Question: Why does white noise calm people down?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 Why does white noise calm people down?

When it's quiet, your body reacts to every noise with a "what's that?" response which makes you perk up and be alert. By drowning out the sounds with white noise, you don't have that effect as often and your body has a chance to relax.


Question: Why consumers have to go through a 3rd party to purchase video gaming consoles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why consumers have to go through a 3rd party to purchase video gaming consoles?

You can off their websites. Nintendo has a few stores. I can't imagine it being profitable to build retail stores that only sell a handful of products, like video game consoles.


Question: Given that the Schwarzchild radius of the mass of the universe is more than 13 light years, and the universe was once smaller than that, how did everything not instantly collapse into a singularity at the beginning of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 Given that the Schwarzchild radius of the mass of the universe is more than 13 light years, and the universe was once smaller than that, how did everything not instantly collapse into a singularity at the beginning of time?

We aren't 100% sure on this yet. But whatever force (Dark Energy) that is causing the universe to expand is likely what overcame the force of gravity from collapsing the universe back into a singularity.


Question: if fire/extreme heat can make/change weather patterns, is the same true for the cold?

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<thinking>
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 if fire/extreme heat can make/change weather patterns, is the same true for the cold?

Not likely. A fire is hundreds of degrees hotter than the surrounding air. That huge temperature difference means thermal energy is being passed to the air very quickly. You can't get a similar temperature difference going colder because: 1, we can't create cold the way we can with heat, and 2, You bump up against absolute 0 where EVERYTHING stops moving, at -459 degrees fahrenheit. Paper burns at 451 degrees above 0, and most fires are MUCH hotter than that.


Question: - What are economies of scale?

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 - What are economies of scale?

Let's say that I want to build a single car. I have to spend a lot of money to make a factory, to get deals for the metal, for the workers with the skill to make it, it'll be very expensive for me to make that one car. So if I'm going to sell that one car, it will cost a TON of money. But if I use that factory to make a 1000 cars, the money I spent on getting the supplies, building a factory, hiring workers, is now spread out over 1000 cars rather than just one. So I can charge a lot less for a single car now, because I expect to sell more. This applies to other goods and services. If I scale up and produce a lot more of something, it generally allows me to charge less for an individual item as a result, because the raw material to make the object is usually not the most expensive part of creating it. Hiring people and getting the facilities to make it is.


Question: please. Math: how do two negative numbers multiply to create a positive number?

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 please. Math: how do two negative numbers multiply to create a positive number?

> /u/MonaWasTheBoss > Think about it like this: If you film someone running forwards (positive) and then play the film forward (positive) he is still running forward (positive). If you play the film backward (negative) he appears to be running backwards (negative) so the result of multiplying a positive and a negative is negative. Same goes for if you film a guy running backwards (negative) and play it normally (positive) he appears to be still running backwards (negative). Now, if you film a guy running backwards (negative) and play it backwards (negative) he appears to be running forward (positive). Even if you speed up the rewind (-3x or -4x) these results hold true. Backward x backward = forward. Negative times negative = positive. Edit: Thanks for the kind words and super thanks for whoever gave me my first gold. This analogy was just something my 7th grade teacher said one time and it stuck with me. URL_0


Question: How do we know the universe is ever expanding?

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 How do we know the universe is ever expanding?

Doppler effect. When the source of a wave is travelling away from you, the waves stretch out causing a shift down. That’s why the sound of a car horn changes as it drives past - the sound waves are getting longer and therefore the pitch is changing. The same thing happens with light waves - if the source is travelling away from you, the wavelength of light stretches until it drops below the visible spectrum. If this didn’t happen, then you wouldn’t see individual stars at night - the night sky would be full of stars from all over the universe.


Question: Why is it so hard to rip open a package with wet hands (even if it has a notch for ripping)?

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 Why is it so hard to rip open a package with wet hands (even if it has a notch for ripping)?

When your hands are wet they are lubricated by the wetness. This reduces friction, which reduces your ability to grab and rip a package open.


Question: How does a check scam work?

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 How does a check scam work?

When you cash a check, you do it at **your** bank, not the bank which issued the check. Your bank is essentially lending you the money; they say "OK, this piece of paper looks like a valid IOU. I'll give you the $100, and we will contact the bank which issued this check and they will repay us that $100." Unless the check is very obviously fake, your bank will assume it's good and give you your money. If the check is invalid, then the bank which issued it (if there even is one) will not pay your bank the $100. Your bank will then ask for the $100 back from you (usually by deducting it from your account).


Question: how we are able to remember that we've forgot something, but not remember what we've actually forgot?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how we are able to remember that we've forgot something, but not remember what we've actually forgot?

