Question: how and why do birds do that thing where they swarm fly in packs, zig zagging through the air? I guess the same for fish too

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how and why do birds do that thing where they swarm fly in packs, zig zagging through the air? I guess the same for fish too

You’re talking about swarm behavior? Birds flock, mammals herd, schools of fish, that kind of thing? It’s decentralized, I think, and a result of a large increase in scale. It’s just a collection of simple behaviors all executed independently (things like, “if it looks like I’m going to run into this guy on my left, go right a bit to avoid him,” that kind of thing) that, when scaled up to enough individual members, looks like what we see when we see a flock of birds or a school of fish EDIT: added a sentence. And again to add this


Question: When you want to aerate your home, why does a room ventilate better (or feel as though it does) when it is cold outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you want to aerate your home, why does a room ventilate better (or feel as though it does) when it is cold outside?

Hot air particles move faster and hot air is less dense so cold will fill the void while heat escapes. As you see in storms when hot air meets cold it creates a lot of movement (tornadoes) - hot particles want to keep expanding and the cold ones “swirl” around it


Question: Why when you buy games on PSN or Steam you don't have to pay tax, but you do if you buy the physical disc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when you buy games on PSN or Steam you don't have to pay tax, but you do if you buy the physical disc?

Technically under Canadian tax law your supposed to. When filling your tax return you are supposed to declare online purchases like then ones you described. I remember a from an article about 6 months ago where the government was looking to increase the recovery of these non-paid taxes. I’ll edit if I can find a link.


Question: How are cell phones still widespread even in poor countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are cell phones still widespread even in poor countries?

Third World countries generally aren't getting the iPhone 11. They're getting things closer in capability to the "pay as you go"/"burner" phones that run $20 US. They're also getting cheap Chinese-brand products like Huawei, not Apple, Samsung, Motorola, etc.


Question: Is a static shock asymmetrically painful? Like is it better to be on the positive or negative side of this transaction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is a static shock asymmetrically painful? Like is it better to be on the positive or negative side of this transaction?

I don't have a van de graff generator to properly test it, but I believe the side that starts positive will be more painful. When arc welding more heat goes to the positive side, this is especially apparent when TIG welding, if you use positive voltage on the electrode, you'll melt the end of it into a ball. I assume for a static discharge the positive side will still be getting more energy, so more pain.


Question: What determines the color of a sunset?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines the color of a sunset?

dust particles in the air scatter light based on the particle's size. Larger particles scatter lower wavelengths like reds and oranges. Smaller particles scatter blue light which is why the sky is blue.


Question: Why is it illegal for the US military to operate/keep the peace on domestic soil? What would be some possible disadvantages to it that require it to be explicitly stated in law?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it illegal for the US military to operate/keep the peace on domestic soil? What would be some possible disadvantages to it that require it to be explicitly stated in law?

Keeps the president from ordering the Military to turn on the people. The National Guard is who can fight domestically, and while they can be requested by the president and funded by federal funds, they are activated by the Governor of the state they are in..


Question: how does the human body remove mass after using it up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the human body remove mass after using it up?

We exhale it. You breathe in oxygen, use it to burn sugars, fats, proteins, and alcohol for energy, exhale the CO2 and water produced by the reaction. Water you drink and water produced by respiration isn't kept apart.


Question: Is there any explanation why when we sleep it seems like time is so fast? For example, ive been asleep for 9 hours but it feels like just a minute.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there any explanation why when we sleep it seems like time is so fast? For example, ive been asleep for 9 hours but it feels like just a minute.

Time passes inconsistently based on how aware of it you are. Five minutes doing something unpleasant feels a lot longer than five minutes doing something you love, because you are keenly aware of the time passing when you're waiting for it to reach a certain point. When you're asleep you aren't counting the time, and therefore it doesn't have the slow down effect.


Question: Why does the beam of the flashlight fade out after a few meters typically, when the light travels much farther?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the beam of the flashlight fade out after a few meters typically, when the light travels much farther?

The beam gets wider as it gets farther from the flashlight, so you have the same amount of light being spread over a larger and larger area. Eventually it gets spread so thinly that your eyes can’t tell the difference.


Question: why does scratching your head help when trying to concentrate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does scratching your head help when trying to concentrate?

It’s a similar mechanism as if you grip your tongue with your teeth when trying to concentrate too. The brain has millions of things it’s monitoring all the time to make sure that you remain ok. This uses a lot of processing power even if you’re completely unaware of it. Now when you scratch your head or grip your tongue or some other thing that aids you concentrating, you are engaging a feedback response in the associated neural pathways and networks, which the brain recognises as harmless (since you’re doing it and no pain or other damage response is involved) so it can stop monitoring those associated pathways. This frees up some of the processing power of the brain which better enables energy and focus to be directed at the other activity you’re more interested in.


