Question: Math: In Poker, when trying to evaluate how likely it is that you will make the best hand by the river, it's assumed that the cards that'll make your winning hand are still in the deck, when they could have actually been dealt and folded already. Why is this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Math: In Poker, when trying to evaluate how likely it is that you will make the best hand by the river, it's assumed that the cards that'll make your winning hand are still in the deck, when they could have actually been dealt and folded already. Why is this?

When drawing a card the odds that it will be any one particular card are 1 in 52. The odds that it will be **somewhere else** are 51 in 52 - that somewhere else could be still in the deck, mucked or in someone else's hand. Where that card is doesn't change the statistical odds. Excepting of course that the odds reduce based on the number of cards you can actually see (so if you can see your two cards and 2 already on the river the odds are reduced to 1 in 48) But you still don't know where the other cards are going to be - they could be anywhere and the odds of them being in any particular place are still the same. You can of course guess based on what you **think** the other players have been dealt. But it would only be a guess. How good of a guess it will be it what separates good poker players from the rest of us.


Question: Why do lights in the distance appear to be shimmering?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lights in the distance appear to be shimmering?

The air has different densities and temperatures at different locations, so it warps the path of light a little, like a lens.


Question: Are opiliones(daddy long legs) intelligent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are opiliones(daddy long legs) intelligent?

They are not. They don't have anything resembling a brain, just some simple nerve clusters called ganglia. All they do is pretty much a preprogrammed reaction to a certain stimulus.


Question: How exactly are imaginary numbers useful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly are imaginary numbers useful?

i is useful because sin and cos can be represented by e^(i*x) also known as Euler's equation. This makes calculus much more convenient. Also imaginary is a bit of misnomer. It's not that the number doesn't exist it just exists on another dimension of the number line. Normally you have just one axis say an x axis that goes from negative infinity to positive infinity. Now add a y axis to this graph. On this y axis are all the imaginary numbers


Question: Why do objects with a higher thermal conductivity feel colder to the touch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do objects with a higher thermal conductivity feel colder to the touch?

They only feel cold to the touch if they're colder than our skin. If they're hotter than our skin, they'll feel hotter than something with lower thermal conductivity at the same temperature. This is because our body can't detect temperature. All we can detect is rate of heat transfer. The faster the heat transfer (in either direction) the more extreme it feels to us.


Question: Einstein's photoelectric law states that photos of a frequency equal to or greater than the work function of a metal will cause electrons to leave. How can these electrons leave?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Einstein's photoelectric law states that photos of a frequency equal to or greater than the work function of a metal will cause electrons to leave. How can these electrons leave?

No, it would have enough kinetic energy to leave the material, but as it traveled farther and farther away, it would slow down, eventually reaching zero kinetic energy at an infinite distance. Here's an analogy; the Earth is a material, and a rocket is an electron. The rocket is accelerated to escape velocity, and it leaves the Earth at great speed, but since the Earth's gravitational field extends infinitely, the rocket would always be slowly accelerating towards the Earth. So the rocket would get slower and slower, and as its distance from Earth reached infinity, its speed would reach zero. Just like the electron getting knocked out of a material, it initially has a nonzero speed, but slows down to zero speed at an infinite distance away. Edit: There's also a few other differences between gravitational fields and the fields that influence electrons; force due to gravity is inversely proportional to distance^2, but the forces between an electron and an atom are not as simple. The force when an electron is near an atom is incredibly strong, but the force even a few more nano-meters away almost fully disappears, so an electron that is ejected with JUST the right amount of energy will have practically no (but still nonzero) kinetic energy as it moves away from the material it was ejected from.


Question: Why do phone solicitors wait until you say "Hello?" twice before speaking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do phone solicitors wait until you say "Hello?" twice before speaking?

Because a computer called you and once you answer it takes a second for the human to see someone actually answered


Question: How do speed cameras capture speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do speed cameras capture speed?

In my understanding it's not the cameras that catch speed, they only take a photo of the speeding vehicle. You have either a ground sensor that measures the speed with which the wheels of the vehicle get from point A to point B, or a laser sensor that measures the speed of the object by comparing how long it takes for the light to bounce back in a couple of measurements.


Question: Why some physical properties are measured in log scale? For example decibel system for sound and the Richter Scale for magnitude of earthquakes.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why some physical properties are measured in log scale? For example decibel system for sound and the Richter Scale for magnitude of earthquakes.

Because some things are better understood as increasing exponentially rather than linearly. An example I've heard is If you were walking around and saw a lion, you'd obviously panic a bit. But then you saw a second lion. You'd probably panic quite a bit more. But imagine that there were 70 lions to begin with, and then you saw one additional lion. That 71st lion probably would barely register, as it really is meaningless given the already 70 lions. To have a similar level of panic increase, you'd need a proportionally large increase in the number of lions. That's why 1 to 2 is so impactful - you're literally doubling the threat In the same regard, the difference between two sounds or two earthquakes doesn't really make sense to measure linearly - there needs to be a proportional difference for us to really "feel" the difference A log scale is a way of converting exponential / proportional values into a linear scale so that we can mathematically "understand" the numbers more intuitively


Question: in socialist governments, who actually owns businesses like restaurants, coffee shops, etc? And how do those people not become rich causing inequality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 in socialist governments, who actually owns businesses like restaurants, coffee shops, etc? And how do those people not become rich causing inequality?

