Question: How much 5G cell tower radiation dissipates within 3 feet of antenna? "Read description"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How much 5G cell tower radiation dissipates within 3 feet of antenna? "Read description"

Others have answered the power question, but I’d to emphasize that these transmitters are **non-ionizing** radiation. The only thing they can do is heat you up. They can’t cause cancer or mutate your DNA or anything else scary you could think of.


Question: What exactly is “duty free” and why are we allowed to make duty free purchases when traveling internationally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is “duty free” and why are we allowed to make duty free purchases when traveling internationally?

Duty free is essentially allowing a traveler to purchase certain goods tax free, because they are leaving the country (where the goods are purchased), so they goods won't be "used" there. So since its not used there, and its immediately leaving the country, the govt allows leniency to not pay certain taxes on it. The primary goods sold like this are generally "sin goods" that have "sin taxes". That means stuff like alcohol and tobacco (and occasionally luxury goods) which often have large taxes put on them to discourage their purchase in the country. Buying duty free goods is popular for people from countries which heavily tax certain goods, like alcohol, to purchase at duty free without tax, so the price is much lower. People from countries that heavily tax these goods (such as say Singapore) often go wild at duty free as the price there is very affordable compared to their prices at home. For people from and/or traveling to countries with fairly low taxes on such goods (such as the US), the prices generally are not particularly competitive, as compared to just purchasing the goods locally, so many people from these countries aren't very familiar with duty free goods.


Question: Why isn’t there a calorie-free booze? I get light beer, I want zero calorie beer

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn’t there a calorie-free booze? I get light beer, I want zero calorie beer

Because [alcohol itself contains calories]( URL_0 ) (approx. 7 calories per gram). You can have zero-calorie soft drinks because it's possible to make pop without sugar; but there's no way to make an alcoholic beverage without alcohol.


Question: What is oxidation and reduction? Why do they cause things like changes of color, fire, rust, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is oxidation and reduction? Why do they cause things like changes of color, fire, rust, etc?

Oxidation and reduction can be defined in a few ways, the easiest being that oxidation is gaining oxygen and reduction is losing oxygen. However you can also define it in terms of electrons, hydrogen or oxidation number and I’m sure there are others but I don’t think I’ll need those to answer the question. Basically when things are oxidised you are forming a new compound and that new compound will have different properties. To take the example of rust, you take a metal and now have turned it into an ionic compound which will cause it to have a new structure. The new molecule will have a new colour as different wavelengths of light will be reflected (something to do with how the electrostatic forces affect light, I’m no expert). The fire thing is because many redox reactions reactions are exothermic (give off heat) and if enough heat energy is given off you can get fire. Full disclaimer though, I’m not an expert in any of this so take it with a pinch of salt, I’ll probably be corrected


Question: What does it mean when a language is analytic or synthetic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when a language is analytic or synthetic?

A synthetic language is one where a word can be made up of lots of different parts, each with its own meaning. Russian is an example of a fairly synthetic language. For example, nouns have grammatical endings on them giving more information about how they function in a sentence: * Eta moya kniga. = That's my book. * Ya prochital knigu. = I have read the book. * Mnye nravitsya oblozhka knigi. = Like the cover of the book. Verbs also have endings which are quite distinct: * Ya igrayu. = I play. * Ty igrayesh'. = You play. * On/Ona igrayet. = He/She plays. German is also quite synthetic; most famously, it has a habit of combining words together into one long noun: * Kraftfahrzeugversicherungsgesellschaft = Motor vehicle insurance company. An analytic language is one that doesn't do this, and instead uses things like word order and prepositions. English is an example of a fairly analytic language, because words don't change very much. Compare Russian and English: * Koshka vidyet Annu. = The cat sees Anna. * Koshku vidyet Anna. = It is the cat which Anna sees. / Anna sees the cat. In Russian, a relatively synthetic language, you can completely alter the meaning of the sentence simply by changing the grammatical endings of some of the words. In English, you have to completely rewrite the sentence, adding an extra clause or reversing the word order. It's important to remember that these are *relative* terms. You can't easily put languages into two categories, "synthetic" and "analytic"; but when comparing two languages, you can say that one is more synthetic than the other. EDIT: Typo


Question: How can animals live off a single food source for their entire lives but humans need a diverse diet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can animals live off a single food source for their entire lives but humans need a diverse diet?

Two primary reasons. First, animal diets in the wild tend to be more diverse than you probably give them credit for (though probably not significantly). Second, and this is the crucial point, is why humans need all the vitamins and minerals we do. Here's a hint: Rather than speccing into raw physical strength, we put all our skill points into things like "accurately lobbing projectile weapons" and "create a generalized framework for transmitting complex ideas". I.E: throw rocks and talk shit. As it turns out, being able to hit things consistently when throwing rocks or whatever requires a lot of specialized hardware which takes an obscene amount of energy and maintenance. Conveniently, once you've already invested in the upgrades necessary to run the targeting computer, the language module is basically a free add-on.


