximum possible speed in the universe?

"why" questions are often incredibly difficult to answer with physics. All we have done when we say that "the speed of light is the maximum possible speed" is take observations that we have, characterize these observations with equations, and then make predictions based on what those equations say about other possible situations. As for how we got the equations for the speed of light. It comes from the fact that the speed of light through a vacuum is constant in all reference frames. There's a bunch of experiments you can do, but they will all show that the speed of light is always the same, whether you're moving one way the other, up or down, anyway you want, the speed of light is always the same. From that observation, we can deduce things like the fact that all speeds are some fraction of the speed of light.


Question: Can anyone simplify parity and/or error checking in data storage context? I simply can't grasp how a parity stripe in RAID 5, for example, can rebuild missing data, but isn't actually a copy of the data.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can anyone simplify parity and/or error checking in data storage context? I simply can't grasp how a parity stripe in RAID 5, for example, can rebuild missing data, but isn't actually a copy of the data.

2 + 5 = 7 Stripe 1 contains: 2 Stripe 2 contains: 5 Stripe 3 contains: 7 (or, the **parity** stripe) "Oh no!! Stripe 2 went missing!!" 2 + X = 7 Solve for X 7 - 2 = **5** Ta-da, parity Now, the striping is distributed across all drives in the RAID array, which is nice, because any drive can go down. There is no dedicated parity drive like with old RAID levels. This also distributes wear evenly across the drives. You do lose space to the parity stripe. Edit for more thoughts: So, obviously, the parity stripe and all the data stripes it pertains to will never be on the same drive. The RAID controller issues stripes round robin to all the drives, so, it literally can't happen. So, when a drive goes down (and is replaced), the RAID controller queries all the parity and data stripes on all the other drives and starts rebuilding the data on the empty drive. This is why IO performance is hampered during a drive rebuild.


Question: Why does everyone like the food that their own mom made the best?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyone like the food that their own mom made the best?

Humans naturally like familiar things and develop the things and tastes they like as were growing, so it makes sense that one of the big sources of cooking, ((not trying to be stereotype but yknow, mothers cooking)) is gonna be mom, and so we generally like what our mothers made.


Question: Why does it feel colder in a car that’s been sitting out than it does standing outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel colder in a car that’s been sitting out than it does standing outside?

Because you're sitting on the cold seat, which transfers heat much better than the air does when you are standing up outside. The seat pulls heat from your body more effectively than the air does and you feel colder. If it is windy outside, the moving air probably transfers heat better than the seat, so it feel much warmer inside the car.


Question: what makes babies/young children prefer soft calm voices over deep manly voices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what makes babies/young children prefer soft calm voices over deep manly voices?

There are different theories to this, and some can overlap. The ones I lean towards are that 1) in-utero, where it's warm and safe, you hear your mom's voice more than anyone else's, so you come to associate her voice with that comfort, and 2) that over human history mothers/women have done most of the child-rearing, so children have come to prefer their voices.


Question: Why do cameras use a quick flash instead of, say, five seconds of sustained light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cameras use a quick flash instead of, say, five seconds of sustained light?

there's two ways of providing lighting for photography. 1. flash which is a quick burst of high powered light 2. continuous lighting which is basically a lamp pointed at the subject/model. there are pros and cons to both methods. the flash method uses less power, doesn't cause your model to overheat/melt, and is portable and can be run off battery. however, you don't get to see immediately what you exposure or shadows look like so it may take some experimentation every time something changes.


Question: Why when you see photos of countries from the ISS they look huge (like they take up a large amount of the planet) and then when you see a photo of the whole world they look no where near as big?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when you see photos of countries from the ISS they look huge (like they take up a large amount of the planet) and then when you see a photo of the whole world they look no where near as big?

The ISS is surprisingly close to the ground. It's as if you took the globe and held it right up to your eye. That distorts the image.


Question: "Why does the freedom of Information Act matter since the releases are so heavily censored and redacted?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 "Why does the freedom of Information Act matter since the releases are so heavily censored and redacted?"

Actually, before FOIA, you'd pretty much get nothing unless the agency wanted to provide something to you, and then (of course) they'd give you only what they wanted to give you. With FOIA, they have to give you what you ask for or provide an explanation (citing particular things) about why they shouldn't give it to you. Even redacted documents can provide a fair amount of information, and provide investigatory clues for citizens and journalists, and they can take those clues and assemble a pretty solid factual narrative. FOIA was never meant to be a "ask and ye shall receive a complete and straightforward answer to any question or issue you may have." It was (and is) just a process to facilitate more open government and a freer flow of information. Sure, agencies and administrations can still slow walk, over-redact, etc. to prevent what should be appropriate dissemination of information, and that battle will always need to be fought issue by issue and case by case. But advocates and journalists do fight those battles, and they do obtain information (although not in every situation). Is FOIA perfect? Hell no. Is it much better than not having FOIA? Yes.