In a truly socialist country (like Cuba), the government owns the shops, and the people who work there are government employees.


Question: How do workers get stock options in a company?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do workers get stock options in a company?

Companies will compensate employees with stock options either as part of their normal compensation package or as a performance or retention bonus. The stock option allows the employee to buy stock in the company at a discounted rate. Usually the stock options are on a vesting schedule after they’re granted. This means that the employee doesn’t get all of the options upfront but instead gets them over time. When the employee leaves the company they will be given a period of time (around 3 months) to exercise any vested stock options. If they do not exercise the options during this period they lose those options


Question: On a molecular level, what causes metal to bend permanently? Explain what causes the flexing to fail and something to finally bend.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On a molecular level, what causes metal to bend permanently? Explain what causes the flexing to fail and something to finally bend.

Metal atoms arrange themselves into crystalline cubes or rectangles or hexagons. Then they stack those crystals to make larger “grains” of huge numbers of atoms all arranged in the same way. When you bend metal slightly and it rebounds, those crystals and grains are flexing but the atoms are not changing positions. This is “elastic” deformation. When you bend metal significantly and it doesn’t rebound, you’ve overpowered the bonds in those crystals and forced the metal atoms to shear past eachother into a new position and deform the grains. This is “plastic” deformation. The atoms are now locked in the new configuration and you can’t go back. Some metals shear easily like gold and will bend readily, others prefer to shatter the grains instead and break in half under heavy stress without much deformation. In glass and ceramic materials the sheared bonds do not rearrange, so there’s no permanent deformation at all before the material breaks.


Question: what is bankrupcy? Where does the debt go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is bankrupcy? Where does the debt go?

Real life lawyer who does bankruptcy here. There are two types of bankruptcy that you, a regular person, would be looking at. These are Chapter 7 and Chapter 13. There are other chapters, but those are for other situations, like businesses or fishermen, and we don't care about those. A Chapter 7 is called a "liquidation," but, don't panic, that name is extremely misleading. 99% of the time, you don't actually lose your stuff. This is the default bankruptcy, where your debt just gets discharged and that's the end of the story. A Chapter 13 is called a "restructuring." This is only used in situations where a person doesn't qualify for a Chapter 7 (e.g. their income is too high) or they have stuff that we can't protect in a Chapter 7 (e.g. too much equity in a house). In this type of bankruptcy, you have to make payments to the trustee for 3-5 years and then your debts get discharged. Under any type of bankruptcy, you are given very generous exemptions. Exemptions are like buckets that you can put your stuff in in order to protect it. For example, under the Federal (default) rules, you are given $3775 in motor vehicle exemption that you can apply to a car. This means that you can protect up to $3775 worth of equity (value - loan) in a vehicle. Due to how quickly vehicles go down in value, it's very rare for the motor vehicle exemption to not cover the entire amount. There are exemptions for houses, household goods, clothing, etc. Some exemptions, like for child support due or retirement accounts, are infinite. There's also a magical exemption called the D5, or "wildcard" exemption, which you can use on anything. Own a car worth more than $3775? Throw some D5 on it. Have a bitchin' scooter? D5 it. The most common use of D5 is to protect cash and money in the bank. The value of D5 is a flat amount plus a portion of the unused home exemption, and it's extremely generous. To answer some of your specific questions: > What is bankruptcy? Bankruptcy is a Federal process that discharges debt and protects you from creditors. Once you file, you get the protection of the Automatic Stay, which ends any collection activity against you (including foreclosures, lawsuits, etc). > Where does the debt go? It gets discharged, meaning you don't owe it anymore. The creditor can write it off as a loss if they want. > So if i by a house and declare bankruptcy it won't get taken away? 99% of the time, correct. What matters here is your equity (value - loan). As long as you have enough exemptions to protect your equity, nothing happens and you keep it. If you don't have enough exemptions to protect your equity, there are several options. Many States have bonus house-exemptions that you can switch to. You can also do a chapter 13 and pay in the unexempt portion through the plan. You can also "buy back" the unexempt portion by paying the difference to the trustee. Also, if the unexempt portion is small, it's often not worth the trustee's hassle to sell the property. But, no matter what, **if you want to keep the house, you've got to keep the mortgage, too.** You'll have to sign a reaffirmation agreement (keep the debt alive contract) to keep the house. > Why wouldn't more people do that? Bankruptcy is actually extremely common. Just so far this year, my office has filed a couple hundred. I'm personally filing four this afternoon. In my district (which covers half of my State), we're already up to about 1500 filings. Filings are down lately, however. From this time 5 years ago, we're at about half of the filings that we were. This is because the economy is doing very well, which means that more people are earning too much to qualify for Chapter 7. People also have way more equity in their houses now, which is getting harder to protect. Just a few years ago, everyone was upside down in their mortgages and earnings were low, which was perfect weather for bankruptcy. > What's the difference in chapters? 7 Discharges debt and is easy and great. 13 Is a payment plan for 3-5 years. 11 is for businesses. 12 is for fishermen and farmers. We don't talk about those last two. > I realize it ruins your credit for 7 years This is a **huge misconception.** It's one of a number of misconceptions pushed by the only real loser in the bankruptcy process: unsecured creditors (credit card companies and medical debt). Your credit report is literally just a list that one company publishes about what other companies have said about you. It's 100% up to a person reading that report what they want to do with it and how they want to use it or consider it when dealing with you. There are no rules forcing them to behave a certain way for a certain score. The day you file, your score goes down. Within about 3-6 months from discharge, it's usually around where it was before you filed. After that, it keeps going up. The exact amounts and trajectories depend on your behavior (e.g. taking on new loans, defaulting on new loans, inflating it through secured credit, etc). In fact, within a week of filing, you are going to get flooded with junk mail trying to get you into a car loan, private loan, or credit card. Once you file, you become their perfect customer. This is because, once you get a discharge, you can't get another discharge for 8 years. This means that you are on the hook for that debt for at least 8 years, and, when you default, they've got at least a few solid years of garnishments they can squeeze out of you. > wouldn't it be worth it? Usually, yes. As long as you owe more than the filing fee (335 here) plus the attorney fee (~1000), and you don't have any special circumstances that make it risky (income too high, too much equity), it's worth it. If you get yourself a good lawyer, it's a very easy, very streamlined process. You'll need to do very little leg work yourself: get a bunch of documents (2 years of tax returns, 7 months of paystubs, titles, etc), take two boring hour long online courses (e.g. URL_0 ), and go to a 15 minute meeting (341 hearing).


