Question: How is electricity physically measured (like at the meter on my house)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is electricity physically measured (like at the meter on my house)?

The old dial type meters are basically induction motors. They’re motors that spin at various speeds depending on how much current is passing through the meter. The more current (ie you’re drawing more power), the faster the motor spins. That motor is connected to the dials via calibrated gears that run the dial.


Question: How do they know the time of the sunrise/sunset, chance of rain/snow/sun, percentages, the UV-INDEKS, etc. Anything weather related. How?!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they know the time of the sunrise/sunset, chance of rain/snow/sun, percentages, the UV-INDEKS, etc. Anything weather related. How?!

The earth rotates in a very consistent manner. We can determine the time of sunrise and sunset very accurately for any date far into the past and future.


Question: Is there a reason why it using more than two powerful graphics cards together doesn't have a drastic increase in gaming capabilities? For example, 4 2080Ti GPU's running together doesn't seem to give four times the gaming power.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a reason why it using more than two powerful graphics cards together doesn't have a drastic increase in gaming capabilities? For example, 4 2080Ti GPU's running together doesn't seem to give four times the gaming power.

You are not running a program that efficiently utilizes the 4 GPU cards, they're like $1000 each. This is likely because very, very few people buy that configuration. The game is better optimized for typical hardware.


Question: why does 60 degree water feel freezing compared to 60 degree air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does 60 degree water feel freezing compared to 60 degree air?

Two reasons: 1. The water touches your skin everywhere because it gets through your clothes and 2. it conducts heat faster than air, which is a gas. The air doesn’t touch your skin where it’s covered by clothes. There’s a layer of warm air (warmed by your skin) between you and the clothes you’re wearing that insulates you. Being nude in 60 degree weather would be pretty cold, but it would still take much longer to feel as cold as 60 degree water because water conducts heat much faster than air. Liquids conduct heat faster than gases and solids conduct heat faster than liquids. (Conductivity goes solid > liquid > plasma > gas, and it’s because of the way molecules line up in those states.). This works the other way, too. You can survive for awhile in 140+ degree air (as long as it’s low enough humidity and you’re drinking enough water), but if you’re in a 140+ degree pool, you’re going to die pretty damn quickly. Like five to ten minutes to full-body deep-tissue burns...


Question: Can anyone explain to me the concept and idea of electron configuration? I'm a grade 8 student, and kinda having a hard time visualizing it. It would be a great help for me. Thanks!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can anyone explain to me the concept and idea of electron configuration? I'm a grade 8 student, and kinda having a hard time visualizing it. It would be a great help for me. Thanks!

I was definitely not taught this in grade 8, but it really helps a lot later on to be familiar with the four quantum numbers. It may sound complicated, but really it just tells you the location of an electron. "n" is the principal quantum number. It basically tells you what "shell" the electron is in. In general, the higher the number, the farther away the electron is from the nucleus. In essence it answers the question, "How far is the electron from the nucleus?". n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... "l" is the angular momentum quantum number. It basically tells you the "shape" of the orbital. Electrons don't actually have clearly defined orbits in the nucleus, but you can define regions in space where you have a high probability of finding one. In essence it answers "what shape is the orbital that is inhabited by the electron?". l = 0, ..., n-1. So if an electron is in n=2, the possible angular momentum quantum numbers are 0 and 1. 0= s subshell, 1= p subshell, 2 = d subshell 3= f subshell, and so on. "ml" is the magnetic quantum number. It basically identifies the various orientations these shapes could take. ml = -l to +l. So your p subshell for example has 3 different possible orientations. "ms" is the spin quantum number. Two electrons can occupy a single orbital, but they have to be of opposite "spin". There's only two possible numbers for this +1/2 and -1/2. Finding the electron configuration of an atom is just basically identifying the location of these electrons with respect to their quantum numbers. The electron configuration of carbon for example is 1s2 2s2 2p2. 1s2 tells you information about two electrons. Their principal quantum number "n" is "1". So they are in the first principal shell. s is the subshell or shape of the orbital your electron inhabits. You can't really just tell what orientation it is in of the bat, so we don't include the ml quantum number. I really recommend watching a YouTube video on this. Check out SponholtzProductions "Understanding the Atom". I found his vids by accident and I was surprised asf that he didn't have more views. His animations rlly go a long way to helping you visualize what he's getting at.


Question: From everything I hear and see in advertisement bamboo is this miracle plant that makes for more sustainable and better quality products, from paper to bed sheets to baby clothes. So why aren’t we using it more?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 From everything I hear and see in advertisement bamboo is this miracle plant that makes for more sustainable and better quality products, from paper to bed sheets to baby clothes. So why aren’t we using it more?

One thing many advertisers of bamboo products do not say is what their products actually are, they tend to give the impression that they are made from just natural fast growing bamboo. In the case of clothing, they take bamboo fibres and chemically process them to produce a man made fibre called viscose / Rayon. This is quite an intense process. Other products, such as bamboo reusable coffee cups generally are mainly melamine and the bamboo is just packing material.


