Question: How does the whole bail bond system work in the courts over in America?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does the whole bail bond system work in the courts over in America?

You are arrested for a crime, and either your bail is set by statute (common for minor crimes) or you wait for your arraignment where the court sets your bail. Once you know your bail amount you have two choices: 1. Pay your bail. You give them the money, and you get it back when you show up for court. 2. Pay a bail bondsman 10% of your bail. He puts up the other 90% and you don't get your money back. If you skip court he comes looking for your ass.


Question: How can cameras take videos with 24 frames per second while having a shutter time which is far longer than 1/24?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How can cameras take videos with 24 frames per second while having a shutter time which is far longer than 1/24?

OP, which camera do you know of that has this functionality? I'm not familiar with any that can do it--the only way I can imagine it working is with digital processing--taking much faster images and compositing them to make an effective (1/6) of a second shutter speed....but I don't know. If you could name a model which does this then I could research it for ya.


Question: Why does glitter stick to everything even if it isnt really sticky?

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 Why does glitter stick to everything even if it isnt really sticky?

Glitter is made of a plastic that can easily create **"static electricity"**. In short, the **"static electricity"** makes the glitter more easily able to be stuck on surfaces. And as they're very small, they can go everywhere and be very hard to take care of. #For more details on static electricity, read more below; All electricity is made up of two different types of energy; **Positive** and **Negative**. **Positive Energy** pushes things away. **Negative Energy** pulls things in. So what is Static Electricity? **Static Electricity** occurs when an object is charged with too much **Negative Energy** or too much **Positive Energy**. When this happens, the energy in that object cannot move (in other words, becomes **static**) until it becomes attached to another object that can take that "overload" of energy. So, when an object is charged with a lot of negative energy, it can easily become stuck to things since the negative energy is making the object "stuck" to the other.


Question: How are you not able to read things from the corner of your eye?

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 How are you not able to read things from the corner of your eye?

It's because there's an area of your eye designed for seeing details in... well, in detail. It's called the fovea. This is the place on your retina where light falls from a thing that you're "looking at." It has a higher density of light receptors than other places in your eye, so it can see more details and make out the differences between different letters that you cannot distinguish from other parts of your eye. "Looking at" something is a learned behavior that we pick up in the first few months of life. Basically, it's like swinging a huge ship gun around to fire in a particular direction: we rotate our heads, or we look sideways with our eyes, until the thing we're trying to "see" is projecting its image onto the fovea. Did you know that, in addition to having this "super spot" for eyesight, each of us has two blind spots, too? The place on your retina where the optic nerve exits the eye has no light sensors (rods or cones), so you cannot actually see anything at that spot. The blind spots are symmetrically off center in the two eyes, so the things not "seen" (remember, this is not the fovea so "seeing" is not highly detailed here) due to the optic nerve on one eye are "seen" by the other eye. Since your brain is filling in details anyway, and you can't concentrate on looking at the blind spot, you never notice it. There are some "optical illusion" type tests that can let you detect that you have blind spots. I'm sure you can find these on the internet.


Question: Why does cooked food generally taste better than raw food?

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 Why does cooked food generally taste better than raw food?

Different factors play a role here. What happens to food if you apply heat? I'll name a few things: Fat melts, becomes liquid or creamy. Makes the texture nice and pleasant. Sugars caramelize. Starch granules pop and gelatinize, therefore become smooth and soft, have a better mouthfeel. Proteins (with some sugars) go through the maillard reaction which is still not understood in its entirety. It's the reaction which causes the browning of meat, for example. (Unpleasant-ish) textures change. Eggs and doughs solidify - meat and hard vegetables become softer and nicer to eat and chew. Some toxins are denatured (e. g. beans and some mushrooms need to be cooked to be edible). And of course one point could also be that we've grown to prefer the taste of cooked food during our evolution, as some of these processes make foods more digestible and therefore provide an evolutionary advantage.


Question: 'Modern humans' have existed for 130 to 300 thousand years. Why then do nearly all modern cultures seem to stem back no more than 6,000 years in origin?

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 'Modern humans' have existed for 130 to 300 thousand years. Why then do nearly all modern cultures seem to stem back no more than 6,000 years in origin?

Because we spent a very long time pissing about in small little family units getting eaten by wolves and fornicating like primitive pre-civilization primates do. Civilization, or something that we could reasonably call the start of it, occurred around 12,000 years ago when humans finally stopped roaming in an area of the Fertile Crescent and started building stuff. This marked the break point where humans started living in larger and larger communities in a single geographic area. Slowly that led to the development of farming as a primary means of food production and the increase in food availability allowed division of labor which fast forward 12,000 years is why we both have computers and can sit here and talk on the internet.


Question: Why are deserts so hot in the daytime but freezing cold at night?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Why are deserts so hot in the daytime but freezing cold at night?

Largely due to low humidity in the dessert. Humid air tends to hold heat for a longer time than try air. Combine that with the sand heating up but not storing heat, and the heat of the sun during the day gets lost quickly resulting in cold.