You may give yourself a cue to remember something. The cue itself is a separate memory. You may have mentally concentrated more on the cue so you wouldn't forget, than you did on the thing you were trying to remember. Example: you have laundry in the washer, and you decide to get started on mowing the yard, but tell yourself to remember to go back in the house and move the laundry into the dryer after you run the lawnmower through one tank of gas. Several times as you mow, you think ahead to how much mowing you have left to do, and each time you do, the thought goes through your head that the first time you run out of gas, you must attend another task, and the first step of that task being to go back into the house, that's the part that crosses your mind, and it gets more fixed in your memory. Finally, you do run out of gas, you go back into the house, and... you can't recall what it was you were going to do when you got there.


Question: Why does our gov't make 13 billion pennies a year when it costs more than a cent to make one... Don't we have enough pennies??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 Why does our gov't make 13 billion pennies a year when it costs more than a cent to make one... Don't we have enough pennies??

It's important to remember that currency is not minted/printed for the sake of making profit. Whether a penny or a hundred dollar bill, you 'lose' money making it because that money already existed somewhere. When you get a paycheck and deposit it, you are never dealing with any currency between your company, you, or your bank. But when you get money from the ATM, that money that has already been through multiple transactions now has a physical form. The same think is happening when the US Mint creates and distributes currency - giving form to money that already existed. Pennies should leave circulation [for a lot of reasons,]( URL_0 ) but the cost to make them isn't one.


Question: what is the difference of murder, homicide, and manslaughter?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 what is the difference of murder, homicide, and manslaughter?

In simplest terms: Murder is the intentional act of killing someone. With Manslaughter you intentionally acted recklessly and caused death, but you were not intending to kill. Homicide is a manner of death, meaning one person killed another. It can be a result of murder, manslaughter, even self-defence (called justifiable homicide).


Question: If molecules are packed more tightly together in solids than in liquids, why is it that solids can be compressed and liquids cannot?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 If molecules are packed more tightly together in solids than in liquids, why is it that solids can be compressed and liquids cannot?

Liquids can be compressed. Incompressible liquid is a common assumption to make for certain flow calculations because for example the compressibility of water in a river has virtually no impact on the flow. In high pressure hydraulic systems the compressibility of the oil can be important


Question: What is the whole point of calculus and how would you explain it to a five year old?

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<answer>
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 What is the whole point of calculus and how would you explain it to a five year old?

Math teacher here. While the previous comments explain aspects of calculus, the main point of calculus is to study change. The change of a "curvy thing" isn't always a "straight thing" it can actually also be a "curvy thing." The rainbow idea is a great example of an integral, but again only one aspect of what an integral can do. That being said, basic calculus can be split into two ideas: derivatives and integrals. Derivatives find the rate of change of the rate of change. Sometimes we use the word slope to describe rate of change. A derivative will tell you the rate at which the rate changes. For example, if given a function of the speed of an object, the derivative would tell you how fast your speed is increasing or decreasing. The second derivative tells you how fast the fastness of the increasing or decreasing speed is increasing or decreasing. You can go on and on, but it tells you, more or less, how change changes. Integrals can be thought of as the inverse or opposite of a derivative. If given the derivative of a function, the integral would give you (more or less, but the difference is basically inconsequential) the original function. It also does something interesting, it tells us the accumulation of a function. So if a function describes, say, how much concrete is being poured on to a sidewalk at any given moment, the integral of this function would tell you how much concrete has accumulated, or the total amount of concrete poured out at any moment. Many people mistakenly think that an integral only measures the area under a curve. While the integral does measure the area under the curve, it really tells us the accumulation of a function. Of course, calculus does much much more, but this is a basic explanation of the basics of calculus


Question: When listening to music from far away, why are the drums so prevalent whereas that's not the case when the source is near?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 When listening to music from far away, why are the drums so prevalent whereas that's not the case when the source is near?

Basically you're mostly just hearing the bass or kick drum. The bass is a very slow moving and large sound wave, compared to vocals or a guitar which are faster and smaller sound waves. The bass noises can travel further than the others. However when you're nearby you're hearing the music as it was designed to be heard. Essentially guitar and vocals are the prominent or loudest components so they over power the bass drum when there's nothing blocking it. You can think of high pitched notes as rabbits and low pitched notes as elephants. Put them both in your living room and then run to the other side of the house. Make them both run to you in a straight line, the rabbit will get stuck at the first wall it runs into, but the elephant even though it's slower will just plow right through.


Question: How does aloe vera help with sunburns? And why does dry skin burn when you put lotion on it?

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 How does aloe vera help with sunburns? And why does dry skin burn when you put lotion on it?

