Question: Could another civilisation have founded another source of energy besides electricity or is it the only source?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could another civilisation have founded another source of energy besides electricity or is it the only source?

Electricity is not a source. It is just a way to move power around. The source is coal, nuke, wind or whatever.


Question: How can my phone contact emergency services, despite signal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can my phone contact emergency services, despite signal?

Carriers, by law, are forced to accept an emergency call from any device capable of communicating on their network (even if it's not a type of device whitelisted for their customers), regardless if the caller is a current subscriber or not For example, if only a Verizon-owned tower can be reached by someone who doesn't have any active service at all, the emergency call will connect through that Verizon tower.


Question: why our memories comes to us as if we are in 3rd person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why our memories comes to us as if we are in 3rd person?

Mine don't. Am I in the minority in this?


Question: How do we know what √pi= or what pi^x= if pi is infinite?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know what √pi= or what pi^x= if pi is infinite?

π isn't infinite, it's irrational. The relationship between a circle's diameter and circumference is not infinite, it a real and tangible number that we can know as excatly as we know what 12 is. We know exactly what π is, it is π. We know what π is as much as we know what 1, -1, 1000, sqrt(2), e, or j are. They are just symbols to represent a number we have an understanding of. Irrational numbers (π, sqrt(2)) simply have a non-repeating decimal representation when we display them in base-10 (using the ten numbers from 0 to 9 in the standard decimal notation). That doesn't mean we don't know what they are, just that we can't express it exactly in a base-10 representation. Much the same as how 1/3 in base-10 is infinitely repeating as 0.33333.... and that doesn't mean we don't know what 1/3 is or that we can't represent 1/3 exactly. Not being able to display it in base-10 is absolutely not the same as not knowing excatly what it is or it being infinite. Base-10 isn't some fundamental correct way to display numbers. We can actually use base-π as a just as valid base and π works out nice and cleanly. 16 however would be an infinite string of digits, yet you know what 16 is and what it's root is. 1 to represent one is as valid as π is for pi. We also do have eqautions to exactly express π in base-10 (as we know exactly what it is), they would just take forever to calculate. π/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9... for example. We know what sqrt(π) is because we know is what π is. If we wanted to express what sqrt(π) is in a base-10 decimal representation, we simply just take the root of one of the many equations we have for excatly calculating π. Edit: series should be π/4, not π, as pointes out by others.


Question: What made PDF format so ubiquitous/popular?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What made PDF format so ubiquitous/popular?

Because it is simple, small, and relatively safe. a PDF can be open and read by pretty much any document editor, while something like Word Doc or google doc might have formatting issues when converting. Hell you can pretty much open a pdf as if it is a picture. Because of the simplicity they also have small file sizes, which is nice for sharing things over the internet. and they're also pretty safe, while you shouldnt just go around clicking random documents from the internet that you dont know, from what I been told at company IT safety meetings (im not a web security person) it is hard to hide any kind of malware in a PDF file.


Question: Why can animals drink from puddles and muddy water without getting sick? Where as humans get very sick to the point of whole communities dying

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can animals drink from puddles and muddy water without getting sick? Where as humans get very sick to the point of whole communities dying

They really can’t though. Many animals do get sick but you don’t see that part. Also, not all muddy water is contaminated, believe it or not, sometimes it’s just muddy. The fact that you have to deworm your dog so often but never have to deworm yourself tells you pretty much the whole story, yeah?


Question: Why can’t we use the heat and energy of the earth’s core as a renewable energy source?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we use the heat and energy of the earth’s core as a renewable energy source?

Well we actually are using it. Many organizations and countries are using it as a renewable energy resource. Really the only reason we haven't switched is the same reason we haven't switched to any other renewable resource, money. You make more profit selling oil That and it's hard to dig a giant hole in the ground


Question: How do floating point instructions work in x86 assembly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do floating point instructions work in x86 assembly?

A compiler will generate either x87 instructions or SIMD instructions. x87 is a floating point processor, formerly a coprocessor and now integrated into the CPU. It is a stack, and has just a couple registers to set flags. If you wanted to multiply two values, you'd push both onto the stack and execute the multiply instruction. That instruction will pop the values off the stack, perform the multiply, and push the result on the stack. The stack and x87 registers are 80 bits, so any single or double precision IEEE 754 value will be expanded internally, and truncated when written to system memory. This is a strategy to mitigate accumulating errors. SIMD instructions use the XMM instruction set and registers, and depending on your compiler flags, and especially if you're compiling for x86\_64, these are going to be the default. The behavior is to push your values into the XMM registers and then execute your instruction, which happens to all the XMM registers at the same time, in parallel. The SIMD instructions are not x87 and aren't a stack and aren't 80 bits. Frankly, their much easier to understand and typically faster. The compiler may use SIMD instructions and fill unused registers with dummy values that get ignored, just to meet the minimum requirements of setting up and executing SIMD instructions, even for just one or two values.


Question: How can we get the correct temperature when it’s windy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can we get the correct temperature when it’s windy?

