Question: How do the super wealthy generate cash flow with no salary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the super wealthy generate cash flow with no salary?

Stocks, bonds or other investments. Most super wealthy have limited income. They have to sell an investment like real estate to have cash. But many stocks pay a dividend, a small amount of cash per share each year. If you are rich and have enough shares you have an income


Question: What is a coalition government?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a coalition government?

In countries with parliaments, where there are more than 2 political parties, it’s rare for one part to have a majority of seats and have total control over selecting Prime Minister and cabinet positions. So the party with the most seats typically has to form a coalition with other parties to combine into a majority. So maybe the Labour Party and Green Party form a coalition, which gives them a majority together — members of both parties will be represented in the cabinet and they’ll worth together to create a combined platform of policies to work on.


Question: why does washing your hands with a soap bar make them feel squeaky and rubbery after rinsing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does washing your hands with a soap bar make them feel squeaky and rubbery after rinsing?

It is becasue soap is formed from; 1) a lye, sodium hydroxide (bar soap) or potassium hydroxide (liquid soap) and 2) fatty acids, vegetable oils usually but you can use animal fats. Each fat has a known [saponification value]( URL_0 ), the amount of lye required to saponify 1 g of the fat. You always have to have an excess of vegetable oil. An excess of lye would make caustic soap that saponified the oils in your skin. When you use a soap, you end up with some unsaponified vegetable oil on your skin.


Question: Why do some captchas have to be solved several times before letting you proceed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some captchas have to be solved several times before letting you proceed?

You keep getting new ones because the system is still not sure whether you're a bot or a human. The images are just a small part of all the parameters that are being considered in the background.


Question: How to calculate the Domain and Range of a Function?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How to calculate the Domain and Range of a Function?

For a function f(x)=y : The Domain is all the values x is allowed to be. The Range is all the values y can be, considering all allowed x. For example: f(x)=1/(x^(2)) has a Domain of "x is not equal to 0" (since it would be undefined due to division by zero) and a Range of y > 0 since no value of x gives a negative or zero value from the function, but you can get any positive real number result you want.


Question: How exactly does the math of RSA encryption work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does the math of RSA encryption work?

I think there's a minor misunderstanding. When A wants to send a message to B, A encrypts the message with the public key of B. Then B can decrypt the encrypted message using their own private key. The general idea behind the math is as follows. The message m is written as a number (recall data can be represented in a computer as a binary number made of 0s and 1s). Then, we choose whole numbers e, d, and n such that m^(e*d) = m modulo n. We use e as the public key of B and d as the private key of B. That is, if we multiply m by itself e*d times, we get back the original message m. This is modulo n which means the number line wraps around every n numbers. We can compute x modulo n for any whole number x by taking the remainder of x when we divide by n. The encrypted message is m^e modulo n. A can send this as e is the public key of B which is public knowledge. Then, to decrypt m^e modulo n, B can use their private key d and multiply m^e by itself d times to get (m^(e))^d = m^(e*d) = m modulo n. To be secure, RSA relies on it being really hard to find d such that m^(e*d) = m modulo n given e, m, and n. The current best approach I know to recovering d is to factor n into its 2 prime factors. Note n is generated as a product of two primes. That is, n is a whole number prime times some other big whole number prime. Then, knowing these prime factors, we can easily generate e and d in the same manner that B would have used to generate these keys for themselves originally. So currently, the security of RSA rests on it being really hard to factor big numbers in general like what is used for n.


Question: When we “picture something in our mind, what is actually happening?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we “picture something in our mind, what is actually happening?

When we picture something in our mind, the brain is actually constructing a 3D model of it. For instance, if I were to say “Bear”, you would understand that from this word I mean an animal with fur and claws that walks on all fours and has a roundish body. You can imagine what one looks like by combining your existing knowledge about animals such as dogs or cats, along with their movement patterns (i.e., walking on four legs) and diet (i.e., carnivorous). In short, through language we form mental models of things. When we look at a person, the brain forms an internal representation of their appearance. From this representation, along with our knowledge about humans and other animals in general, we can deduce that they are likely to be able to walk on two legs (or if incapable for some reason) use crutches or wheelchairs. We can also make more specific deductions: e.g., people who appear elderly tend to die soon after. When we imagine the past, it is also constructed in our minds. For instance, when I think about my childhood and remember that I was born in a house near my school, this does not mean that all of these places are actually located inside my head as part of some mysterious “memory place” (which is what most people believe). It simply means that memory works by combining information about various places with our knowledge about them: e.g., if you know from your own experience where a certain building is located relative to another one, then this will be incorporated into your imaginary constructions. Where does this information come from? It comes from our sensory experiences. E.g., the sound of thunder leads us to believe that there is a storm nearby, and if we see dark clouds in the sky, then we deduce that it will probably rain soon. We also imagine things that we have never actually seen or heard: e.g., if you were to say “Imagine a triangle with side lengths 1 cm, 2cm and 3 cm”, then this is something that probably has not happened in your life. Yet the brain still creates an image of such a shape by combining various aspects of other figures you know of (e.g., squares) and general knowledge about geometry. In short, through language and imagination we create internal representations of the world that are consistent with our previous sensory experiences. For anything that is not covered by these experiences (i.e., things which you have never seen or heard), then you construct an image using your knowledge about how similar things work.


