Question: Why are unstable elements still considered elements?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are unstable elements still considered elements?

Well, they still sit there and exist. Some of them only do it for nanoseconds, but nevertheless. :) And while they exist, they have unique nuclear and (potentially) chemical properties. We could declare some arbitrary requirement like "you're not an element unless you're stable against decay for at least six minutes", but we don't have any reason to pick that number or any other. What makes this even trickier is that the stabilities of atoms follow a distribution, so in theory even the most unstable atom could surprise us and hold on for a hundred thousand years, or the most stolid iridium atom could only last five seconds. So even half-lives aren't a perfect descriptor.


Question: Why are men’s and women’s shoe sizes different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are men’s and women’s shoe sizes different?

It’s annoying. I wonder that too. 7 in men’s is like a 8.5 in women’s and then you look at how uniform European sizes are in shoes. I don’t know why American sizes are weird but if you’re having trouble finding your shoe size, most American shoes have the European number on them. Go by that.


Question: Why is there so much more land in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there so much more land in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere?

There is no other reason for it than that's where it happens to be right now. In plate tectonics theory, the continental crust - which makes up the land - wanders around on the denser oceanic crust. Only *extremely* slowly. 600 million years ago most of the land was in the southern hemisphere, and it's just at this particular geological "moment" all drifted up north.


Question: What causes that constant ringing in your ears and why does it get louder and softer seemingly at random?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes that constant ringing in your ears and why does it get louder and softer seemingly at random?

That’s tinnitus my dude, and not everyone has it. It’s not actually getting louder or quieter, but your attention sometimes just noticed it more.


Question: Why do documents say "any and all"? What is covered there that isn't covered by just saying "all"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do documents say "any and all"? What is covered there that isn't covered by just saying "all"?

In the old days legal stuff was written in latin. When writing it in english was new they would put the english word but then always say the latin word too. At some point that mutated into skipping the latin and just writing everything with two different english words. So there is dozens of examples of legal terms that are just the same word twice. "any and all" , "cease and desist" , "terms and conditions", "law and order", "null and void", "will and testament" Sometimes the words mean slightly different things, and there is a point to it, but a lot of the time it's just "this is how legal words are supposed to sound so it's 'breaking and entering' instead of just 'breaking into'"


Question: -Why is x the Universal/Default variable in algebra?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 -Why is x the Universal/Default variable in algebra?

Famous guy Descartes wrote a book about math notations and used a, b, c for known variables and x, y, z for unknown variables. Theories and speculation before this book cite original Arabic to Greek translation errors to land on Greek letter X to represent unknown, or Xei or Xenos that mean “thing” or “unknown”.


Question: How does the granulation of baking soda affect its use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the granulation of baking soda affect its use?

Food grade baking soda is a finer powder (~70microns) than refrigerator baking soda. The larger grains of refrigerator baking soda may affect the taste of your food if used for cooking - pockets of higher concentration, more difficult to dissolve, etc...


Question: how is mathematics used to explain/describe things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is mathematics used to explain/describe things?

The question is a bit broad, what do you mean with something real? I mean, take a ball used for golf. There are equations that represent a sphere. There are equations to calculate the surface area, the volume, the radius, etc. With all this math can explain something real. It also works on a bit more abstract things. Math can be used to describe a conversation between two people. After all, sound is only a wave. And math can describe waves (you propably know of Sine, cosine and tangent ) and with those waves we can describe sound.


Question: what happens in the brain of a person who suffers hallucinations due to schizophrenia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens in the brain of a person who suffers hallucinations due to schizophrenia?

What's going on in your brain is sort of like a giant traffic control center. Your brain can control the flow of traffic by opening or closing roads which will lead to a wide variety of effects. It controls the traffic with different chemicals called neurotransmitters. While we don't understand schizophrenia fully we think that a certain chemical called Dopamine is unregulated which leads to too many roads being opened and a bunch of havoc.


Question: Who decides the currency conversion rate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who decides the currency conversion rate?

Some countries have the governments control the exchange rate. For example, the Saudi Arabian Riyal is set so 1 U.S. dollar = 3.75 riyals. If you gave the Saudi Government 3.75 riyals, in theory they'd have to give you 1 US dollar. The rest have it treated like any other commodity. Just like rice, iron, or oil or any other thing. You got some people who want to sell it for X amount, if they find someone willing to buy it, they write down they sold it for X and that's the price. And people try to sell it for higher and get more money or undercut the price and sell it first.


Question: How do people sleep with their eyes open? Are their eyes still sending visual stimuli to the brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people sleep with their eyes open? Are their eyes still sending visual stimuli to the brain?

the eyes send visual stimuli even when they're closed, your ears send stimuli all night as well (as do most senses). your alarm wouldn't wake you if they didn't. the brain just tunes out minor stimuli


Question: How can Google make profits by providing free services like Google Map?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can Google make profits by providing free services like Google Map?

