Question: How are sudokus created and how do the creators know how many numbers can be removed so that its solvable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are sudokus created and how do the creators know how many numbers can be removed so that its solvable?

Having done this for a programming assignment, my solution was to vary the solving algorithms I used. To create my puzzles, I would randomly fill in boxes until the solving algorithms said it was a solvable valid puzzle, and then I'd store the solution. From there I would randomly erase boxes until my algorithms started having trouble solving it. If only easy/straightforward algorithms were needed to solve it, it was an easy puzzle. If complicated/advanced algorithms were necessary it was hard. One more thing: technically, a Sudoku is only valid if there is exactly one solution. One must be careful when removing numbers not to leave the puzzle in a multi-solution state. If that happens, you put one number back in and remove a different one until the puzzle is valid.


Question: Why is it so easy for to remember songs, whereas it's harder to remember things taught in school?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so easy for to remember songs, whereas it's harder to remember things taught in school?

Our brains remember shapes and patterns. Do you remember ROYGBIV or PEMDAS or The Pledge of Allegiance? Well these use mnemonic techniques to help you remember things. So if you can think of a mnemonic device for a math formula it will help you remember it.


Question: what is the point of stock markets? I understand that they allow trades to be made and you can invest etc... But why? What is the reasoning behind it’s creation and how important is it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the point of stock markets? I understand that they allow trades to be made and you can invest etc... But why? What is the reasoning behind it’s creation and how important is it?

To really understand the reason, its made clear at the origin of it. Companies would do big long investment ventures, for instance a group might decide to stock up a ship and sail to India and get spice and perfume or whatever. They'd take sometimes years to complete this, so imagine you're chillin' back in London and something happens, your stable burns down, and you need money, you've got this share in the ship investment, but you cant wait 4 more months. So you want to sell your share now, and sell your rights to whatever that income is in exchange for money now. That type of thing is why you need a stock market, to let someone sell their investment in a company to someone else without effecting the company itself.


Question: How is fruit flavor “essence” captured? If soda water is unsweetened and zero-calorie, how is the flavor added?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is fruit flavor “essence” captured? If soda water is unsweetened and zero-calorie, how is the flavor added?

Essence is created by heating the fruits and their skins/rinds, hot enough that it produces vapor. This vapor contains microscopic oil particles that have the flavor of the fruit, so when you collect that vapor, you're collecting some flavor. It's like fruit flavored steam. Then you can add that collected liquid to all kinds of foods and drinks to add a subtle fruit flavor without adding actual chunks of fruit.


Question: The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destoryed, only transferred. How come the second law of thermodynamics, infinitesimally increasing entropy, doesn't contradict the first law?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destoryed, only transferred. How come the second law of thermodynamics, infinitesimally increasing entropy, doesn't contradict the first law?

Because entropy is not the destruction of energy, rather a measure of the destruction of USEFUL energy, Exergy. The energy still exists somehow, but is no longer present/available in any meaningful way. By the second law, entropy may me generated, but never destroyed. Edit: so in short, energy isn’t destroyed but rather lost from US. Entropy is essentially chaos induced by thermal processes, and can never be reversed. Edit: sorry if I’m unclear. A good analogy would be a a battery. Exergy is the charge in it, which can be used to power a remote or dildo or something. When you use the charge in the battery, you might feel it warm up. The heat escaping the battery comes from it but is not useful anymore, thanks to entropy.


Question: Why is a horseshoe "theory" not considered valid by people educated on the subject?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a horseshoe "theory" not considered valid by people educated on the subject?

It’s kind of a mix between nonsense, a serious but debatable academic theory, and an observation which is true but limited. The nonsense: people who take a “the nazis were socialists – it’s in the name!” kind of position. This is just rubbish and barely deserves a rebuttal. What is more interesting is that you can see the same approach in Nazi and Communist propaganda – eg. arguing that fascism is the logical and inevitable result of capitalism, or that the holocaust was an extension of capitalist class repression, rather than having a (pretty big) anti-semitic element. The academic theory: the idea of “totalitarianism” covers Soviet and Chinese communism, fascism and any other system that aims for total political control of people’s lives. This is a serious theory, but one that is debated. There’s a strong risk of concealing more than you reveal with this approach. If you look at, say, Nazi and Soviet foreign policy as basically the same, you’ll get things hugely wrong. Lastly the idea that there are some similarities between extreme, or radical non-mainstream political movements, ideologies or states. This is definitely true, but in very specific cases. For example, any radical state is going to have strained relations with its neighbours, so it will almost certainly have to rely on its own resources more.


Question: Because the Earth is spinning, is there technically a point at both polls where you could stand still and the earth would spin you around in circles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Because the Earth is spinning, is there technically a point at both polls where you could stand still and the earth would spin you around in circles?

Sure, that's what's happening when you stand at either pole. You wouldn't feel it because the ground's rotating under you and you turning with it. (eta: or in the case of the north pole, the ice under you.) But if you watched the sky above you, and maybe took a long exposure photograph, you would see that all the stars are spinning in what seems like a circle right around you. (of course it's not them that's spinning, you are!)


