Question: If your body, very slowly, began to not get the oxygen it needs, which systems would shut down first? (And last) and Why?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If your body, very slowly, began to not get the oxygen it needs, which systems would shut down first? (And last) and Why?

Im not aware of any published evidence on this so I will give my professional opinion. Firstly it depends on why are not getting the oxygen it needs. The two main reasons are because of a lack of oxygen in the air (rare) or your lungs not oxygenating blood properly (common). Not having enough oxygen in your blood (as measured by a blood test from your artery) is termed respiratory failure. There are two types, one is just not enough oxygen with low carbon dioxide caused by hyperventilating to try to get enough oxygen in. The second type is not enough oxygen AND too much carbon dioxide because the lungs are not moving air in and out efficiently enough. If you're talking about lack of oxygen then that would typically show the first type of respiratory failure on the arterial blood test. We would still term it respiratory failure even though the lungs were working fine. Without any shadow of a doubt your brain would be the first thing to go. Most of your organs can survive a certain amount of hypoxia but you would go unconscious fairly rapidly. Your liver and kidneys would probably go next - the liver because it is the organ that carries out the most chemical reactions and needs oxygen for this and the kidneys because they require a lot of oxygenated blood flow to keep working. If you removed the oxygen very very slowly (over days and weeks) then other mechanisms would kick in such as the blood production mechanisms to ensure there is more haemoglobin to mop up as much as possible of the scarce oxygen that you breathe in. This is why mountaineers have to spend time acclimatising and why people who live at high altitude in for example Chile have very high haemoglobin levels. If you kept removing the oxygen though, you'd eventually pass out. After you'd passed out the liver and kidneys would begin to shut down next and then probably your heart. You wouldn't live long after you'd passed out. The brain is obviously the top priority. After this the body will just keep trying to get as much oxygen as it can until the heart stops. Tl;dr: The brain. Source: I am a doctor. Edit: Grammar


Question: What is Django actually used for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is Django actually used for?

It's a framework. So imagine you're writing a website, and you're making a simple login form for someone to log in to an account. You could start from scratch, but then you'd have to worry about minor details like: organizing your application files/page templates and such, XSS exploits, CSRF attacks, other best practices, all of which are necessary to make a good and secure login page, but it's really repetitive obviously, every single website is going to need all of these things, and you don't want to waste all of your time rebuilding these every time you make a new website (and risk making a mistake) - you'd rather spend the time writing the more interesting code that does whatever it is your website is actually meant to do. So a framework handles all of this stuff for you, basically. So for example, instead of writing all of the code for generating and checking a CSRF token, for example, and risk making a mistake, all you have to do is insert a simple ` < form method="post" > {% csrf_token %}` tag in your template, and an equally simple function to check the token's validity, and it handles it for you.


Question: Can eliminating chromosomal telomere degradation stop the aging process?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can eliminating chromosomal telomere degradation stop the aging process?

Nah, that was a fad theory for a little while but after people studied it more it turned out you just get a bunch of cancer cells, not super young cells. It's a self destruct because the copies get worse and worse, not because it wants to be mean and steal youth.


Question: Why do downloads in some websites start "in a couple of seconds"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do downloads in some websites start "in a couple of seconds"?

Usually it's so they can control the flow of traffic to and from their server so the site doesn't crash from too many connections at the same time.


Question: Why does being near the ocean or a lake make us feel calm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does being near the ocean or a lake make us feel calm?

Quite simply, we learn to feel calm via some combination of conditioning methods: * Classical conditioning (e.g. you've associated oceans/lakes with another 'stimulus' that naturally produces calm, like going on a vacation or spending time with a SO) * Operant conditioning (e.g. positively or negatively reinforcing the feeling of calmness) * Vicarious conditioning (e.g. you've seen role models or media that reinforce the association of oceans/lakes and calmness). Also, these kinds of (highly prevalent) questions are simply not ELI5. Oceans/lakes obviously don't possess an objectively quantifiable thing that always produces calmness in a person. In fact, that very feeling of calmness is going to to *depend* on a given person (i.e. subjective), and there are of course plenty of people who will have aversive/non-calm reactions to oceans/lakes.


Question: Why is the sky not blue if we look at it from space?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is the sky not blue if we look at it from space?

[It totally *is* blue.]( URL_0 ) However, it you're looking *at the ground* it might be a bit difficult to spot since the ground is so much more reflective than the feint scattering of air molecules.


Question: Why do we create so many different soap, for different purposes? Like Dish Soap for dish, hand soap for soap etc,. Isn't all soap the same in removing the dirty things we want it to be removed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we create so many different soap, for different purposes? Like Dish Soap for dish, hand soap for soap etc,. Isn't all soap the same in removing the dirty things we want it to be removed?

