Question: How/Why does benadryl work for dystonic reactions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
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 How/Why does benadryl work for dystonic reactions?

First generation H1 antagonists are also anticholinergics. Typical antipsychotics block central dopamine receptors which causes a rise in cholinergic output - the cause of the dystonic reaction. So how do you treat this: with a medication with anticholinergic properties such as benztropine or diphenhydramine because they block central muscarinic receptors.


Question: Does a Soda/Coke/Fizzy drink contain/weight the same when it goes flat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Does a Soda/Coke/Fizzy drink contain/weight the same when it goes flat?

When the drink has gone flat, it has released carbon dioxide which is dissolved in it. A can of Coca-Cola has circa 2.2 grams of carbon dioxide in it. If it went perfectly flat, it would weight about this much less than before.


Question: What is a data center?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 What is a data center?

A (usually) large building built to hold lots of computers and storage. It'll have communications so people can access the computers, uninterruptible power, air conditioning, fire suppression systems (which aren't water based), a lot of security and IT staff. Often they'll be anonymous warehouses on industrial estates (as it's cheap land) with no signage (for security reasons).


Question: If a publicly traded company doesn't pay dividends, why are its shares worth anything to anyone to begin with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 If a publicly traded company doesn't pay dividends, why are its shares worth anything to anyone to begin with?

Because the company might increase in value, grow stronger, or gain confidence of the market. In which case the stock you're holding might increase in value, allowing you to sell them at a later date for more than you bought them for. Imagine buying a second house. If you don't rent it out you probably won't make much money off of it, but it still retains value. You might be able to wait until housing prices rise, and then sell the house for a profit.


Question: They say diesel burns cleaner than gasoline, but has a higher level of particulates. What does this mean as far as environmental impact is concerned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 They say diesel burns cleaner than gasoline, but has a higher level of particulates. What does this mean as far as environmental impact is concerned?

Particulates tend to be non-toxic materials, but end up toxic due to size. The vast majority of the particulates in diesel exhaust is small balls of carbon. When floating around in the air they are a hazard because you can breathe them in and they'll get stuck in your lungs, small things in your lungs tends to cause lung cancer and other medical issues. But it's not really toxic beyond that, it doesn't form acid rain, it doesn't deplete the ozone, and it doesn't really react, it slowly falls to the ground and once it's in the dirt it's no more toxic than charcoal and it's quickly used up by plants and such. It's worth noting that it wasn't necessarily always like this, diesel use to have a lot of Sulfur in it, and sulfur in the particulate matter reacts with water to form sulfuric acid which can mess with the ph of rain/rivers/lakes/the ground. Today, at least in the US, it's almost all low sulfur fuel so there is very little acid causing things in the exhaust.


Question: How is powdered milk created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 How is powdered milk created?

The water content of milk is evaporated away until a hard substance remains that is ground into powder from wikipedia: In modern times, powdered milk is usually made by spray drying[6] nonfat skimmed milk, whole milk, buttermilk or whey. Pasteurized milk is first concentrated in an evaporator to approximately 50 percent milk solids. The resulting concentrated milk is then sprayed into a heated chamber where the water almost instantly evaporates, leaving fine particles of powdered milk solids. Alternatively, the milk can be dried by drum drying. Milk is applied as a thin film to the surface of a heated drum, and the dried milk solids are then scraped off. However, powdered milk made this way tends to have a cooked flavour, due to caramelization caused by greater heat exposure. Another process is freeze drying, which preserves many nutrients in milk, compared to drum drying.[citation needed] The drying method and the heat treatment of the milk as it is processed alters the properties of the milk powder, such as its solubility in cold water, its flavour, and its bulk density.


Question: why are cameras fooled by superior mirages?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 why are cameras fooled by superior mirages?

Light hits a camera sensor the same way that light hits an eyeball. Neither your brain nor the camera are "fooled"; they're both showing you a picture based on the light that hits them. If the light being detected by both of them is bent the same way, then they'll both end up with the same distorted image.


Question: Motion sickness. Why do some people get sick reading books in cars while others do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Motion sickness. Why do some people get sick reading books in cars while others do not?

Motion sickness occurs when your eyes, which are fixated on the still book, say you're moving but your vestibular system (contributes to balance and senses motion) says you are not, logically because you are sitting still relative to the car. The likely reason why the individual vomits is because the body says 'Since I'm not moving but my eyes think I am I must be poisoned and hallucinating' so you vomit to rid the nonexistent poison. Why some people are affected and others not is likely in part due to their sensitivities of their vestibular system. I've heard as you get older and your ear function deteriorates you are less likely to get motion sickness. Those more likely to be affected are the pregnant, very young, and those who suffer migraines.


Question: why do we stop enjoying some things we used to enjoy when we were younger?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do we stop enjoying some things we used to enjoy when we were younger?