Question: Why is the sound quality of a phone call via cellular so different from the sound quality of a voice chat via data (I.e. discord) on the same device?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the sound quality of a phone call via cellular so different from the sound quality of a voice chat via data (I.e. discord) on the same device?

Tl;dr: because the bandwidth and compression techniques used by the call are different. Traditional analog cellphone calls were *extremely* low bandwidth. As a result, calls on traditional cell networks (in the 80s and early 90s) only transmitted a fraction of the sound frequencies and compressed them very heavily. They made huge leap forward in quality when we moved from analog to CDMA in the 90s. More bandwidth meant more frequencies and less compression, although moving from analog to digital initially meant more dropped calls moving between towers. After CDMA came 3G, a data transmission method either piggybacking on CDMA or using the updated GSM format. GSM sounded better, but both still used packet compression phone transmissions that were still pretty low bandwidth. Neither were really suitable for transmitting phone calls using internet protocol (IP). The current generation of cell phone connections, 4G LTE, used CDMA audio for phone calls at first (and sometimes still does depending on your carrier and local tower capabilities) but once smart phones came out with VoLTE (voice over LTE), the bandwidth was greatly increased. Most phones call this "HD Calling," but basically it routes your call over your LTE data connection instead of a traditional cellular connection, allowing for wayyy higher compression bitrates and more total audio frequencies. A VoLTE phone call isn't really traveling over the cell network, it's travelling over the internet. VoIP services like Discord never had this limitation. Even compared to LTE, VoIP calls have virtually limitless bandwidth, limited only by your internet connection. More bandwidth = more audio frequencies and less compression = better sound quality. Apparently, VoIP on 5G means cell calls should sound just like Discord. Here's to hoping that happens in real life and not just in their ads.


Question: Why do humans hear a musical "beat" in repetitive sounds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans hear a musical "beat" in repetitive sounds?

The human brain is highly adapted to pattern recognition. Our neurons like to overlay “filters” over things to see patterns from random noise. Do a repetitive sound will sound like a beat and rows of different colours look like stripes.


Question: Why does lotion inside a bottle or tube not dry out like lotion outside it's container does?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does lotion inside a bottle or tube not dry out like lotion outside it's container does?

Just like water in a bottle, the water in the lotion has nowhere to go, so it has to stay inside. The water cannot evaporate and leave the rest of the stuff in the lotion.


Question: how was asbestos created, why is it dangerous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how was asbestos created, why is it dangerous?

Asbestos is a natural material, it is mined from the earth. It is dangerous because when it breaks, it realeases extreamly fine fibres that get stuck in your lungs and your body can't remove them. When too much builds up in your lungs, it causes all kinds of trouble, most commun being mesothelioma, which is a type of cancer.


Question: How did the Moon become ‘locked’ to the rotation of the Earth, such that we always see the same face of the Moon? What is the process, and do we expect this to happen with most moons & their respective host planets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the Moon become ‘locked’ to the rotation of the Earth, such that we always see the same face of the Moon? What is the process, and do we expect this to happen with most moons & their respective host planets?

One side of the Moon, the one closer to the Earth is pulled more strongly towards the Earth than the far side. This cause the Moon to stretch slightly, which distorts it. When the Moon was rotating (before becoming tidally locked) this stretching generated heat. The heat came from the kinetic energy of the rotation of the Moon. Another way to look at is it that the bulge that was formed by the tidal forces would be moving away from the closest point of the Earth as it rotated. This bulge would be trying to "climb uphill" with respect to the Earth and the Earth was pulling on this and slowing the Moon down. The same thing happens with tides on Earth, even the land has tides but far less than the oceans (obviously). The Earth is also slowing down and given enough time will become tidally locked to the Moon.


Question: Why do some deep breaths feel more complete?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some deep breaths feel more complete?

I can't speak to what does or doesn't make your breaths satisfying, but some ways to breath are better than others. By breathing with a focus on expanding your belly out rather than expanding your upper chest, you help air get to the bottom portion of your lungs to make full use of all the surface area of your alveoli. It takes a bit of practice to get right, but [experts claim it makes a difference]( URL_0 ).


Question: How does the brain repress memories and not let people remember entire parts of their lives?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the brain repress memories and not let people remember entire parts of their lives?

Just to make clear "repressed memories" isn't a medically sound diagnosis. There are known issues related to people struggling with memories around a traumatic event or time. The two more common issues are: Denial- Something really traumatic happens and as a protective measure, your brain won't allow a solid memory to form the way a pleasant memory would. Your brain is literally denying an event ever happened. Diassociation- During a traumatic event your brain refuses to accept it/checks out. You kinda start experiencing the event like someone watching a movie, it's not really happening to you. At it's most extreme you can lose time all together and your understanding of what happened can differ extremely from the reality of it. ETA: The idea of "repressed memories" is hotly debated within professional circles, and people should be wary of "memory retrieval" therapies as they haven't been proven 100% sound and false memories are a known phenomenon. In disassociation and denial, your brain is still forming memories, they just don't look 100% right. Sort of the difference between a photograph of something and a stick figure drawing you are trying to do with your non-dominant hand.


Question: Why are Canadian tax rates similar to US tax rates when Canada provides socialized health care and more social programs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are Canadian tax rates similar to US tax rates when Canada provides socialized health care and more social programs?