We don't actually feel temperature. The only thing we feel is the rate at which we loose heat. If there's wind, we lose heat faster. Given the temperature and wind speed you can estimate how fast we lose heat. You can then calculate how cold it would need to be for us to lose heat at the same rate in wind still conditions, and that's the wind chill temperature


Question: Every human on the planet spontaneously vanishes, and a hundred years later, aliens arrive. Would they be able to find out about the internet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Every human on the planet spontaneously vanishes, and a hundred years later, aliens arrive. Would they be able to find out about the internet?

Sure, there would be an "Internet for Dummies" book someplace on a library shelf. They could learn all about what the Internet was. They could go to the places where the computers were, and maybe fix up the Wikipedia servers so they could learn all we know.


Question: What would happen if a massive planet came very close to earth, as in, would our gravity change?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if a massive planet came very close to earth, as in, would our gravity change?

The planets would disrupt each others orbit, draw each other closer together and then shoot apart again, over and over and over like this for years as gravity ripped chunks off of each with every pass, each time getting closer together. Those chunks would hit both planets turning them into lifeless balls of molten rock before finally slamming together completely, most of which would eventually cool down forming a solid mass, a new planet. The remainder of the materials would orbit around the new planet for a while, most of it raining down in the form of giant meteors, until they too eventually merge together and form a moon. That's actually how Earth and the Moon were formed.


Question: Why does Honda sell so poorly in Europe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Honda sell so poorly in Europe?

Some Ford models are made in EU,so no import taxes and parts are cheaper and easier to find.


Question: Why would criminals like Nikolas Cruz plead not guilty despite being caught in the act by law enforcement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would criminals like Nikolas Cruz plead not guilty despite being caught in the act by law enforcement?

So he has leverage to bargain against the death penalty. The prosecution would prefer he plead guilty and thus avoid the need for a trial that could be traumatic to witness and costly for the state. He will only plead guilty if the death penalty is removed as a potential punishment.


Question: What is the purpose of all the holes on a golf ball?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the purpose of all the holes on a golf ball?

They're there to reduce drag. If the ball can just push smoothly through the air, there's an area behind the ball where the air is at a lower pressure, and it literally creates suction behind the ball, which slows it down. The little pits disrupt the airflow around the ball, and don't allow that low pressure area behind the ball to form. That simple thing, unbelievably, can double the distance a golf ball flies.


Question: how do animals without parental training know how to be the animals they are?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do animals without parental training know how to be the animals they are?

First, if I were to cut your skull vertically and take a look at a cross-section of your brain, I'd be able to divide it into what you normally think of as the brain (the noodlely bits) and the brain-stem. Most of your instinctual functions, such as curling away from heat, your fight or flight instincts, reflex to swallow things put in your mouth, etc. are all handled by the brain-stem. Animals that don't require parental nurture often have their behavior programmed into them. They're extremely complex chemical reactions at the end of the day.


Question: If carbs are sugar, why cant we just eat sugar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If carbs are sugar, why cant we just eat sugar?

I mean, you *could* eat refined sugar for a big part of your diet, but there are two problems. One is that refined sugar provides plenty of energy in the form of carbohydrates, but we also need other things such as proteins, fats, vitamins, etc. that aren’t found in refined sugar. Another is that our bodies aren’t adapted to digest exclusively refined sugars - our metabolism uses them up really quickly, and that messes with our insulin levels to the point that we can eventually develop diabetes. It would be a bit like replacing the firewood in your fire pit with a tub of gasoline - it will still burn and provide heat, but that doesn’t mean it’s interchangeable.


Question: Why can't we solve the Theory of Everything (Grand Unified Theory)? What are some missing links? Do we think it can be solved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we solve the Theory of Everything (Grand Unified Theory)? What are some missing links? Do we think it can be solved?

We have two freakishly accurate theories: general relativity and quantum mechanics. They both make incredibly accurate predictions that have stood up to almost every experimental test we've thrown at them so far, which is an enormous achievement for any scientific theory. And they mostly don't overlap....quantum mechanics only really shows up at very small scales (the level of individual atoms & molecules) while general relativity describes gravity, which is generally so weak over quantum distances that it doesn't matter but is the major force dominating very large scale things like solar systems, galaxies, etc. The major problem is that the two theories are incompatible...they can't both be true because one contradicts the other in those spheres where they overlap. We don't have a quantum mechanical explanation for gravity and we don't have a "general relativistic" explanation for quantum phenomenon. In almost all practical situations this doesn't matter, because the theories only overlap in places we generally can't go, like black holes, but it drives physicists nuts because there's only one universe so there ought to be one set of physical laws, not two (or more). We have no reason to think it \*can't\* be solved, but we can't solve it yet because nobody has come up with a theory that explains \*both\* general relativity and quantum mechanics (which is a requirement for any grand unified theory) that we can also experimentally test. String theory might be it, but we've got no way (yet) to test the predictions. It might be something else entirely. So the challenge is that we need to come up with one theory that covers the phenomenal accuracy of both quantum and general relativity, but also makes predictions we can test that would allow us to tell them apart.


