Question: Why Are Drones Classed Differently to Remote Control Aircraft?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Are Drones Classed Differently to Remote Control Aircraft?

The fact that they're quadcopters is irrelevant. Traditional R/C aircraft were limited to manual control within the operator's line of sight. If you couldn't see the plane, you were probably going to lose it. Drones, between their cameras and computers autopilots, have the ability to operate well beyond the line of sight of the operator.


Question: Why does coffee foam seem to always flow in the direction of a tea spoon like it was a piece of metal attracted to a magnet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does coffee foam seem to always flow in the direction of a tea spoon like it was a piece of metal attracted to a magnet?

It’s called the “no-slip condition” of fluid dynamics. A particle in a fluid will never not be touching its immediate neighbors until deformed to the point of breaking. Before breaking it can deform quite a bit though.


Question: Overprescribing antibiotics has the potential to create superbugs by only killing most of an infection, leaving more resilient germs to reproduce. How come we don't have a similar problem when it comes to other methods of killing bacteria such as boiling contaminated water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Overprescribing antibiotics has the potential to create superbugs by only killing most of an infection, leaving more resilient germs to reproduce. How come we don't have a similar problem when it comes to other methods of killing bacteria such as boiling contaminated water?

Boiling kills the bacteria by denaturing the proteins that make it up. The key difference is that there isn’t going to be any significant difference in the range of temperatures the bacteria proteins can withstand. Imagine antibiotic resistance being like feeding progressively hotter peppers to a group of different people. Some will be able to withstand peppers more than others, and if they have children will probably inherit that resistance. Now imagine boiling water like taking that group of people and shooting them with a shotgun. Some of them might survive, but it probably has nothing at all to do with a natural resistance to shotguns (probably impossible anyway), and whatever fluke allowed them to survive probably won’t be heritable. Their children will be just as vulnerable to shotguns in the future.


Question: Why does ferro fluid form spikes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does ferro fluid form spikes?

Ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids consist of particles in a carrier fluid. When a particle becomes magnetized it has a north pole and a south pole. The north pole of one particle will attract the south pole of other particles and they will tend to line up just like iron filings around a magnet. Two bar magnets always want to lie end to end and do not want to be next to other bar magnets so they separate into lines and spikes.


Question: Why are user names not case sensitive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are user names not case sensitive?

In situations where the username is used as a displayed name, case sensitive usernames would enable someone to attempt to impersonate someone else just by registering a new account with a different permutation of capital/lowercase letters. The same applies for web domains. For emails, case sensitive addresses would result in a lot of undelivered emails from someone forgetting which letters were capitalized or not. Etc. Also worth noting that some companies, like Wells Fargo, do not use case sensitive passwords as an added convenience to the user. For passwords, passwords are supposed to be arbitrary, are not stored in plain text or ever displayed, and allowing case sensitive passwords enables a massively wider range of possible passwords to discourage guessing.


Question: Why does leftover dinner taste so much more different than when it was freshly made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does leftover dinner taste so much more different than when it was freshly made?

Personally I find the method used in reheating to be of vital importance. First of all, there's the "cooking it more" problem most reheating faces. Your steak was perfect. Now it's overcooked or cold. Or your pasta is soggy because it's overdone. Anyway... For best results on anything non-meat, use the oven to reheat. Fries and garlic bread, fried foods etc come back nicely. When it comes to meat, either plan the leftovers ahead and cook them a bit less so you can finish it correctly or eat it cold. A lot of restaurants partially pre-cook food, for instance. Use the same method. You didn't microwave your chicken breast the first time. Why microwave it the second? Get it back on that grill.


Question: I bought a vaporizer to quit smoking, can someone break down the nicotine content I am consuming in a vaporizer (3mg/6mg/12mg/24mg/32mg standards) and compare it to the nicotine consumed through traditional cigarettes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I bought a vaporizer to quit smoking, can someone break down the nicotine content I am consuming in a vaporizer (3mg/6mg/12mg/24mg/32mg standards) and compare it to the nicotine consumed through traditional cigarettes?

Through the burn of a typical cigarette, the smoker ingests about 1 mg of nicotine. 50% of the nicotine in an e-liquid is present in the vapor. So consuming 3 mg in a 1 ml tank would expose you to 1.5 mg of nicotine, roughly 1 and a half cigarettes. Your body's addiction to nicotine is much better at this math than you or I are. If you consume more nicotine than you are used to, you will feel ill. If you consume less, then you will continue to crave a nicotine source.