It's not military spending. [World bank says]( URL_1 ) that Canada spent 1.3% of GDP on military while the US spent 3.2%. (2018 data) Meanwhile the [world bank says that health care expenditure]( URL_0 ) is 10.53% of GDP for Canada and a whopping 17.07% for the US. (2016 data) Military spending is just not the big chunk people think it is. US health care is just horribly inefficient.


Question: Are people born or made narcissistic? Is it generic? How can it be overcome?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are people born or made narcissistic? Is it generic? How can it be overcome?

Licensed counselor. Personality disorders tend to be a little more made (nurture) than born (nurture). I specialize in personality disorders and have experience with treating narcissism (clinical, diagnosable). One of the shortcuts to getting some healing and movement for this disorder is to scrap your idea of why you want that person to change. They're not going to be motivated in the same way you are... that doesn't mean they cannot be motivated to be pro social or adapt to a relationship or be kind. It functions more as a maintenance issue than a cure, also. It is workable and likely will remain something to monitor and work on throughout their lives, like a chronic biomedical condition.


Question: How do Magic Erasers (those little sponge-block things made by many companies including Mr. Clean) work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Magic Erasers (those little sponge-block things made by many companies including Mr. Clean) work?

They are abrasive (like steel wool or sandpaper), just a very fine grit. Their amazing cleaning comes from physically scraping dirt off on a very small scale. As an aside, Magic Erasers are way overpriced, you can buy the exact same sponges in bags of like 100 for a few dollars on Amazon (or other online retailer). Search "melamine sponge".


Question: I love a good drinking game, and the game from Shanghai Noon (when Owen Wilson and Jackie Chan are sitting in a bath tub together) seems like a blast! Does anyone know how that game works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I love a good drinking game, and the game from Shanghai Noon (when Owen Wilson and Jackie Chan are sitting in a bath tub together) seems like a blast! Does anyone know how that game works?

Each person sings the song while performing the hand gestures associated with each number that is said. Whoever makes the first mistake drinks. Each subsequent round gets faster. The song is "One crab with eight feet; two pointed horns, what a big crab; blinking eyes, shrinking head; crawling, crawling everywhere; two and two, who should drink; three and three, who should drink; five and five, who should drink; two and two, you drink first; three and three, you drink first; five and five, you drink first" in Chinese. I believe, in the movie, they also did some hand gestures for the crab, blinking, crawling, and shrinking head.


Question: How does a Home Owner's Association even have the power to make changes for the community?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a Home Owner's Association even have the power to make changes for the community?

When you buy a house in an area with an HOA, you sign a contract that gives them certain powers and where you agree to pay them certain fees. They have power because you gave it to them. You gave it to them because if you didn't you couldn't buy that house. Mostly, local government encourage HOAs because it means less work for the civil court system, which is paid for with taxes.


Question: What exactly is phlegm and why/how does the human body produce so much of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is phlegm and why/how does the human body produce so much of it?

Imagine the Immune cells are Police, now imagine the Germs as The Superhero Flash (Exept a Villan) now the immune system will try to catch germs but it is harder to catch them when they are easily mobile, the phlegm is basically bolas which slow down / disable germs to be easily catchable so our body makes a lot of it in germ prone areas like noses (this is a really simple explanation, I am NOT a doctor of any kind)


Question: When you use things like moisturising soaps or body bars, your skin feels almost the opposite of smooth; instead of your hand gliding along it softly, it moves in jagged ways as if it's caught on something. Once your hand or body leaves the water and dries, it feels far smoother. Why is this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you use things like moisturising soaps or body bars, your skin feels almost the opposite of smooth; instead of your hand gliding along it softly, it moves in jagged ways as if it's caught on something. Once your hand or body leaves the water and dries, it feels far smoother. Why is this?

Even soap that claims to moisturize your skin, does not. It may dry it out less than other soaps, but all soaps strip away the protective layer of oils and bacteria on our skin. That's why it's important to moisturize after washing.


Question: How is it that if someone calls 911 as a prank or accidentally calls then hangs up without talking, they will track down where you live and send the police to your house. However, why hasn't everyone that has called 911 to SWAT a gamer on stream been tracked down, arrested and charged?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that if someone calls 911 as a prank or accidentally calls then hangs up without talking, they will track down where you live and send the police to your house. However, why hasn't everyone that has called 911 to SWAT a gamer on stream been tracked down, arrested and charged?