Question: How are hoarding and OCD related?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are hoarding and OCD related?

Hoarding *is* an obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD basically makes your brain do a lot of very incorrect If-Then statements. "If I leave the house without doing my ritual, something bad will happen!" and that type of stuff. Hoarding is pretty much the same. "I'm going to need this empty soda bottle someday so if I throw it away people could die!"


Question: Why are some bodies of water (lakes, parts of rivers, sections of the ocean) strikingly blue when water is normally clear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some bodies of water (lakes, parts of rivers, sections of the ocean) strikingly blue when water is normally clear?

The minerals in different bodies of water vary and also the blue tint varies with the amount, imagine you’ve got a clear sheet of plastic with a 1% blue tint so it looks clear until you put it against a white tile or something. Now imagine you’ve got 100 of those sheets and if you stack them together and look through everything seems far more blue because you’ve got the added tint of 100 sheets. You may argue that the clearness should add up too but the addition of colour changes the appearance whereas the lack of colour does not. This make any sense at all..?


Question: What gives aspartame and other zero-calorie sugar substitutes their weird aftertaste?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What gives aspartame and other zero-calorie sugar substitutes their weird aftertaste?

Sucrose is considered “clean” and has no aftertaste (clean meaning it only activates sweet receptors). Other sweeteners activate both sweet and bitter receptors. However, because artificial sweeteners are so powerful, they quickly overwhelm the sweet receptors. The bitter receptors still scale up though with greater mass for longer. That is why aspartame you consume is actually mostly filler ingredients, because otherwise you would be overwhelmed by the bitterness. Edit: If you are particularly affected by/don’t like an artificial sweetener feel free to avoid it.


Question: Do you actually have to eat more than adults when you're young because "you're growing"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do you actually have to eat more than adults when you're young because "you're growing"?

The amount of calories that you should eat is based on the amount that you are burning. The amount that you burn is going to vary wildly from person to person. Two big factors that determine the amount you burn is your activity level (do more, need more) and your digestive efficiency (higher, need less). An active person with an inefficient digestive system is going to need to eat a lot more than an inactive person or someone with an efficient digestive system. Children's bodies are creating a lot of dense and varied tissue. This takes a lot of calories. Children also tend to be more active, which also takes more calories. Whether a child needs to eat more than an adult will still totally depend on the child and the adult.


Question: How do field drug tests return so many false positives?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do field drug tests return so many false positives?

Field drug tests are designed to be very cheap, and very easy for an amateur to use. Therefore they are not very *specific* -- that is, they just test whether the mystery substance reacts with one or two chemicals in a specific way. This makes it very likely that some *other* substance would also react in the same way. Imagine if you had to tell whether an animal was a horse, but you only got one or two specific questions. You'd end up getting a positive for zebras, ponies, donkeys... anything very much like a horse.


Question: how does electricity move? And, if electricity is electrons, does that mean that electricity has mass?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does electricity move? And, if electricity is electrons, does that mean that electricity has mass?

Electricity (or more properly, electric current) is not electrons, it's the *flow* of electrons (in the same sense that a current in water is not water, it's the *movement* of water). Current is created by a difference in potential (a "voltage") between two points. Simply put, electrons want to move closer to one side of the system. So the electrons closest to that side move towards it, and then the next-closest electrons move into the area they leave behind, and so on. Imagine a bunch of people lined up for something: the first person in line moves, which lets the second person in line move, and so on. To extend the water analogy, a voltage is like a difference in height: water flows downhill, electricity flows "downvoltage". This can't sustain for very long by itself, because electrons want to spread out. So there'd be a very slight initial motion, but then the "downvoltage" area would be too packed. (This is what happens when you get zapped by static electricity.) Instead, electricity in everyday objects flows in a *circuit*: some outside source of energy (like a battery) is pushing electrons along, and they move in a loop in one direction. The water analogy here is a fountain: water flows down from the top of the fountain to the bottom, but the water doesn't run out because a pump raises it back to the top again. So yes, it is the same electrons, and they are sort of pushing one another in a domino effect. (What I'm describing here is *direct* current - the electricity that comes out of your wall is actually *alternating* current, where the flow of electrons goes back and forth. Alternating current turns out to be more convenient for engineering purposes.)


Question: How did people wake up on time before alarm clocks were invented?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did people wake up on time before alarm clocks were invented?

There used to be Knocker-Uppers who would go around waking people up. URL_0


Question: How do animals develop instincts to do what they do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do animals develop instincts to do what they do?

Imagine a time where beavers didn’t build dams. Almost all of those beavers died. But the ones who didn’t die built dams to protect themselves. This was passed on to other beavers. It’s basic evolution. Kinda of like when you hop into a new minecraft world and immediately get wood


Question: Why do corn seeds pop when cooked, and do any other plant seeds do this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do corn seeds pop when cooked, and do any other plant seeds do this?