"If a service is free, you're not the client - you're the product." Google Maps allows Google to collect data from its users - where you are, what kind of restaurants you like, which places you like to visit. They can use this data to show you ads, or they can charge businesses to make them appear first in your search results.


Question: When we lose a game, why does our body feel a sense of failure even though it's not real? Why does our body accept failure at all? What's the point of such a negative emotion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we lose a game, why does our body feel a sense of failure even though it's not real? Why does our body accept failure at all? What's the point of such a negative emotion?

We feel the defeat of failure for the same reason we feel success. Knowing that we failed can drive us to try harder next time in the same way that succeeding makes us want to do it again. Sometimes, however, you don't know what you did wrong or how you could've done better, and all you feel is crushing defeat. when that happens, its the same reaction as when something in real life makes you sad, like breaking your phone. That's your body telling you that that thing is bad and should be avoided in the future. You'd be more careful with your second phone after you broke the first one, and you'd avoid a game that you've lost repeatedly (Think of a child who loses a game, then doesn't play anymore because 'the game is stupid').


Question: Why are all water droplets roughly the same size?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are all water droplets roughly the same size?

In a rain storm the winds are capable of supporting a droplet of a given size, beyond which they will fall to the ground. That applies to all the droplets; if they are smaller they keep flying around in the storm and once they get too large they fall down. That means we on the ground don't see the small ones and there is no opportunity for bigger ones to form.


Question: If the earth's crust is on top of the mantel in the form of plates, and the oceans are on top of the plates, wouldn't there be some spots for you water to spill through the plates and hit magma?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the earth's crust is on top of the mantel in the form of plates, and the oceans are on top of the plates, wouldn't there be some spots for you water to spill through the plates and hit magma?

Yup! One such location is the rift valley at the center of the [Mid-Atlantic Ridge]( URL_0 ). Where the plates separate magma meets sea water and forms new crust material.


Question: Why when stored vertically vinyl records do not warp but when stored laying flat (horizontal) they can warp?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when stored vertically vinyl records do not warp but when stored laying flat (horizontal) they can warp?

You can store them horizontally, you can even store two of them on top of each other, but keep in mind: The more you put on top of each other, the more weight will be on the bottom ones. The edges of the cover and sheet are twisted back and glued, which means that the paper there is thicker than in the middle. As such the middle of the record will be pressed deeper than the outer, which will make it warp. When taking a record from out of a horizontal stack, you will bend it. Not on purpose, but it will happen. Also the stack will fall over once in a while. And: Don't store them in direct sunlight. Don't store them next to a heater. Don't store them in your fireplace, you never know who accidentally fires it up.


Question: How can Netlifx offer a great selection of movies and series without ads running ever fifteen minutes, yet traditional cable tv can’t, even though they charge customers much more than Netflix does?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can Netlifx offer a great selection of movies and series without ads running ever fifteen minutes, yet traditional cable tv can’t, even though they charge customers much more than Netflix does?

Netflix offers a very similar value proposition to HBO. Subscribers pay a monthly fee and get a selection of movies and original programming and neither show ads. The monthly price of premium cable channels is very similar to the price of Netflix. Cable is a bundle of channels, offering in total far more content than Netflix (though it's a very broad bundle so only a small portion of the channels appeal to most subscribers). While the bundle price is higher, but each channel gets far less than Netflix gets (most channels get less than a dollar per month from each subscriber's cable bill) which means they supplement the monthly fee with ads. The other major difference is a cable bill also bundles together the content and delivery of said content. To fairly compare the price of cable with Netflix, you'd have to include some or all of your ISP bill too.


Question: when I’m on loudspeaker during a phone call on my phone, why don’t the speaker and the microphone create an infinite loop of echo?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when I’m on loudspeaker during a phone call on my phone, why don’t the speaker and the microphone create an infinite loop of echo?

URL_0 Here is an article that you’ll probably find useful. Essentially there is usually an algorithm that will cut out frequencies to avoid feedback. Sometimes it doesn’t work. I’m guessing there is also gain attenuation (variable mic input) goin on to help avoid feedback.


Question: Why are energy drinks bad for you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are energy drinks bad for you?

The excessive caffeine is bad for your heart and nervous system and can even sleep loss. The sugar is bad for your teeth and will cause weight gain. There is almost Zero nutritional value. Even the citric acid in the water can erode your teeth over time. Not to mention the laundry list of ingredients that seems like synthetic chemicals of one type or another.