Question: What happens to the chewing gum people spit out everywhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to the chewing gum people spit out everywhere?

Do you ever look at busy sidewalks and see those black dots everywhere? That's gum.


Question: Dispel the myths and misconception of GMO, Organic and Hormone injected(?) food for me once and for all.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Dispel the myths and misconception of GMO, Organic and Hormone injected(?) food for me once and for all.

GMO, organic, and hormone-injected are buzzwords that have little relevance with actual food. Opponents to GMO food make many negative claims about them, but there has never been any actual evidence of these claims, nor any evidence that genetically modifying food in the lab is all that different from genetically modifying food via selective breeding, the latter of which is the basis of almost everything we eat. Organic foods likewise have no proven health benefits, and the organic label is not applied consistently and is not actually a guarantee of any specific quality. In addition, by restricting themselves from using the newer synthetic pesticides, organic farmers have to instead use older, more environmentally dangerous organic pesticides in larger quantities, which is actually worse for the environment. You're basically paying more for a crop with more pesticides used and a larger environmental impact. Hormones again have no proven negative effect in food, and the minuscule amount that actually makes it into meat is a drop in a bucket compared to what your body makes every single day. The bottom line is that people making noise over these are making big claims with no evidence. It's a reaction based on fear to farming technology they do not understand. And this technology has actually made us more capable of feeding the world today than we could 100 years ago, despite having billions more mouths to feed.


Question: Why is it hard to remember some things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it hard to remember some things?

We have a structure in our brain called the Hippocampus, which is the structure necessary to create new memories. Memory is a whole brain process, and as we move things from our short term memory to our long term memory, connections between neurons (brain cells) are formed. The Hippocampus is often referred to as “The Great Contextualizer,” meaning it helps us connect and create new patterns within our brain as we form new memories. Over time, you have associated that 1+1 = 2, and this memory has been strengthened over and over again, making the connection between the actual brain cells stronger. You have created a pattern of brain cells that 1 + 1 = 2. When something is on the tip of your tongue - you can remember that you know something - those neurons were created and connected with that memory. But you haven’t exactly sparked the right brain cells to connect. It’s as if you are sparking the 2 part of the 1 + 1 = 2, but you haven’t fully made that connection. Oftentimes, there is some phrase or experience that will trigger that memory - that “Oh! That’s what that word was” moment. We do not fully understand the science behind recall, but we can postulate that the more we use a specific subset of brain cells, the stronger those connections will be, and the the easier you’ll be able to recall it in the future.


Question: How can steam have big sales so often and still stay profitable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can steam have big sales so often and still stay profitable?

Random of guy passing through I have no real explanation but I would imagine the fact that they don't have to pay for actual stores, inventory, employees, and basically everything else that say GameStop would have to, they save more than enough money to stay profitable. The cost of having all those games keeping a store moving inventory and much more can be very expensive.


Question: Apart from the lack of oxygen, why birds can't fly higher than they do? Is there any physics behind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Apart from the lack of oxygen, why birds can't fly higher than they do? Is there any physics behind?

Birds rely on being able to push air down to fly up. As you get higher, there is less air pressure, therefore less air to push down. At some point, they just can't push enough air down to keep them up there.


Question: Why is there such a high chance of being killed by an asteroid, if nobody has ever been killed by one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a high chance of being killed by an asteroid, if nobody has ever been killed by one?

Because although large asteroid strikes are incredibly infrequent, when they occur they can be large enough to kill millions of people or even the entire species.


Question: How did "Free Bird" become the go-to shout-out at every live music event?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did "Free Bird" become the go-to shout-out at every live music event?

I wasn't aware it was? I've actually never heard that said once. In the UK Wonderwall gets shouted out a fair bit but its kind of a joke now because that song overplayed to hell.


Question: Why does 4/4 time sound so natural in music, yet other numbers dominate in other situations, like the rule of three when speaking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 4/4 time sound so natural in music, yet other numbers dominate in other situations, like the rule of three when speaking?

When we walk, it's left-right-left-right: the march. So the "natural" rhythm for humans is going to be in twos or multiples of two. Two sets of left-right is 4/4 time, which is a better fit if you sing or play longer phrases than fit in a bar of 2/4. Think of your typical marching song e.g. "I don't know but I've been told" fits in one bar of 4/4. In short, 2/4 and 4/4 come from marching and singing.