I think we develop a "been there, done that" mentality in ways. I can not watch cartoons now. No matter what the topic. The irony is I just can't pay attention to cartoons.


Question: Why is it that the amount of inertia and the strength of gravity are both based on mass?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is it that the amount of inertia and the strength of gravity are both based on mass?

You have stumbled upon one of the great mystery in physics! There is no known reason why all object with inertia interacts with gravity at the same proportion! Yet all observations demonstrate this.


Question: why testicles are so vulnerable yet so prominently exposed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 why testicles are so vulnerable yet so prominently exposed?

Evolution isn't perfect. They're outside the body because the developing sperm needs to be a little cooler than body temperature.


Question: Why can electromagnetic radiation penetrate some objects, but not others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Why can electromagnetic radiation penetrate some objects, but not others?

EM radiation is unsurprisingly made up of electric and magnetic fields. In three dimensional free space, the E and M fields are at right angles to each other, and the waves both move in a third direction which is at right angles to both. Different materials have different electrical properties. One of the most important of these is electrical permittivity, which is basically a measure of how how strongly electric fields can form in it (it comes up in a lot of contexts and is difficult to give a simple description of. Think: property of a material or free space that affects electric fields). Through a lot of really ugly complex (imaginary) math, you can use this permittivity value to derive many properties including attenuation and phase constants. These describe how quickly the E field decays when incident on a material and what happens to the phase of the fields with respect to each other. These are heavily dependent on a number of characteristics of the material as well as the frequency of the radiation. A material will probably allow some frequencies with little attenuation and others with a lot, based on its electrical permittivity and conductivity. Sometimes, the constants add up to a complex value that can even knock the electric and magnetic fields out of phase with each other! TLDR It depends on the electrical and magnetic properties of the material as well as the frequency of the radiation. You can use some imaginary math to derive how these interact, and from there can predict how a material will behave when different EM radiation is pointed at it.


Question: Why do we need separate file compression software?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need separate file compression software?

A lot of common file-types are already compressed. Photos, videos, and audio are almost always in compressed formats. Apple's Pages word processing software saves files with a .pages extension, but they're actually are just straight up ZIP (you can change the extension and unzip them) that then contain the real Pages document inside.


Question: why do digital numbers bounce?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do digital numbers bounce?

The numbers on the microwave aren't solidly lit, they blink really fast. They have a high enough refresh rate that you can't tell under normal circumstances. When you chew something crunchy, the crunching is shaking your head and making that refresh rate more visible, so it leaves a sort of "trail" imprint on your vision.


Question: Why is there more oxygen in cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Why is there more oxygen in cold water?

It has to do with the kinetic energy of the water molecules. Warm/Hot water molecules are rather excited, and have a lot of kinetic energy. The hotter the water, the more those molecules are bouncing around into each other. When you dissolve a gas (like Oxygen) into water, those gas molecules become a part of a solution. If the water molecules are cold, they're relatively motionless and the oxygen molecules can more easily nestle themselves into solution. If the water is hot, the oxygen molecules are more likely to be bombarded out of solution by the excited water molecules.


Question: Why are metals like gold, silver or copper not as reactive as sodium or potassium even though all have only one electron in their outer shell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are metals like gold, silver or copper not as reactive as sodium or potassium even though all have only one electron in their outer shell?

Reactivity isn't just about how many electrons are in the outer shell, it's also about how tightly bound those electrons are and which shell they're in. The farther out you go, the less energy involved. Gold is a much much larger atom than something like sodium, so the outer electron shell is much farther out, and more sparse, the energy change involved in the outer shell electrons is much lower, and hence the reactivity is much less. Filling the 2nd electron in the 1s (first) orbital, like with hydrogen, is very energetic. That's why hydrogen reacts with basically everything. Gold is far larger; there are 79 electrons, filling parts of 14 orbitals. Pulling an electron off the 6s orbital (gold) is a lot easier, hence doesn't involve nearly as much energy and isn't so strongly favoured. Gold is also big enough that the orbital filling order gets weird, it's lower total energy to fill higher orbitals than to try to overstuff some of the lower ones. In addition...gold "should" have a full outer shell 6s orbital if you're just counting electrons but you end up in an lower energy state if one of those outer electrons drops down to complete a lower orbital (5d for gold). Copper and silver are the same way, they have an electron count that corresponds to having a full outer shell but the electrons are reconfigured to a lower energy state within the orbitals that results in the outer shell having just one.


Question: How do models predict the path(s) of hurricanes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 How do models predict the path(s) of hurricanes?

The modelers take a massive amount of data gleaned from weather stations, satellites, weather balloons, planes, ships, etc. These data points are plugged in to a large set of mathematical equations known as a forecast model. There are many different weather models, and different variations of each one. Different models work better for different weather events and in different geographic locations. The quality of the forecast is affected by how many of these sensor readings they get. Some can be very difficult because of the distance between sensors. And any sensors with even minor errors can make some big variations in the prediction. All of this processing is done on massive supercomputers, as it is an enormous calculation that has to be done quickly and updated with new incoming data.


