Question: If a suspect is presumed innocent until proven guilty, how can they post pictures of the accused before anything is proven? Aren’t law enforcement violating the rights of innocent people when they do that? [USA]

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a suspect is presumed innocent until proven guilty, how can they post pictures of the accused before anything is proven? Aren’t law enforcement violating the rights of innocent people when they do that? [USA]

If they present it as "this is the accused", then they are simply presenting a fact. Facts are a much more protected sort of speech.


Question: At what point does a game become “solvable”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 At what point does a game become “solvable”?

> Is it the case that all games are solvable, but computational limits don’t allow us to solve a game as complex as chess from the starting position? This is the important detail. Games like chess and go have enough possible decisions that the ability for a computer to count through them all becomes impossible. There are more possible 40-move chess games than there are atoms in the known universe; the scale of that sort of number is difficult to imagine. Once you pare down the parameters by reducing the number of possible pieces moving or possible turns taken, things start to become "solvable." As a side note, the number of possible Go games is many orders of magnitude higher than chess games, because the very simple ruleset opens up even more possible moves. As a note, that's also how chess computers work. They only check the most likely moves and only check a few turns into the future for consequences of each choice. The stronger the chess computer, the greater the "depth" to which it will predict the consequences of a move. But in theory, if you had infinite time with an infinitely powerful computer, even games like that *could* be solved, even if that solution was "under perfect play, the game is a tie." Tic-tac-toe and checkers, for example, are always a tie given perfect play by both sides.


Question: If Caffeine just blocks adenosine in the brain from making you feel sleepy, how is it a stimulant for the central nervous system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Caffeine just blocks adenosine in the brain from making you feel sleepy, how is it a stimulant for the central nervous system?

well caffeine antagonises the adenosine receptors. Adenosine being a neurotransmitter that in increased quantities when you get fatigued over the course of a day. By stopping the action of adenosine you essentially prevent its depressive action thus creating a stimulating effect.


Question: What does arbitrary number mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does arbitrary number mean?

It means 7. Or 51. Or sometimes 458. I'm just assigning an arbitrary number to this answer in an attempt to explain what an arbitrary number is. It could be 13.45. It's a number assigned at random, or in my case just a whim.


Question: Won't all crypto eventually be cracked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Won't all crypto eventually be cracked?

All cryptography can be broken, it's just a matter of computing power and time. But as CPU's and techniques improve, so does the cryptography. The algorithms change to make it harder to crack.


Question: With one eye closed, how do both sides of the brain receive visual information?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With one eye closed, how do both sides of the brain receive visual information?

First you have a misconception: Both sides of the brain get information from both eyes. The issue is that the sides of the *visual field* are split between halves of the brain. The other part of the answer is that the two hemispheres communicate via the corpus callosum.


Question: How does the impact of a hypervelocity projectile differ from a slower one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the impact of a hypervelocity projectile differ from a slower one?

That depends on just how fast the projectile is. At low impact velocity (below a km/s or so for common armour materials) you have penetration by plastic deformation - the impact of the projectile produces stresses greater than the yield strength of the armour, and so the armour is deformed by the projectile and pushed out of the way, without (at lower speeds/with harder projectiles) much deformation of the projectile itself. At somewhat higher speeds from a few km/s to a few ten km/s, you have hydrodynamic penetration. In this regime of speeds, you have stresses generated on impact that are so much greater than the strength of any material that those strengths become more or less irrelevant - the projectile behaves like a jet of liquid penetrating into a stationary mass of liquid, and both are deformed. Modern anti-tank APFSDS ammunition is at the start of this regime (a bit under 2 km/s impact velocity) and the copper jets produced by shaped charges are firmly inside it, with impact velocities around 10 km/s. In this regime, you get phenomena like [beginning crater formation]( URL_1 ) (the metal of the armour more or less "splashes") and shockwaves being driven into the target that can cause damage on the far side without even penetrating. At even higher speeds, even this hydrodynamic penetration model isn't accurate anymore. When the impact energies are so large that they vaporise both the projectile and parts of the target (as happens in high-velocity asteroid impacts), you no longer have anything like "penetration" in the classical sense. The projectile is rapidly shocked and turned into hot, high-pressure plasma as it impacts (at far above the speed of sound in any solid), and as this plasma explodes outwards, it [excavates a crater]( URL_0 ).


Question: What actually happens when you "build a tolerance" to something such as alcohol/cannabis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually happens when you "build a tolerance" to something such as alcohol/cannabis?