Question: Why is it that when you yawn and hum at the same time the sound amplifies x100 directly in your ear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when you yawn and hum at the same time the sound amplifies x100 directly in your ear?

The Tensor tympani muscle. Your mouth, ear and nose are all connected and sounds travel easily between them. There is a tube that connects the middle ear to the back of your throat ([Eustachian tube]( URL_1 )) At the top the tube is the [tensor tympani muscle]( URL_0 ) and it can dampen sound like a valve. Yawning opens the valve. That's also why yawning helps balancing pressure in the middle ear when taking off in an airplane.


Question: How are obscure and complex probabilities determined? For example, what are the chances of running into a friend on a random street in a tiny remote town without knowing the other person was there or planning to travel there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are obscure and complex probabilities determined? For example, what are the chances of running into a friend on a random street in a tiny remote town without knowing the other person was there or planning to travel there?

By breaking their dependence down into things you can know or guess using techniques like Bayes Theorem. If you move randomly at 5 km/h (which seems unlikely) and there are 25 km of road in the town and you take an hour long walk after dinner then statistics can say which 20% of the town's road network you're most likely to be on based on where you eat dinner.


Question: what's the difference between a producer and consumer city?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the difference between a producer and consumer city?

Producer cities produce things. Consumer cities consume things. A producer city creates things and has an economy based on what it sells. The consumer city would have money coming in either from government taxes, military, or wealth made elsewhere.


Question: Why ban laptops from flights? Can't a tablet or even a phone be loaded with the malware it would take to bring a plane down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why ban laptops from flights? Can't a tablet or even a phone be loaded with the malware it would take to bring a plane down?

It has nothing to do with Malware. The latest "intel" from the oh so dependable "undisclosed sources" is that terrorists are planning to build bombs inside of laptops to blow up planes in mid flight.


Question: If a bear can consume excess calories and hibernate without food/water for weeks, why cant we do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a bear can consume excess calories and hibernate without food/water for weeks, why cant we do it?

URL_0 this is an interesting story of a man who fasted for 382 days. We need water and a few essential nutrients, but we CAN fast for long periods if we have enough fat reserve.


Question: Why are most laser pointers red?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most laser pointers red?

Red solid state lasers using a red laser diode are super cheap to make and have very low complexity. Green lasers involve an IR laser shot through a crystal. The IR laser needs to have much greater power than the final green output and for safety you need to add an IR filter to prevent IR leakage. Blue lasers solid state lasers from blue laser diodes are newer and still not as cheap to manufacture as red. To answer your question directly, it comes down to cost.


Question: Why do blues look darker than yellows when colours are the same intensity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do blues look darker than yellows when colours are the same intensity?