Different items need different soap because the chemicals/ingredients can potentially damage some things, or aren't as effective for others. So like dish soap is pretty strong because it needs to be able to break apart and remnants of food stuck to dishes and silverware. You wouldn't want to use it on a car because it would damage the paint, so car soap is very mild in comparison. Car soap also doesn't need to remove bacteria, just bird poop and bugs, while dish or hand soap do. Soap for your skin doesn't need to be as strong as dish soap either because usually you're just cleaning sweat/oily skin/maybe a little dirt. Then there is abrasive hand soap with pumice dust in it for mechanics/industrial workers that is good for cleaning stuff like grease and car oil, but it's way overkill for regular use.


Question: How the f*** are gameshows funded???

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How the f*** are gameshows funded???

Same way all TV show are funded - ads. Game shows are actually some of the cheapest TV to produce. Aside from the host, who probably makes good money, there are no other highly paid people working on the show. The prizes may _seem_ large, but are nothing compared to the salaries of some actors; you can give away $30k all day long and never come close to the millions it costs to pay high profile sitcom actors _per episode_.


Question: How do speaker play different sounds at once? Like if you have a bass drum hit and crash symbol, how does a single speaker produce that sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do speaker play different sounds at once? Like if you have a bass drum hit and crash symbol, how does a single speaker produce that sound?

Struggling to make this ELI5 but basically the speaker doesn’t produce multiple sounds at once, it creates one sound that sounds like multiple to our ears. Less ELI5: The speaker pushes the air in front of it to approximate how the air moves when the drum and cymbal are hit, it’s only one speaker so as you say it’s can do both at once, it can only approximate them, two speakers gives a better sonic image, but more speakers does this better still. Last year I had the opportunity to work in a studio with a surround system of 29 speakers, with this you can very accurately recreate natural sounds as you can move the air from multiple directions at once, not just the static position of one speaker.


Question: - why wet hands before using soap?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - why wet hands before using soap?

It depends on the soap, most liquid soaps actually have a fair bit of water already, but they're meant to be diluted by more water. Bar soap really doesn't go on very well without water. Detergents (the stuff that foams) have two ends - one that's attracted to water, the other to oils and grease. By adding a bit of water you give them more range or coverage. But to be fair, I wet one hand, squirt soap in the other, do the 7 step soap spreading technique, add more water and repeat, then rinse. But if you use bar soap, wet the soap and your hands.


Question: It is stated that the moon's near side features were created by lava flows and the far side features are craters made by impacts, but how did lava flow in the extremely cold environment of space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 It is stated that the moon's near side features were created by lava flows and the far side features are craters made by impacts, but how did lava flow in the extremely cold environment of space?

There are a few things 1. The moon isnt generally that cold.+100° during day, down to -130° at night. 2. How quick something cools, depends on how much hotter it is than its surrroundings. Rocks melt at different temps, but its usually somewhere > 600°. Even at night, 600° lava will cool only a little bit faster in -100° rock than on 0° rock. The difference is 600° vs 700°, or just below 15% - meaning it would cool down less than 15% faster. 3. Rock is not a good heat conductor - on earth lava looses most of its heat to the air (which isnt a good conductor either, but it carries heat away by blowing wind). Wont happen on the moon, since there is practically no air. 4. The events that caused the formation of lava tubes - mostly impacts and tectonic events according to a quick google search - dont only heat the portion of rock that ends up melting. They also heat up its surroundings. So, at that place and time, the moon is actually a pretty hot place (even at night).


Question: How does a DNS server works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a DNS server works?

An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name URL_0 translates to the addresses 93.184.216.34 (IPv4) and 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946 (IPv6). Unlike a phone book, DNS can be quickly updated, allowing a service's location on the network to change without affecting the end users, who continue to use the same hostname. Users take advantage of this when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), and e-mail addresses without having to know how the computer actually locates the services. An important and ubiquitous function of DNS is its central role in distributed Internet services such as cloud services and content delivery networks.[4] When a user accesses a distributed Internet service using a URL, the domain name of the URL is translated to the IP address of a server that is proximal to the user. The key functionality of DNS exploited here is that different users can simultaneously receive different translations for the same domain name, a key point of divergence from a traditional phone-book view of the DNS. This process of using the DNS to assign proximal servers to users is key to providing faster and more reliable responses on the Internet and is widely used by most major Internet services.


