Question: People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?

Americans generally spend 30% of their total income on housing. That's 30% of EVERYONE's paycheck going to a single industry. That's why the housing market is such a big deal. So, you want to buy a house. In the 70's/80's, this was a big deal, because you had to have excellent credit to score a sweet 15% interest rate. If you default, you lose your house, which means you generally become a social outcast so you lose your friends and family too. That made the loans very stable. Folks would default on everything else in life before missing a house payment. Eventually, banks start lowering the interest rate because it's such a safe investment for them. The only problem is that when a bank writes a mortgage, they don't have that money back to write more mortgages for another 15-30 years. To fix that, they will sell your mortgage to bigger bank. Say they loan you $100k today. In 30 years they'll make $200k after interest and payments. But they won't have their original $100k back for 15 years. Same goes for the other 10 people that took out mortgages this week. So, they bundle it all together, and sell that debt package (worth 10x $200k) to a bigger bank for $1.05m, netting them a quick $50k profit. The big bank that bought it will eventually collect the $2m in debt they just bought over time. Ooooor they could bundle it with a bunch of other packages and sell THAT package for cash today, netting themselves a quick profit, and transferring your debt to an even bigger bank. Eventually the piles of loans get so big, it's tough to determine how credit worthy the debtors are still. Every once in awhile, someone defaults, and that debt package becomes a little less valuable. So, you buy insurance. If a single loan defaults, the insurance company pays the difference in exchange for a flat rate. Basically, the bank is gambling that more people will default this year, and the insurance company bets that their premiums will make more money than they pay out in defaulted mortgages. And know what? The insurance company has insurance too. Bets on bets on bets. Honestly, this is all great. Keeps the economy well funded, interest rates stay low, and everyone can have what they need to grow TODAY instead of having to wait and save. Just one thing, it all depends on EVERYONE paying their mortgage on time. Problem is that the low level bankers are conditioned to think in short term exclusively. Their profit incentive is to write as many loans as possible, because whatever they write will be packaged up and sold within the week. They'll make their quick $5k, and if you can't pay after that it's not their problem. So now you see strippers qualifying for 3 $500k homes because their income looks fucking fantastic TODAY, and nobody's asking how they're going to make their payments in 30 years. McDonalds workers are finally able to buy houses for their whole families because interest rates are so low. When they default, the big banks that bought the loans don't care because they just kick the folks out and file the loan insurance claim. But then 2008 happened. The insurance companies ran out of cash to pay the claims and file for bankruptcy. Suddenly the banks have to deal with the steaming pile of shit that are these loan packages. They start to run out of cash, because folks aren't paying their mortgages. The street level lenders can't write more loans because they're out of cash to give, and can't offload last week's take. Now the banks own all these abandoned and foreclosed houses. Normally they'd sell at half price, but since the entire neighborhood looks like foreclosed houses, they're lucky to get 20% of the purchase value. Also, nobody's buying because they can't get loans, because street level lenders are tapped. This means construction stops. Those that sell parts of houses shut down, the entire lending industry has a lobotomy. The whole economy just stops because nobody can spend money. That's where Obama was forced to do bailouts. A cash pump to stimulate the economy. Anything to put some cash back into the economy to get the machine running again. Did we learn anything? Fuck no. Fun fact: They're still playing the same games with Mortgages. Funner fact: They're doing it with Student Loans too. Funnest fact: Total student loans now exceed total mortgage AND Credit card debt combined. And there's not even a house you can sell for quick cash when the loan defaults. I figure within 4 years we'll have another collapse, but worse. Edit: For those of you asking if you should buy a house now or later, it depends. Houses are cheaper during a crash, but loans are more expensive and harder to qualify for. When things are good, loans are cheaper but houses are more expensive. My bet? If you're paying cash, buy later. If you're hoping for a good rate? Buy now, but responsibly. Like, 50% of what you qualify for. Also, remember that YOUR debt situation doesn't matter. If the housing or student loan market crashes, that means the banks don't have cash. That means they don't have the cash to finance Amazon's new HQ, and all those construction workers are laid off. Those workers in turn don't make their loan payments, and the bank has less cash to lend, which means more layoffs to those depending on easy debt. Even if you don't owe anyone anything, you are affected if your employer needs loans to cover large capital projects, which is pretty much everyone working somewhere with more than a dozen employees.


Question: why is coffee almost never found in portioned bags like tea? Why are loose coffee grounds/instant coffee favoured?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is coffee almost never found in portioned bags like tea? Why are loose coffee grounds/instant coffee favoured?

Coffee begins to oxidize rapidly after grinding. The more air you allow to get to it the more oxidizing (change in flavor) occurs. When you grind it up and keep it in a big bag or container less of the coffee gets exposed to the air, basically just the bit on top. When you separate the coffee into a bunch of smaller portions you’re giving each bag of coffee more opportunity to oxidize. This only matters if you use the coffee relatively quickly after it’s been ground since even if packed relatively tightly it will still oxidize. This hasn’t stopped people from producing single ~~Serb~~ serve options, there are several bag and single pour over solutions to choose from as well as the (in)famous Keurig, but these delivery systems are pretty universally viewed as producing inferior tasting coffee.


Question: How can a bank lend out more money than it possesses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a bank lend out more money than it possesses?

