Question: how can geologists tell if a certain rock is from 4.1billion years ago rather than say 3.8 billion years ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can geologists tell if a certain rock is from 4.1billion years ago rather than say 3.8 billion years ago?

**Radiometric Dating:** By measuring the "radioactive waste" or decay products of isotopes found in the rock, we can mathematically calculate the age through analysis of how long it would take for the amount of radioactive decay products to be present. You can think of isotopes as atoms (like a carbon atom) that has a different number of neutrons found in the nucleus. This can be unstable, and over time the atom decays. Measuring the rate of decay for specific isotopes and measuring how much "radioactive waste" is present is how you get to dating. It is fascinatingly accurate, but then again it's all just math so maybe not that fascinating for some.


Question: Why is every major incident/disaster/accident a combination of numerous (maybe dozens) of tiny little insignificant things going wrong, that all link together in a perfect chain to make the big thing happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is every major incident/disaster/accident a combination of numerous (maybe dozens) of tiny little insignificant things going wrong, that all link together in a perfect chain to make the big thing happen?

Because nobody is seeing the bigger picture in real-time. Each minor incident is a daily occurence that has it's own fail safes. Working through a simple example: You are a construction worker and drop your hammer from a great height. No big deal, since the scaffolding has a curtain to catch stuff. However, the guy that hangs the curtain called in sick the day before and didn't hang it. This is no big deal, because the fail safe is don't let anyone work without the curtain up. But the guy who directs work didn't know the curtain wasn't up and was a little late this morning, so skipped his morning walkaround. Kinda bad, but the site has been safe lately and we really need to get started. So he didn't redirect you away from where you dropped your hammer. As a team, you all worked together to drop a hammer on somebody's head, sending them to the hospital. Each occurrence is a daily event that has natural countermeasures built in, but when piled together, nobody sees how big a hole these little things can make.


Question: Why are condiments/sauces good to use warm, but after they are opened they must be refrigerated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are condiments/sauces good to use warm, but after they are opened they must be refrigerated?

The contents were cooked or at least pasteurized before being packaged and sealed. Once that seal is broken however, bacteria can get into the product and it will spoil. Refrigeration will inhibit bacterial growth, keeping it good longer.


Question: Can someone explain me what is a musical scale?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain me what is a musical scale?

So there are different types of scales. But more or less, it's a collection of notes that are a set number of half steps from each other regardless of key, and regardless of octave. A major scale in C, for example: C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C.... A major scale in G is: G, A, B, C, D, E, F# G... Although the actual notes are different, the number of half steps *between* them are the same. A scale is chosen based on the mood of the music, usually. A major scale sounds happy, while a minor scale sounds creepy, etcetera. When you see sheet music, the scale will be noted next to the time signature. The notes in the song will be played "natural" unless indicated otherwise in the music itself or in the key signature. Make sense? Edited to correct a sharp


Question: With deepfake voices now sounding almost indistinguishable from human voices, why do computer voices (TTS, Google Maps, etc) still sound like garbage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With deepfake voices now sounding almost indistinguishable from human voices, why do computer voices (TTS, Google Maps, etc) still sound like garbage?

Because they're not deep-fake voices. They're deliberately kept out of the uncanny valley by remaining obviously computerized. That way, nobody gets weirded out by an almost human voice.


Question: If the earth is a closed ecosystem, how can there be water shortages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the earth is a closed ecosystem, how can there be water shortages?

There are *clean* water shortages and areas where there is drought. There is the same amount of actual water on the planet, but in some places the water available is polluted or there may be farms built in areas that expect there to be ample rain but because of shifts in weather patterns there is none.


Question: What determines the ammount of shares a company can sell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines the ammount of shares a company can sell?

> unless there is a number as to how many are avilable to be traded ? There is a set number of shares of a company, which the company itself can set. Shares can be split (or conceptually combined) at will, but someone who owns one share when they are split in two would then own two. Shares are fractional ownership of a company so the total number of shares determines the fraction of ownership one share represents. If the company were to produce more shares it would be diluting ownership of those who hold shares.


Question: If ants love sugar, and bees make honey, why aren’t bee hives constantly attacked by ants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If ants love sugar, and bees make honey, why aren’t bee hives constantly attacked by ants?

Ants are constantly trying to attack beehives. Other bees and insects will also try to attack the beehives. This is why a large number of bees is dedicated to protecting their hives from these intruders.


Question: Why do babies have such chubby cheeks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do babies have such chubby cheeks?

