Question: Why do studies like Physics and Chemistry prefer significant figures over higher decimal accuracy?

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 Why do studies like Physics and Chemistry prefer significant figures over higher decimal accuracy?

Because more digits doesn't mean more accuracy. If I measure that I traveled 1 meter in 3 seconds and I want to calculate my average speed, I will get 0.3333... meters/second. There are an infinite amount of digits in that number, ergo I measured this with infinite accuracy? No. Not at all. Significant figures is basically embedding additional information into the result with respect to the precision of the instruments used to take the measurement. If my length measuring device measures to the nearest tenth of a meter and my time-keeping device measures to the nearest tenth of a second, then my resulting answer will reflect that: 1.0 / 3.0 = 0.3 Because those are the only digits I can be sure about. Based on the precision of my instruments, I have no way of knowing if my distance traveled was actually 1.00 or 1.09 or if the time elapsed was 3.00 or 3.09 and those can give a variety of difference average speeds from 0.3236... to 0.363333.... The only digit common among them is 0.3 and the only digit that should be reflected in the answer.


Question: How would a new traffic law be implemented so that all drivers were aware of it?

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 How would a new traffic law be implemented so that all drivers were aware of it?

Like other bills that are passed, it would be published in the official journal of the legislature. To actually get drivers to comply the department of transportation would probably mount an advertising campaign, with billboards, radio ads and the like. When police start issuing fines to violators, it wouldn't take very long for word to get around and for drivers to change their behavior.


Question: What's the difference between the medication Lithium and the Lithium in batteries?

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 What's the difference between the medication Lithium and the Lithium in batteries?

Great question. On one level, the active "ingredient" -- a positively charged lithium ion -- is the same, but the packaging or delivery is VERY different. A lithium battery WILL NOT be metabolized in a medicinal way, and a lithium pill will not power your phone. Medicinal lithium is in the form of lithium carbonate. The nature of this salt is such that you have two lithium ions available in a form that your body can utilize it and can tolerate its counterpart (the carbonate). Lithium in batteries also use lithium ions (from a compound like lithium cobalt oxide) but metallic lithium is also involved, and the counterparts and other battery ingredients are not bio-friendly. edited: speling eror


Question: What is the difference between programs and algorithms?

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 What is the difference between programs and algorithms?

An algorithm is just a collection of instructions to do something. But that's pretty abstract, it's not tied to the specific way its done. For example there's a maze solving algorithm that goes like this: "Whenever you reach an intersection in the maze, take an unmarked path at random if available, then mark it. If no unmarked paths are available, take a path with a single mark at random and give it a second mark. Do not follow any path marked twice." This is an algorithm, but its not a program, how you perform it, or how a machine performs it will be different, but you can still all perform it. However if you take that algorithm and you write it up in a programming language, to perform that algorithm on a piece of hardware, on a system that can execute that code, then you have a program. The algorithm is the logic, the program is how its implemented.


Question: Why do you have to take antidepressants for life and how is depression an illness?

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 Why do you have to take antidepressants for life and how is depression an illness?

Depression is hard for me to grasp as an emotion but as a illness it makes a lot of sense. For me (and others like me) it is very easy to act happy or sad but actually feeling anything is pretty rare. Similarly people who have chronic depression have physical problem with their brain that makes them exhibit their symptoms. It has little to do with their situation. In fact countries with a higher average quality of life often have higher rates of depression than some of the lower quality of life countries. Taking antidepressants is like taking advil when you have a headache. It does not fix the problem, but it will make the symptoms go away for a while.


Question: Why do cotton candy grapes taste like cotton candy?

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 Why do cotton candy grapes taste like cotton candy?

for every 100g of grapes, there is around 18g of sugar which is about 12% more sugar than regular grapes so higher sugar content. apparently took 12 years of development with over hundreds of thousands of plants trying to combine concord grapes and vitis vinifera.


Question: Why do chromed metal parts ,for example the exhaust manifold on a motorcycle, get those nice colors when it heats up?

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 Why do chromed metal parts ,for example the exhaust manifold on a motorcycle, get those nice colors when it heats up?

They’re called temper colours, and they don’t just happen to chromed metals, I do with it mild steel specifically to induce those pretty colours (: My metallurgy is pretty basic, but metal has crystalline structure that is determined by the temperature it is at. This in turn affects which wavelengths of light it reflects because different structure reflect light differently. When you cool metal quickly, it maintains whatever crystal structure it has. Pipes on bikes are fairly thin so they don’t trap heat too long and can therefore keep some colour


Question: How does a certain currency value rise or fall relative to other currencies?

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 How does a certain currency value rise or fall relative to other currencies?