Question: What exactly is the TSSS sound that comes from commercial trucks with air brakes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is the TSSS sound that comes from commercial trucks with air brakes?

The random air releases you're hearing is from an automatic air dryer. The tank will automatically purge air to remove condensation from collecting in the bottom of the tank.


Question: Why is it easier to parallel park in reverse rather that forward especially since it’s easier to see in front of you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to parallel park in reverse rather that forward especially since it’s easier to see in front of you?

It's because of the way the wheels are set up. "Most" (almost all) cars have front wheels that turn, which means that your turning radius when going in reverse is different than when going forward. Additionally, the direction of turn is swapped making alignment easier when backing in.


Question: Why, in statistics, would you ever want to represent data with the median as opposed to the average?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, in statistics, would you ever want to represent data with the median as opposed to the average?

Median is often a better picture. Imagine you have 5 company employees with the following salaries: - Jr. Accountant - $40k - Marketing Mgr - $50k - IT Helpdesk - $52k - HR Mgr - $60k - CEO - $500k Which is the better idea of overall income expectations for a job at the company? Average is $140k, while median is $52k. Or imagine that a town has 5 houses that sell for : $225k, 240k, $300k, $310k, $600k. Average is $335k, while median is $300k... not as extreme as the first example, but still only 1 of 5 houses cost more than the average while 4 are below. If you were trying to determine what towns you could afford, wouldn't knowing that 1/2 cost more than X and 1/2 cost less than X be a more useful tool to gauge affordability?


Question: Why does hot water release tea from tea leaves better than cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot water release tea from tea leaves better than cold water?

Hope this isn't too literally five: Remember in elementary school when the teacher had you all pretend to be molecules to learn about States of Matter? Going from still to walking to dancing or running around? The hot water molecules are moving around a lot more, almost as much as gas molecules (steam) so they bounce a lot more tea particles loose. Think about the tea bag as having suddenly found itself in a mosh pit, or in the middle of a ballroom full of waltzer's.


Question: Why is it that if I have two televisions on the same station, there is almost always a delay between the two but if two radios are on the same station, they are always in sync with each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that if I have two televisions on the same station, there is almost always a delay between the two but if two radios are on the same station, they are always in sync with each other?

The Radiowaves are always arriving at the same time(given the Radios are next to each other) whereas the TVs mostly stream their Information through a network, and might have a different setting for the Buffer-Size.


Question: If yogurt is made by using other yogurt then how was the first yogurt made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If yogurt is made by using other yogurt then how was the first yogurt made?

You don’t have to use yogurt to make other yogurt, you just need to capture lactobacilli from say surface of fruits, your hands etc. Then you keep cultivating it until all other bacteria die, and you have a starter culture.


Question: How do the police find matches to semen samples found at crime scenes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the police find matches to semen samples found at crime scenes?

Taste. Ok, no. They take the semen, run it through a system that takes the snippets of DNA from some sperm and makes lots and lots of copies of it. Then they "read" that DNA, and try to match it to the DNA of any suspects, as well as running it through any databases.


Question: What is the difference between Inkjet, Laserjet and Matrix printer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between Inkjet, Laserjet and Matrix printer?

An inkjet printer uses ink and is better for low volume (amount) printing and is normally better for home owners. A laserjet printer uses toner (dry powdery substance that gets electrically charged [stuck] to paper). This printer is much better for high volume (amount) printing and is seen much more in office settings. A matrix printer is most simile to a typewriter, meaning that it has a ribbon or sheet that is struck by a series of “hammers” against the paper.


Question: Who decides how much the president earns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who decides how much the president earns?

Assuming you mean the US President, the Constitution includes this provision in Article 2: > The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. The exact form of the presidential Compensation is set by Congress by law. Presently [US Code Title 3 Chapter 2 § 102]( URL_0 ) sets it at a $400 000 yearly salary to be paid in monthly installments, and a $50 000 expense account for private expenses while carrying out the duties of the office.


Question: What is Forex trading? What do you do? How does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Forex trading? What do you do? How does it work?

ForEx is trading in currency. Basically if a currency such as USD fluctuates in value relative to other currencies in the market, such as the Euro and people try to buy low and sell high ForEx traders buy and sell currency to make a profit (and there are some business reasons to trade as well). Actually trading it on the open market, like a stock, trying to make a buck, is an extremely specialized thing done by a very very small section of traders who pretty much only do this. Its a highly unusual field, and even veteran finance and traders don't know much about how its done (other than general ideas) because its so specialized. The community of ForEx traders is small. Its also has generally very low returns. Its something that is done only by places like very large banks, who will have like a single small office of people (compared to them being an enormous finance company) who just do ForEx trading For some reason this gets asked on reddit a lot, its strange because ForEx trading is more like a footnote of financial transactions that no one in finance even discusses. Note: ForEx trading is NOT the same thing as just exchanging currency. ForEx traders are more like stock traders, only that the "stocks" they happen to trade in are currency.