Question: Why do you feel sore after exercising the day after and not right after?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you feel sore after exercising the day after and not right after?

It's called DOMS, delayed onset muscular soreness, and the tiny fibers in your muscles are breaking down, then healing from enzymes 'recruiting' inflammatory mediators to help repair the muscles, which makes you stronger. The fun thing is that science knows what's going on, since those mediators stimulate pain receptors, called nicoceptors, but there is no one accepted reason to why it takes 24-48 hours after a particular nasty workout. No one knows for sure. I personally think it simply takes that long for the muscles to recognize they were ripped up by heavy lifting or exercise, and time for the nicoceptors to react to the healing process. That's a guess.


Question: How and why are some infinities bigger than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why are some infinities bigger than others?

You can interpret this in a couple of ways actually, but the result most people mean by this is that some infinite cardinals are bigger than others. Other main contender here is ordinals. To understand what those words mean, let's for a bit discuss them in finite terms. Let's say I have a bag with a banana, an apple and an orange in it. Cardinality tells you "how many things" there are, so when I say, "there are 3 things in my bag", then I'm using 3 as a cardinal number. It's answering the question. When I listed the items in my bag, I listed an orange 3rd. Ordinal numbers tell you position in a list. So in this case, I'm using 3 as an ordinal number. So 3 is both a cardinal and an ordinal. So are all positive integers. But once we pass into infinitely large cardinals and ordinals, these diverge. Getting into infinite cardinals could happen if you wanted to ask, "how many positive integers there are?". This is the same type of question we asked earlier about my bag, and an answer to "how many" type question is a cardinal number. The answer to this question is called simply Aleph null. It's just a name we gave to the answer of "how many positive integers there are". And now, finally, your question is, how do we know not all infinite sets have the size of Aleph null. And to see how this works, we gotta understand what it means to have two sets be the same size. To get the intuition here, lets say you have people in a bus. If everyone is seated, and there are no empty seats, then you know, without counting, that there are exactly as many people in the bus as there are seats. The idea of finding a way to pair elements in one set(like seats) to another set(like people in a bus) is called a bijection. If you can pair things, they are the same size. So lets pair all integers with all positive integers. To do this, let's just list all integers: 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, ... It's easy to see this list eventually would reach all integers, positive or negative. But would you look at that, this list has the first item, the second item, the third item, etc, so we have paired positive integers with all integers. To see this side by side... 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, ... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ... So the above list has all integers, and the list below has the positive integer we've paired it up with. So all integers are also the size of Aleph null. And with a bit of smartness, we can prove that rational numbers have that same size as well. But Georg Cantor figured out that actually real numbers between 0 and 1 form a larger infinity. His proof is fairly simple, basically he just assumed the opposite, and derived a contradiction from that assumption. Say you could have real numbers between 0 and 1 listed in the style we did before, with first real number, second, etc. Say our list started like this: 0.1111... 0.1231... 0.5000... 0.6999... ... And the claim is, that list contains all real numbers. Cantor notice he could create a new number so that he took first after-zero decimal digit of the first number, and changed it, then took second after-zero digit of the second number, changed it, etc, until he finally got a new number that's different from nth number on that list by at least nth decimal. 0.*1*111... 0.1*2*31... 0.50*0*0... 0.699*9*... ... So 0.2622... could be how Cantor started his number. Because it's different from every number on the list, it's not on our list. We claimed at the beginning it had all the real numbers between 0 and 1, but here we have an odd one out. So the idea you could list all real numbers must be faulty. And to drop a bit of a knowledge bomb, there is no answer to "how many different sizes of infinities there are". There are too many, we have way over infinitely many ever larger different sizes of infinities, but none of them are large enough to describe how many infinities there are.


Question: What is the difference between secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure?

Primary: the actual order of the amino acids Secondary: Alpha spirals or beta pleated sheets Tertiary: all the complex shapes that you generally think of when you imagine a protein Quaternary: multiple tertiary structures interacting with eachother (for example, hemoglobin is made up of four distinct subunits) > Is it just their general shape? Yes, with increasing levels of complexity > Is the only difference between alpha and beta sheet one is spiral and one is flat shaped? Yes, alphas are spiral and beta sheets are flatter, but beta sheets are pleated so they really look like ^^^^^^^^^ As opposed to --------------


Question: Why is true randomness near impossible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is true randomness near impossible?

True randomness is not impossible... It’s impossible for a modern computer built on certain principles and logic. How you you create a random number? Even as a mental exercise, if you were to write down a set of rules to come up with a random number on paper, how would you do it? You’re not allowed to say think of a random number.


Question: How do producers get away with sampling songs in their tracks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do producers get away with sampling songs in their tracks?