I am the bank. Alice comes to me and deposits $1,000. I loan out $900 to Bob. Bob buys supplies from Charlie for his business for $900 and Charlie deposits that money with me. I then loan out $810 to Dave. Dave buys supplies for his business from Eric for $810 and Eric deposits the money with me. I still only have $1000 in cash, but I've used it to loan out $1,710. My customers have $2,710 on deposit with me, but thanks to fractional reserve banking I'm not required to actually have all of that money in cash available to everyone.


Question: Why do we perceive the Earth's rotation so slow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we perceive the Earth's rotation so slow?

You're moving along with it. So to you, it is stationary. It's not accelerating or decelerating (much) so there's very little change for you to feel, and the atmosphere is (mostly) rotating with it, so there's no 1000 mph headwind. The same way you don't 'feel fast' in a car moving at a high, but constant, velocity.


Question: Does the a large store need the same amount of employees as multiple smaller stores to sell the same amount of product?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the a large store need the same amount of employees as multiple smaller stores to sell the same amount of product?

No. This would fall under the economic theory of Economies of scale. There would be a need for more than 1 employee if one large store replaced 20 small stores, but not 20 employees. One location would be able to more efficiently, utilize the time of employees, so even if there were just as many customers they could specialize in tasks... say a couple working registers, a couple working the floor, a couple restocking inventory. Each could do so more efficiently than one person having to constantly juggle each of those tasks. it would also reduce downtime, as you need somebody in each store 100% of the time, even if there are no customers, while a single big store you can adjust staffing to better meet needs and/or have people working at full capacity.


Question: What's the difference between mechanised, motorised and computerised?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between mechanised, motorised and computerised?

If something is "mechanized" it utilizes a mechanical advantage. Things like levers, gears, screws, etc. Motorized means that it incorporates some sort of motor...electric, internal combustion, whatever. Typically means that it is also mechanized. Computerized things include an electronic computer system. May or may not be mechanized / motorized.


Question: How is blue cheese a safe "mold" to eat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is blue cheese a safe "mold" to eat?

Same reason the Amanita caesarea mushroom is safe and delicious but Amanita phalloides will kill you dead. Molds are not one species. It's an entire group of organisms. Some are toxic, some are not. Cheesemakers are very careful that the ones they introduce fall firmly inside the former camp.


Question: Why isn't gravity free energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't gravity free energy?

> What is used up to create gravity potential energy? Whatever energy is used to lift the mass in question. Everything with gravitational potential energy has a distance between itself and the source of gravity, usually height above the ground. It takes energy to lift that thing up.


Question: Iron is Nuclear Ash. What does this mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Iron is Nuclear Ash. What does this mean?

So, when you think of a campfire, what is ash? Ash is what's left when all the combustion is finished, and what you're left with is dead stuff that you can't burn anymore. Similarly, iron is the "ash," if you like, of nuclear fusion. Once you start producing iron, it takes way too much energy to fuse it into the next element -- more than you get back, so fusion stops.


Question: Waves come in at New York, and waves come in at Europe. What happens in the middle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Waves come in at New York, and waves come in at Europe. What happens in the middle?

Waves are not current. Waves are really just pulses of energy and can pass through each other. They are mostly generated by wind. They can reflect and refract like light. In the middle of the ocean, most of the waves travel in the direction of the wind. When the wind changes direction, the already generated waves will keep traveling in the same direction (and will eventually dissipate) and it will start generating waves in a different direction. As a result, the open ocean has sets of waves traveling in several directions. Form the perspective of a small boat, there will be a main swell and then "under" it, you can usually notice secondary swells traveling in different directions. Waves go slower in shallower water. Like light entering a lens, this causes the waves to turn towards shore. As a result, any waves traveling at an angle towards the beach will get steered straight towards it.


Question: Money stopped representing gold in the 1970's (I think).. So What does it represent now? Does this mean the goverment can just make infinite ammount of cash?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Money stopped representing gold in the 1970's (I think).. So What does it represent now? Does this mean the goverment can just make infinite ammount of cash?

Governments could theoretically change the digits but it wouldn’t actually change the value of things. If the US government decided to add two digits to the dollar so $1 is $100, the price of everything would just rise by an equal amount. Ultimately, what gives money value is everyone agreeing it has value. A dollar is worth a dollar because we all accept dollars as payment. But a more tangible reason is that everyone needs it to pay taxes every year. It doesn’t really matter if the government takes dollars, gold, or seashells. If you have to come up with $10,000 in seashells or go to prison, seashells have value.


Question: How much coffee would I need to make a lethal cup of coffee?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How much coffee would I need to make a lethal cup of coffee?

* The LD50 of caffeine is 192 mg/kg. * An average cup of coffee has vaguely around 100 mg of caffeine. * Worldwide average body weight is 62.0 kg. * It would take 192 \* 62 = 11904 mg of caffeine to be lethal to 50% of people with average body weight. * It would take 11904 / 100 = **119 cups of coffee** to consume that much caffeine.


Question: How does Astronomers discover Planets and other space objects Billions of light years away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Astronomers discover Planets and other space objects Billions of light years away?

They don't in general directly observe the planet, but as they pass in front of the star (between the star and us) they block some of the light from the star, when this happens on a regular time pattern you can work out that it is an object (planet) passing in front of the star, the gravitational pull of a large planet as it orbits the star can also mean that the star "wobbles" slightly in the orbit. URL_0 Also it isn't billions of light years away that is too far away.


