Question: how do cigarette filters work and what would happen if you smoked a filter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do cigarette filters work and what would happen if you smoked a filter?

Cigarette filters don't work. What's astonishing is this isn't even a secret. The filter has almost no impact on filtering "tar" or nicotine, and won't filter light weight molecules like carbon monoxide. They filter at most, and being generous, 25% of nicotine. But wait, I just said cigarette filters don't work, didn't I? *Filtering* 25% of nicotine sounds pretty effective, no? No. Because cigarette filters weren't designed to filter nicotine, they were designed to make smoking cigarettes safer, and they don't. You still get tar, you still get nicotine and... I'm just going to go on a tangent here for a moment and comment: why would you want to remove nicotine from cigarette smoke? No really - THAT'S THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT. That's what, in tobacco, gets you high. That's the source of your buzz. This is why tobacco smokers smoke. It just so happens to be chemically addictive. I mean, if you just wanted to smoke without the illicit effects of nicotine, flavor, and *ash* in your lungs, you could smoke literally anything else. ...So what happens is with the filter, with the reduction of up to 25% of the nicotine, you get less buzz. Which means you smoke more. And since it doesn't appreciably filter out particulates, you're just getting more tar in your lungs, killing you faster, as you pursue that buzz you've been craving. They make smoking no less dangerous, and in fact increase instance of smoking, increasing your risk. They exist for three principle reasons: First, that; that they make you smoke more. Second, they're a filler, cheaper than tobacco. So the manufacturers can stretch out more product and make more cigarettes. Third and finally, it's the perception - so long as the smoking populace wants to willfully believe this myth that filters do anything, so be it. They won't tell you you're right, but they won't tell you you're wrong. Otherwise, the filters are by and large weakly flammable, which is why they're used as filters, they're non-toxic, and hypoallergenic. They're made from organic molecules and are no more dangerous than smoking any other organic compound you'd find in your cigarette. Being a plastic, they aren't biodegradable. How they're made is from cellulose, which is dissolved in some organic solvents. The solution is then spun in a hot air environment, separating the solvents and forming spun filaments. It's not like they're taking cotton and treating it, then stuffing treated cotton into the cigarette. Most cellulose acetate is made from wood pulp, not that it makes a difference. But it is a plastic.


Question: Why would it be ok for ISPs to sell your browsing information, but not ok for the NSA to spy on your browsing information?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would it be ok for ISPs to sell your browsing information, but not ok for the NSA to spy on your browsing information?

It is not ok. The people who support this do not have the interests of the consumer as their top priority.


Question: What is an atom ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an atom ?

The word "atom" comes from the roots for "un-cut" but it's really more like "uncuttable" because an atom is the smallest possible quantity that a chunk of an element can be divided into and still *be* that element. If you start with a gram of gold you can cut it in half over and over again and what you get is just a bunch of smaller and smaller pieces of gold, but there is a limit. When you get down to a single atom of gold splitting that will yield things that are no longer gold at all. You'll get an assortment of subatomic particles and some smaller than gold atoms that are completely different elements. So, what is an element? An atom consists of a nucleus that has a net positive charge surrounded by a cloud of electrons with a net charge that is negative such that the whole atom has no charge. The study of the behavior of the electron cloud is the science of Chemistry. The electron cloud determines the many different ways that the atom can enter into chemical reactions with other atoms. The study of the nature of the nucleus comes under the science of Physics. Getting back to gold, there must be something about a gold atom that makes it a different element from, let's say, lead. Gold is heavy, shiny yellow, and precious, it never corrodes. Lead is also a very heavy metal, it starts out shiny like silver but quickly tarnishes to a dull gray. The differences between the two elements, and in fact the differences between all of the elements, are in the structure of their nuclei. The nucleus is made of two different particles, protons which are positively charged and neutrons that have no charge. The ways in which neutrons keep the positively charged protons from all repelling one another and flying apart is way beyond an ELI5 response, so back to the protons. Gold has 79 protons in its nucleus, lead has 82. Every element has a unique number of positively charged protons in its nucleus of its atoms and so will have a unique number of negatively charged electrons in its electron cloud thus each element will have its own unique ways of entering into reactions with other atoms of other elements.


Question: What are bonds, and what is the difference between stocks and bonds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are bonds, and what is the difference between stocks and bonds?

Bonds : Local bakery has a great idea for muffin tops. They need 500 for the special muffin top slicing machine and non stick pans. The local bank won't give them a loan because the idea is so new and they haven't been in business for long. But everyone in the neighbourhood is super excited. So the bakery prints out 500 bond certificates that cost $1.00 each and the certificates say that in 1 year from now they can be redeemed for $1.10 at the cash register.