Question: Why are big herbivores that travel in herds like bisons afraid of smaller carnivores when they could just trample them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are big herbivores that travel in herds like bisons afraid of smaller carnivores when they could just trample them?

Why are you scared of a tiny little spider?


Question: How do noise-cancelling headphones "cancel noise"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do noise-cancelling headphones "cancel noise"?

Think of sound as it's often represented as a wave - up/down/up/down/etc The headphones listen for that and play the opposite: down/up/down/up - just the right amount that the ups and downs exactly cancel themselves out


Question: How does the Mandela effect work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Mandela effect work?

As far as the likelihood of certain things being affected, I’m not quite sure. As far as to why it happens though, it’s because memory is a fickle thing, frequently prone to failure. Additionally, there are cultural misconceptions that can help spread it to a wide group of people. The origin of the name is of course referring to the South African leader Nelson Mandela, who many believed to have died in prison sometime in the 1980s. This was simply not true and someone started catalogue instances of things like that. A common pop culture instance would be “Luke, I am your father.” from Star Wars. Lots of people think that’s the line, when in reality, it is “No, I AM your father.” in response to Luke saying Vader killed his father. This is similar to why eye witness testimony is often not really reliable. We are really bad at remembering things perfectly accurately, and even worse, are really prone to outside suggestion, leading us to trick ourselves into “remembering” things that are untrue or inaccurate. There are tons of really small things you can likely attribute it to, that I am actually fairly certain I know why it happened though. A lot of this stuff would be what you’d describe as “Old Wives’ Tales” sort of things. Stuff that has been told through generations to help keep people safe or in line that has been like that for SO long, people don’t realize it is inaccurate. Taking band-aids off cuts so they can “Breathe” is a personal one in my family. I’m not really sure why my mom thinks that, but as far as I am aware, it gets all the oxygen it needs from blood flow. However there could be arguments on either side. Keeping it on traps moisture for things to grow, but also keeps debris out for instance.


Question: Why can you test a nuke underground but on the surface it would be devastating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you test a nuke underground but on the surface it would be devastating?

When a nuke explodes underground, the mass of the ground absorbs most of the impact, and radioactive remains mostly stay in the crater. It's not powerful enough to create an actual earthquake, though the seismic wave can be registered. When it explodes on the surface or in air, the shockwave (hot compressed air) is free to travel around, demolishing everything in its path. Radioactive dust also spreads much easier this way.


Question: What is the difference between medicine injected in the veins through your arms or places with easy access, vs the butt cheeks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between medicine injected in the veins through your arms or places with easy access, vs the butt cheeks?

Medicine injected in the vein enters your bloodstream directly. This is called *intravenous injection*. Medicine injected into your body is either *intramuscular* (e.g. the butt cheeks, where it goes into your muscle) or *subcutaneous* (e.g. your ~~arm~~ stomach, where it goes under your skin). There are other injection sites (e.g. intracavernous where you inject into a sinus) but these three are by far the most common. Injection method involves four criteria: Effectiveness, safety, patient preference, and economics. * Effectiveness varies from drug to drug. Most drugs are most effective when injected intravenously, because that puts the drug directly into your bloodstream with no intermediate effects, but others are most effective when taken up via a muscle. Subcutaneous is rarely the most effective. * Safety also varies from drug to drug, but generally speaking intravenous injection is the least safe due to the possibility of vein damage. * Patient preference is less important, but still a factor. Intramuscular and subcutaneous injection are preferred by many patients because they can perform it themselves at home with high safety, unlike IV injection which should be performed by a medical professional. * Finally, economics comes into play. Some drugs require 10x the dosage when used intramuscularly as opposed to intravenously. Other drugs require a special formulation for intramuscular injection which is 50 times as expensive as the intravenous formulation. In these cases, the economics becomes important and IV injection may be preferred despite other drawbacks.


Question: Why does milk froth best when warm, but cream should be whipped cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does milk froth best when warm, but cream should be whipped cold?