Question: Why does price of agricultural (like fruits) changes all the time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does price of agricultural (like fruits) changes all the time?

Let's say you have twenty apples, and ten people want one apple each. You can only sell ten apples. So you make it cheaper, so people might be tempted to buy two apples each. Lets say there was a lot of cold and rain this year, and your apple trees only produced 5 apples. You only have five apples to sell, so you can put the price up until five people decide not to buy apples. Stuff like like bad weather, pests, fertiliser etc, changes each season, affecting how much grows. When you have extra food, costs go down, when you grow too little, costs go up. If there is an increase in say, fertiliser cost, then costs go up as it costs you more to grow.


Question: Why does the wick of a candle not burn through quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the wick of a candle not burn through quickly?

The part of the candle that burns is the vapors of the wax. The wick is just there to draw it up to a narrow area where it can evaporate easier. So as you suspected, the melted wax keeps the wick cool enough to not burn.


Question: Why does software have bugs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does software have bugs?

Because humans are not perfect. A bug is a condition where the executiin of code results in an error. While there are many ways to test code, the more complex it gets, the harder it is to find and prevent possible problems.


Question: Why does consuming a lot of water or food with your alcohol reduce the severity of the hangover the day after? Doesn't your body still have to process the same amount of alcohol?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does consuming a lot of water or food with your alcohol reduce the severity of the hangover the day after? Doesn't your body still have to process the same amount of alcohol?

Alcohol dehydrates you, water hydrates you. So with drinking sufficient water you restore the equilibrium. This is why i always drink a half liter of water after a heavy night. Always wake up feeling spectacular.


Question: How does cyanide kill people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does cyanide kill people?

There's a chain of chemical reactions that your body uses to convert sugar (glucose) and oxygen into ATP (the chemical which the cells use for energy). Cyanide binds to one of the enzymes necessary for this chain of reactions which means the whole process is interrupted. The cells in your heart and central nervous system rely heavily on that specific process to make ATP, so they quickly stop functioning properly. The size of a pill is quite misleading since there are a lot of molecules of cyanide in a single pill. A single pill could easily contain *quintillions* of cyanide molecules whereas you only have trillions of cell in your entire body. That's enough for there to be around a million cyanide molecules in every cell.


Question: Why is there such a push for natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy when hydro, solar, and wind are perpetual and cause little harm the environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a push for natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy when hydro, solar, and wind are perpetual and cause little harm the environment?

In addition to large, lucrative industries lobbying the government to not lose said industries, hydro, solar, and wind are not *currently* very efficient, and do not handle peak loads. If demand for power were to surge, even if only for a relatively short period of time, it's not like you can make the wind blow harder, the sun shine brighter, or water flow faster. You can, however, burn as much or as little fossil fuel as necessary to achieve the energy output you need. Furthermore, hydro, solar, and wind do have their environmental impacts, just not the same—or, arguably, as significant—as fossil fuels. As with all things, meeting energy demands requires trade-offs. If there was a form of energy generation that was extremely efficient, cheap, and clean, I'm confident that the world would be utilizing it. Since such a thing does not exist, or at least has not been discovered yet, we have to try to optimize for efficiency, environmental impact, cost, and more.


Question: How is the concept of Eternal Growth plausible? How can that happen without sustainability? If there is always growth, will there always be value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the concept of Eternal Growth plausible? How can that happen without sustainability? If there is always growth, will there always be value?

In the past, when the economy was primarily measured by harvesting easily-harvestable natural resources and developing wild land, it seemed common sense that eventually that abundance would run out - all the resources harvested, all the land developed. At least a few times per century through the industrial age, there were dire warnings that things would run out and everything would collapse. From [Malthusianism]( URL_4 ) in 1798 to [The Population Bomb]( URL_0 ) and its contemporaries in the late 1960s, to concerns about peak oil in the 1970s. However, all of the predicted doomsdays came and went without much doom. We have about 8 billion people now vs 1 billion in 1800, but the [Green Revolution]( URL_2 ) changed agriculture enough that we have surpluses of food instead of massive global famines. Peak oil will eventually come, but improvements in energy storage, efficiency, renewable energy, and biofuels, are rapidly coming too, so it's not likely to be catastrophic. Basically, whenever we encounter natural limits, we find ways around them or ways to make them irrelevant. Meanwhile, the greater economy itself has drastically changed. In the U.S., ( URL_3 ) all of the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting makes up only 1.4% of the workforce (yet produces abundant surpluses). Industry makes up less than 13% (of which only 0.4% is mining). Services are now predominant, at over 80% and growing. As long as people can do things for each other, the economy could keep growing. Or could it? The population growth rate [began declining in 1968]( URL_1 ) and eventually that could lead to a decline in population, and therefore a decline in both customers and providers of services. Increasing automation could offset that and allow the economy to keep growing, however. Or population could reach an approximate equilibrium state where increased productivity and efficiency still allows for economic growth. When "what can people think of to create or do for each other?" is the basis of most of the economy, the imagination becomes the limit.


Question: Landfills are becoming large concentrations of materials like plastic, aluminum and other. What part of the process of mining landfills and processing the materials for new products, makes mining raw materials from the earth and processing them cheaper?