Question: What causes the “refrigerated taste” food can get when it is uncovered in the freezer too long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the “refrigerated taste” food can get when it is uncovered in the freezer too long?

All the food inside is drying out and all the moisture takes smells into the air with it. The fridge is closed and small, so all that smelly air is trapped in there. Over time, food left in there a long time will have a dry crust and the humid smelly air will start to go back into the dry crust. The yucky taste and texture is all those mixed smells and dried out crust combined.


Question: Why can grapes create plasma?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can grapes create plasma?

Plasma and fire are pretty similar. When you microwave a grape, the juice inside expands and the grape bursts. It splits in half, but a piece of skin usually is still connected. That skin dries out really quickly and then catches fire. That fire is then fed by the other gases escaping the now halved grape, so it looks a lot like plasma instead of fire, but it’s fire. You’d need a huge industrial microwave to make actual plasma appear.


Question: How do mosquitos disappear from existence for one season, and then return the next season?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mosquitos disappear from existence for one season, and then return the next season?

You guys are getting a season without mosquitoes? blessed


Question: When a processor says it can perform 1 million operations per second, where is it getting so many instructions from and how is it able to handle them so quick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a processor says it can perform 1 million operations per second, where is it getting so many instructions from and how is it able to handle them so quick?

"Instructions" at the processor level, are basic operations on basic bits of data stored in memory. The most basic would be literally something like `Take the number stored $HERE and add $X to it.` $HERE represents an address in memory, and $X is maybe something the user typed. At the end of the day, computers just move numbers around, or compare them and make decisions. Nearly every complex thing your computer does comes down to a LOT of very, very simple instructions that basically look like `If $X is less than $Y then set $Z to "true"` (and on many CPUs, even that "instruction" would be broken up into lots of even simpler instructions.) It takes literally millions of these VERY basic instructions to do even the most simple (from a human perspective) stuff. Clicking a button on a website has millions and millions of instructions just to create the image of the button your screen, and millions more to animate the push of that button. It seems impossible at times, but when broken down to the absolute basics, everything a computer does could be done using nothing but LOTS (millions) of the simplest calculators... and a lot of scratch paper (that would be the RAM or memory) as well as other paper for long term storage (hard drives.) As for how it does them so fast, there ARE literally millions of "calculators" on a CPU, just shrunk down really, really, really small. Many of these literally do the job only of feeding instructions to the others. And when every one of these calculators operates (executes one instruction) at the "clock speed" of the CPU... Well, when you hear about a "3ghz CPU" that means 3 BILLION times per second every calculator on the chip could (potentially) being doing something. In reality, it usually takes a few clock cycles to execute most instructions, but it adds up quickly anyway.


Question: What does it mean when you "overclock" a processor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when you "overclock" a processor?

Each processor is rated with certain frequency (e.g. 3MHz). This means it can do 3 000 000 basic matematical opperations in one seccond. Doing this calculations generates heat (due to electricity flow). If processor is working with it nominal frequency it should be possible for him to work continuosly with stock cooling. You can make processor work with higher frequency (this means it is oveclocked), but this generates more heat. You must consider putting better cooling system in this case. Kind of opposite to oveclock is throtling. If processor reaches high temperature it can be set to make fewer opperations per second. This means less heat generation, some manufacturers (especcialy in mobile devices) decide to implement such feature. But it obviously means less performance.


Question: Why does water in a pan become quieter right before it begins to boil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water in a pan become quieter right before it begins to boil?

Most water has oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases dissolved into it, but its ability to hold these gases decrease as its temperature goes up, so the bubbling you hear before the boiling begins is all of those gases being liberated from the water and forming bubbles that float to the surface and then pop. Near-boiling water has no more dissolved gas and thus the bubbling stops. If you used distilled water to make tea, it wouldn't bubble until it actually boiled, but I strongly recommend against this, as it could potentially *not* boil and instead become superheated and explosively evaporate.


Question: How are video games ported from one console to another without having to completely remake the game?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are video games ported from one console to another without having to completely remake the game?