Well, the way alcohol and cannabis work is that they bind to the enzyme receptors in your neurons, and thus you get high. When you consume too much of these intoxicants frequently, binding sites for these specific chemicals are reduced by our body in order to maintain equilibrium. So this means that there are less binding sites, thus you require more of the substance to get equally high/drunk. Consider it as key-door analogy. Alcohol is the key while neuron binding sites are the door. If there are too many keys, this means that a lot more people than house can handle are entering. Since you can't take away the keys, you reduce the number of doors in order to reduce the throughput. Thus you need much more people with keys(alcohol) than before if you want same number of people to enter the house(get equally drunk)


Question: Why does Wasabi feel like it burns in your sinuses/brain instead of your mouth/tongue like spicy peppers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Wasabi feel like it burns in your sinuses/brain instead of your mouth/tongue like spicy peppers?

Wasabi and related things like horseradish are more of an aromatic effect. It vaporizes and gets all up in your sinuses and stuff and is water soluble so it goes away really quickly. I’ll come back with an edit for the chemical name, I can’t remember. Spicy peppers on the other hand are spicy because of capsaicin which is oil soluble and triggers sensors sensitive to heat. This is what makes it feel like your mouth is on fire. These sensors are also found towards the end of your digestive tract, which is why it burns on the way out too. Edit: It’s called isothiocyanate and oxidizes with air and saliva.


Question: How can some things be sold so cheap?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can some things be sold so cheap?

You will notice most of the ingredients would be sugar, something that is extremely cheap. Cost of manufacturing for most things is really miniscule nowadays as we are talking about a handful to a dozen workers overseeing a set of machinery that can produce thousands of these sweets a minute. As for shipping, if you are shipping in bulk via cargo ships, it is also extremely cheap. A single cargo ship can ferry thousands of containers per trip. Each container can hold tens of thousands of boxes of these sweets. Per box, these costs are really small.


Question: If muscles are made of cells, how do parts of a cell move?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If muscles are made of cells, how do parts of a cell move?

Muscle cells can be visualized as long tubes with a string running through them. The tube is attached on one end. The string is attached somewhere else. The inside of the tube has "hairs" on it. When the muscle contracts, it pulls the string into the tube by bending those hairs to drag it in. This reduces the length of the muscle. When the muscle relaxes, the hairs let go.


Question: how does UV light work to cure gel nail polish? And why is it specifically the UV spectrum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does UV light work to cure gel nail polish? And why is it specifically the UV spectrum?

This is a hard one to eli5, but I'll try. Living cells generate some really cool, really large, and really complex molecules and we've been playing around with them for a long time now. We learned that a certain combination of molecules can lock together when thoroughly mixed, like epoxy glue. Think like the actual shape of the molecules fit well in a pattern, like puzzle pieces but there are magnets that guide them to lock together correctly when the box is shaken up. After a lot of testing, we figured out a few molecules that would combine, but only when we heated them up first because one of the molecules was crimped and curled and had to be unfurled first - heat does that to a lot of larger molecules, it's also why a lot of fats are liquid when warned up. But then we figured out that we could heat ONLY those molecules if we shined a very specific light on them. Different molecules react differently when struck with light of varying wavelengths - that's why things are different colors. That same property allows these molecules get unfurled when energized (heated) by the light of that specific wavelength, which allows them to lock with the other kind of molecule they're mixed with.


Question: Why do lumps form on our heads when we hit them really hard? Should it not make an indention?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lumps form on our heads when we hit them really hard? Should it not make an indention?

Unless you get hit really hard, which would require hospitalization, your skull will be undamaged. The bumps are damaged blood vessels overflowing. When we bruise elsewhere, it also gets swollen in the same way, from broken blood vessels and inflammation. But on your head, since there is only a thin layer of tissue surrounding the skull, you can feel the bumps externally. If you get the same bruise somewhere else, you can't feel it from the outside as a bump since there is more tissue and room for the swelling to go.


Question: Why does brushing your teeth or having a mint make citrus taste so sour/bitter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does brushing your teeth or having a mint make citrus taste so sour/bitter?

A frothing agent sodium lauryl sulphate deactivates or de-sensitises your sweet taste receptors. As a result, things that are usually sweet seem bitter as all sweetness is removed.


Question: Is there any reason to worry about products like silicon food storage and baking mats leeching chemicals into food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there any reason to worry about products like silicon food storage and baking mats leeching chemicals into food?

Your concerns are valid about baking. At reasonable temperatures, silicone won’t create an issue, but at around 300F, siloxane can transfer to food, and just before 400F, it can start releasing formaldehyde (although the amount is not a huge concern). Silicone is still better than non-stock bakeware, but glass, ceramic, and cast iron are the safe options.


Question: why does splitting (sub-)atomic particles release SO much energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does splitting (sub-)atomic particles release SO much energy?

To keep is simple.... (maybe overly so). The atoms aren't sitting there doing nothing. They're a bit like a rubber band stretched around a package. It looks like it's just sitting there, but in reality there is all this energy just waiting to get loose. To release it you have to overcome what's called [binding energy]( URL_0 ), in the case of the rubber band that's applying enough cutting force to cut the rubber, releasing the energy and letting the rubber band fly off. In atoms that binding force is really high because the internal "tension" (thinking of that rubber band again) is incredibly high. Once you pump in enough energy it can sort of fly apart like the rubber band did, but its energy compared to its mass is immensely higher due to that stored internal tension. That's an overly simple explanation, but may help you visualize what's happening a bit better.