911 is always a local call. You dial 911 and it goes to your nearest emergency call center. The operator there relies on the information you give them for the location of the emergency. If no address is given, they can do a lot to track down the location, since the incoming call was local. When 911 was first implemented, landlines were the thing, and emergency operators were provided with a database to match a phone number to the address (like a phone book did, but this database also included the unlisted numbers). Local phone providers were also required to set up a contact point for the local emergency center, so blocked numbers could be identified and the location of the emergency found. Then, mobile phones became big, and in the early 2000's, U.S. legislation required cellular service providers to implement a system to route a 911 call to the emergency call center closest to the tower serving the call. This same legislation required providers and phone manufacturers to implement technology enabling them to calculate the location of the handset in case of an emergency call. However, these systems aren't perfect, and they're slower, so operators rely on the location given to them by the caller if they have the option. Obviously, swatters can't actually dial 911 - it would go to their own local emergency center instead of the one they want to mobilize. So instead they dial a direct number for the call center they want. Because their phone is usually not in the area that center covers, the automatic systems to track down a location fail. This leaves the emergency operator no option but to send units to the address the caller provided. A swatter may take further steps to hide their location, such as using a spoofing service, but that is really only useful to forestall investigation after the event. Source: I worked in tech support for a major mobile provider at the time the legislation passed and was implemented throughout the industry. Edit: Just re-read OP's question & realized misunderstood, & so didn't address it at all. Oh well. Somebody thought it was useful. I'll leave it. To answer OP's question,[the legal system isn't set up to handle it yet.]( URL_0 )


Question: How does Ibuporfen "thin" your blood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Ibuporfen "thin" your blood?

Ibuprofen affects your production of a chemical called thromboxane, which makes blood platelets stick together to form blood clots. Blood clotting is when your blood sticks together to form these thick blobs. These clots stop you from bleeding out too much if you bruise or cut yourself. When you cut yourself after taking ibuprofen or aspirin and notice more blood is coming out of just a tiny cut, you may think that your blood just got thinner. It didn't, it's always that thin, you just didn't produce a blood clot to block too much blood from falling out. **Edit:** I accidentally wrote aspirin instead of ibuprofen. They both have this same effect.


Question: How come that when someone tries to go to sleep it takes a lot of time to find a comfortable position but when you wake up any position is comfortable enough?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come that when someone tries to go to sleep it takes a lot of time to find a comfortable position but when you wake up any position is comfortable enough?

Because all the chemicals (combination of hormones and neurotransmitters) that were used to relax your nervous system, paralyse your muscles, stop you wetting yourself etc while you are asleep are still in your system when you wake but not present when you go to sleep. On rousing various glands starts pumping out different hormones to help you wake and start your metabolism/appetite


Question: What is mean, mode and median from a practical perspective?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is mean, mode and median from a practical perspective?

Mean is the most basic "average" where you add all the values up and divide by the number of values included. 3+5+28 / 3 = mean of 12 Median is the number in the middle from low to high, so half the values are higher and half are lower. This gives a better idea of the middle ground without an outlier skewing numbers. If you're looking at prices of homes in a town, you don't want that one super expensive enclave giving a false impression that the area is more expensive than it is, or you don't want a CEO's multimillion dollar salary throwing off average pay numbers and giving people a false idea of what employees earn. Mode is the most common number. Say you're looking at family size, and 2 kids may be the mode since that's the most common, while the average is something like 2.3 (but nobody actually has .3 of a kid).


Question: Can screws/rods that are in your body get rejected?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can screws/rods that are in your body get rejected?

Generally they are made of titanium which has a far lower rejection rate than other metals, basically in just about everyone the body doesn't recognise it is there from an immune system perspective. You even get screws nowadays that are made of a material that your body thinks is bone and so is broken down and replaced with actual bone overtime.


Question: How do mobile companies like Verizon and Sprint decide on data charges? Does using more data really cost them more money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mobile companies like Verizon and Sprint decide on data charges? Does using more data really cost them more money?

Yes, carrying more traffic costs them more money. Much of that is in upgrades - e.g. adding more antennas on towers and adding more backhaul capacity from those to the core of their network, upgrading circuits in the core of their network and adding transit and peering capacity. But they'll charge you whatever they can get you to pay, which is lots higher than what it costs them to carrying that traffic.


Question: how we know we can trust the web browser with our usernames and passwords?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how we know we can trust the web browser with our usernames and passwords?

This is actually a pretty good question. Bottom line is, you can’t. Most browsers are closed source, so you can’t “know”. But there are security researchers who are always watching what software and how it communicates looking for unexpected behavior. There’s also the risk to the company. If one instance were confirmed of the software doing something like that, it could totally ruin the whole company.


Question: -How do sounds retain their individuality even when there are a lot of them? (like identifying specific sounds in public)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 -How do sounds retain their individuality even when there are a lot of them? (like identifying specific sounds in public)

Physicist/Hearing Scientist here. I think the question you're asking is how come sounds can be added together in the air, but then they can be broken apart by our brains. Yes? So, when two sounds meet, they interfere with each other. They can add together if their peaks align, or they can subtract if the peak of one meets the trough of another. But most of the time, they combine to form some complicated squiggle. The thing is, this squiggle can alway be broken down in to a bunch of simple sine waves. Mathematically, this is achieved through a process called Fourier Analysis. Basically any squiggle (or at last any squiggle that the air can carry) can be split in to a number of pure sine waves (which is the kind of stereotypical wave shape). Our ears are really good at this breakdown too. Inside out ears, past the eardrum and some bones, is an organ called the *cochlea*. It's a small shell-shaped thing, and contains a stretched strip called the basilar membrane. When sounds hit this membrane, it wobbles up and down as the sounds travel along it. But, because reasons (the shape of the membrane and physics of impedance etc., doesn't matter), different sounds can travel different distances along it. Specifically, high pitched sounds can only travel a short distance, but low (bass) sounds can travel further. When these waves stop, they cause a signal to get sent to the brain thanks to a bunch of 'hair cells' (they're not really hairs but they look like them up close) in something called the *Organ or Corti*. Point is, the mix of sounds that enters your ear gets broken up by physics into all the different pitches of simple sounds. From that point on, it's a case of your brain being a ridiculously good computer, and managing to piece back together which pitches came from certain sources so we can work out what all the different things we are hearing are and where.