Question: Can water from a dehumidifier be made drinkable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Can water from a dehumidifier be made drinkable?

> Can water from a dehumidifier be made drinkable? Beyond mold/bacteria growth and other such undesirables, dehumidifiers leave trace amounts of heavy metals (mostly lead) behind in the water which isn't great for you. You'd pretty much need to boil the water and catch what evaporated in order to get drinkable water out of it - in which case you just took water from the air and made it liquid then evaporated and condensed it again. > Is this something that could be done at a bigger scale to help areas with limited access to fresh water? Not really practical - you need a LOT of energy to get meaningful amounts of water, and places without much access to hot water tend to be fairly dry to begin with - which means there's barely any water in the air to extract.


Question: How is Good Cop/Bad Cop effective?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How is Good Cop/Bad Cop effective?

You're more willing to comply with someone who is acting sympathetically towards you vs someone who degrades or threatens you. When one tries to make you afraid and vulnerable then another comes in to be "friendly" you are far more likely to cooperate and tell them anything because they seem safe and trustworthy. It's effective in the basal human experience of wanting to feel safe/secure vs threatened towards your rights/safety. Think of it like an instinct; you protect yourself from harm or danger and when you are forced into 2 options then you will choose the one that is most beneficial to you (regardless of whether either is actually "beneficial," it just seems so).


Question: how do the blood vessels and nerves reattach themselves when reattaching a severed limb?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do the blood vessels and nerves reattach themselves when reattaching a severed limb?

The first thing is that the surgical team has to basically lock the two ends of the blood vessels and the nerves together so that they can heal, a lot like setting a broken bone. After that, it's mostly the "quick cells" growing. In blood vessels, you have lining called epithelium that can repair and grow pretty quickly, so as long as it's sealed up so that the patient doesn't bleed out the blood vessel will probably heal up well. As far as nerves go, while the nerve fibers can't recover if the cells inside are killed, as long as the nerve cells themselves are still alive, there actually are cells that can help reattach nerves. These cells, called neuroglia ("nerve glue" in Latin,) are the cells that help support nerves when the nerves are healthy. There are specific cells, called Schwann cells, that surround nerve fibers and make them conduct signals faster; those cells can support a damaged nerve cell as the cut part grows outward, searching for the part it lost. If the cut parts find each other, the nerve cell can actually fuse the two parts back together and heal itself, but if it can't, the function of that cell is permanently lost. Schwann cells and other cells involved in the neuroglia can actually help direct the two parts of the nerve cell in the hopes that it will find the other part of the cell. As long as most of the cells in the nerve find their cut parts, the nerve can function pretty much as if it were never cut. It's unlikely that 100% of the nerve cells will find their cut parts, so it's very rare to get back 100% of the function of a severed limb, but as long as the limb was just cut off and the surgical team reattaching it is skilled, most of the nerve fibers can get back where they belong and most of the limb function can survive.


Question: Why is immigration important for economic growth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is immigration important for economic growth?

Japan has a decreasing population because their people aren’t having enough kids. More people are dying than there are being born. So, as people retire, there aren’t enough young people entering the workforce to replace them. This means that there’s a disproportionately elderly population. This is exacerbated by Japan’s high life expectancy; there are going to be more old people if people live longer. With more retired people due to an aging population, there needs to be an even larger workplace to support them. However, that isn’t happening because, again, people aren’t having kids. So, if people aren’t making children who will eventually join the workforce, countries need to let workers in via immigration. Due to its strict immigration policy, Japan isn’t letting enough people in to restore the balance of their population, leading to economic problems.


Question: Why are certain allergies more fatal than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are certain allergies more fatal than others?

Depends which part of your body is mainly affected. If you have an allergic skin reaction then it'll be painful, but isn't likely to be fatal. An allergic throat reaction, on the other hand, has the potential to cause the tissues to swell up so much that they block your windpipe and cause you severe difficulty in breathing, which is far more dangerous.


Question: If a recipe calls for cooking a dish at 200 degrees for 30 minutes, why can't you just cook it at 400 degrees for 15 minutes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a recipe calls for cooking a dish at 200 degrees for 30 minutes, why can't you just cook it at 400 degrees for 15 minutes?

There needs to be time for the inside to cook as well. Same reason you might want to go at a steak fast and hard (because you wouldnt want to cook it all the way through, but maybe have some nice searing on the outside)


Question: What happens when we generate more electricity than the grid is using?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when we generate more electricity than the grid is using?

When too much electricity is being produced one of the first things done is reducing the amount of electricity used by scaling back "quick reacting" plants. Imagine angling the blades of a windmill so they aren't catching the wind anymore and supply is reduced. There aren't traditional batteries big enough to hold the amount of electricity produced by power plants. However, "non-traditional" batteries can be used. Some power plants have experimented with using excess power produced to pump water uphill or into a dam, where electricity would be "stored" as potential energy. When the energy is needed again the water is allowed to run back down the hill or out of a dam to power a turbine.