Both cases involve incorporating air into the product, but the difference is what keeps the air in. For frothed milk, proteins trap the air, and proteins slightly unfold at warm temperatures. This slight unfolding allows the proteins to network together in different ways. However with cream, the air is trapped by fat. If the cream is too warm, the fat just melts and provides no structure for the air to be trapped in


Question: Why do computers have a blue screen of death?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do computers have a blue screen of death?

It’s a simplified interface to explain why the computer failed. If it just shut off on you when it died, you might not know and might not ever do anything about it. The BSOD is a result of a quick diagnostic, providing an error code so you can start troubleshooting. I hope this helped!


Question: How do air conditioners produce cold air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do air conditioners produce cold air?

The fluid used in an AC unit turns into a liquid when under high pressure and back into a gas when under low pressure. the exchange from liquid to gas absorbs energy (think you need to heat water to get it to boil) and transforming from a gas to a liquid releases energy (think freezing water into ice, you're removing heat from the water by placing it in a cold area that absorbs the heat). So an AC unit has an evaporator coil inside the ductwork in your home. this is a low pressure area where the fluid is able to turn from liquid to gas. It pulls the heat out of the air in your ducts to get energy to transform from liquid to gas. This cools the air in the ducts, which gets pushed to the rooms in your house. The gas then travels to a compressor which puts the gas under a high pressure which will cause it to transform back into a liquid. This releases the heat to the surrounding air. This is done outside so the heat is just dumped into the surrounding air. The big boxy units on the outside of the home do this. The liquid then goes back into the evaporator coil where it evaporates again, pulling heat out of the air inside, etc. The same thing is done in window units as well.. So an AC unit doesn't make cold air, it just moves the heat from inside to outside. Your refrigerator works in the same way as well. There are also heat pumps, which are AC units running backwards, moving heat from outside to the inside of your home to heat it on cold days.


Question: Can a country run out of unemployment benefits for its citizens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can a country run out of unemployment benefits for its citizens?

"Unemployment benefits" are just paid out of cash the government owns, they're not special, its just money coming out of the government's bank account. Yes, a country could run out of cash, but in that case, you have a whole different set of problems. A country chooses how to spend its money. It could spend it on unemployment benefits, the military, or a new pair of shoes.


Question: What does Netflix have to gain with "are you still watching?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does Netflix have to gain with "are you still watching?"

A reduction in required server bandwidth. If people fall asleep and the stream keeps going, it's adding demand that could otherwise be allocated to users who are actively watching.


Question: What does the SPF of a sunblock measure? Is a higher number SPF lead to better protection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the SPF of a sunblock measure? Is a higher number SPF lead to better protection?

SPF is supposed to work like this: You take the time your skin usually takes to burn, multiply it by the SPF, and that is the new amount of time it will take you to burn. So if you usually take 15 minutes to burn and you wear SPF 10, then it should protect you for 150 minutes (2.5 hours.). Whereas if you usually take 5 minutes to burn, and you wear SPF 30, then you would also get about 150 minutes of protection. Most lotions need to be reapplied every 2-3 hours, especially if you're swimming. So if you burn after 10 minutes and are reapplying every 3 hours then you should be wearing SPF 18 or higher. In your case, jumping from 30 to 45 probably won't give you nearly as much benefit as jumping from 15 to 30. The higher SPF won't hurt you, but at some point the extra benefit is going to be minimized by the length the lotion itself lasts. Also, you want to make sure you're getting both UVA and UVB protection (or Broad Spectrum.)


Question: What is a Gödel sentence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a Gödel sentence?

There's some pretty deep logic that goes way beyond ELI5 and would be needed to really understand this, but I'll give the intuition a go. Please bear with me - this won't be short, but I think it will only contain concepts that are within reach. & nbsp; A *formal language* in this context has a couple main components: 1) A set of statements that are assumed to be true. For example, "adding zero to any number gives you the same number back". 2) A set of rules that let you take one or more true statements and create new true statements from them. For example, maybe we have a rule that says we can combine sentences like "A < B" with "B < C" to create the new sentence "A < C" which is also true. 3) By combining these things, the language "is expressive enough" to model basic arithmetic. This goes a bit beyond ELI5, but it pretty much means that we aren't interested in super simple languages where the universe of true sentences you can make is small or uninteresting. Formal languages are very useful. We use them to do basically all math. But they always have a limitation: & nbsp; *There are some sentences, which the formal language can arrive at, which are true or false, and you and I can prove that they are true or false, but we cannot ever prove that they are true or false by just using the formal language itself.* The way this happens involves some pretty deep reasoning, but at the surface the important thing is that these sentences say something *about the formal language itself*. It turns out that any in any formal language (that satisfies (3) above), we can end up writing sentences that reference themselves or other sentences, and the language itself. Sentences can say something like "The sentence S can be proven true using this formal language." & nbsp; So how do we mess with this? It's not unlike saying "this statement is false", but that isn't quite enough. Instead, Godel sentences say "if you use the formal language, and take the following steps by applying the inference rules, [steps go here], the result will be a sentence that cannot be proven true in the formal language". And the trick is that if you do all those steps, you get exactly that sentence out, steps and everything. The language doesn't know what to do here. The whole point was that if you keep applying inference rules, you get new true sentences. So the formal language thinks our sentence is true. But if it is true, then its content says that it cannot be proven true by the language. & nbsp; We can see from the outside that the sentence is true. If you do all those steps, you get a statement that the language can't prove to be true. But the language itself can't prove that!