Question: why isn’t it feasible to use wind or solar power (clean power) to run desalination plants to solve water crisis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why isn’t it feasible to use wind or solar power (clean power) to run desalination plants to solve water crisis?

Perth Australia does it with wind power. [Cockburn Sound]( URL_0 )


Question: And non-american by the way,how did New York City get so populated compared to other US cities and why does it stay so populated ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 And non-american by the way,how did New York City get so populated compared to other US cities and why does it stay so populated ?

It was the main trans-Atlantic shipping destination between Britain and its New World colonies, so it built up wealth and population more quickly than the other colonial cities in the 18th century. Even after the Revolutionary War, it remained the dominant entrypoint to European commerce and immigration and just continued to grow. Things just snowballed from that. Because it already had so much money and people, it was an attractive place for even more money and people. The surrounding region became a major industrial hub and accelerated the process. It was also the financial hub for funding business ventures further into the interior of the country. As to why it's so much more densely-populated than other parts of the country, it's because (a)it's an island that was already filled up a long time ago, and (b)its core was designed and built at a time before powered transportation, so cities in general were usually denser. While most of the country's older cities spread out with the automobile, and only small urban cores remained dense, New York was already so dense and geographically confined that it was more practical to just keep building higher. As to why people stay there, it has a unique, rich, and widely diverse culture that changes from one neighborhood to the next, and never lacks for surprises if you can afford to live there.


Question: What is the difference between TCP and UDP? When and why do you use which?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between TCP and UDP? When and why do you use which?

TCP is a robust protocol. I send you packet 1, you acknowledge, I acknowledge your acknowledgement, I send packet 2.. This is great for ensuring that a packet arrives but adds overhead and sometimes you don't need to ensure a packet arrives UDP is a bit more YOLO. I send you packets 1-999 in rapid succession, if you miss one then you can let me know and I *might* resend it, I might not. UDP is commonly used for streaming video to make the best use of bandwidth. Worst case you lose some packets and you get some blocky artifacts in a few frames, no biggie. I could tell you a UDP joke, but you might not get it


Question: Lagrange Interpolation, why does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Lagrange Interpolation, why does it work?

It's the math equivalent of seeing a pattern in a curve of dots and being like: "Yeah I can kinda see which way these dots are going. Kinda in this direction." *proceeds to draw a vague line* (except it's relatively accurate)


Question: How do people pass away “peacefully in their sleep?”

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people pass away “peacefully in their sleep?”

Passing away peacefully isn’t the actual cause of death, there could be many different ones. Essentially your conscious mind doesn’t realize you’re dying. Think about the last time you slept while you had a bad cold or the flu, you didn’t realize how bad you felt while you were actually sleeping right? Now think of it in terms of your heart failing. If you’re heart was already that weak your body acclimated to that feeling and it wasn’t enough to jolt you to consciousness, so you pass away peacefully unaware.


Question: Keeping a laptop/phone always plugged to the power outlet kills the battery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Keeping a laptop/phone always plugged to the power outlet kills the battery?

No, it does not, for a couple of reaons. Firstly, battery charging circuits in your devices are smart enough to protect the battery from overcharging, including limiting the maximum capacity to \~70%. When you plug in your device, power from the outlet is directly used for powering the device and for charging the battery. And hence, you don't "discharge and recharge" the battery at the same time, which is not possible. So, **it's a myth that charging and using your phone at the same time destroys your battery**. It doesn't. Secondly, it just doesn't work that way. Batteries have a specific voltage curve and a specific voltage where it's fully charged. For lithium-ion batteries, it's 4.2V. This voltage is referred to as the nominal cell voltage. When plugged into a power adapter, the circuitry of your device steps down or up the power into the required voltage, for example 4.2V. When batteries reach that voltage, load and supply voltage will both be equal to 4.2V, and no current will flow into the batteries. **In simple terms, batteries will stop charging on its own** provided a constant voltage source. This is what's referred as trickle charging. This basically means that overcharging (charging over the capacity of the battery) is not a thing, unless you're doing things completely wrong (like using a wrong charger for an unprotected battery). If you charge a 12.6V battery with a 15V power supply, the battery will pull current even after the battery reaches above 12.6V. That is overcharging. **A simple analogue:** Voltage is like balloons and air pressure. Let's say a balloon with 10 PSI of pressure is full (and putting more pressure will burst (overcharge) it. You can fill balloons with an air compressor (charger), but if the air compressor can only put out 10 PSI, then the pressure will equalize and the balloon won't pop no matter how long you're running the compressor.