Question: Why does a single pitch take over when you hear any particular chord? Such as you can hear a C chord as also just a C note. (music)

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a single pitch take over when you hear any particular chord? Such as you can hear a C chord as also just a C note. (music)

In case you couldn't tell, this is a complex topic. What you describe as hearing the root of the chord as interchangeable with the full chord isn't always the case. Western Music (the European tradition) is built on a system of harmonic function. The goal is to get from your tonic (the primary note) to dominant (the fifth note of the key, which functions as the yin to tonics yang) back to tonic again, like taking a journey. Tonic is home, dominant is the store. You start at home, go to the store, and come back. Each chord with in a key has a function, or job, in getting you through that journey. Through the common practice period (Bach, Mozart, Beethoven), we have created a series of expectations that are learned through hearing them a lot. Certain chords create tension that have expected resolutions. As the various musical lines move through these tensions and releases, certain notes become more important than others. This process tends to highlight roots of chords. In non functional harmony, it's much harder to hear the roots of chords as the chords often become more complex and the normal tension/release relationships of functional harmony get left behind. As was also mentioned, every note you hear contains many notes within it. These notes follow a very specific pattern known as the over tone spectrum. As you go further into the over tone spectrum, the ratio between the frequencies of the over tone and the fundamental become increasingly harder to calculate. For instance, the first overtone is the octave above the fundamental. These have 2:1 ratio, creating a very pure sound where the wave peaks line up often. Your 2nd overtone is a fifth above that and has a ratio of 3:1 to your fundamental and 3:2 to the 1st overtone. Still pretty clean. The next over tone is another octave, so 4:1. The next one is a third above that, which is a 5:1 ratio (giving your major chord a ratio of 6:5:4 in it's closest interation). Eventually these start getting silly, like 27:23 once you account for octave displacements, which signifies that the notes spend more time out of sync than in sync. Most of your prominent functional chords stay to the first 6 overtones, which represent the first four distinct pitches to show up in the over tone spectrum. So there is a physics explanation, but it gets clouded by chord extensions and chord voicing pretty quickly. Edit: a commenter reminded me exactly how to find the ratios, so I edited the information to reflect that.


Question: How can gas prices fluctuate daily if a gas station buys large amounts of gasoline by the truck-full? Are stations constantly at risk of taking a loss on already-purchased gas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can gas prices fluctuate daily if a gas station buys large amounts of gasoline by the truck-full? Are stations constantly at risk of taking a loss on already-purchased gas?

I managed a gas station that was part of a super-center. Twice daily we had to drive around and record our competitors prices. If a station just down the road was even $0.01/gal cheaper, our sales went through the floor. So we adjusted our prices. If everyone else raised their price, and we hadn't we would be slammed. Sometimes we couldn't afford to send someone out to check prices making the problem worse. So once we became aware of everyone else's price, we raised ours. We were not a oil company owned station (not sure if there are such things?). Our supplier (tanker truck) drove to the nearest refinery, filled up and was charged by the oil company. Then they delivered the fuel to our station. We were billed what the oil company charged plus the delivery fees. Now we owned thousands of gallons of fuel at that cost. But as I said above, we could only sell it for what people were willing to buy it for. Sometimes we were lucky and bought low, sold high. Other times we bought high, sold low. Our corporate goal was to break even on fuel. All of our profits came from inside "convenience store" sales.


Question: How do programs like Audacity or Fruity Loops actually clean up recordings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do programs like Audacity or Fruity Loops actually clean up recordings?

All of the digital manipulation that happens in Audacity is mathematical, there's really no special technology happening that is specific to this function. The sounds are digitized and recorded, presenting a mathematical wave of sounds. A Fourier analysis is done to isolate the frequencies of the background noise independent of the other sounds in the recording, and then any tones at those frequencies that are not above the background noise in volume are again reduced in volume to give a cleaner sounding recording. There are different threshold settings that can change what comes out of the algorithm, but that is generally what's going on.


Question: why does water transform from liquid to solid at a specific temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does water transform from liquid to solid at a specific temperature?

Crystallization. Substances that form crystals, such as water, have a very sudden phase change, a firm temperature they change at. This is because when water cools to around 0C, molecules start to lock together, in an exponentially growing process. They lock together in a specific pattern (based on temp, pressure, etc). Substances that form amorphous solids (oils and glass are good examples)slowly get more viscous as it cools, as the molecules start having a harder time moving past each other from friction, until they do not have the energy to move from their position, but are not locked into a crystal.


Question: why do people say Jesus H. Christ?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do people say Jesus H. Christ?