Question: For long-term investing, why should the average investor simply buy & hold irrespective of market conditions and not try to "time" the market?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 For long-term investing, why should the average investor simply buy & hold irrespective of market conditions and not try to "time" the market?

You are probably best off "timing" the market by dollar cost averaging, IE invest $100 a week and buy whatever you can for that $100, so if a stock is down you buy more if a stock is up you buy less. The reason an average investor shouldn't time the market is two fold, (1) they are trading in volumes where the commissions and transaction fees would eat into their earnings too much if they did frequent trades (2) They don't have the knowledge to know market trends before the savvy investors do so they are just following what everyone else is doing which usually means you are jumping in or jumping out too late. You are better off investing in an index fund or single blue chip stocks and riding it out.


Question: If lightning consists of electrons travelling from one place to another, how can they be reflected and scanned by an electron microscope?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If lightning consists of electrons travelling from one place to another, how can they be reflected and scanned by an electron microscope?

Lightning cannot be scanned by an electron microscope. No idea what you could possibly mean by your question.


Question: Why is the extinction of white northern rhinos such a big deal compared to other species?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the extinction of white northern rhinos such a big deal compared to other species?

Others are usually very small animals this is a big one. Also poaching was completely to blame for extinction most other species have more complex reasons why they become extinct.


Question: Since we need another language to learn a new language through translation, how do Babies learn languages if they have no previous language to translate or think in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since we need another language to learn a new language through translation, how do Babies learn languages if they have no previous language to translate or think in?

You don't need another language to learn a new one via translation. That's only one method for learning a language. A natural method is like a baby where you learn associations and eventually grow from there. If someone holds out an apple and says "blaha", you'd be confused. After a while, you pick up that they're using "blaha" to refer to the apple and you learned your first word of this made up language. You learn the pieces and build the understanding of the language that way. When you're learning a language via translation, you're applying what you've already learned about language so you can create a foundation to further learn the language. Instead of trying to figure out what word someone is using for an apple by having them show you, you look up the translation instead. Going from one language to another may allow you to skip some steps if the languages are similar by applying what you already know about language, but it may also make your learning slower if they're drastically different because you have to unlearn/forget what you already know and relearn the new components.


Question: How does one become CEO of multiple companies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does one become CEO of multiple companies?

Well if i start 3 companies and make my self CEO, i will be CEO of multiple companies. Just look at Elon Musk


Question: Why are we able to freeze cells like sperm , eggs and embryos and they stay alive - but we cannot freeze an entire animal without it dying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we able to freeze cells like sperm , eggs and embryos and they stay alive - but we cannot freeze an entire animal without it dying?

For single cells, we can flash freeze them so quickly that the water molecules simply don't have time to rearrange into large ice crystals. Everything effectively freezes in place exactly as it was, and it can be thawed out without damage. In larger pieces of tissue, there's a significant lag in the freezing as the heat slowly works its way out. This gives water molecules time and energy to rearrange themselves into large pure crystals, disrupting chemical concentrations and destroying the cells and tissues they were part of. You also have the problem of water physically expanding and hardening as it freezes. In a single elastic cell this is fine, the cell membrane can stretch and expand. Inside your skull though...


Question: Why is there such a growing anti-intellectual sentiment growing around the world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a growing anti-intellectual sentiment growing around the world?

Where to even begin? There is simply so much to discuss with this question. It can be broken down into 2 main facets. The first is that intellectuals are generally in charge of policy. It may be politicians that make the rules, but the rules are only as strong as the enforcement of said rules. With that in mind, intellectuals/bureaucrats often have a great deal of influence in what goes on. As a result of this, there is a feeling that the crisis of 08, loss of manufacturing jobs, etc; all happened under the watch of intellectuals. Of course, the intellectuals didn't directly cause either of those things, but with our magical hindsight vision we find ways to blame them for all the shit that went wrong. The second is that there is a perception intellectuals are far removed from the consequences of their mistakes. While intellectuals don't make as many mistakes as non intellectuals in the same positions, they are less effected by them because they are highly skilled and can bounce back far easier. Non-intellectuals on the other hand often face unemployment or they need to take on a completely different job/accept benefits from the government in the wake of a change in whatever industry they worked in.