It has to do with the *way* that we see color. Inside your eyes are little structures called cones and rods. There are cones and rods for blue, red, and green. * When blue light hits your eyes, it activated the blue receptors strongly, but very poorly activated the others. * Red light activated the red receptors strongly, and a little bit of the green receptors, and very poorly with the blue receptors. * Green light activated the green receptors strongly, and a little bit of the red and blue. * Yellow light activates the green receptors strongly, the red receptors moderately, and the blue receptors very poorly (often not at all). There’s more to it, though. We perceive different luminosity of the colors themselves. Red is about twice as “bright” as blue, and green is about six times as bright as blue. When you want to specify the luminosity of a color, you take a ratio (59% green value, 30% red value, and just 11% of the blue value). This is because of how the light activated receptors. More active receptors means it’s brighter, but since each base color has its own brightness, we need to add it up to find out! This means that yellow is a combination of the two brightest colors, and active on multiple receptors, so it appears even brighter than either on their own. If you care for the formula: L[Y] = (0.30R x 1) + (0.59G x 1) + (0.11B x 0) = 0.89 This is a fancy way of saying that it has a luminance of 0.89 out of a possible 1. Red would have 0.3 on its own, green would be 0.59, and blue would be 0.11. ##Too Long Didn’t Read; I’m Not A Scientist Basically, your eyes see different colors at different brightnesses because they’re more or less efficient at absorbing those colors. Because yellow is a combination of the two brightest colors that we perceive with cones and rods added together, it appears much brighter than other colors. It’s like you have three buckets. One filled with water, one filled with wine, and one filled with Gatorade. This isn’t a party I want to go to, but all right. Each bucket has a hole in the bottom. The water hole is 1 inch, the wine hole is 3 inches, and the Gatorade hole is 6 inches. If you open the holes for 1 second, you don’t get the same amount of liquid from each bucket. The size of the hole limits how much gets through. Bummer. But! If you hold the buckets over a bathtub and open multiple buckets, you end up with more than either bucket let out! Also it tastes terrible, don’t drink it.


Question: How do games "generate" what you see in-game, and tell graphics APIs (like OpenGL) where/how to draw it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do games "generate" what you see in-game, and tell graphics APIs (like OpenGL) where/how to draw it?

This is a pretty complex problem, but I can give an overview for a basic 3D engine. Every object in the game is made from a mesh of triangles. When the shapes in the game were originally designed, the vertices of every triangle were ordered. Based on the order (clockwise) the computer can calculate the normal vector to every triangle. This list of vectors and vertices is just stored as a monster array in memory - nothing fancy going on here! For efficiency it's stored as one list/array of vertex x, y, z coordinates with a numeric label and another list of vertex labels in groups of three to define the triangles . This is reasonably efficient since you don't have to repeat the definition of the xyz coordinate for all the vertices shared between triangles. Next you translate everything to screen coordinates. This is a geometric transform which maps every vertex on diverging perspective lines from the centre of the camera in cartesian coordinates, to a new system where these perspective lines are parallel and orthogonal to the screen. X and Y now align to the screen, and Z is the depth into the screen. Doing this simplifies a whole load of the following calculations since you no longer need to do any computation for perspective. The particular transform you apply controls the FOV. For the game to zoom in and out, for example if you look down the sights of a gun, it adjusts the transform. Now you step through every triangle in the giant array one by one. As you step through, you first check if the triangle is behind the camera, in screen coordinates this is trivial, if the z coordinates are negative its behind you and can be ignored. Once you've done this, remember those normals I talked about earlier, you check if they are pointing towards or away from you. You take the dot product of the normal vectors and a vector along the Z axis (another convenience of screen coordinates). All the triangles which aren't facing you, they can be ignored too. For the remaining triangles, you compute the angle between any light sources, and the triangle and the pixel being rendered. There is a simple relationship between angles and brightness of the triangle. Now you render the triangle in screen coordinates based on it's calculated brightness, color, texture and place it into the z buffer. The z buffer is a piece of memory set aside which is large enough to store the RGB value of every pixel on your screen, plus the z coordinate of the pixel. As you render every triangle, you check every rendered pixel against the z buffer. If the z coordinate is less than the data already in the z buffer, then it overwrites the data in the buffer, otherwise the information is thrown away. This ensures you don't render objects blocked by other objects. Once complete, you display the z buffer contents on the screen. For the next frame, you repeat this whole process again. There's a phenomenal amount of computation going on! In reality there's a whole load more going on to make everything look smooth and textured rather than blocky - but that's the gist of it!


Question: How come fast food taste so much more intense and better than „regular“ food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come fast food taste so much more intense and better than „regular“ food?

Salt, sugar, and fat content. Higher amounts than what is present in something you cook at home. Look at the calorie content of food at restaurants. It's almost always double or more than the "normal" version of that food.


Question: Popcorn ceilings are visually ugly, but they seem to help the hard-of-hearing in a room with tall walls, versus that of visually-pleasing bare ceilings. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Popcorn ceilings are visually ugly, but they seem to help the hard-of-hearing in a room with tall walls, versus that of visually-pleasing bare ceilings. Why?

Popcorn ceilings provide a textured surface which dampens noise in a room. When the sound waves hit a nice clean flat ceiling they're cleanly mirrored and bounce back which can cause an echoing effect and if someone is hard of hearing that echoey noise can interfere with their efforts to hear and understand what someone is saying to them. By dampening the ambient noise (as well as potential noise from other rooms, which is why they're very popular in apartment/condo complexes) the person listening is more likely to only hear the sound from the other person's voice, and no ambient other sounds to interfere. As to their ugly/pleasing nature, that's pretty subjective. You might find it ugly, but someone else might like they way they look.