Copied from Quora, not my explanation, but sums it up pretty much: The same way any other price is determined: supply and demand. There's an important caveat that we'll get to, but let's start with the basics. Many of the world's currencies "float." Their value isn't specifically tied to anything, so they're worth what people say they're worth. Examples of this include the US dollar (USD), the UK's pound (GBP) and the euro (EUR). Let's say I live in the US and I want to buy a German car. I can't just purchase the car using the money in my bank account, because I only have dollars and the German seller will only accept euros. So what I have to do is exchange my dollars for euros, then buy the car. The exchange process, however, is a sale pretty much like any other - I'm looking to buy euros with the dollars I possess. In other words, I demand euros and I'm looking to supply dollars. If enough people act the same way I do, then dollars are going to be more easy to purchase on the foreign exchange market than euros are, and thus the price of euros will go up. This is why poor countries tend to have fairly weak currencies: nobody outside of those countries generally needs them for purposes of trade, so there's no demand outside of those countries. What this also means is that when these poor countries start manufacturing loads of goods, those goods are initially much cheaper than those produced in richer countries, which means more people will buy. In turn, that means more people need the currency of that poorer nation, which in turn will strengthen that country's currency. All currencies have their exchange rates set this way, but here's where we get to the caveat: some countries "peg" their currencies. They've decided in advance that there is some ideal exchange rate between their currency and some other currency (or some other basket of currencies) and they'll try to maintain that. So, for example, the Nepalese government has pegged its exchange rate so that 1.6 Nepalese rupees equals one Indian rupee. What this means is that the governments in question must always be willing to counteract the flow of currency. So, let's say that one day, there's a tremendous urge in India to buy massive amounts of Nepalese goods. Normally, this would mean that the exchange rate would change so that it would take fewer Nepalese rupees to equal one Indian rupee. What the Nepalese government must then do is start exchanging Nepalese rupees for Indian rupees (buying Indian rupees with Nepalese rupees) at a rate of 1.6 Nepalese rupees per 1 Indian rupee. Similarly, if buying Nepalese goods suddenly becomes really unpopular in India, the exchange rate would make it so that even more Nepalese rupees would be needed to equal one Indian rupee. In that case, the Nepalese government would need to start exchanging Indian rupees for Nepalese rupees using a previously-existing stockpile of Indian rupees kept on hand for just a scenario. This is also called a "fixed exchange rate." This was the norm from the end of the Second World War until the 1970's, when the global system of fixed exchange rates (called "Bretton Woods") collapsed. These days, you can find both floating and fixed exchange rates throughout the world, and a couple of variants that fall somewhere between the two extremes.


Question: Corporate stock buyback and how that's affecting stock prices?

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 Corporate stock buyback and how that's affecting stock prices?

Lets say that a company, Widgets Incorporated, has a thousand shares of stock that various people own. The company will pay dividends every quarter on that stock. So the company is doing well, and the board decides to do a stock buyback. The normal price of the stock is around 10 bucks a share, so they decide to do a stock buyback at 13 dollars a share. Half of the owners decide to sell back to the company so 500 shares are out of circulation, so no more dividend expense every quarter to take care of those shares. Plus, the price of the shares is now at least 14 dollars, no one will sell for 10 anymore, as if they own shares they know they could sell it to the company for 13, so that becomes the bottom price it will be, and it can only go up from there. So the board has accomplished two very good things, they have lowered their quarterly dividend "expenses" and they have raised the average price of their stock. The cost however, is large. Takes a lot of money to buy back that stock, but if you think of it in the same way as buying a new machine that could both save you money and make you money at the same time, the expenditure sometimes makes sense. The board just has to weigh the cost savings vs the cost expenditure to decide whether a stock buyback makes sense.


Question: How does navigation in space work opposed to here on earth?

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 How does navigation in space work opposed to here on earth?

In deep space, navigation is based on the location of highly visible stars. They become the "landmarks." There's no north or south, and no up or down.


Question: Did i win the sperm race by random luck?

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 Did i win the sperm race by random luck?

Which sperm actually fertilized your egg was random luck (don't forget- you're also the random egg that got yote into the fallopian tube than month!) but in another sense, as long as your dad was likely to be the same person, which sperm hit had about 50-50 odds of being one half of his DNA or the other. And in yet another sense, you're neither your egg nor sperm because once they fused, your DNA did a funky sort of musical chairs called Meiosis that shuffled all your genetic cards around, giving you a unique genetic arrangment that is not at all what you reccived from your parents. And in another sense still, genetics has really, really limited influence on who you are as a person, and you are not just your base genetics- if anything, personality is a matter of habit, and if you want to change who you are, all you have to change is your habits.


Question: A fair amount of steroids that people use to gain muscle are derived from Horse steroids. Why are we giving horses steroids in the first place?

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 A fair amount of steroids that people use to gain muscle are derived from Horse steroids. Why are we giving horses steroids in the first place?

Steroids are used to reduce the effects of inflammation or help with cell repairs after an illness - there is more than one type of steroids with slightly different effects. They work like the body’s own hormones and are used for multiple types of inflammation. The effect is the reduction of pain for the horse and result in faster healing. The additional strength of anabolic steroids is only a side effect. More info: URL_0 (Fun fact: Viagra is famous only because of a side effect. It was intended as a blood pressure treatment, some patients reported unexpected duration of erections as a side effect... the rest is history.)