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 Landfills are becoming large concentrations of materials like plastic, aluminum and other. What part of the process of mining landfills and processing the materials for new products, makes mining raw materials from the earth and processing them cheaper?

Mining engineer here. The reason it is cheaper to mine directly from the Earth is because sorting Mineral X from a bunch of rock is a fairly straightforward process. Rock has a set of properties and Mineral X has completely different set of properties. So you can use the differences to extract what you want. For example, magnets and density separation could remove iron from rock. If you were to mine from a landfill, you would have to sort out countless different types of material. All these materials act differently, so you would have to individually process for each type of material. It is possible, but there would be so much contamination and the process would be very expensive. In the future, landfills will be mines, but right now it's too expensive.


Question: why, in a fan, the push feels much stronger than the pull?

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 why, in a fan, the push feels much stronger than the pull?

Without getting too complicated: The forces acting on the air above and the air below a fan are the same, but the distribution of that force is different. A fan is pulling air from a large pool of air, so the force is very spread out, and then the fan is compressing it into a more compact column as it pushes the air out, so the force is much more concentrated.


Question: Why does the Railgun in this video appears to have a muzzleflash?

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 Why does the Railgun in this video appears to have a muzzleflash?

When there is electric current through a conductor (a conductor is say a stick of metal), there is something called resistive heating. Now, when a current passes through say the rail of the railgun, especially the MASSIVE amounts of current that a railgun uses, it will cause scorching amounts of heat because it makes the molecules in the rails excited, like giving a kid a ton of sugar. Enough to burn the air around it, and partially melt the rails. This actually causes railguns rails to wear out quite quickly, and is an ongoing problem with the development of railguns. We actually don't get told too much about US railgun development, so who knows if they've solved this problem yet or not? So what you are seeing is the massive resistive heat caused by a sudden, absolutely huge, amount of current going through the two rails that propel the armature (the armature is the piece of metal the bullet is attached to while inside the rails. That's the stuff you see spinning away from the bullet when it gets fired) forward.


Question: What caused gas prices to hit $5 in the mid-2000s, and what has caused it to not get anywhere near $5 since?

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 What caused gas prices to hit $5 in the mid-2000s, and what has caused it to not get anywhere near $5 since?

If we're talking about oil prices generally, then the shale oil and gas revolution in the United States has been a major factor. Before this took place, much of the world's oil came from countries part of OPEC, or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC is a cartel, which regulates the amount of oil each member can produce. They attempted to carefully regulate it so that it never became too expensive to encourage a cheaper alternative, and never too low that they didn't make insane amounts of money from it. That's changed since the United States became a huge producer of shale oil and gas. What happens now is that as the price of oil goes up, it becomes ever more economically viable to activate many of the sites that produce shale oil. If the price goes up high enough, lots of them come online. Since the United States isn't a member of OPEC, companies can produce as much oil as they like. This leads to an oversupply in the market, prices come back down, and these facilities are gradually turned off if they're no longer profitable. As technology improves, that $ per barrel "threshold" drops further and further, meaning that it becomes profitable at much lower prices, further adding to the oversupply. I'm not sure if any of this directly corresponds to the gas price you're talking about - mid-2000s was the Iraq War years, so that may have had something to do with it. But I wanted to explain why prices have been relatively stable and low since the peak prices in the early 2010's.


Question: If I get youtube search results from 7 years ago and youtube never deletes videos, 30 years from now will my search results look exactly the same as they do now?

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 If I get youtube search results from 7 years ago and youtube never deletes videos, 30 years from now will my search results look exactly the same as they do now?

People do delete videos and accounts even if the company doesn't. In addition new videos are added all the time and the ranking changes due to how many views and the duration of each view, so "less popular" videos drop down the search list.


Question: Why do gas burners go from off to high to low? Wouldn't it make more sense to go from off to low to high?

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 Why do gas burners go from off to high to low? Wouldn't it make more sense to go from off to low to high?

It's so that you can minimise the flame on the burner without risking having the whole thing turn off. If it was the other way around you would often try to set the gas even lower to the point that it could easily blow out. But you don't try to adjust a high flame down towards the off position, so it's more reliable (and safer).


Question: Does having someone try to open a jar make it easier for the next person?

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 Does having someone try to open a jar make it easier for the next person?

Moving a lid by fractions of an inch will inevitably help loosen the lid. So someone that "loosens" the lid then hands it to someone who hasn't exauhsted their stamina and can now exert more force thus opening the jar


Question: Why does splitting or fusing atoms release so much energy?

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 Why does splitting or fusing atoms release so much energy?

The energy being released is the energy which binds those atoms together (in the case of fission)... it's a *lot* of energy. The energy released by fission is the "leftover" energy when you take "smaller" elements and mash them together to create a larger one. By contrast, explosives usually work by breaking chemical bonds; the bonds which hold molecules together. There is plenty of energy there, but nowhere close to how much is involved in binding individual atoms.


Question: Why is stomach fat considered to be the worst?

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 Why is stomach fat considered to be the worst?

There are different types of fat in your body. The main two are visceral, close to your organs, and subcutaneous, below your skin. Your visceral fat secretes hormones that can affect your organs, liver, heart, kidneys, etc. There have been epidemiological studies linking high levels of visceral fat with heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. This visceral fat surrounds your abdomen so people call it stomach fat, even though your subcutaneous fat is there as well, sitting on top of it and under your skin.