Question: How are Market Prices for stocks derived?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are Market Prices for stocks derived?

They are derived by what someone is willing to pay for it combined with what someone is willing to sell it for. One is the "ask" and the other is "the bid". The price you see for the current price of a stock is the last price paid in a successful transaction. So...pretty much any factor can go into how people rationalize a certain amount they will sell it for our will pay for it - everything from historical trends, to belief in the company or the sector in which the company exists, to the dividends it pays to what their neighbor fred said about the company.


Question: What are those patterns that we see when pressure is applied to the eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are those patterns that we see when pressure is applied to the eyes?

Activation of cells in your retina from the pressure...this begins the chain of signalling events that leads us to consciously experience vision (ie activation of neurones on our cerebral cortex, the outer layer of our brain, in the visual areas of the occipital love). Read more here: URL_0


Question: Why does breathing help with easing pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does breathing help with easing pain?

There's a few reasons. The air that comes out of your lung is like a car's exhaust. Breathing out rids your body of the metabolic waste that impairs it's function. The brain circuitry that controls breathing out is the rest and digest part. It's not just breathing, but breathing slowly with an emphasis on the exhale that relaxes you by giving that part of the reason more bandwidth. This is going to lower your cortisol (stress hormone) levels. Your brain is accustomed to feeling as much pain as you expect, regardless of the actual cause. Nervous about that needle poke? It's going to hurt more. Breathing makes you less nervous by lowering your blood pressure and slowing your heart rate.


Question: If you gave a monkey a typewriter and infinite amount of time will he eventually type shakespeare?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you gave a monkey a typewriter and infinite amount of time will he eventually type shakespeare?

Let's say Shakespeare wrote an early play called A. That's all the play consists of, the letter A. Typing randomly, there are only 26 combinations, so the monkey will eventually hit the A key, and reproduce Shakespeare's play. The play A received poor critical reviews, so Shakespeare tried again with the play BC, which, as you might guess, was only the letters BC. There are only 676 two letter combinations, so given enough time, the monkey will also reproduce that play. This also true for all of the 17,576 three letter plays, the 456,976 four letter plays, and the 11,881,376 five letter plays. There are approximately a million words in the complete works of Shakespeare, at about 5 letters a word you have 5 million letters. That's 26^5,000,000 possible combinations, roughly a 5 followed by 7 million zeros. That is a ridiculously huge number, bigger than the number of atoms in the universe, but we are talking infinity here. Note there is nothing special about the works of Shakespeare in this case, that monkey will eventually construct all possible combinations. That means Shakespeare, Shakespeare where Hamlet says "To see or not to see" instead, Romeo and Gertrude, and all the other minor variations on Shakespeare you could imagine. The monkey types Shakespeare because it eventually types everything that can be typed.


Question: How does "auto generated subtitles" translate audio into text?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does "auto generated subtitles" translate audio into text?

It works almost exactly the same as digital assistants such as Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant do when they listen to your voice commands. Which is called "Automatic Speech Recognition" or ASR for short. First you need to teach a computer program to be able to recognize speech and match that to words. This is done by giving a machine learning program lots of examples to start with. Like *" hello program* *here are hundreds if not thousands of hours of already correctly subtitled videos. Try to recreate it. "* The program then works really hard until it is able to recreate the subtitles at which point you start to give it new videos without any subtitles to compare with. The program can now detect speech automatically but it is not perfect. It still makes a lot of mistakes. But the beauty of it is that it can learn from mistakes. All it need is feedback just like we do and hopefully get in school. If it hears "Hello" and thinks it's "jello" all you need to do is correct it and it will remember and expand from it. So now when you go to YouTube and turn on auto generated subtitles the video is either feed into this program on demand or has already been processed and the result is speech to text which is synced. Example of output from the program would be: At 2 minutes 34 seconds the word "**Malarkey**" is uttered. & #x200B; note: it is obviously more complex as machine learning is involved which is a whole other subject and is more complicated then i made it seem but the gist of it holds true. *Edit: Spelling.*


Question: Why is it hard to get your mind off certain things, for example nausea?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it hard to get your mind off certain things, for example nausea?