If the sample is being used for a recording that will be sold to the public, they have to ask permission from the copyright owner of the original song (usually the music publishing company), and also from the owner of the original recording (usually a record company). Often they'll have to pay for permission. This is called "Sample Clearance". In the early days of sampling, especially in the hip-hop scene, producers often didn't bother asking permission, and not many people made a fuss about it. But as sampling became used more often in successful recordings, things changed. The beastie boys' 1989 album "Paul's Boutique" (produced by the dust brothers) is an incredible album, made entirely from multi-layered samples - including samples from nearly 30 different records in one track alone. Back then, permission was easier and cheaper to obtain, and samples were not always legally challenged when permission wasn't obtained - so it is said that an album like 'Paul's boutique' would be financially/commercially not possible to make today. ["Shake Your Rump"]( URL_0 ) from Paul's boutique. I love listening to the album and trying to identify all the different samples. Many of these were paid for with permission, some may not have been.


Question: Do other mammals or animals have trouble falling asleep? Or is that a human thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do other mammals or animals have trouble falling asleep? Or is that a human thing?

Animals tend not to drown their existential crises with alcohol. They also don't lay awake, preoccupied with self loathing. This was asked in August and the top post from /u/gregorianballsacks: I was an animal sitter for years. Some animals get anxiety and whine and can't sleep. They pace. Go to where they can wait by the door for their person/people to come home. They have long sighs and will toss and turn, whining and just look pitiful all night long. Eventually they sleep but it is generally light sleep. If they hear a sound that could be their person coming home they shoot up and it repeats itself. It's usually dogs. Cats tend to not care. But they might change where they sleep. Opting for under or above instead of on the bed or couch. Not sure if they have more trouble falling asleep though.


Question: If everything can be broken down to their base elements, why can't life be created with man-made compounds in a lab?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If everything can be broken down to their base elements, why can't life be created with man-made compounds in a lab?

In theory, yeah, but there's stuff we just don't know about big and complicated life forms. Most Viruses are so basic and simple that calling them Alive is a mini-insult to living things. We can 'assemble' a virus then warm it up and watch it act 'just like the real virus' but it's just a simple biological machine that can't *live* without a bunch of other stuff around it to handle the mess. With sperm and eggs, the sperm is really carrying Information. It's held in chemicals, but just adding more of that chemical washes away the information, rather than enhance it. The egg has all the components necessary to start building a fresh new human, but it's deliberately not going to start without a co-pilot to help guide the process. That deliberate desire for a co-pilot is vital when the human-building process goes a little wrong, and a 'fresh strategy' is needed to fix it. Technically an egg could be tricked into starting the process all on it's own, but what it builds will not be the healthiest human. It seems the construction process needs a little arguing and idea-bouncing to produce a high quality human :)


Question: Whats the role of UN soldiers in other countries of war?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats the role of UN soldiers in other countries of war?

They are basically an armed presence, and they are there as a "We don't want to fight anyone, but if anyone starts a fight, your fight will be with us as well.". They are there to cool down things. Think of it as rito police standing between two opposing groups of protesters. As long as everyone keeps in line, everything is cool, but when someone hurls a rock, they take him down.


Question: why can we move in any direction in space but only one direction in time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can we move in any direction in space but only one direction in time?

Interesting question, I looked this up a long time ago and landed on an explanation something along the lines of this, but I am not an expert by any means. so we are 3 dimensional beings meaning we can move forwards/backwards, left/right, and up/down. This makes us “prisoners” of the 4th dimension (time). We have to stay in the timeline that we’re currently in and are not free to move around in time how we are free to move around in any direction. This is similar to how a stick figure (2 dimensional) can move left/right and forwards/backwards, but not up/down from the paper. That stick figure is a “prisoner” of the 3rd dimension. Hopefully this provides some insight until someone with more knowledge can give a better explanation.


Question: Google Maps uses Mercator projection when zoomed out, giving a distorted view of Earth. Why does nothing seem to change as I zoom into those distorted areas? Surely there should be areas of Siberia, Canada, etc that look fucked up when zoomed in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Google Maps uses Mercator projection when zoomed out, giving a distorted view of Earth. Why does nothing seem to change as I zoom into those distorted areas? Surely there should be areas of Siberia, Canada, etc that look fucked up when zoomed in?

First, Google Maps doesn't use a Mercator projection when zoomed out... at least not today on my browser. I get a 3-d spherical "satellite view". But anyway, what Mercator does wrong is that the scale depends on latitude: polar parts of the Earth look bigger than areas near the equator. But it doesn't distort the shapes of things otherwise -- it's called a ["conformal"]( URL_0 ), or shape-preserving, projection. So when you zoom in to Siberia, you're getting a magnified but correct view of what that part of Siberia looks like. But since you can adjust the amount of zoom as you like, you don't notice the magnification difference. It's only when you can see both Siberia and Brazil in in the same map that there's an obvious problem.