Question: How are some musicians (ex: Robbie Williams) able to create so many songs and albums without getting creative burnout or having songs that sound very similar?

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 How are some musicians (ex: Robbie Williams) able to create so many songs and albums without getting creative burnout or having songs that sound very similar?

Many prolific artists have hundreds and hundreds of songs personally written already. Understand, the vast majority of them are mediocre at best. But somewhere in there, there is a gold nugget or two. Another, and more than likely plausible reason is they have help. Lots and lots of it. There are many hundreds of people that write and sell most of the radio music you here today to the stars that perform therm. Whether it's Taupin for Elton John, or Pink for some guy, or many unknown genius songwriters that just don't have the looks, or age to be superstars. Beyoncé does not write all of the songs. Taylor Swift, nah. Lady Gaga, she did a lot of her own stuff.


Question: why is it not possible for our body to grow back a leg for example ?

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 why is it not possible for our body to grow back a leg for example ?

Because we no longer possess the cells necessary for that kind of regeneration. The kind of cells that allow regeneration are called stem cells, they are responsible for your growth in the womb and you no longer possess them in adulthood. Animals like starfish and salamanders that can regenerate have stem cells throughout each part of their life cycles.


Question: How do people remove vocals from a song for adverts for example?

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 How do people remove vocals from a song for adverts for example?

Most songs nowadays are composed using layers on a track. So all it really takes is removing the layer. It's trickier with older songs that didn't use this production method.


Question: How do dryer sheets work?

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 How do dryer sheets work?

Ever notice how before you put a dryer sheet in it feels all waxy, but when it comes out it's soft. That's because the heat of the dryer melts it, and it disperses, coating the clothes with a thin layer of wax. This wax layer is what prevents the transfer of electrons, which prevents the build up of static electricity.


Question: Why do pharmaceutical drugs have a sell-by/use-by date? Are they less effective after their approximate shelf-life?

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 Why do pharmaceutical drugs have a sell-by/use-by date? Are they less effective after their approximate shelf-life?

Some drugs might get a bit less effective after their use-by date, but in the vast majority of cases the decrease in potency is insignificant. A few drugs might also develop harmful side effects and bacterial growth on them if you keep them for a long time past their use-by date.


Question: What is the difference between allergy meds Zyrtec, Claritin, and Benadryl?

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 What is the difference between allergy meds Zyrtec, Claritin, and Benadryl?

Pharmacist here. The two users before me explained it well; each of them have different active ingredients but all work in a similar manner as what we call an "antihistamine". However, I WOULD like to point out that while most people do become drowsy after taking Benadryl (as it does affect the brain), a small portion of people do not and that's really true for any of the other antihistamines which supposedly are "non-sedating". I've met plenty of patients who complain that Loratadine (Claritin) makes them sleepy (though not for me) and I myself get drowsy with Fexofenadine (Allegra) which is another allergy med that's supposed to be non-sedating.


Question: What was so unique about Captain Sullenberger's ("Sully") water landing?

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 What was so unique about Captain Sullenberger's ("Sully") water landing?

Most commercial airliners don't land in the water. --- Being a little more serious, [review the list of commercial airliner water landings here]( URL_1 ) and take note of the fact that there are very few that have a 100% survival rate. Almost always, someone drowns or is killed in the landing. Sully's landing was remarkable 1. Due to the visibility (in the middle of NYC) 2. Quick thinking on the pilot's part to put the plane down in the Hudson, saving his passengers and potentially averting a deady crash of an airliner into a highly populated area. 3. Despite the fact that the aircraft was filling with water, Sully walked the whole cabin twice to make sure everyone was off. As it should be, the captain was the last one off the craft. While this is expected of captains, it still serves as a model of bravery and what an airline or ship captain should be. Compare to [Francesco Schettino]( URL_0 ), the Costa Concordia captain who evacuated and left passengers behind on his sinking vessel.


Question: why nuclear waste can't be destroyed and if it lasts for 100s of thousands of years won't it just keep building up for a very long time? What do with it?

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</answer>
 why nuclear waste can't be destroyed and if it lasts for 100s of thousands of years won't it just keep building up for a very long time? What do with it?

The first thing it's important to do is distinguish between High-Level Waste and Low-Level Waste. High-level waste is what most people think of when they hear "nuclear waste." It's the stuff that's not safe to be around like spent fuel, decommissioned reactors, medical and technical imaging sources, and nuclear weapon parts. Low-level waste is the vast majority of the waste produced. It's anything that existed in a potentially radioactive environment, and might potentially transport radioisotopes out of that environment. Most of it is literally trash. Used protective gear, dosimeters, broken tools from nuclear labs, and old scientific instruments. Bananas and Brazil nuts are radioactive enough naturally to qualify as low-level waste. In the US we very much operate on a "better safe than sorry" doctrine and so even though 99.99% of low-level stuff isn't harmful it is all treated as if it was. So, can nuclear waste be destroyed? Yes, it can. Spent reactor fuel can be turned into fuel for different kinds of reactors. We don't do this in the US, because of Cold War policies that were concerned with spooking the USSR (nuclear bomb factories and nuclear recycling reactors look pretty similar to a satellite). Other waste can't be "destroyed" really, but it can be safely contained where it is harmless. With enough effort you can essentially "water down" anything radioactive far enough that it meets a safe threshold. That's a lot more trouble than it's worth in most cases though. Edit: The stuff that's radioactive for millions of years also isn't a big concern. That means it's radiating *slowly*. One little particle at a time, over a very long time. The stuff you want to be worried about has a half-life in the 1-50 year range. Long-lived enough to stick around, and radiating hard enough to be dangerous.