Question: What do 360 degrees (1 full spin) 720 degrees (2 full spins) and 1080 (3 full spins) have in common with 360p 720p and 1080p (screen resolutions)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do 360 degrees (1 full spin) 720 degrees (2 full spins) and 1080 (3 full spins) have in common with 360p 720p and 1080p (screen resolutions)?

Absolutely nothing, other than being the same number. The TV resolutions simply tell you how many pixels there are.


Question: What is the neuroscience of meditation/spirituality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the neuroscience of meditation/spirituality?

Ask this question again in late April/early May, as I'll be taking that as the topic of my term paper in my cognitive neuroscience course. From the little research I've gathered so far, the meditative state has a plethora of activation patterns that differ from other states. One of the major patterns is Transient Hypofrontality, or essentially brief periods of reduced activity/blood-flow to the frontal lobes (involved in many functions such as emotional processing, impulse control, and planning or risk assessment).


Question: Why do some water bottles 'hiss' when you open them similar to soda, even though they arent carbonated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some water bottles 'hiss' when you open them similar to soda, even though they arent carbonated?

Some are still pressurized with a neutral gas, like nitrogen, to help preserve freshness. Others may have simply pressurized from the air and water warming, causing the air to expand and the water to let off some water vapor which expands as well. This creates pressure, and so, the hiss.


Question: Why real estate agents promote themselves like they're a celebrity and how this became standard practice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why real estate agents promote themselves like they're a celebrity and how this became standard practice?

Real Estate is a very visual business. They rely on name recognition from people looking at nice properties and think “they would be a good person to go with”. One of my earlier jobs was at a company that did commercial real estate and we relied pretty heavily on our signs that stated that we were the ones out there. Our company had a lot of visibility.


Question: why do birds run rather fly when there's a car or someone coming their way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do birds run rather fly when there's a car or someone coming their way?

Taking off requires a lot of energy. It is very tiresome to have to take off every time there is something comming their way. Especially if they landed to get some rest from flying. So in order to conserve energy birds try to walk out of the path of whatever comes their way and only if this does not work will they take flight.


Question: How come water increases in mass when it freezes, while the frozen state indicates the atoms are closer together (than while liquid)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come water increases in mass when it freezes, while the frozen state indicates the atoms are closer together (than while liquid)?

Water doesn't increase in mass, it increase in *volume*. The reason is that when water freezes it forms a crystalline structure which ends up taking more space. [This diagram]( URL_0 ) demonstrates it well.


Question: How do trick candles work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do trick candles work?

So, in a regular candle, the heat melts the wax, the wick absorbs the wax and pulls it up to the flame, the flame vaporizes it, and the vapor burns. The smoke you see when you blow a candle out is the last bit of vapor. So the trick to getting a candle to relight on its own is to add something highly flammable to the wick that will reignite that vapor. In most cases, they achieve this by adding powdered magnesium to the inside of the wick. ETA: next time you light a candle, when you blow it out, hold a lighter to the smoke coming off of it (close to wick, but not not directly to it), and the candle will reignite, because the wax vapor is flammable. That’s basically what is happening in a trick candle, except they are using magnesium to make it hot enough to reignite rather than another flame.


Question: Why anti‐inflammatory drugs often cause digestive system related side effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why anti‐inflammatory drugs often cause digestive system related side effects?

Our body has prostaglandins which promotes the inflammation (that results in pain etc) as well as produce the mucous in our stomach. The mucous layer protects stomach from acid in stomach. The anti inflammatory drugs inhibits (shuts down) these prostaglandins. Shutting down both the inflammation as well as the protective layer in stomach which causes the stomach problems.


Question: What is CBD oil and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is CBD oil and how does it work?

It's not too good to be true. It does have many of the beneficial properties of cannabis, without the THC. CBD is hemp oil, from the non-psycoactive plant cannabis sativa. It comes in three different forms, green (unfiltered, straight help oil), blue (filtered, but not "cooked down", and gold (filtered, carboxilated (cooked down)). The benefits claimed by the companies will vary - of course - but from my personal experience, it does work as a mild analgesic, and has a calming effect as well. I did a lot of research on it before I purchased my first bottle ( URL_0 ), and it does help with the grinding pain of arthritis, and the anxiety that comes with just getting old. It doesn't work as well for me as full-on cannibutter, but since I live in Texas, it's the only legal way I can get the relief I need. I suggest you do a bit of research (there are loads of websites. Just put your Googles on), and you can find them. As always, YMMV, and *always* fact check from several sources before committing to anything.


Question: why can people drink coffee at the same temperature that can cause burns to the skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can people drink coffee at the same temperature that can cause burns to the skin?