Question: We download antivirus software on our laptops but not our phones, despite using our phones for the same sorta stuff. Is that cos our phones are already more secure? If so, why can't laptops be made as secure too? [Technology]

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 We download antivirus software on our laptops but not our phones, despite using our phones for the same sorta stuff. Is that cos our phones are already more secure? If so, why can't laptops be made as secure too? [Technology]

They are 100% NOT more secure in the sense of being immune to viruses. However a common way for viruses to be put on devices is to trick the user into downloading and installing something on their device. When you go online and see the flashing "YOU HAVE A VIRUS DOWNLOAD THIS FOR HELP!" a lot of people will click on that and get a virus if they are on PC. However phones have a setting that's defaulted to only allowing programs to be installed through the Play store or market or whatever the iPhone store is called. So right there you have a large barrier to entry for a virus. Obviously if an virus gets to the store in the form of an app it can easily be put on the phone, but I believe all stores have some sort of basic vetting to prevent more elementary viruses.


Question: How air fresheners like febreeze actively remove bad odours not just cover them up and how do they decide what is a bad odour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How air fresheners like febreeze actively remove bad odours not just cover them up and how do they decide what is a bad odour?

The active stuff in Frebreze is a huge sugar molecule. It traps and binds the tiny and much lighter "smell molecules", making them much more heavy. Being heavier significant less "smell molecules" travel the air and can be detected by your nose.


Question: How is every single book in the bookstore a "#1 Bestseller" ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is every single book in the bookstore a "#1 Bestseller" ?

1. A book only has to be an actual bestseller for one week to count as having once been a "bestseller". Once a book passes that hurdle, it can be advertised as a "bestseller" forever afterwards. 2. Bookstores mostly stock popular books that people have heard of and want to buy. They don't stock rare and strange books that few people have ever heard of and fewer want to buy, unless you are specifically at a rare book store.


Question: What does it mean when a business “writes off” an expense?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when a business “writes off” an expense?

It means you can subtract the total cost of the item from your revenue so you dont have to pay income tax on that ammount


Question: Why Does My shower Curtain Pull Inwards All The Time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Does My shower Curtain Pull Inwards All The Time?

The warm air in the shower is rising, drawing cooler air in from outside the shower, pressing the curtain in. Try opening the curtain on the side away from the shower head. That way air can come around the curtain.


Question: What does it mean for the brain to "finish developing" at age 25? Will I notice anything different once I reach this milestone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean for the brain to "finish developing" at age 25? Will I notice anything different once I reach this milestone?

The maturation is sort of analogous to you learning how to kick a ball at a target. Let's say it takes you six months to master it. At some point, you'll go from missing most of the time, to hitting most of the time, to hitting almost every time. So at 5 months and 29 days, you'll already be pretty good. Much, much better than you were on day 1. And you won't notice such a big difference between "5 months 29 days" and "6 months". *There are actual physiochemical changes that happen to your brain as you develop:* Brain maturity is partly about the biochemistry of it, specifically neurotransmitters. Glutamate and GABA (gamma butryric acid) work together to control brain activity. During development glutamate is dominant and GABA is still catching up. To simplify what they do: Glutamate is the neurotransmitter that says "yes", and GABA says "no". So you can imagine that having too much "yes" can cause you to make decisions that needed a bit of "no". In addition to this, your brain is also improving its ability to send signals more efficiently (myelinogenesis), and specifically in parts of the brain that are used for reasoning and logic.


Question: What do we actually see/don't see and why can't we see all the colors? How can a modern camera be/see better than the eye and is that even true?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do we actually see/don't see and why can't we see all the colors? How can a modern camera be/see better than the eye and is that even true?

Light is a form of EM radiation. EM radiation is a continuous spectrum which is extremely broad. At the bottom end of the spectrum is things like radio and microwaves, then infrared, then there's the narrow section of the spectrum we can see, then UV, X-rays, and finally gamma radiation. These divisions aren't abrupt, but as you look at EM radiation higher and higher in the spectrum the general properties change. The characteristic of EM radiation that determines where in the spectrum it falls is its frequency (or wavelength, or momentum per photon, or energy per photon... it turns out once you know one of these you can quickly compute all of the others). Similarly, within the visible spectrum frequency is what determines the "color" of light. As far as physics is concerned there's just one scale here, which really ranges from radio to gamma but for our purposes here it ranges from red to blue, going along the rainbow. You may notice here that there are many colors not in the rainbow. What's brown? White? For these we turn to biology. In your eye you have to types of cell that sense light: rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive and turn off in bright light; they're what give you your night vision and don't contribute to color. Cones are less sensitive and are what give you color vision. Cones come in three flavors; traditionally these are named long, medium, and short, but here I'll call them red, green, and blue. Each flavor of cone is sensitive to a band of frequencies, being most sensitive to the frequencies at the center of that band and less so to frequencies a little further off. The three flavors are sensitive to slightly different bands, but the bands overlap (*especially* the green and blue ones). Your perception of color is based on how much each of those flavors of cone gets stimulated, but note that you can't tell *how* it got stimulated. To explain via example, imagine two light sources. One consists of pure yellow light--every single photon coming from that source is the same frequency, and that frequency is what we see as yellow. That is to say, it stimulates both the red and green cones. The other light source has two frequencies: one red, and one green. This *also* stimulates the red and green cones. To a human these light sources are indistinguishable, but if you got out the right kind of sensor it could analyze the two light sources and tell that they're different. Modern displays take advantage of humans' inability to tell the difference between those two light sources: since our perception boils down to "how much red cone stimulation, how much green cone stimulation, how much blue cone stimulation" there's no need to ever have a display produce yellow light. It's sufficient to have displays built with sources for red, green, and blue light. Whatever sensation they need to generate it's always possible with those three colors. Since the frequency bands for each flavor of cone overlap there are some sensations that are impossible: you can't have something that's so green it stimulates the green cone and no others, since pure green light also stimulates the blue cones. This is where the concept of impossible colors comes from: what if we found a way to stimulate just the green cones and none of the others? What would the sensation be? Is that a greener green than any green could ever be?