It’s part of our natural instincts that come from when we had to be hunters and gatherers so that we could survive in “the wild” from things like bear attacks. Fight: fighting back Flight: getting out of the situation Freeze: essentially being so scared to do something you don’t/can’t do anything. With nausea, your body goes into the “freeze” instinct. What your body does inside is that all your blood goes to where it is needed- e.g., heart, brain, major/big muscles- so that if you have to “fight” or “flight”, your body has the resources and physical ability to do so. So that the blood can go to all of those places, it has to leave other “less important/not as needed” places. We feel it the most in our stomachs. When the blood drains or the amount of blood goes down in the vessels in/around our stomachs, that triggers nausea. It is a way of our body saying “we don’t need anything in our tummy right now, we don’t need to waste our energy on digestion, so let’s get ready to let it out just in case.” I hope this helps! I’m a kindergarten teacher who did anxiety/depression group therapy where we learned about exactly this! It kinda sucks our bodies evolved from “OH NO THERE MIGHT BE A BEAR I DONT WANNA DIE I HAVE A FAMILY/CLAN/TRIBE TO KEEP LIVING” to “Well… maybeeeeee they’ll say no. I’m not sure what the response or reaction will be to my trivial question so I’m scared and that makes my body scared.” ~~~meNTAL HEAlth~~~


Question: How did Eratosthenes figure out Earth is round and calculated earth circumference 2000 years ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Eratosthenes figure out Earth is round and calculated earth circumference 2000 years ago?

Grab a paper towel tube and hold it up to your eye like it's a spyglass and you're a pirate. Declare "yarrr!!" Now use your new cardboard spyglass to look close to a light, but not quite. The line from your eye to the light is blocked by the wall of the tube, so the light doesn't reach your eye. If you turn your head just a little bit then the tube aligns and you can see the light. Now you know that the tube is aligned between your eye and the light. Eratosthenes did much the same, but with wells. These wells are long tubes that were bored straight down, where "straight down" is a direction that changes as you move from place to place. Most of the time sunlight won't directly shine on the bottom of a well, since the sun isn't directly overhead. However, at 12:00 noon on certain days of the year the well and the sun align. Someone leaning over the edge of the well will see the shadow of their head against the water at the bottom of the well. On that same day at the same time someone some distance away could try the same thing, but they find that the sun isn't aligned. It's a little bit to the north or south, depending on whether the second location is north or south of the place where the aligned well is. (Aside: if the second location is East or West then that also messes things up, but we'll assume here that either the second location was due north or due south or that the second observer makes their observation at their own local noon). At that location the observer can erect a tall, vertical pole of known height and look where the shadow of the top of that pole lands. Based on the length of the shadow and the length of the pole they know the angle of the sun. The final piece of the puzzle is the distance between the two locations. This allows the observer to set up a ratio: "If I walk XXX miles (or stadia, as the case may be) then the sun changes angle by YYY degrees. Therefore, to make the sun change in angle by a full 360 degrees I'd have to walk < circumference of Earth > miles."


Question: Why does water expand when it freezes but it contracts as it cools down in liquid form?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water expand when it freezes but it contracts as it cools down in liquid form?

Most substances don't. Only water and a few others get larger when they freeze. Water is V shaped molecule. When it's a solid, it stick together in [this shape.]( URL_0 ) As you can see, there's a lot of empty space in the middle of the ice crystal. When water isn't completely stuck together (ie a liquid), the water molecules Vs can more freely float around and occupy that space. However, liquid water actually doesn't get denser when you cool it as an absolute rule. Only from boiling (100°C) to 4°C does it get more dense. From 4°C to freezing (0°C) it actually starts to get less dense again as the water molecules start sticking together a little more like it's solid form. 4°C liquid water is the densest form of water on earth. There's some more exotic forms of ice with a different structure and more dense fluids, but you aren't going to find those on earth. They take extreme temperatures and pressures.


Question: Why is it that about middle age our bones sound like they “crack” when bending, doing push-ups etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that about middle age our bones sound like they “crack” when bending, doing push-ups etc?

Middle age? I've had that since I was 12. It's little gas bubbles in the fluid in the joints. Completely harmless.


Question: How does a natural food like honey never expire, unlike other natural foods like fruits or vegetables?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a natural food like honey never expire, unlike other natural foods like fruits or vegetables?

It's not necessarily that honey is natural and fruit are unnatural. It has more to do with the moisture content. Food goes bad when bacteria starts growing in the food and begins to leave behind nasty byproducts that make the food inedible. This is normally fueled by the presence of water Sunlight is another way that food becomes spoiled and that's driven by the decay of compounds through UV light. In contrast, honey almost has no water which leads to a very hostile environment for bacteria. If a bacterium is able to start growing, the honey will quite literally suck the moisture out of it through osmosis, effectively killing it. Honey is also known to have a number of antibacterial compounds in it which also inhibits bacterial growth. Additionally, the acidity of honey is not ideal for bacterial growth.


Question: How do people beyond the great tree line up north; places like Nunavut and Greenland get oxygen to breath?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people beyond the great tree line up north; places like Nunavut and Greenland get oxygen to breath?

Most oxygen doesn't come from trees, but even if it did, the Earth's atmosphere mixes thoroughly over timescales of a few years to decades. The amount of oxygen in the air (as a %) is essentially the same everywhere on Earth and up to a very high altitude, much higher than the highest mountains.