Let's start with the most basic of things: skin is made of cells; layers of dead cells on the top protecting layers of living cells beneath above a layer of reproducing cells that make more and shuffle things up towards the top as the upper layers are used up, so to speak. Mixed into these are other cellular structures, means of getting resources from place to place, and other such things, but right now the big thing to remember is that your skin is made of cells. Light carries energy; certain sorts of atoms or the molecules they join to form will absorb certain wavelengths of light and react in different ways. This can be a good thing, as for the plants that use red and blue wavelengths of light to drive their photosynthesis, or the way your cells can use UV light to make vitamin D. This can also be nasty; give enough UV energy to your DNA and it can cause certain bits of it to undergo chemical reactions and stick together in ways that make it hard to "read". Hit your DNA with enough X-rays and it can cause breaks. Sunburns are a downstream effect of this. Your cells have ways to fix problems that happen in them, but too much damage will still be really bad for them and could be bad for the rest of your body. Because of that, your cells also have mechanisms that cause them to die in controlled ways when the damage they take gets too severe - that way they can get replaced by healthier cells. The reason a sunburn gets red or even blisters is due to that death causing an inflammatory response; the body pumps extra liquid in to get your white blood cells there to clean out the damaged cells and the packets they break into when undergoing controlled cell death. (There's more to it and a whole lot of signaling, but that's the basics.) The reason it becomes painful is because it can agitate the receptors you have, such as pain receptors; when the skin is puffy and red and damaged, a touch can set off those pain receptors much more easily. And _that_ brings us to the answer. Aloe Vera hasn't really been demonstrated to help treatment of wounds or burns, but it _does_ get those pain receptors to back off a bit, so to speak. It's hard to point to exactly what the interaction is (though testing continues) because there's something like seventy-five things in Aloe Vera (vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars, anthraquinones, fatty acids, hormones, and more) which might have an impact on your cells, and there's also the cooling effect of the gel drying on the surface of the skin. Some compounds in it are anti-inflamatory, others may be involved more directly in preventing signals from getting to those pain receptors, essentially. Longer story with citations [here]( URL_0 ), if you'd like to do more reading. Similarly, the reason skin lotion burns on dry skin is because it's seeping into cracks and agitating receptors that typically sense other forms of damage; it's not a bad thing, it's just those sensors in the body going "oh gosh, cells got burned here!" because they sense chemicals often exposed when cells get burned, or chemicals close enough to trigger them. It doesn't burn on not-so-dry skin, I believe, because the same substances can't get to the things that would go "oh no a burn!" when they 'saw' them as easily.


Question: How does a body stay preserved in a mausoleum? I just exited the Ho Chi Minh mausoleum in Hanoi Vietnam and his body is pristine. How come it hasn’t decomposed?

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<answer>
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 How does a body stay preserved in a mausoleum? I just exited the Ho Chi Minh mausoleum in Hanoi Vietnam and his body is pristine. How come it hasn’t decomposed?

Love to know you've been visiting my hometown. A body can stay preserved with chemicals take place of all the organs and internal fluids. But for Ho Chi Minh's case. It's quite different. You see, the body in there isn't his body, it is just a statue. His body was secretly burried around Ba Vi, Vietnam.


Question: What are linear equations used for?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What are linear equations used for?

Loads of things. Take, for example, a taxi. Taxis charge a certain amount of money for every mile you go, plus some initial fee. We can write this as P=r•D+c, where P is the total price, r is the rate per mile, D is the distance, and c is the initial cost. We can then plot a graph of P against D and work out how the price changes as you go along. Now, say there is another taxi firm that charges a different rate and initial cost. You could plot *that* one on the same graph, and see which is cheaper for a given distance, or work out at what point they are equal. This is perhaps a silly example, but there are so many things that use linear equations. If you're going at a constant speed, then distance vs time is linear. Or a constant acceleration, speed vs time is linear. The amount of force to stretch a spring to a given distance is linear. And these are just a few things.


Question: Is it possible to predict the chemical properties of compounds from the properties of the singular elements they are formed with?

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 Is it possible to predict the chemical properties of compounds from the properties of the singular elements they are formed with?

I'm gonna make a general statement and just say no There has been some research into how the arrangement of the elements may be used to predict molecular properties, but for the most part we can't predict very well. A lot of chemical properties are due to the configuration of electrons and possible energy states of the atom. Forming molecules tends to change both of those things, and can result in very different properties That being said, it is sometimes possible to predict chemical properties of large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules, but not generally as much from the atomic level


Question: Why does smoke or fog appear thicker at a distance?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does smoke or fog appear thicker at a distance?

The further you look, the more smoke or fog there is between you and the thing you're looking at. Think of it as looking through several layers of a slightly transparent material.


Question: Why are saltwater fish generally so much more colorful and vibrant than their freshwater counterparts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are saltwater fish generally so much more colorful and vibrant than their freshwater counterparts?