Question: How can you communicate using hexadecimals simpler than using the alphabet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you communicate using hexadecimals simpler than using the alphabet?

Hexadecimal isn't used in place of the alphabet. It's used instead of binary. Computers are based on two value logic. Everything you do with your computer ultimately boils down to either 'true' or 'false' in some combination. Those boolean values are combined into binary numbers for simplicity. But binary numbers are really hard to read because they're so long. Hexadecimal compresses those binary numbers into a more human-readable format since they take only a quarter as many digits.


Question: if you are sitting inside a diving bell or moon pool deep in the ocean, what happens when you dip you feet in the water that is under high pressure? Would the pressure crush your feet right when you step your feet in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if you are sitting inside a diving bell or moon pool deep in the ocean, what happens when you dip you feet in the water that is under high pressure? Would the pressure crush your feet right when you step your feet in?

No, the interior of the bell would be similarly pressurized. If it's an open bell you wouldn't be able to go super deep before the pressure crushed you, unless you had equal air pressure on the inside.


Question: Why Does Wrapping Certain Joints Alleviate Pain/ Prevent Injury?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Does Wrapping Certain Joints Alleviate Pain/ Prevent Injury?

Your tendons are supposed to hold your joints and associated bits together nice and tight. They don't heal easily, and when they're damaged they don't do their job properly, causing the load from your hands to transfer in unnatural ways to your arms. By wrapping your wrists, you've externally reinforced the tendons, ensuring the forces in your hands transfer as they're supposed to.


Question: Why do eyes seem to follow you in a photograph or painting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do eyes seem to follow you in a photograph or painting?

Basically you can tell if someone is looking at you if you see equal amounts of white on both sides around their pupil and iris. That basically means their eyes are centralized toward you. With paintings, if you paint someone to look straight ahead, no matter the angle, you still see equal amounts of white in their eyes because that's what in the picture, which brain interprets as the eyes being fixated on you.


Question: Why does glass bottle drinks tastes better than canned / plastic bottle drinks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does glass bottle drinks tastes better than canned / plastic bottle drinks?

Glass is non reactive therefore it will not contribute to changing the flavor of what it holds whereas aluminum and plastics are reactive and will interact with what they hold, changing the flavor over time.


Question: How to hospitals reverse a heroin overdose?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How to hospitals reverse a heroin overdose?

Narcan is one of a couple drugs that are administered to people who have overdosed on an opiate. It works by binding to the same receptors that opiates do, thus blocking their effects until the body can filter out the drugs itself. It can take multiple doses or narcan to save someone life as the drug will also wear off over time, possibly while there is still opiates present in the body


Question: Why do teeth and eyes require their own insurance? Could they not just be covered by traditional health insurance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do teeth and eyes require their own insurance? Could they not just be covered by traditional health insurance?

It's sortof a historical relic. For teeth, it's because the history of medicine and the history of dentistry are separate. In the medieval and early-modern period, the person who treated your tooth issues (primarily by ripping them out once they got too painful to tolerate) was usually a barber, sometimes some kind of skilled craftsman like a blacksmith. This was not seen as "healthcare" or the practice of "medicine" and it was not seen as a role for doctors. By the 20th century, as both medicine and dentistry became more advanced, they became partially intermingled, and as early as the mid-19th century in America is when dentistry as a scientific quasi-medical field began. But still, dentists are not medical doctors and don't go to medical school, they instead go to dental school, learning an entirely separate set of skills and body of knowledge, though they do get to be referred to as "Dr. So-and-so". But dentists are not members of the American Medical Association, a massive complex type of organization which functions as a kind of guild/regulatory agency, ~~which nearly all American doctors must be part of to practice medicine~~. It is because of this that dentistry is seen as a separate field from medicine. So health insurance doesn't cover it, and different, alternative forms of insurance were created. The same applies to vision. Lens-grinders who crafted eyeglasses were a specialized trade and not seen as part of the medical field. The reason that vision and dentistry are separate is because they were not originally seen as crucial fields for basic health, but as expensive specialized services. Over time as they advanced, they became widespread enough (though still expensive) that the widespread use of insurance as a way to afford treatment was necessary. EDIT: I misremembered a lot about the AMA apparently, sorry.


Question: When the side effect of a medication claims it may cause weight gain, is that because it changes your metabolism, stimulates your appetite, or something else?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When the side effect of a medication claims it may cause weight gain, is that because it changes your metabolism, stimulates your appetite, or something else?