Layers of abstraction. When you develop any kind of software, you very rarely need to develop close to the actual hardware - mostly because you don't often even know what hardware you're running the software on. If you think you should play the sound, you don't write code that says "find out which of the sound chips I know how to operate is attached to the computer and then send this audio data for playback accordingly" - you say "hey, operating system, I'd like to play back this audio data" and operating system says "leave it up to me, I know how to talk to the sound chip, and which particular output device the user has chosen right now, bet you don't know or care". So a lot of games are based on *as little platform-specific code as possible*. And as far as video game developers are concerned, they don't usually need to even care all that much about the console hardware because the engine they're developing the game on was already highly optimised for the consoles in question by the people who made the engine. In addition to that, usually the engines that were made in transitional period between console generations have support for both old and new consoles, so in the simplest case the porting would be as simple as "hey, let's just set the build target for a new console and rebuild." (...it's never that easy in practice, but hey.)


Question: why does our sun appear yellow/orange, while distant stars appear whiteish / blue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does our sun appear yellow/orange, while distant stars appear whiteish / blue?

The sun is actually pretty white, but because the blue wavelengths tend to get scattered by the sky, it appears to be more yellow to your eyes. Stars can range in color quite a bit, depending on a lot of factors. However, it's fairly tough to pick up star colors, because most of them are too dim for your cones (the eye cells that pick up color) to be activated, and you mostly see them with the rods, which aren't very color sensitive. The brighter stars you'll notice more color variation on, such as seeing Betelgeuse as more of a red color.


Question: Why does dizziness cause upchucking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does dizziness cause upchucking?

Because your brain is tricked into thinking you've been poisoned, so it ejects its stomach contents.


Question: As computers have both a microphone and speakers, how does it avoid triggering a feedback loop when both are in use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 As computers have both a microphone and speakers, how does it avoid triggering a feedback loop when both are in use?

Firstly, they put the microphones a reasonable distance from the speakers. And, secondly, they use various techniques to reduce this feedback. Sometimes they design directional microphones, but they require space that phone and computer designs can't provide. But they can include two microphones, and sound coming from different locations will arrive at different times. Often they assume that the microphone will pick up audio from the speakers, so they just subtract the signals sent from the speakers from the sound picked up by the microphones.


Question: Why is Aurora Borealis (Northern lights) more popular than Aurora Australis (Southern lights)? Or is it just me?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Aurora Borealis (Northern lights) more popular than Aurora Australis (Southern lights)? Or is it just me?

There are less people and less land in the southern hemisphere. Something like 2/3 of the landmass i above the equator. The areas where you can see the southern lights are also pretty unpopulated so there's just far more opportunity to see them in the north.


Question: Why an RX 6800 graphics card uses 12gb VRAM when playing Warzone, but a 3070 would run the game fine with only 8gb Vram?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why an RX 6800 graphics card uses 12gb VRAM when playing Warzone, but a 3070 would run the game fine with only 8gb Vram?

Most likely the game detects what size vram you have and loads everything it can into it, which would look like you need more vram but it's just basically cramming more into it because it can.. Think of it like you are planning 2 vacations you have a choice between a smaller suitcase and a larger one. The smaller one is big enough to fit one vacation with of stuff in, but you would need to repack between vacations. The bigger suitcase had enough space to fit both vacations. It's not a perfect metaphor as the vram is constantly being loaded and unloaded depending on what you do in game. More in all likelihood, when if you had 20gb of cram the game would saturate that too. While in reality the vram is so fast, you realistically only need 3 or 4 gb to never notice a difference.


Question: what would happen if there was a second big bang somewhere else outside of our own expanding universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what would happen if there was a second big bang somewhere else outside of our own expanding universe?

If it was outside of our universe it would also be beyond everything that we are capable of observing or understanding, so we would have no way of knowing that it even happened.


Question: why does Canada import and export oil at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does Canada import and export oil at the same time?

Because Canada the government doesn’t do so, companies operating in Canada do so. Some drill oil and export it, others import and refine it, some do both internally


Question: What makes a cloud a very bright white or turn gray?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a cloud a very bright white or turn gray?

Very simple. If you take a ball of cotton and pull it apart a little, it will let through alot more light. If you hold it in front of a light, you will see it appears very white. But if you put it in your hand and squeeze it together, it will be much more compact. This means that less light is let through, and it will appear much darker.


Question: Why are the numbers on an analog radio dial irregularly spaced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the numbers on an analog radio dial irregularly spaced?

Actually it's not logarithmic, it's closer to a 1/x relation since what you turn is not a resistor, but a variable capacitor. A capacitor and an inductor are used in the tunning circuit attached to the antenna. But log scales are indeed used in frequency plots since it better represents the behavior of systems.


Question: How come most of the world used black and white photography while the Germans had been using color photography since WW1?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come most of the world used black and white photography while the Germans had been using color photography since WW1?