Fish from the coral reefs are, not so much open water marine fish. Coral reefs are bright and colorful places, so to blend in bright and colorful works. In freshwater, the common background colors to blend in with are earth tones or sometimes green.


Question: What is the purpose of shame and is there really any value in it for survival?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the purpose of shame and is there really any value in it for survival?

Shame is your warning bell for social *reprobation.* Just as hunger is triggered when you are risking starvation, or fear when you are risking phyisical harm, shame rings when you are risking social disapproval. If your society turns its back on you, **you are as good as dead.** Consequently, yes, shame is very painful.


Question: Why are drinks fizzier when they're warm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are drinks fizzier when they're warm?

Easy answer: When liquids are cold they can hold more gas. Extra details: In summer when rivers are warmest the water holds the least air, this can go down to 0% and frequently the fish and insects die off. In winter the water can get fully saturated at 100%. The principal of CO2 & O2 in a liquid would be the same.


Question: How do spacecraft navigate through and avoid collision with the asteroids in the asteroid belt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do spacecraft navigate through and avoid collision with the asteroids in the asteroid belt?

Asteroid belts aren't like they're depicted in movies. At least ours isn't. The average gap between asteroids in our belt is 600,000 miles, so it wouldn't be hard to slip between them


Question: Why is it that people wake up when a car starts slowing or stops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that people wake up when a car starts slowing or stops?

It seems your inner ear can feel the differences in motion, even when you're asleep. URL_0 URL_2 URL_1


Question: why do so many things grow toward a branch or fern-like pattern? Even non-living things such as ice crystals to lightning and even dust patterns on plastic surfaces? What am I not seeing here that makes all these thing follow the same or very similar branch pattern?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do so many things grow toward a branch or fern-like pattern? Even non-living things such as ice crystals to lightning and even dust patterns on plastic surfaces? What am I not seeing here that makes all these thing follow the same or very similar branch pattern?

Both ferns and ice crystals grow as [fractals]( URL_0 ). The idea is that if you're scaling something (adding a leaf to a fern, expanding an ice crystal), you're always following roughly the same rules: "What's easy to get to from here?" and "How far away do I need to be from the last thing before I add a new thing?" and "Which way is the sun?", for example. If you apply the same rule each step, you'll get recognizable patterns throughout each level of the thing you're looking at. If the rules are similar enough to each other, the end results will look similar (like lightning and rivers). Dust on your window might form in fractal patterns because the tiny static particles are following specific rules of sticking to certain surfaces and avoiding others. Rivers might spread in fractal patterns because the soil has a specific tendency to erode into forming one big river up until a certain point, when you'll see a fork split. Again, the reason for the rules might change, but they lead to common rules about splitting off vs. making something bigger, usually based on distance and rotation.


Question: Why exactly is it that when you look at a clock, the seconds hand stops for a brief 'second' before moving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why exactly is it that when you look at a clock, the seconds hand stops for a brief 'second' before moving?

This has to do with how your brain edits your vision in real time. Your eyes are constantly making tiny adjustments - refocusing, reorienting, tracking objects, etc. And whenever your eyes move, your brain can't keep up; for that instant, you are functionally blind. So what does your brain do? It pauses your visual processing for that moment, and then retroactively stretches the new visual information backwards to fill the gap. Since your vision normally has a slight delay anyway during it's processing, you usually don't notice this. However, when you look at a precisely timed oscillating system, like the hand of a clock, your sense of time is sensitive enough to detect the stretched out extra time your brain added to hid your blindness. If you want to know more, read about [Chronostasis/the Stopped-Clock illusion]( URL_0 )


Question: How do cells decode DNA information?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do cells decode DNA information?

Great questions! > how this clever code is decoded? This is a process called transcription and translation. The DNA is used to make an RNA template, and then the RNA template is used to make proteins. Proteins are extremely versatile molecules that do pretty much everything in the body. They are long strings of smaller molecules called amino acids. A sequence of three RNA nucleotides (those little ladder rungs in drawings of DNA) corresponds to one amino acid. Here are [two]( URL_0 ) [videos]( URL_2 ) that describe how transcription and translation happen. > How do each cell know, what function will it need to be providing? Cells get "told" what to do by various molecules such as hormones. These either bind to the cell or to DNA itself and cause different genes to be turned on and off, or to be used more or less. This is how they can all do different things despite having the same DNA. In the developing fetus, cell differentiation is caused by particular chemicals called morphogens. These can be produced in response to certain situations, such as cells not getting enough oxygen, and then that causes a response, which in this case is blood vessels growing toward higher concentrations of that low-oxygen signal. Other times, a particular patch of cells will produce a morphogen, and the concentration gradient around that area causes the cells to behave differently. [Hand development]( URL_1 ) works like this, where each finger is a result of a different morphogen concentration. I don't have a complete understanding of this process, so unfortunately I couldn't tell you much more (such as how those patches of morphogen secreting cells know to do that).