Your mouth makes saliva, which is mostly water (which takes a lot of energy to heat) and at your body's temperature. Mixing 10 mL (2 tsp) of very hot liquid and perhaps 20 mL of saliva, means that the very hot liquid is quickly cooled. Your skin has no saliva, so the heat from your coffee transfers to a small part of your body, dramatically raising the temperature of the affected area and giving you a burn.


Question: How is inflation calculated for times far enough away that everything was different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is inflation calculated for times far enough away that everything was different?

It's a very imperfect calculation. But we can add up the inflation in smaller intervals — say, from 1850 to 1860, and then from 1860 to 1870 — which is somewhat helpful. Ultimately it's not an accurate or precise long-term number, though, as you observed.


Question: Why aren't smart stop lights more prevalent in the US?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't smart stop lights more prevalent in the US?

Depending on the sensors, they don’t trigger for motorcycles and bicycles which is pretty dangerous because at so e point you are forced to run a red light


Question: How does "You can't prove a negative" work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does "You can't prove a negative" work?

"There is an alien in my house." This is a positive. I can prove it by finding one alien in my house one time. "There is no alien in my house." This is a negative. I can't prove it. Even if I check every square inch of my house, maybe they are really small and I can't see them. Maybe they are invisible. Maybe they know how to stand directly behind me at all times. There is always a chance that an alien exists, even if it's the tiniest chance imaginable.


Question: how can expiration dates for milk be so accurate, but for other things be...not ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can expiration dates for milk be so accurate, but for other things be...not ?

Hmm, most things when opened, even milk, will begin to spoil sometime between 5-10 days. Some packages will say something to that effect, like good for 7 days after opening (cheese, some sauces, deli meat, etc). So some expiration dates may be a month and a half away, but they know (and now you/we know) an opened package will not last all the way to that date. Check packages for those ranges, you may find it's more accurate than you think!


Question: What process are coffee beans put through in order to be decaffeinated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What process are coffee beans put through in order to be decaffeinated?

There are a couple of ways. The first is the solvent method where they are washed in methylene chloride or ethyl acetate to bond with the caffeine and wash it out of the beans. A sort of variant on this method is common in Europe where the beans have most of their chemicals including their flavor washed out of them and then combined with the methylene chloride or ethyl acetate to carry off the caffeine, then the fluid is reintroduced to the beans to put the flavors back into them. Another method is the "Swiss water method". This exploits solubility and osmosis to draw the caffeine out of the beans without taking the flavor with them. First beans are soaked to take the caffeine and flavor out of them and then run through a charcoal filter which will strip the larger caffeine molecules out while leaving most of the flavors in the water. This flavor-filled water is then exposed to new beans which have both flavor and caffeine in them. Since the flavor is already at the same concentration within the beans as in the water it tends not to change very much, but as the caffeine levels are much greater within the beans it is drawn out into the water. The most modern method is liquid CO2 extraction. The beans have liquid CO2 forced through them at 1000 psi and the carbon dioxide dissolves the caffeine and little else, washing it out while preserving the flavor.


Question: Why is it, on average, less windy at night than during the day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it, on average, less windy at night than during the day?

Wind is generally caused by differences in temperatures between two air masses. Wind happens when the two masses interact and start to “swap” places. The sun tends to heat up air higher on the atmosphere which leads to larger air temp variances across a given area. Thus more wind. Less temperature variability at night means less wind.


Question: Do petitions actually change anything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do petitions actually change anything?

By and large, they don't make much of a difference. A petition is no real indicator of anything beyond a person's willingness to sign something. It doesn't confer any promise of action, nor any lasting consequence, and not even a guarantee of authenticity. They can hold sway in situations where a decision may go one way or another, but it's rare for a petition alone to overturn a made decision. That typically takes more active engagement.


Question: How is being taxed on the private sale of a used vehicle even possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is being taxed on the private sale of a used vehicle even possible?

When the vehicle is re-titled in the new owner's name the tax is applied. Many states calculate tax based on the fair market value of the vehicle, not on the sale price, so selling it for a dollar "officially" won't get you anything. The tax will still be based on the value fo the vehicle as set by some standard, whether it's NADA or KBB, or whatever it may be.


Question: How can one tell where south, north, east or west is without using a compass, looking at a map or already knowing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can one tell where south, north, east or west is without using a compass, looking at a map or already knowing?

Regardless of whether you are in the northern or southern hemisphere, the sun will always rise in the east and set in the west. The sun, the stars, and the moon rise in the east and always set in the west because the earth spins towards the east.Aug


Question: What is the process by which mass gets converted into energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the process by which mass gets converted into energy?