Question: Why do areas in the same latitude have vastly different climates?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do areas in the same latitude have vastly different climates?

The UK is further north than Newfoundland yet has a much milder maritime climate and average yearly temperature of around 10°C. The reason for this is oceanic currents. In the case of the UK, the Gulf Stream brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico all the way to the coast of Ireland and Britain. This has a significant warming effect on the climate in that area. This also applies to most of the rest of Western Europe, which has a much milder climate than other similarly located latitudes.


Question: I just read an article that says scientists found a new molecule on Titan, one of Saturn's moons. It says that they saw it through the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array of telescopes in Chile. How can this telescope see molecule that far away?

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 I just read an article that says scientists found a new molecule on Titan, one of Saturn's moons. It says that they saw it through the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array of telescopes in Chile. How can this telescope see molecule that far away?

They used a technique called emission spectroscopy. All chemicals emit light in specific wavelengths based on their chemistry, these tend to be different from chemical to chemical. These have become pretty good markers for visually figuring out what something is made of. Even if we get a lot of other wavelengths of light by observing titan, we can still look for only the ones emitted by that chemical and if they are present, it is very likely that chemical itself is present. Fun fact: Helium was discovered this way. Helium is pretty rare here on earth and only exists trapped underground, it has a nasty tendency of escaping the Earth's atmosphere if let free. Using emission spectroscopy on the sun gave strong readings for spectroscopy of an element that no one knew anything about. This unknown element was named after the Greek god of sun Helios. Soon it was found on earth as a byproduct of radioactive decay and the emission spectrum from our experiments here matched.


Question: What would cause your IQ to drop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What would cause your IQ to drop?

Brain damage. Disease. Memory loss. Severe depression, anxiety or other emotional dysfunction. Exposure to heavy metals such as Lead.


Question: What would happen if we could squeeze water?

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<answer>
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 What would happen if we could squeeze water?

If you could raise the pressure high enough, keeping the temperature constant, it would become ice. It requires intense pressure though. Just blending a smoothie would not do it. Water does not really change much under pressure, the water at the bottom of the ocean is still water after all.


Question: water filtration methods/services. What do they really filter and leave behind to be safe to drink?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 water filtration methods/services. What do they really filter and leave behind to be safe to drink?

First, the question requires clarification. Are we talking about industrial water filtration plant, or about kitchen water filter? Anyway, there are basically three or four things to filter: * mechanical, insoluble waste (sand and such) * biological waste (bacterial) * heavy metals (in form of dissolved ions) * hardness (ions of calcium and magnesium) Common methods are: * mechanical filtering — from passing water through simple fine mesh to various chemical and mechanical assisted methods, for example, [flotation process]( URL_0 ). * various antibacterial treatment, from adding chlorine to using UV light. * using adsorbents, materials with many little pores, that effectively bind large molecules. * ion exchange resins, that adsorb ions of heavy metals and chemically bind them, releasing instead harmless sodium ions. * reverse osmosis, forcing water through special membrane that remove ions and molecules. * for the sake of complete list — distillation, boiling water and collecting pure vapour.


Question: Where do playground ideas come from?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Where do playground ideas come from?

One of my favorite playground designs is in New York's Central Park. It's not a typical park, but its design history helps to answer your question. The architect was a man named Richard Dattner. His design followed a philosophy called "the discovery method", which was based around the idea that children should be allowed to fill the space of the park with their own creative ideas for play. This makes kids the main focus of his playgrounds, rather than parents or the architect himself. Following this concept, some of the playgrounds in Central Park have very strange and post-modern looking designs. They're filled with sloping gray surfaces that look something like military bunkers, wooden panels that don't appear functional at all, and the seats are bizarre concrete slabs. This radical approach was hugely influential across the United States. For example, instead of designing a big pirate ship in a playground, the discovery method would encourage a design of something that resembles the general shape of a ship. That way, a child can use his or her imagination to make it a space ship or a submarine, instead of being locked in to the idea of a pirate ship by some boring old architect who doesn't actually know anything about children. [This article]( URL_0 ) has more information and some images about Dattner and his designs if you're interested


Question: How come the sperm is not tainted by urine or feces or other bacteria during intercourse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How come the sperm is not tainted by urine or feces or other bacteria during intercourse?

If you have more than incredibly trace amounts of fecal bacteria on the tip of your penis or urethra, you're definitely at risk of a UTI and likely have notable hygiene problems. While the saying that urine is sterile is untrue, it generally has only low levels of bacteria in it, and generally speaking you don't have many traces of urine just sitting in your urethra. Combine this with the relative protection of seminal fluid, and generally speaking there's not much risk of sperm being attacked by bacteria especially for its effective 'lifespan'. The female reproductive tract is far more hostile to sperm than any trace bacteria. And even if some is, said sperm is just going to die and a healthy sperm is going to (if fertilization occurs) fertilize the egg, so no harm done.


Question: If your vehicle is titled and licensed in the same state, then why do license plates expire?