Question: what’s the difference between cartilage and bone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what’s the difference between cartilage and bone?

Cartilage is soft, connective tissue. It contains a lot of water and nitrogen gas. Bone is much denser, harder tissue. It contains lots of calcium and iron. Cartilage is present in joints, providing padding between bones. Softer structures like noses and ears are cartilage surrounded by some fat and then obviously skin.


Question: What is "smiling depression"? How is it compared to other types of depression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "smiling depression"? How is it compared to other types of depression?

As much as a student who slacks off during class knows; Smiling depression * person hides the symptoms. Also I think I read in a journal article somewhere that people with smiling depression have higher suicide rates because they're more likely to follow through (more motivated, have more energy to do it) * Hidden symptoms because they have a mindset that they shouldn't be guilty for feeling depressed Major/clinical/unipolar depression * person doesn't really hide the fact that they have depression. * 3 levels: mild, moderate, severe * can be melancholic or psychotic (eg. hallucinations, paranoia) Bipolar/manic depression * Periods of either really happy (mania) or really sad (depression) Seasonal depression * less sun = more darkness = more depressive mood. Typically during winter, for eg, when it's all cold, dark and rainy. * Starts and ends with the season.


Question: Why does urine feel hot after a workout?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does urine feel hot after a workout?

I would think it's because there's a greater difference between the temperature of your core (where the bladder is) and the surface of your skin.


Question: What is, and how does diabetes work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is, and how does diabetes work?

Diabetes occurs when sugar gets stuck in your blood rather than moved to where it is needed. Insulin is what picks up the sugar and moves it. In diabetics, either not enough insulin is made, or the body can't make good use of it. Too much sugar in your blood is bad as it causes organ damage. The body tries to get rid of it and ends up hurting itself, hence why diabetics either take more insulin, or eat less sugary foods to manage the problem.


Question: If a child went into a coma and didn’t wake up until they were 18, would their body grow and develop normally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a child went into a coma and didn’t wake up until they were 18, would their body grow and develop normally?

Body: Yes! Mind: No? Does the mind continue to gather information from the outside?


Question: How do wifi extenders/boosters work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do wifi extenders/boosters work?

A wifi extender works like a middleman. It is placed at a location where it is just in range of the main wifi router (say 10 meters). It connects to the main wifi router. It then itself creates another wifi network at this distant location of another 10 meters. So now a device which is 20 meters away from the main router can't connect to it, but it can connect to the extender, since that is only 10 meteres away. Your device sends signals to the extender. The extender than re-sends these signals to the main wifi router it is connected to. Ditto in the reverse direction. Thus, the extender becomes a middleman that allows a device that it out-of-range of the main wifi router to talk to it, usually with degraded performance and speed, but at least you get some connection.


Question: How are damages caused by disasters calculated and reported? How accurate should I expect them to be?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are damages caused by disasters calculated and reported? How accurate should I expect them to be?

I have done damage calculations for FEMA for flooding in two scenarios: While a flooding event is going on, we take live data from water gauges, run them through models, estimate the size of flood waters, then calculate the number of structures (data quality varies) that intersect with the estimated flood extent, and take the estimated flood level. We run this many times as the flooding event unfolds. We figure out how many homes are impacted by 1-2, 2.01 - 5, 5.01 - 8, and 8+ feet of water. Unfortunately, I don't get to see what happens after we ship the data but I am told that the data really helps to better direct resources. Later the points (often tens of thousands) are checked for accuracy by comparing the damage estimation to aerial photography. After a flood event, (this is massively simplified) FEMA may supplement local communities work forces by sending building inspectors into the field. They spend about 15 minutes at each structure collecting the high water mark (the most important piece of data) and a few dozen characteristics of the building. It goes into software thay spits out a damage estimation. This goes to the local community who then uses it for permitting for reconstruction and whatever else. The structure owner has the opportunity to contest the determination (whether they think should have a higher or lower rating, it depends) with the local community. The accuracy really depends in the data quality which is far from perfect but keeps getting better every year.


Question: Why do our ears make that high-pitched "eeeee" sound when it's quiet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our ears make that high-pitched "eeeee" sound when it's quiet?