No one knows 100% for sure how this started, but the prevailing theory is that it comes from a monogram made of the first three letters of the Greek name for Jesus. In Greek, “Jesus” is ΙΗΣΟΥΣ in uppercase letters and Ἰησοῦς in lower. The first three letters (iota, eta, and sigma) form a monogram, or graphic symbol, written as either IHS or IHC in Latin letters. The [symbol]( URL_0 ), which is also called a Christogram, can be seen in Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other churches. It’s also the emblem of the Society of Jesus, the religious order of the Jesuits. As far as we can tell, “Jesus H. Christ” first appeared in writing in the late 19th century. The earliest example we’ve seen is from the February 1885 issue of Wilford’s Microcosm, a New York journal about science and religion.


Question: What was that dial up noise? Why was it always the same and why was it necessary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What was that dial up noise? Why was it always the same and why was it necessary?

Dial up modems communicated using sound waves to represent digital data. The dial up noise was the "handshake" used between the two modems to establish a connection, determine the communication protocols in use at both ends, and conduct other tasks to set up the connection. The dial up sound is what that data sounds like to human ears


Question: Why is absolute zero only 0 kelvin but absolute hot around ~1,4*10^32 kelvin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is absolute zero only 0 kelvin but absolute hot around ~1,4*10^32 kelvin?

Kelvin is just the Celsius scale re-balanced so that 0 is absolute zero. The increment of Celsius is based on the temperatures that water freezes (0 Celsius) and boils (100 Celsius).


Question: How does lightning form ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does lightning form ?

Think of lighting as a big static shock, same as if you rubbed your feet on a carpet and touched a doorknob. Like your feet on the carpet, the water and ice particles in the cloud rub against each other. This creates charged particles, negative towards the bottom of the cloud and positive towards the top. Once the negative charge is big enough, it will attract to positive charge in the ground, because opposites attract. This is like when you touch the doorknob, the opposite charges connect making an electric shock. Now, it should be said, there is POSITIVE lightning too but it is much more rare.


Question: why do you feel cold when you are having a fever?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do you feel cold when you are having a fever?

In order to initiate a fever, your brain actually turns up your body's thermostat- setting the target body temperature higher than normal. This is interpreted by your body as hypothermia- after all, your normal temperature of ~98F is now a couple degrees colder than the new target of, say, 101F. As a normal response, you feel cold and your body responds accordingly by constricting blood vessels and initiating shivering to generate body heat and reach the new setpoint temperature.


Question: how could a computer with only 32k of RAM memory be enough to help landing on the moon ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how could a computer with only 32k of RAM memory be enough to help landing on the moon ?

Because it was dedicated to doing that one task and nothing else there was no windows operating system, no antivrus software, no solitaire games etc.


Question: What will happen to someone if they die in space? Will they keep orbiting? Will they decay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What will happen to someone if they die in space? Will they keep orbiting? Will they decay?

They would not decay much as they would freeze solid pretty quickly. Once frozen, the gut bacteria would no longer be able to grow.


Question: If dental amalgam contains mercury why is it "safe" to use for dental fillings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If dental amalgam contains mercury why is it "safe" to use for dental fillings?

Even toxic substances can be used with humans if (1) the quantity is small, and (2) they are bound up in an object that will release only a tiny amount per day.


Question: How do authors benefit from their works being in libraries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do authors benefit from their works being in libraries?

The library still has to pay for the books. Publishers don't just hand the books to libraries for free, someone still bought them. Sure, that means that multiple are reading one copy, but that's fine. it'd be mad to go into writing for the money. Most authors do it because they want their books to be read, not to become rich. If your book did well enough to end up in libraries then you've probably made a perfectly decent amount from it Authors are also people who enjoy reading so you're unlikely to find an author who hasn't at some point benefitted from a library. It'd be a dick move to read other people's books for free when you couldn't afford it, but then get mad when people want to read your books the same way


Question: How do the "junk mail" filters for e-mail inboxes work, and what causes them to make mistakes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the "junk mail" filters for e-mail inboxes work, and what causes them to make mistakes?

The most simple spam filters are simply word-based. Those filters count the number of words that are usually in spam mails and compare that to the number of words that are usually in mails that ate not spam (aka ham). Of course, the reaction by spam mail makers is to use less spammy words and more hammy words. Another way to trick the spam filter is to use words it doesn't know (v1agra instead of viagra, for example) because they won't count in the end score. Newer spam filters look at words in context so they can guess what words mean even if they have never seen them. Also, they look at mail headers: information about who sent the mail from which server. That way, a filter can detect whether an email was sent automatically (like the undeliverable mail notification). Spam senders learn from these things too, and try to make their spam look so much like genuine mail that a spam filter gets more and more difficulty distinguishing ham from spam. Hence, more mistakes will be made.