Question: what process goes into capturing photos of stars, planets, galaxies etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what process goes into capturing photos of stars, planets, galaxies etc.?

Step one: build telescope Step two: teach telescope to find and follow objects (sort of a pain) Step three: take some calibration images—I usually do this once a night, one all white one, one all black one, and one just of the electronic noise Step four: take all images at one wavelength—you can do as little as 1 for a demo or as many as 50 for an art quality piece. Some NASA images have thousands. Step five: repeat step four for all wavelengths. With visual telescopes, we usually just go a red green and blue image or a white, red, green and blue image, but radio, gamma ray, and other telescopes can be mapped to color in other ways. Step six: import images to Astro photo manipulation program, and calibrate them with the light, dark, and “bias” frames I mentioned earlier Step seven: remove any images that have weird artifacts, like airplanes or freshmen pointing lasers in the telescope Step eight: add the images together Optional step 9: screw around in photoshop to make it look better And that’s how most nebula, galaxy, and cluster images are made


Question: Why is the US military budget usually compared as an absolute figure rather than as a percentage of GDP?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the US military budget usually compared as an absolute figure rather than as a percentage of GDP?

Yes/No. When it comes to national spending, it's much more relevant that the next door country has 5 times as many soldiers, tanks and planes that you do, than it is that they spend 7,2% instead of 6,5% of their GDP on health, meanwhile them having "five times as many hospitals" has no effect on their foreign policy at all.


Question: What is Health Insurance Death Spiral?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Health Insurance Death Spiral?

Health insurance firms cannot price discriminate against people with pre-existing conditions, despite them being more costly to cover than someone without such conditions. The ACA made covering these people possible by mandating that everyone, including healthy people who are cheap to cover, buy insurance. If young, healthy people drop out of the insurance market, the average person being covered becomes sicker and more costly. Due to the pre-existing conditions rule, these costs are spread across all insured people in the form of higher premiums. These higher premiums then cause more people to opt out of buying insurance. The people who opt out tend to be the younger and healthier people who have less to gain from coverage. This makes the problem worse, causing more and more people to drop out as premiums increase, leaving only the very sick insured at very high cost, while no one else can afford insurance. While this has, to some extent, occurred since the passage of the ACA a result of how easy the tax for not having insurance was to avoid, how low it was at first, and the fact that it was effectively repealed, it turns out people have tended to still want insurance, by and large, even as the youngest and healthiest have dropped out at reasonably high rates. There are a few reasons for that, such as the employer health insurance mandate (employers with more than 50 employees must offer a plan) being maintained, the ACA's essential health benefits (dictating that insurance must cover particular things) making coverage more valuable, the ACA's subsidies for low earners, people not liking the risks associated with being uninsured, and general economic recovery. By and large talk of a "death spiral" in insurance markets is not nearly as common as it was.


Question: Why does the NFL title the winning super bowl team "world champions" if it's only exclusive to America?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the NFL title the winning super bowl team "world champions" if it's only exclusive to America?

Realistically, there isn't any other league of consequence playing American football outside the US. So the winner of the NFL has a valid claim to being the best in the world.


Question: Why do chains like Eddie Bauer and Jos A Banks open stores in airports? How do they possibly make any money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do chains like Eddie Bauer and Jos A Banks open stores in airports? How do they possibly make any money?

It's a pretty simple formula. People in airports are wealthier than average, and they have time to kill. A captive audience with disposable income retail gold. Also, the higher cost of rent and labor is easier to absorb with a high end high markup product. You might grumble at paying $12 bucks for a burrito instead of $7, but paying $300 in stead of $250 for an outfit doesn't feel so bad. Finally, luggage gets lost, and people forget to pack things. Being able to fix those mistakes at the airport is worth paying a little bit more.


Question: Why isn't blood pressure a determining factor in defining whether if someone is dead or not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't blood pressure a determining factor in defining whether if someone is dead or not?

It is. Having a heartbeat causes predictable fluctuations in blood pressure. When you check for a pulse, you're checking for fluctuations in blood pressure big enough that you can feel it with your fingers. Perhaps you meant to ask about some nuance of blood pressure?


Question: why did the battle flags of Northern Virginia and Tennessee become known as the confederate flag?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why did the battle flags of Northern Virginia and Tennessee become known as the confederate flag?