As the Industrial Revolution taught us, steam is powerful stuff. Inside the thick hull of a popcorn kernel is a jumble of proteins and starches called the endosperm, which also contains water. As you heat the kernels, that moisture turns to steam and the starch begins to “melt” into a goopy liquid, says Wendy Boersema Rappel of the Popcorn Board. The pressure builds and the steam and starch get hotter until—at around 347 degrees Fahrenheit and 135 pounds per square inch (that’s almost three times the pressure of your car’s tires)—the hulls burst and the liquefied starch explodes and rapidly cools and hardens, becoming what we recognize as popcorn. There are actually two different popcorn shapes, each produced by different varieties of corn. Butterfly kernels are the familiar random pointy shapes you find at the movie theater and in microwaveable brands. Mushroom kernels are nearly round when popped and are more durable and better at holding seasonings. That’s why they’re often used in packaged prepopped corn, like cheese popcorn sold in vending machines. Popcorn is only one of several types of corn. Not all corn can pop. The other three familiar types—sweet, the kind we eat on the cob; dent, the kind used for animal feed and in processed foods; and flint, the decorative kind you see at Halloween and Thanksgiving—don’t have thick enough or strong enough hulls to contain the pressures necessary to liquefy the starch before bursting, Rappel says. There are a few other grains that can pop, however. Amaranth is a poppy-seed-size grain that you can find at health food stores and that made up an important part of the ancient Aztec diet. It pops just like popcorn and is mixed into a sweet syrup in a Mexican candy called alegría. It’s also possible to pop certain kinds of rice: essentially a homemade version of Rice Krispies cereal (although real Rice Krispies are puffed instead of popped, a similar process that involves heating rice or another grain under high pressure in what is essentially a gun barrel, then shooting it out to rapidly release the pressure). -chowhound


Question: How does a pilot manage cruising altitude when local geography/elevation changes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a pilot manage cruising altitude when local geography/elevation changes?

Cruising altitude is relative to sea level, which does not change. The plane measures it by air pressure, which gets thinner as you go higher, and doesn't really change whether you are flying over an ocean or a mountain.


Question: When watches/clocks were made, how people knew how to measure the mechanism to a second/minute/hour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When watches/clocks were made, how people knew how to measure the mechanism to a second/minute/hour?

At first they only had hours, which can be accurately measured by a sundial. Then hourglasses, where you could measure how much sand flowed through a narrow opening in an hour. By dividing the sand into two equal halves, or weighing the sand on a scale, you could determine how much sand was 1/2 hour or 1/10 hour and so on. Then you could make pendulums and count how many times they swing per 1/10 hour, breaking it down further.


Question: why are decibels expressed as negative numbers when using a stereo system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are decibels expressed as negative numbers when using a stereo system?

They don't have to be. The decibel scale is totally arbitrary. 0 dB is just a reference value, and less than zero just means whatever you're measuring is weaker than the reference value. Similarly, more than zero means stronger than the reference value. In stereos, 0 dB is defined to be the maximum audio signal strength the hardware is capable of. Therefore, less than 0 dB means you're making the signal weaker which results in a lower volume. -10 dB is 1/10 of the reference value, -20 dB is 1/100 of the reference value and so on.


Question: How do the companies that sponsor benefit from having game shows give away their products to contestants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the companies that sponsor benefit from having game shows give away their products to contestants?

I was on a game show with my family once and the show had a specific rule. "If we offer a prize you act excited. You clap, cheer, etc. if you miss out on a prize, act disappointed. Whether or not you like the prize, or already own the prize, you will make that prize seem like the best thing in the world or we'll send you back to your seat and pick some other contestant who will."


Question: If Japanese is a “high context” language, why do they speak so bluntly in media?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Japanese is a “high context” language, why do they speak so bluntly in media?

It’s not direct at all. They don’t even like to say the word “no,” and instead have lots of phrases they use to dance around it in different contexts, which another Japanese speaker will understand to mean no. Someone who doesn’t understand may go crazy wondering why nobody is simply telling him no, he’s looking for a concrete negative and is getting all this hemming and hawing. Translations may just say no.


Question: Why does everything seem funnier when you're tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everything seem funnier when you're tired?

That's a good question because in order to figure out why things seem funnier, you have to first figure out why things seem funny at all. There's a lot of theories of humor - this isn't what we would call settled science. The one I find most convincing right now is benign violation theory. According to BVT, all humor requires two components: (1) you perceive that some expectation or social structure is violated; (2) you perceive that the violation is benign. That's the psychological component; it's connected to a physical component, involving brain chemicals and connections. (I don't have the expertise to explain that part in detail, certainly not at an eli5 level). Psychologically, when you're tired, you're thinking more slowly and in a more limited context. So things that are not normally a big context switch become more noticeable - hence a bigger "violation" (the violation of context). It's easier for something to be "unexpected" when you're tired. And if they wouldn't have been violations normally, then those things are very likely to be "benign". Physically, when you're tired, there's a bunch of chemical changes in your brain. Exact details vary highly from person to person and even day to day (and are also not fully "settled science"), but in general your mood-chemicals are different. This makes you more susceptible to view things in a different way than you "normally" would. The tiredness chemicals involve some of the same chemicals that make you happy, which you usually associate with things like humor. From this perspective, you have psychological and physical elements combining to increase the chance that you find something "funny".