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[Your final answer goes here]
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 If your vehicle is titled and licensed in the same state, then why do license plates expire?

Depending on the state, the expiration date on license plate is a function of taxes and registration fees for that vehicle. A new expiration date is issued when those fees are paid.


Question: What was the Mexican Revolution about?

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 What was the Mexican Revolution about?

Long story super short, the dictatorship of the president at that time was already on command for 35+ years, and with social injustices to lower classes, and taxes for things like having an extra window, the people decided to arm up. The president at the time "Porfirio Díaz", was in close relation to the European kingdoms, to wich I understand wanted us to be a kind of colony/ally, so they injected lots of money to the country in that era (train tracks all over the country, etc), hence the progress and advance in México of that years. Source: Am Mexican Edit: Typing


Question: New credit cards offer me 0% APR for the first 18 months but now the credit account I've held in good standing for years is charging me 22%. Why isn't this the other way around?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 New credit cards offer me 0% APR for the first 18 months but now the credit account I've held in good standing for years is charging me 22%. Why isn't this the other way around?

Because the new card is trying to entice to you to switch to them so that later when the APR goes up they’ll make money. It’s the same concept behind cell phone carriers, internet/cable providers, gyms, etc offering amazing deals upfront and then raising the fees later.


Question: How does starvation kill a human being?

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 How does starvation kill a human being?

We need energy and nutrients to survive. We get those things from food. If we stop eating, we run out of energy and nutrients, and our body starts to consume itself. Eventually, even that runs out. Think of it like a car needing gas to run. If the car runs out of gas, the car shuts down, except unlike cars, we can't be turned on again once we're turned off.


Question: Why would Assad’s regime use chemical weapons, as opposed to conventional ones, which don't generate anywhere near the same international uproar and are presumably equally lethal, albeit less horrifically so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would Assad’s regime use chemical weapons, as opposed to conventional ones, which don't generate anywhere near the same international uproar and are presumably equally lethal, albeit less horrifically so?

Every town exists for a reason. Some enterprise is producing something of value to someone outside the borders of the community, bringing in cash to support the town's local economy. If you flatten the town, your country loses it's largest producer of widgets. Generations of experience, tools and machinery evaporated. You still need widgets, but now someone has to kick out millions to rebuild the factory and the town around it to produce them within the country again, and even then it'll be a year before you're in production. Until you're producing again you'll have to pay double the price for imported widgets, which is made even more complicated when the US has [1000ft of freedom]( URL_0 ) parked off your coast, enforcing a trade embargo. However, if you hit them with chemical weapons the property damage is trivial. Sure you lose the people, but they were lost anyway. With them out of the way more... cooperative people can be shipped in and widget production can begin as soon as they figure out where the light switches are. For experience, you can recruit cash-motivated foreigners like fabrication-mercenaries to train the new folks.


Question: why does an increase in an asset account consume cash?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 why does an increase in an asset account consume cash?

An increase in an asset account only consumes Cash if Cash was spent to buy it. You are correct in that an Accounts Payable liability credit can account for an asset debit, just like a loan. Without more context, it's difficult to say why they chose the wording they did, but it could be just an easy way of unserstanding the most basic relationship between Cash and other assets, in the sense that you buy one with the other.


Question: if brain has no pain receptors, why do headaches hurt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if brain has no pain receptors, why do headaches hurt?

My PD actually explained this to me when I had the exact same question. Your actual "grey matter" brain doesn't have pain receptors. However, when you have a headache, it's mostly due to your blood vessels in your brain constricting and around those vessels, you do have pain receptors. So it's not your brain hurting, but rather your blood vessels


Question: Why do lawyers have a bad reputation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lawyers have a bad reputation?

About me: I worked in product liability and defense, regularly interacting with both "sides" of a lawsuit. Generally, lawyers can often be perceived as being "supporters" of the position of their client. For example, defending a guy in court for burglary would seem to make that lawyer somebody that was perfectly fine with burglary. Otherwise, why defend him? However, their job is not to take a moral position themselves, but to make the best possible argument for or against a certain thing, whether they personally believe it or not. A lawyer makes the most favorable case for their client. Their job is to find the limits of the law, in favor of their client, and the opposing lawyer finds the limits in favor of the adversary. Then the judge or jury ultimately decides what happens after hearing both cases.


Question: Colour perception is typical described as a material absorbing light wavelengths and reflecting others, with those reflected wavelengths being interpreted as colour. EII5 how are light waves absorbed by a material? Is there a limit to absorption?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Colour perception is typical described as a material absorbing light wavelengths and reflecting others, with those reflected wavelengths being interpreted as colour. EII5 how are light waves absorbed by a material? Is there a limit to absorption?