There are two reasons that I am aware of. First, it's a matter of having baby fat, a layer of fat they've been born with and retain for a while afterwards in case of emergencies. Plus, since babies are relatively small, any fat they do have appears more pronounced, relatively speaking. Second, there's an evolutionary advantage to looking cute. People, in general, are more likely to be attentive to things they find interesting/attractive. Because looking cute means that parents will pay more attention to the child, it makes sense for babies to be born looking cute (and also for us to find the "baby look" cute). Chubby cheeks are part of that feedback loop.


Question: Why can the human body absorb toxins thru the skin, but you can't rehydrate yourself by sitting in water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can the human body absorb toxins thru the skin, but you can't rehydrate yourself by sitting in water?

A large percentage of your skin is made up of a protein called keratin. Keratin forms long chains and if you were to look at your skin under a really powerful microscope what you would see is a bunch of keratin chains crisscrossing together like a chain link fence. But just like a chain link fence, those crisscrossing chains leave large holes between themselves that water, or anything else, could go through. To stop water from passing through those holes, keratin absorbs a small amount of fat from your skin's oil. That fat sits in those gaps in the keratin chain link fence, preventing water from getting through. Because keratin absorbs fat from your skin oil like that, anything that is able to dissolve into that fat is able to use it to leapfrog past the keratin in your skin and be absorbed into your body. There aren't a huge amount of substances like that but that's why very oily substances, like poison oak/ivy, are able to get absorbed into your skin.


Question: How do things that change color based on temperature work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do things that change color based on temperature work?

Two layers of paint usually. The bottom coat will be the color when hot The top coat is a thermoreactive paint that becomes clear when warm and is therefore what is seen when the object is cool.


Question: How are "weed killer" sprays able to destroy weeds, without damaging surrounding grass or plants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are "weed killer" sprays able to destroy weeds, without damaging surrounding grass or plants?

I've searched tha seven seas fer an answer. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How does weed killer destroy weeds and not my grass? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How does weed killer 'know' to kill weeds and leave everything else alone? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5:How does a "weed killer" spray kill the weeds but not the grass? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how do weed killers like round up decipher between weed roots and plant roots? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_3 comments_)


Question: How does the senate (veto proof) proposed IL budget compare with the most recent budget from 3 years ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the senate (veto proof) proposed IL budget compare with the most recent budget from 3 years ago?

In the American system the legislatures of most States (and the Federal government) have the ability to take any bill that has been vetoed and approve it again. If they they get a 3/4 approval or higher the bill becomes law without the approval of the executive. That is what has happened in Illinois. The approved budget includes cuts to some programs, and significant tax increases to start digging their way out the whole they have gotten themselves into.


Question: how do radio antennas receive signals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do radio antennas receive signals?

All antenna systems are built around black magic and sorcery Your guess is actually correct though. The EM field generates a moving voltage potential up and down the antenna, if you have a properly sized antenna then the reflection off the far end is properly timed and reinforces the next wave you receive. This is why your car antenna is a certain length and is very different from your WiFi antenna, you generally want an antenna that is a quarter or half wave length long. It is just the electric field that causes this sloshing, it acts on the electrons in the antenna to induce the voltage across the antenna that you can detect. The [wikipedia picture shows the sloshing well]( URL_0 ) Antenna theory is a deep rabbit hole, unless you're planning on working with antennas the sloshing and sorcery is probably good enough for you.


Question: How do absorbent things, like a sponge work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do absorbent things, like a sponge work?

> The makeup of the sponge makes it is so effective at soaking up water and other liquids. Loose fibers in the sponge create a product that is more empty space than anything else. It is because of this empty space that the sponge can work so well. The holes between the fibers soak up the water and cause the fibrous material itself to swell. This prevents the water from sloshing right back out of the sponge. Instead, the water is trapped inside until the sponge is forcibly squeezed. If you were to remove all of the empty space in a sponge, you would see that the actual matter inside this product would take up less than 1/3 of the sponge's actual size. URL_0


Question: Why is it so unclear what diet is the best for humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so unclear what diet is the best for humans?