Question: Why is glass called a liquid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is glass called a liquid?

It's wrong, a common fallacy. People noticed that old windows were thicker at the bottom, and wavy, and assumed they were slowly flowing downward. This is incorrect; builders of old windows just made them this way.


Question: Why do most modern-day serial killers come from the United States?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most modern-day serial killers come from the United States?

I don't know if this is okay to post: > Probably a confluence of many factors involving: > Ease of movement -- Moving around in America is (air travel excepted) is pretty easy, whether locally or cross-country. Lots of people are on the move all the time, so it's not suspicious to be on the move and there's not much restriction on where you can live or be. > Relatively large population, which means that you get larger nominal serial killer numbers even if the rate per 100,000 people isn't higher > Policing is very fractured geographically and structurally, so it may be easier to become a serial killer without getting caught as murder is often a municipal police responsibility. Murders spread across even neighboring jurisdictions may not get connected for months or years due to divisions of responsibility. > This is controversial, but I think Americans on the whole have a high tolerance of violence and a low tolerance for rules/laws, which probably produces more violent people who aren't concerned with whether they are breaking the rules, as well as exposing non-violent people to violent or criminal environments where they are more likely to become victims of violence. > Lower levels of social cohesion -- a diverse population with high mobility may lead to more people who are both not easily missed (potential victims) as well as not easily observed if they are aberrant (potential perpetrators). URL_0 u/Operationmobocracy


Question: How do 3-In-1 Soap/Conditioner/Shampoo get combined and still do their intended functions individually?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do 3-In-1 Soap/Conditioner/Shampoo get combined and still do their intended functions individually?

They pretty much don’t do individual things. At least in the way you hope it will. These 3-in-1s are just chemical detergents. They are basically just the same as a shampoo or body wash but marketed as both. For the “conditioner” part, they add stuff like some silicon compounds which give hair a shiny look (but this is is most shampoos anyways already!) Marketing! For the most part.


Question: How do scientists figure out how long it took for elements to decay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists figure out how long it took for elements to decay?

So let's say you have some radioactive element. You observe it for some time and look at how radioactive it was, how much of the original element is left and how much has changed into a different element. From that you can calculate how long it takes for 50% of that element to decay. Animals have a some radioactive carbon inside them. As long as they're alive, the amount of that radioactive carbon is maintained and thus stable, it doesn't really change. But after the animal dies, the amount is no longer maintained. So when you then look at how much radioactive carbon is left, and you know how much would be normal in a living animal and how long it takes for radioactive carbon to decay (see the first paragraph), you can then calculate how long it's been since the animal died.


Question: What's the difference if I pre-order an album vs I buy it on the launch date?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference if I pre-order an album vs I buy it on the launch date?

Pre order gives u a better chance of getting it on the launch date where as if u buy on the launch date they might all be sold out. I’m not sure tho


Question: Why are you always more tired throughout the day when you get an extra 1-2 hours sleep, compared to when you don’t, even if bedtime is unchanged?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are you always more tired throughout the day when you get an extra 1-2 hours sleep, compared to when you don’t, even if bedtime is unchanged?

A lot of the fatigue that comes with "over-sleeping" is due to the fact that you generally don't make it through another full sleep cycle. When you wake up naturally for the first time, you have ended a sleep cycle but when you wake up and fall back asleep, you typically don't make it through another full cycle. As a result, you stay fatigued because your body was still trying to sleep but you decided to wake it up. Very common with waking up and hitting sleep on your alarms or setting a timer for 30min, etc. TLDR; You naturally wake up at end of sleep cycle. Hitting snooze doesn't actually get you better sleep and will make you more tired. You're better off getting up out of bed right away or you risk being tired all day


Question: How is mathematical research done? Is it just putting equations together until you get something new?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is mathematical research done? Is it just putting equations together until you get something new?

Sometimes yes. Sometimes it's not an equation or formula at all. Math is a big field with lots of different areas and how you approach a problem in one area can vary wildly from how you approach a problem in a different area. Here's an example of a problem that isn't an equation: Are there more real numbers than counting numbers? The solution isn't grinding a formula to spit out the answer, it's devising a way to prove which set of numbers is the biggest. It turns out that both sets are infinite, but the reals are a bigger size of infinite. If you want to see what this proof looks like [here's a video of someone writing it out.]( URL_0 ) A famous problem which is still not currently solved is the P vs NP problem. It makes two classifications of types of problems. P are problems where the answer can be computed quickly. NP are problems that take a lot of time to calculate the answer, but once you get the answer you can check if it's right very easily. The question is, is there a way to reduce NP (hard problems) to P (easy problems). This has big ramifications for computer science, saying that if we can do this, we can get computers to save a whole lot of time on difficult calculations. How we will find the answer we still don't know. There's a more complete but still ELI5 friendly explanation of P vs NP in [this video]( URL_1 ).