Question: Why does hearing a recorded video/clip of ones own voice make so many people cringe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hearing a recorded video/clip of ones own voice make so many people cringe?

The sound being conducted through your bones/tissue sounds different to your ears than what gets conducted through the air and recorded by a mic and played back through a speaker, especially a low-quality one. Generally, your voice will sound higher and more nasal on a recording.


Question: in the EU, all food must be labelled with its energy value in kJ, numbers of nutrients per 100 grams, and an ingredients list. However, all alcohol is exempt. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 in the EU, all food must be labelled with its energy value in kJ, numbers of nutrients per 100 grams, and an ingredients list. However, all alcohol is exempt. Why?

Alcohol isn’t a food and you don’t consume it for nutrition at all. I’m not sure what it’s technically classified or controlled under but it’s generally a separate agency or set of rules.


Question: How do big businesses like amazon pay zero dollars in taxes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do big businesses like amazon pay zero dollars in taxes?

Profit is the amount of money a company makes in excess of the money it has to spend to keep the business running. A company that makes no profit pays no taxes. Imagine a lemonade stand selling drinks for $1 and spending $0.20 per cup on ingredients. You might think that was $0.80 in profit but you ingredients are only part of it. The stand itself cost $10, the signs cost $10 and you promised your friend $5 to sit with you. Well eventually, if you sell enough, you'll be able to cover all of that and still have some profit. But what if, instead, you decided to use the extra money to expand your business. So if you ended up with $50.00 profit but spent all that buying 3 new stands and recruiting people to manage them suddenly you have no profit and pay no taxes. Now amazon is making a lot more than $50 but they are constantly aggressively expanding so anytime they have $1 left over they buy a box of staples and end up making $0 profit so they pay nothing.


Question: Why do so many sites have a selection of pre-made security questions, rather than allowing users to create their own?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many sites have a selection of pre-made security questions, rather than allowing users to create their own?

It ensures that the security questions are of some level of difficulty. If they allowed users to define their own questions then some would be "My password is hunter2."


Question: How did hourglass happen? How did they even get the right amount/size of each sand particle/other physical aspects to be aligned with the time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did hourglass happen? How did they even get the right amount/size of each sand particle/other physical aspects to be aligned with the time?

Traditional hour glasses are open at the end and capped by a wooden cap. So you can make an hour glass but leave one end open. Then you put it next to a sundial and fill it with sand exactly when the shadow on the sundial crosses a mark. Then at the next mark you stop the hourglass and poar out the excess before you cap the other end as well. That leaves you with an hourglass that have exactly enough sand to last an hour and no more.


Question: Is sea level the same on both coasts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is sea level the same on both coasts?

If you were to measure from the center of the Earth to "sea level" of each coast you would find them to be different. I do not know how much difference there would be. Maybe a mm, maybe several meters. The Earth is not perfectly spherical or uniform, there are variations in the density and therefore the strength of gravity all over the Earth. You might search for the term "Geoid" for more information.


Question: Why can't anything travel faster than light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't anything travel faster than light?

You can think of lightspeed as "the speed of cause and effect" in the universe. If this speed was infinite, then everything would react to everything else instantaneously. There would be no time. There's nothing actually special about light itself, it's just that photons are massless. Therefore, they travel at the maximum speed that the universe allows, which we call "the speed of light". It's the other way around, you see.


Question: What would it be like swimming in zero gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would it be like swimming in zero gravity?

Not in the way you're used to. In zero gravity, water will tend to pull itself into a floating sphere, unless it's completely contained, in which case you wouldn't have a surface to enter through. In a sphere of water, nothing would float, there's no up or down. Kicking and pushing will still move you through the water, but will also distort the water in unpredictable ways. There's no bottom to push off of, and staying on the surface might or might not be harder. The basic problem is that everything you're used to about how water works is based on the assumption of gravity. If those assumptions are gone, nothing will work the way it's supposed to, and it would be far to easy to end up drowning.


Question: Why/how does China make their currency cheap? Wouldn't everyone else just catch on and give it a real value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why/how does China make their currency cheap? Wouldn't everyone else just catch on and give it a real value?

Right, lots of misinformation here. Listen up, here’s the truth. The valuation of a currency depends on its demand and supply. China has a closed monetary system which prevents cash from easily entering or leaving the system. They have significant control over RMB supply in the global forex market. The supply is completely fixed at whatever price level the Chinese government says is ok (ie a horizontal supply curve, for those who studied economics) If you wanted to “catch on” and buy tons of RMB at a “discount”, the Chinese government would just put more RMB into the market, nullifying the price rise. The amazing thing is because they have such strong monetary control, the negative drawbacks from currency devaluation (mainly inflation) have no effect domestically. The domestic and global market are totally separated.