Question: How are killer bees still around in the wild and how do they reproduce? Aren't they selectively-bred hybrids and shouldn't that make them reliant on human intervention for mating their parent species to create them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are killer bees still around in the wild and how do they reproduce? Aren't they selectively-bred hybrids and shouldn't that make them reliant on human intervention for mating their parent species to create them?

> Aren't they selectively-bred hybrids and shouldn't that make them reliant on human intervention for mating their parent species to create them They are a hybrid, but they don't need human intervention to reproduce. Unlike Mules they are fertile on their own. Natural selection will slowly erode human created properties, but that happens very slowly


Question: How do photochromic (The ones that turn into sunglasses, when there's too much light) glasses work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do photochromic (The ones that turn into sunglasses, when there's too much light) glasses work?

Photochromic dyes are pigments that only show up when exposed to ultraviolet light. If there is a small amount of UV in the light, then only the other layer of the glass will tint, blocking less of the light, but if there is more UV light, like on a bright sunny day outside, then the Ray's penetrate that outer layer and activate pigments deeper in the glass. In that manner, the lenses adjust from mostly clear to mostly dark depending on how much protection is needed. Because of this fact, the lenses probably won't transition in a bright artificial light situation, like if someone shines a spotlight on you at night. But they would darken considerably if they shine a blacklight on you


Question: Why does inertia seem to effect the driver less than the passengers?

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 Why does inertia seem to effect the driver less than the passengers?

Nope that's it. You can anticipate the forces you're about to experience. Subconciously you lean into the movement so you maintain more controll. Passengers can be suprised by the exact moment the movement sets in, even if they expect it to come.


Question: Why are consumers so hell bent on paying the least amount of money for something, but then complain about the methods of how the company reduced its prices? Like, "bring our jobs back to this country, but don't raise prices, damn you!" In the end, it's the consumer who drove the jobs out.

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<thinking>
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[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are consumers so hell bent on paying the least amount of money for something, but then complain about the methods of how the company reduced its prices? Like, "bring our jobs back to this country, but don't raise prices, damn you!" In the end, it's the consumer who drove the jobs out.

Most people don't have a good grasp of macroeconomics or the effects of consumer choices on production. People want what they want - they want high paying jobs for themselves and they want everything they buy to be cheap. They don't understand that these two things are not compatible at a macro level - they just want it.


Question: What happens after lava flows into the ocean?

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 What happens after lava flows into the ocean?

The lava very rapidly solidifies as it sinks into the water. Sea life that can't handle that area isn't found there. Sea life that can survive that area is found there. Lava is just molten rock, so it turns back into a rock and sinks to the sea floor. This is largely how islands are created and grow.


Question: what exactly are fractals and how are they made?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 what exactly are fractals and how are they made?

Fractals are objects that don't start looking smooth, no matter how much you zoom in on to them. A simple fractal is Sierpinski Triangle. URL_0 You take a triangle with all the sides the same length. Then take out smaller triangle from the middle, leaving you with 3 triangles. Then you repeat this process for all 3 triangles, resulting in 9 small triangles. Then you repeat it again, leaving you with 27 very small triangles, etc. Sierpinski triangle is the result of this process "at the infinity", after infinitely many steps. And now if you start zooming in on that shape, you notice that you're just running into ever smaller holes and triangles peppered with even smaller holes and triangles. Contrast this with zooming into a regular triangle. If you zoom into any side of a triangle, it starts looking like a straight line eventually, and then it just looks like straight line from there on out. Fractals are sort of attempt to mathematically model the way that in the nature you don't have perfect geometric shapes, but rather, there are ever smaller imperfections everywhere. One of the earliest example of a fractal is the coastline of Britain. If you look at the whole Britain isle, you'd be seeing certain kind of pattern to the length of its coastline, and so you'd estimate length of its coastline to be something. But if you zoom in, it doesn't "smooth out", meaning that actually the coastline is longer than your initial estimate. And as you zoom in, your estimate on the length of the coastline just keeps on growing and growing, which kinda meant that coastline of a Britain actually isn't a line at all. Trying to represent it as a line is kind of a lie. Hence the word "Fractal" was used. So in short, fractals are objects that never quite start resembling things on geometry class, no matter how much you zoom in on them. Most things in nature are like that. Self-similar fractals you can make by iterating simple instructions, like Sierpinski casket. You could also just really carefully look at some natural object that's known to be fractal'ish. Like coastline of britain, look it up on Google maps. Try to measure how long coastline of Britain is.