Question: Why does dramamine makes you feel sleepy/causes tiredness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does dramamine makes you feel sleepy/causes tiredness?

One of the active ingredients of Dramamine, Diphenhydramine, blocks a receptor called Histamine H1. This is because the receptor gives a positive response when it binds to Histamine. Firstly, a receptor is a sort of detector that is on the outside of your cells. It detects specific chemicals that are in the space between the cells. When it detects that, it causes a change in the cell it's situated on. There are thousands of different receptor types, for example Dopamine, Serotonin and Adrenaline ones to name some commonly known. However, these receptors don't only detect the chemical they're designed to detect. If you make a drug that is somewhat similar but not too similar to what they're designed to detect, you can make it attach to the receptor without activating it (drugs that are very similar fool the receptor into activating). This is what is called a *receptor blocker* or in more technical terms an *antagonist*. Basically, Diphenhydramine attaches to the H1 receptor without activating it, meaning that Histamine *can't attach to and activate it*. This makes the net activity of all H1s decrease. Now all of this is just basic information you need to understand what Diphenhydramine does. The Histamine H1 receptor is present in high numbers in a brain region called the *Tuberomammillary Nucleus*. This region controls the sleep-wake rhythm. Stimulant drugs like Caffeine and Amphetamine causes Histamine to be released in this brain region, activating the H1 receptors and causing wakefulness. Can you see where I'm going here? By blocking the H1 receptors in this brain region, Diphenhydramine *prevents* natural Histamine from keeping you awake, making you feel drowsy and out of it. Many other common Histamine H1 blockers like Propiomazine and Hydroxyzine also cause strong drowsiness. Additionally, many medications with drowsiness as a side effect like Mirtazapine and Quetiapine block the H1 receptor. There are other receptors Diphenhydramine can block/activate to also cause drowsiness, such as the Muscarinic AChR receptors (Which is why it causes schizophrenic psychosis in high doses) but these are much less important compared to H1 blocking. EDIT: Outside of the brain, in your body, the Histamine receptors cause allergic reactions. This is why Histamine blockers such as Diphenhydramine/Dramamine are commonly sold as allergy pills. They are however also used as mild sleep aids because they all have the same side effect of drowsiness.


Question: What is the difference between City Court, High Court, and Supreme Court, and how is it decided which trials are held where?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between City Court, High Court, and Supreme Court, and how is it decided which trials are held where?

There are different courts that hold jurisdiction over different cases. City Court holds jurisdiction over anything within the city limits. A county magistrate would hold jurisdiction over misdemeanors within that county. A general sessions court (in assuming that's what you mean by high Court) handles felonies within that county. The Supreme Court of the state you are in is the highest appellate court in that state. Appellate courts do not hear criminal cases in the manner that other courts do. They best appeals from lower courts and trial courts and rule on whether or not the lower court or trial ruled correctly in the case in question as it pertains to matters of law. Edit: the names of the courts will vary depending on the state but that is the basic structure for the US.


Question: Why do flies and other insects have a bond to feces?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do flies and other insects have a bond to feces?

There's a lot of nutrients still in feces. Either in the form of bacteria, fungus or bits of undigested food. House flies, dung beetles or worms eat it, or feed it to their larva. For example, if you look at horse or cow poop, there's still a lot of bits of grass in it, the bacteria that was in the animal's stomach, maybe even nutrients that the animal didn't absorb before the animal pooped. For a fly, that's a lot of food in one giant pile, and a good place to lay eggs and feed it's young.


Question: Why does water taste terrible when you're sick, even though you're supposed to be drinking lots of fluids to get better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water taste terrible when you're sick, even though you're supposed to be drinking lots of fluids to get better?

It's a part of so called [sickness behavior]( URL_0 ). Imagine you're an animal living in wilderness and your food/water sources are scarce and require certain amount of energy to get to them. At the same time, there is quite high chance that you will fail in this task so it is wise to avoid search for them and invest all available energy into recuperative processes. Moreover, you can unintentionally provide essential factors (iron, zinc, vitamins) contained in food to pathogens which is a bad thing - your body makes its best to make them scarce to bacteria also on physiological level (e.g. lowering their concentrations and availability in the blood). It's much more broad than getting food and water. While sick, you can also infect others, so staying at one place will lower sickness transmission. It's a hard-wired response to infection and immune system changes motivational dispositions so you subjectively perceive that you don't need them thus fooling you to (not) do something.


Question: How do “clock” websites (that track things like global population, national debt) work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do “clock” websites (that track things like global population, national debt) work?