Question: Could anyone explain to me Limits at infinity? I'm having a hard time grasping topics related to calculus:(

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could anyone explain to me Limits at infinity? I'm having a hard time grasping topics related to calculus:(

Basically you want to know what happens to a function when you plug in really really big numbers. For example, let’s say you wanted to know the limit as x approaches infinity of 1/x. Well, what’s 1 over a million? Pretty small right? What about 1 over 100 million? Even smaller! You can keep doing that over and over, and it just keeps getting closer to 0. So, we’d say that the limit of 1/x as x approaches infinity is 0.


Question: If I’m in the Southern hemisphere and I see the full moon, will someone in the Northern hemisphere see it too?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I’m in the Southern hemisphere and I see the full moon, will someone in the Northern hemisphere see it too?

Yes, the phases of the moon depend only on the relative positions of the sun, moon and earth. The moon does appear "upside down" to people on different hemispheres though.


Question: How does the Mercator Projection make navigation easier?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Mercator Projection make navigation easier?

This is as you can draw a straight line to where you want to go and travel in that direction on a compass and you will get there due to the projection being elongated and all rectangles representing the exact same area on earth. Though it won't be the quickest route, it's the one which will make the most sense in our minds as we are more used to (as a society) the Mercator projection.


Question: How do black holes shoot out jets if nothing can escape its gravitational pull?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do black holes shoot out jets if nothing can escape its gravitational pull?

A lot of the general rules of black holes are for non-rotating black holes because the math is *a lot* easier for them, but most black holes rotate so they play by slightly different rules. The jets of matter are sometimes called [Relativistic Jets]( URL_0 ) because they shoot off at a good fraction of the speed of light directly inline with the rotational axis of the black hole. There are a couple possible explanations for it, one of the more intuitive ones is that the spinning black hole messes with magnetic field lines in the accretion disk(the bright swirling matter around the black hole) and those magnetic fields launch particles out at high speed. The other theory involves frame dragging which is pretty heavy into general relativity soooo we'll just pretend its magnets today. Note that none of the material in the jet ever got to the event horizon, it couldn't have gotten without about 5 radii of the event horizons if it made it out. It all comes from the accretion disk which is spinning around the black hole and provides the matter for it to grow.


Question: Why do the U.S. (and many other nations) have fiat currencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the U.S. (and many other nations) have fiat currencies?

Pegging your currency to shiny metal means you give up quite a bit of control over your money supply. You can't "poof" in money like with a fiat currency, for example. This can be dangerous. Take the Great Depression, for instance. Banks don't store all of their deposits--they store a fraction of it and loan the rest. So when many people ask for their money back at the same time, the banks can't, and they fail. Their failure causes others banks who loaned them money to fail. These days, the Federal Reserve can jump in. Banks can take loans from them. They can increase the amount of money we have. In 2008, the Federal Reserve bought a bunch of worthless loans from the Banks with money poofed in from nowhere to stabilize the economy.


Question: why does almost every movie and TV show have that same 18-wheeler horn sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does almost every movie and TV show have that same 18-wheeler horn sound?

It's like the infamous Wilhelm Scream, just as there is lazy clip art, there is the same for sound.


Question: What makes an explosion so deadly when there is not shrapnel flying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes an explosion so deadly when there is not shrapnel flying?

The sudden expansion of gases - the real reason we call it an explosion - causes a shock wave and usually has quite the force to it. A very sudden burst of high psi (Pounds per Square Inch, pressure) can absolutely do serious physical damage to a human. This comes up on Mythbusters where they test how dangerous an explosion is with pressure sensors if you want to see it in action..


Question: If friction causes heat, why does moving air create a cooling sensation against skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If friction causes heat, why does moving air create a cooling sensation against skin?

Normal wind doesn't move fast enough to cause significant skin friction. The cooling sensation is caused by something called convection. Basically, since air doesn't conduct heat very well, the heat from your body stays in the air pretty close to your body, and the best way to carry the heat from your body is to take the warmer air near your body away, and replace it with cooler air, which is what wind does.


Question: How different is C++ to C#?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How different is C++ to C#?

C# developed by Microsoft is more like Java and less like C++ Vast majority of game engines will be written in a fast language like C or C++. For unity, they have a scripting API that you can use C# for. You can use whatever language you like as well, just needs to interface with the C/C++ compiled libraries.


Question: Why would a woman who has her tubes tied get an IUD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would a woman who has her tubes tied get an IUD?

Hormonal control. Also, tube tying does have a failure rate and if they did a scan they may have seen something that gave them concerns regarding the continued efficacy of that form of birth control (some tube tying versions use clips, for instance.)


Question: How come nuclear radiation from the countless nuclear weapons tests in the past hasn't (for the most part) caused widespread damage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come nuclear radiation from the countless nuclear weapons tests in the past hasn't (for the most part) caused widespread damage?

Yeah for the most part Radiation only travels so far before it becomes negligible. For the most part nuclear test sites are in the middle of no where. Russia tested in the middle of siberia which is thousands of miles from civilization. The U.S tested in the Nevada desert fairly far from any civilization. After a while above ground nuclear testing was banned though and now nuclear tests are done underground, making it even harder for radiation reaching the outside world. The effects of nuclear tests can be seen globally if you look hard enough, but its severity is less than that of our own sun.