Question: Why do properties in the starting corner of Monopoly such as Park Place or Boardwalk have a lower chance of being landed on than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do properties in the starting corner of Monopoly such as Park Place or Boardwalk have a lower chance of being landed on than others?

Every space on a Monopoly board has a certain probability to land on, and these have all been figured out. It is quite complicated unless you already have a good understanding of probability, but for your example of St. James Place vs. Boardwalk, there are a few factors here against you: Rolling two dice, the odds are that the sum 7 is the most likely, followed by 6 or 8, 5 or 9, 4 or 10, 3 or 11, and 2 or 12. Jail is the most frequented space on the board, due to the many ways to get there, either in jail or just visiting. Go is another very probable space to get to, due to the Chance and Community Cards. Knowing that, you can see why it is much easier to land on St. James than it is Boardwalk, since many of your next rolls begin on either Go or Jail. Many times going around the board, you are sent to either Go or Jail before you can get to Boardwalk. St. James is also a roll of 6 from Jail, which has a high probability of being rolled. To get to Boardwalk, you have to get past all the opportunities to either get sent to Go or Jail, plus all the other random places being sent, only one of which is Boardwalk.


Question: Why are non-ginger men's beards ginger?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are non-ginger men's beards ginger?

A large number of people, particularly those from the British Isles, have genetics for red hair in their DNA. Since Beard hair are different gene sets from head hair it is common for them to be a different color. In fact it is common for beards to have 3-5 different shades of color that may or may not match the hair on the head.


Question: Why does frost accumulate on cars in the open air, but the cars under a carport don't have any frost?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does frost accumulate on cars in the open air, but the cars under a carport don't have any frost?

The car port is giving off heat (heat retained throughout the day) and the car is giving off heat. When night time comes, a car's heat radiates outward in an open environment, so frost can occur. Under a carport, however, the heat given off by the car port and the car bounces back-and-forth between the two, retaining heat so that no frost will form. To put it another way, under an open enviroment the car is exhanging heat with the atmosphere (which at night is very cold), while under a carport, the car is exhanging heat with the carport (which is warmer than the open sky). EDIT: Wording


Question: what does it really mean when they say a health system is going to collapse? What do that entail?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 what does it really mean when they say a health system is going to collapse? What do that entail?

It means more patients than space available, too many people not enough hospital beds, and not enough supplies. Everybody is scrambling to make enough respirators, if you get sick and have respiratory failure without a respirator then you're out of luck. This is why the US government is asking everybody to stay home. We need to slow the spread to a rate our health system can handle.


Question: When you copy a file to clipboard and then paste it to a different location, what is exactly happening?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 When you copy a file to clipboard and then paste it to a different location, what is exactly happening?

When you copy a file to the clipboard, the computer fills the clipboard with the path to that file on the filesystem and a tag that indicates that it's a reference to the file (rather than just the text like you would get if you copied that text out of a text file that happened to contain it). When you paste it, the computer looks at the clipboard, sees the tag that indicates that what you're pasting is a file reference, and so understands that it's supposed to treat it as a request to copy the file from its old location to where you pasted it.


Question: if we can say that, in the 3 physical dimensions, we are always in the center of the universe, no matter where we are, the is the present time the "center" of the 4th dimension, time?

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<thinking>
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 if we can say that, in the 3 physical dimensions, we are always in the center of the universe, no matter where we are, the is the present time the "center" of the 4th dimension, time?

As time passes, we are always moving along the time axis. If we assume there is no beginning or end to time, that time is infinite in both directions, then you would be correct. If there is either of those, then there would be no 'center'.


Question: Why does paper become transparent when oil is spilled on it?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does paper become transparent when oil is spilled on it?

Due to the fact that the refractive index of the oil spilled is similar to that of the fibers of the paper, when paper absorbs the oil, more light is able to more readily pass through the paper and give the paper a translucent quality.


Question: TIL that algae produced about 60% of our planet's oxygen. Is it possible then to have all of the trees gone and we would still be fine oxygen-wise?

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<answer>
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 TIL that algae produced about 60% of our planet's oxygen. Is it possible then to have all of the trees gone and we would still be fine oxygen-wise?

IF we could have more algae, maybe. This would likely lead to mass extinction of a large amount of species relying on tree, but it is technically possible. On the same note, there have been studies on the subjects and it is probably our best solution until we can plant enough trees again. It is worth noting that with us filling small ponds and lake to make way for rural development, we're removing a lot of the algae available inland. A lot of the biomass has a tendency to disappear with our expansion.


Question: What are the references being used to describe higher dimensions in Maths and Physics?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What are the references being used to describe higher dimensions in Maths and Physics?