They simply take the best statistics available and calculate the rate of change over time. For example, if the UN estimated the world population to be 7 billion one year and 7.1 billion the next, this would mean that the population increased by 0.1 billion (100 million) over that period. You could then find out, on average, how much the population increased per day (100 million/365), hour (100 million/365/24), minute (100 million/365/24/60) or second (100 million/365/24/60/60). So these clocks just use these average rates of increase to estimate the current population, national debt etc.


Question: During a supernova, at what point does the implosion of a star change to an explosion, and what causes this shift?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 During a supernova, at what point does the implosion of a star change to an explosion, and what causes this shift?

[This video]( URL_0 ) explains the overall process nicely. But as you point out, they don't address this specific question. Stars start out as almost entirely hydrogen. The energy in the core pushes outward, while gravity compresses everything inward. When the star maintains size, these forces are equal and opposite. When the star compresses, gravity is winning over the expansive energies: And when it grows, the expansive energies are overwhelming gravity. As more and more matter gets turned into iron, the star begins to compress because the core is more dense than before, and gravitational forces are more intense as a result. But as the core gets more compressed, it also gets hotter. This additional heat and density kicks off a new round of fusion, which turns explosive: And the star itself gets unstable. The new fusion overwhelms the cohesive gravity formerly keeping the star intact, obliterating it in a massive explosion we call a supernova. It does so by overwhelming the forces of gravity.


Question: how do magic eye pictures work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do magic eye pictures work?

Depth perception works by your eyes receiving slightly different images and extracting distance information from that. Magic Eye images use repeating patterns to fool your brain to think your eyes are focusing on a single point that's actually two different points on the page (these two points are about 1-pattern cycle apart). This allows your brain to overlay the page on itself at an offset, creating the differences needed for depth perception. Fun fact: If you can manage to focus on a point *closer* than the page, you can perceive a depth-flipped "negative" version of the image.


Question: How can space bend? or have curvature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can space bend? or have curvature?

Whether or not our universe exists within something else is unknown at this time, and likely will not be known given our current understanding of physics, simply put, the boundary is accelerating away from us too fast for us to ever catch it. What is often meant with "bending" of space time is how gravity distorts the path of objects. Imagine, for example, rolling a marble across a perfectly flat friction-less surface. If no one else touches the marble, we can expect that it will move in a straight line forever. When space-time is bent, it changes the outside perspective of what that straight line is. So if we have a massive object (a planet / star / black hole / galaxy / someone's mom), it bends space-time due to it's gravity. An often used analogy is the bowling ball on a trampoline. If you roll that same marble across a bent surface, you're still imparting the same energy on the marble, but from your perspective, it does not move in a straight line. Now, with a trampoline, we see that the surface has a slope, but empty space cannot have a slope as it's not actually made of anything. Thus we say that space-time is bent, as forces unseen are acting on the marble and altering it's path. It is often said that gravity is not a force (such as hitting an object with another object, or magnetism, etc.), but a consequence of mass existing in an uneven distribution across the universe. [Physicists; I've deliberately simplified a few things to make it a bit easier to understand in ELI5 style, be kind.]


Question: What causes different waves to have different wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes different waves to have different wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum?

Not sure what you are asking here. Do you mean why we have more than one wavelength? Wavelength is basically another way to express signal's frequency. Different frequencies exists because their sources are different. You can imagine it for example with guitar strings - thicker strings produce lower frequency (i.e. longer wavelength) than thinner ones


Question: why do we forget things we just read?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do we forget things we just read?

It is a form of a mild attention disorder, in most cases. It has to do with memory. Not to worry, it can quickly be rectified with training your brain.


Question: Has there every been a society of people that never believed in a god/deity/supreme being(s) or otherwise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Has there every been a society of people that never believed in a god/deity/supreme being(s) or otherwise?

There've been lots of them. There's plenty of evidence to suggest Ancient Greece was more-or-less atheist, and just held on to the traditional Gods as kind of a laugh (thanks largely to the great thinkers like Lucretius, Epicurus, etc). Kind of like how we treat Halloween; used to be about evil spirits and demons and now it's about having a drink and dressing up in costume. Jainism, Buddhism, Taoism, etc aren't at all about deities or supreme beings, and have been around since 600 BC. And if you want to know what it would have looked like, you just have to look to modern interpretations of Greek and Asian philosophies. It's all about being ethical for the sake of being ethical, being rational for the sake of being rational, and being moral for the sake of being moral, because we can all agree that these things are necessary and good for society.


Question: What do I need to do (legally) once I've acquired a job (USA, VA)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do I need to do (legally) once I've acquired a job (USA, VA)?