Question: Why do you always feel cold when you get tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you always feel cold when you get tired?

Assuming you arent talking about directly after physical exertion (excercise/manual labor), then the cold from being tired is due to low blood flow. The slower your blood flow, the less warmth is being spread from your core to your extremities. Extremities (hands, ears, nose, toes, etc) have a higher rate at which they lose warmth compared to legs/torso, which cools you off faster, making you feel colder as a result. An easy (depending on why) way to warm up could be to stretch or other movements that get the blood flowing.


Question: How do we know that all snowflakes are different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that all snowflakes are different?

It's more of a mathematical certainty than a definitely proven physical fact. There are just so many ways for a snowflake to be created that the odds of two snowflakes crystalizing in the exact same way are so small as to not be considered.


Question: Why were area codes issued such that 512 is Austin, TX; 513 is Cincinnati, OH; 514 is Montreal, QC, and so on? Does it not make sense to go east to west?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were area codes issued such that 512 is Austin, TX; 513 is Cincinnati, OH; 514 is Montreal, QC, and so on? Does it not make sense to go east to west?

The numbers have nothing to do with being sequential, it was never intended as such, it was done for ease of use on rotary phones. Early area codes, such as NYC (212), Los Angeles (213), Chicago (312) were made that because they were large population centers which needed an area code and these were very short and simple to dial on a rotary phone so they were given the "best" (meaning easiest to use) area codes. Note: 1 can't be the first number, and you can't have a number be #11 either, so 2 is the "best" first number, and thus 212 is the simplest area code in this sense There's actually a bit more order and planning here (beyond what I said) but often the #1# scheme is used for a larger city


Question: how does an owl's ability to turn its head so far around work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does an owl's ability to turn its head so far around work?

I have very basic knowledge about this, but here goes. The heads of owls and other birds are connected by one pivot socket instead of two, like humans, which limits our ability to turn our heads. Owls have much larger holes in their vertebrae than humans do (in respect to their size), which acts almost as an “air sack” to cushion the bones when twisting. Also, owls have got “backup” arteries that supply blood and nutrients when the other arteries are closed off during the rotation. Basically, alternate routes for the blood flow that prevent owls from running out of supply to the brain.


Question: What causes the ocean to appear different colors (physically, chemically, optically) and why are there often such clear boundaries between different colors in coastal areas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the ocean to appear different colors (physically, chemically, optically) and why are there often such clear boundaries between different colors in coastal areas?

Wow first ELI5 I can give an answer on. Mostly it is 1 of 2 things, biology such as phytoplankton, and sediments suspended in the water column. Different bodies of water have different properties that make them not want to mix easily (such as a difference in density). Running out of battery so will give a more complete answer in a bit


Question: Why does the government seem to always go first to Education for cuts instead of other sectors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the government seem to always go first to Education for cuts instead of other sectors?

Education doesn't bring immediate results. If you cut funding to roads, or police, or fire fighters, you immediately see the downside. The roads fall apart. Crime rises. Homes burn down. But if you cut education, it's a lot harder to see the problems that will happen when those kids grow up. It's thus easier to say "Oh, they'll be fine." and not realize that in the long run, cutting funding for education is really bad for society.


Question: How do food judges give unbiased results if people have foods they don't like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do food judges give unbiased results if people have foods they don't like?

It's expected that someone who goes in to such a line of work is quite open minded about food and are able to put objective observation ahead of personal interests. Durian and people genetically adverse to cilantro are extreme examples, but if you don't like certain textures you shouldn't be a food critic.


Question: How do QR Codes work ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do QR Codes work ?

A QR code is like a font that only computers can read. You scan it with a camera (the squares in the corners are used by the computer to read the boundaries), and it translates the QR code into text. If the text is a web address, most QR code readers automatically open that website, but it doesn't need to be. A QR code could just store a couple of sentences, or a phone number, or a string of random characters used as an identifier or code (like the type on a gift card)


Question: How does “I want my lawyer” work when being interrogated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does “I want my lawyer” work when being interrogated?

In the US, the right to remain silent and a request for a lawyer usually go hand and hand. You are basically saying, "I'm not talking anymore, move on to the next step or release me. If you are arrested, you are either released after the arrest, or a bond is set. You don't need a lawyer for either of those things, although a lawyer could argue for reduction or elimination of bail. They can also persuade the police to not charge you. If your timing is bad, you can wind up spending a night or two in jail, but that is more about waiting for a judge to set bail than finding a lawyer. The lawyer comes into play when: * you want to talk to the police, but be protected from yourself * you want to negotiate with the district attorney * you are on trial


Question: What causes CGI to look so markedly artificial?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes CGI to look so markedly artificial?