Materials absorb light by quantum interaction between the photons (light) and the electrons in the material. If the wavelength of light matches up to an electron properly, the electron can absorb the photon and jump up to a higher energy level. Materials have many electrons in many different configurations with many different energy levels so they can absorb a wide range of possible wavelengths. It's not just the interaction of the electron with it's atom, it's also the electron bonds between atoms...that's why different chemical compounds can have different colours even if they involve the same atoms. There's a limit to light absorption in the sense that the energy has to go somewhere, and it's typically going to show up as heat in the material. Eventually you get hot enough to cause the molecules to break down or change state (solid to liquid to gas to plasma)...either will change the electron configuration and energy and the absorption will change.


Question: why is it that nowadays we have painters/artists that can make almost photographically real drawings but portraits from(for example)the 1600s look so strange?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that nowadays we have painters/artists that can make almost photographically real drawings but portraits from(for example)the 1600s look so strange?

Well, for starters nowadays people can use photographs as a reference. In the past, this was much harder. The best examples are going to be [Vermeer]( URL_0 ) you might also know this [one]( URL_2 ) I highly recommend the documentary URL_1


Question: Why can't we just use MAC addreses instead of the IP addreses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we just use MAC addreses instead of the IP addreses?

A MAC address is unique identifier, but it doesn't tell you anything about *where* a device is. IP addresses are structured, routers can infer from the address which way it needs to send the message to get it towards its destination, without needing a giant database of individual addresses. Think of it like something sent in the mail. The name identifies who the recipient is, but it doesn't help the sorting office get the mail to where it needs to go. They don't know that person, but they do know where their city is, so they send it there. And when it gets to that city, their sorting office knows where the street is.


Question: How does inducing a coma help save a life but if someone is dying you sometimes try to keep them awake?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does inducing a coma help save a life but if someone is dying you sometimes try to keep them awake?

Different methods for different situations. For instance, you want to keep someone focused and awake on you if you're trying to prevent them from going into shock, falling asleep while in the stages of hypothermia, that kind of thing. Medically induced comas are largely used when dealing with brain issues. Perhaps a major artery was damaged and you need to induce a coma so you can actually operate on it. Maybe you want brain activity and blood flow very low so the brain can be less active, and perhaps recover from swelling or simply buy more time.


Question: How do police officers pull over two or more people at once?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do police officers pull over two or more people at once?

It's very rare but I did it a couple of times when I was an officer. You drive up to the side of one and wave them over then pull over the second and wave for the first to come closer. But....in general if a cop looks like they have two people pulled over.... It's almost always a collision and not because they were pulled over.


Question: How do astronauts/cosmonauts not run out of oxygen while in their spaceship for a prolonged period of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do astronauts/cosmonauts not run out of oxygen while in their spaceship for a prolonged period of time?

Filters that recycle the oxygen. The same technology that exists on airplanes and submarines today.


Question: Why is it that thinking about things to hard makes them harder to do without thinking? (Sleeping, swallowing)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that thinking about things to hard makes them harder to do without thinking? (Sleeping, swallowing)

Your brain stores muscle memory in a series of neural connections that fire in a squence and are reinforced every time you do it correctly. Think of it like a path in the woods. Every time someone uses that path, it gets worn in better and it gets easier to go through the woods to get home. When you think about it too hard, you're not letting your brain trigger that sequence. You're telling your brain to do distinct actions as part of what you want to do. Which you are terrible at. So instead of just following the path you try and force your way through the woods. It's slow and awkward and you usually don't end up where you want to be. Sleep on the other hand has more to do with being relaxed. A long long time ago if you were stressed it was for good reason. Predators, rivals, food. So you wouldn't sleep because maybe that thing you're stressed about would kill you. When you lay in bed thinking "just go to sleep." And you don't go to sleep, well that stresses you out. So now you think "come on! If I don't sleep I'll be tired tomorrow!" That stresses you out more. Your brain doesn't know you're stressed about wanting to sleep. It just knows stress is going on and that's bad so better stay awake to deal with it.


Question: How do wireless video game controllers work without lag when similar wireless devices have delay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do wireless video game controllers work without lag when similar wireless devices have delay?

You get latency from your screen refresh - up to 17ms minimum at 60fps. You get latency from rendering - if you have a frame buffer of 2, you're looking at 34ms extra latency. You get latency from processing. With a wired controller you would have latency from the USB controller, and the latency caused by the signal going up the wire. So a wireless controller vs wired controller, the input latency difference is really tiny. In fact, because the speed of signal over air is lower than over a cable, wireless can and sometimes is faster than wired. Additionally, compared to many wireless devices, the signal from game controllers is tiny. You get some latency from the size of a file being sent divided by the bandwidth. With a game controller, the bandwidth is orders of magnitude higher than the latency. If you have 16 buttons and 2 sticks with 2 axis of 32 bit accuracy, you are looking at 18 bytes of data. Bluetooth might have 3 MByte/s bandwidth, so you can poll 1000 times a second and still be using less than 1% of the bandwidth. A picture meanwhile might be 4 MB, which would have a transmission time of over a second over bluetooth.


Question: How high is the chance that the universe contains matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How high is the chance that the universe contains matter?