Question: How cough suppressors like Halls stop coughing fits?

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 How cough suppressors like Halls stop coughing fits?

The menthol in Halls and other cough drops numbs the back of your throat, so your body doesn’t reflexively cough. When you suck on them, a bit gets dissolved in your saliva and coats the back of your throat when you swallow. Most of the coughing is because something is tickling/touching the back of your throat, so making that area numb stops it.


Question: Why does thunder sometimes "clap" short and sharp vs others "roll" shaking for extended periods sometimes even getting louder as it goes?

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 Why does thunder sometimes "clap" short and sharp vs others "roll" shaking for extended periods sometimes even getting louder as it goes?

If it is a direct cloud to ground strike then usually you get the single shorter sound, versus horizontal cloud to cloud or multiple strikes in a row can give the constant rolling thunder sound.


Question: How come the military is "always recruiting" and are all countries like this?

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 How come the military is "always recruiting" and are all countries like this?

People are always leaving and moving up even when an army downsizes. Ergo there are always needs for replacements at the bottom. Now you may not get to be a helicopter pilot. There is always need in the infantry


Question: Why are car dealerships often grouped so close together?

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 Why are car dealerships often grouped so close together?

In addition to what the others have said, I think a lot of it is that someone will have their mind set on a new Ford, for instance, but if they don't find what they are looking for at the Ford dealer, they'll say "Honey, there is a Chevy dealership right across the street, let's just stop in there and see what they've got."


Question: Skyrim got a revamped version. It is the same game but with better graphics. One of the new features is the 64 bit engine. What did the programmers have to do? Rewrite the whole game? What is the difference between 32 bit and 64 bit from that perspective?

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 Skyrim got a revamped version. It is the same game but with better graphics. One of the new features is the 64 bit engine. What did the programmers have to do? Rewrite the whole game? What is the difference between 32 bit and 64 bit from that perspective?

Answering one bit at a time: > What is the difference between 32 bit and 64 bit - When your CPU runs in 64-bit mode, it gains access to a number of new instructions, which, taken together, may allow certain computations to be performed more efficiently. (Much of it is to do with the width of data being operated on. As a simple example, if your 32-bit application needs to add two 64-bit integers together, it doesn't have a single instruction for that. It has to emulate it through several 32-bit additions). However, the effect of this is negligible for Skyrim, because the program didn't really have a need for 64-bit arithmetic in the first place. - It also gives the CPU access to twice as many registers (where data is stored while the CPU is working on it. A larger number of registers means less need to read/write data from/to memory), and that might speed up the game by a few percent. This probably won't have a huge impact, but it's something. - Finally, it allows the application to use more than 4GB of RAM (which is all you can normally access from a 32-bit application). This has the potential to dramatically cut down on loading times. In the 32-bit version as you moved around the world, different parts had to be unloaded from memory, in order to make room for the parts you were entering. Now that the game can use as much memory as it likes, the game doesn't need to do that at all. (Of course the data still have to be initially loaded from the disk, and depending on how much RAM you have, it may still not be possible to fit *everything* into RAM, but at least the game can hold a lot more than 4GB of data in memory at the same time. The effect of this is twofold: it can cut down on loading times as I described above, but it also gives them the breathing room they need to upgrade the graphics. Higher resolution textures or more detailed models all take up more memory. In the 32-bit version, that would have to push something else out, causing even *more* swapping data back and forth between memory and harddrive. But in the 64-bit version, there's room for this. > What did the programmers have to do? They *had* to do very little. It is quite easy to convert a 32-bit program into a 64-bit one. They likely needed to fix a few bits of code but assuming the source code is of half-decent quality most of it should *just work*, and then just compile the code again, telling the compiler to build a 64-bit application instead of a 32-bit one. So the mandatory work likely wasn't much. But then comes all the optional work, which I hinted at above: if they just did the lazy solution, they'd end up with a 64-bit application which had access to all the RAM in your machine, but which still *tried* to stay within 4GB. So they'd have to rewrite the code that loads/unloads assets to no longer be so strict about unloading assets. There may also have been some performance tuning, because the code performs a bit differently when it runs as 64-bit code. And then of course, any graphical enhancements probably required changes to their rendering engine, shaders would have to be rewritten and so on. But all of that is basically optional; not something they *had* to do in order for Skyrim to work as a 64-bit game, but rather rewriting bits of the game to take advantage of what 64-bit gives them and to make the game prettier and better.


Question: From where does plants and trees get their mass?

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 From where does plants and trees get their mass?

Literally "out of thin air". Plants are, as all life, mostly made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon comes from the CO2 in the air, hydrogen and oxygen from the water in the soil. "Photosynthesis" is just the process of grabbing CO2 out of the air and making useful stuff out of it, using sunlight as the energy source. edit: Soil is important for the other elements life needs. Phosphorous and nitrogen are 2 important ones here, that's why we fertilize crops with ammonia and phosphate compounds. Interestingly, while the air contains vast amounts of nitrogen, plants can't use directly it because it's extremely hard to break the N2 molecule apart, and only very specialized bacteria can do it.


Question: is there electricity in the brain, and if so how is it generated?