Question: Where does the color of the soap/shampoo go when you lather it up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the color of the soap/shampoo go when you lather it up?

It doesn't go away. It's just dissolved in a bigger volume, which makes the color disappear. It's like putting a paint brush in water, at the beginning you can still see the color of the brush, but it disappears more and more as it dissolves in the water.


Question: What are the main differences between popular opiates and why do people choose to do some over others for recreational purposes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the main differences between popular opiates and why do people choose to do some over others for recreational purposes?

To my knowledge, as limited as it may be (opiates are not exactly my DOC) it mostly boils down to three things, two of which are closely related. Strength, availablity, and price. The latter being the related ones. Codeine is basically what i call the tier 1 opiate. It makes you feel nice and airy, puts you in a good spot, but it also has some side effects like itchiness, plus its usually pressed with APAP which is no good for the liver at high doses. So; codeine- plentiful, somewhat cheap, kinda weak, but still enjoyable. Hydrocodone is, for me, where we move up to tier 2. Now ive "heard" that hydrocodone is 6x as potent as codeine. Whether that number is accurate or not still gives credence to hydro being the second tier of opiates. Hydrocodone will criss cross you right the fuck up if you take enough, and *typically* without the itchiness (although this can usually be abated with a simple antihistamine.) So; hydrocodone- a little more expensive, much more enjoyable, stronger, less APAP in your system (ideally) Oxycodone. Tier 3. Now, unfortunately, this is where my knowledge runs thin. Ive only tried percocet once, and i know they were pressed, so i cant give you much, but to my understanding, this is the shit. This is the drug people take before they move up to heroin (if they feel so inclined). Hard to find, expensive as fuck, and very strong. NOW.... *fent*.... too dangerous, too risky, too unreliable for my taste. I mean, look, mere days ago an up and coming rapper DIES because of fent laced bars. This shit is DEADLY. I dont know what its like, because i havent tried it, and i dont plan to. Im sorry to you fentanyl fanboys, but i just cant get behind it. Ive known people that have OD'ed and i just cannot and will not toleralte this recent influx of fentanyl laced presses. It scares me, and it saddens me. Heroin is... well......heroin. Never done it, but i imagine it to be pure fucking bliss. Maybe one day, (hopefully not, maybe). We skip to tier 5 for our mistress, Lady H Anyway, thanks for reading and asking your good question, hope you all have a wonderful day! Sorry if this is a bit jumbled im very much in the zone right now. Peace!


Question: Why do people get random urges to clean their room, bathroom, etc. ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people get random urges to clean their room, bathroom, etc. ?

Because you have an exam to study. What else are you supposed to do?


Question: Why is it not illegal to kill smaller animals such as rabbits, squirrels etc and insects when it is illegal to kill larger animals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it not illegal to kill smaller animals such as rabbits, squirrels etc and insects when it is illegal to kill larger animals?

It has less to do with the size of the animal, but has to do with the species endangerment. For example, hunting deer is perfectly acceptable in most places even though they are larger. Small animals like rabbits, squirrels, etc, are no where near extinction and are varmints compared to larger animals like tigers and rhinos that are closer to extinction.


Question: How does a nuclear reactor work, and what makes it different than a bomb?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a nuclear reactor work, and what makes it different than a bomb?

Nuclear bombs split atoms in a self sustaining runaway chain reaction that creates an insane amount of heat instantaneously - thus a big boom. Nuclear reactors control the splitting of atoms very precisely which generates smaller amounts of heat energy that is captured via steam, thus turning a turbine and making electricity.


Question: How do historians agree on a consensus that a person historically existed based on secondary and tertiary sources alone?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do historians agree on a consensus that a person historically existed based on secondary and tertiary sources alone?

They look for consistency among contemporary and near contemporary accounts. With Socrates, for example, three of his contemporaries wrote of him, and many more took his historicity as granted a mere generation later. Also, at the time, juries in Athens considered of 500 people. If Socrates was an invention of Plato to make a point, there would have been a lot of people running around Athens who knew better. But instead, near contemporary authors take his trial as fact. Compare that him to Jesus, whom he often is. There were many leading authors and historians in and around Judea, like Philo, Pliny, and Seneca, but the earliest accounts range from 55 AD to 112 AD, depending on your standard of evidence. Most of the New Testament has questionable authorship, and almost certainly were not written by whom they have been attributed to. Nor can we be sure exactly when they were written. The earliest secular account was either Josephus in 92 AD or Tacitus in 112 AD. I'll leave it to you to draw your own conclusion about Jesus, but to say the evidence for his existence is on par with Socrates greatly misunderstands both the practice and the content of history.


Question: How is the weight of the planet Earth calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 How is the weight of the planet Earth calculated?

The way it was first done with any accuracy was with the [Cavendish experiment]( URL_0 ) in 1798. This used several large lead balls and measured the force of gravity between them, i.e., how much one lead ball attracted the other. This tells us how strong gravity is for a given mass at a given distance. And we also know how strong the earth's gravity is and how far it is to the centre of the earth. So now we can use [Newton's law of universal gravitation]( URL_1 ) to work backwards to find the earth's mass.