We don't know. If all universes start similarly to ours (and just fundamental forces have different values) than the chance is probably very high (if they start with the very same conditions, the chance is probably 100%), but since we can't observe other universes, let alone their beginnings we can't know.


Question: How do you get the lactose out of milk to make it lactose free?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you get the lactose out of milk to make it lactose free?

Lactose is broken down by an enzyme called lactase. Lactose intolerance is simply caused by lack of lactase. Lactose-free milk is made by adding lactase directly to the milk, which breaks down the lactose for you.


Question: How exactly does alcohol damage the brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does alcohol damage the brain?

As alcohol damages your liver, there starts to build up ammonia in your bloodstream as the liver can't effectively break down the molecules anymore. Ammonia in the brain can cause various different problems from affecting decision making to restricting other chemicals in the brain from doing what they need to. This is one way alcohol damages the brain, not the only way.


Question: How do Hubble Telescope photos negate space debris?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Hubble Telescope photos negate space debris?

Many times, it *can't* compensate for this debris (usually known as "dust"). For instance, our view of the center of the Milky Way galaxy is blocked by dust. . . in the visible spectrum, that is. Radio telescopes allow us to "see through" this dust (roughly analogous to how sonar allows us to "see through" murky water). On the other hand, there are stretches of many, many light years in which the largest grain of dust is still smaller than the wavelength of visible light - which means it is transparent to visible light, and the Hubble has no trouble seeing in that spectrum. Remember that the average density of interstellar space is only about one atom per cubic centimeter. It's pretty empty.


Question: Why do people focus more on negative thoughts instead the positive ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people focus more on negative thoughts instead the positive ones?

It's a defence mechanism. I think natural selection can explain it partially. If you discover something good in your life, you don't need to take action. If you discover something bad in your life you should take action. The more we focus on the negative, the more action we take. To a certain extent, people who focus on negatives and take action have a higher chance of survival. Natural selection.


Question: why do tv shows still censor curse words?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do tv shows still censor curse words?

TV shows are only vehicle for selling ads. Many advertisers don’t want to advertise where there is bad language. Second, on broadcast TV there are rules against bad language. It’s the law. That’s it, you have to comply with the law. Lastly, sometimes censoring is used as part of comedy of the show, when done properly it can have a pretty funny effect.


Question: How do testicles make sperm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do testicles make sperm?

[This diagram can show what I'm talking about better than I can explain it, but I'll give a super basic answer]( URL_0 ) Basically, your testicles contain stem cells, which can continuously divide to produce sperm. The stem cell divides, and one of the two new cells is activated to become a sperm, while the other one stays. From there, this little baby sperm goes on a journey through various parts of the testicle and associated tubing, where it slowly grows into a mature sperm cell and gets put in storage until it's eventually called to action.


Question: Why is Russia escalating things with the Ukraine regarding the recent developments about the seizure of ships?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Russia escalating things with the Ukraine regarding the recent developments about the seizure of ships?

They have been for some time trying to carry out a blockade of the Ukrainian port by dubious legal means. Russia decided to step up the action at this particular time because most of the world was distracted by events elsewhere and the current president of the USA has been shown no interests in standing up for freedom.


Question: What is drop shipping and how do people make money doing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is drop shipping and how do people make money doing it?

So, you order from my company because we distribute warehouse supplies - boxes, packing tape, whatever. As a buyer, you trust me, because I've always given you quality service and product. You decide that you want a large piece of machinery like a straddle stacker (a type of fork truck used to get loads higher up in small warehouses). Now, it's very difficult for me to store and ship a piece of machinery like that - it's big, it's bulky, and it's something I'm not likely to sell a lot of. But I want to be able to sell it, because my customers (like you!) want it. So I strike up a deal with a straddle stacker manufacturer - they'll provide me a discounted price on the item compared to what I sell it for, and I'll send all of my orders for that item to them rather than a competitor. My customer gets what they want (a product they need), I don't spend the warehouse space to do it, and still get a cut, and the manufacturer gets more business through my storefront. They "drop ship" the item - you ordered from me, but they're the ones sending the order to you at my request. So rather than the order coming from /u/aerim Distribution, it comes from the manufacturer directly.


Question: Why do all the planets orbit in the same direction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do all the planets orbit in the same direction?

They didn't originally. Just enough were going one direction in the accretion disc to knock the rest into going the same direction. Before they got on the same plane in a young solar system/galaxy things look more like a diffuse cloud. Then matter begins to clump up from it's own gravity. This collects things on a the same level around the star but its still being bumped around and going different directions. As the matter collects further they knock each other around. This is a very violent period in formation and collisions are incredibly common. & #x200B; After a few millenia of this you end up with the bigger objects tending to go the same way because everything that wasn't gets knocked around enough to join the party. Now those bigger objects have gravity wells as well. So smaller items that may have escaped a collision now get dragged around the same direction as well. & #x200B; EDIT: Since I saw another post mentioning the direction of the sun rotating, I figured I'd update. The direction the sun rotates does not cause the direction of the planets. Its due to the conservation of angular momentum. As things condense and they have a slight spin they will speed up. Like a ice skater pulling their arms in and tucking. They speed up when that happens. The same thing happens as that cloud of early matter collapses down due to gravity.