Question: Why is it normal for rent to go up 3% per year to account for inflation, yet wages remain the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it normal for rent to go up 3% per year to account for inflation, yet wages remain the same?

Clearly there are a lot of things at play here, but I think the best way to explain it is by looking at the Sticky Wage Theory. Essentially, it says that wages are slow to respond to changes in in the performance of a company or the economy at large. One good example of why wages might be "sticky" is due to contracts. If you're employed under contract, and let's say you still have 2 years left on the contract, your wages will not be able to change for 2 years (barring a contract renegotiation). Something like rent, however, can often be adjusted annually (or even monthly), making it much less "sticky" than wages. [Here]( URL_0 ) is an Investopedia article that goes into Sticky Wage Theory a bit more, and shouldn't be too complicated even with only a rudimentary understanding of macroeconomics. The applications of this theory, and ones like it, can get quite complex however. Edit: Apostrophes Edit 2: Other reasons for sticky wages besides contracts include things such as: minimum wages (if the the economy declines), unions and collective bargaining, and even underemployment causing the cost of labor to be relatively cheap and allowing jobs to remain filled at sub-optimal wages.


Question: why do flamingos stand on one leg and do they have a dominant leg?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do flamingos stand on one leg and do they have a dominant leg?

As I understand, it has to do with heat conservation. Water and wet legs wick away body heat much faster so they keep one out of the water.


Question: Why is the 3-body problem not solvable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the 3-body problem not solvable?

The three body problem is solvable but does not have a closed form solution. For a two body problem you can come up with a set of equations that tell you where each body will be and what will be going on with it. Nice and easy, you can then plug in the parameters for any other two bodies and have an answer. With a three body problem the results change significantly with even slight changes in the initial conditions. If something starts a little to the left or is moving a little faster it can result in a wildly different answer so the three body problem takes fancier math to solve. Consider an asteroid scooting between Earth on the left and the moon on the right. If it passes through the spot where the gravity is perfectly equal between the two then it'll shoot straight on through, but if it goes a bit closer to Earth then it'll hook to the left because Earth's gravity pulls it that way, and if its a bit to the right then it'll hook towards the moon. A tiny difference in approach angle can determine if it goes straight or slingshots off in one direction or the other. Sometimes the easiest way to figure out where something will be at time T is to simulate and step through it from now(t=0) until then(t=T); its a brute force approach but when you start dealing with more than 3 bodies the math spirals out of control very quickly and you're better off just letting matlab brute force it for you overnight.


Question: How do employee-owned shares work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do employee-owned shares work?

> How does a company decide how many shares there are? That is one of the jobs of the company's board of directors. They, as representatives for the shareholders, decide how many shares of stock are available in the company. They can vote to issue more shares, or they can vote to retire shares (that are either held by the company or purchased from the market). > How does a company just offer more shares to ew employees when that would dilute the existing owners' relative share? It depends. Sometimes they buy the shares from the market (which doesn't directly dilute equity) and sometimes they just issue new shares (which would dilute equity). > What happens to those shares when an employee quits? If the employee owns the shares outright, they are the property of the employee and the employee retains ownership after they leave.


Question: How is Human Growth Hormone related to testosterone? Do their levels affect each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Human Growth Hormone related to testosterone? Do their levels affect each other?

Growth hormone is responsible for linear growth of muscles organs and bones. People with a lot of growth hormone as kids are tall as hell and often die of organ failure (heart is one place where muscle growth is not a good thing) Worth noting that after puberty growth hormone won't make u grow taller as your growth plates have already fused. Testosterone is responsible secondary male characteristics such as penile growth, hair growth, prostate gland growth, and muscle growth. So yes there is some over lap with GH but testesterone supplementation and GH supplentation will have separate side effects. Too much GH in adults makes your jaw bones and hands big acromegaly) while testesterone can cause testicular atrophy ( because if you are injecting T the testicles don't need to make any)


Question: How does a company get its product's code in the product?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a company get its product's code in the product?

by uploading it into the device's memory. physically same process as you uploading your music from your itunes on desktop to the iphone. except....apple's new iOS code gets loaded in at the factory thru a special loader.


Question: how audio books are made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how audio books are made?

Yes they are read word for word. It can be a long, rough grind to do it all. There's no AI tech nonsense magic. Someone literally reads it into a microphone in a booth.


Question: Is there a finite number of facial structure combinations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a finite number of facial structure combinations?

There are 23 chromosomes, but each has many genes and each gene has many alleles, or possible forms. This leads to greater variability than potentially every human who has ever lived. Also, developmental and environmental factors play a role. The act of chewing, for instance, may play a role in jaw development.


Question: What does it mean for a fabric to be pre-shrunk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean for a fabric to be pre-shrunk?