Question: Where does fat actually go when you loose it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does fat actually go when you loose it?

You exhale most of it. The fat in your body gets used for energy and is broken down. It makes your way through your bloodstream to your lungs where it is exhaled. URL_0


Question: Where do the bubbles come from when boiling water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do the bubbles come from when boiling water?

Two places. The tiny bubble you get before it starts really boiling are air bubbles. Air dissolves in the water, but as the water heats up, it can't hold as much air, so some of it will form bubbles as it leaves the water. Second, the bottom of the pan is the hottest, so the water on the bottom changes to a gas before any other water does. It forms bubbles that float to the surface.


Question: Why did the Hubble telescope have to be in orbit to work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did the Hubble telescope have to be in orbit to work?

Mainly for eliminating the negative effects of the atmosphere. As a telescope is just a collector for light, every distortion to it through an atmosphere is going to negatively impact image quality. Because when light, which is a wave, hits the atmosphere, it's scattered (the reason the sky is blue is due to atmospheric scattering). The more it is scattered, the worse the image quality is due to less light hitting one point.


Question: Why do matches smell sulfuric only after they go out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do matches smell sulfuric only after they go out?

Sulfur plus flame plus oxygen = sulfur dioxide. Sulfur + heat + oxygen below the combustion temperature = various other sulfur compounds that aren't sulfur dioxide. Hence the smell. So2 is a pungent irritating gas, but not exactly rotten egg sulfur smelling in the way that hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur are.


Question: How high level athletes prevent their joints from deterioration with so much impact suffered everyday?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How high level athletes prevent their joints from deterioration with so much impact suffered everyday?

TLDR: they can’t. Your body exists kind of in a bell curve. Too little exercise = your joints degrade. Too much = your joints wear out. The athletes you watched are in the top end of that bell curve. They have a limited window before they have to stop, because their bodies can’t do that forever.


Question: What is the sudden jolt that wakes one up as one is falling asleep? What causes this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the sudden jolt that wakes one up as one is falling asleep? What causes this?

It’s when you fall too quickly into deep sleep. All the muscles in your body release simultaneously, which can create a felt jolt enough to alarm you. It generally happens when you’re fairly exhausted, or stressed out (read tense).


Question: what is black matter? Is it the stuff that is displaced when regular matter is clumped together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is black matter? Is it the stuff that is displaced when regular matter is clumped together?

You mean [Dark Matter]( URL_1 )? We don't know. We've never seen it, only observed it's effects. Basically, our observations of the universe seem to suggest that there's a whole lot more mass out there, hidden, because it has gravitational effects on galaxies and whatnot, but *there's nothing we can see out there*. As best as we can tell, it's some other form of matter that just doesn't react with with light (electromagnetism) in any way, making it nearly impossible to observe. Now, I know this sounds like hand-waving bullshit (like older theories of the [cosmic aether]( URL_0 )) but all the math & all our theories **really** strongly point to it existing and we can't find any direct evidence (other than needing to say "there's dark matter out there") for our theories and math to be wrong.


Question: What causes a song to be stuck in ones head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes a song to be stuck in ones head?

Ooh...I kinda know this one! Read a study that neurons in your memory cortex are firing when they hear a song. Basically, your mind is trying to connect the memory from beginning to the end of the song, so it keeps repeating it over and over, trying to find the end. Theory is, if you listen to the song stuck in your head to the end, the "loop" is completed, and your brain will move on.


Question: why almost no smartphone protective case has a cover for the camera glass?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why almost no smartphone protective case has a cover for the camera glass?

A decent quality smartphone will have a hard protective layer (e.g. gorilla glass) over the lens so it doesn't get scratched. It will resist scratches pretty well. On the other hand, smartphone cases are made of cheaper materials, usually some kind of plastic, and are much easier to scratch. So if you had a case over the lens, over time, there would be a bunch of scratches in front of the lens, all your pictures would come out blurry and terrible. Also, even if the case is nice and clear with no scratches, it will tend to add distortion, extra glare, and so forth to your photos. So bottom line is, they make a cut-out for the camera so your photos aren't potato quality.