Color photography dates to around 1890, if memory serves, and whether or not photographers in different nations were using it depended on its cost-effectiveness. What you have to keep in mind is the fact that the Germans in the late 1920s and 30s, especially, we're living in a totalitarian state, and thus employed professional propaganda ministers, the best known of which was cinematographer Leni Riefenstahl. It was her job to photograph the massive party rallies, the marches by torch light, and other displays of national unity; meanwhile, private news organizations in the US, for instance, saw no particular need to go to the expense. I suspect that this explicit government direction of the news will probably explain most of the phenomenon you are describing.


Question: Why do you get a headache from sleeping for too long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you get a headache from sleeping for too long?

If you are a regular coffee drinker, it is likely that you’ve slept passed the time of your normal “hit”, and are having a caffeine withdrawal headache.


Question: Why do countries/territories have a zigzag boundaries and not a straight line and how did they set it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do countries/territories have a zigzag boundaries and not a straight line and how did they set it?

Often they follow a natural border like a mountain range or a river, so that one side is one country and the other side is the other country and a bridge or similar is how the border crossing is handled.


Question: Why can't goverments regulate crypto?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't goverments regulate crypto?

Not sure whether you mean cryptocurrencies or cryptography in general. **If you mean cryptography:** Cryptography is applied mathematics. Anybody who knows the maths can reimplement it from scratch (whether the implementation is any good is a different matter). You could (and indeed the US used to) regulate exports on cryptography, but once the cat's out of the bag, it's ineffectual. **Assuming you mean cryptocurrencies:** Governments can, and have, regulated cryptocurrencies, in at least a few ways (exchanges have to perform anti-money laundering/know your client checks on users trading large amounts, etc). However, if you're willing to play outside of the more mainstream businesses, it gets really tricky. Some of the design principles for Bitcoin are: * Censorship resistance: no central authority can suppress your transactions. * Decentralisation: anybody can participate in the network, from anywhere. There is no privileged authority, so no single point that you can eliminate to take out the network. * Anonymity: As long as you don't reuse addresses, it's comparatively hard to track your money flow. All of these things mean that, while governments could regulate cryptocurrencies, enforcing that regulation is another matter entirely. Still, regulation does have something of an effect, and you can see prices drop whenever a major government changes the rules.


Question: Why are blackboxes not used in motor vehicles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are blackboxes not used in motor vehicles?

Dash cams are becoming more and more popular. They're not expensive and they can help you out with determining fault in collisions. Black Boxes are useful on airplanes because airplane crashes aren't generally caused by running into other airplanes (or running into anything, except the ground). So it's useful to have something that is recording the gauges and controls. With cars, it's more about being able to see what is happening around the car and not necessarily the actions the driver takes (or at the very least, the dash cam can show some info like where the driver is steering). In a country like Russia where people are always trying to fake being hit by your car to commit insurance fraud, having a dash cam is practically a requirement.


Question: Why do some cancer treatments cause patients to bloat/swell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some cancer treatments cause patients to bloat/swell?

Some chemo agents can cause heart failure, which causes you to take on extra water and swell up


Question: How does adding 's' to end of 'http' make it protected against hackers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does adding 's' to end of 'http' make it protected against hackers?

The S stands for "secure", specifically it means that the connection between your browser and the website is encrypted using the TLS protocol. The TLS protocol does two things: 1. When you connect to the server, the server sends you a digitally signed certificate. The certificate is used by your browser to validate the server's identity, i.e. make sure that the entity sending you the certificate is indeed reddit and not a hacker pretending to be reddit. 2. After validating the certificate, the client (your browser) and server set up an encrypted connection, so that all the data transmitted between them is encrypted. This means that it is hidden from anyone who intercepts the communication, and that it can't be manipulated.


Question: How did the USA help create the mess in Kurdistan?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the USA help create the mess in Kurdistan?

So there's a *lot* of history involved in this, but the most recent part of this deals with the lingering aftereffects of the US War on Terror, particularly the part where the US invaded Iraq. A lot of the factions involved within the Syrian Civil War (which the Turkish invasion of Syrian Kurdistan is a part of) are remnants of various groups that the US either fought with or alongside during the occupation of Iraq, including Al Nusra (which is an offshoot of Al Qaeda that operates in that particular region) and ISIS (which was formed around a core of officers from Saddam Hussein's Iraqi Military, particularly the Sunni parts that the US kind of sidelined during the rebuilding of Iraq). The Syrian Civil War wasn't *caused* by the US, but a lot of the factions involved in the Civil War likely wouldn't exist (or at least, wouldn't exist in the same manner) without the US occupation of Iraq.


Question: Why is Toys R Us the company responsible for the debt required to buy itself out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Toys R Us the company responsible for the debt required to buy itself out?

That's how leverages buy outs work. The debt is on the company and secured by the assets of the company. Rates are higher but lower risk for investors since they are limited to losing their equity investment.


Question: How is life expectancy calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is life expectancy calculated?