What you are describing is a condition called Tinnitus which is a medical problem that affects 1/3 people in US. Tinnitus is usually caused by hearing damage. The tiny hairs in your inner ear which register sound become damaged and are no longer able to detect certain frequencies. It's believed that your brain reacts to this bad signal by making that 'eeeeeeeeeeee' sound in the range that's damaged. The inner ear becomes damaged due to a combination of regular wear and tear, genetics, and being exposed to constant loud noises like in industry. If you are suffering from Tinnitus you should mention it to your Doctor and get your ears checked. It could be a sign of something else, but Tinnitus is very common place and not likely a cause for concern. Tinnitus can range from a mild nuisance when it's quite to a deafening noise. Sadly there is no cure, but it can be managed. Hearing aids can lessen the affect, and you do get used to it over time. I suffer from it myself having started getting it in my late 30's due to genetics. I don't need a hearing aid, but I might eventually. Not a really big deal. It took me 3 weeks to learn to ignore it, now I only notice it's there if it's very quiet in the room or I consciously think about it.


Question: How does blood cell production work? Do the cells that have nuclei (like white blood cells) undergo mitosis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does blood cell production work? Do the cells that have nuclei (like white blood cells) undergo mitosis?

Blood cells (red, white, platelets) are produced in the bone marrow, without exception. White blood cells possess nuclei because they do a lot of things that red blood cells don't: * They produce antibodies * They produce surface receptors to identify pathogens * the production of the above requires active genetic expression and transcription * The process of engulfing pathogens is energy intensive and requires intracellular signaling * Energy production also requires signaling in its own right There are other reasons that a white blood cell needs a nucleus, but those are the highlights.


Question: Why is 70 degree F water so much colder than 70 degree F air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is 70 degree F water so much colder than 70 degree F air?

It's because of the efficiency of heat transfer--when thermal energy moves from something warm to something cooler. In this case, from your 98.7 degree (F) body to the 70 degree air or water. Water is a better conductor than air, so when you get into the water heat escapes/is transferred out of your body at a much faster rate, leaving you feeling colder, faster than you would if you were just standing in 70 degree air.


Question: Why does it take a couple of days to feel the effects of a solar flare, while it only takes 8 minutes for sunlight to reach earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take a couple of days to feel the effects of a solar flare, while it only takes 8 minutes for sunlight to reach earth?

A solar flare is *not* light. It is a stream of plasma ejected *at a fraction* of the speed of light. Therefore, although the sun is only 8 light minutes away, it takes days because the plasma is travelling at sublight speeds, *not* at light speed.


Question: Why is growing body parts possible in the womb, but re-growing body parts outside of it isn't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is growing body parts possible in the womb, but re-growing body parts outside of it isn't?

During an infants development, they can regrow limbs when they are younger than 8 weeks of age. After 9 weeks, instead of regrowing body parts completely, scar tissue appears on the lost limbs instead.


Question: Does everyone on earth actually have a different fingerprint?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does everyone on earth actually have a different fingerprint?

> Does identifying someone's fingerprints at a crime scene really rule out every other human on earth? No, mainly because we can't tell them apart, not because there are no tiny differences. But that doesn't matter because most cases aren't hinging on if every person on the planet is ruled out. The issue of if the guy with blood in his trunk and matching fingerprints on the murder weapon isn't really damaged that much if some person in Mongolia also has indistinguishable prints.


Question: could an increase from 10% to 15% be both a 5% increase *and* a 50% increase?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 could an increase from 10% to 15% be both a 5% increase *and* a 50% increase?

This is where its important to differentiate between **percentage** and **percentage points** Going from 10% to 15% is an increase of 5 **percentage points** (15-10=5), but an increase of 50 **percent** (15/10=1.5) This confuses people a lot and people often report it wrong due to ignorance of the reporter or the viewer. Lets say teen smoking was at 10% last year and is at 15% this year, that's a 50% increase and if you go counting you'll find 30 kids smoking now for every 20 that you did last year. If you have a 5 percent increase then it would only be at 10.5% and you'd find 21 kids smoking for every 20 that you saw last year


Question: I grew up thinking that turning off your engine for a short stop only uses more fuel. How are the current start-stop functions a good idea if this is true?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I grew up thinking that turning off your engine for a short stop only uses more fuel. How are the current start-stop functions a good idea if this is true?

This is still true. Cars with automatic start-stop function won't stop again if the last start was not long enough ago.


Question: Why does a flight from London to Italy(2500km) cost about $70...but a flight from New York to Atlanta(800km) costs about $250 ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a flight from London to Italy(2500km) cost about $70...but a flight from New York to Atlanta(800km) costs about $250 ?