Its mostly survivorship bias. You dont notice all the awesome super lifelike cgi, so you are left with just the stuff that doesn't look perfect. As for why every bit of CGI doesnt look perfect mainly comes down to CGI being super hard, and the human brain being super picky. Your brain takes in thousands of little details and will know if something is up even if you cant pinpoint it. Shadows not falling quite right, an object being slightly too reflective, An object not being reflective enough, Shadows looking perfect in a scene, but not moving properly in relation to the camera. All of this stuff can instantly give off a feeling of something being fake.


Question: where does oxygen go in space? If a ship has a leak, it pours out, so is there a bubble of oxygen floating around?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 where does oxygen go in space? If a ship has a leak, it pours out, so is there a bubble of oxygen floating around?

It just spreads out until it barely matters. Space isn't a *perfect* vacuum. There's a little bit of "stuff" in it, but space is so big that it has a lot of room to spread out. Gas in particular likes to spread out, so it won't stay in a tight bubble. Bubbles only happen in liquid because the pressure from the liquid is keeping the gas contained, but there's no such pressure in space.


Question: what exactly is the Commonwealth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is the Commonwealth?

The full name is the Commonwealth of Nations. It amounts to be a very loose club of nations. Almost all of them were part of the British Empire. So they have historical ties and speak English to a great degree. They don’t have any legal obligations to one another, but they do sometimes give extra rights to other Commonwealth nations. EG Singapore is a Commonwealth nation, if a Singaporean is working in the UK, they can vote in UK elections. The organization doesn’t do a whole lot, it’s supposed to encourage all sorts of good stuff like fighting poverty etc. But honestly nobody cares. Not like it can force anyone to do anything. They also hold a Commonwealth Games where they send athletes to compete in their own mini-olympics. Also hardly anyone cares. EDIT: There is also the Commonwealth Realm. Technically they're separate things, though all Commonwealth Realm members are also Commonwealth of Nations memebers. The Commonwealth Realm countries all recognize Queen Elizabeth as their head of state. She often shows up on the currency of the respective commonwealth realm countries. Which is why she showed up on Australian and Canadian money. As opposed to the rest of the Commonwealth of Nation members, who see her as the head of the club they're a part of, but have no particular obligation to.


Question: Why is it so challenging for developed nations to completely eliminate poverty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so challenging for developed nations to completely eliminate poverty?

Poverty is a moving target. As a country's standard of living increases, the standard for what is considered poverty also increases. Poverty is often defined relative to national averages, which means mathematically it can never be eliminated.


Question: If humans can't see ultraviolet wavelengths of light, what is a blacklight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If humans can't see ultraviolet wavelengths of light, what is a blacklight?

Florescent pigments absorb uv light that's invisible and then re-radiate some back at a lower frequency. That's why only some things glow in a blacklight. It's also how dayglo pignents work.


Question: When someone commits suicide in public, who’s responsible for the cleanup?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When someone commits suicide in public, who’s responsible for the cleanup?

Whatever jurisdiction controls the area that the person who committed suicide died in. Was it in a city? Then the city cleans it up. Was it in an unincorporated area? Then it is the county's responsibility. Was it at a National Park? Then the federal government is responsible (though the body would be transferred to the county the park is in). Who pays for it? The taxpayers via the budget of the jurisdiction. It could be possible that the jurisdiction goes after the estate of the deceased, but if that doesn't pay out, then it is just the cost of running a government. What happens to the body? It gets take to the morgue and if unclaimed is cremated. If there are no relatives willing to take on this burden, this is also paid for by the tax payers.


Question: How does a country first react if they are being invaded by another country?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a country first react if they are being invaded by another country?

Normally there is some form of advanced warning, in some cases a declaration of war in others intelligence gathering indicating a build up of forces on the border area. The general first action is a mobilisation of the army, so all on leave etc. army forces report to designated areas to arm and deploy. It then depends upon the nature of the attack and the defensive measures used sometimes the border zone will be strongly defended other times they will allow territory to be taken in order to enable full mobilisation of the armed forces.


Question: Is sleeping 8 hours at night the same as sleeping 6 but then having a 2 hour nap? Why or why not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is sleeping 8 hours at night the same as sleeping 6 but then having a 2 hour nap? Why or why not?

Sleep cycle varies so you can't really set a magic number... basically between 1-2hrs. I've heard the suggestion on naps that they should either be short enough to avoid entering deep sleep (30min) or long enough to ensure you get a full cycle (2hrs). The former helps with alertness, but doesn't reduce the amount of sleep you need later at night. Everyone has their own cycle and overall amount of sleep needed. If naps aren't helping, or waking up groggy, change their length. If you go without alarm clock, all the better. URL_0


Question: Why would Michigan grant Nestle a permit to extract 200,000 gallons of water per day? What does Michigan gain from this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would Michigan grant Nestle a permit to extract 200,000 gallons of water per day? What does Michigan gain from this?