When you started your job, you'll have filled out Form W-4 (asking about your marital status, SSN, etc.) and Form I-9 (asking for your passport or drivers license plus social security card). Form I-9 establishes your identity and right to work (i.e., you're not an illegal immigrant). Form W-4 gives your employer the necessary information to tax you properly. The IRS preemptively taxes you. This is called withholding. Your employer automatically sends a portion of your paycheck to the government, preemptively paying your taxes for you. At the end of the year, your employer sends you Form W-2, which is a statement of how much you worked, your total pay, and how much pay they withheld. Now, even though a company has 100 employees paid the same, their tax situations are different. One person may be married and subject to different rules. Another person may have three jobs. That's why most people are required to file a tax return (aka "filing taxes" or "doing your taxes"), called Form 1040. They take the W-2 that their employer gave them and use it to fill out the 1040, which describes their financial situation in full and all other jobs they have. Then they will either pay the government more money, if the withheld amount is less than the taxes they owe, or they get a refund, if the withheld amount is more than taxes owed. This is what people mean when they talk about their tax refund check. Depending on your situation, it may not be required for you to file Form 1040 ("do your taxes"), however if you want a refund you'll have to do it. It's also usually a good idea to do because it creates a record of yourself, and sometimes you'll need tax records for various things. If you're a teenager, you'll probably be able to do taxes yourself using a Form 1040EZ (a one page, simplified version of Form 1040), unless you have significant assets like stocks or trust income, in which case your parents would have already hired accountants for your previous tax returns, so just ask them. Tax returns are due on April 15 the year after you worked. So all the money you made in 2018 is reported on the 2018 Form 1040, which is actually due on April 15, 2019.


Question: How do people sign up/ be assigned to highly secretive and special organizations and jobs like a spy or people who work at Area 51? How do you climb the ranks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people sign up/ be assigned to highly secretive and special organizations and jobs like a spy or people who work at Area 51? How do you climb the ranks?

For secret military projects it's fairly straightforward. You go get a degree in a desirable field, get a job with a defense contractor or government agency, and then if you have the skills and you have the right background to get a TS clearance you'll get assigned to (or requested for) a project that fits your skills. The CIA openly recruits. If you want to take a crack at being a spy you can go apply right now on USA Jobs.


Question: How do laptop companies install the Operating System into their laptops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do laptop companies install the Operating System into their laptops?

TLDR: Imaging/hard drive cloning on an industrial scale We use similar techniques in Industry to prepare laptops and desktops for businesses. You install the Operating System on an example machine, install the drivers and any software that you want to package with the device. Once the machine is in a state that's ready for deployment you prepare it for imaging. You run a tool call 'SYSPREP' which puts into what Microsoft calls OOBE (Out of Box Experience) which means that on the very next boot the machine randomizes certain variables to make it a unique instance of Windows (think serial number) and goes through all the various menus to do an initial setup of the machine. This is how you get a machine into the state of First Boot asking for setup, passwords etc, while still having pre-packaged programs like a demo of MS Office, and antivirus pre-installed. (aka OEM software or crapware) This machine is then imaged. Software is used to clone this prepared computers hard drive to a file. This imaging software (Norton Ghost for example) can then be used to deploy this image to any number of machines with identical hardware. So a company like HP or Dell for example makes thousands of machines and images them all using this technique. An imaging rig could be easily built to handle uploading this image to hundreds of computers simultaneously taking about 10-20 minutes per machine. In industry we typically use a Windows PE disk to run the imaging software (booting off USB of PXE ie network) but at big manufacturers they probably plug the hard drives into an imaging rig directly and then install them into computers on the factory floor and ship them out.


Question: why can't we drain some water out of the sea to simultaneously combat rising sea levels and drought?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't we drain some water out of the sea to simultaneously combat rising sea levels and drought?

Well, we already do. there is more than 15,000 operational desalinization plants globally. **In California alone there are 11 desalination plants, with 10 more proposed. But there are big downsides to making seawater drinkable.** Globally, more than 300 million people now get their water from desalination plants, according to the International Desalination Association. Desal proponents acknowledge the industry must confront and solve some serious environmental issues if it is to continue to grow. Desalination requires vast amounts of energy, which in some places is currently provided by fossil fuels. Kiparsky warns of a feedback loop where more desal is needed as the planet warms, which leads to more greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, there are serious concerns about the damage to marine life from the plant’s intake systems and extra-salty wastewater. There are two types of desalination—thermal, which heats up water and then captures the condensation, and reverse osmosis, which forces sea water through the pores of a membrane that are many times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. This traps salt molecules, but allows the smaller water molecules to go through. Both require a great deal of energy, and greenhouse gas emissions created by the power needed—especially in the Middle East, where fossil fuels generate electricity—are a significant contributor to global warming. & #x200B; Seems like it would likely be counter productive to the overall effort to stop climate change. Sure, we might keep a few cities out of the ocean but it would likely ramp up run away heating of the planet at a much faster pace. & #x200B; if you would really like to learn more read here - [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do foods with a more basic pH give me heartburn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do foods with a more basic pH give me heartburn?

The pH is not the only thing contributing to the acidity. The type of acid also matters. Your stomach fluid is around 10% Hydrochloric acid. Most fruits contain C-vitamin (ascorbic acid) and citric acid. These contribute differently to the acidity in whole. Different acids have different charasteristics. For an example[ Aqua regia]( URL_0 ) can corrose even gold and platinum, but it's components, when separate, (Hydrochloric acid and nitrogen acid) cannot.


Question: Why are the first episodes of a lot of shows called pilot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the first episodes of a lot of shows called pilot?

A “pilot” is a term for a test run of something. The term “pilot project” refers to tentative model or solution that if it proves successful will become standardized or official. Many tv shows create “pilot” episodes that are then reviewed and later a decision is made to give a show a longer run. Amazon is famous for having a pilot week/ or pilot season. Where they release a few pilots to the public and then based on the general populace’s response some of the becoming full seasons. Most recently “JCVJ” and “The Tick” we’re both pilots that got full seasons.