Question: How do we know math is correct and should be used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do we know math is correct and should be used?

You seem to be confusing math and applied math. Pure math doesn't care about the world. We can say 1+1=2 because we defined it as such. Math has lots of other logical statements (axioms) that we build upon. Math you can think of as a set of logical statements that we can manipulate to describe anything we want. What you are asking is why we apply specific math when describing the world. So you are really asking why science is confident it is correct. Modern science is based on building a math model and seeing how well it fits what we see. We know that gravity works in a specific math equation because we have made many independent observations that conform to the math model. Of course science can be wrong and has been many times. But of what we have observed we can be sure that it is not gibberish. edit: relevant [xkcd comic]( URL_0 )


Question: Why dont car doors unlock if you pull the handle while it’s unlocking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why dont car doors unlock if you pull the handle while it’s unlocking?

Because there's a piece it needs to move before the door will be able to open, and it can't move that part while the door handle is being pulled on. (In general.)


Question: Cutting disks are so brittle they can be broken by hand, yet when they are spinning fast enough they can cut through steel. How is this possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Cutting disks are so brittle they can be broken by hand, yet when they are spinning fast enough they can cut through steel. How is this possible?

Cutting disks are made out of ceramic materials. Bricks are a type of ceramic material as well. Ceramics are strong in compression, but weak in tension. As an example, you could put a lot of weight on top of a brick, like other the other bricks above it in a brick building, and it won't crush. But you can tap a hammer on a brick pretty easily and crack it. The type and direction of force matters. When a cutting wheel is spinning and cutting, the force on the wheel is a compressive force, which is how it is strong. But if you bend a cutting wheel, it's in tension, where it is weak.


Question: Why is Greece having such a hard time getting back on it's feet financially?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is Greece having such a hard time getting back on it's feet financially?

First up, it's not having an unusually hard time getting out of recession. These things take a lot of time to correct themselves. Nevertheless, Greece has some especially hard challenges, specifically Europe and Greece. First, Europe. The system should work like this: - when economic activity drops, a government automatically finds its tax base shrinking and its expenditures rising (due to increased welfare, business assisstance etc.) - this results in the government increasing its debt. (Governments must always have debt to maintain liquidity in the credit market, but that's another story) - as economic activity drops and unemployment increases, so domestic production also drops. This causes imports to rise. - in turn this puts downward pressure on the value of the currency. Which acts to make imports more expensive. This is the start of the turnaround. - the lower exchange rate assists exporters to be more competitive with other countries. This means exports rise. - as exports rise domestic production goes up and unemployment goes down. - government expenditure drops and tax receipts go up. Also a decent amount of foreign (high value) money from exports finds its way to government. - this high value foreign money can be used to rapidly pay off government debt that was issued in the low value domestic money, and has dropped with the exchange rate. - as the debt is reduced, the exchange rate begins to rise and the economy starts to stabilise. However, in Europe the currency (the Euro) can't devalue unless the whole continent is in equally bad shape (Which they are not). So the key event that triggers a recovery never occurs. As an alternative, Europe puts pressure on members who are in trouble to cut taxes and spending, in the hope that lower taxes increase the money supply, which is supposed to drive domestic demand and create recovery that way. But it often doesn't work. That's because a lot of spending in a downturn id's focused on keeping marginal players in the game earning money and paying tax. Cutting spending wipes these people out, reducing the tax base further and damaging the businesses they spend money at. This often means that the benefits of austerity are swallowed up I the extra damage it does. What would work is transferring money from parts of Europe that are doing well and spending it to support the marginal players in markets that aren't doing so well. This is largely how a country like the US stabilises state economies that can't trigger recovery by devaluing the currency. The second problem is Greece itself. As a former socialist state, the number of people avoiding tax but collecting welfare (while working) is very large, so whatever recovery might be possible, the culture of handouts and tax cheats makes it all that much harder


Question: Why does major key sound so much friendlier than other keys?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does major key sound so much friendlier than other keys?

There is no definitive answer, and it varies by culture. In the Amazon, minor keys are considered friendly and happy and rejoiceful, for example, and major keys are considered harsh, violent, and angry. Some theories are that it varies by cultural vocal tone, or that major keys are "rounded" (C C G C E \[the major triad\] are present in all major chords), or that our entire focus on the "happiness or sadness" of music was entirely manufactured during the Baroque/Classical/Romantic period by the various famous composers and doesn't actually have any basis in reality. I tend to agree more with the final theory; famous people popularized the idea and it just stuck because they're considered the greatest of all time.


Question: Why does water not always act as a lubricant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water not always act as a lubricant?