Michigan, along with nearly everywhere else in the US, has so much water that it is essentially an unlimited resource. Nestle pays taxes on the income they earn from bottling the water. Nestle also pays taxes on the property where their bottling plant is located. Michigan cannot constitutionally discriminate against Nestle because the internet doesn't like them. The US constitution requires that government entities treat everyone the same, regardless of how the internet feels. If Michigan is allowing other companies to extract water then they cannot refuse Nestle a permit without a reason that is "compelling" in the constitutional sense - and again the fact that the internet does not like Nestle is not such a reason. Nearly every industrial entity needs to extract large amounts of water to run their factories - from steel mills to cheese factories *everyone* is dependent upon being able to extract large amounts of water. Were Michigan to stop Nestle from extracting water they would also have to stop everyone else as well and nearly every industrial facility in the state would shut down and their economy would collapse. Finally, in the case of bottled water, the amount of water extracted generally cancels out local consumption, and so the net amount of water being extracted doesn't increase. In other words, most of that bottled water will be sold locally, and the people buying it will decrease the amount of water they consume from their local water utility in an equal amount to how much they buy.


Question: Why are insurance copays a thing/why are they necessary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are insurance copays a thing/why are they necessary?

Insurance companies impart copays to avoid moral hazard, as well as to prevent people from seeking unnecessary medical care, like going to see your doctor when all you have is a common cold even though you're a normal healthy adult such that the common cold shouldn't do anything adverse to you. It's based on the idea that people would use more medical care if they knew that 100% of the costs were covered by a third party.


Question: How does calculators actually solve the math problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does calculators actually solve the math problem?

They don't know the solution. The have rules built into them that allows them to calculate the solution. To start with the simplest example, suppose we want to add numbers. Inside a calculator you represent the numbers by having voltage on a wire or not having voltage. This is the 1 and 0. We could then hook together transistors so they could take the two wires coming in, and make it so the wires coming out represent addition. 0+0=00 1+0=01 0+1=01 1+1=10 (2 in binary) This circuit is called a "binary adder". You can daisy chain these together to get as many digits are required. Every other operation that a calculator can do uses this same sort of process of hooking together transistors in a logical way so that you get the correct outcome. For a fairly intuitive example using dominoes instead of electrical components, [check out this Numberphile video]( URL_0 ).


Question: why did the t-Rex have such tiny arms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why did the t-Rex have such tiny arms?

You don't need huge strong arms, when you've already got an amazingly strong jaw. Think of it like sharks. Sharks don't need arms to hunt because they pretty much devastate their prey with their jaws. Some notes though. T-rex arms were pretty goddamn musclular. As such, it is unlikely they were completely useless or vestigal. In fact, in the realm of dinosaurs, there are several species that had much smaller arms than T-Rex. Behold for example, [Carnotaurus] ( URL_0 ). Now that is a dude with some short armsies. So while T-rex did the majority of its hunting with its jaws, it is still possible the arms were used to some degree to grapple with prey. As said before, T-Rex's arms are still pretty muscular, but they were also fairly limited in motion, with T-rex not being able to turn either the joint at the elbow or at the shoulder very wide. This could also be an indicator that these arms were meant to hold something in one place. Juvenile T-rexs actually had longer arms in relation to their bodies than the adults (they had to grow into their arms basically) so it is possible they depended more on them than the adults who would've had larger jaws and just sheer overall size that the juveniles lacked. Other possibly theories for what T-Rex used its arms for was for love-making or getting up from the ground.


Question: How does a sexual assault case proceed in court? With all of the "he-said," "she-said" how do they get to the bottom of the incident, both on the prosecution and defense side?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a sexual assault case proceed in court? With all of the "he-said," "she-said" how do they get to the bottom of the incident, both on the prosecution and defense side?

Generally, if the *only* evidence of a case is 'he said, she said', it doesn't get to court. The vast majority of sexual assault cases never go to court exactly because proving them is so incredibly hard. Beyond that, a sexual assault case can use any sort of evidence another case uses. Witness testimony, people testifying about what people have said to them about the incident (was there any bragging), DNA evidence if someone completely denies the sexual contact (important in case where the sex couldn't be consensual), any video/photographic evidence, text evidence, stuff like defensive wounds etc.


Question: Why can't we just scratch all billions of debt countries have and 'start over'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we just scratch all billions of debt countries have and 'start over'?

If you could get every person and every nation to agree to it, you could. But there's always going to be someone who wants their money back.


Question: When a certain body part falls asleep for a while, why does it start tingling? And for body parts that have been asleep for a long time, why does it hurt so much to move or touch them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a certain body part falls asleep for a while, why does it start tingling? And for body parts that have been asleep for a long time, why does it hurt so much to move or touch them?