Question: Why waves always seem to go directly to the beach and no elsewhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why waves always seem to go directly to the beach and no elsewhere?

Throw a rock into water and you see waves going into each direction like a circle. Throw 2 in different spots and they overlap. That's basically the whole ocean in tiny, the waves go everywhere but you probably only were able to watch them from the beaches.


Question: why are people in the USA adults at 18?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are people in the USA adults at 18?

18 has only been the clear line for the age of majority in the past 100 years or so and it happened in bits and pieces. Prior to the Great Depression the voting age was 21, though there was not really a set age when you were considered to have become an adult. Instead, it was more based on financial independence and marriage. In many places you could start working around 14 or 15 and you could marry younger as well. You could also start drinking at 18. Around the time of the Great Depression children started going all the way through high school more since education was seen as more important to getting a job and since there weren't other jobs for the children to be working in the meantime. In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, which prohibited most child labor in the US. That was a huge turning point in making 18 the age of majority. A few years later during WW2, the US lowered the draft age from 21 to 18 because it needed more recruits. Around the same time a campaign to lower the voting age started based on the idea that if you're old enough to die for your country, then you're old enough to vote. That movement grew during the Vietnam War and in 1971 the US ratified the 26th amendment, which set the voting age at 18. Now that children under 18 were prohibited from working most jobs and they got the right to vote at 18, 18 became the major social benchmark from when you go from a child to an adult.


Question: If all motion is relative, how can there be an absolute speed limit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If all motion is relative, how can there be an absolute speed limit?

In fact, all the counter-intuitive results of relativity theory are a product of your very statement! First of all, the starting point for relativity theory is often worded as 'all motion is relative'. But actually, a better wording would be 'The laws of physics are the same no matter how fast you are moving'. So a physicist here on Earth and an astronaut in a rocket moving away from Earth at 80% of the speed of light can use the same physics to describe how the universe behaves from their point of view, and each can simply assume that they themselves are standing still. If the astronaut's spaceship emits a photon forward, both the physicist and the astronaut will see this photon moving away from them at the speed of light, neatly according to the laws of electromagnetism. Another one of the laws of physics that holds for both the astronaut and the physicist is 'No object can move faster than the speed of light'. But what would happen if I put Lenny in a spaceship going left at 80% of the light speed and Roger in a spaceship going right at 80% of the speed of light? Surely, Lenny would see Roger as moving right at 160% of the speed of light? This is where a bad assumption sneaks in, namely the assumption that because 'motion is relative', we can simply add velocities together. But this assumption is simply wrong. If you go through the math of relativity theory, you'll find that Lenny sees Roger moving right at 97.6% of the speed of light, which is neatly under the light speed limit set by the laws of relativity theory. So, relativistically, 0.8+0.8 = 0.976 (previous example), and 0.8+1 = 1 (photon example). Relativity can be counterintuitive at times :). TLDR: The absolute speed limit is obeyed relative to each possible observer moving at each possible speed. Relativity has complicated math which allows this to work without problems or paradoxes.


Question: how can people have detailed and convincing false memories?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can people have detailed and convincing false memories?

The shortest way to explain it would be to think about a game of Telephone - when we recall something, we are also recalling all of the previous times we thought about that memory. One misplaced detail can be enough to overwrite the previous version of your memory. This happens more often than most people realize, as we often rely on context clues to recall certain details about a memory. There can also be a subconscious tendency for an individual to recall a memory in a way that makes it 'safer' for them to access. This is a coping mechanism, and is more common in people who have experienced a traumatic event.


Question: Why is uracil only in RNA and not in DNA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is uracil only in RNA and not in DNA?

The reason is because uracil is not stabile as thymidine. It's an evolutionary advantage to use thymidine in DNA to preserve stability. However, in RNA, you don't need the stability because RNA doesn't stick around that long.


Question: Why does sun bleach colours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sun bleach colours?

Generally, colours are made by having certain chemical bonds that absorb specific wavelengths of light, and what is not absorbed will be thrown back and that's the colour you see. [Here's an example of wavelengths and the associated colours]( URL_1 ). Let's say you had a chemical that absorbed all wavelengths between 380 and 620 nm, then it would appear red because red is the only thing not absorbed (it is "thrown back" at you). Ultraviolet light meanwhile can break those bonds under certain conditions in a process called [Photodegradation]( URL_0 ), so you have more wavelengths being "thrown back", and in the end when all the bonds are broken you end up with white because no wavelengths are being absorbed.