Question: If we can have mail-in ballots for the U.S. elections, how come we don't get to have tracking numbers for them to know that our vote was counted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we can have mail-in ballots for the U.S. elections, how come we don't get to have tracking numbers for them to know that our vote was counted?

You do. There are on line and call in numbers where you can confirm your ballot was received, at least in many states.


Question: How does water pressure affect you when you're INSIDE a Submarine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water pressure affect you when you're INSIDE a Submarine?

It doesn't unless you're suffering flooding or approaching crush-depth. The interior of submarines is maintained reasonably close to 1 atmosphere (usually slightly less, IIRC). Source: I was in the navy for 5 years, 4 of which were stationed on a submarine.


Question: How does an actual strip of celluloid film get digitized to be released on, for example, Netflix?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an actual strip of celluloid film get digitized to be released on, for example, Netflix?

1) Place frame between light and photosensor. 2) Turn on light. 3) Record data from photo sensor. 4) Repeat steps 1-3 until you run out of frames.


Question: Why do we crave sweets after a meal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we crave sweets after a meal?

Sugar cravings that strike after a meal may be due to serotonin, a feel-good brain chemical that's associated with an elevated mood. Eating a sugary dessert causes serotonin levels to rise in the brain, which can make you feel calmer and happier.


Question: Why do we sometimes say a word or look at a word so many times that it sounds foreign/doesn’t look like a real word?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we sometimes say a word or look at a word so many times that it sounds foreign/doesn’t look like a real word?

[ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) It's called semantic satiation. I don't think we know the real answer, but there are some ideas. One is that repeatedly activating whatever neural patterns represent a word causes the brain to inhibit that pattern. This could happen to the sound itself (the recognition of the sound of the word) OR the actual meaning of the word in the brain. But yeah, I don't think we have conclusive answers.


Question: Does the opioid-related "prescription drug abuse epidemic" exist outside the USA? What makes it such a huge issue there and not so much elsewhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the opioid-related "prescription drug abuse epidemic" exist outside the USA? What makes it such a huge issue there and not so much elsewhere?

Canada is also suffering from the opioid epidemic. [Canada]( URL_2 ) is the second highest consumer of opioids worldwide. [Austrailia, Europe, and the Middle East]( URL_1 ) are also feeling this epidemic, although it is worst in the US. There are steps being taken to reduce the epidemic and hold these doctors and pharmaceutical corporations accountable. - [FBI agents arrested former Insys Therapeutics CEO Michael Babich and five other former company executives on Thursday for allegedly bribing doctors to prescribe fentanyl to patients who didn’t need it.]( URL_3 ) - [Information on the many doctors who took "speaking fees" in exchange for over prescribing fentanyl for Insys Therapeutics. Some doctors gave up their medical license, some charged and some found guilty of running "pill mills."]( URL_5 ) - [The city of Everett, Washington alleges drugmaker let OxyContin flood black market. Everett's lawsuit, now in federal court in Seattle, accuses Purdue Pharma of gross negligence and nuisance. The city seeks to hold the company accountable, the lawsuit alleges, for "supplying OxyContin to obviously suspicious pharmacies and physicians and enabling the illegal diversion of OxyContin into the black market" and into Everett, despite a company program to track suspicious flows.]( URL_6 ) - [[2007] In Guilty Plea, OxyContin Maker to Pay $600 Million. The company that makes the narcotic painkiller OxyContin and three current and former executives pleaded guilty in federal court to criminal charges that they misled regulators, doctors and patients about the drug’s risk of addiction and its potential to be abused. Company sales officials were allowed to draw their own fake scientific charts which showed a lower addictive potential, which they then distributed to doctors.]( URL_4 ) The epidemic is not limited to opiates. - [The pharmaceutical group GlaxoSmithKline has been fined $3bn after admitting to bribing doctors and encouraging the prescription of unsuitable antidepressants to children. ]( URL_0 ) - [More than 10,000 American toddlers 2 or 3 years old are being medicated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder outside established pediatric guidelines.]( URL_7 )


Question: How can we tell what the core of a planet millions of light years away is made of, yet we're just now finding a 4.8 quintillion pound mass of metal under the surface of our own moon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can we tell what the core of a planet millions of light years away is made of, yet we're just now finding a 4.8 quintillion pound mass of metal under the surface of our own moon?

Well, I mean you can use binoculars to determine the exact gender and breed of bird eating at your bird feeder in your back yard but still not find your car keys in your own house. One has nothing to do with the other.