Question: Why does repetitive holiday music make people more irritated than repetitive other music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does repetitive holiday music make people more irritated than repetitive other music?

In my opinion it's because the "other" music is new. A new hit song comes out every couple of months and it gets played to death, and then the radio stops playing it, and you'll rarely hear it again outside of streaming. The issue with holiday music is its the same songs every year, just look at "All I Want for Christmas is You", after a while people get tired of it because there's rarely a new holiday song that comes out, and if one does, it's played 1:10 against other songs.


Question: Why do employers schedule employees for 5.5 hour shifts instead of 6 hour shifts with a 30 minute (unpaid) lunch break?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do employers schedule employees for 5.5 hour shifts instead of 6 hour shifts with a 30 minute (unpaid) lunch break?

Because in the US, if an employee works 30 or more hours per week, they are classified as a "full-time" employee. A company has to provide healthcare benefits to full-time employees. Thus, for a company, they set the shifts to be five 5.5 hour shifts = 27.5 hours per week rather than five 6 hour shifts = 30 hours per week. This means the company doesn't need to pay for the healthcare for the employee! Thus the employee has to pay out-of-pocket for healthcare! If they don't make enough money (due to being a part-time employee making close to minimum wage), they can get some healthcare and financial support from the government. Companies get to save money and the employees and the people (government) lose money. Capitalism at work!


Question: How do Artists and Music Producers make sure that their music does not sound like any other song or composition on the planet, and so there are no copyright infringements, since it is not practically possible to listen to every song?

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<thinking>
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 How do Artists and Music Producers make sure that their music does not sound like any other song or composition on the planet, and so there are no copyright infringements, since it is not practically possible to listen to every song?

The short answer is: They don't. Musicians generally don't cross-reference an idea or song they've made with others, because of the nature of music being an art form, and a form of self-expression. There's a certain amount of leniency and flexibility when it comes to one song sounding like another. This, of course, raises a lot of issues, especially when it comes to copyright. Ultimately, a copyright infringement is claimed by an artist when they feel another artist has used "too much" of their intellectual property as inspiration, to the point where they've "stolen" it. But there are also cases where the original artist is more or less fine with the excessive similarities in works. A great example is that of Breakbot's "Baby I'm Yours" vs. Bruno Mars' "Treasure." I'd highly recommend reading into it, as it's quite interesting IMO. [There's even whole websites dedicated to songs that sound very similar.]( URL_0 ) , not to mention the whole debate about if music will get to the point where no truly original work can be made. Hope that was more or less what you were looking for. It's a very tough question to properly answer haha :)


Question: what will happen with the student loan situation in the US when few people can afford to pay them?

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 what will happen with the student loan situation in the US when few people can afford to pay them?

It will be similar to when the housing bubble popped. Thousands, if not millions, of education's will be repossessed


Question: What is the Common Core curriculum? Who created it and who decided to adopt it?

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 What is the Common Core curriculum? Who created it and who decided to adopt it?

It was created by a group of educators. A lot of parents are really critical of it for one main reason: *it's different from the way we learned math and completely unfamiliar*. Instead of making you memorize terms and formulas, it focuses on broad concepts and relationships between numbers. What some people seem to forget, is that for the majority of us, math was really difficult and unpleasant to learn. Eventually, we memorized enough stuff that it started to make sense up to about Pre-Calculus. Most students did just enough in math to get by; confident in the knowledge that their calculator would make up for the rest in the real world. That scenario is *exactly* what the new math is trying to avoid. Here's a really good Wired article on Common Core, with reliable and verifiable information (some comments are making factual sounding claims without sourcing them - beware). What struck me the most is this part that talks about why the change is even necessary to begin with. The whole point is to get students thinking about math in a way that prepares them for Calculus from the very beginning *instead* of setting them up for a future where they don't really see the point in learning Calculus at all: URL_0 > A good example of this is how the Common Core teaches proportionality. Before, proportionality occupied about 10 percent of math instruction in grades six and seven. The main outcome of all that instructional time was that given two equivalent fractions, students could cross-multiply in order to find a missing term. > “**What they’re learning is: The way you find the fourth number is by setting up this gadget called a proportion,” Daro said. “That’s not really learning anything about proportionality, that’s learning how to get answers to problems in this chapter.**” > Common Core math doesn’t mention cross-multiplying, and it cuts out the special case of finding a missing fourth term. Instead, it focuses on the idea of a ratio, which begins modestly in sixth grade and develops all the way through calculus. Students begin by looking at a table of equivalent ratios—also presented as a double number line—and progress to the understanding that the slope of a line is a ratio. > “[The Common Core writers] said, look, let’s figure out what’s important about fractions and choose a path through them, which leads to ratio and proportion, which leads to linear functions, which leads to aspects of algebra,” As a parent, you can choose to make the new math your enemy, or you can choose to learn this new way of thinking about math *along with* your child and see it as an opportunity for sharing an experience, for overcoming an obstacle together, for learning something new together. Worst case scenario of embracing it: it could actually bring you closer. Nothing brings people together like a shared nemesis. EDIT: Case in point - [this is why we need new math]( URL_1 )


Question: Is eating ice and breathing water vapor different than drinking liquid water? And why?