Question: Why did I get random boners as a teenager?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did I get random boners as a teenager?

Essentially during puberty your hormones are completely out of whack. Testosterone is being produced at rates much higher than before, and these hormonal imbalances often result in potentially unwanted circumstances, IE the random boner. Another thing that arises for some males (not all, but I had it happen to me) is the temporary development of very small "lumps" below your nipples. Not even big enough to make it look like you're "developing" breasts, but enough that if you were to grasp your nipple region and feel around you'd notice it.


Question: How does medication expire and what makes them potentially “dangerous”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does medication expire and what makes them potentially “dangerous”?

Most medication really doesn't expire. After awhile it can be less effective. URL_0 But some drugs like insulin and liquids can break down and be dangerous to use if not stored properly


Question: How is data conveyed over waves such as WiFi?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is data conveyed over waves such as WiFi?

> one wave One wave *frequency* travelling at the speed of light. By changing either the frequency or the amplitude of waves, you can convey ideas like "on" and "off". For example: you can program an antenna to understand that a wave peak above X volts is a 1, and below X volts is a 0, over a given period of time (typically miniscule fractions of a second). Because light is fast [source required], you can communicate a LOT of 1s and 0s over a short period of time. Those 1s and 0s are translated and compiled as code which executes as whatever data the application is trying to run, like a movie. Edited to fix mobile autocorrect


Question: Does a joint's ability to be cracked say anything about the health of the joint?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does a joint's ability to be cracked say anything about the health of the joint?

Doctor of Physical Therapy here. The crack you hear when you 'pop' a joint (called cavitation) is simply nitrogen bubbles being released in the joint's synovial fluid from the negative pressure of the joint being stretched. Quite normal, and not unhealthy. I use joint manipulation with my patients often as a method of pain relief. I tell my patients, "healthy joints crack, pop, and can make sounds, and that doesn't mean your joint is unhealthy or unstable". For example, every time I squat down, both my knees always loudly crack. Never had knee pain, and it's totally normal.


Question: If a CFL bulb is rated at 2700k, how would it still emit blue light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a CFL bulb is rated at 2700k, how would it still emit blue light?

The color temperature refers to the peak of the frequency output of the light. In actuality it outputs a wide range of other frequencies, otherwise it would appear like a laser or extremely filtered light source of a single color.


Question: if a torpedo blew up a nuclear submarine, would there be a risk of a major nuclear meltdown type situation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if a torpedo blew up a nuclear submarine, would there be a risk of a major nuclear meltdown type situation?

Believe it or not, it's actually very difficult to cause a meltdown in a modern nuclear reactor. A meltdown occurs when a reactor core overheats and burns off its coolant, causing it to "melt down" inside the reactor housing. To do that you need a self-sustaining, uncontrolled nuclear reaction- something that all modern reactors have layers upon layers of safeguards to prevent the remotest possibility of occurring. Even if a nuclear sub was torpedoed, destroying the reactor, the nuclear reaction inside would instantly stop as the core broke apart and terminated all fission reactions. There would certainly be the issue of radioactive contamination from the reactor fuel, but definitely not a meltdown.


Question: Why do spiders shake and vibrate when scared?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do spiders shake and vibrate when scared?

The leading theory seems to be that creatures with less acute eyesight than humans (a lot of them) will be unable to resolve the quickly moving spider as anything but an indistinct blur. Because of this it is unlikely they will be able to eat the spider.


Question: If we’re clean when using our towel after the shower, why should we wash it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we’re clean when using our towel after the shower, why should we wash it?

Well for one your towel is wet after you clean yourself on it. Then you leave it wet to air dry. That allows time for all sorts of things like molds to grow that love being on a nice wet absorbent surface like a towel.


Question: Why is it so difficult to move in the foam pits used for gymnastics or at trampoline places?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so difficult to move in the foam pits used for gymnastics or at trampoline places?

When you stand on the floor, the floor actually absorbs the energy and pushes back with some of it. Same thing with a wall or just about anything. When you push on foam, there are a lot of tiny air bubbles in the foam and this allows the foam to be compressed. So, when you push on the foam, the foam can't push back as firmly as the floor or a wall. Some of the energy you are using to push yourself up gets absorbed by the foam and it becomes harder to move yourself. This same concept is what protects you when you fall in the pit, if it were harder material it would push back with significantly more force and your bones might break.


Question: Why are the colours used in the country flags so limited?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the colours used in the country flags so limited?

Most country flags are old enough that they needed easily and cheaply made dyes to be used, which are generally the primary and secondary colors.


Question: How is wasting water bad for the environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is wasting water bad for the environment?

Water which has been purified for our use required energy to prepare. Making more will require the use of more energy which these days is typically generated by burning fossil fuels. So while the water itself is recyclable and renewable the energy used to do so is not.