Some fabrics like cotton shrink in the dryer. So, some manufacturers shrink the fabric before making the apparel.


Question: what exactly is an algorithm and how is the algorithm for detecting fake news on Facebook failing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is an algorithm and how is the algorithm for detecting fake news on Facebook failing?

An algorithm is basically a recipe to solving a certain problem. The problem can be something like "what's the quickest way from point A to point B", "how to calculate digits of pi" or "how to tell a real news story from a fake one". In actuality an algorithm is a list of steps that are needed in order to solve the problem, i.e. they describe what a computer program needs to do. Unlike an actual computer program, the algorithm doesn't have to deal with specifics such as how the user enters the input to the problem or how exactly the problem will be represented in the computer's memory. A good analogy for an algorithm is a recipe: a list of general instructions on how to cook something (heat up oven, mix certain ingredients, etc.) When we say "the algorithm is failing" it simply means that the program that was written to implement this algorithm is failing to do its job correctly. So in this case, Facebook's program fails to properly detect fake news and separate them from real news.


Question: Why does condensation and frost form in a circular pattern?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does condensation and frost form in a circular pattern?

Looks like the temperature has a gradient between the center of your window and the edges. My guess is that the parts of the wall that hold your glass pane are sub-zero, while the environment is warmer. So your window is freezing starting from the parts connected to the wall/window frame. Glass is not a great conductor so the cold doesn’t get too far before it loses out to the ambient temp. The circular shape is just a blurred/softened square due to the way heat traces through the sheet of glass, similar how a perfectly cubed ice cubes will start to round into little round pebbles as they melt


Question: In some US States, video recording is legal but audio recording requires 2 party consent. Why are they treated differently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In some US States, video recording is legal but audio recording requires 2 party consent. Why are they treated differently?

Most of these laws were actually written in regards to wiretapping, as in bugging a phone. Before surveillance cameras or even video cameras ever existed.


Question: How do large food/drink franchises maintain perfect taste-matching around the world, all the time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do large food/drink franchises maintain perfect taste-matching around the world, all the time?

Those big franchises change their tastes according to area they operate in. Coca cola does taste differently across the world. So does mcdo and any other you could name.


Question: Why are some plastics so strong until a tear is made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some plastics so strong until a tear is made?

For the same reason that some knots are so strong until you cut them. Plastics are long tangled and branched carbon chains, with the hardness of the plastic determined by the length, "tangledness", and "branchedness" of the chains. Once a cut or tear is made, you now only have to cut or pull out a few chains along the edge instead of cutting through the whole mass.


Question: How come movies that gross twice or more times their Production Budget are sometimes considered "Unprofitable"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come movies that gross twice or more times their Production Budget are sometimes considered "Unprofitable"?

Movies set up a dummy corporation that exists for the production and distribution of that movie. They "outsource" things like advertising to the studio who "charge" very high fees. Even if the movie takes in a lot of money, they have that very big advertising bill to pay off, so all the money goes up to the studio, and none stays with the company that actually made the movie, making it not profitable on paper.


Question: If spiders' webs are the strongest fiber in the world. Why are not used as a material to build or create artifacts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If spiders' webs are the strongest fiber in the world. Why are not used as a material to build or create artifacts?

It is really stretchy, like insanely stretchy, it may stop a bullet, but it will be behind you after passing through you. Spider silk is an amazing material, but it is insanely hard to get hold of, it took four years to get enough for a cloth smaller than a single sheet in 2009. Currently we cannot synthesise it very well ourselves, so maybe one day we will be able to use it.


Question: Why do people move fast in the videos recorded on old, black and white cameras?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people move fast in the videos recorded on old, black and white cameras?

Commercial movie cameras were literally hand-cranked affairs, and number of frames exposed per second depended on how steadily the camera operator could crank. Also, film was less sensitive to light than later on, so most cameras exposed fewer frames. Home cameras, when they came out, generally used spring mechanisms which were similarly inconsistent and slow. Since we're not accustomed to that number of frames-per-second, even when the film is adjusted to be speed-correct to life from moment-to-moment it seems jerky and fast to us. Interestingly, the same thing happens on the other side of the equation. If you've seen a newer film shot in 60 frames per second instead of the 24 frames per second we've had for the last 40+ years, it seems too fast and herky-jerky because we're not used to motion that smooth in a film. But hey, [it's more cinematic](/r/PCMasterRace).


Question: When a really big website goes down, why is it said to cost the company hundreds, thousands, or even millions, of dollars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a really big website goes down, why is it said to cost the company hundreds, thousands, or even millions, of dollars?

Imagine URL_0 being down. Millions of users who would have bought something said “fuck it I’ll do it later” and never did. Those are lost sales.