The is not a single national flag for the Confederate States of America. There are three. The first one "Stars and Bars" 1861-63 do not look like the battle flab but the one adopted in 1863 ("The Stainless Banner") and 1865 ("The Blood-Stained Banner") contain the battle flag. 1863 is the battle flag upper left corner and the rest of the flag is white [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) The first national flag has a problem in that it looks like the US flag so the was easy to confuse in combat. So the battle flag was used and become popular and later adopted as the national flag. The distinctive look is a reason it was used later by people but often stretch to a rectangle like most other flags. The battle flag was a square, variant used today is closed to The Second Confederate Navy Jack. I would also say that the battle flag looks better than the "Stars and Bars" as a flag. That is if you discredit the symbology of it.


Question: how pensions divide your total savings for each year when no one knows how long you are going to live?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how pensions divide your total savings for each year when no one knows how long you are going to live?

They dont know how long you live. But once you have a group of about 100 people or more, thet know very precisely how long they are going to live - on average. Thats the basic idea behind most pension systems - a large group of people pay enough money to pay the pension of an average person. Some may die later, some sooner, but all that really counts is the average, and that one is quite predictable. They dont really divide YOUR savings - they divide the savings of large group by the average lifespan of that group.


Question: How do amateurs keep long exposure astonomy shots from blurring?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do amateurs keep long exposure astonomy shots from blurring?

A ten-hour single exposure is difficult, requiring good equipment and experience. These days you can “stack” a series of shorter exposures in software to reach the same total exposure time. This has the advantage of being able to throw away bad exposures so a single adverse event doesn’t ruin everything. The software can also align all the shots, effectively correcting for any long-term drift in the tracking system.


Question: How do we know how many lightyears away something is, if we've never seen the light when it first appeared?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know how many lightyears away something is, if we've never seen the light when it first appeared?

A lightyear is simply a measure of distance just like a foot, or mile, or kilometer. All the questions about how light functions and moves and affects things are irrelevant. There is no need to know anything about the actual light from an object to measure the distance of it in lightyears, just like we don't need any light information to measure the distance to the same object in miles. We can find the distance to far away objects a few different ways, but none of them have anything to do with the actual distance or time the physical light took to get here.


Question: What happens to turn lobster bright red when boiled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to turn lobster bright red when boiled?

The dramatic color change during cooking has to do with the way certain biochemicals inside the shellfish react to heat. Lobsters and crabs have a pigment called astaxanthin in their shells. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment: absorbing blue light and appearing red, orange or yellow in color.


Question: Why do tectonic plates shift?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do tectonic plates shift?

Boats float in the ocean whose currents move the boats around. It's essentially the same idea, except that magma is way more viscous than water and the plates are also much larger than most boats so the speed and timeline of things is slower. However, their size is also what makes the consequences of their movement larger.


Question: How does "brain fog" happen, biologically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does "brain fog" happen, biologically?

Depends on the situation. For depression, it could be related by a lack of serotonin. Serotonin is the so-called "happy chemical" in the brain that might be lacking for some depressed people. In real life it's a molecule that allows communication between neurons and have a lot of different functions. Anyway, some neurons that liberates serotonin are located in a region called the "raphe", those neurons activate the prefrontal cortex (just behind your forehead) which is a brain region highly implicated in cognitive processing, reasoning, plannification and so on. A lack of activity of serotonin neurons could induce a lower activvity of the prefrontal cortex and that could explain why some depressed people experience a sort o brain fog and difficulty to process things, and that's why some feel like they're getting dumber. It's not a permanent damage to the brain tho, it's a bit like turning off the light in a room and lacking the ability to turn it on again, but the electrical installation is fine.


Question: Is Moore's law still applicable today? And is there any limitations to just how small a transistor can actually get?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is Moore's law still applicable today? And is there any limitations to just how small a transistor can actually get?

It is common consensus among the Computer Engineering research community that Moore's Law, doubling the number of transistors in a chip every 18 months, is dead as of the mid-2010s. There are multiple reasons for this, but one of the biggest is that smallest transistor sizes today, 10s-100s of atoms wide, are extremely difficult to produce without errors (intolerable variations in size and electrical properties). As a result, chip producers have fewer good chips to sell and the chips aren't cost-effective to produce. They (Intel, Samsung, Global Foundries, TSMC) can make chips with smaller transistors, but advances in chip manufacturing to make it financially worth it have slowed well below the rate predicted by Moore's Law. An inaccurate illustration: if your transistors are 25-atoms wide, a manufacturing defect of merely 5 atoms changes the electric property by 20%. It is unclear whether single-atom or sub-atomic transistors are possible. In my opinion, the areas of focus in computer hardware development are shifting away from reducing transistor sizes ("technology scaling"), and so consumer-grade, mass-produced < 1nm-tech chips will not be produced in our lifetime. I hope I'm proved wrong. Source: Am PhD student in the field.