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 is there electricity in the brain, and if so how is it generated?

Yes. It is generated along the cell membranes of neurons and it’s called an action potential. Specialized proteins pump sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions into the cell. This creates an energy gradient. When a nerve signal is sent, each individual cell opens their gates causing potassium to rush out and sodium to rush in. This sudden change in ion concentrations causes a tiny electrical impulse which is passed along to the next cell and the next.


Question: When listening to music, it sometimes feels like I'm hearing it faster or slower than before?

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 When listening to music, it sometimes feels like I'm hearing it faster or slower than before?

Sometimes we feel euphoric when listening to really good songs, the brain releases dopamine, adrenaline, and other chemicals. These chemicals can enhance and change how we experience the song, it can seem faster, slower, smoother, louder and so forth. By listening to a song too often your brain no longer feels rewarded when listening to it, it has become predictable. You then experience the song without the effects of these chemicals. It might seem 'slower' than before.


Question: What qualifies as the "middle class"?

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 What qualifies as the "middle class"?

Middle class is more a matter of how you feel about your financial situation. The poor know they are poor. They know because they can't afford things and have to make sacrifices in life in order to live. The rich know they are rich. They are beyond concerns of debt and spending limits. These are the people who never have to sacrifice. They simply buy whatever takes their fancy. The middle class is everyone in between. People who have things, can buy things, but still have to budget and worry about how much their debt is balanced against their income. This is why 200k and even 400k people consider themselves middle class. They still have huge mortgages and car loans, just for bigger and better houses and cars. They are trying to live within their means even if they have greater means. They still stress out because a few hundred dollars could mean they're no longer making the mortgage on the $500,000 house. So in the most simple terms I can think of: Can you afford a mortgage? Then you're middle class. If you cannot, you're poor. If you bought the house in cash, you're rich.


Question: How can something be insured for more than it's worth?

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</answer>
 How can something be insured for more than it's worth?

Replacement value vs market value for homes. Market value is how much can you sell the house for. Replacement value is how much would it cost to build the same house now. The insurance will pay to build you a new home now in that spot, not buy you one down the street. So if you own a big ass home in a shitty ass neighborhood the insurance company will want to insure it for what it would cost to replace (rebuild) it instead of what it would cost for them to buy yours right now.


Question: Why does the 72 hour hold for a voluntary psychiatric commitment exclude weekends and holidays?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the 72 hour hold for a voluntary psychiatric commitment exclude weekends and holidays?

Chances are, even if your girlfriend went in voluntarily, if she is placed on a hold, then she will be held involuntarily for 72 hours. If she readily admits to being a danger to herself or others, she will very likely be put on a hold and transferred to a facility for treatment. If she does not meet the criteria for a hold, she should be released, as far as I'm aware. I'm certain recommendations will be made for her to follow and resources will be made known to her. You are correct, those 72 hours will not begin until she is given a Psych eval at the emergency room by whoever is on at that time. The Psychiatrist will write his recommendations, whether that is a hold or otherwise and she will be either released outright or released to a facility for processing and treatment. This is a tough situation to be in, hang in there, both of you. Source(s): Was an EMT, family who work in hospitals.


Question: How does your lip differ from your face or your skin, and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your lip differ from your face or your skin, and why?

They still have all the layers of skin, but the outermost layer is thinner. Lips also have no sebaceous glands, so saliva is the only natural way to moisten lips. And lastly, lips have no melanin, so the color you see is from blood vessels.


Question: How does an ANOVA test determine the statistical difference between means of datasets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an ANOVA test determine the statistical difference between means of datasets?

I didn't know what ANOVA was but I looked it up, but I have a fair knowledge of statistics and can explain the idea behind the formula. First, the mean is the average of measured values of a certain variable on a sample. let's say the variable is height, and the sample is a group of 100 men, women, children, babies. The variance measures how different the values in a certain set are. Let's say we want to prove that the country is a factor that affects height. (this is our hypothesis) And we do our test on France, Germany and Italy which have very similar heights. Since the heights are similar on these 3 countries, the variance of means will be small. The sample will have a high variance because we measured people regardless of their age or sex. The F value will be small and the test unconclusive. If we now take Netherlands, China, France which have different means and thus a high "between variance" , and we only do measures on grown men only which means the "within variance" will be small, we will have a higher value of F and we can conclude that the country is a factor that affects height.


Question: Why do schools suspend students who skip classes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do schools suspend students who skip classes?

To protect the collective and punish the parents. By suspending the problematic kid, they isolate them from damaging the other kids at least for a few days. They punish the parent by forcing them to pay for childcare for a few days. The kid needs to be disciplined by the parents. By suspending them, they get more time at home with the parent who'll make them pay for getting suspended, or for making them have to find a babysitter


Question: How many sides can a shape have before it becomes a circle and does the concept of geometry exist on the very small scale?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How many sides can a shape have before it becomes a circle and does the concept of geometry exist on the very small scale?

In geometry, regular polygons become closer to circles the more sides they have. In that sense, you might say a circle is a regular polygon with an infinite number of sides. Real world objects can be neither perfect circles or perfect regular polygons. Eventually imperfections will crop up, at the molecular level, if not before.