Question: What is Ideal Mechanical Advantage and how can I calculate it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Ideal Mechanical Advantage and how can I calculate it?

Ideal mechanical advantage is the number that your force is multiplied by in the absolute best case scenario when using a simachine (no friction or other ways to lose force applied.) How it's calculated varies depending on the machine you're using but can be generally expressed as: amount of force output divided by, force applied


Question: What does a company like Pepsi have to gain by spending millions of dollars to "sponsor" the Superbowl halftime show?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a company like Pepsi have to gain by spending millions of dollars to "sponsor" the Superbowl halftime show?

In addition to making it even more visible, it's the profile. To sponsor something that big, there's a huge level of cost and prestige that comes with it. It's a win for the company to partner in this way, but it also creates the image that they're doing well enough to do these things. It also creates a huge marketing advantage. I know a grocery store in my area has a contract that Pepsi uses all the promotional space in the store during Superbowl and coke is limited to regular shelf space. The store tries to capitalize on the event, and Pepsi, as a sponsor, is linked to the event, so the store pushes it and vice versa. "Get your official superbowl beverage" for the party is a nice sales point.


Question: How did the first people to discover alcohol figure out how to reproduce it and why did it seem like a good idea to drink?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the first people to discover alcohol figure out how to reproduce it and why did it seem like a good idea to drink?

Theory #1: "I just don't care anymore. I'm going to drink this fermented jar of mystery sauce and end it all. Goodbye friends." *1 hour later "Have I ever told you guys how much I love you? Cuz I feel like I don't tell you that enough."


Question: How can light cause changes in an object's properties?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can light cause changes in an object's properties?

Light contains energy. When absorbed by molecules, they can change. For example some rubbers and plastics will brake into smaller molecules under UV light, making them more brittle.


Question: How are new digits of Pi discovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are new digits of Pi discovered?

There are some infinite series that equal π. The most well-known is > π = 4 * (1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 ± ...) Computers calculate an arbitrary number of digits of π by just calculating more and more terms and adding them up. In practice, they don't use the series above, they use a more complicated one that converges more quickly, but the principle is the same.


Question: Can someone explain to me why the Birthday Paradox exists?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain to me why the Birthday Paradox exists?

The birthday paradox is a paradox ie being self-contradictory. A better name is the birthday problem because it is an unintuitive result, not a paradoxical result. It exists because the human brain has a very bad intuition for probability and randomness in general. It gets worse when we combined them and try to estimate the combined effect of both. [Look at this image.]( URL_1 ) one side is random and one is a human that attempts at random. Can you tell them apart? > !The human is to the left and the random is to the right. Human thing random is evenly spread out but in reality, you get a grouping of the point close together and large areas with nothing. We think of birthdays of people as evenly spread out but in reality, you get them close together and on the same day.! < > !We thing random in uniform but it is not ! < & #x200B; Here is another example [Random Sequences: Human vs Coin]( URL_0 ) So because we are bad at intuitive randomness and probability we think the result is strange.


Question: Why are we capable of perceiving time at different rates depending on how much fun we're having?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we capable of perceiving time at different rates depending on how much fun we're having?

If you're having fun, you're conveniently not spending as much brainpower on thinking only about the time. On the other hand, when you don't have anything to do *except* thinking about the time, it takes up all your focus, which means you're completely aware of every excruciating second.


Question: Which animal's extinction would have the biggest impact?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Which animal's extinction would have the biggest impact?

Easy: our species, humans. But to give you some other really impactful things: if plankton disappeared, all of them, the ocean food chain would break entirely. If ants or bees disappeared it would break things. If pine trees disappeared it would break things. I'd still argue, though, that more of the world would be impacted if humanity disappeared than any of those, by virtue of how much we impact the world by being here.


Question: How do the Ring Doorbell servers not get overloaded on Halloween from all the Trick-O-Treat-ers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the Ring Doorbell servers not get overloaded on Halloween from all the Trick-O-Treat-ers?

A lot of the data is local. Somebody rings the doorbell, it sends video over your wifi network. There is a subscription service, and that does use servers with ring, but that isn't really an issue, since they are owned by Amazon, and Amazon has a lot of cloud servers. The servers are designed to be able to scale. When they are nearing capacity, they call in another server. Amazon can assign the server to them, then when usage goes down, they take it back, and send them a bill. Amazon is massive enough that on an overall system usage, they won't even notice a change (perhaps system wide, amazon would see lower usage, as most people are out, or passing out candy).


Question: In astronomy how are pictures of colourful galaxies and nebulae taken?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In astronomy how are pictures of colourful galaxies and nebulae taken?