Question: Why is water "matte" in some places and "clear" in others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is water "matte" in some places and "clear" in others?

It's the wind ruffling the surface. Even a small amount of breeze will cause small ripples. Near the bank it's sheltered. With the duck, and even a boat moving slowly, it will move the water sideways it passes and break up the ripple formation. As a dinghy sailor on a fairly calm day, you can look at the water and pick the places with the best wind from the grey areas instead of the reflective ones.


Question: Where does our mind go when we sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does our mind go when we sleep?

It keeps going, but hallucinates as it saves memories from the day and does other refreshing things. During most of this time you don’t remember it so when you wake up you think it didn’t happen. The parts you do remember are just dreams like you would expect.


Question: Why are there some unsolvable math equations? What do people have that solve them that others didn't? What makes them unsolvable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there some unsolvable math equations? What do people have that solve them that others didn't? What makes them unsolvable?

We don't have a general answer for "what makes them unsolvable." If we knew how to answer that for every question, then we would kinda know *everything*, mathematically. In some cases, we can give a proof for why a particular equation or system has no solutions. The proof or disproof is different for each problem, and finding them is the bread and butter of a mathematician's work. It's hard, and that's why it's a whole profession. Sometimes they find a solution to the equation, sometimes they find a way to prove no solution exists. In either case, they consider the problem settled after that. But there's a very clever reason we know that there will always be some problems that are beyond our reach to settle. It is an argument put forward by Alan Turing, to answer something David Hilbert asked called the "Decision problem." Or in Hilbert's German, the *Entscheidungsproblem.* Ent-SHY-doongs-pro-BLEM. Isn't that a great word? The Decision problem went something like: "given some logical proof system and a statement in that system, can you always determine the statement's truth or falsity?" Turing's argument got a little technical, but in the broad strokes, he first showed that the problem was equivalent to asking whether a particular algorithm or computer program would ever terminate. This related problem is called the "Halting problem." He then imagined that there could be some process which, in a finite number of steps, could answer this question, does it halt or not, for any program. We call that process an "oracle." He showed that such a process (if it existed) could, itself, be expressed as a program. And since the oracle answers halting questions about programs, he then proposed to *ask the oracle a halting question about the oracle!* But it was a question phrased in a very tricky, paradoxical way. Do you know what a paradox is? Think about if you asked someone "Are you going to answer 'no' to this question?" If they answer yes, they're a liar, and if they answer no, they're a liar. That's a paradox! So Turing exploited a paradox kind of like that one, to show that there *must* be some questions we could ask the oracle and it could not correctly answer. And this meant that, no matter what set of tools you might settle on for solving math problems, there will always always always exist some problems it can't solve. There can be no master-algorithm for solving them all. One pretty cool thing about this story is that it's from 1936. There *were* no computers yet, so when he proposed expressing math problems as computer programs, he was *kinda* inventing the whole concept of computer programs! He described these programs in terms of abstract processes which we now call *Turing machines.* (note: The Decision problem was also answered, the same year I think, in a different way by Alonso Church. But his answer was much harder to ELI5 and I don't really understand it well myself.) eta: If you want to explore it in a little more detail, there's a good brief walkthrough of Turing's argument [here.]( URL_0 )


Question: How can companies write 75% off of someones debt? I see a lot of commercials on YouTube about these type of companies

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can companies write 75% off of someones debt? I see a lot of commercials on YouTube about these type of companies

You mean like a debt trustee? People don't get to walk away scott-free. Usually their credit is still pretty damaged... but not as bad as if they filed for bankruptcy. (remember, you don't walk away from all debts in bankruptcy either). Usually what they'll do is try to arrange some type of debt consolidation - but you're typically only going to these places when your bank has said no to that already. What they do is they go to your debtors and negotiate. They say look, /u/MadBartRo can't make their monthly payments on all this debt. They'll have to declare bankruptcy if this keeps up. THEN, you'll only get 21% and it will be wage garnished and thats a pain in the ass. How about /u/MadBartRo will promise to pay you back 40% over 4 years and you forgive/forget the rest? The debtors go for it because 40% is better than 21%. But your credit still is trash uuntil you pay back what you negotiate.


Question: How is it that things such as Centrifugal Force are obviously real and can be felt in normal everyday life, but yet isn’t classified as a real force in Physics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that things such as Centrifugal Force are obviously real and can be felt in normal everyday life, but yet isn’t classified as a real force in Physics?