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 Is eating ice and breathing water vapor different than drinking liquid water? And why?

Breathing water vapour would be very different - there is far less water, and it goes to the lungs. Other than the small calorie effects of your body warming up the ice, the water in it would provide the same physiological effects as the same quantity of liquid water.


Question: why are bicycles more stable when moving than when still?

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 why are bicycles more stable when moving than when still?

This question was asked before, and had the correct answers posted at those times: At slower speeds, the stability comes from the clever engineering of the bike's steering axis, so the front wheel naturally tends to steer toward the direction of tipping, keeping the bicycle upright. That steering can't happen when the bike isn't even moving. Only at higher speeds would the gyroscopic stabilizing effect of the spinning wheels be important. At slow speeds, the gyroscopic effect is too weak to matter.


Question: Why do we use the current signal waves for wifi even though they can get disrupted by walls? Is there a better solution, if so why aren't we using it?

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 Why do we use the current signal waves for wifi even though they can get disrupted by walls? Is there a better solution, if so why aren't we using it?

I think there are 2 reasons for this. The first one is that you don't want your signal to be able to pass through walls indefinitely. The wifi signal can pass through a few walls before it gets too weak, which is fine for most houses. Imagine that they could pass through walls without losing signal though. You'd have insane interference in crowded areas. If you live in a city you will already notice that your wifi list probably has 20+ wifi signals incoming. If this number was 100 times higher no one would be able to properly use their wifi anymore. The other reason is that if you did want to make signals that can pass through walls easily you'd need a bigger wavelength. Like radio waves. Those can easily pass through walls and are only stopped by tunnels. To generate such a wave you need a massive antenna though. Our routers at home are currently quite decently shaped. But imagine them being 10 times bigger. They'd be the size of your fridge. Which is also not very convenient.


Question: What is fuzzy logic and how is it that it's found in missiles and rice cookers?

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 What is fuzzy logic and how is it that it's found in missiles and rice cookers?

Traditional logic only knows two states: True or False. Is the rice cooker hot enough? If yes, turn off the heating element, and if not, turn it on. Fuzzy logic can also express to what extent a statement is true on a sliding scale. Is the rice cooker hot enough? No, but it's close, so turn down the heating element a bit. In a lot of control systems that extra information can be beneficial because it allows the control logic to make better decisions. In the rice cooker for example the heating element has a certain amount of thermal mass, and even if you turn it off, it will remain hot for a few moments and continue to heat the rice even without power going to it. That means you will overshoot the desired temperature by a bit if you keep it powered at 100% until you reach the target temperature. And if you keep it at 0% until the temperature falls below the target, the heating element will need a few moments to heat up when you do turn it on, so there's going to be undershoot as well. So instead of maintaining a constant 60°C to keep the rice warm, the actual temperature may oscillate between 57°C and 63°C. If the controller is smart enough to reduce the output of the heating element when it approaches the target temperature, there's not going to be as much overshoot.


Question: How do conjoined twins fit in the womb?

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 How do conjoined twins fit in the womb?

The womb can stretch a lot and unborn babies are very pliable. They can curl up into fairly small balls (newborns have soft bones). Also important to remember is that the vast majority of twin pregnancies (even non-conjoined ones) will not make it full term. The average length of a twin pregnancy is 36 weeks (vs 40 weeks for a normal pregnancy). Most likely these children were delivered by cesarean section even before that.


Question: If the expansion of pi is infinite and has been shown to contain every possible sequence of numbers, how can it be non-repeating?

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 If the expansion of pi is infinite and has been shown to contain every possible sequence of numbers, how can it be non-repeating?

Repeating means that at some point it starts repeating over and over again without stopping. Non repeating doesn't means it contains no repetitions whatsoever.


Question: Why do some credit cards consider your rewards "points" instead of just considering them cash, since they then (generally) give them a fixed value of $.01?

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 Why do some credit cards consider your rewards "points" instead of just considering them cash, since they then (generally) give them a fixed value of $.01?

That's not true. I get Chase's points with the cards I have. I can redeem each point for 1.5 cents on their travel portal, and possibly even more if I transfer them to another loyalty program.


Question: Why does water taste amazing when you're dehydrated and okay when you're hydrated?

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 Why does water taste amazing when you're dehydrated and okay when you're hydrated?