Yes. Basically different medications can do all of those things, so weight gain could be because of multiple factors. If you're concerned then it's one to bring up with your doctor as probably the best source of information about whichever specific medication you're referring to.


Question: Why do we sometimes skip words without noticing when typing or reading?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we sometimes skip words without noticing when typing or reading?

This is a consequence of your brain having a deep understanding of a language and filling in in the gaps, or ignoring things that don't matter. You'll notice in that last sentence, I used a word twice in a row, but your brain may have ignored it. It's similar to how we can finish each other's sentences, because our brain has learned by repetition. When you're not fluent in a language, you're less likely to do this. For example, a novice Spanish speaker is going to notice a missing or duplicated word, because they're still trying to understand sentences word-by-word. Once you're fluent, you're reading/writing for broad comprehension, rather than making sure each word is correct. It's kind of like the tax you pay when you understand a language well enough that it's inconsequential for a word to be duplicated or missing, as it doesn't affect your comprehension.


Question: Given that the Schwarzchild radius of the mass of the universe is more than 13 light years, and the universe was once smaller than that, how did everything not instantly collapse into a singularity at the beginning of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Given that the Schwarzchild radius of the mass of the universe is more than 13 light years, and the universe was once smaller than that, how did everything not instantly collapse into a singularity at the beginning of time?

We aren't 100% sure on this yet. But whatever force (Dark Energy) that is causing the universe to expand is likely what overcame the force of gravity from collapsing the universe back into a singularity.


Question: what is posix in Linux? Read multiple articles, not understanding.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is posix in Linux? Read multiple articles, not understanding.

Posix is a bunch of standards about how operating systems should work if they want to be compatible. An operating system is the basic computer program that "runs" a computer; it's what supports all your applications and lets other programs actually work with the computer's hardware. Windows, Mac OS, Android, Linux, etc. are operating systems. Posix isn't an operating system, it's a bunch of standards about how an operating system should behave, how you "talk" to it, etc. Any operating system that follows the posix standards is posix compliant. Linus is a posix operating system. So is Unix. So is (I think) MacOS X since it's sitting on a posix-compliant operating system called NEXT. This makes it relatively easier for programmers to work with multiple operating systems, since they can work with them in pretty similar ways. A rough analogy is the USB standard...any USB plug fits into any USB port and they can work together even though they might be made by different companies and support wildly different devices.


Question: Politicians forced to resign instead of getting fired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Politicians forced to resign instead of getting fired?

It's extending a kindness to allow them to resign with dignity. The implication exists that if they don't, then they'll be fired. In those cases, if someone refuses, it's to take a stance and attempt to become a martyr.


Question: Are humans a vital part of any ecosystem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are humans a vital part of any ecosystem?

All the farm animals would die without humans, and so would plants like corn, bananas, pretty much all cultivated hybrids of apples, pears, plums, citrus and such.


Question: How do we know that statistics works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that statistics works?

Two levels. On a high level, it works because a ton of people have tested it prospectively, i.e. developed the theory, did the calculations, and did some super boring stuff that is foundational to every field. Stuff like flipping a (virtual) coin 500,000 times, tallying the results. Counting pea colors, tallying the results. Dropping a pin onto a piece of paper, tallying the results to calculate pi, etc. If its something someone counted at some time after 1800, its been tested with the standard four or five models that you are probably learning. On a retrospective level, i.e. using it to predict future actions, you don't know. It relies on your assumptions of your modeling being correct, which is almost always the hardest problem. The great thing about statistics though is that, for the vast majority of cases normal people encounter, the strong and weak central limit theorems together with the law of big numbers take care of almost everything. Formally, there are a ton of bounds you can derive based on various conditions, and a ton of different estimators you can use to do various things. Unless you are doing some advanced statistical stuff (and you will know if you do), those three things take care of almost all the machinery behind the scenes. Finally, a lot of statistics is meta-statistics, which is to say "prove your assumptions make sense". This addresses the retrospective part, and is a large proportion of the standard undergraduate/high school statistics class. These are things like Chi-Square, R\^2, Z-score, P-Score, etc etc etc. All of these statistics are used to analyze your own statistics to make sure they make sense with the underlying assumption. And lastly, a word of warning. Statistics is super super easy to manipulate, and its an incredibly fragile tool. Everything from basic tests like Chi-Square or p-scores or level sets are extremely easy to manipulate, and not even in a malicious way, but from the way you design experiments. Even relatively sophisticated tools like Bayesian Machine Learning or Mean-Field Monte Carlo simulations or Robust Statistics can quickly become meaningless if people misuse them. Always ask for the underlying data and procedure if you are looking over some stats.