> Is it a simple average of the age in which all people die including babies who die young, e.g. SIDS? More or less, yes. > What got me thinking about this was the fact that the life expectancy would be pulled downward by things like babies dying or college guys doing stupid shit. However, once you make it past those stages are 40, then your life expectancy is higher than that average that includes these folks. Again, yes. This is why life expectancy long ago was so low. High infant mortality. Once you survived past childhood, your life expectancy was very similar to what it was today, but the high death rate among the young drew the average down.


Question: Is it a coincidence that there are 360 degrees in a circle and 365 days in a year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it a coincidence that there are 360 degrees in a circle and 365 days in a year?

No, it's not a coincidence. The 360 degrees in a circle comes from the ancient Babylonians. They designated a circle to have 360 degrees to match their calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days (or 360 days) in a year.


Question: why does the moon have so many visible round craters (think, the cheese moon) but Earth doesn’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the moon have so many visible round craters (think, the cheese moon) but Earth doesn’t?

Erosion. We have air and water and stuff that wears down the ridges and smooths things out. Also things like tectonic movements that subduct exposed surfaces and create new ones constantly. There are a lot of process ongoing on earth that aren't present on the moon that erase those craters. Oh, and our atmosphere means less impacts on the surface in general


Question: How does social security work? The system as a whole as well as the social security cards that we are all issued

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does social security work? The system as a whole as well as the social security cards that we are all issued

Leading up to the Great Depression, many people became homeless, sick, and died - because they were unable to work and support themselves. There wasn’t necessarily a concept of ‘retirement’. Most people work manual labor jobs, or subsistence farming, and simple worked until died - unless their family was able to pick up and take care of them. Social Security was implemented by FDR to ensure that all citizens have a safety net in old age. As you work throughout your life, you pay a small amount from each paycheck into a large government account. The government ‘invests’ that money for you, earning interest and growing. Then when you reach a certain age, and after paying your share for a certain number of years, you can being receiving a set amount of money money each month. The amount depends on how long you worked and how much you paid in during your life. The system works because, if left alone, the ‘invested’ money should always grow faster than the number of people that need to withdraw money. The problem is that the government has ‘borrowed, from the social security fund, causing it to make less money. There are also more people taking money out than putting money in. Those too things together will cause Social Security to run out of money unless we change something. Your Social Security Card/Number is simply the unique number that is used to track how much you’re putting in/taking out of the system. Because it’s a unique number for each individual, it ended up being used a lot of other places too (taxes, healthcare, etc) - but it was never meant to be a secret or security measure. Just a unique number identifying a single person.


Question: Why, at least I know in the U.S., are public funds sometimes used to help build Private Stadiums/Arenas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, at least I know in the U.S., are public funds sometimes used to help build Private Stadiums/Arenas?

Because of the "expected" economic revenue said Stadium will bring to a city and surrounding areas. In most cases, it pays off, although the question is always going to be: "Why is a person worth hundreds of millions or billions of dollars not paying for their own stadium?" of which the answer would be "Because they don't have to when there are cities around the country that will fight to have the team in their city and be willing to pay for a large amount of the funding."


Question: How do subtitles end up with a linear drift?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do subtitles end up with a linear drift?

Yes, it does mean that. TV networks [frequently speed up shows by a few percent to fit in more ads]( URL_0 ), so it's entirely possible that there exist multiple files of the same video at slightly different speeds, giving them a slight linear subtitle mismatch.


Question: How could one become a debt collector, then buy their own debt for pennies on the dollar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How could one become a debt collector, then buy their own debt for pennies on the dollar?

You can't. Individual debts aren't sold, they're bundled up in big chunks and then sold in bulk. You're not going to be able to buy your old phone bill from T-Mobile, you're going to buy *thousands* of old phone bills at pennies on the dollar in the hopes that you'll collect on enough of them to a few more pennies out of the deal.


Question: Why do we have runny nose when we eat hot and spicy foods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we have runny nose when we eat hot and spicy foods?

It's a general side affect of the activation of your peripheral nervous system by capsaicin in spicy foods. Your body interprets spiciness as physical heat, which sets off mechanisms in your body to bleed that heat off- dilating blood vessels in order to cool more blood and inducing sweating. The nasal mucosa also become engorged with blood in this manner, leading to the runny nose.


Question: Why is it predominantly lorries / large freight vehicles that crash into the back of broken down cars on the freeway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it predominantly lorries / large freight vehicles that crash into the back of broken down cars on the freeway?

They are heavier so it takes longer to stop once they brake. Also less handling. Its simply physics.


Question: How do they take videos of food cooking in ovens? Is there a specific type of camera used to do so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they take videos of food cooking in ovens? Is there a specific type of camera used to do so?