Question: Objectively speaking, why should society care about suicide and people committing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Objectively speaking, why should society care about suicide and people committing it?

Sociology degree holder here. Firstly, suicide is a measure of society's ills. If a high number of people in a society are committing suicide it's a symptom of a larger problem. If a high number of people from a subculture commit suicide (say, a large number of black people) it's a measure of how the rest of society treats that group. So suicide indicates a problem in itself. It also has repercussions beyond just the devastation wrought on friends and family of the individual, whose productivity is effected, perhaps even permanently. It can be almost communicable, in that those who have a loved one that commits suicide often do so themselves, lowering health and productivity and raising overall levels of depression and mental illness. It lowers morale within social groups and within society as a whole. All of the resources consumed in raising and training suicide victims are also wasted, so that debts aren't repaid, degrees aren't put into use etc. But beyond that, it's also a financial drain on both the healthcare system (when caring for failed suicide attempters, many of whom may become chronically ill) and on the psychiatric system, because of surviving attempters and the loved ones of those who have died.


Question: If fewer and fewer people can afford new houses/apartments etc. why do prices keep getting higher? (In USA at least)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If fewer and fewer people can afford new houses/apartments etc. why do prices keep getting higher? (In USA at least)

Think of it the other way around... Fewer and fewer people can afford new houses/apartments *because* prices keep getting higher


Question: Why do insects have much better vision than humans, despite having smaller eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do insects have much better vision than humans, despite having smaller eyes?

Depends on how you define “better” Insects have compound eyes that have evolved a number of functions that human eyes don’t have. Dragonflies have nearly 360 degree vision. Bees can see near-UV light. Moths can see in very low light conditions. What they *don’t* typically have is depth and focus. Human eyes have a very different design and are built to track the 3D location of a single object. We do this incredibly well, and your visual distance and clarity blows away that of any insect. You can’t see a full sphere around you at all times, but a dragonfly can’t focus on objects more than a few meters away. Insects live in a very small visual world. And that’s just the best of them, many have terrible vision.


Question: Why Do we need even isp's at this point? Why not make everything peer to peer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Do we need even isp's at this point? Why not make everything peer to peer?

Well, the obvious question is, whose line do you use to connect yourself to someone on the other side of the atlantic ocean? Laying a cable across the pond costs about $200,000,000, so even if you and your friends all agree to pay for your share on the cable, you probably won't have enough friends to make this effort worthwhile. So you gotta find someone that has laid this cable, and is willing to share it. Next up, do you pay for them, or did they do this cable laying thing as a charity? You'd have to negotiate with them about that. Even if we're just talking about connecting cities, it's still gonna be massive undertaking for someone. How do you organize this thing? You probably want to do some sort of sharing agreement where if someone else uses your cable, you can use their cable in return, and if you're sending traffic through someone a lot, then you should probably pay for them, right? Since otherwise they could just block you from sharing their internet. ISPs do all this sorta thing for you, lay cables, negotiate with all the different companies so they get sweet deals on how you can borrow cables others have laid on ground, and all you need to do is pay your monthly fee to use all of the Internet.


Question: What is ActiveX control? And what does it do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is ActiveX control? And what does it do?

Before the advent of HTML5, it was difficult for developers to build sophisticated web apps or multimedia sites because the HTML and JavaScript features supported by web browsers at the time were more limited. There also wasn't a standard way to build cross-platform compatible browser plug-ins to extend the functionality of the browser. Basically ActiveX was a proprietary 'Object Linking and Embedding' technology developed by Microsoft which helped faciliate the exchanging of data/content between applications and the embedding of data/content from one application into another. ActiveX was well known because it was integrated into Internet Explorer. It effectively allowed developers to build more advanced web applications (that could run inside a user's web browser and be embedded into webpages), but the problem was that the web applications were only compatible with Internet Explorer. ActiveX controls also became infamous because they introduced all sorts of security risks by allowing developers to run potentially dangerous and malicious code in a user's web browser simply by a user visiting a webpage.


Question: Ball Lightening (what is it and how/why does it happen)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Ball Lightening (what is it and how/why does it happen)?

I've searched tha seven seas fer an answer. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: what is ball lightning? And why is it so rare? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: What is the significance of finding footage of ball lightning? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: What causes ball lightning, and what conditions would be best if someone wanted to intentionally view this phenomenon? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5:how does ball lightning work? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How is ball lightning made? And how does it behave? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_11 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Ball lightning. When i was litle and looked at lightning i got told to close windows since ball lightning could "fly inside". Is it true, or is it just a fairytale to keep me away from the window? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_4 comments_)


Question: -how can a gun pack so much power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 -how can a gun pack so much power?

By having an explosive transfer a ton of energy to a small, but fast moving piece of lead and copper: the bullet. That transfer of energy, from gunpowder to bullet, is then transfered again from bullet to target. The energy is extreme because of the power of the explosive being focused into a tiny bit of mass, Nd then focused even more by that tiny bit of mass being pointed and designed to penetrate what it strikes.