Water [has both *cohesion* -- wants to stick to itself -- and *adhesion* -- wants to stick to other things]( URL_0 ). So, water is a fluid, and wants to stick to itself as a single object, which makes it somewhat slippery. But, it also wants to stick to you, and anything else it touches, on a small scale, It's how drops stick to the wall in the shower, and you can press something light and smooth against something else smooth with just a little water in between and it will stick. So, on a large scale your tires can slip on a wet road because the water is forming a barrier between the tire and the road through cohesion, but on a small scale like rubbing skin together, the water is trying to stick and causes friction.


Question: Why is one side of our hands lighter than the other?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is one side of our hands lighter than the other?

Here’s the ELI25 version, with an ELI5 at the bottom: The layers of the skin go (from outer to inner): the stratum corneum, the epidermis, and the dermis. The stratum corneum is the outer most layer of skin and consists of dead skin cells (they've lost their nucleus). The epidermis is where the melanin is produced/stored. The BEST defense against UV damage is a thick stratum corneum, the second best is increased melanocyte concentration. The skin on the palms of the hands and feet have thicker stratum corneum, compared to other regions of skin, and so does not require a large melanocyte concentration. ELI5: There are two types of protection against UV radiation. The first is melanin, which makes the skin dark. The second is a thick outer layer of skin. Since palms and the bottom of our feet naturally have a thicker outer layer, that means they don’t need as much melanin.


Question: Why does the autocomplete feature on computer solitaire work?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the autocomplete feature on computer solitaire work?

Think of it this way: what is the next, smallest card that needs to be put on one of the target packs? That will necessarily be at the bottom of one of the rows, since all of those are strictly ordered in an ascending order. Put that card in its place. Now do this again and again until all the rows are gone at which point you solved the game. (Not sure about the correct terminology, hope it makes sense)


Question: What does it mean to 'short' a stock, and why has it made Game Stock shares worth hundreds of dollars?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean to 'short' a stock, and why has it made Game Stock shares worth hundreds of dollars?

Short selling involves borrowing a stock from someone who owns it with the promise to return it at a later date, and pay a small fee based on the value of the stock. You then sell the stock, wait for the price to drop and buy it back at a cheaper price. You then return the stock to the original owner and pocket the difference. This allows people to make money off of a drop in the price of a stock. Unlike with regular stock trading, however, the potential losses of you are wrong are not limited. If you buy a $10 share in a company and the company goes bankrupt, you lose $10. If you short a company with a $10 share price, and that price jumps to $100 per share, you just lost $90. Since the start of the pandemic, GameStop has clearly been struggling in a big way. Such a big way, that a lot of people, including major hedge funds, decided to short GameStop. A lot. Let’s say I own a share of GameStop stock and you want to short it. I lend you my share, and you sell it. Now someone else wants to short the stock as well, so they borrow the share from the person you sold it to and then they sell it. And so on. If this happens enough times, you can have more people who owe back a share to the “original” owner than there are actual shares of the stock. This happened to GameStop which had 140% of its share sold short. This presents a problem for short sellers if the price of the stock starts going up instead of down, because there aren’t enough shares to go around if they decide they all need to cut their losses and buy back the shares they owe at once. Some smaller investors, including those at r/wallstreetbets, noticed this happening to GameStop’s stock and decided to take advantage. They bought up a bunch of shares themselves, driving the price up and further limiting the availability of shares. This caused some short sellers to pull out, which drove the price up further, which caused more short sellers to pull out, and so on. Meanwhile, the attention brought to this story and the quickly rising share price caused more people to buy the stock in the hope of taking advantage of the meteoric rise in price to make money themselves. Back in the summer, you could buy a share for $4 apiece. Yesterday, those same shares were $147 each. Today they’re $360. The big hedge funds that were selling the stock short are currently literally billions in the hole while the smaller investors are making money hand over fist. That all said, GameStop is still a struggling company underneath it all. It is nowhere near as valuable as its current share price, which means that, eventually, the bubble is going to burst and the price is going to come crashing back down. Anyone who buys in at the top expecting it to keep shooting up is going to lose a ton of money. Anyone still shorting it at that time is going to make a ton of money, and anyone who bought it early and sells before it pops is going to make a ton of money. It’s not entirely clear whether the hedge funds are going to wind up actually losing billions in the end or if they can recoup some of that when the bubble bursts (they may or may not come out ok), but there are definitely going to be a bunch of people currently riding the hype train who lose whatever they invest at this point.


Question: why does the mother usually get custody rather than the father?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the mother usually get custody rather than the father?

Single dad here. Part of it is a hangover from traditional gender roles: women are the homemakers who raise the kids whereas father earns the money, and so pays child support from that money. Part of it is unfortunately many dudes have fucked it up for the rest of us by being terrible fathers. Abusive/neglectful etc which has then tarnished most other fathers. This is a generalisation sure, but the vast majority of domestic abuse and violence is father being the fuckhead.


Question: what different hole does a woman have “down there”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what different hole does a woman have “down there”?

Actually, it's not really important to differentiate the two, since the peeing hole cannot be seen most of the time, or if it can be seen, it's too small to fit anything in there. So there is no chance of mixing up the two of those by accident. Don't worry man, you'll get a nice caring girl one day as well!