Question: When you have to wake up at 5:30am by an alarm for work and the struggle is so real, but then your first day off you wake up naturally at 5:30am wide awake. What’s the deal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you have to wake up at 5:30am by an alarm for work and the struggle is so real, but then your first day off you wake up naturally at 5:30am wide awake. What’s the deal?

Wake up is not the same thing as get up. You wake up by habit on work day and holiday. It is the following steps of getting up which cause trouble. Getting up involves steps which are physically and mentally unpleasant, like You need to muster strength to drag yourself out of the bed, then do the routine activities of getting ready, and then long drive to work, and that's just the beginning of the mountain of the whole day stands ahead of you to conquer. This anticipation kills the spirit. None of this has to be done on a day off.


Question: What is memory leak and what does it affect when it comes to pc games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is memory leak and what does it affect when it comes to pc games?

To perform tasks computer programs must allocate certain amounts of memory to them. An application is usually composed of many different smaller programming sequences and those programs each will allocate a certain amount of memory to them, do whatever they needed to do, then release the memory to be reassigned. That is usually what happens... ...but sometimes they get it wrong. Sometimes they are written incorrectly such that they do not release all the memory they used. As that sequence is run over and over the memory they used and didn't release builds up and the user sees their free memory "leaking" away. Eventually this bloats the program's memory usage to the point where there is no more left and the program crashes.


Question: Why is it easier for some women to orgasm than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier for some women to orgasm than others?

An orgasm for anyone is a complex reaction with several components: 1) Psychological: Some people feel inhibited when with a partner. If she can get off easily by herself, but not with a partner no matter what the partner does, the culprit is likely psychological/emotional. 2) Hormonal: our libidos are regulated by a delicate balance of key hormones (testosterone, androgen, estrogen, progesterone etc) If one or more of those key hormones are out of balance you will see changes in sex drive and sexual responsiveness. Depending on which way the hormones are, you might see increased sex drive, decreased sex drive, more or less achievable orgasms and so on. Many women report an increase in their sex drive and sexual responsiveness in the days leading up to ovulation. Likewise, being on hormone based birth control can affect things. Those hormones are the reason why. If she can't get off,even during masturbation, hormonal issues are the first suspect. 3) Brain wiring: When we are born, not all of the brains connections have been made yet. The part of the brain that orgasms doesn't fully develop until puberty. (there is some evidence that sexual abuse before puberty can mess this normal course of development up) That wiring grows mostly guided, but with a small degree of a random element. So some people may find it easier or harder to orgasm than others. Some people may orgasm more or less strongly than others. 4) Technique: It is very common for women to require the majority of sexual stimulation be focused on the clit. Vaginal penetration just doesn't hit the sensitive nerves bundles the way they need. If the woman can orgasm easily through self-masturbation or from oral sex but not from vaginal or anal sex, it's likely that she is one of those who need mostly clitoral stimulation. In addition, it is quite common for women to need stimulation to go on longer than men do to get off. If there is little or no foreplay and the man gets off quickly, she might only get to the point of it feeling really good, but not to the point of orgasm. 5) Physical pathologies: There are a handful of physical problems that can rob sex of its pleasure or even make it painful. (dyspareunia) Causes include child birth, rape, bacterial infections, endometriosis and a host of others. It's quite obvious that if it hurts or is just plain uncomfortable, she is going to have a hard time getting into the sexy mindset needed to achieve orgasm. Note that a woman who has difficulty achieving orgasm will not necessarily have just one cause. It's quite possible to have multiple issues, each not enough to be a problem, but when put together are enough to stop things from happening.


Question: Why does having a good cry help one feel better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does having a good cry help one feel better?

Crying releases "Feel good hormones" that relieve stress and put you in a better mood. The evolutionary explanation for this is that we're social and empathetic creatures. Seeing a human cry makes it more likely we'll help them, so the humans that cried were more likely to survive (Likely related to babies crying as well.)


Question: If the universe is infinite (assuming the curvature is flat), does this also imply there is infinite matter? How can the space expand any further if the universe is infinite?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the universe is infinite (assuming the curvature is flat), does this also imply there is infinite matter? How can the space expand any further if the universe is infinite?

So, you need to think about what "infinite" means here--and probably what "dimension" means, too. A "dimension" is just a degree of freedom of movement. We live in a 3 dimensional space--that is, we have three degrees of freedom of movement. We can move up and down, we can move left and right, and we can move forward and back. So what does "infinite" mean, in this context? It means no matter how far you move up, there will always be more room to move further up--and you will never end up back where you started by continuing to go up. Same with down, left, right, forward, and back. Next, let's think about "expansion". The expansion of space doesn't mean it's expanding *into* something, as people popularly thing. It just means that, as time passes, there will be more space in between two points than their was previously. Something that is 2 meters to your left today might be 4 meters to your left tomorrow (side note: not really, because gravity and other reasons, but still. Between non-gravitationally-bound objects, it works like that). None of that guarantees that there will always be more matter, so the answer to your first question is no: there is likely not infinite matter. To your second question: The universe can expand because adding more space doesn't conflict with always being able to move further. To your third: Nope, you will never end up at the same spot, eventually. And to your fourth: That's a hard question. There is not necessarily infinite matter, so the answer to this question is "not necessarily." But at the same time, matter seems to be relatively, but not perfectly, evenly distributed throughout the visible universe, so the answer to this question is going to have to be "probably, but not definitely."