Whirlpool and Electrolux both sell home oven's with built in web cameras so you can remotely watch your food cook. Other companies make commercial cameras and camera housings to allow you to put cameras into kilns and industrial furnaces which run far hotter than an oven. A recent thread on a video sub had a number of suggestions the simplest being just film through a door window and adjust the colours in post production. URL_0


Question: why is Texas having such extreme weather this year ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is Texas having such extreme weather this year ?

Climate change does play a role as it makes weather on both ends of the spectrum more extreme. In this instance there was a huge winter storm from Canada(?) that came down and hit most of the US. The weather Texas got was unusual for them, but not different from what other states got, it’s bad for them because they don’t have the infrastructure to deal with winter weather like northern states do like snow plow and salt trucks, etc. House also aren’t built for snow, people don’t know how to drive on ice and snow, things like that make it worse


Question: why is pure water an insulator?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is pure water an insulator?

Pure water is an sort of an insulator because it has no ions. Water conducts electricity because of things like calcium and magnesium present in the water. Distilled or deionized water doesn’t have these ions to conduct the electricity. Tap water and natural water are not pure water, so don’t go mixing electricity with them.


Question: what causes the "helicopter blades" sound effect when I'm driving down the freeway at a certain speed with a window open a certain amount?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes the "helicopter blades" sound effect when I'm driving down the freeway at a certain speed with a window open a certain amount?

Pressure oscillations. The incoming air compresses the air inside the cab. But because of inertia of the moving air, it compresses it more than the air in the cab can handle, so the inside air rebounds like a spring. This happens over and over and you get the whup-whup-whup-whup of the oscillation.


Question: How do car dealerships have sooo many cars that sit unsold and stay in business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do car dealerships have sooo many cars that sit unsold and stay in business?

The same way that mattress companies do. They have extreme markups such that they only need to sell a few cars a week to break even.


Question: The relationship between stall speed and angle of attack? Can we just reduce Angle of Attack instead of adjusting air speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The relationship between stall speed and angle of attack? Can we just reduce Angle of Attack instead of adjusting air speed?

Yes, when a stall occurs the immediate response is generally to push the stick and reduce angle of attack (it also tends to increase airspeed). Usually stall is a concern when climbing to altitude, so yes you could reduce angle of attack (to a point) but then you'd never climb to your desired/cruising altitude. Taken to an extreme, if you're just going to sit on the ground, you won't ever stall, but a car is a much less expensive way to get around. Critical angles tell you the maximum climb rate of a given plane, which can be important for knowing if you can climb above an obstruction for say a strip in a narrow valley or you're dogfighting or something similar (so yes you could reduce angle of attack, but in both cases you have a very good reason to really want to be climbing at that moment). The stall speed increases because you need more lift as the apparent weight increases. Yes.


Question: The difference between Individual Rights and the Common Good (with examples)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The difference between Individual Rights and the Common Good (with examples)?

Very basic example: I show up at a hospital for some random procedure. I happen have two good kidneys, so a passing surgeon cuts out one of them to transplant into someone who needs a kidney. Most people would be rather unhappy with this circumstance, because most people would feel as though this violates a basic principle of inviolability of the person, despite it resulting in a common good (I didn't technically need the second kidney and may have saved someone's life).


Question: How does chicken and other meats in canned soup stay good and safe to eat even though the meat isn't refrigerated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does chicken and other meats in canned soup stay good and safe to eat even though the meat isn't refrigerated?

Canned soup is put into a hot, very hot, autoclave. It is heated to the point where every bad thing in the can dies. Bacteria, etc. So it cannot go 'bad' because there is nothing in the can to make it go bad.


Question: why can't we just use complex sugars in snacks than simple sugars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't we just use complex sugars in snacks than simple sugars?