Well I can get you started, what do you think a particle is? A very tiny small ball? that's actually not what it is, fundamental particles are sizeless, they don't have a size, they don't take up any space what so ever to begin with.


Question: Why is it somehow easier to apply eyeliner and mascara when one’s mouth is open?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it somehow easier to apply eyeliner and mascara when one’s mouth is open?

Because opening your mouth pulls all the skin on your face down, and stretches it taut. This in turn also tightens the skin below your eyes, giving you better access.


Question: Why do some dead batteries work again after you stop using them for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some dead batteries work again after you stop using them for a while?

I'm not really sure, because this is very situation-specific (for instance, iPhone batteries have some special features). However, many batteries will also be very hot when they run out of life. When cooled, the charges flow better, so you might be able to squeeze just a little more life out of them. Some batteries (esp. computers and phones) turn off before they're fully empty to stop you from physically damaging the hardware. Sometimes you can trick them into turning back on after that. Energizer batteries and such will randomly start and stop working near the end of their lifespan as the chemicals stop reacting. There's no correlation between what you do and how well they work; you're just drawing a conclusion because your brain dislikes randomness. src: astrophysicist, this is basically a summary of what I know, but may not be 100%


Question: How are antivirals researched and why do their production take so long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are antivirals researched and why do their production take so long?

Every virus is different, and just because an antiviral works on one type of virus doesn’t mean it will work on others. We have combinations of antivirals that will treat HIV, but won’t help the flu. So, the first thing we have to figure out when trying to make a new antiviral, is what weak points can we try to attack with it. Think of it sort of like a lock and key. We have this virus, the lock, and we’re trying to piece together a key that will work to unlock it. That process takes some trial and error, and it takes time to try and make a new key. Thankfully, we have a large collection of past keys (antivirals) that have worked in the past. So we look at this virus in the lab and try to figure out what weak points we can attack. We then will often try keys that have worked on other locks to see if we can find one that works. (In the current pandemic, both Remdesevir and Kaletra would be examples of antivirals that were made for a different purpose, but are now being studied for COVID) So we have to find a good key for whatever lock we’re hoping to open. We won’t often do that type of a search in people. Usually we’ll start in a lab just looking at if something will work in an experimental environment. The problem is, a key might work in a Petri dish, but not in a human body. In most cases, once we think we have a key that works in a lab, we’ll start testing it in animal studies. We’re basically trying to take steps to get closer to how that key will have to work in the human body. This whole process takes a lot of time. We have to look at the virus and learn how we might attack it, then we have to either look at our current antivirals to find a key that might fit, or we have to make a new antiviral from scratch. Then it takes time to figure out if what we’re using is actually working. We don’t want to jump straight to giving it to sick people, because it could cause some horrible problem that we didn’t see in the lab. It takes a lot of testing for us to figure out if we think something will be safe and will work in humans - and all that may happen before a human ever takes a dose of the new drug. Now, say we’ve found an antiviral key that works on the virus we’re targeting in the lab. We’ve done some animal studies and it looks safe and looks like it is working there too. We still need to make sure it’s safe and that it works in humans. We’ll start with safety trials, where healthy people will be given the drug to see if it’s safe. This isn’t an overnight process though - you have to find people willing to join the study, get them the medication (which will take some production getting off the ground), and then watch closely to make sure everything is safe. Once we think something is safe, we’ll start testing if it actually works in people. We’ll find people sick with the virus and give them the antiviral... except we still have a problem. How much antiviral do we give them? We may have some idea of how much is too much from earlier animal studies, but we usually will know less about what dose will work best in people. So we’ll likely try a few different doses to see what works and what doesn’t. Maybe our highest dose works, but causes side effects and people drop out of the study. Maybe our lowest dose doesn’t work at all. We need to try to narrow down what dose most people need, and again that takes time. So now say we have our antiviral that we’ve shown works in the lab, we’ve found out that it works in animals and we know doses that were dangerous in animals, we’ve found that it looks safe in humans, and we’ve found some doses that we think are working well. We’ll start ramping up for larger trials to look more closely at our doses and confirm that our drug is safe and effective. In most cases, we won’t have even fully started production yet. Only a small amount of drug will be needed for these studies, and our studies could still fail at any point. So it doesn’t make sense for us to start mass producing our drug before we’ve confirmed it will actually be marketable. So after all of this we’ll start our mass production, which again will take time. It’s important to remember that our new drug could fail at any one of these steps. While the steps all have their purpose, we can sometimes shorten some, or complete some at the same time. However, there are risks when we don’t complete all of these. This is why it can often be preferred to find another drug and repurpose it rather than starting from scratch. If we have something that we know works, we won’t need to worry about a lot of the safety testing early on - that will have already been proven. We will have some idea of doses that are safe and effective in humans, and while those doses could change from virus to virus, we at least have a good starting point. We also will already have production going, so expanding this may be easier. To sum things up, there are a lot of steps that we have to go through to find something that we think will work, and then test to make sure that it works and it’s safe. In rare cases we can speed up these steps, but skipping them could be very dangerous or leave us with a drug that doesn’t even work the way we were hoping it would.