Question: How are concepts in statistics different for courses like psychology, political sciences, or sociology?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are concepts in statistics different for courses like psychology, political sciences, or sociology?

Statistics is a branch of mathematics. The math does not change, but how you apply it does, and that is what tailor made classes do, teach you how to apply the math.


Question: The Great Plains list millions of tons of topsoil during the Dust Bowl. Where did it go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Great Plains list millions of tons of topsoil during the Dust Bowl. Where did it go?

Into the oceans and blown onto other lands, most of it though ended as extra sediment in the oceans.


Question: How can the same size and type of rechargeable battery have different capacities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the same size and type of rechargeable battery have different capacities?

You can pack more active chemicals in the battery, if you use more expensive, thinner films, more expensive pastes that contain more active ingredients, and wind it all much tighter to pack more in. Some really cheap cells contain only a little bit of stuff wound rather loosely, or even packed out with sand.


Question: After making espresso then applying a stick blender for a few minutes, it gets slightly thicker and tastier. Is this an emulsion? What just happened to the coffee?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 After making espresso then applying a stick blender for a few minutes, it gets slightly thicker and tastier. Is this an emulsion? What just happened to the coffee?

It's not technically an emulsion, since an emulsion is two liquids (by definition). What you have is a foam. You can think of it as an "air in coffee emulsion", a lot of the physics are similar. You basically whipped the coffee, like whipped cream only coffee. All the tiny air bubbles make it thicker and "soften" the feel of the coffee, both because it's now less dense coffee and because you've literally beaten some of the volatile flavour compounds out of it.


Question: How can one explain the Pigeonhole Principle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can one explain the Pigeonhole Principle?

If you have 10 hat boxes and 11 hats, and you MUST store the hats in the boxes, there is a 100% chance that one box will contain two hats. Same goes for hairs on your head. In a city of a million people ther will be people with the exact same number of hairs on their head. Explanation: humans have approximately 100,000 to 250,000 hairs on their head, some might have more or less, but no one has more than a million for sure. Thus even if distributed evenly over every possible number of hairs, in a city of 1,000,001 people there will be at least two people having the same number of hairs on their head.


Question: How does limiting buying of certain stocks, but not selling, help Robinhood meet their clearinghouse deposit requirements?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does limiting buying of certain stocks, but not selling, help Robinhood meet their clearinghouse deposit requirements?

Robinhood doesn't buy $100 of CME when you place an order. That's 1/3 of a share, and there is no other market in fractional shares. Instead, they wait until they need 100 shares (a standard exchange transactional amount) and then they buy 100 shares and update their data base of which 300 people each own $100 worth (to extend your hypothetical). When you "sell" your $100, they do nothing but put money in your account. If enough people sell, then they sell 100 shares and "pay themselves back". Here is a problem if the stock is super volatile. You buy 1/3 of a share at $100. The next person buys 1/3 of a share at $102. ... The 300th person buys a share at $250. Now Robinhood buys 100 shares at $250, and only collected half of the $25,000 from you and your 299 friends. This is bad. So, instead, they predict what's going to happen and maybe buy 100 shares at $110. To do that, since Robinhood users have only contributed $500, they have to get the rest of the $11,000 from somebody. That means they have to have cash.


Question: why does one mirror portray a person as if they were flawless, meanwhile another will show every imperfection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does one mirror portray a person as if they were flawless, meanwhile another will show every imperfection?

Lighting has a lot to do with it and fluorescent light is the WORST it brings out the imperfections in everyone's skin. I hate dressing rooms that have those florescent lights..I wonder if they realize it makes people feel bad when trying something on and makes them not want to buy the clothing? Who knows. Sometimes dance studios will use it. I have to spend an hour + staring at a mirror with fluorescent lighting. Drives me crazy, it's distracting and I don't want to go back to the class there again. Something about it feels so unnatural.