Question: why is partially hydrogenated oil deemed unsafe and banned by the FDA but regular hydrogenated oil is not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is partially hydrogenated oil deemed unsafe and banned by the FDA but regular hydrogenated oil is not?

Firstly its important to understand what saturated and unsaturated fats are. Fats in nature tend to be what we call triglycerides, this is a weird looking chemical, but essentially it consists of a thing called glycerol at the top, consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon with three "legs" that consist of just carbon and hydrogen. Google an image of a triglyceride find out what I mean. You notice that this will consist of a carbon backbone with a bunch of hydrogen surrounding this carbon. Now these are pretty good at storing energy, turns out things that have a bunch of carbon and hydrogen in them but little oxygen tend to burn pretty well. Sugars have a higher proportion of oxygen in them which makes them less desirable as energy storage but are still used because they are smaller than lipids and thus easier to break down. Saturation refers to the question of how full these legs are of hydrogen molecules. Fully saturated triglycerides have these legs completely full of hydrogen, to the point where all bonds in the carbon backbone are either single bonds to other carbon atoms or bonds to hydrogen atoms on the sides. The symmetry here tends to make these legs nice and straight, these have very nice properties such as being solid at room temperature because their legs are nice and straight and not bent, they tend to settle into a solid pretty easily (imagine a bunch of toothpicks stacked perpendicularly, that's why butter is solid). Then there are unsaturated fats. They lack two or more hydrogen molecules in their legs, and instead those carbon atoms lacking a hydrogen make a double bond with their neighboring carbon molecule. Usually these double bonds make the leg "kink" and bend to one side (google saturated vs unsaturated fats for images). This is why say vegetable oils are liquid, these kinks prevent it from forming a nice dense solid at room temperature and instead keep the oil as a viscous liquid, as the kinks cause the fat molecules to tangle but not arrange nicely and close enough to solidify. Which brings us to the question of what is hydrogenation and why is it done. Fats in vegetables tend to be unsaturated, while fats in animals tend to be saturated. The traditional reason for this is because saturated fats hold more energy and this is useful for animals because this means less weight that they have to carry to get some amount of energy, while plants just don't care how heavy they become, they are grounded anyways and don't have a heating system to melt the saturated fats so that they can go where they are needed. But vegetables tend to be easier to raise than animals, including their fats. People use both saturated and unsaturated fats in cooking for their respective reasons, sometimes its useful to have a solid fat at room temperature. Point is people wanted to turn vegetable oils into a solid product, and for that we have to figure out how to saturate vegetable's unsaturated fats. Some smart people came up with the idea of hydrogenation, the idea is that under immense pressure we can force additional hydrogen atoms into unsaturated fats and saturate them further. What they found is that the process of hydrogenation sometimes makes fats that are known as trans fats. Normal unsaturated fats have this "kink" that I mention because in nature most plants make fats that are known as "cis unsaturated fats" meaning that the two hydrogens that are missing for unsaturated fat is found on the same side of the leg, which causes the leg to bend in that direction, nature is pretty good at crafting atoms together in a specific way and plants almost always produce cis fats. But trans fats occur when these missing hydrogen spots are found on the opposite sides of the legs, you can think of it that one missing hydrogen kinks the leg and the other kinks it in the other way because its on the opposite side, causing the legs to be straight. For a while this wasn't considered a problem, in fact this was considered good because trans fats, like fully saturated fats, tended to solidify well because the leg of the fat was not kinked, and it was cheaper for manufacturers in terms of the amount of hydrogen they had to put in and the amount of time spent saturating. This leg to them partially hydrogenating the fats rather than fully hydrogenating. And hell it was even better, because saturated fats have more calories in them than unsaturated. They could get the benefits of saturated fat's solidification without its calorie cost. But for whatever reason, trans have a pesky habit of getting stuck in your arteries, increasing the risk of heart attacks. Fully saturated fats have this too but for whatever reason trans fats tend to do this even more. So the solution has been to ban partial hydrogenation and move to full hydrogenation, eliminating trans fats.


Question: How were early civilizations able to calculate many, many decimals of π (pi)? And how did they know what they were doing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were early civilizations able to calculate many, many decimals of π (pi)? And how did they know what they were doing?

They were not. The best they got was seven or eight decimals- though with their mathematics they didn't think of it in terms of decimal places. The main method for determining pi's value was to figure out the perimeter of a regular polygon that fit exactly inside a circle (of diameter 1), and the perimeter of a polygon inside which the circle fit, and reasoning that the circumference of the circle (pi) must be somewhere between them. But geometry is tricky, and people ran out of geometric steam around the time they figured it out with 192-gons.


Question: Why do tall buildings look like they're almost swaying if you look at them from ground level?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do tall buildings look like they're almost swaying if you look at them from ground level?

Because they are. Tall buildings are built to flex. It helps in the case of earthquakes, and even just day-to-day wind movement. Tall buildings have various forces impacting them. Updrafts will have unequal pressure on the different sides of the building, pushing it one way or another. If the buildings were truly rigid, this would make them crumble. Aside from the weight issue, this is why steel is used instead of straight concrete. Steel has some flex, some give, to it. The taller the building, the more away there will be. Really tall buildings can have the top of the building move 5+ feet under certain conditions.