Question: How exactly does a computer make sense of binary (1s and 0s)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does a computer make sense of binary (1s and 0s)?

Binary is just a representation of voltages on circuits. Those circuits do basic binary arithmetic (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR), and produce new voltages out the other end accordingly. You line up a lot of those and it looks like you've taught a rock to think using electricity. Binary is just how we represent whether we're putting positive voltage on the line or not.


Question: What does 'Congruence Bias' actually mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does 'Congruence Bias' actually mean?

Congruence Bias is when you rely too much on what you think is the answer and ignore other testing. For instance, lets say you've always driven to your office the same way because that's how someone once showed you. In your mind that is the correct way to go. You believe this strongly enough that you neglect to test other routes. Since your route is congruent with what you believe to be the "best route" you no longer test the other options.


Question: Does washing fruits and vegetables with running water alone really remove dangerous microbes and other stuff that makes you sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does washing fruits and vegetables with running water alone really remove dangerous microbes and other stuff that makes you sick?

You should wash it. However, a rinse is used to remove dirt and other gross contaminats from the surface. It will not remove any waxy coatings, pesticides, or microbes on the food.


Question: How do stunt people walk away from trauma that would cripple an ordinary person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stunt people walk away from trauma that would cripple an ordinary person?

Aside from safety equipment, CGI and camera angle tricks, there are other ways choreographers and stunt people remain safe. In many martial arts and gymnastics you learn how to fall, roll, flip and move in various ways without getting hurt. Parkour is an example of this; to understand watch a video of someone jumping from a height and rolling when they hit the ground. An understanding of the body, how to move, and what will injure you (alongside having toughened bodies from exercise and conditioning) allow stunt people to perform many different things! Also! Many stunt people also perform stunts knowing they will most likely get hurt (depending on what the stunt is).


Question: The United States is on the verge “shutting down” if no budget is passed. We are already 21 trillion dollars in debt. Doesn’t that mean the government ran out of money a long time ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The United States is on the verge “shutting down” if no budget is passed. We are already 21 trillion dollars in debt. Doesn’t that mean the government ran out of money a long time ago?

Being in debt is quite normal. You are also likely in debt as you might have a mortgage, student loan and a car loan. You may not be 21 trillion dollars in debt but then again you do not own as much land or have as much income as the US government. The government shutdown issues in the US is unique to US law. The way it works is that congress issues the laws and the government with the president in charge have to follow these laws. One of the laws that congress issues is the government budget. This tells how much money the government have to spend on various issues. Note that they have to spend this money, it is required by law. However a law which is unique to the US is the debt ceiling. This law which again is issued by congress sets a limit for how much debt the government can have. In most countries there is no direct law setting this limit. As the government can only spend the money allocated in the budget they can not spend more money then the congress wants them to anyway. Trump is not allowed to take up a government loan to build a boarder wall towards Mexico as the budget does not have any money allocated for such a project. So congress is regulating government spending through both the budget and the debt ceiling. The issue is that every year the congress issues a budget with a budget deficit. This means that they order the government to spend more money then they make. Again this is not a big issue as long as the deficit does not become too big. The government can easily pay the debt later on. However when congress issues a new budget they often fail to also issue a new debt ceiling to allow the government to loan the money they have ordered them to spend. This means that every time the government is about to run out of money congress can get angry at the president for so badly managing the government so that they have spent more money then they have (as ordered by congress). And now congress have to save the day by increasing the debt ceiling which puts the government in more debt. And on top of this they will attach some unrelated piece of legislation on the new debt ceiling bill. If the president vetos the bill it his his fault again. & #x200B; This is like your mom handing you $5 to buy school lunch, even though she knows school lunch costs $6. If you come home hungry she is going to yell at you for not buying school lunch as she told you to. If you spend $6 she is going to yell at you for spending too much money on school lunch. Any way it is a problem that she created that only she can solve but you can be blamed for it.


Question: What are derivatives in Calculus and where could one actually use this in the real world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are derivatives in Calculus and where could one actually use this in the real world?

Derivatives in calculus are formulas for the rate of change of a function. If I'm walking 1 m/s in one second, 2 m/s in the next, 3 m/s in the third, one could describe my speed overtime as 1*t where t is the number of seconds I walked. The derivative of this function (1) is my acceleration, or the rate at which my speed changes. Derivatives are used in ***a lot*** of places. Basically any problem that involves optimization, whether in engineering, economics, physics, statistics, or really anywhere involves taking a derivative. To understand why this is, consider the following example: The efficiency of an engine as a function of the speed at which it's operating. If you were to graph it it would probably look something like [this]( URL_0 ). If we wanted to find the speed at which the engine is most efficient we could take the derivative of that function and find where the derivative (again, the rate of change) is 0. This corresponds to when the graph changes directions. Since there's only one point where that happens (the max), we know we've found our optimal speed.


Question: why do people zone out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do people zone out?