Question: What is hyperinflation, and why does it effect nations to such an extent where people are known as "poor billionaires"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is hyperinflation, and why does it effect nations to such an extent where people are known as "poor billionaires"?

You are Fearless Leader, Generalissimo and President for Life of Pottsylvania. While you are great at being a ruthless dicator, your math skills aren't so sharp. So when your treasury starts to run dry, you summon your Finance Minister and tell her to print some more drachmas. She tries to explain how economics doesn't work that way, printing more money makes all the money worth less, but you don't have time for such insolence. You tell her to get more money or she'll wind up a head shorter. She complies, and after spending that money on statues of yourself, you are broke again, and everything is a little bit more expensive. Your presidential palace still needs expanding, so you have her print up more money, and she reluctantly complies. That money didn't go as far as last time, so you angrily order your minister to print money even harder. Every time, you get less bang for your literal buck, and just as imported Italian marble is getting more expensive, so is imported food and fuel. So you print even more money. Now people are spending their money as fast as they can, before it loses its value, and are turning to barter and the hated US dollar. You order them to stop and set a fixed exchange rate for the dollar. Shops can no longer keep goods on the shelves, and government officials are getting rich exchanging drachmas for dollars at the official rate, then selling those dollars on the black market. Your economy is in shambles, your people are near revolt, all because your stupid finance minister can't print money right. Oh well, nothing that a public execution won't fix. And printing more money. *That* is what hyperinflation looks like. The government is broke, tries to print money to get out of it, and can't or won't stop. An exchange rate that started at 100:1 can very quickly jump to 1,000,000:1 or 1,000,000,000:1, technically making people million- and billionaires. I happen to be a *trillionaire*, because I bought a 100 trillion dollar bill from Zimbabwe. It cost me about $40 on eBay, and the actual exchange rate is far, far less.


Question: How is Greenland considered the largest island?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Greenland considered the largest island?

Because continents aren't counted as islands for this purpose, obviously. In this context, an island is a piece of land surrounded by water that isn't a continent.


Question: How did the 2008 economic downfall happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the 2008 economic downfall happen?

Banks were loaning too much money to people who couldn’t afford payments if they had any life changes. Most banks had lots of loans to people that were in risk of not being paid back. One bank went under and it was a domino effect. Eventually the banks went upside down one by one until the govt paid them out of their bad loans.


Question: Why doesn’t Advil/Tylenol dose increase by weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why doesn’t Advil/Tylenol dose increase by weight?

First off, I would argue that most medications are NOT dosed based on weight. Don't get me wrong, there are some, but I would say most are based on other factors. Basically, there are several concepts that determine dosing: bioavailability (how much medication gets absorbed into your body from your GI tract), volume of distribution (kind of a confusing concept but basically how the drug is distributed throughout your body, and this can be based on weight), clearance (how your body removes the drug), protein binding (how much of the drug is bound to proteins in your blood), as well as other factors that can be drug-specific. Basically, there is much more than affects medication disposition than just weight. Source: Pharmacist who has done research into the effect of body weight of drug effectiveness.


Question: why do animals in a fight suddenly take frequent, concerted casual breaks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do animals in a fight suddenly take frequent, concerted casual breaks?

Animals don't like to get hurt, because unlike humans most of them have shockingly low pain tolerance and can't really heal wounds well. So in most cases they fight briefly to make it clear to the opponent they aren't welcome. They keep it short so they reduce the chance of getting hurt, and will see if the opponent chooses to back off. If they don't they duke it out again until they either die or call it quits.


Question: How do we determine the human population?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we determine the human population?

We count. Different governing bodies as well as the UN do fairly thorough counts (have to charge taxes after all). The counts may be off (which is why they almost never show accuracy less than 1000). But we are over 7.6 billion people, even if we missed a million people it wouldnt change that number.


Question: What is the difference of role between a director, producer and writer when it comes to films?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference of role between a director, producer and writer when it comes to films?

Director - This person is in charge of the film. Its their film. They hold ultimate responsibility for success or failure. They are on set doing everything, behind the scenes, selecting people to work on the film, everything, and are the most important person in any aspect on the film. Its their baby from the start until the movie is released. They are generally involved in every decision made regarding the movie. They are the head of the creative aspects of the film Producer - This person essentially performs the business functions of the movie. They also balance the business needs with the directors vision. They rarely would be involved in the actual filming or anything, but are generally involved in major decisions, and would be involved in all major business decisions. They are the head of the business aspects of the film Writer - They just wrote the script. They generally aren't involved more than that, however, its common for the writer to also be the director and/or producer of the movie. Note: This is for movies only -- these roles, despite having the same names, are different for TV.