Because there is no single "best diet for humans", and especially because there are a lot of people trying to make money by lying to you about what you should be eating. And also super especially because there are a lot of people desperate to look different than they do, who are willing to try any kind of diet for a short period of time (without changing their exercise habits), and then it inevitably fails to transform their body, and they move on to something else. It's true that there's a lot of details about nutrition and metabolism that science hasn't really figured out yet, but we definitely know enough that we could all have a clear idea of how to eat healthy if not for greed, ignorance, and laziness. Here are some super important basics: 1. The biggest factor that determines net weight gain/loss is Calories in minus Calories out. Anything you consume will either be turned into useful cells/molecules, burned for energy, excreted, or turned into fat (which is also useful, but most people have enough already). If you want to lose weight, burn more calories than you take in. 2. You need a lot of carbohydrates, and a fair amount of fat and protein. These are called macronutrients. You HAVE TO EAT CARBS and you HAVE TO EAT FAT. You can't cut these out of your diet and be healthy. Generally speaking, something on the order of 50% of your Calories should come from carbs, 30% from fat, and 20% from protein, BUT this is different for different people, especially when you factor in exercise, muscle growth, age, etc. These are good ballpark numbers though. 3. You also need all kinds of other nutrients and things: vitamins (C, D, etc.), minerals (sodium, iron, etc.), fiber, amino acids, and stuff like that. It would be incredibly difficult to get exactly as much of all these things as you need in every meal, or even every day; you just need to make sure you're balancing things out so that you get enough of everything from day to day. If you only ever eat chicken, and never turkey or pork or beef, you're not going to get all the amino acids you need. If you only ever eat broccoli, and never potatoes or asparagus or spinach, you're not going to get all the vitamins you need. To make sure you're getting everything you need, eat different stuff all the time. 4. Not all carbohydrates are created equal. There's a spectrum that goes from simple (sugar, honey, maple syrup, etc.) to less complex (corn, white pasta, white bread) to more complex (whole wheat bread and stuff like that). Look up "glycemic index" for more information. Basically, it takes longer for your body to break down complex carbs, and shorter for simple carbs. So if you eat 20 grams of sugar, your body gets all that energy really fast, and that's usually not what it needs, so it often leads to various bad consequences (turning into fat, bad for your pancreas, bad for your blood vessels, etc.). But if you eat 20 grams of whole wheat bread, your body spreads out the same amount of energy over a longer period of time, and that's usually healthier for you. So, generally, try to make as much of your carbs as possible complex ones, and minimize the simple carbs in your diet. Whole wheat's better than white bread (but not always by a lot-- it's complicated); white bread's better than sugar.


Question: How does the Universe keep expanding?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Universe keep expanding?

It’s important to remember that it’s not expanding in the sense we’re used to seeing/understanding: there is no middle point it expands from, the universe expands in all directions. And there’s honestly no hard answer as to why, and there’s a divided on whether or not it will continue to do so.


Question: What happens to us without sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to us without sleep?

Hello! I've made a quick [video]( URL_0 ) to answer your question. If you dont want to watch the video, I'll sum up the answer here in the comments for you: - We need about 8 hours sleep a day, and if we dont get that we often see a fall in alertness, memory and an increased chance of a car crash. - There was a person called peter Tripp who managed to stay awake for 209 hours, I go into the study in more detail in the video but I'll keep it brief here for convinence. He started hallucinating as he was going into the REM cycle whilst awake. This cycle is known for creating our dreams. - He failed to repeat the alphabet and do simple maths questions. He also thought that the sleep specialists were trying to frame him for a crime. - It is pretty dangerous to stay awake as long as you can as it will impact your quality of life, you'll feel less like doing excercise; relationships will suffer and so will your work. There is a very rare disorder called Fatal Familial Insomnia which has killed 100 people due to a lack of sleep. Hope that helps, enjoy the rest of your day!


Question: if standing in a hot shower feels really good, why does going outside when its really hot feel uncomfortable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if standing in a hot shower feels really good, why does going outside when its really hot feel uncomfortable?

Because cold air is readily available if you move even slightly out of the hot stream of shower water


Question: why does shaving your face after about a week of not shaving it not hurt at all with very little irritation, but shaving every day or so, causes a lot of cuts and irritation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does shaving your face after about a week of not shaving it not hurt at all with very little irritation, but shaving every day or so, causes a lot of cuts and irritation?

From I was told the hair follicles get exposed after shaving. Its a tiny pocket of skin hair grows out of. URL_0 If a person shaves everyday the follicles is always exposed. This allows bacteria to get an irritate the follicle. It really depends on the hair type and skin type but everyone can can "razor burn". This is why people use after shave or witch hazel or the really complicated post shave rituals. Do not look up folliculitis.


Question: What exactly is “Die PARTEI” in Germany? What does it do if it has power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is “Die PARTEI” in Germany? What does it do if it has power?

It's a satirical party, for voters who find all the normal parties to be garbage. Not clear what it would do with real power, as opposed to 1 seat.


Question: What's the difference between steam and water vapor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between steam and water vapor?