Thinking of time as 4th dimension is kinda wrong. If and when you get to depths of theory of relativity, you kinda have to think of time as a dimension, so it's not a wrong way to think if you're a theoretical physicist... But for the rest of us, you probably are thinking about it in a way that's either wrong or not helpful. So assuming you're not physicist that's extremely familiar with theory of relativity, let's just talk of the world as 3-dimensional, and ditch time. Dimensions basically determine how much junk you can store. And this depends on the type of junk you are storing. So let's start simple. From 1d world. Something quite a bit like a string. Imagine you were 1d being confined to this string. So all directions you know of are either forwards or backwards. That's also limiting how much junk you can store. If you have a thing that you want to store, and it takes, say, one meter of space, then on 10 meter long spread you can only store 10 of these items. Seems simple right? For 2d being, they could live on a, say, a surface of some very large sheet. They would only know forward and backward, left and right. So if they have their junk they want to store, how many squares, 1meter by 1meter, could they store on a safekeeping house which is 10m by 10m? And surprisingly, you can store 100 of these 2d items. For 3d beings, like humans, we have 3 directions available to us. up/down, left/right, forward/backward. So we can stack items and 10m x 10m x 10m space would hold 1,000 boxes with dimensions of 1m x 1m x 1m. 4d being would likewise have space for 10,000 boxes on their 10m hypercube. This would be because they had a new direction they could stack these boxes at. 5d would go up to 100,000, and 6d up to 1,000,000. So one way of thinking about dimensions is that, in higher dimensions, there's more space near any given object. So things like, checking what's right next to you are easier when you're in lower dimensions. Like our 1d string being could just check what's immediately behind them, and what's immediately in front of them to know all that is close to them. 2d being would have to be checking a lot more ground. And us, well, there's already 3 dimensions in which stuff can be near us. This also affects things like radiation. If you're radiating something evenly to all of your surroundings, in 1d this radiation would never get any fainter. In 2d, the further it got from you, the more ground it would have to cover, so if it got 10x further from you, it would only be 1/10 as bright. In our 3d space, things like the sun becomes much fainter as distance grows, because there's more space into which the radiation has to spread. So the sun at 10x closer is actually 100x brighter. The article you linked doesn't actually refer to any physical dimensions either. They simply argue that there is benefit in thinking of the brain as 7d mathematical thing, because intuitions such as the ones I provided here can help one better understand the brain, but that's helpful to people who are not me. Basically, their target audience is mathematicians that have spent years studying dimensions and other branches of maths, to them this is a helpful way to think about the brain. Not to me :p


Question: Why do they make different insect killer sprays for different types of insects (wasp killer, flying insect killer, ant killer, etc.)? Wouldn't they all do the job since they're all poison?

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 Why do they make different insect killer sprays for different types of insects (wasp killer, flying insect killer, ant killer, etc.)? Wouldn't they all do the job since they're all poison?

Fun fact: Scrubbing Bubbles (aka Dow bathroom cleaner) kills spiders. They get all limp. Bigger spiders will snap, crackle and pop.


Question: Can POTUS pardon anyone in the US, or only those charged with/convicted of federal crimes?

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 Can POTUS pardon anyone in the US, or only those charged with/convicted of federal crimes?

No. The president's pardon and clemency powers are strictly federal. Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Consitution says: "he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." And before anyone starts talking about Ford's pardon of Nixon, Nixon was never impeached. Nixon pulled the ol' ejection handle and bailed out before the impeachment was formalized in Congress.


Question: are wooden stairs supposed to creak? Will they eventually break? What about other types of wooden furniture?

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 are wooden stairs supposed to creak? Will they eventually break? What about other types of wooden furniture?

The creaking of wooden stairs is due to changes in the wood itself -- drying, bending -- which changes how the boards and nails are positioned related to each other. This makes the stairs "loose" on a very small scale, not loose enough to fall apart but enough that the wood and nails aren't tightly bound to each other but can rub against each other, causing the creaks. This is not an indication that the stairs are going to break or collapse -- a dry, slightly-shrunk board isn't significantly weaker than when it was a brand-new board, but if the house is very old and has not been cared for, other factors could cause structural weakness and stair failure. tl/dr: creaking isn't a sign of imminent structural failure, it's a sign of old boards. How structurally sound old boards are depends on a bunch of factors, some of which are related to creaking, but one is not a sign of the other.


Question: Why does 2% cash back seem better than 2% off everything or 2% cash applied directly to my monthly bill?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 2% cash back seem better than 2% off everything or 2% cash applied directly to my monthly bill?

Because our stupid monkey brain is wired that way. They did an experiment with monkeys where the monkey was presented with two choices. In one the researcher held out a single grape but when the monkey picked them the researcher added a second grape and gave them to the monkey. Option 2 was a researcher who showed three grapes and then took one away before handing them over. The monkeys **overwhelmingly** preferred the one who gave them something rather than the one who took one away despite the outcome being the same. Humans are exactly the same way. Being given money feels better than vague sense that the price is slightly lower.


Question: Why do larger capacity SSDs have better read and write speeds than smaller ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do larger capacity SSDs have better read and write speeds than smaller ones?

Higher capacity SSDs are very similiar to lower capacity SSDs (for the same model), but have more flash chips to store data. The controllers in SSDs can access these chips in parallel, at the same time, and so can transfer more *total* data to more chips in the same amount of time, than they could with any chip individually.