The answer is actually *really* neat! In addition to overhead costs in the US being generally higher, airlines in Europe (due to the way the EU handles borders) are generally cheaper. Airlines which are based in a country generally have to pay different fees to different countries for air-traffic-control services, so as a result the first instinct is to think that London to Italy would cost *more*. But, the EU treats airlines from all member countries as domestic. This helps *immensely* without travel costs because it expands the negotiating powers of budget airlines in member countries. But, since both flights you mentioned are treated as domestic that's not a factor in the answer. *** Given the lack of information on airlines and airports, I'm going to assume you're talking about RyanAir in the UK taking off out of Stansted and flying to Pisa. RyanAir has extremely low overhead costs relative to other airlines simply based on their purchasing and employment choices, however they use a secret weapon for budget flights: using smaller, more remote airports. Stansted is a small airport about a 40 minute train ride outside of London, so RyanAir is able to negotiate much more favorable prices in take off and landing fees simply by bringing business to the airport. And while Pisa is a larger airport, they're able to offer cheaper prices by keeping the runways in use during slow times of day. If you'd like more information on budget airlines, check out [[this video]]( URL_0 ). *** So, why doesn't this work in the US? Increased costs following 9/11 have been cited, and this is true... But it's not the whole story. Budget airlines in the US have rarely been successful. ~~, and lately they're being executed incorrectly. Many of the current "budget" airlines in the US are subsidiaries of larger airlines, which means that their costs/profit margins are supposed to be high... But their big-ticket airline managers are executing the budgeting and negotiating incorrectly.~~ Additionally, there are simply fewer cheap airports in the US. In the end, US-based budget airlines just don't have the playing field to run well ~~and aren't executed properly.~~ *** Update: apparently my information about airline-within-an-airline schemes was dated, so I've struck it out of the answer. Update2: People are asking about Brexit in relation to air travel. I don't really know much about how this will affect air travel between the UK and the EU, but air travel between other EU states and between EU states and international destinations shouldn't change much. From the US to EU states, there are many airports in Ireland that can be used instead of UK airports so those costs likely won't change by much after Brexit.


Question: why is it that food containers expand when they spoil? If the container is a closed system and matter can't be created, what causes an increased pressure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that food containers expand when they spoil? If the container is a closed system and matter can't be created, what causes an increased pressure?

Bacteria in the food creates gas as a byproduct. The gas is less dense than the solid matter. This gas takes up more space and causes the container to expand.


Question: Why is upload usually much slower than download?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is upload usually much slower than download?

In simplest terms it's just a commercial consideration; most people are consumers of data hence their bandwidth is down and rarely up. It would be wasting limited bandwidth guaranteeing a fast upload speed that's rarely, if ever, used. Those who need a lot of upload capacity are, largely, businesses or content creators of some kind. Therefore they'll be offered different rates to consumers that unlock faster uploads (and will have the capacity, and desire, to pay for it). In simple terms it's a 'fake' throttle but a reasonable one I guess.


Question: Why do Nintendo consoles not get the same AAA titles as Xboxes and Playstations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do Nintendo consoles not get the same AAA titles as Xboxes and Playstations?

> why do they cost the same as an XB or a PS? They don't at all. You're comparing the brand new Switch to the 4 year old Xbox One or PS4. The Switch launched at $300, while the PS4 launched at $400 and the Xbox One launched at $500. Nintendo consistently released consoles with less power that cannot run many of the AAA titles. But they make their own exclusive titles which many people prefer, and their target audience is younger people or families who are unlikely to afford or appreciate the "power user" features of other consoles.


Question: What's the difference between sympathy and empathy? Why does it sometimes feel bad to receive sympathy from another person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between sympathy and empathy? Why does it sometimes feel bad to receive sympathy from another person?

I have a friend who constantly loses his wallet. He gets wildly upset each time. I can empathize with his feelings, I understand how it would feel to lose my wallet. But because he does this so often, I no longer sympathize with him, I no longer feel sorry for him. He never learns, and never looks after his wallet. No sympathy from me.


Question: If there is so much research, how do scientists avoid finding something that has already been found?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If there is so much research, how do scientists avoid finding something that has already been found?

In order for research to (generally speaking) be considered valid - it must first be peer reviewed and published - this means that scientists can access information about what has been researched already in the scientific literature. Now there's two main types of scientific research - commercial and academic In commercial research somebody is paying you to study something specific so they are less likely to care if somebody else is already researching something. In academic research you need to first apply for a grant or funding. Part of that application process is conducting a literature review into past and current research on the topic and justifying why your particular proposal will add to the field. It is then reviewed by other people to make sure you have done a good enough job. The tl;dr of all this is they do a lot of reading before they start doing research From time to time though different facilities will end up doing similar research projects but in science this isn't necessarily a bad thing. If two people can repeat the same experiment and get the same result then it adds weight to the the possibility that the outcome of that experiment was accurate.


Question: How is sepsis and septic shock without an infection possible and why is the mortality rate higher?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is sepsis and septic shock without an infection possible and why is the mortality rate higher?