Question: why do stars last millions of years rather then burn through all their matter faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do stars last millions of years rather then burn through all their matter faster?

Stars are really really really big; even at the crazy burn rates of a normal star like the sun (about 600 million tons per second) it weighs about 10^(22) times more than that, so it's only using about a hundred billion billion-th of its mass as fuel each second. And most of that burn is just turning hydrogen into helium...as the sun ages, it will burn helium into carbon, and so on. Right now the sun isn't hot enough to burn the helium but it will be eventually. The sun only loses about 4 million tons per second in and it weighs about 10^(30) tons. It's still a sensible question as to why it doesn't burn faster than it currently does, since gravity should be pulling all that stuff together and it's really really hot. But atomic nuclei are positively charged and they don't want to get close to each other...it takes a \*lot\* of gravity and a \*lot\* of temperature to get them to run into each other and fuse. Even in the sun fusion is only happening in the core, not at the surface. These pressures balance in a star...gravity is trying to collapse it smaller, nuclear repulsion are trying to expand it. The star will shrink until these forces equal each other. If it shrinks a little, the reactions will speed up, temperature/pressure will increase, and it will expand back out to equilibrium. Stars change sizes (and colours and temperatures) when the reactions change, because the balance point changes.


Question: why are most states’ capitals not their largest city?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are most states’ capitals not their largest city?

In many cases the capital was chosen to be as centrally located as possible, which explains Springfield, IL, and Jefferson City, MO. In other cases it was chosen to move development and economic activity from the coast to the state's relatively undeveloped interior; this was the case with Austin, TX. Sometimes the capital was chosen based on population patterns that are very different today; Tallahassee, FL, in the western Panhandle was chosen because at the time only a narrow strip of N. Florida was inhabited by Anglos.


Question: Spin of an electron. What is it? Why can there be only two electrons with opposite spin in an orbital? What does “opposite spin” even mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Spin of an electron. What is it? Why can there be only two electrons with opposite spin in an orbital? What does “opposite spin” even mean?

A spinning magnet produces an electric field. Electrons produce a similar electric field so they were said to 'spin'. We now know electrons are not physical particles that spin but the term has stuck. Electrons produce a magnetic field as if spinning. Some do it as if spinning clockwise and others as if spinning counter clockwise. So we say they have opposite spin. Each electron is paired with one that has the opposite spin. This makes the total spin balanced. When an electron has its spin altered, its paired electron instantly alters its spin to match no matter how far away. We do not know how this can happen but it does. So to sum up: we know electrons exist, have magnetic fields in one of two directions, and are paired. We don't know what they are, how they produce a magnetic field, or how pairs are linked. We use the term 'spin' even though it is inaccurate because we have no better term.


Question: Why do we skip a number when two (or more) things are tied for the same rank?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we skip a number when two (or more) things are tied for the same rank?

We skip a number because it doesn't matter if there are 2 tied for first or there is a first and a second, the next one is the 3rd best -- because there are 2 ahead in the ranking. It's the number of people/cities, etc. ahead, not the number of unique scores that matter.


Question: Why does espresso sometimes cause multiple gradients in steamed milk when making a Latte Macchiato?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does espresso sometimes cause multiple gradients in steamed milk when making a Latte Macchiato?

This is made by correctly heating the milk and correctly pouring it in the coffee. First you make an espresso shot (or two) and while the coffee is still running, you use a separate pot for the milk. You heat up the milk with a steam wand on the espresso machine and if you know how to properly heat it up, how much air you can let in then you end up with a really nicely texturised milk. Once the milk reaches around 60 degrees celsius you let it sit for a 10 or so seconds, swirl it around the pot and give it a few gentle taps on the surface you’re working on so it gets rid of the air bubbles. You can now pour it in your coffee cup. While youre pouring the milk, it depends how you pour it and what the angle of the coffee cup and the milk pot is. I find that rocking the pot left to right while pouring at a small angle will give you nice gradients. But it is all a personal preference Source: Was a barista for 6 years


Question: What stages of sleep do we get into from a nap?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What stages of sleep do we get into from a nap?

It depends how long your nap is. Let's say a 30 min nap vs. a 2 hour nap. In a 30 minute nap, as you drift off your brain produces alpha and theta waves. You are asleep, but your brain is not officially in "deep sleep" mode. You can be easily woken up. During a two hour nap: after the first 90 minutes, your brain has shifted from the alpha & theta waves, to frequent sleep waves, and then slower waves. You begin to enter REM sleep. (Rapid Eye Movement). This is the deepest kind of sleep, in which it is hard to be woken up because your body is repairing and restoring all of your muscles, organs, etc. which is necessary for daily function. During a regular night of sleeping, the average adult has 5-6 REM cycles. It really all depends on how long your nap is. You will most likely wake up very groggy if your nap is longer than 90 minutes.