Other answers are not correct: steam is NOT visible. What you are seeing as "steam" is droplets of *liquid* water as the steam (which is an invisible gas) condenses as it cools in the air. That is the same as fog and clouds: droplets of liquid water suspended in the air. As for the right answer, your guess is correct. Steam is just water vapor that is hotter than the boiling point, where liquid water can no longer exist. Water vapor is the more general term.


Question: Where does the bond money go after bailing someone out and why do you only need to pay 10%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the bond money go after bailing someone out and why do you only need to pay 10%?

The bondsman pays the bond to the court and once you've made all of your court appearances he gets it back. He charges you the 10% for you borrowing the money until your trial is finished. Bail isn't a "fee" that you never get back, it's just a cash guarantee that you aren't going to run away.


Question: If Black is when an object absorbs all the color and White reflects all the color. How about Grey, what colors does it absorb and reflect to show it being Grey?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Black is when an object absorbs all the color and White reflects all the color. How about Grey, what colors does it absorb and reflect to show it being Grey?

Depending on the amount of grey, it will absorb a percentage of each colour of light, and reflect a percentage.


Question: Why does popping a knuckle/joint feel so good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does popping a knuckle/joint feel so good?

I'm not a doctor, but I believe it's air that gets trapped in the joints, and when you "crack" your knuckles it releases that air. I crack my knuckles multiple times a day and people have told me, my whole life, that it's bad for me, but I don't really care.


Question: Is animal instinct passed down from mostly genetic or environmental influence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is animal instinct passed down from mostly genetic or environmental influence?

It's passed genetically most of the time, there is the Monarch butterfly that migrates from as high up as Canada down to Mexico (3000mls =4900 kms and it takes multiple generation s to complete the round trip. Amazing.


Question: Why is the video quality of sending a video through text on androids so terrible compared to iPhone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the video quality of sending a video through text on androids so terrible compared to iPhone?

iPhones cheat. They don’t actually send the texts and pictures through the cell lines, they do it through the wifi or 3g/4g/LTE. Now two Android phones can’t send data to each other via the internet cause they only have each other’s cell phone numbers, so you gotta use the same old lines and be compliant with the same old standards (character limits and such.) If you download an internet messager like whatsapp or facebook this limitation goes away, cause now you are using fast data lines and storing your pix and stuff on company servers before your recipient gets it.


Question: How and why did "oriental" become offensive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why did "oriental" become offensive?

There is a long standing stereotype of westerners being unable to tell east asians (orientals) apart. As to your mothers example it would be like refering to a ukranian rug as a european rug. Technically not incorrect but it sounds like you couldn't be bothered to differentiate between a number of very different cultures. I dont think its particularly bad as nomenclature goes, but you can definitely do better.


Question: What does social construct mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does social construct mean?

It refers to something that is created and maintained by human society and lacks any real meaning outside of human society. Money is an example. The value of money is derived entirely from a societal agreement to exchange it for goods and services. It has essentially no intrinsic value. The same could be said of human organizations like companies, governments, and churches. There are lots of examples.


Question: Why do some planes leave a trail of condensation/mist behind? What causes these trails?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some planes leave a trail of condensation/mist behind? What causes these trails?

It is water vapor. When the engines burn fuel, they put out exhaust gases, and part of these gases is steam (hot water vapor).


Question: Why does the healed skin on my wounds have the same patterns, wrinkles and creases as before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the healed skin on my wounds have the same patterns, wrinkles and creases as before?

Look at your hand, now move the inside of the base of your thumb towards your pinky. See all the folds and such? Your skin will fold the same way even after scarring. Another example is that I game about as often as someone with a fulltime job is at work (30ish hours a week) my hand positioning presses the pinky side of my palm into my desk, causing a unique fold that wasn't there just a few years ago. If I sliced that part of my hand up (or burned it) the healed skin wont have those creases and wrinkles, but will develop them again as I continue to hold that unique hand position.


Question: Why do some people look "good" fat, and others look "bad" fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some people look "good" fat, and others look "bad" fat?

Confidence goes a long way in this respect. If you feel less confident when you gain weight, you'll feel like you look less attractive. As for others, the ones that look good to you are likely not only confident but also dress for their body in a way that is flattering. Personal grooming goes a long way, too. Different people have different body shapes, too, and society has deemed some more attractive than others. For example, there's the classic female hour glass that is largely considered the sexiest of female shapes because bigger hips are a sign of fertility. For men, even if they have a heavier midsection, having muscular arms and shoulders tend to make them more attractive because it is a sign of strength. That attraction is partly influenced human nature (the desire to survive and reproduce) and partly by traditional gender roles, but still very present today in determining what society deems attrative. In the end, it's all about working with what you've got.