To be considered a force, there has to be something applying said force. Think of being in a car going fast around a turn. You feel yourself being pushed outward towards the door, and attribute that to a centrifugal force. The thing is, there isn't a force actively pushing you outward. Your momentum from the car initially going forward would have just carried you in a straight line continuously forever, but you were acted upon by another force (the car door pushing back on you.) You already had the forward motion while driving straight, which then was an "outward" motion with respect to the car after it started to turn.


Question: Why didn’t the ph scale just start at 0?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why didn’t the ph scale just start at 0?

It is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. A hydrogen ion has charge of +1. Even in a neutral solution however there are still some hydrogen ions being produced due to random reactions. So for instance in pure water the hydrogen concentration is about 10\^-7 moles/liter, which corresponds to a pH of 7.


Question: How do baby wipes stay wet ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do baby wipes stay wet ?

Well, as long as the package is sealed, the humidity has nowhere to go. If you leave the package open, the humidity will eventually evaporate and dry the wipes.


Question: why are car headrests angled forward?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are car headrests angled forward?

To prevent your head from yanking backward in a rear-end collision (reward hyperflexion), the headrest pushes your head forward and down to keep it close to your spine.


Question: Is there a reason we as humans have not been able to develop the ability to intentionally go to sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a reason we as humans have not been able to develop the ability to intentionally go to sleep?

The short answer is that in a paleolothic environment, our brain is probably less trustworthy than our instincts on this matter. More control is not better if your decision making is flawed.


Question: Are all wild animals helpless to fleas, ticks, and parasites their whole lives?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are all wild animals helpless to fleas, ticks, and parasites their whole lives?

Wild animals tend to either try to scratch things off like ticks for example, or they try and clean each other. But they basically never get rid of fleas and parasites when they catch on to them.


Question: What do spoilers (on cars) actually do, and how?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do spoilers (on cars) actually do, and how?

People often confuse spoilers and wings which both are aerodynamic devices on cars to improve performance. But they have very different ways of working. A spoiler is designed to direct air into the void that forms behind the car. By directing air into this void the pressure behind the car increases and the car is not getting sucked back as much. This makes sure the aerodynamic drag of the car is as small as possible. In general cars that is designed to be fuel efficient or be fast in a streight line would have a spoiler to reduce the air resistance. However cars designed to navigate corners at high speed will have a similar looking but very different wing instead. Unlike spoilers a wing will increase drag but will push the car down into the ground improving traction.


Question: Why is the Pacific Ocean colder than the Atlantic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Pacific Ocean colder than the Atlantic?

I’m still an undergrad so correct me if I’m wrong: from what I understand it is because of a few processes 1) the Pacific is much more vast than the Atlantic (about 2x the size) 2) cold water moves into the Pacific from the Antarctic waters north and toward the east due to [upwelling (map of thermo haline circulation direction)]( URL_1 ) and [gyres (map of wind controlled gyres)]( URL_0 ) and is warmed in the equator along the way. > this warming produces most pacific tropical storms 3) once it is reaches the most northern peak of the gyre it is carried back south and west by the same gyre where the now already warm water meets up with existing warm surface waters in the southern Atlantic (warm water rises to the surface which “pulls” cold water up to produce upwelling) 4) the combined warmed waters is carried again by gyres north past the equator AGAIN and is warmed further and circles around the Gulf of Mexico > These even warmer waters produce the hurricanes in NA 5) as the gyre passes the warm water further north it circulates east toward Europe cooling along the way and is further cooled down in the Arctic circle and meets the cool super salinated current in the deep ocean (the same current being “pulled” by warm water moving on the surface) > I believe the warm waters going toward Europe is why the mediterranean is a warm sea and also the cooling water may also be why it is cloudy so often in northern Europe.


Question: we can keep a lot of different cells in culture. Why can't we just keep a culture of the cells that produce spermatozoids so we have plenty of them instead of needing sperm donations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 we can keep a lot of different cells in culture. Why can't we just keep a culture of the cells that produce spermatozoids so we have plenty of them instead of needing sperm donations?

I might be wrong but even if you cultivate those cells, I don't think they can provide unlimited sperm. Also, cell cultive is way more expensive and complicated than just having a donated sperm.


Question: Why do we feel temperure changes more in physical contact with liquids than with gases?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we feel temperure changes more in physical contact with liquids than with gases?

We don't actually feel the temperature of the things we touch. What we experience as "hot" or "cold" is movement of heat into our out of our bodies. Liquids have a much greater capacity to move heat than gases. So touching a liquid moves heat in or out of your body much faster than touching a gas.


Question: How does garbage collection work in the US? Is it done by private companies or the government? If the former, then who pays the private companies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does garbage collection work in the US? Is it done by private companies or the government? If the former, then who pays the private companies?