Well for starters, table sugar - sucrose - is a complex sugar consisting of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule bound together. In any case, one problem is the body's inability to digest complex sugars. For example, people who do not produce enough of the enzyme *lactase* are unable to digest milk sugar *lactose*. Instead, the lactose *is* able to be digested by lactobacillus bacteria in the intestines, which leads to bloating, cramping, flatulence, and diarrhea. Sucrose and lactose are pretty much the only disaccharides we can digest, and we can't even digest lactose all that well into adulthood. We can't properly digest *any* sugars larger than disaccharides. Much larger sugars like cellulose are an important part of our diet to feed important gut bacteria, regulate moisture in our stool, and bind together stool into solid pieces. Basically: fiber makes you poop better. The flip side is that cellulose doesn't *taste* like sugar. So there are the first two problems: we may not be able to digest it, which may cause gastrointestinal problems; and/or, it may not be sweet, which defeats the purpose of using it to replace the fattening simple sugars. The other problem is where to get the sugars. The sugars that are commonly used are common for a reason: a whole bunch of stuff already naturally makes it. Even in the case of genetically modified crops like corn to make high-fructose corn syrup, scientists didn't make the gene for fructose from whole cloth, it was borrowed from organisms (like fruit) that make a lot of fructose naturally. Unless we can find a crop that's easy to grow in abundance that already produces that sugar, or the genes are easy to insert into an easy crop like corn, it has to be manufactured artificially. Finding a way to chemically synthesize a complex sugar can be prohibitively expensive, especially when you run into the downsides already mentioned above. Fructose is itself very popular among manufacturers because by weight it tastes sweeter than either glucose or sucrose. That means they can use less of it to sweeten their products (which saves money) *and* label it as having (marginally) fewer calories (which means people are more likely to buy it) *and* it's super cheap to get, because corn. There are already artificial alternatives, like sucralose which tastes very sweet but isn't able to be digested so it gives no calories. The problem is that it's way more expensive (in the quantities that manufacturers use) than even natural sucrose, and people complain that it's not natural and avoid it. The other alternative is left-handed glucose. That is, glucose can turn one way (the natural form, dextrose) or it can turn the other way. Pretty much nothing on Earth makes left-handed glucose. We can't process it, so again no calories. BUT also again nothing on Earth makes the stuff naturally so it is also relatively expensive.


Question: why do public sector bodies pay tax?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do public sector bodies pay tax?

For income tax, it's just easier to make everyone follow the same rules regardless of what organisation employs them. Public sector bodies could work that into their pay scales instead. So for a job that would earn £50,000 in the private sector, they could just pay them around £37,000 instead, but tax free. But then it complicates advertising the jobs because you'd have to make it clear the pay is lower because its tax free. Plus in the UK most people have their taxes automatically taken out of their pay, even if they work in the private sector, via the PAYE system. So from the employee's point of view, you're not really changing anything as they don't usually have to actually pay their taxes from their own bank account anyway. Then there's income outside of their job. If you didn't tax people who work in the public sector, how do you tax any other income they have? It would be a bit unfair to tax that as if it was their only income, where as someone in the private sector would have that taxed on top of the income from their job. All in all, it's just easier to use the same system as used for the private sector.


Question: Why do some people faint when surprised?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some people faint when surprised?

It's a vasovagal syncope response. Basically, the vagus nerve is triggered by stress, which causes your heart rate to slow, and your blood pressure to drop temporarily. You need about 60 mmHg systolic to sustain consciousness, so dropping below that makes you fall unconscious (i.e. syncope). Once you're horizontal, though, things easily correct themselves. People more frequently experience this response due to seeing something traumatic if they're new to healthcare (e.g. a nurse or medical student) or when taking a mean shit (vasovagal maneuver).


Question: How are new sythesiser sounds made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are new sythesiser sounds made?

A computer program tells the machine what shape of sound wave to produce, using a series of numbers to describe the actual height of the wave over time. Different wave shapes make different sounds.


Question: How do banks earn money to expand and have interest for us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do banks earn money to expand and have interest for us?

Your money just doesn't sit in a room and wait for you to need it. They lend out your money to other people for home loans, business loans and personal loans at a considerably higher interest rate than they pay you. All that money difference they keep.


Question: Why are there so many different kinds of soap?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there so many different kinds of soap?

My economics professor insisted that soap is soap and the only thing that sets different ones apart is marketing. That is largely true, but some soaps are a bit different, so be careful. The best example is dishwasher soap. NEVER use anything else in your dishwasher unless you want to clean up a huge mess. You have been warned. For the rest, most of the difference s fragrance, and of course convenience is a consideration. At one time people actally shredded up bar soap to wash clothes, so powder was a convenience. now we have liquids and pods and all sorts. I am old enough to have used bar soap in the shower and at the sink to wash my body and hands and I still do. It seems a lot more cost-effective. When you get into liquid soaps, a lot of times the cheap ones just have a lot more water and less soap, so it can be a mistake to buy the cheapest one. And yes, I actually use liquid hand soap as dish soap when I wash dishes by hand. It workd fine. Last but not least, never try to convince a woman to give up her special soap. Just don't.


Question: If I'm thinking of a song, are my brainwaves moving at the frequency of the notes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I'm thinking of a song, are my brainwaves moving at the frequency of the notes?

The thing about brains is that there's always a lot of stuff happening all over, such that it's hard to tell what's going on at any given point. Getting useful data from them usually requires a lot of averaging; the colorful brain scans you often see really only represent slightly increased or decreased activation. In general, this noisiness is really important. Predictable, synchronized firing of neurons is what we see in epileptic seizures, which are bad. While brains may give the appearance of rhythm and order, their actual workings look like pure chaos. Anyway, the only way to tell what a single neuron is doing is by inserting a tiny electrode. It's an invasive procedure, and you can't tell which cell you're going to get, so it's kinda limited.