This is called "paresthesia," and in this transient form **is nothing to be concerned about.** When you physically compress the nerves that cause your limbs to move, they can no longer communicate their nervous impulses to the parts of the body they control. When you relieve the pressure, your nerves can once again communicate, but your body interprets the sudden influx of signal from the limb as pain. It passes once the body normalizes.


Question: How can a person be 50% fat when we consist of approximately 60% of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a person be 50% fat when we consist of approximately 60% of water?

Simple answer, fat cells contain water. When they say body fat percentage they mean percentage of weight in fat cells, but those fat cells contain various other things.


Question: Why is it when someone opens the door to a 500c (932f) degree oven, the rush of hot air doesn't burn them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when someone opens the door to a 500c (932f) degree oven, the rush of hot air doesn't burn them?

Where the hell does a 900F oven exist? That's a kiln, not an oven.


Question: Why is it so hard to rewire the brain after it becomes hardwired or accustomed to perform a certain task or a habit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to rewire the brain after it becomes hardwired or accustomed to perform a certain task or a habit?

This is a super complex answer. I think the simplest / shortest response would be that in an evolutionary sense you need to strike a balance between being really flexible/adaptable and being more robust to change. As you could imagine, going too far to either of those extremes would probably be a disadvantage. The brain being able to change, but not able to change super easily, seems like a good middle ground in that sense.


Question: Why does Japan pixelate genitals in pornography?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Japan pixelate genitals in pornography?

They have a decency law that has changed interpretation the in the last decade or so. The US made Japan adopt a freedom of speech set of laws after WW 2 but one of the laws to keep censorship was the decency law. It wasn't really enforced until someone got butthurt and sued a guy that made a doushinji (porn manga) for not censoring the naughty bits. The author was fined a huge amount and was given minimal jail time. Guy repealed it, lost, and his fine was quadrupled (if I remember right) and he spent 6 months in jail. Since then, all adult production companies, from hentai to regular porn, started censoring their stuff. That's also why they use tentacles in a lot of their stuff. Its phallic enough to be used sexually but not so much that it needs to be censored


Question: Is something acknowledged as music if it has rhythm and harmony, but no melody?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is something acknowledged as music if it has rhythm and harmony, but no melody?

A melody can be so many different things, though. Just think about music that primarily percussion-based. Drum circles, and whatnot. That's still music, even though it's technically *just* rhythm and harmony.


Question: How does a symmetric matrix has real eigen values and their vectors are orthogonal? if possible explain in geometrical way

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a symmetric matrix has real eigen values and their vectors are orthogonal? if possible explain in geometrical way

Can someone explain the question to me like I'm five?


Question: How can the Earth be so small in NASA's Earthrise image and so large in NASA's DSCOVR image?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the Earth be so small in NASA's Earthrise image and so large in NASA's DSCOVR image?

Because of the camera's field of view (FOV). If you're a big first person shooter game player (or you know about cameras) you're probably familar with FOV. If we consider what we can see as a cone starting at our eye and expanding out like [this]( URL_1 ) then FOV is the angle between the two boundary lines. In shooter games FOV is often expanded by pros to gain an advantage, since it lets you see more of your surroundings. [Here]( URL_0 ) is a quick example of increasing a game's FOV I googled up. The image on the left has the FOV expanded to 65 degrees compared to the default of 45 degrees on the left. With the larger FOV you can see more on the left and right. But you'll also notice that the 2 trailer things look like they're farther away even though the player is standing in the same place - that's because as you increase the FOV you also change how the light from distant objects is going to converge on your 2D surface. Essentially a larger FOV means that objects seem to decrease in size faster as they get farther away. The opposite is also true, if you decrease the FOV then it increases the apparent size of far away objects since they now converge on a larger portion of the view area. The camera on DSCOVR used to take these pictures has a FOV of just 0.61°. It makes it very effective at collecting light from far away objects because it is focused on a very small cone. It also means that the distance between the Earth and the Moon doesn't have the same effect on relative size as it does when taken with a regular camera or human eyes.


Question: What are tax exemptions/what to "claim" on your W4?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are tax exemptions/what to "claim" on your W4?

Nominally, you pay taxes based on what you earn and your employer will take money out of each paycheck to cover your taxes. But there's all sorts of modifiers on how much you actually owe. For example, if you spend money towards your education, you don't have to pay tax on that money. If you donate money to charity, you don't have to pay tax on that money. If you have children who depend on you, you don't have to pays as much in taxes. Your W4 is used to modify how much money your employer withholds from each paycheck to send to the government. The more exemptions you claim, the less money they'll withhold. Next April, you'll gather all of your paperwork and figure out how much taxes you actually owed for the year. If your employer withheld more than you actually owed, the government sends you a check for the difference. If your employer withheld too little, you have to make up the difference. It's generally better to be accurate on your W4. As great as getting a refund is, it would be better if you just kept that money in the first place and were earning interest on it. But you also don't want to claim too many exemptions and have to write the government a surprise four or five figure check next year.