Question: What happens to the minerals in saltwater when it freezes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to the minerals in saltwater when it freezes?

The water freezes, not the salt. As it freezes, most of the salt in it is separated and is diluted in the surrounding water. Only a little salt remains suspended in ice (freezing is quite slow, so there's plenty of time). If you were to somehow flash-freeze a block of ice immediately, there would be a significantly larger amount of salt suspended in the ice.


Question: How do we find the area of a country?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we find the area of a country?

One of the most common ways is known as "geodesic triangulation". finding the area of a triangle is relatively simple. Even irregularly shaped triangles can have their area calculated without any extra math. So you draw triangle after triangle within the borders of a country, measuring each edge you draw. As you reach the irregular borders like meandering rivers and coasts you just draw and measure as many smaller connected triangles as you can fit along the winding border. Then you just add up the are of all the triangles. Though admittedly this is not entirely accurate because of the curvature of the earth and the effect that has on the true land area, but it's the easiest way to visualize the process. In fact, the triangle method was and still is used as the primary method by surveyors. In fact in 18th century France 4 generations of the Cassini family used the survey equipment of the time to do this geodesic triangulation and map out France. At first it was just the borders to get an accurate depiction of what the king owned, but a map of a country without features is just an empty shape. So the Cassini family spent the next years using the same method (using known points like towns and geographic features) to map roads and other points. The Cassini maps are so accurate that old roads and towns whose position is measured with gps and more modern means, more or less line up perfectly with what the Cassini's measure by hand over 300 years ago


Question: Why are longer boats faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are longer boats faster?

When boats move through water they generate waves. Roughly speaking there is one wave at the bow (front) and one at the stern (back). It takes energy to generate these waves which comes from the force pushing the boat forwards. As the boat goes faster the waves get longer. This is a fundamental result from physics that is difficult to explain. As the boat gets faster, at some speed the wave from the bow will meet the wave from the stern, and they will interfere with each other. They add together and so become much bigger. This causes much more resistance than the two waves separately, and so it requires a lot of power to go any faster. A longer boat has its bow and stern waves further apart, and so con be going faster before the two waves meet. By the way we call this speed where the resistance massively increases the “hull speed” and it is roughly 1.34 x sqrt(waterline length in feet) Very narrow hulls like on catamarans only generate very small waves so don’t really have a hull speed. Planing boats have enough power to get over the hump and travel faster than their hull speed.


Question: What does it mean for a shape to have 4 dimensions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean for a shape to have 4 dimensions?

A square shape has two dimensions - up-down and left-right. A cube shape has three dimensions - up-down, left-right, and in-out. Add another dimension, and you get a hypercube, a shape that has 4 dimensions. There's no object that has 4 dimensions. It is simply a mathematical abstract concept, as far as we know. We don't know if a fourth dimension even exists at all. You can walk left, you can walk forward or down, but you cannot walk in that other direction.


Question: How come it doesn’t thunder or lightning during snow storms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come it doesn’t thunder or lightning during snow storms?

It absolutely does. As a weather observer, trained by the United States Air Force, I have witnessed and reported each of those phenomena. It does not happen often, but it does happen. And it's freaky!


Question: why do hdmi/usb cables top out at around 50 feet long, when buildings can literally have miles of ethernet cabling and function just fine? Aren't they all just ones and zeros?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do hdmi/usb cables top out at around 50 feet long, when buildings can literally have miles of ethernet cabling and function just fine? Aren't they all just ones and zeros?

First, while there may many miles of ethernet cable in total, each length of cable between two connections is limited to several hundred meters at best. So there are not miles of a single cable even for ethernet. Second, 0 and 1 are symbolic representations. The actual way to encode the 0 and 1 are different for different protocols. So one might have "0" encoded as 0V and "1" as a 5V, others might use frequencies such as 99.9 MHz as "0" and 100.1 MHz as "1". These different systems have different performance characteristics by design. Third. Each system is designed for different uses. The higher performing uses are generally more costly in terms of the hardware needed and the amount of software needed (why ethernet has things like switches and routers costing tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars) USB is designed as a low cost, simple interface which is why it can be put on devices costing even less than $10.


Question: How do the bubbles or foam form on water when it falls with force?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the bubbles or foam form on water when it falls with force?