Question: what does "interest calculated daily, paid monthly" really mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does "interest calculated daily, paid monthly" really mean?

On day 1 of the month you have you have $1000. Interest for that day is ($1000\*2.75%)/365, or in this case roughy $0.075. Day 2 you still only have $1000 so same calculation as above. Day 3 you decide to deposit another $100 so the calculation becomes ($1100\*2.75%)/365. Add all of these calculations together over the month, thats how much interest you get paid. Why is the interest not paid daily? Because then it would be compounding and cost the bank more money.


Question: what is preventing every nation from adopting a single universal currency? And wouldn't the world be a better place if that happened?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is preventing every nation from adopting a single universal currency? And wouldn't the world be a better place if that happened?

Areas have different levels of growth. A universal currency would cause price changes from some areas to affect areas that could not handle it and mess up their local economies. Multiple currencies provide a buffer through the exchange rate.


Question: Why is calculus important in the medical field?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is calculus important in the medical field?

When you take any medication, someone has to have calculated how long the drug lasts at each dosage level. They have determined the correct dose for each body weight. They know how that medication is affected by other drugs, including how the duration or decay rate changes. To do these types of calculations, scientists and pharmacists use computers... But they used to use calculus.


Question: If Nebulas are giant clouds of dust and gas, how do Nebulas keep their shape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Nebulas are giant clouds of dust and gas, how do Nebulas keep their shape?

They don't. They are constantly expanding and changing shape, it is just that they are so huge, that it takes forever for the changes to be noticeable. The Horsehead nebula is slightly different now than it was 20 years ago, and in a way that it is just barely visibly notable.


Question: why does water boil in a vacuum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does water boil in a vacuum?

Water need pressure to stay liquid, so without pressure the temperature drops for boiling. Water boils when there is no pressure.


Question: Why do certain actions/sounds feel "satisfying" (i.e. a good high five)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain actions/sounds feel "satisfying" (i.e. a good high five)?

One of the biggest things that most people desire is kinship or community. And, when you get a high five, you are basically affirming your membership in a community. This goes for pats on the back, cheers from across the room or any other action that basically states "You are one of us".


Question: How come sometimes when you close your eyes to sleep and try to imagine something, your imagination takes what you imagine way out of proportion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come sometimes when you close your eyes to sleep and try to imagine something, your imagination takes what you imagine way out of proportion?

Because when you immagine a thing in your head you don't have the measuring and proportion that the eyes give, you in your head live in a place were isn't a real space and time, call it magic 😎


Question: Why do cities offer free internet? What's the catch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cities offer free internet? What's the catch?

The 'catch' is getting more people into the areas with net. Those areas will have all kinds of things that mean more taxes going to the city, like business revenue or land ownership.


Question: Why is gold so valuable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is gold so valuable?

For the same reason that anything else is valuable; people agree that it's valuable. The reasons we agree vary. Gold actually does have some very useful physical properties; there are things you need to have gold in order to do well. But it's also historically very desirable, because it's difficult to find in large amounts and it has a pleasing luster. Scarcity often leads to things being more valuable, particularly when people want the thing in question.


Question: How did the baby boomers generation "destroy the economy"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How did the baby boomers generation "destroy the economy"?

They are referencing that the economic policies of the 80s 90s and 00s centralized wealth a lot, greatly increased corporate power (especially citizens united, allowing corporations to directly finance election campaigns), and their spending habits were heavy on deficit spending leading to a too strong luxury market, which the millenials are now crashing because they don't buy luxuries as much, or the same ones, as well as causing the 2008 financial crises when all that debt finally came to a head and couldn't get paid. It should be noted that despite all this the "economy", and the average standard of living, are both much better off right now than they were in 1980.


Question: when someone has a higher alcohol tolerance than someone else, what’s the difference on a molecular level?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 when someone has a higher alcohol tolerance than someone else, what’s the difference on a molecular level?

There's these tiny little molecules in your body that break alcohol down into not-alcohol (alcohol dehydrogenase). some people have more of these little worker buddies than others. A lot of it is genetic. Old people have less.


Question: What is RAID storage and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is RAID storage and how does it work?

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is used to take multiple hard disks and make them appear as a single unit. This can be used to improve performance, provide protection against a drive failure, or a mix of both. The most common versions a normal person will run into are RAID 0 which splits all data between the two disks so it can read and write twice as fast, and RAID 1 which makes the two disks copies of each other so you don't lose data if one fails. Bigger environments will use RAID 5, RAID 6, and RAID 10 depending on how many disks they're using and what they're aiming for.


Question: How does feelings manifest biologically? And how can/do we differentiate between good and bad feelings, like the adrenaline we get from winning the lottery or being chased by a bear?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does feelings manifest biologically? And how can/do we differentiate between good and bad feelings, like the adrenaline we get from winning the lottery or being chased by a bear?