The direct cause is most likely a craving, but the cause of a craving (for water, or anything) is technically unknown. Fulfilling any craving triggers a pleasure response in your brain. When dehydrated, your brain will trigger the pleasure response, but when you're hydrated, there is a reduced response. There are studies that provide various reasons for this phenomenon. One answer is that your body has an evolutionary response that triggers cravings when it lacks certain nutrients. "Pica" is a craving for things that are not usually edible, such as dirt or detergent. This is most often found in pregnant women, and scientists have suggested that it's the body's response to fluctuating hormone levels requiring different nutrients to maintain homeostasis. In the case of dehydration, your body may understand that drinking water or other liquids plays a similar role. That said, there is additional scientific evidence that suggests cravings are not triggered by an imbalance of nutrients, and water isn't even technically a nutrient. Another potential explanation is heat dissipation. Imagine your brain is a liquid-cooled computer processor (because it is). If there is not enough liquid, the temperature of the system will slowly rise, causing processor lag and potential catastrophic failure. Dehydration works the same way, so adding cool liquid into the system might speed up the system again, triggering the pleasure pathway.


Question: Why does bread go stale when exposed to air but stays fresh when it’s in a plastic bag that’s filled with bread and air?

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 Why does bread go stale when exposed to air but stays fresh when it’s in a plastic bag that’s filled with bread and air?

Top replies in this thread have it exactly wrong. They're all saying that bread goes stale and hardens because it dries out, it's actually the opposite! Scentifically speaking, the matrix of crumb and crust that is bread is a gel of baked starch granules. These granules are soft and pliable when bread comes out of the oven. Over time, however, the starch granules *absorb* water, which allows them to crystallize. Staling is a complex process, but this is the bit that causes stale bread to harden. (Keep in mind that I'm talking about bread made at home, flour, water, salt, yeast. There's no accounting for the effect of anti-staling compounds added to bread by large manufacturers…there may be many mechanisms in play and I have no idea how they work.) You don't have to take my word for it, though. Leave a piece of bread out and let it harden, then the next day warm up your oven at the lowest temp until it comes up to \~180°F, then shut it off. Put the slice of bread in there for \~10 minutes. This will cause starch granules to *release* the water they've absorbed, and the bread will soften again. It's easy to see why so many people have this backwards because many sites will recommend running a piece of crusted bread (such as an uncut roll) under the faucet to wet its exterior before putting it in the oven. People that hear this often think the point of running water over it is to allow the bread to absorb water in the oven and soften. Actually, the point is just to prevent the crust from toasting while the interior heats up. Overall, the bread is still losing excess water. So, to directly answer your question: A bag or breadbox limits the amount of humidity the loaf has access to, and delays staling.


Question: How can bronze hold an edge, but brass can't?

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 How can bronze hold an edge, but brass can't?

Brass can hold an edge but not very well. Brass is a softer, more malleable metal than bronze so any edge won't keep as long. It also oxidizes more easily, forming the green-blue patina associated with it. The oxidation will ruin the edge much like how rust ruins iron edges. Brass was also discovered in 500 BC, later than bronze (3500 BC). Thus, sharpened bronze would have been a very common commodity when brass was being first used. It would be difficult to discover brass first because zinc is rarely found in a pure form in its natural state. You would need to figure out the technology to extract zinc and by then, you should have already figured out bronze.


Question: What is the process of death like for a heroin overdose?

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 What is the process of death like for a heroin overdose?

It is likely similar to any narcotic overdose. A warm and soft overall feeling as the person drifts into a VERY heavy sleep. While unconscious their brain no longer recognizes an increase in co2 in their bloodstream and with that lack a drive for breathing and eventually succumb to hypoxia. At this point their organs no longer perfuse and they die from lack of oxygen. Quite a “pleasant” way to go as the victim has no understanding and simply drifts away.


Question: Engine oil grades, what's the difference and how different are their manufacturing processes?

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 Engine oil grades, what's the difference and how different are their manufacturing processes?

There are lots of differences between oils. The most obvious difference is the viscosity - 5W-30 means it's viscosity #5 in winter and #30 when hot. Note that #5 or #30 isn't a unit, #30 isn't 1/6th as viscous as #5. The viscosity number is determined in a lab by filling a special tank with a hole in the bottom and measuring the time to drain and they give it a number from a look-up table based on that rather than SI units. The other big difference is Synthetic vs semi-synthetic vs mineral. Your car will probably want synthetic or semi- as they are more highly refined and stable. Mineral is generally used in things that don't work very hard and aren't expected to live very long. But there are other less obvious differences. Oils have all sorts of additives so they can do things like stick to engine components after shutdown to be ready to work immediately next start-up, or raise the thermal stability so it doesn't decompose with heavy use, or changes to its chemical properties so it won't damage engine block alloys etc. So, to answer your primary concern: manufacturers will tell you (read your car manual) that you need something like "5W-30 LL-04", where "LL-04" is a standard used by some manufacturer that describes all the other additives they recommend for oil in your car (I just picked what my car uses - yours will probably differ). When you read the bottle it'll tell you it is compatible with a whole bunch of manufacturers standards "5W-30 LL-01 LL-04 GM-whatever etc" - just make sure the standard written in your manual is listed on the bottle, and the weight is correct, and that it is fully synthetic (if your manual calls for it)