Humans are easily distracted, we've all got a lot going on in our heads at any given moment and sometimes it's easy to get caught up in a deep thought while you're awake in daily life. Often called 'daydreaming', it can happen when you're bored or disinterested in your surroundings, when you're stressed, or a variety of other emotions that would cause you to wander off in thought.


Question: why does your arm short circuit when you hit your elbow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does your arm short circuit when you hit your elbow?

Running very close to the elbow joint is a nerve called the "ulnar nerve." If you whack the bottom of your upper arm in a particular way, you'll jam the nerve up against the bone and cause a burst of sensation and motor impulse to run down your arm into part of your hand.


Question: Why does it feel like your finger is vibrating when gliding it across some phone edges or some surfaces?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel like your finger is vibrating when gliding it across some phone edges or some surfaces?

It's the repeated transition between kinetic and static friction forces, which aren't equal. You're applying more pressure into the glass than along its surface. So what happens is the lateral pressure to slide your finger builds up until it overcomes the static friction and your finger starts to slip, but very quickly your finger tip tissue is "reset" and the pressure angle relaxes because the finger tip is sliding smoothly away from the previous spot. Because you're exerting heavy downward pressure at some point friction overcomes the slide and your finger stops. It stays there until your hand catches up to the finger tip location and the lateral pressure again builds as the pressure angle adjusts and overcomes the static friction and it starts to slide again. This occurs generally on surfaces where your skin generates fairly decent static friction to grip something, but the kinetic friction is quite a bit lower once it starts sliding. Because those two frictional forces are so different, it creates that chattering or buzzing sensation when the swap between stationary static friction and sliding kinetic friction occurs rapidly.


Question: Why doesnt sodium and other reactive metals react in our body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why doesnt sodium and other reactive metals react in our body?

When you say reactive forms, for sodium that is just the metal not combined with other elements. I’m sure you’ve seen videos of what pure sodium metal does in water. Sodium in your body is sodium ions, Na^(+). It has already done the reacting you are thinking about which caused it to become an ion.


Question: How do “deals” work? Like a 2 for the price of 1 deal. You wouldn’t gain any money doing it. Sure, it might make the customer want to buy two of your items, but at the end of the day, you aren’t making any money.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do “deals” work? Like a 2 for the price of 1 deal. You wouldn’t gain any money doing it. Sure, it might make the customer want to buy two of your items, but at the end of the day, you aren’t making any money.

There are multiple possible outcomes to this: - You sell 2 for the price of 1, but production costs of 1 were 1/10th. Thus by selling 2 for 1 you reduce your profit from 90% to 80%. Still a massive win. - You actually make no profit at all, but the deal drags a lot of customers to your store, who will buy other stuff as they're there anyway, which will bring you profit. The #1 rule of trading is to buy or produce cheaper than you sell. The difference is profit.


Question: How does Hulu make a profit now that a membership comes free with a Spotify subscription?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Hulu make a profit now that a membership comes free with a Spotify subscription?

Hulu made money before they were a subscription service, they went freemium a bit too early in the game before netflix started making originals that were better than Network TV and started really dominating the market, now they are fighting for second against Amazon and HBO and they can't compete on service offered so they need to compete on price. Bundling their "pay" service in such a way as to make it available for free to as many people as possible helps them get more people to use their service who otherwise wouldn't because they feel they are getting something for nothing. I get hulu free with my sprint phone. Do you think for a second anyone switched to sprint to get the hulu? no way.


Question: Why aren't letters on keyboards in alphabetical order?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't letters on keyboards in alphabetical order?

This dates back to 1868. Newspaper publisher Christopher Latham Sholes ordered the letters on the keyboard to qwerty or qwertz layout that we know now because otherwise type levers of a type writer would get caught in each other while typing, so he thought. The layout puts the letters that followed each other the most as far away from each other as possible so that the type levers would not get caught in each other while using (typing). Qwerty has solely mechanical reasons or as one would say it has a statistical background, but it only came through since the 1920s


Question: How does water make noise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water make noise?

Sound is simply the waves of displacement in air. You get displacement whenever a collision occurs - waterfalls are a great quantity of individual water droplets hitting a surface at high velocity and in high density, which creates a loud white noise - because all the different sounds of water hitting water kinda blur together to make one big din. Water can make a sound when it interacts with water - try pouring some water into a full sink. You get a sound because the incoming water displaces the stagnant sink-water and thus creates waves of displacement in the air too. And the sound of a river is water colliding with things like rocks and irregularities on the riverbed.


Question: Why do humans feel the need to cover themselves before sleeping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans feel the need to cover themselves before sleeping?

Temperature Regulation, *not* because “it’s what we’re used to since birth” as the other posted notes. > About 60 to 90 minutes before a usual bedtime, the body starts losing core temperature. There’s a physiological explanation for that: when the body is heated, we feel more alert. And conversely, when the body cools down, we tend to feel sleepier. Cooler internal body temperatures are correlated with a rise in melatonin, a hormone that induces sleepiness. A bunch of doctors tested this out by making people wear skinsuits—they kind of look like cycling outfits—that dropped their body temperature just a touch, one or two degrees Fahrenheit, to see if they’d sleep better. They did. [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: why things like wood, noodles, paper, etc. become more pliable when wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why things like wood, noodles, paper, etc. become more pliable when wet?