Quick definitions: sepsis is often defined as a systemic inflammatory response with a known or suspected source of infection (though the definition of sepsis has been frequently revised over the years!). Septic shock is further defined as sepsis with persistent hypotension and/or poor organ perfusion after fluid resuscitation. Though sepsis technically requires a source of infection to be diagnosed, there are many cases of *presumed* sepsis or septic shock in which no single infectious cause is established. Why? Sepsis is often presumed and treated accordingly because it's so common in the hospital! So the vast majority of patients with shock in the setting of (1) a normally functioning (or hyperfunctioning) heart and (2) a normal volume status (e.g., not hemorrhaging, anemic, or otherwise hypovolemic) are frequently considered septic until proven otherwise. Though I wasn't aware that mortality is necessarily higher in patients without an identified infectious source (please link to an article if you've found one!), this finding wouldn't surprise me. This is because: * A presumptively septic patient is usually treated with a broader range of antibiotics that aren't as precisely "targeted" at an identified infection. For example, a patient who has been found to be septic from a confirmed urinary tract infection (UTI) can receive a tailored antibiotic regimen that is more likely to eradicate the underlying UTI, thus resolving the patient's sepsis. However, if there's no confirmed infection to treat, clinicians often have to resort to a "scattershot" empiric antibiotic regimen that has broader but comparatively weaker coverage. * There are a few places that doctors will look for infection first because (1) they're easier to evaluate and (2) they are more common sources. In the ICU, a common pattern of evaluation for undifferentiated sepsis includes taking cultures from the blood, the urine, and the respiratory tract (sputum or tracheal aspirates) as well as performing a chest x-ray to look for pneumonia. If these preliminary evaluations are negative for infection, we'll often look for subtler and rarer infections that are also potentially more severe—such as endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves that is much more difficult to eradicate. * If sepsis hasn't been confirmed via the detection of an infectious source, it's possible that other mechanisms are in play that mimic sepsis and will not respond to the same treatments. For example, patients in liver failure often "look septic" on paper because impaired liver function can lead to a critically ill state that resembles septic shock. Treating acute liver failure with antibiotics and fluids alone is highly ineffective (in fact, many types of liver failure are difficult to treat in general). So outcomes in these cases may be worse.


Question: How do metal detectors only sense metal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do metal detectors only sense metal?

They're looking for materials that interact with a magnetic field. Out in nature, this is almost always a conductive metal. There are other materials that react to or interfere with the magnetic field and could produce a false reading, but they're pretty rare. You're unlikely to stumble across a deposit of magnetic ore or some kind of human-made conductive ceramic while checking the beach for jewelry.


Question: How does a torrent file work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a torrent file work?

A torrent is like a puzzle. It tells you where you can find the pieces, and like a puzzle tells you what it should look like when it's completed. Your computer reaches out to a tracker and says what part of the puzzle you still need. Anyone who already has those pieces will send them to you. Once you have all the pieces your computer checks the file against the picture it has of what the puzzle was supposed to look like.


Question: The significance of Platonic solids, what makes them different from the other shapes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The significance of Platonic solids, what makes them different from the other shapes?

They are polygons (3D shapes made up of flat surfaces joined together) for which: * the faces are identical in shape and size * the faces are regular polygons (so all their angles equal and all their sides are equal) * the same number of faces meet at each vertex (corner) of the polygon * the polygon is convex (it doesn't have any indentations) They are interesting because there are only five such polygons: 1. Tetrahedron made up of four equilateral triangles 2. Cube made up of six squares 3. Octahedron made up of eight equilateral triangles 4. Dodecahedron made up of twelve regular pentagons 5. Icosahedron made up of twenty equilateral triangles


Question: Why are the jovian planets so much bigger than the terrestrial ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the jovian planets so much bigger than the terrestrial ones?

because that's how they became jovian. their mass is what allowed them to capture all that gas earth's atmosphere is already thicker than normal for a rocky planet, mars' atmosphere has been stripped to 1% of ours because in addition to its low mass, it has no magnetosphere to protect against solar wind


Question: Why do businesses hire contract security guards if they can't do much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do businesses hire contract security guards if they can't do much?

Presence is a deterrent. Just having someone around watching does a lot to keep people honest.


Question: if everything obeys the law of physics, is it theoretically possible to predict the future accurately if we know all of such laws?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if everything obeys the law of physics, is it theoretically possible to predict the future accurately if we know all of such laws?

No, and this is a foundational principle of Chaos Theory. In a non-linear dynamic system (even a system as simple as a [double pendulum]( URL_0 )), even a tiny difference in the initial conditions will have a huge impact in how the system evolves over time, even if the system is fully deterministic. The [three-body problem]( URL_1 ) has been known about for a while. An error in measurement will grow exponentially over time until the prediction is no better than if you had just put in the measurements at random (within the allowable values for the measurements). And because the error grows exponentially, how much your prediction improves doesn't grow nearly as fast as how accurately you can measure the conditions. As the error goes to zero, how long the prediction is good for does not go to infinity, but to a finite value. And that's before you throw in quantum mechanics, where the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle puts a limit on how accurately you can measure something. So if by predicting the future, you mean "predicting every little event and its consequences", then no that's not possible even in theory. And things like weather forecasts now take that into account. Rather than making one prediction, they make lots and lots of them with tiny little variations in each one and see how each plays out. The actual forecast is then more statistical in nature. However, that doesn't mean that predictions are entirely useless because some types of outcomes are more likely and some outcomes are impossible. With the three-body problem for example, if there are two large bodies and one small one, the most likely outcome is that the small body is ejected from the system.