Question: Why are infantry still relevant in modern war despite all of the advanced weapons available to militaries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are infantry still relevant in modern war despite all of the advanced weapons available to militaries?

Infantry is slow and unprotected, but highly versatile and can traverse complicated terrain like cities and the inside of buildings. Infantry can detain or kill individual persons with high precision. This is important because if you want to control an enemy nation, you must seize rather than destroy key cities and infrastructure. The goal of war is not destruction, but control. Infantry is also relatively cheap, which is important in war: modern wars are economic contests just as much as marital contests.


Question: How Windows time synchronization with server works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Windows time synchronization with server works?

Several organizations maintain atomic clocks which are the most accurate timekeeping devices we have, and are used as "primary standards" which we as people agree is the official time. Every once in a while, provided you are connected to the internet, windows sends a request to a computer (server) that is synchronized with an atomic clock, asking what time it is, and changes the time on your computer to match. Your computer is not as good at keeping time, so it will desynchronize over several hours or days and need to be updated again.


Question: Why does our brain comprehend objects in a tilt-shifted image as tiny?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does our brain comprehend objects in a tilt-shifted image as tiny?

When you try to take a picture of a small object, you need to have a really shallow depth of field. I.e. you need to be very closely focused on the object. This has the effect of blurring the rest of the image. A tiltshifted photograph is taken in the same way with the subject in tight focus and everything else blurs. Your brain interprets this information accordingly.


Question: If banks currently make transactions digitally, what prevents hackers from creating counterfeit digital currency? In other words how are banks kept accountable for the amount of money they actually have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If banks currently make transactions digitally, what prevents hackers from creating counterfeit digital currency? In other words how are banks kept accountable for the amount of money they actually have?

Banks *owe* the amount of money that's in each account — the depositors are free to withdraw it. So they have every incentive to prevent someone fraudulently raising the balance. In addition to normal computer security they use *audit trails* — complete records of every deposit and where it came from — so that you can't just raise a balance without having a deposit.


Question: How does "restoring anticavity fluoride rinse" work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does "restoring anticavity fluoride rinse" work?

Fluoride ions bind to enamel and turn hydroxyapatite into fluoroapatite. Fluoroapatite is much more resilient to acids and a low pH environment. Therefore bacteria cannot thrive and demineralize the tooth.


Question: When it’s cold outside, why is our natural instinct to make it warm inside the house instead of just room temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When it’s cold outside, why is our natural instinct to make it warm inside the house instead of just room temperature?

Because most homes don't have energy efficient doors and windows, so the cold air seeps into the house making it feel colder ...so we heat to compensate.


Question: what does meta mean? Like a meta meme or a meta comment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does meta mean? Like a meta meme or a meta comment?

This isn't really an ELI5 question, but meta means 'referring to itself'. A poem about writing a poem would be meta. A meme about memes would be meta. A story in which the characters start talking about the story they're in would be meta.


Question: Why is the room in which one is developing photographs red in colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the room in which one is developing photographs red in colour?

If you expose black and white film to blue and green light, it can become overexposed, and ruin the photograph. Red light is bright enough for the photographer to work in, but doesn't expose the film to dangerous light Color film processing is done in a true Black Room, with no lights on at all.


Question: Why does a little stream of spit squirt out of your mouth at times?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a little stream of spit squirt out of your mouth at times?

There's a spit gland right under the center of your tongue. You need this to eat, talk easily, etc. When your spit runs low, the gland gives you more. It just happens at bad times sometimes.


Question: what am I hearing when the fax machine screeches at me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what am I hearing when the fax machine screeches at me?

That’s dial-up. That’s how the internet used to work. It’s literally using a number to call up another fax machine to send data.


Question: Is cloud seeding not a decent method of fighting forest fires?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is cloud seeding not a decent method of fighting forest fires?

> We have the technology to make it rain (within tolerances) when and where we want it too; No, we don't. It's never been really proven to work, and if it works at all, it requires there to be rain clouds in the first place. What are you gonna do if you there *isn't* a nice fat cloud right on top of your fire?


Question: what exactly does the square root of a number represent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly does the square root of a number represent?

If you literally drew a square with sides = the square root of a number, then the area of that square would equal that number. e.g. 2 is the square root of 4, and a square with sides = 2 (whatever units, inches, miles, it doesn't matter) would have an area of 4 (of the same units).


Question: What causes paint/color to fade?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes paint/color to fade?