Question: what’s the point of using credit cards? Why would you bother borrowing money on such a short term loan?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what’s the point of using credit cards? Why would you bother borrowing money on such a short term loan?

Well, for one, it builds credit. You're more likely to get approved for loans if you have a record of paying off debt (however small). Also, it's way more secure. It's waaaaaay easier to cancel fraudulent charges on a credit card that get money back removed from your checking account.


Question: Being a marine animal, why haven’t dugongs developed the ability to breathe underwater?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Being a marine animal, why haven’t dugongs developed the ability to breathe underwater?

No marine mammals have the ability to breathe underwater. They lost the ability and never re-gained it. Evolution is not intelligent design, and it frequently results in suboptimal organisms. [Here's]( URL_0 ) the history of ceteceans, the most common group of marine mammals.


Question: How do people initially determine the amount of protein, carbohydrates, and fat in a food item?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people initially determine the amount of protein, carbohydrates, and fat in a food item?

Foods are pretty complex, so the tests used also get complicated pretty quickly, but there are a couple basics. For fat, you can weigh the food first, then wash out the fat with special liquids (solvents). You can remove the solvents from the fat to get the weight of fat alone. For protein, people usually look for the element nitrogen. There are specific measuring methods to get the amount of nitrogen in the sample, and then a mathematical formula is used to convert that to an amount of protein. Carbs are kind of assumed to be what's left over from the other two kinds of tests.


Question: What’s the importance of protecting old growth trees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the importance of protecting old growth trees?

They take a very long time to grow and establish that balanced ecosystem under them. If you cut them down, the ecosystem is disrupted and it will take 100 years for it to recover.


Question: What happens once curiosity or Perseverance die out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens once curiosity or Perseverance die out?

> Like do they just stay in Mars? They don’t really have any other options do they? When they stop working they aren’t going to suddenly decide to teleport to Earth or something. Their behavior will become the same as other inanimate objects. > Do they self destruct? There was no reason to include a system to turn a rover into small pieces of rover spread all over the place, and several good reasons not to. A self-destruct doesn’t make something just vanish. > What about voyager 1 or 2 They too will do what inanimate objects do, namely nothing. The Voyager probes will keep on going until they hit something.


Question: Why is there an automatic margin on the body of an HTML document?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there an automatic margin on the body of an HTML document?

It's legacy. It stems back to the very early days of HTML, when CSS was not a thing yet. Back then people used to simply put plain text directly into the body (most pages back then were just purely text + links). In order to make the text not stick to the window borders, a default margin was added. Since the same sort of default margin was present in a typical word processor, this felt very natural to people.


Question: How does a MIG welder work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a MIG welder work?

A MIG (Metal Inert Gas \[It won't react with the metal\]) welder is an arc welder that uses high voltage electricity to generate heat and melt the feeder wire to the base material. You have a grounding cable attached to your work station and as welder pulls the trigger the wire is pushed through the nozzle completing the arc and the resulting electricity (depending on the voltage and heat settings for various metals and thicknesses) melts the base metal and the feeder wire to create a weld. If your voltage is too low the resulting arc does not generate enough heat to melt the base metal. If the voltage is too high it just melts complete through it resulting in a hole in your base metal.


Question: Why has USA not included Saudi Arabia in their banned countries list?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why has USA not included Saudi Arabia in their banned countries list?

Saudi Arabia is in fact worse than ISIS - you cannot survive in it if you are not Sunni Muslim, they probably killed more people for having "wrong" faith than ISIS. US are strong allies of SA because of money. Both work together to stabilize oil prices, both worked together to fight communism, both have investments in each other. Also there are indications that Saudi government was connected to 9/11, and not including SA in this ban just shows how stupid trump is and how stupid are those americans who elected him.


Question: While blowing soap bubbles,why do some soap bubbles burst earlier than the others?And some bubbles take a lot of time to burst?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 While blowing soap bubbles,why do some soap bubbles burst earlier than the others?And some bubbles take a lot of time to burst?

First we need to understand how bubbles work. A bubble occurs when a gas becomes enclosed by another material. Bubbles can occur between liquids, gases, and solids, but for simplicities sake we’ll say that our bubbles occur when air becomes trapped in a soapy membrane. Any amount of gas has a pressure that it exerts on its surroundings so the walls of the bubble will expand outward, however, the atmosphere outside of the bubble also experts its pressure on the bubble inward. When these pressures equalize, the bubble stabilizes into a roughly spherical structure, as spheres have the smallest surface area to volume ratio, which is favorable in nature. Unfortunately, our ideal models rarely mimic reality. Even if your soapy mixture is distributed evenly and there are no defects in the bubbles structure, the environment around the bubble introduces too many forces on the bubble for it to hold together forever. A simple air current or even the energy from the heat of the sun or a light bulb is enough to upset the delicate structure of the bubble. Any bubbles that last longer than others most likely have a thicker membrane which would be more likely to absorb and distribute any energy it absorbs before breaking


Question: Why there aren't any human size insects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why there aren't any human size insects?