Question: why is it when you open the door (to your house or to your car) bugs immediately fly in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it when you open the door (to your house or to your car) bugs immediately fly in?

There's plenty of bugs zipping around out in the world far from your car or house, you just wouldn't take note of them since they don't impact you in a noticeable way. Only the bugs that bug you are noticed, but the countless more bugs that never go near your car or house escape detection. Put another way, there's a minuscule amount of bugs that bother you (and other people) compared to the total number of bugs out in the world. That said, they go where food is and they use different signals to detect likely food - for certain bugs, CO2 levels or other molecules shed by animals (including humans) draw them since evolution has shaped them to associate such molecules with food (or some other thing that benefits their survival). Things associated with people, cars and houses (like CO2 and other molecules) draw the bugs near. When you open a door, either random movement or a stronger signal brings the insects inside. But they're not waiting for an opportunity or trying to irk you - they're just responding to chemical or visual or other signals.


Question: Considering inflation, were things really cheaper "back in the day"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Considering inflation, were things really cheaper "back in the day"?

**Some** things are really more expensive, and you’ll usually hear this talked about as a major problem. Not all things are. Housing is more expensive because there is an ever-growing number of people, but little available space to build more housing in desirable locations. Healthcare is more expensive (in the US at least) for a number of complicated reasons... it’s **much** more expensive which is a huge problem. College tuition is also more expensive for complicated reasons, partly as a side-effect of programs (like loans) which made it easier for people to pay for, even as costs went up. There are other reasons people may have trouble making ends meet today as well, for example an internet connection is a necessity of modern life (at least if you want to maintain a “normal” social life and career). So people pay for that... has the price gone up? Maybe, it depends on where you live, but 50 years ago this *didn’t exist at all* or at least wasn’t a necessity, so you can’t make a price comparison more than a decade back.


Question: Why stupidity attracts people from a scientific standpoint?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why stupidity attracts people from a scientific standpoint?

People relate to what they understand. Everyone gets jokes, Schadenfreude and kittens. Learning requires energy to assimilate the content and much more to change behaviour. Learning (for real) is hard even if it’s beneficial in the end. That’s why you hear this phrase at CES and other events: “you’ll be able to consume content even more easily”. Not learn. Consume.


Question: What is the relation between GDP and inflation rate ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the relation between GDP and inflation rate ?

Plain terms here: GDP is how well the economy is doing - how much money there is. Inflation is the increase of price levels, or decrease of purchasing power of money. (Two sides of the same coin) GDP and inflation are connected because of the unemployment rate - that’s how many people in an economy don’t have a job. This is the connection: as economy starts doing better - GDP rises, companies have more money and therefore can hire more workers lowering the number of people who don’t have a job - unemployment rate. Low unemployment rate causes inflation because it increases demand, (thanks to more employed people with money to spend) without necessarily increasing supply, which causes prices to rise. Also in a market where companies have to search for workers instead of workers searching for companies (low employment), companies will have to spend more (expenses) to secure the best workers which will once again lead to a price increase. Don’t forget though that in economics there is never a ‘right’ answer or solution - otherwise we wouldn’t be facing constant economic troubles all over the world. Not all rules work all the time and it all depends on great many things, but that’s it in a nutshell.


Question: why does the mint sell "$20" silver coins for such large sums?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the mint sell "$20" silver coins for such large sums?

Non-circulating legal tender (NCLT) coins are never intended to circulate as cash money but they include a denomination as a fail-safe of sorts so that should the world economy collapse and silver becomes worth less than $5.00 per ounce (for example) then at least this item's value is backed by a treasury for $20.00. Circulating coins used to be made of actual silver and gold but these were phased out because the value of the silver and gold outpaced their face value and it was easier to make more durable coins out of copper-nickel and steel cores. Canadian "junk silver" coins up to 1966/67/68 (depending on the denomination) are all currently worth 7 to 11 times their face value. In reality, most of the NCLT $20 silver coins don't even include an ounce of silver and so they are essentially jewellery disks. If you like the art/design then buy it but don't expect to hand it off to your great grandkids to make a fortune. They won't. It is a crappy investment in almost all cases.


Question: How do harmonics on stringed instruments work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do harmonics on stringed instruments work?

There are a lot of really good discussions online already, but what it boils down to is that the string doesn't only vibrate (oscillate) along its full length (the fundamental)—it also vibrates as if it was three strings each having a third the length, and also as if it was five strings each having a fifth the length, and so on and so on. The frequency of an oscillating string is inversely related to its length (other things being equal, namely density and tension). So a shorter string will oscillate faster and produce a higher frequency than the fundamental.