Ultraviolet light breaks down the chemical bonds of most materials that have color. Colors that absorb more light will fade faster because...well...more light. Red - especially darker reds - fade more quickly for this reason, as well as because it absorbs shorter wavelength/higher energy light.


Question: What's the situation with 5G? Is it indeed that dangerous as people say? Or only in very high frequencies? Is the public uproar just overreacting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the situation with 5G? Is it indeed that dangerous as people say? Or only in very high frequencies? Is the public uproar just overreacting?

Decades of studies have found no link between cell phones and cancers like brain tumors. & #x200B; It’s easy to find claims online that the greater frequency of 5G alone constitutes a risk. [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) observes that “1G, 2G, 3G and 4G use between 1 to 5 gigahertz frequency. 5G uses between 24 to 90 gigahertz frequency,” and then asserts that “Within the RF Radiation portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the higher the frequency, the more dangerous it is to living organisms.” & #x200B; But asserting that the higher frequency is more dangerous is just that—an assertion, and there’s little real science to stand behind it. 5G remains non-ionizing in nature. & #x200B; Scientists say that the most important criterion about whether any particular RFR is dangerous is whether it falls into the category of [ionizing or non-ionizing radiation]( URL_2 ). Simply put, any radiation that’s non-ionizing is too weak to break chemical bonds. That includes ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and everything with a lower frequency, like radio waves.


Question: What are “Website Cookies” and why are they everywhere these days?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are “Website Cookies” and why are they everywhere these days?

A "cookie" is a small file that a website places on your computer to store information for later use. Like if you go to the McDonalds website, they might use a "cookie" to remember what city you live in so the website can check that cookie and know to default to showing you your local restaurant's hours and specials. But, some websites use cookies to track a lot of information about the user, and can sell that information to others. Some folks didn't like that idea, they don't think that a company should get to make money off of them without their knowledge. Recently, the European Union passed laws so that any website that does business in Europe needs to be very open about if they use cookies, so pretty much every website now has to warn people if they use cookies, since everyone wants to legally be able to have their website used in Europe.


Question: Why do some state government healthcare websites shut down every night "for scheduled maintenance" - what maintenance are they doing for 8 hours every single night that prevents users from logging on to see their account?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some state government healthcare websites shut down every night "for scheduled maintenance" - what maintenance are they doing for 8 hours every single night that prevents users from logging on to see their account?

Could be database backups that they don't want new data being written into while copying over to the backup files because that can lead to issues.


Question: Why is it that when human beings can adequately hear a song they like, they still have a biological or psychological urge to turn it up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when human beings can adequately hear a song they like, they still have a biological or psychological urge to turn it up?

It’s quite simple: Things that you like sound “better” louder. The frequency response of human hearing is not flat, and it is not linear at every frequency as the volume (amplitude) is increased. At low volumes, humans cannot hear low frequencies or high frequencies as well as they can mid-frequencies. The range of human hearing is roughly 20Hz to 20000Hz. Humans have a very sharp peak in perception of frequencies between 2kHz and 4kHz. As the amplitude increases, the frequency response of human hearing gets flatter, so the low frequencies become more audible and the high frequencies become more audible, and those mid-frequencies become comparatively less audible. So, when it’s louder, it sounds “fuller” and “warmer”, when it’s quieter it sounds “thin” and “cold”.


Question: is it really true that 10 strategic atomic bombs could wipe out the human life on earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is it really true that 10 strategic atomic bombs could wipe out the human life on earth?

Well, I know this is going to get buried but I'll answer as best I am able. One of the side effects is actually forest fires. I read a paper a while back that if Pakistan launched all their nukes and India launched just an equal number than the resulting forest fires would create enough Ash to create winter for four years. This is equal to the time period of what wiped out the dinosaurs. It's way more than 10, but hopefully helps you to understand some of the side effects of such a catastrophe.


Question: What goes into starting an airline company?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What goes into starting an airline company?

Firstly you need a planes the smallest and most popular Boeing is the 737, it will set you back £70,748,963.76 per unit though you could get a lower price for bulk buying, to note if you buy them just after a terror attack they will be cheaper. It is what RyanAir did just after 9/11 attacks. Note a 737 can only do 60,000 flights, due to pressure fatigue making the plane more unstable the more it flies. Then you need someone to fly a plane a experineced captain goes for around £75,000 a year with the second pilot being around £50,000 a year, you need two second piolts for longhaul flights too. You also need people to tend the passangers, these are much cheaper with the wage being closer to £16,000 (Ryanair). You can also save money and have the cabin crew work the front desk before you get on the plane, when you show your ticket. You can also task these people to clean the plane after they land. You will also need mechanics, you could contract this out or keep it in house, if you keep it in house you will be looking at £30,000 a year wage per mechanic and more for a more specialist. Wendover productions on youtube has some good vidoes on this.