Question: How do this gold and silver rescue blankets keep people warm although they are so thin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do this gold and silver rescue blankets keep people warm although they are so thin?

There's something about infrared reflexion.... The body heat you generate, reflect on the blanket so your body doesn't lose any heat. NASA developed the product for space.


Question: What is the difference between the word "retarded" and every other synonym such as "stupid, moron, idiot, imbecile, dumb, challenged, etc" that makes it so much more offensive to everyone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between the word "retarded" and every other synonym such as "stupid, moron, idiot, imbecile, dumb, challenged, etc" that makes it so much more offensive to everyone?

“Retarded” was (and may still be) the actual medical term for someone with cognitive impairment and disability. It’s generally considered rude to make fun of someone for a condition they have that they can’t help. Like making fun of someone who’s missing a limb or who has a bad skin condition. Whereas if someone has fully functional mental capacity and still does things that are poor choices, they are usually referred to as “dumb” or “idiot” since they have the ability to make different choices


Question: Why do humans find creative things more interesting than things in the real world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans find creative things more interesting than things in the real world?

I think that humans find realistic representations of natural things interesting because of the amount of skill and attention to detail it takes to achieve high degrees of realism. To a monkey brain, a artistically talented individual is probably an excellent mate because they notice so much detail and they can communicate it so well. Observation and communication are keys to survival. There's probably something deep in the brain, some pathway, that rewards us for looking at these artistic creations. I am an artist who specializes in realistic dolls - model babies, if you will. I find my work in others fascinating to look at, but I know there are others that become uncomfortable but the realism. It's called The Uncanny Valley theory. I think that humans enjoy hyper-realistic art until it reaches the point where they can't discern art from reality easily and at that point the experience feels threatening/ too much like psychosis. I no expert, I just like to think about these things and I would love to hear from somebody who actually knows what they're talking about


Question: Why does water start steaming much lower than 100°C?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water start steaming much lower than 100°C?

If you think of the temperature of the water as how fast the molecules are moving as a whole, then some of the molecules are already moving as fast as they would be if they were hotter than 100°C and since the water is already close to 100°C enough of the water is moving hot enough to be steam.


Question: How do limes "cook" the meat while making carne apache?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do limes "cook" the meat while making carne apache?

Okay so this is a condensed explanation of what I read in "On Food and Cooking." Awesome book, BTW. Basically lime juice is acidic. What that means is there are lots of H+ ions floating around. (Hydrogen minus one electron) These ions, as it turns out are very reactive. Remember that in chemistry, most reactions revolve around trading, trapping, or sharing electrons with other elements. Which brings us to the meat. Meats are made (largely speaking) of proteins. These proteins have special bonds that we call "ionizable lateral bonds" because they interact with ions and are located on the sides of these protein chains. When the H+ ions come in contact with these bonds, it causes the protein to denature (unravel) and coagulate (tense up). The acidity also performs a similar role on most bacteria which may be present (almost exclusively on the surface of beef) rendering it safe to eat. (I'm much more familiar with ceviche, which is cool because it even changes the color of the fish to white like it would if you roasted it. Probably a similar color change in beef preparations.)


Question: How are the quantity of standard SI units determined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How are the quantity of standard SI units determined?

Well, *originally*, it mostly dates back to the French "Age of Reason" after the French Revolution. They decided that it was going to be a whole new civilization and this was their chance to start over and do everything right. IIRC, they even took a crack at redefining the months of the calendar. In the end, the metric system was pretty much the only thing that "stuck". A meter was defined as a ten millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. A liter was defined as a cubic decimeter. A kilogram was defined as the mass of a liter of water at 0℃. 0℃ was defined as the freezing point of water, and 100℃ defined as the boiling point. In the end, these measurements turned out not to be very accurate, and so these things were redefined. As /u/suckmydi points out, the meter was redefined in terms of the speed of light (and seconds were defined in terms of vibration of a Cesium atom, IIRC.) Mass used to be determined by a "standard" [metal cylinder]( URL_0 ) which was copied and the copies distributed to various standards bureaus. I believe they're in the middle of redefining the kilogram in terms of a specific number of Silicon atoms.


Question: Why is it so difficult to achieve and maintain an erection while standing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is it so difficult to achieve and maintain an erection while standing?