Primarily as hormones that affect behavior. Like love/affection is mostly a set of behaviors that come from release of oxytocin. The surge of fear/urgency/alertness, followed by dread and discomfort that's normally known as an adrenaline rush is a release of epinephrine then cortisol by the adrenal glands.


Question: Why do babies have such chubby cheeks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do babies have such chubby cheeks?

There are two reasons that I am aware of. First, it's a matter of having baby fat, a layer of fat they've been born with and retain for a while afterwards in case of emergencies. Plus, since babies are relatively small, any fat they do have appears more pronounced, relatively speaking. Second, there's an evolutionary advantage to looking cute. People, in general, are more likely to be attentive to things they find interesting/attractive. Because looking cute means that parents will pay more attention to the child, it makes sense for babies to be born looking cute (and also for us to find the "baby look" cute). Chubby cheeks are part of that feedback loop.


Question: Why do we need to turn off our mobile phones or put them in airplane mode? Is it really necessary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do we need to turn off our mobile phones or put them in airplane mode? Is it really necessary?

There are a couple of reasons. First and foremost: your phone wants to stay connected. To do that when it's far away from a tower means that it will boost it's signal until it finds a tower, or reaches its signal limit. This can cause a bunch of problems. Your phone will run out of battery faster. A stronger signal takes more energy. There is a fear that it will interfere with navigation equipment. Maybe not a well grounded fear, but a fear nonetheless. The towers on the ground also want to respond to your phone. This causes the [near-far problem]( URL_1 ) for people still on the ground. Basically, the towers on the ground need to talk extra loud to be heard by the plane phones, so it's harder for all the phones nearby to hear without boosting their volume too. Have an entire plane full of people going from tower to tower, and it just adds a bunch of load and decreases the signal quality for people on the ground. Keeping the plane slightly quieter is nice for everyone. By enforcing airplane mode, no one is making phone calls, it makes it quieter for everyone, and easier to hear the crew member instructions. There is a proposal to essentially add mini cell towers (pico cells) to planes. It would mean airplane mode would still be needed for take off and landing, but phones could be used above 10,000 feet, for text and data only. [This article]( URL_0 ) has a good about of further information


Question: If I pour a bottle of water into a lake/pond, does the height of it change on the nanoscale?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I pour a bottle of water into a lake/pond, does the height of it change on the nanoscale?

If it had perfectly rigid walls and floor, yes. Since a pond is likely to have dirt floors/walls, the water will probably be absorbed into the walls/erode them a bit.


Question: How do they isolate oxygen to fill tanks with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they isolate oxygen to fill tanks with?

Most of the time is is done by cooling down air and when you reach the temperature oxygen become a liquid you can extract it. Air is mostly Nitrogen. oxygen, water, argon and carbon dioxide . The water and carbon dioxide will become a liquid(solid before oxygen and the other will become a liquid after It is a bit how you distill alcohol by heating it up and the alcohol boil before water but it is done by cooling it down instead.


Question: Why are some diseases/disorders like diabetes reversible/curable but others are not? Why can’t that ability be mimicked in science?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some diseases/disorders like diabetes reversible/curable but others are not? Why can’t that ability be mimicked in science?

Uhh... different diseases require different solutions. Some solutions we know and others we don’t.


Question: What’s the reasoning behind a Presidential candidate (ie. Bernie) dropping out of the Primary race before all states have voted? Besides the fact that maybe he can’t catch up to Biden. Is this the case?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the reasoning behind a Presidential candidate (ie. Bernie) dropping out of the Primary race before all states have voted? Besides the fact that maybe he can’t catch up to Biden. Is this the case?

Yeah. At this point, mathematically, Bernie can't get enough delegates to win. As much as people on Reddit supported him, there were way more older voters who voted for Biden, and so it's impossible now for Bernie to win the Democratic nomination. He's deciding to drop out, and try to get as many of his supporters to vote for Biden instead, because Bernie may not like Biden, but he absolutely doesn't want Trump re-elected.


Question: If/when we give blood, do we produce more to replace it? And if we produce more and more blood, why don’t we explode?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If/when we give blood, do we produce more to replace it? And if we produce more and more blood, why don’t we explode?

Our bone marrow produces blood. So when we give blood our body produces more. It takes roughly 8 weeks for your body to replenish what you give in typical blood donation. Blood cells like any other cell in our body eventually dies and gets replaced and sent out as waste. The body is generally finely tuned enough know when it needs to increase production(in the event of losing a lot such as donation or injury) or slow production.


Question: difference between cast iron and stainless steel pans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 difference between cast iron and stainless steel pans?

cast iron transmits heat better. Stainless steel does a pretty good job but its lighter by half. So I have stainless steel for most and a cast iron for steaks ( pan) and stews (Dutch oven) Seasoning is basically sealing the pores on the surface of cast iron so food sticks less. The seasoning is basically burned on oil, which is usually a high smoke point oil that doesn't go rancid so peanut, soybean, safflower, flax oils are good for seasoning


Question: Why do humans have individual teeth instead of two half circles of bones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans have individual teeth instead of two half circles of bones?