Question: What is a gas giant? How is it different from a planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a gas giant? How is it different from a planet?

Gas Giants are planets, but they are sometimes refereed to as failed stars due to their composition. The Gas Giants in our system, Jupiter and Saturn, are composed of hydrogen and helium, although They don't have a surface(land), and its theorized that they just get denser and denser the lower in the atmosphere you go. Their is still a lot to learn about them, such as what their core is like, although the pressures from the Gas are probably to strong to ever find that out.


Question: How can PUBG (which requires a decent gaming pc to be played on computer) be played on phone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can PUBG (which requires a decent gaming pc to be played on computer) be played on phone?

Pubg actually dont require some big major pc. It just has really shitty optimization. I actually know someone who plays it on a amd fx6300 and a gtx 960 and gets around 40 to 70fps depending on the enviroment (these drops happen no matter your system). Also when they port games over for mobile, they are made to run on mobile hardware. Youre not running it at 4k and 60fps on mobile, or even 1080. More like 720 tops at 30fps. With what would be considered low settings. There are also other things they do to detune it to be able to run on weaker setting, other then a big drop in detail and resolution. They know that with being played on a small screen, you are not gonna notice the difference in quality. Though, im sure its still gonna be horribly optimized and run like shit.


Question: How do random glitches happen on computers and smart phones when the code is perfectly fine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do random glitches happen on computers and smart phones when the code is perfectly fine?

They happen because the code is never perfectly fine. There are errors in any software. The code just mostly works, while in a stable situation. Once in a while something unexpected happens - like a network loss, or a hardware problem, or some weird user input - and the software might not be ready for this kind of scenario. This is when you see a glitch.


Question: How do brands manufacturing non-concentrated, natural fruit juice keep the taste constant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do brands manufacturing non-concentrated, natural fruit juice keep the taste constant?

I'm not so sure they do. I drink apple juice, grape juice, and orange juice and I notice they do change in taste year in and year out and also season in and season out as the source of the fruit changes as seasons change in different parts of the world. So answer is, they don't control it. Some batches are better than others.


Question: Why do we remember some memories over others? Is there something about those memories that is different from the rest, or is it random?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we remember some memories over others? Is there something about those memories that is different from the rest, or is it random?

Your memory is most useful to you if it records things that are important. Two factors that can influence your memory are associated emotions and repetitive recall. If you are experiencing strong positive or negative emotions while something happens, you are more likely to remember it because it is likely to have some significance to you. The emotions need not be directly caused by the event in order for them to influence your recall. Also, repetitive recall of a memory will strengthen it. If you keep reflecting back on a particular memory, it will strengthen and become easier to access. Memory is pretty fascinating, and I'm sure that there are other factors that can influence what you remember, but mostly memory is not random.


Question: Why aren't blimps all that popular anymore?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't blimps all that popular anymore?

You need a massive massive building to park/service a blimp. They go much much slower than a plane. For all those problems, it still couldn't carry much more than a plane.(especially if you opted for non-flammable helium, rather than flammable hydrogen) Now there are some niche purposes, like the ability to stay in the air for a very long time, but for taking stuff from point a to point b, planes were usually just better.


Question: How is the US in so much debt, how can they owe money to themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the US in so much debt, how can they owe money to themselves?

The US cannot just print new money or erase debt. When the government does something and the money isn't available, they will buy securities issued by the Treasury. These securities are alternative ways of funding the government's expenditures, but the government has to repay them. Taxes go into repayment of these securities, but the US currently borrows more Treasury money than the public pays taxes.


Question: Can causality be measured with probability?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can causality be measured with probability?

Kind of. If you're looking for something free of assumptions that allows you to deduce causality directly from observation, this is very much impossible. However, if you're ready to accept models of potential causality, there are various methods (generally called [causal inference]( URL_0 )) that can help you tease out causality from correlation. If this is actually for a five year old, these are probably much too mathematically involved, and you should instead explore the intuition of how to separate causality from correlation. Come up with scenarios where a causal link apparently exists, and figure out a way for a scientist to intervene to expose that link as false, and potentially find the real one. This is inherently going to take intuition, because that's really the only way to do science. The questions you ask are separate. You don't have to have causal models to forecast events, you just need statistical data and assumptions about the applicability of that data. If I see the butterflies flying south I know winter is coming with high probability, even though the causal link is completely backwards. If someone is wearing a dress I can predict they have a higher chance of breast cancer even though there is no causal link at all - both are related to them being a woman.