Question: Why can't doctors diagnose CTE in a living person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't doctors diagnose CTE in a living person?

Because the physical degeneration thought to be involved in CTE can only be observed in autopsies. It doesn't really show readily or conclusively is regular brain scans which look for neuron activity or chemical processes. Cracking open a living person's skull soley for research or diagnosis purposes in a very risky surgery is a rather tough sell for an ethical comittee.


Question: -Why does life on other planets need the same components as us to survive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 -Why does life on other planets need the same components as us to survive?

We don't know that they do. What we do know is that WE do, and we're the only example we have to go by. So if we find those sames elements on another planet, we know it's possible for life to form. But, ultimately, you're absolutely right, alien life could form under different circumstances, just look at the extremophiles we have here on Earth, like giant tube worms living near oceanic vents.


Question: What exactly is the Big Bang theory?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is the Big Bang theory?

The theory that all the matter and energy in the universe was, at one time, condensed into a single infinitely small point. Then about 14.5 billion years ago it suddenly exploded and began expanding at an incredibly rapid rate. Over time, the universe continued to expand and cool eventually forming galaxies, stars, planets, and life. It's still expanding and cooling to this day, in fact the rate of expansion is increasing rather than decreasing as one might intuitively think.


Question: How do water treatment plants neutralize all of the different chemicals that are mixing in the sewers like toilet bowl cleaners, detergents, etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do water treatment plants neutralize all of the different chemicals that are mixing in the sewers like toilet bowl cleaners, detergents, etc.?

I'm thinking back a number of years to my studies so bear with me. There are 4 main steps they use in water treatment plants to ensure we have a perfectly healthy supply. The first is 'straining'. In which they remove large obstacles from the collected water. There's not much to imagine here, they just pass water through a screen. such as sticks and branches The second is 'Coagulation and Flocculation'. This is where they add coagulants to the water in order to collect much of the finer material which can get past the screens. such as dust and dirt The third is chlorination. Although it's more pertinent these days to call it 'disinfection' since we don't only use chlorine. We use these chemicals to kill any bacteria, viruses and parasites which may have passed through up until this point. The fourth is 'reverse osmosis'. This is basically the first step on steroids. We finally pass the water through a high pressure filter. The holes in this filter are microscopically small. So small in fact, that water itself can't pass through unless we put it under ridiculous strain. Considering water is already a comparatively small molecule, this filters out just about everything left.


Question: What is the red pill?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the red pill?

It gets a bad reputation because at its core it relies on the idea that women are essentially children and a resource as opposed to actual people, and puts men into a position where they feel victimized, in part as a reaction to their perception of feminism (which ironically, they think is setting up a system of false victimization). It's also extremely hostile to opposing viewpoints. There are differences between men and women, but people are people. They're complicated. While I can certainly see how red pill could have been an overall healthy step out of an abusive (presumably controlling) relationship, there's such a thing as going too far as well. I know I'm not going to convince you, I just hope you look at things critically.


Question: How does the high-end fashion scene work? Like, how are designers making a living out of those hyper-excessive designs, that no average person ever wears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the high-end fashion scene work? Like, how are designers making a living out of those hyper-excessive designs, that no average person ever wears?

The fashion you see at a fashion show is not to be sold, they are one-of-a-kind high quality clothes designed and sculpted to fit one person only (the model). The goal is not to sell these items, but to showcase how high quality your skills are at different techniques for sewing and in using different (and hard to use) fabric. They then get employed to make designs that can be mass-produced or a design that can be produced easily 100 times to sell as limited edition stock. It's basically like saying "look what I can make, imagine what I could make for you if you paid me."


Question: how are new mental disorders discovered, categorized, and added to the DSM?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are new mental disorders discovered, categorized, and added to the DSM?

The same way as all other diseases: 1) see a bunch of “sick” patients 2) notice a pattern in some sick patients 3) publish “hey I noticed this pattern. Could it be significant?” 4) other people see the pattern (if they don’t, nothing usually happens). They publish stuff corroborating your pattern. 5) a professional society (like APA) tries to decide if your pattern is different enough to be its own thing 6) people keep doing research on it. Sometimes they find a cause or treatment 7) occasionally, your disorder is merged into another one later And that’s pretty much how you get in the book.


Question: can rainbows happen on other planets? Are they only found on earth? If they can, how?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 can rainbows happen on other planets? Are they only found on earth? If they can, how?

Theoretically speaking, yes. A rainbow is just the result of the way light bends when refracted through transparent objects: light of certain colours bends more than light of other colours, so colours that normally look white get separated into a rainbow of colours when they come out of the prism. Rain is a transparent object that's really good for bending light, and creates a rainbow as a result. Any planet that gets sunlight and liquid water rain will get rainbows. There's probably some extra factors involved in determining this possibility, but fundamentally speaking the things that make rainbows - ie, the laws of physics - are not exclusive to Earth.