I pictured waves crashing in the ocean or giant waterfalls when you said water that "falls with force." Also rain. Foam is just tiny pockets of gas trapped in a liquid or a solid. When waves break and splash, they trap air from the atmosphere into bubbles. Foam on seawater forms because of agitation by wind and waves + the buildup of dissolved organic matter. Same thing with waterfalls: those bubbles & foam are trapped air of all different shapes and sizes. That's actually why waterfalls look white. Similarly, rain can mix with soap, oil, and dirt when falling to the ground and form a film at the surface of the puddle. With all those raindrop collisions, some air is bound to be forced under the surface and then make its way back to the surface and not pop right away when it mixes with that film.


Question: How does friction exist if atoms/molecules never touch each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does friction exist if atoms/molecules never touch each other?

It's not that atoms & molecules don't touch each other, but rather atoms & molecules repelling each other over short distances is how "touching" works. Atoms aren't really little billiard balls with well-defined spherical surfaces. They're fuzzy blobs with electromagnetic fields that get stronger the closer you get. Bring them close enough, and the electrons in their outer shells will repel each other and resist bringing them closer. The only reason we don't notice this is that the distance is infinitesimally tiny compared to the size of everyday objects.


Question: What determines whether a winter storm will be snow, ice, sleet etc. ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines whether a winter storm will be snow, ice, sleet etc. ?

It depends on the elevation where you find 32F (or 0C). The National Weather Service tweeted about this a couple days ago: URL_0


Question: How could governments keep getting loans/ increase their debt if some never paid it back in the recent history? Who is loaning all this money and how are they hoping to make profit of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How could governments keep getting loans/ increase their debt if some never paid it back in the recent history? Who is loaning all this money and how are they hoping to make profit of it?

The vast majority of government debt is paid back. It is very rare that they don't. Most debt is issued through bonds and these bonds all have specific maturities (1 year, 3 years, 10 years etc etc). At the maturity date, these bonds are repaid (and in some cases they are even retired or bought back before maturity) Of course if a government issues more bonds than retires them, the total debt is increasing. But this isn't the same as saying that they never pay it back. It is very much like a credit card where you make some payments but continue to use it - except these credit cards come with very high limits. Anyone who purchases government bonds is lending the government money. Pension funds, everyday folks who want to save, investment funds and especially banks. Because these bonds are guaranteed by the government, in most cases they are considered "risk free" investments. In nearly all countries, banks are required by law to hold certain amounts of their assets in a very liquid form. The most liquid is cash, of course, but government bonds are also usually included. Since cash earns no interest but bonds do (until some very recent examples!), banks generally hold some of their liquidity requirements in bonds.


Question: Why does venting about stress help us feel better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does venting about stress help us feel better?

Whole you’re waiting for the technical Mumbo jumbo answer, I’d say that it probably has to do with the release of whatever chemical in your brain when you vent. It helps just to vocalize things and puts things into perspective and “get it off your chest” like releasing all that “tension”.


Question: How did people in the past begin to accurately measure the height of mountains, such as everest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did people in the past begin to accurately measure the height of mountains, such as everest?

One way is by making a cup of tea. Water boils at 100°C only at sea level. The temperature at which water boils varies based on air pressure. For every 1000 metres, the boiling point drops by about 5 degrees. Thus, with a kettle and a thermometer you can estimate altitude.


Question: Why is international shipping a lot cheaper when we buy something online and have it delivered to our house, but when we go to FedEx/UPS/etc. to ship something overseas it costs $100+?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is international shipping a lot cheaper when we buy something online and have it delivered to our house, but when we go to FedEx/UPS/etc. to ship something overseas it costs $100+?

International shipping is based off of weight, and by shipper's contract with various Couriers involved. Most of what you buy overseas already has a shipping contract and is shipped to a local warehouse and stored for final distrobution to the buyer from a storage location closer to where you live. If it isn't then it's shipped directly with a shippers already pre-arrainged shipping manifest. Say I order 200 glass beads from a retailer in Vietnam. Those beads are already being sold to dozens of customers stateside, and could be in batches of thousands or millions of beads already being shipped. Someone Stateside who already has those beads is the one who boxes up a shipment and sends it out to me, even though they were made and shipped to the US from out of country. But back to the point... When you use FEDEX or UPS locally to ship say, a package, you are using a retail service. What happens is different. Instead of a shipper of goods from out of country who makes a product and figures out how to ship it to you while figuring in the costs of that shipping, FEDEX and UPS among other couriers are offering a different kind of service going back out. You aren't a person with a lucrative contract sending things out on a containership, or mailing them stateside in pre-arrainged shipping lanes. You are sending something out and literally paying for a 1 time usage space on one of their trucks/planes/ships that is going to take your package and send it somewhere else. The crux of this problem is that where retailers and wholesalers from out of country, they already have vast contracts that they can ship things in the country with. They buy container vessels and ship using large cargo crates, packed full of products and things to be sold here to us, and ship it for @bulk rates. As a retail customer of UPS, you are sending a package that does not have that level of treatment. Outgoing packages, like everything else sent retail shipping, are going to dozens of different locations, and each inch of that precious shipping space is vital. If a plane is 1lb overburdened, it costs the company money. If one package is just slightly out of shape or size, it costs them money. So your package, has to be billed to compensate for the space and weight it takes up, and the time that it will take to deliver it to your given destination. Cause you know.... who else do you know who can carry that package to Yemen for you?