It seems like an animal in the wild (human or otherwise) that's had it's single, big tooth fracture can pretty much say goodbye to eating ever again.


Question: I baked cookies today. When dunking them hot out of the oven, any pieces that broke off sank to the bottom of my cup of milk. But later, after they'd cooled, pieces that broke off floated. Why do hot cookies sink and room-temp cookies float?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 I baked cookies today. When dunking them hot out of the oven, any pieces that broke off sank to the bottom of my cup of milk. But later, after they'd cooled, pieces that broke off floated. Why do hot cookies sink and room-temp cookies float?

I know nothing about physics, but I have read a lot about baking. When coating a cake with a flavoured syrup that you want to sink into the crumb, I've read that it works best if the cake and syrup are different temperatures - either a still-hot cake with room-temperature syrup, or a cooled cake with heated syrup. I haven't been able to find any proof or spelled-out scientific explanation, but perhaps the hot cookies are drawing in the cold milk faster than the cooled cookies would? Have you ever noticed how when you pour water on soil that is completely parched, a lot of it runs right out the bottom of the pot without seeming to wet the soil at all (I kill a lot of plants...)? But soil that's only a little dry will suck up water like a sponge. I don't know the reason for that either, but maybe it has something to do with things shrinking as they dry out so the openings water could seep into are narrower. Maybe also a similar effect? I would have thought pockets of steam within the crumb of the cookie would make it more buoyant, not less, but maybe the steam is also keeping those little pores open? Cold cookies are definitely more dense than ones fresh out of the oven (you can see them shrink as they cool), so better moisture-resistance is the only thing I can come up with that would explain the floating. I'd be very interested to hear corrections from anyone with some real physics knowledge.


Question: Why do Americans show the price of a product without tax?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do Americans show the price of a product without tax?

Sales tactic. And also there are different taxes added to a seller that varies by state and city.


Question: Why is it when round objects spin at a certain speed they appear motionless?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when round objects spin at a certain speed they appear motionless?

Your eyes have a frame rate per second, when an object is spinning and matches your eyes frame rate they appear motionless. This is why helicopters blades will appear motionless on high speed cameras


Question: Why can a company's class A and class B shares rise and fall independently from one another?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can a company's class A and class B shares rise and fall independently from one another?

If one pays a dividend and the other doesn't, changes to the dividend payout will impact one class significantly and barely budge the other. If the company is really struggling the lower class shares may also be at greater risk and therefore more volatile. Usually share classes do move more or less in tandem, but on slow trading days it's not that unusual for one to finish slightly up while the other is slightly down.


Question: What are the most compelling explanations of the causes of the global financial crisis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the most compelling explanations of the causes of the global financial crisis?

I’m going to put this in the simplest of terms until someone else comes along with a more verbose answer. __greed__ Edit: Thought I would actually attempt this one, for real. So, the 2008 subprime crisis. __disclaimer__ - I’m by no means an expert and will happily be corrected. From what I understand it all started with what we call subprime mortgages. These are mortgages that are offered to individuals with lower credit scores and less disposable income. Lenders were basically giving out mortgages to anyone and everyone. Then when the housing bubble hit and house prices dropped as a result of this interest rates soared to compensate for the lower value of the house. Bare in mind these were people with poor credit and less money to spend, so when the interest rates went up people were unable to meet the payments and as a result foreclosures were rampant. ~~Lenders will package debts and sell them to other lenders. Ideally these packages of mortgages would have a rating (it’s been awhile so the actual ratings escape me) of say AAA meaning that it was a collection of low risk mortgages, ie people with good credit and the ability to pay. What the banks did before selling these mortgages on was to include some AAA mortgages inside a pack along with some of the sketchier high risks loans. The rating for the whole pack would still be set as AAA and nobody would check.~~ See reply comment for a more accurate description of packaged mortgages. This was all fine until house prices fell and people couldn’t afford to pay and started to default. Now there were loads of subprime mortgages out there. Obviously when people are unable to pay, the banks are losing out on money and the whole house of cards came crashing down. What’s sick is the people offering these subprime mortgages, with little to no checks or even worse inaccurate information, would already have taken their bonuses and made millions. It was then left for the tax payers to bail out the banks to get them back on their feet. Not the most eloquent answer, but it’s been a while since I read up on this. I would highly recommend a Google search for scholarly articles.


Question: Why are alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine packaged in non-resealable containers?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine packaged in non-resealable containers?

There are LOTS of ways to reseal wine bottles... Original cork partway in, [decorative wine bottle stoppers]( URL_0 ), etc. Beer on the other hand are simple expected to be consumed in one sitting (pretty much the same for wine with some folks to be honest).