Question: How do statistical tests prove significance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do statistical tests prove significance?

"Significance" in this context doesn't mean "this is true", it means "The chance this is true is pretty damn high". Generally speaking, the stronger the correlation, the more true it's likely to be. The P value is essentially a value of how likely it is that the results you got were just a fluke - that there's no pattern at all and the data just happened to come out looking like there was. The tests that determine P value just look at the data in the abstract and the amount it deviates. The lower the deviation, the lower the P value, because it's very unusual for random chance to produce results with very low deviation. It could still happen, which is why the P value isn't 0, all you're doing is saying "The chance random chance produced *these* results is sufficiently low that we can decide the correlation is significant and therefore reproducible". Also, there are cases where a P value of 0.05 is still too high to be confident the correlation is actually there. In some cases, the results won't be considered significant until the P value is 0.01, or even lower.


Question: why does metal get hot when in the sun even though it's so reflective?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does metal get hot when in the sun even though it's so reflective?

It's also worth noting that metal tends to have a low specific heat. Specific heat is basically how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a material. So yes, even though a lot of light is reflected off the surface, that remaining light is going to raise its temperature fairly efficiently. This is part of the reason, in fact, that metal feels so especially hot to the touch and can leave very nasty burns very quickly. The lower the specific heat, the more quickly it will actually lose that heat. A 100 degree F piece of metal will feel hotter than a 100 degree F block of wood because that heat is going to rush into your skin A LOT more rapidly.


Question: why ARM processors are less energy consuming than x86 and why it is not easy to make x86 less consuming?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why ARM processors are less energy consuming than x86 and why it is not easy to make x86 less consuming?

A lot of the techniques that make x86 processors as fast as they are come with a severe power cost. The architecture has 30+ years of backwards compatibility and quirky behavior to maintain. ARM is a relatively simple architecture and was made with energy efficiency in mind, not the "performance at all costs" mantra that drove x86. ARM has also been able to issue multiple versions that break backwards compatibility to drop legacy features and add new ones.


Question: when a fridge defrosts itself, where does the water go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when a fridge defrosts itself, where does the water go?

The water is sent through a pipe or tube to a drain pan. Next to this pan is the motor fan. As the motor runs, the fan pushes hot air over the drain pan, causing the water to evaporate.


Question: Pineapples have a 1 year growth time before it can be harvested. Why are they relatively cheap despite them having a long growth time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Pineapples have a 1 year growth time before it can be harvested. Why are they relatively cheap despite them having a long growth time?

There are a lot of plantations that grow them rotating fields so that they have an almost constant supply. Because of this supply is high despite the long growth time and thus costs are relatively low.


Question: If the frequency of light determines its energy, what is the role of amplitude?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the frequency of light determines its energy, what is the role of amplitude?

The frequency determines the energy *of one photon*. The particle explanation would be that the amplitude of the light gives the number of photons. Basically, it's how bright it is.


Question: What legal loophole allows cover artists like two chello's to sell concert tickets where they perform music from Game Of Thrones for profit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What legal loophole allows cover artists like two chello's to sell concert tickets where they perform music from Game Of Thrones for profit?

If you play a song from another artist, you have to license it. Basically, two cellos have to pay royalties each time they perform their song. This is usually handled by organizations which represent artists in the respective country, such as the ASCAP.


Question: why mirrors reverse left and right but not up and down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why mirrors reverse left and right but not up and down?

Mirrors reverse front and back. When you hold up your right hand and someone looks at you from behind it's also right for them but if the same person would look at you from the front the hand would be left in their perspective. So if you look at a mirror you basically see what any person that looks at you from the back would see except that your front and back are flipped.


Question: How are IP addresses identifiable by location?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are IP addresses identifiable by location?

Blocks of IP addresses are assigned to organizations on request by a handful of non-profit organizations responsible for maintaining the IP space. These are the Regional Internet Registries. In North America this organization is ARIN, in Europe its RIPE, in Asia it's APNIC, etc These organizations each have certain number of IPv4 and IPv6 ranges that they can issue to companies upon request. When you get an IP range assigned to your company or organization it's registered into their database along with your head office location. That's what defines those IP ranges as belonging to a certain country + state + town. We don't usually think about top-level organizations like ARIN though, because most people and companies get their IP's assigned to them by an ISP. But the ISPs in turn get their IP ranges from ARIN, RIPE, etc Only very large organizations tend to get dedicated IP ranges all to themselves. Apple, HP, and the US government for example have massive IP ranges that belong to their organizations.