Question: Why do ice cubes crackle when you put them into a drink?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do ice cubes crackle when you put them into a drink?

When the ice enters the drink, the ice closer the surface of the cube begins warming quickly, much more quickly than the ice at the center. This fast, uneven temperature increase causes some parts of the ice cubes to try and expand. But since the whole cube can't heat up evenly, it starts breaking apart.


Question: how come scientists/developers cant make phones that capture and send odors,scents,smells?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come scientists/developers cant make phones that capture and send odors,scents,smells?

Smells are actually **particulate matter** that our olfactory nerves inside are noses bind to and send signals to our brains to tell us that that particle is a " < fill-in-the-blank > " smell. For phones to do that, then those devices would have to be able to create molecules and release them for our noses to pick up.


Question: How integrals can calculate areas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How integrals can calculate areas?

> how could it ever be accurate? As you add more rectangles the closer you get to the true answer (because each rectangle will better approximate the curve). The more rectangles you add the closer the "error" is to zero. Once you have an infinite number of them the error *is* zero. If you know what limits are it's quite literally the same thing. If every step has you get closer to reality, and you take an infinite number of steps, you'll get infinitely close to reality, which means you've arrived at the correct answer.


Question: Can someone explain Newtons three laws?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain Newtons three laws?

Assuming you mean his laws of motion: The 1st law is that once something has a force exerted on it (think pushing someone) it will move at the same speed until something makes it faster or slows it. If you threw a baseball in space (a vacuum with no air resistance or friction) it would move at the same speed it left your hand until it hit something. So a baseball traveling at 60mph for eternity. The 2nd law says that the force something exerts is equal to its mass times its acceleration. This means that a paper airplane and a car accelerating at the same rate will have different forces because one weighs more than the other The 3rd is a bit of bookkeeping. It says that when something has a force exerted on it, it exerts the same back. So you standing on earth exerts the same force as the earth exerts on you. If it didn’t you’d arguably fall through the earth (1st law) so it has to push back. This is proven through all of science and especially engineering. Bridges exist because of this 3rd law (among many others)


Question: What is the difference neoliberalism, classical liberalism, and libertarianism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference neoliberalism, classical liberalism, and libertarianism?

Libertarianism is the political ideal of personal liberty. The stuff that Conservatives love to say they're about, but without the religious fervor or hypocrisy. In a "perfect" libertarian society, you can do whatever drugs you want, decide who to support or to remove support from, etc, without the government stepping in. Classical Liberalism is much the same, where the difference is in the focus. Libertarians were against an increasingly bloated government and welfare states. Liberals were against theocracy and oppression. But they agreed on things like "being able to do what you want." Neoliberalism is less similar, focusing only on the economic side of freedom. You can buy or sell whatever you like, but social freedom isn't necessarily accepted. So, your free to sell a cake, but maybe you should not be allowed to refuse service to a gay couple. There are more detailed issues and differences, but that is the quick and dirty.


Question: Why do hatchbacks come with rear wipers as standard equipment while sedans generally don't have them as an option?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do hatchbacks come with rear wipers as standard equipment while sedans generally don't have them as an option?

When you’re driving there is sort of a swirling area of low pressure air that will pull dirt and road grime up towards the back of the car. This has a tendency to coat the back of the vehicle and obscure a hatchbacks rear windows. On a sedan that has a trunk, the rear window is not in this swirling dirt area and will remain much cleaner. When it comes to rain, the airflow across the rear window of a sedan will keep it somewhat clear. This does not work as well on a hatchback (or van or SUV for that matter). On some flat backed vehicles you will see what might look like a spoiler that is pointing in the wrong direction. This is meant to scoop clean air from the top of the vehicle and blow it across the back window. Hopefully keeping it a little cleaner.


Question: Are internet and cable ads confusing on purpose? Or are cable and internet companies just bad at their jobs.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are internet and cable ads confusing on purpose? Or are cable and internet companies just bad at their jobs.