One effect is water temporally breaking the hydrogen bonds between molecules or polymer chains (starch, cellulose) which would allow the chains to move past each other. Another effect is plasticization. where the glass transition temperature (where something goes from rigid to soft) is lowered - this is the principle behind drip dry clothing. There also may be a bulk effect where large fibres get locked due to friction, but are able to slide past each other when wet.


Question: On some websites it says that Venus is hotter than Mercury because it has an atmosphere, however where does that heat energy transfer to if space is a vacuum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On some websites it says that Venus is hotter than Mercury because it has an atmosphere, however where does that heat energy transfer to if space is a vacuum?

Planets can also emit excess heat through *radiation,* typically by emitting infrared light.


Question: what is the reason that almost every video game today has removed the ability for split screen, including ones that got famous and popular from having split screen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the reason that almost every video game today has removed the ability for split screen, including ones that got famous and popular from having split screen?

3 Main reasons: 1. It takes a lot of extra processing power to generate the split screen aspect. 2. Its development work they would rather put towards their more lucrative multiplayer (usually with microtransactions) 3. they sell more copies of the games to groups of friends who want to play it. Now all of those are horseshit reasons, and I want my couch coop back, but still. I would (and do) support games with couch coop, like borderlands, lovers in a dangerous spacetime, speedrunners, etc. I recommend you do the same. Also fuck Halo 5.


Question: Why do songs like Eye of the Tiger gets us pumped up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do songs like Eye of the Tiger gets us pumped up?

The fat, punchy rhythm of the drums are purposely mixed to sound aggressive combined with a chorus starting in a minor key which creates a sense of ugency. When the minor chorus is met with a major 4 and subsequent transition into a major 5 it resolves it in a way that feels like movement and progress are being made, like the relief you get when reaching the top of the stairs or doing the last rep in weightlifting. This is layered with a rising melody in the vocals that climb and reach a peak, especially right before it goes back into the verse. Because the verse is in a minor key and repeats itself, there's a sense that "the fight is never ending" creating a sense of perseverance especially with the return of the major keys later in the chorus. The song also clocks in at edit:116 beats per minute, which is about the fast paced walking speed similar to when you're in a rush, which adds to the urgency of a song. Edit: In celebration of my first silver URL_0


Question: How do computers start themselves during a reboot after they shutdown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do computers start themselves during a reboot after they shutdown?

There is something called ACPI which is an open standard for operations systems (windows, Mac os etc.) to communicate with the motherboard for a variety of purposes including but not limited to power management. There are many different kinds of reboots and restarts but the most full one involves having the os use ACPI to tell the motherboard to do the reboot in this case the motherboard will turn the OS and most components all the way off but stop short of turning itself off and then the motherboard will turn everything back on as if it was normal.


Question: Why does the lid and sides on my tupperware draw in after placing the lid back on after heating the contents?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the lid and sides on my tupperware draw in after placing the lid back on after heating the contents?

Heating air causes it to expand. Remember hot air balloons? They float because of this expansion effect. When you seal the container and it cools the air contracts and the walls are pushed in by the higher exterior pressure.


Question: What exactly are ETFs and are they a good thing to invest into ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly are ETFs and are they a good thing to invest into ?

A stock is a tiny ownership share of a company. It's value is related to the expected future profits of that company. It's hard to know exactly which companies will do well and which will do poorly, so a good strategy is to diversify into stocks of many companies in many lines of business. That way, the risk is spread out and you're less likely to be wiped out by bad news for one company. As the entire economy grows, so does your investment. It's a lot of work to manage a diversified portfolio of hundreds or thousands of companies, so you can pay someone else to do it by investing in a mutual fund. The managers if the fund do all the stock picking and make sure the investments are in line with the goals of the fund. In return, they charge a small fee, which eats some of the gains. In the last decades, more evidence has shown that on average it isn't possible for experts to do much better picking stocks than the average of the market as a whole, so there's no justification for higher fees for "better" mutual funds. Some funds get lucky and look really good, most don't. So, the ideal fund buys the whole stock market, has average returns, and very low fees. Those are called "index funds", where which the diverse stocks the fund holds are based on an index of the whole stock market, like the S & P 500 or Russell 2000. An ETF is a kind of mutual fund that trades more like a stock than a traditional mutual fund. It's value tracks some pool of stocks which back it, it's listed on exchanges, has a share price, etc. They are generally lower fee and more convenient to buy/sell than mutual funds. Because of their particular mechanics, ETFs can have slightly lower taxes than traditional mutual funds (in non-retitement accounts). Note that an "ETF" can be a fund made up of anything. There are ETFs for certain industries, other countries, bonds instead of stocks, real estate funds, etc. What your friend hopefully meant was low-fee ETFs that track the whole market or a broad stock market index. Those ETFs are a very good thing to invest in for long-term growth (10 years or more), where you can ride out market ups and downs, which you can set and forget. Like retirement. They are not a good choice for short-term savings, when you need an exact dollar amount in a couple of years, because they will rise and fall with the stock market.