Question: Why do some buses make a hissing noise sometimes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some buses make a hissing noise sometimes?

Partly because they have pneumatic suspension so when they stop they lower it for passengers to be easier to board, and they also have air brakes I think which can have the same noise 😊


Question: Should I wash my hands with warm or cold water. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Should I wash my hands with warm or cold water. Why?

as hot as you can handle without hurting yourself. The temperature of water doesn't sanitize any better, the soap and rubbing is what removes germs, but hot water helps break down and lift any oils or greases that are on your hands, which could harbor bacteria.


Question: Why do grape flavored things never taste like grape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do grape flavored things never taste like grape?

I'm willing to guess that you've never eaten a *concord* grape, specifically? Because that is the taste that most artificial grape flavor is based on.


Question: What is P value and why is 0.05 so important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is P value and why is 0.05 so important?

When doing studies that have some probability factor involved in it (say randomly sampling people), there is a chance that you may conclude a fact about something simply because of random chance in your study. Say for example it can happen that you flip a coin 4 times and every time it lands on heads. And then you conclude that all coin flips must land on heads as a result of that, which is wrong. This happened because of purely random chance. A p value denotes the probability of your experiment happening the way it did the way it did. A p value of 0.05 means there is a 5% chance that the results you got support your conclusion not because there is a bias for some reason towards such results (say a coin is heaver on one side than another) but because of just dumb luck. 0.05 is just known as the gold standard for concluding that something is "statistically significant," that is probably didn't happen because of dumb luck. But smaller p values are better, and should be possible to reach if there is a true correlation although this generally means doing a more expensive study.


Question: When you see stories like, "12 year old invents cheap alternative to a significant medical/military/household product", what actually happened? Were they receiving some uncredited assistance or are they actually just child geniuses working alone after school?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you see stories like, "12 year old invents cheap alternative to a significant medical/military/household product", what actually happened? Were they receiving some uncredited assistance or are they actually just child geniuses working alone after school?

It's almost always FAKE NEWS. The rest of the time it's a reporter without much expertise in the fiend that's unrealistically impressed by a good science fair project. If you look at genuine science fair awards, [like these Intel ones]( URL_0 ), you'll see the same kind of small, incremental breakthroughs that you see from regular scientists and engineers. These kids are older, 16-18 usually, and they got really deep into a narrow problem. They're probably really geniuses.


Question: Why will it take the economy years to bounce back?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why will it take the economy years to bounce back?

For a few reasons. We were due a decline regardless as there are structual problems with how we have been handeling money over the last decade or so. This will take a long time to resove and remedy will take longer. Similarly if Covid disappeared overnight, all the people who lost jobs must find new ones and that takes time. You also have to replace any people who die. The economy is slower and will take time to start back up again. These two effects compound with each other and make it so that unless something unexpected happens, we will be dealing with the impact of both effects for a long time.


Question: why when taking a pregnancy test, you can either hold the stick in the stream for 5 seconds only or completely submerge it in a cup of urine for 20 seconds only?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why when taking a pregnancy test, you can either hold the stick in the stream for 5 seconds only or completely submerge it in a cup of urine for 20 seconds only?

Think of the pregnancy test as an ice cube and the urine as lukewarm water. An ice cube melts much faster under running water from a faucet compared to the ice cube sitting in a cup of water. This is due to the flowing lukewarm water constantly replacing the chilled water on the surface of the ice cube. The ice cube in the cup forms a small bubble of cold water around it so it melts slower. The same thing happens with the pregnancy test which measures chemicals in your urine. With flowing urine, the chemical concentration is constantly being replaced. In the cup, the concentration around the stick is sucked up by the stick and not replaced as quickly in the still liquid.


Question: In the late 70's, how did they manage to only produce less than 200 horsepower out of a 455 cubic inch engine, whereas today's 350 cubic inch engines crank out 500+ HP?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the late 70's, how did they manage to only produce less than 200 horsepower out of a 455 cubic inch engine, whereas today's 350 cubic inch engines crank out 500+ HP?

Carburetion vs. computers. Zero electronic controls means that your fuel-to-air ratios are governed by things like floating bowl valves and venturi suction. And design was largely a process of "build one and we'll try it." Today, millisecond accurate fuel injection, mass-air sensors and computer controls mean that you can get a precisely balanced mixture of fuel and air into the combustion chamber to optimize for either power or economy, dependant on nothing more than the driver's mood and a control setting. Put that on an engine that was simulated and gone through Finite Element Analysis on computers powerful enough to tweak thousands of different variables for better airflow and valve response and higher revs. The result is more power from less metal, because you're burning more fuel, more efficiently, and capturing more of the resulting power than you could with the less in depth understanding available to engineers in 1976.