Question: How does the brain of a clinically unstable(insane) person work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the brain of a clinically unstable(insane) person work?

That's a *broad* question. The brain is a complex organ whose chemistry and mathematics are not fully understood, so in some ways we really aren't sure how a perfectly sane and rational brain works either. However, there are a few generalities that can explain some broad categories of "insanity"\*: **Maladaptive behaviors:** Patterns of behavior that are reinforced despite being "wrong". A good example is hypochondriasis\*\*: a person is "rewarded" with attention for being sick, and continues the behaviors associated with being sick in an effort to get the same effect later. A few dozen cycles of behavior-reward and they're unable to stop acting like they're sick. **Neurochemical insensitivities or imbalances**: The most classic example is depression, in which serotonin is either "ignored" in some synapses, underproduced, or taken up by other neurotransmitters far too quickly. Essentially, some neurotransmitter is either not working as well as it should or else is working *too* well and throwing other systems out of balance. **Hormonal disorders**: Very similar to neurotransmitter imbalances, except that the chemical in question travels through the blood stream or cerebrospinal fluid rather than within individual synapses. **Seizure activity:** This one's a little harder to explain, but in a nutshell individual neurons start firing disruptively and "confusing" the neurons around them -- think of a singer suddenly falling off the beat and confusing the rest of the band for an idea of how this looks on a neurological level. Most seizures don't look like shaking and drooling, but can rather manifest as hallucinations, paralysis, confusion, or sudden and extremely strong emotions (which can feed into the other disorders in this list). **Traumatic brain injuries and other forms of brain damage:** Both mechanical damage (concussions, bullet wounds, etc) and chemical or biological damage (alcohol poisoning, syphilis infections) can damage parts of the brain and leave the remaining neurons scrambling to "close the circuit" and restore normal function. Depending on the part of the brain affected, this can lead to uninhibited behavior (like in the early stages of syphilis, where the patient can suddenly lose all sense of decorum and start acting like a teenager), hallucinations (such as the neural damage from toxoplasmosis causing schizophrenia-like symptoms), memory loss (such as Korsakov's dementia, caused by alcohol poisoning), or sharp mood swings (such as those experienced after an untreated concussion). **Developmental disorders:** Essentially, when a person's brain grows differently than what we consider "normal". This can be genetic, caused by malnutrition, result from an injury, or caused by other factors or seemingly just appear "out of nowhere". These can manifest in the form of learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, sensory processing problems, and a great deal of other symptoms as well. It's important to note that I've only skimmed the surface of some of the more common issues, and also to remember that often a person facing mental health issues experiences problems from multiple categories in this list (or possibly miscellaneous issues that I haven't touched on). This is by no means a full explanation, but hopefully it helps shed some light on your question. Let me know if you want to know more about any of these subjects. \*Please note that the term "insane" is not a scientific or clinical term but rather a *legal* concept that deals with a person's culpability for their actions, and it's usually defined using the M'Naghten test: if someone is either unable to control their own actions or unable to appreciate the difference between right and wrong, then they're insane, otherwise they're sane. No real clinical criteria there. The quote misattributed to Einstein about doing the same thing and expecting different results is wholly incorrect. \*\* Please note that although I'm using hypochondriasis as an example here because of how straightforward it is to understand, it's rare and absolutely not something you should accuse someone of having unless you are a medical professional. Accusations of being a hypochondriac are something that can keep a seriously ill person from seeking medical attention.


Question: What is the purpose of a nuclear power plant and is it good or bad for the environment? Why are they dangerous?

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 What is the purpose of a nuclear power plant and is it good or bad for the environment? Why are they dangerous?

nuclear energy is far more efficient at generating energy compared to coal or oil. 1 gram of uranium is equivalent to around 3 tons of coal in terms of energy. it is also a zero carbon emission source of energy, so it is definitely better for the environment considering there is no carbon footprint and we can use less of it to get more than enough energy. there has only been a few nuclear reactor/power plant accidents within the past century and even though is has been getting a bad reputation for being dangerous, the regulations for nuclear energy are by far more secure than coal and oil safety regulations. nuclear energy can be dangerous if we are not careful, but if we follow the right procedures, it can provide us with a very viable energy source that is better than all perishable fuel sources we have now. edit: for a better understanding of the comparison between coal and uranium, according to URL_0 , uranium is 3 million times more efficient than coal. the 3 tons thing i said earlier may not be accurate.


Question: Why do certain people laugh in serious, stressful or important situations?

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 Why do certain people laugh in serious, stressful or important situations?

One symptom of the autism spectrum is this. Laughing when it's not appropriate. Now, not to worry, it being a spectrum, and this being a single sympton just take this as my two cents


Question: Why can a honey badger get bit by a poisonous snake, and be okay?