They are well thought and confusing on purpose: 1) they don't want you to be able to compare their product to the competition. 2) they try to give a sense of urgency "buy now" even the product is on the shelves for a long time. They frequently create fake sales, fooling people into believing they get a great deal. 3) they see that one fixed price has limitations. For example, a hotel that sold 50% of their occupancy. What will they do with the empty rooms? They gradually start reducing price in a way customers think they got a bargain. Same with cellphone carriers. They speak about deals, but in reality, they are all very much alike. Nobody is significantly cheaper than others.


Question: Does the world get heavier as more people are born?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the world get heavier as more people are born?

No, people are made up of stuff from the earth. To grow a baby a mother has to eat more food, plants and animals(the animals in turn are eating other animals and plants), the plants are literally made up of a combination of soil(the dirt under your feet) and carbon they *extract from the air.* For every 200 lb person walking around alive there is simply 200 lbs less dirt and carbon in the air. When we die our bodies decompose or are eaten and become other things.


Question: Why can’t we move our eyes one at a time like chameleons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we move our eyes one at a time like chameleons?

Chameleons have eyes on the sides of their heads. They get surround vision. Human eyes face forward, and the difference between what they see gives us depth perception. If we rotated them one at a time it would screw with our depth perception.


Question: Do plants have typical lifespans the same way animals do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do plants have typical lifespans the same way animals do?

The lifespan is clearer in plants that are either annual or biannual. Those plants usually die during the dry season, fruiting at the last moment, leaving offspring to repopulate the next rainy season. It gets more complicated with plants that endure the dry season or live where there's no such thing as a dry season (like rainforests), in the ideal conditions (they don't get eaten or sick), they can live indefinitely. It's also important to keep in mind that age isn't quite important for plants. You can have two trees: Tree A is 20 years old but is only a tiny tree not higher than 4 m because it has lived under the shadow of taller trees during its lifetime. Tree B is 2 years old but is 25 m tall because it got the luck to germinate right when and where a clearing happened, giving it lots of space and resources to grow. If you saw them both separately, you would think that tree A is younger and tree B is older. In my experience as a biologist, I've come to the conclusion that it's better to think of plants on their own terms, instead of trying to "animalize" them, forcing factors that are more meaningful to animals in order to understand them. Plants are entirely in another level.


Question: Why is everything involved in the transportation, usage, and storage of water or any other fluid, round?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is everything involved in the transportation, usage, and storage of water or any other fluid, round?

Round things distribute pressure better. Hard edges create focal point for pressure to operate on, and ate the weakest point of any container when pressure is involved.


Question: Why do the 220V of home outlets kill you but the several thousands of V of a taser dont?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the 220V of home outlets kill you but the several thousands of V of a taser dont?

For the upcoming comments saying it's not the volts, its the amps that kill you, my current understanding is this: amps depends on voltage and resistence. For a given body resistence, amps are proportional to the voltage. What's the mechanism i'm missing here?


Question: why do cells refuse to die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do cells refuse to die?

There is a complex mechanism in these cells that tries to repair damage that happens all the time. Almost all the time it's successful. And even if it fails one or two times it's no big problem. When it fails too often however it will decide that it's impossible to repair, and instruct the cell to self destruct. The cell can't initiate this on its own. It has to be instructed by the mechanism that controls the damage. But sometimes it's this mechanism that's affected in one of those not repairable problems. And that's the moment when it goes shit. Because the cell gets damaged more and more, but doesn't destroy itself. At some point it can malfunction in a way that we know as cancer. This is very simplified, I left some stuff out. There is a great video on YouTube by the channel "kurzgesagt" about cancer, you should check it out.


Question: What really happens to lost mail?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What really happens to lost mail?

When I was a kid, I worked as a temporary USPS employee for a summer. I found a few old letters at the bottom of an old canvas mail sack. They were about three years old. I took them to the floor supervisor. I thought I was going to get a reward or something. They just took them and said "Get back to work".


Question: what is the science behind FOMO (fear of missing out)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the science behind FOMO (fear of missing out)?

We're a social species. We pay attention to each other because there's valuable information in that. If everyone's running away, you should probably run too. If everyone's crowding around a bush, it probably has delicious berries. If an orator manages to convince 75% of the crowd but not you... are you wrong? I mean what's more likely, that three-fourths of the crowd is wrong and you're right... or they're seeing a good deal and you're missing something. If you see or imagine others having a rewarding experience that you are missing out on, you will feel regret. Especially if that experience was within the realm of possibilities for you but you decided to take a pass. Like many things in psychology, it's a response that makes sense in the context of the natural world. But it's easily manipulated in our modern world.