Generally speaking the images we see are “false color” but you could also say they’re enhanced or exaggerated. It’s not that the colors aren’t there, but rather most of them are muted. You and I wouldn’t see them that way, at least not from earth. In essence cameras are much better at detecting light than we are. Certain wavelengths are basically “black” to us, such as really deep reds in space. Then there’s light beyond what we can even register with our eyes; cameras can see that too. So we reconstruct the image based on what the camera says, but convert it to something we can see. So the light really is there, but it’s not necessarily something we’d see. The cameras don't always take full color photos though. Sometimes it's black and white, sometimes it's IR, sometimes it's UV, and sometimes it's a blend. The full image you see it constructed based on all the available information; whatever light readings we do have *and* our understanding of the makeup of the object. A nebula might be a black-and-white image but have a known chemical makeup and we can infer colors based on that. #ELI5 Imagine you have a paint-by-numbers kit. Except the kit contains five paints, and there are 10 numbers. They forgot to include 5 paints. However the paints they forgot were different shades of the colors you do have. So when it calls for "Red 1" you use red. When it calls for "Red 2" you still use red. Even though you only have 5 paints (limited color vision) you can still sort of make the image work by translating the paints you don't have (colors you can't see) into the paints you do have (colors you can see). The end result isn't what the artist intended (what it actually looks like) but it's still something you can enjoy and understand. Sometimes you get a paint by numbers kit, though, that doesn't tell you which color to use. It gives you colors and then tells you what each type of thing should look like. It doesn't say "this part is red" it says "all iron is reddish" and so you just have to sort of fill in the blanks using a little creativity.


Question: Why does frozen vodka taste much smoother than bottles chilled or room temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does frozen vodka taste much smoother than bottles chilled or room temperature?

The taste buds on your tongue respond to different kinds of flavour. When something is really cold, you are numbing most of these receptors to the point that the taste is "smooth" while really they're just not responding. If a drink says it's better ice cold* it means it's rather low quality. (Beer commercials for example)


Question: What is the advantage to bidding last second on Ebay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the advantage to bidding last second on Ebay?

While if humans were entirely logical, that would make sense, humans are not perfectly logical. For many people, they re-evaluate how much money they are willing to spend on an item if they find they are losing the auction, and in many cases go "Well, I REALLY want this, so I guess I'll bid higher." So to avoid that, you bid last second.


Question: Can someone explain what a derivative of a function tells you about a function? For example what does dy/dx mean ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain what a derivative of a function tells you about a function? For example what does dy/dx mean ?

There are a *lot* of possible interpretations of the derivative. The usual explanation is that dy/dx tells you how fast y changes when you increase x by a small amount. If dy/dx = 3, for example, that means that if you increase x by a small amount, y increases by 3 times that amount. If dy/dx = -1.6, that means that if you increase x by a small amount, y "increases by -1.6 times" that amount, or more intuitively, y *decreases* by 1.6 times that amount. Think of "dy" and "dx" as symbols representing, roughly, "a very small change in y" and "a very small change in x" - this turns out to be a bit tricky to justify formally but will almost always be an instructive guide on how to use them or how to interpret equations involving them.


Question: If the Great Lakes is fresh water and and the Atlantic Ocean is salt water and they are connected by the various rivers how is the salt filtered out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the Great Lakes is fresh water and and the Atlantic Ocean is salt water and they are connected by the various rivers how is the salt filtered out?

It is not "filtered out". The Fresh water is at a higher elevation and flows into the sea. Gravity keeps them separated.


Question: Why isn't gravity free energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't gravity free energy?

> What is used up to create gravity potential energy? Whatever energy is used to lift the mass in question. Everything with gravitational potential energy has a distance between itself and the source of gravity, usually height above the ground. It takes energy to lift that thing up.


Question: Why do doctors always carry stethoscope with them? Does it really make diagnosis easy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do doctors always carry stethoscope with them? Does it really make diagnosis easy?

I answered a similar question to this recently. But in short, we can hear many things with stethoscopes. I can hear your heart rate. I can the sounds your heart makes, such as S1, S2, any murmurs you might have. Maybe I hear a friction rub if you have pericarditis. If I'm listening to your lungs, I can hear how well your lungs are moving air. If you have asthma, I can hear the quality of your breaths in terms of aeration and wheezing with inspiration and expiration. Maybe you have fever and cough, and I can hear crackles or diminished breath sounds in your right lower lobe, leading me to believe you have pneumonia. Perhaps I just put a breathing tube in your throat, and I need to make sure you have breath sounds in both lungs, to ensure it didn't go too far in. We use stethoscopes for many things. Not just heart rates. URL_0