The Square-cube law, and the fact that they don't have lungs. If you increace the size of something, its height increases by a factor of n, its surface area increases by n^2 , and its volume increases by n^3 . Double the size of something, and you increase its height by 2x you increase its surface area by 4x and you increase the volume by 8x. Oxygen transfer takes place over the area of a surface. The amount of tissue that needs oxygen is based on its volume. Double the size of an animal, it gets 4x more oxygen, but it has 8x more tissues that need oxygen, so now it's effectively getting about 1/2 of the oxygen it needs. Insects have holes in the sides of their abdomens that they breathe through. That's enough for a creature that small. But mammals have lungs. Lungs are shaped like trees. A shape that maximizes surface area, to have enough area to transfer enough oxygen to live. For reference, an adult human's skin has an area of about 2 m^2 their lungs have a surface area of about 100 m^2, or about the size of a tennis court. If like insects, humans breathed through their skin, they'd only get about 1% of they need. Which is why you can't have human sized bugs.


Question: Why do McDonald's fries start to taste gross after a small period of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do McDonald's fries start to taste gross after a small period of time?

They are soaked in oil and covered in salt. Over time they cool and the salt pulls any remaining moisture out of them. The fries themselves are very thin, so this happens quickly. The end result being the potato portion of the fry is literally a shell of its former self, the oil and salt survive just fine. So you're left with something that's more a vehicle for getting cold oil and salt into your mouth, instead of steamy potato goodness.


Question: How do big companies like Apple and Google avoid paying tax in so many different countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do big companies like Apple and Google avoid paying tax in so many different countries?

It's easy if you're an international company. Let's say you do business in two countries: Country A (60% tax) - Sales: $1 billion - Manufacturing costs: $0.5 billion - Research and Development: $0.5 billion - Net profit: $0 - Tax Owed: $0 Country B (0% Tax) - Sales: $1 billion - Manufacturing costs: $0 (all your items were manufactured in country A) - Research and Development: $0 (all your research was done in country A) - Net profit: $1 billion - Tax Owed: $0 Even though the average tax rate was 30% across all your sales you paid $0 in taxes on 1 billion profit. This is the basic format for how paying no taxes works, but in reality there are far more line items and complexity to the format.


Question: What is the psychology behind Pareidolia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the psychology behind Pareidolia?

Your brain is nearly always working on incomplete information and so has to fill in gaps with what it thinks might be there. This is a helpful survival technique in that you spot the end of a stripy tail and a few feet away from that a few thick white whiskers and your brain fills in the gap that there is a tiger in the bushes. URL_0


Question: Do magnets work in space? Are they the same as they are on Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do magnets work in space? Are they the same as they are on Earth?

Yes they work in space the same as the work on earth. Compasses work the same way as well but not at first glance. Magnetism isn’t dependent on gravity or our particular planet.


Question: Aside from knowledge of the subject, what makes somebody good at debating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Aside from knowledge of the subject, what makes somebody good at debating?

In formal Lincoln-Douglas debate, each side, Affirmative and Negative, will debate a “resolution”, the topic of debate. Each is expected to adhere to a “value.” This is the core of your argument, the source from which everything you say will be derived. A well-argued debate will thus be two sides arguing that each one’s value is more important when weighing which side the resolution you fall on. (The section in which you build on your value is your “contentions.”) If the resolution is “the United States should have stricter gun control” the Affirmative might take the value of “Safety” and the Negative might take “Freedom.” The Aff will argue that safety is more important than freedom and the Neg will argue the reverse. You don’t know walking in what your opponent’s value will be or what they’re going to say, only which side you’ll be on (you’ll take both at least once during a day of rounds; your own opinion is irrelevant.) A good debater though will be able to A) anticipate what their opponent’s value is going to be (and thus, what arguments they’ll make) or B) argue against an unexpected value on the fly. There is a formal structure to a debate as well. Under the National Forensic League Rules, it goes: Affirmative Opening Negative Cross Examination Negative Opening Affirmative Cross Examination Affirmative Rebuttal Negative Rebuttal Affirmative Closing Debaters will be judged on each section. The scoring is based on many factors including how well they spoke, whether they addressed all of their opponents’ points, and whether they successfully addressed the points or made unconvincing arguments. In cross, the score is based on whether the debater questioning asked sharp, probing questions that prevented their opponent from speechifying and if they brought out a concession. The questionee is judged on how well they maintained their composure and whether they were able to successfully defeat their opponent’s traps. Overall, the debaters are scored on how well they adhered to their value, whether the contentions did, in fact, support that value, and whether they were able to successfully argue that their value is superior.


Question: why is it people can hear our phone calls through car speakers but not our music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it people can hear our phone calls through car speakers but not our music?

Cause the volume on phone calls is louder?


Question: if smoke has a a lot more components than air, why when in a burning building does oxygen stay near the floor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if smoke has a a lot more components than air, why when in a burning building does oxygen stay near the floor?

It's mainly that the smoke is much hotter and rises to the ceiling, whereas the ambient air is cooler and stays in the lowest level of the stratification.