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 Why can a honey badger get bit by a poisonous snake, and be okay?

The Honey badger isnt immune to the venom but just has thick skin and fur, and usually the venom doesn't penetrate their skin AKA Honey badger dont give a shit


Question: How do duracell ultra batteries have 100% extra, shouldn't batteries be full allready?

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 How do duracell ultra batteries have 100% extra, shouldn't batteries be full allready?

In addition to what u/disappointingHero stated, not all batteries from the same chemistry are created equal. Sometimes the "parts" inside the battery are lower quality (impurities, manufacturing defects, etc), meaning that the batteries produced by one company may have varying energy levels. It is a regular practice to sell the higher quality ones for more than lower quality, even if they come off the same line. This is why you can go to Target and find the same brands selling for multiple times for what you can find them at the dollar store.


Question: Are blank rounds harmless? What do they do?

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 Are blank rounds harmless? What do they do?

They are not harmless. They still create pressure in the chamber to simulate a live round. But because they create pressure, any debris in the barrel of the gun will be blown out at high velocity. People have died from being shot by guns not properly cleaned and using blanks. But they are mainly for training purposes or movies.


Question: How do wireless video game controllers work without lag when similar wireless devices have delay?

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 How do wireless video game controllers work without lag when similar wireless devices have delay?

You get latency from your screen refresh - up to 17ms minimum at 60fps. You get latency from rendering - if you have a frame buffer of 2, you're looking at 34ms extra latency. You get latency from processing. With a wired controller you would have latency from the USB controller, and the latency caused by the signal going up the wire. So a wireless controller vs wired controller, the input latency difference is really tiny. In fact, because the speed of signal over air is lower than over a cable, wireless can and sometimes is faster than wired. Additionally, compared to many wireless devices, the signal from game controllers is tiny. You get some latency from the size of a file being sent divided by the bandwidth. With a game controller, the bandwidth is orders of magnitude higher than the latency. If you have 16 buttons and 2 sticks with 2 axis of 32 bit accuracy, you are looking at 18 bytes of data. Bluetooth might have 3 MByte/s bandwidth, so you can poll 1000 times a second and still be using less than 1% of the bandwidth. A picture meanwhile might be 4 MB, which would have a transmission time of over a second over bluetooth.


Question: why do our knees shake when we get particularly scared?

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 why do our knees shake when we get particularly scared?

It's from the shot of adrenaline intended to help you fight or run away. In events that don't require either of those actions, you're stuck just standing there effectively in "Hulk mode" and it makes you fired up and twitchy until the effect goes away.


Question: How do they replicate scents for scented candles?

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 How do they replicate scents for scented candles?

they aren't replicating a meadow, that's just the name they chose to describe a propietary scent. people been maunfacturing scented candles for millenia. even when it's a simple mix of recognizeable parts like peppermint/lemon/whatever, the overall combination would likely be dubbed something more clever or convenient than "lavender-vanilla-honesuckle-anise-clove mix" nowadays there are artificial ingredients involved... but especially in the early stages these lab-synthesized elements would be developed by mimicking a real scent. "meadow" is probably a blend of imitation wild flowers or honeysuckle with something mildly earthy mixed in, whereas "fresh" is probably a neutral alkaline smell with a bit of something citrus or herbaceous added.


Question: Why can we easily destroy things but it's impossible to put them back together?

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 Why can we easily destroy things but it's impossible to put them back together?

Short answer: Entropy ELI5 answer: Everything is made up of energy. Light, air, dogs, cats: all different arrangements of energy. One of the rules of energy is that is naturally moves to the lowest form of energy possible, like how water rolls down a hill until it reaches the ocean. If you think about a piece of paper, so much energy had to go in to make that piece of paper. A seed had to be planted, then water and air and sunlight had to grow it into a massive tree. Saws had to cut it down and go through all the different processes to turn it into the perfect little piece of paper. Even it it might seem so simple, and piece of paper is a very "high" energy state. Crumbling it up or tearing reduces it down to a lower energy state and that energy is released in forms of some sound and heat. To make those pieces whole again, you'd have to revert the paper back into mulch and form a new piece of paper i.e. put a lot more energy back into the pieces to form the whole again. Lighting that paper on fire would release a whole lot of energy that it was storing and would reduce it to a much lower energy state (carbon ash).


Question: What really causes airplane turbulence and is it combated by the pilots ability?

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 What really causes airplane turbulence and is it combated by the pilots ability?

Airplane turbulence is caused by... turbulent air. Certain weather systems or a plane going through the same area just minutes before can cause turbulent air. And no, pilots usually cannot do a lot once youre in turbulent air. You can try to avoid it, if youre know beforehand that its there, but once youre in, youre in for a bumpy ride.