Ummmm are you sure that is a thing? Never been an issue for me but IDK.


Question: Back in the day when someone was having a baby, why did someone always say to boil some water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Back in the day when someone was having a baby, why did someone always say to boil some water?

To sterilize the equipment needed to deliver the baby. Boiling water kills any and all germs, reducing the risk of post-birth complications.


Question: How do engineers know what an actual safe weight is for a bridge?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do engineers know what an actual safe weight is for a bridge?

Let's make the world's most basic bridge. We'll use two cinder blocks and we'll put a piece of 2" by 12" lumber across them. The lumber exerts a load on the cinder blocks from its own weight. When someone steps on the piece of lumber, they'll apply a load to the lumber, which will cause it to bend, and will also apply load to the two cinder blocks. Depending on where they step, they'll apply different loads and different amounts of bending. Eventually a load will be applied that causes the bridge to fail. It could fail in shear, which basically means the piece of wood snaps in two. It could have a bending failure. Or one of the cinder blocks could collapse from the weight, which is a compressive failure. Because we're smart engineers, and more importantly we have a timber design handbook, we can look up how much shear load our beam can resist, and how much bending it can resist. We can also figure out how much force it would take for one of the cinder blocks to have a compressive failure. Whichever load is lowest is the working load for our bridge. In bridge design, you're essentially doing this process on steroids. Or on a computer. You have a great many elements, and they'll all be analyzed. The weakest link gives you the bridge load limit. If that limit is too low, you'll make that piece bigger, until something else becomes the weakest link, and your load limit meets what the code requires. And you're right, the load on the signs has a safety factor built in. The actual value of the safety factor depends on the code.


Question: What happens during rehab and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What happens during rehab and how does it work?

There's a really good clip of Steve-o talking about this on Joe Rogan's podcast, but the gist is it's different for everyone. If it's severe enough, there's special clinics designed that keep you for a couple weeks, then you may go to a sort of "halfway" house apartment after that. Other people are there and there's a sort of curfew situation; everyone keeps everyone in check. And how it works is a lot like a 12 Step Program, so there's lots of reflection and limiting your consumption until you stop. If it's really serious though, either family, friends, or under a doctor's request may check you into a higher care facility, much like a psychiatric care facility. There's other things like drug centers, which are safe environments where users can go to get healthy fixes with staff providing assistance and clean utensils. It's not perfect, but it's a better situation for some - and it's far from what you'd call rehab


Question: how does capping the number of US House of Representative members as we do today mean less representation for urban city residents?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does capping the number of US House of Representative members as we do today mean less representation for urban city residents?

You’re looking at it by your state, not nationally. Wyoming is the least populous state, at approximately 563,000 people in the 2010 census. If your state was allocated House seats based on every district having this many people, WA should have 12 House seats. This means “rural” WY has disproportionate representation compared to “urban” WA.


Question: what is the difference between a bush and a tree, and where is the line between them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between a bush and a tree, and where is the line between them?

Google answers this quite nicely and easily. The generally acknowledged definition of a tree, according to USU, is a "woody plant having one erect perennial stem (trunk) at least three inches in diameter at a point 4-1/2 feet above the ground, a definitely formed crown of foliage, and a mature height of at least 13 feet." A bush would have multiple stems low to the ground. There are exceptions as some trees can have multiple trunks and someone could trim away the excess stems of a bush.


Question: Why can a coaxial cable carry hundreds of HD TV channels but a PC display cable can barely handle high resolutions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can a coaxial cable carry hundreds of HD TV channels but a PC display cable can barely handle high resolutions?

Your DisplayPort cable actually has more total bandwidth, as much as 17 GHz. The difference is that this data is sent relatively *uncompressed,* that is, close to every pixel of every frame is transmitted. By contrast, cable TV is sent highly compressed, avoiding sending redundant data but requiring more compute power and high-speed memory on each end.


Question: Why do precious metals make good catalysts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do precious metals make good catalysts?

There are a few reasons. Actually a lot of metals make good catalysts. A lot of the early work on catalysts was done with base metals like iron and nickel. However the reason why precious metals have become favoured is that they’re easier to work with. They don’t tend to react to oxygen like base metals do, and this stops the base metal catalysts working. Interestingly more work is being done with base metal catalysts because of what we’ve learned by using precious metal catalysts. Some cool stuff may hit the market place over the next few years.


Question: If energy cannot be created or destroyed, what happens to the energy and matter that gets sucked into black holes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If energy cannot be created or destroyed, what happens to the energy and matter that gets sucked into black holes?

Black holes do not violate these conservation laws. Think of a penny that you drop into an ocean. For any practical purposes, that penny is gone, but that doesn't mean it just disappeared, it's still somewhere deep in that ocean. Black holes don't destroy energy, they just "trap" it, if that makes sense.