Question: Why would anyone pay for a good or service with crypto? Isn't the possibility that it would go up or down in value a huge deterrent for both parties?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would anyone pay for a good or service with crypto? Isn't the possibility that it would go up or down in value a huge deterrent for both parties?

Yes and yes. This is why the volatility of cryptocurrencies acts against their use as a *currency*. Part of the idea of cryptocurrencies is that they're free from government control and thus more stable - particularly, protected against inflation (their value falling). However currently they're behaving more like investments - where the value might go up or down, but a smart investor can tell when to buy or sell - or simply like gambling - where the change is completely unpredictable. (Or possibly even *scams*, where certain people can control or predict the changes.) That means you only want to *have* crypto if you're ok with the risk. Some people will use crypto in transactions because they like it as an investment. Some are true believers in its other benefits. If you just want to use it for a transaction, then you should buy it then use it or receive it then sell it as quickly as possible. Some business might accept it, because they know a proportion of people will like using it to pay, and then sell it asap. In some cases there are technical benefits to using crypto over other payment methods. In many others - perhaps most - the purpose is to conceal the transaction because you're doing something illegal.


Question: Why does the wind make so many different noises?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the wind make so many different noises?

Imagine it like the air blowing inside a flute: if you close or open more holes, the geometry of the tube changes. Therefore the air vibrates with a different frequency, thus creating a new note. Wind is similar, except that there are so many frequencies mixed together that it is unusual to actually hear a precise note. We typically hear different noises. They are many and they are different because the geometry in which they are developed changes anytime, and the direction of the wind changes too, creating even more variability.


Question: Why is obsidian so sharp?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is obsidian so sharp?

Because obsidian is a glass. So the boring answer is it's really sharp for the exact same reason a dropped cup will shatter into those curved chips like impossibly sharp little razors. When you sharpen anything, what you're doing is littrealy breaking bits off of it, removing material until you get an edge. However a lot of materials, including metal have a crystal structure when you get down to the atomic levels. Crystals like to break in specific ways, defined by the structure of the crystal. If you've ever broken a piece of quartz or something you'll have seen this. It prefers to break along flat planes, and edges form at the same angles. You can have large breaks or smaller chips, but large or small it'll be the same. So when you're trying to sharpen steel, eventually you get to the point where you're trying to break those crystals. That will prevent you from getting finer or cleaner edge; chip off any more material and it'll break in exactly the same way it did before, and thus not be any sharper. Another problem is that the atoms in steel can move around each other fairly well, so even if you get the edge as fine as possible, it wont stay that way. Still good for cutting a tomato in the kitchen, but if you're doing something where it needs to be a sharp as possible as long as possible, it doesn't cut it Glasses like obsidian don't have that problem. They're amorphous solids: They don't have a crystal structure at all. So unlike crystals they don't break in any preferred way (the fancy term is conchoidal fracture). If you do it right, you can get a very very clean edge that's only a few atoms thick. [Someone stuck an obsidian blade and a steel scalpel under an electron microscope]( URL_0 ) so you can see the difference at the atomic level. The steel is still jagged and rough and no matter what you do it will always be that rough. The obsidian meanwhile is extremely smooth even at that level.


Question: When a flight is overbooked why would someone need to be removed from their seat to let someone else on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a flight is overbooked why would someone need to be removed from their seat to let someone else on?

Ticket price is a good contender, but the culprit in some of the more public cases was an airline employee that needed to be shuttled to another airport to then fly. So even if everyone on the plane paid top dollar, getting a pilot to work on time (effectively) takes priority. It's shitty planning on the airlines' part, but they're allowed to do it, so they do.


Question: If all money is soon to become paperless and notes and coins will no longer be of use, why can't banks just make imaginary money, by changing a zero to a one on their computers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If all money is soon to become paperless and notes and coins will no longer be of use, why can't banks just make imaginary money, by changing a zero to a one on their computers?

A bank's computers hold the numbers of their *customers'* accounts -- in other words, how much money the bank *owes the customers.* If they increase those numbers, they now owe those people more money for no reason -- an idiotic move. A bank doesn't own a computer that says how much money they *have and can spend* -- that would be their account at *some other* bank, which has the same lack of motivation to randomly increase the amount.


Question: 3D printing still blows my mind. How the hell? Can you choose materials or is it always the same material? You just design on a computer and the 3D printer makes it? How the hell any of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 3D printing still blows my mind. How the hell? Can you choose materials or is it always the same material? You just design on a computer and the 3D printer makes it? How the hell any of it?

Short of some very high end systems, 3D printers always use one material, typically a plastic of some kind. As to how it actually works, a few quick YouTube videos should illustrate it nicely. The nozzle squirts out a bit of plastic as it moves around building up layers of material that harden into the object.