Question: If humans all originated from one place, how did various races end up developing different physical traits?

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 If humans all originated from one place, how did various races end up developing different physical traits?

Partly some minor evolution, as well as bottlenecks. For the evolution part, humans need to absorb a certain amount of sunlight to be healthy. It helps us make vitamin D as well as absorb a bunch of nutrients. When you move away from the equator, the sunlight becomes weaker, therefore humans with lighter skin did better and over time these genes spread to everyone in northern regions. Different traits are helpful in different biomes/habitats. Random mutations can also occur, like blond hair or blue eyes, to further differentiate groups. Bottlenecks occur when a small group leaves to start a new population. Let's say we have a ship of 100 people to colonize Mars. By random chance, there are 25 Japanese people and 5 Caucasian people, and 70 very dark skin African people. After the ship leaves, World War 3 breaks out and no one from Earth goes to Mars for 400 years (it's a long war). Once we reestablish contact, the "Martians" will appear predominantly dark, with slightly Japanese traits (as those are the predominant traits of the group that first established them), even if they number 500 or more. If we left them alone long enough, further mutation and adaption to the Martian planet would make them into a more distinct ethnicity. After thousands of years alone on Mars, they might become too genetically distinct to even have children with Earth humans, and BAM! We'd have another species. If you keep two populations apart long enough, mutation and adaption to their environment will cause them to drift apart, genetically speaking. If this happens long enough, you'll get totally different species. Did that make sense or was it too confusing?


Question: -Why is it “better” to pay a mortgage than to buy a home up front?

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 -Why is it “better” to pay a mortgage than to buy a home up front?

Mortgage interest rates are low, especially now, they are somewhere around 2-3%. Avg yearly returns on investment portfolios is around 7-8%. So, put your extra money in investments instead of at the mortgage and you'll come out ahead.


Question: Why does night vision have a greenish tint?

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 Why does night vision have a greenish tint?

The image created by night vision is black/white. Human eyes are most sensitive to green light. Since you're in the dark and it takes your eyes time to adjust to light/dark, you only want to make the image as bright as necessary. So the image is given in green to make it more comfortable to view in the dark, possibly for long periods.


Question: Why do many "bad habits" involve chewing on or picking at our bodies (nails, cuticles, lips, etc.)? Why is this so satisfying and hard to stop when it can be bad for our bodies?

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 Why do many "bad habits" involve chewing on or picking at our bodies (nails, cuticles, lips, etc.)? Why is this so satisfying and hard to stop when it can be bad for our bodies?

Grooming each other is something primates do. It bonds us together and is comforting to both members. With physical contact being a less acceptable form of socialization, we are probably motivated to recreate the grooming 'program' on ourselves when we're stressed.


Question: How do surfactants make cleaning easier?

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 How do surfactants make cleaning easier?

Surfactants lower the surface tension, so wet stuff can make other stuff more wetter. Helpful when cleaning with water. Surfactants are *also* usually *detergents*, they usually have a water-soluble end and an oil-soluble end, so this lets them attach to oily stains and then lets the oily stain get washed up with a water-based solution. Surfactants also do stuff like help make foam, help disperse a cleaning agent (so it mixes better with your bucket of water, or on top of an ocean, etc)


Question: Why do minty things like gum and toothpaste make citrusy things like lemonade and orange juice taste bad?

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 Why do minty things like gum and toothpaste make citrusy things like lemonade and orange juice taste bad?

Toothpaste gets foam because of sodium lauryl sulfate. This chemical makes your taste buds not taste the sweetness of the orange juice. The chemical also makes your taste buds taste every thing more bitter, so the orange juice is not sweet and really bitter. [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: Is there an actual specific reason why women's clothing is generally more short and tight? Basically why do women's clothes show more skin? Is it because males design the clothing and want women showing skin to be the norm?

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 Is there an actual specific reason why women's clothing is generally more short and tight? Basically why do women's clothes show more skin? Is it because males design the clothing and want women showing skin to be the norm?

Not a single specific reason. The way women's and men's clothes differ, is the outcome of thousands of years of history, politics and culture. Men designing for women and also liking to see women's bodies is definitely one facet of it, but you also see that tendency in lots of fashion lines owned and designed by women, and you have to consider questions like "are the designers following popular culture, or dictating it?" (I'd say, a little of both.) This question has been explored pretty deeply by feminist thinkers in the past 50 or 60 years, and I might be running afoul of the subreddit's rules if I present their arguments here. But the phenomenon you hinted at - men's visual sexual attraction influencing the way we design for and portray women's bodies - has a name in feminist theory, it's called "male gaze."