Question: how are new large prime numbers found?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are new large prime numbers found?

You are correct that (as far as we know) the only way to know for sure that a number is prime is to do something like the whole square root of the number thing. But there are some tricks around it. For starters, there's some algorithms like the [Miller-Rabin test]( URL_1 ). You run it many times on a number. Each time your run it, it either confirms that the number is not prime, or that it's maybe a prime. So if you run it many many times, you can be pretty sure that a number is a prime number, but don't have to crunch every single number to the square root. A surprising amount of real world encryption works on numbers we only suspect as prime, because of this algorithm. There's also [prime-counting functions]( URL_0 ) which tell you how many prime numbers there are less than a particular number, but just not what the prime numbers are. So we can focus our efforts where we know prime numbers are going to be. ~~Also if we ever get every single prime number in order, we can make a brand new prime number, by multiplying them all up and adding 1. There are likely to be many primes in between the last one we found and the new one we made.~~


Question: What are "stock buybacks", how do they work and why do people do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are "stock buybacks", how do they work and why do people do it?

A company can initiate a stock buyback, usually offering more than the stock is currently worth. They pay shareholders to give up some (or all) of their shares, and then there are fewer available shares, thus driving the price of the stock up due to increased scarcity. People would accept the buyback offer for probably a number of different reasons, just like the many reasons why someone would sell stock in the first place.


Question: Can anyone explain the financial crisis of 2008 and what impacts it had on society?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can anyone explain the financial crisis of 2008 and what impacts it had on society?

Basically banks were able to offer loans for people to buy houses without worrying about if the person could pay back the loan. This was done because once the loan was sold they would package a bunch of loans up and sell them. There were rating companies whose job was to determine how safe the packages were but everything was getting high ratings when they really shouldn't have. Products like variable loan rates would make it so people could afford their mortgage payments for a while but when the rate went up they were not able to. Since everyone was buying houses the cost of houses was going up quickly and then when people started to default (not pay) on their loans there was a realization that there was a very large number of loans that were going to be defaulted on and all this value disappeared (the loans that were once looked at as having value were now worth much less since a significant portion of the loans were going to default). This caused critical financial institutions (some big banks) to need to be propped up or they would not be able to sustain the hit. Some of these banks needed to be propped up or else the crisis would have gotten worse. Net result was that people were scared of buying houses because the value was dropping so fast. Because the value was dropping, people who could pay their mortgage were not able to sell their house because their loan was now more than what the house could sell for (called being underwater sometimes). Outside of the housing market everyone was hit because the huge hit to the economy sent us into a recession. This means that stocks were going down and people were scared and pulling money out. All this drop in value means that businesses needed to tighten the belt and laid people off/ didn't hire or pay as much. Jobs were harder to get, people were stuck in their houses, 401Ks and retirement funds took big hits, etc.


Question: What is the psychology behind the unwillingness to spend money on video games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the psychology behind the unwillingness to spend money on video games?

For me at least, a good chunk of that is "will I actually use this thing I'm buying?" If I go to a movie, I'm taking a bet on whether or not I'll actually enjoy myself, but I'm definitely getting what I paid for: two hours or so in front of a very big screen. If I buy dinner, I'm betting on whether the meal will be any good, but no matter what, I'm not going home hungry. If I buy a game, or a book, or an album, or whatever, I'm taking a bet on whether it'll be enjoyable or not, same as anything... but I'm also betting on whether or not I'll take the time to actually use the thing I'm buying. Because it's very easy to pick up a game for $5 because it's cheap and then let it sit on the shelf (or on Steam, or whatever) for the rest of my life, because there's dozens of other options distracting me from it. And it's not like losing $5 is the worst thing in the world, but that can add up. At least if I buy a movie ticket, I've already committed myself. And I'm probably going with other people, making an occasion out of it. But it's easy to throw away money on a piece of home media and never realize that value - which creates a much stronger feeling of "do I really want this?" when I go to buy something.


Question: If diamonds and other gemstones can be lab created, and indistinguishable from their naturally mined counterparts, why are we still paying so much for these jewelry stones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If diamonds and other gemstones can be lab created, and indistinguishable from their naturally mined counterparts, why are we still paying so much for these jewelry stones?

Marketing and monopoly. Diamonds are not unique or rare on this planet. The DeBeers corporation has a long standing monopoly, and an incredible marketing campaign stressing that you should spend 2 months salary on a ring if you really love your future wife. Truth be told, lab grown diamonds are so perfect at this point, that DeBeers is spending millions trying to figure out how to tell the difference.