It depends in the location, some areas will have a city or county trash service from the government. Other areas will have private companies. If its a private company then the people will get a bill directly from the trash company. Where i live there are multiple companies that will do residential trash pickup. But just a few miles away in the city the government does it and (i believe) its a separate bill still, but paid to a specific department in the government.


Question: Why does more sound also make sound louder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does more sound also make sound louder?

The amount of "loudness" is determined by the amount of energy that is shaking your eardrum. The more energy, the louder it is. There's a difference between how loud the same energy level of different pitches seems, but for now we'll just consider two people talking which is close in pitch so we can ignore that factor. Coming out of each mouth is a pattern of pressure waves, they pass through the air and shake your eardrum. The thing is that they interact - adding together. If the pressure bit of both meet you get more pressure, likewise with the low pressure bit, if the opposite bits meet you would get less variation. Because the sound of the two people talking isn't a constant, uniform wave, we don't just get cancellation. We get a more complex combined wave pattern shaking our eardrums that has more energy. So it seems louder. The pattern though is not "twice the energy, twice the volume" it is more of a "10 times the energy, twice the volume" thing.


Question: When there is a loud or sudden sound, or any kind of stimulation, what determines whether or not it'll scare us? Why are we sometimes fine with it and sometimes completely distraught?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When there is a loud or sudden sound, or any kind of stimulation, what determines whether or not it'll scare us? Why are we sometimes fine with it and sometimes completely distraught?

I believe the correct word you are looking for is startle. It goes from startleing you to scaring you only once you identified the sound as potentially harmful. Why do you get startled is mostly based on your situational awareness at the time.


Question: Are Magnetic North and the North Star just extremely fortunate coincidences? Or could early civilizations on other planets expect such useful navigation tools?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are Magnetic North and the North Star just extremely fortunate coincidences? Or could early civilizations on other planets expect such useful navigation tools?

They're not *precisely* coincidental. The magnetic field exists because of the rotation of Earth's core, which is (more or less) rotating about the same axis that is used to define the rotation that we experience here on the surface. That same axis is what points (generally) at Polaris. Presuming other planets have significantly large magnetic fields that align with the axis of that planets rotation (in the same way ours apparently works), and if there is a star pretty close to where that axis travels out into the sky (again, in the same way that Polaris is pretty close to our axis), then yeah, they'd probably have similar things. They also potentially may have a constellation of stars that exists along that axis if no individual star is close enough to geodetic north/south. The biggest issue is that the Polaris star has to be pretty bright in order to be useful (again, this is why a constellation may end up being used instead).


Question: Why copying 1x4000MB file is much faster than copying 4000x1MB file?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why copying 1x4000MB file is much faster than copying 4000x1MB file?

Imagine you are sending out presents to a friend. Two options: 1: Make a giant box and throw everything in. Wrap it in gift paper. 2: Individually wrap each present. Option one is faster because you spend less time wrapping the gifts. The work required to wrap the gifts is called “overhead”. Back to computers. The transfer of files has the same overhead, consisting of, but not limited to: - access times on the reading and writing target - lookup of metadata to be transferred - interruptions on the transfer bus Hope this breaks it down for you 😊


Question: Why does water taste better when you’re thirsty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water taste better when you’re thirsty?

Our bodies have a way of regulating water that's involuntary. And since our bodies don't drink without us consciously making it, it needs to give us incentive to stay hydrated. Psychologically all animals have drives that they need to fulfill, these drives involve hunger, thirst, loneliness, sexual arousal, etc. When we reduce it fullfill these drives by either eating, drinking, or finding a mate, our body "rewards" us by releasing neurotransmitters that make us feel good, this way we are conditioned to want to reduce those drives. This is a simplification of the reward system in our brains. So when you're thirsty, you need to reduce that drive by drinking and when you do, your mood elevates and because of that you think water tastes better. This way you'll always consciously want to drink water more when you're thirsty and not as much when you don't need it (You'll notice once you quench your thirst but keep drinking, the water won't taste good and you'll feel uncomfortable).


Question: How is a molecular clock calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a molecular clock calculated?

To calibrate a molecular clock, you need something that's known and dated, like a fossil from the specific species in question. Then, once the rate of mutation is determined, you can calculate the divergence of species, although it's not always that easy, because mutation rates can fluctuate which leads to some degree of uncertainty. This can be minimized if you have more fossils from different time periods to look at, but that's not always possible.


Question: What actually are “knots” in your muscles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually are “knots” in your muscles?

Your muscle fibers basically start “sticking” to each other. Chronic continuous stress on muscles creates microtearing. The muscle continues to lose elasticity through stresses, dehydration and weird positions when untreated. They tighten and contract even when typically at rest.