Question: Why are 4K videos more crisp that 1080p videos even when the native screen resolution is 1080p?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are 4K videos more crisp that 1080p videos even when the native screen resolution is 1080p?

This mainly has to do with how 4k gives you more bitrate (in the context of youtube), or how much less compressed the video gets when it arrives for you to watch. You know how you can compress a jpeg image to shrink the file size but make it less detailed even though the physical dimensions of the image stays the same? Youtube does mostly the same thing, but to the video instead. When you chose 4k instead of 1080p youtube doesn't compress the files as much when it gives it to you to watch, thus leading into a better video even though the physical dimensions of the video for you is the same (at 1080p)


Question: what makes sticky things sticky?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what makes sticky things sticky?

Most surfaces aren't even close perfectly smooth. [This is a sheet of paper under a microscope.]( URL_1 ) When something is sticky, it means that it's atoms have the right [viscosity]( URL_0 ) to be able to seep into these pores in smooth surfaces, but are able to hold themselves together. Paper works because those pores are big enough to "grab" graphite off the pencil, hence why sticky things are likely to stick more to paper than a sheet of metal, for example.


Question: Why can games render high-quality graphics in real time, while rendering the equivalent in softwares takes minutes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can games render high-quality graphics in real time, while rendering the equivalent in softwares takes minutes?

Game engines cheat. - They use low(er) quality assets (textures, models, animations etc). A character model in a video game will not be as complex as the model in an animated film or whatever. The movie character will have better hair, *much* more complex skin features, much higher poly count, you get the idea. Same goes for everything, really. A car in a video game won't look nearly as good as what Blender can produce. Moving liquids in video games always look bad even with today's technology. - They use different quality assets for different things. Imagine a scene where 2 characters are walking on the street. In an FPS videogame, all that matters to the player is the other character that they're walking along with. That guy is the only one that really needs to look good. The player character itself won't be rendered at all, and all the pedestrians and whatnot in the background that the player probably won't even notice can be rendered using much lower quality assets than that important character. If you're rendering a scene for a movie or a video or whatever, you generally make sure everything else looks good too. - They approximate, fake, or straight up don't do a lot of the things a proper rendering engine takes its sweet time doing. Rendering engines use very complex lighting models to simulate how the light falls onto objects, changes, bounces off, and hits other objects, creating secondary light sources and shadows in the process. The vast majority of game engines don't even bother with that stuff( though apparently Nvidia is trying to change that). They just have the light hit one object and stop there. Everything else that comes after that is faked or approximated. Reflections and distortions are almost non-existent or faked, shadows are approximated, etc...


Question: Why can't a sine and cosine angle be greater than 1?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't a sine and cosine angle be greater than 1?

Start with the unit circle -- a circle of radius 1 [in whatever units], centered at the origin. Draw this. Pick a point on the circle and draw the radius to it. Also draw the vertical line to the x-axis, and the horizontal line to the y-axis. The angle is measured from the positive x-axis counterclockwise around to the radius. By definition, the height of the point above or below the x-axis is the sine of the angle. Likewise, the distance of the point left or right of the y-axis is the cosine of the angle. Now, no point on the circle can be more than 1 from the center; the most the sine and cosine can be is 1 (or –1). What about bigger circles? Then the sine is the ratio of the height to the circle's radius, and similarly for the cosine. So, if the point is at coordinates (x,y), the radius is r = sqrt[x^2 + y^(2)] by the Pythagorean Theorem. And the sine is y/r while the cosine is x/r. Again, the magnitude of these ratios is guaranteed to be less than or equal to 1.


Question: Is there any way to block solar flares from affecting the whole planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there any way to block solar flares from affecting the whole planet?

Short answer: No. Long answer: No, because the power levels involved would be, for lack of a better term, astronomic. A good solar storm will inject at least thousands of gigawatts of power into the earth's magnetic field. There is no way we can counter that level of power. The best thing that we can do is try to mitigate the effects. We can shield sensitive electronics. We can isolate power systems so a surge can't travel through whole power grids. We can command satellites to go into safe mode to protect themselves.


Question: How does special effects work in movies that were shot on film?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does special effects work in movies that were shot on film?

The go-to was called [rotoscoping]( URL_0 ). Essentially, artists would draw what they wanted on top of every frame. Take for example starwars. The actors would hold heavy sticks, then post filming they'd add glow and a colored lightsaber on 24 frames for every second of film. It's just as inefficient and time-intensive as you'd think. Second, in today's world you can turn film into digital and do all the fancy motion-tracking and adding of digital layers on a computer.