Question: How are we able to make the voices of people we know speak completely new stuff in our heads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to make the voices of people we know speak completely new stuff in our heads?

You’ve broken down the words from her accent into phonemes, or the individual sounds like fuh uk kuh yew. You’ve done this by being familiar with her accent (but not completely, Charles says yes as earus) and many others. Part of learning to talk is subconsciously learning these fragments in your parents accent (or a fairly random merge of the two if they’re different).


Question: How do orchestras know how a song should sound the first time they're playing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do orchestras know how a song should sound the first time they're playing it?

Do you know what the word "omniferous" means? It means "bearing many things". Have you ever seen or heard that word before? I'm going to assume you haven't. Do you know how to say it? Even though you've never heard it pronounced? Of course you do. They know how to read music, just like you know how to read letters. **Edit:** [Here's a dramatization of a composer seeing another composer's sheet music for the first time]( URL_0 ). That specifically starts at about three minutes in, but the whole scene is great.


Question: . What makes you like a rhythm or beat? What makes it enjoyable to hear? Why do we release dopamine for that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . What makes you like a rhythm or beat? What makes it enjoyable to hear? Why do we release dopamine for that?

emotions help us to remember things and often songs are emotionally memorized. Precious 5 year olds I suppose who are curious about dopamine should imagine it as a brain cell exciter or depressor and not a feel good molecule. Known or memorized melodies help to stop the stress of the unknown since the brain must work hard to focus on new surroundings and you can just focus on the song instead which you already know and it’s relaxing. Dopamine and serotonin and other molecules can be released just by thinking and the songs might help you to do this more.


Question: Why does every company want me to enroll in auto-pay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does every company want me to enroll in auto-pay?

Autopay is much, *much* cheaper for the company. A direct debit from your bank account to theirs is something that can be handled nearly instantaneously by computers. Financial systems can process thousands upon thousands of payments a day without a hitch. Mailed checks, or worse cash, need to be handled by human employees. They make mistakes, stuff gets lost, customers screw up, it can get very expensive. Even individual electronic transfers are more of a pain since they tend to be unpredictable. It's much cheaper to have a computer run 10,000 transactions in one night, once a month, than to have 10,000 customers individually pay at random times throughout the month.


Question: Why is oil found abundantly in some areas of the Earth but not in other areas? What caused it to form where it did?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is oil found abundantly in some areas of the Earth but not in other areas? What caused it to form where it did?

It's largely because only certain areas have the right type of geology to trap oil and gas when it forms and rises towards the surface. You need a dome-shaped layer of impermeable rock where it can collect.


Question: Why is it a problem that "they" are farming our data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it a problem that "they" are farming our data?

For most people it isn't a problem, it all depends on who is using it and why. So assume someone is waiting for a cancer test and has been searching online for cancer a lot just to be prepared, if that person then tries to get medical insurance the data about their searches may be used by the insurance company to increase their insurance or decline it entirely.


Question: Why does checking your credit hurt your credit score?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does checking your credit hurt your credit score?

Reviewing your own credit history doesn't affect it, this is a complete myth. However, a lender pulling your history in the process of making a lending decision typically leaves a note saying so, which can have a negative effect.


Question: Why is Pluto not considered a planet because it's too small, but some planets are made entirely of gas and considered planets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Pluto not considered a planet because it's too small, but some planets are made entirely of gas and considered planets?

So, the three criteria of the IAU for a full-sized planet are: 1. It is in orbit around The Sun. 2. It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape). 3. It has “cleared the neighborhood” around its orbit. Pluto is in orbit around the Sun, and it is round. However there are still asteroids in Pluto's orbit, disqualifying it from being a planet.


Question: Why does the second bounce of a bouncy ball jump off the ground so much differently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the second bounce of a bouncy ball jump off the ground so much differently?

They're solid rubber, when thrown they tend to spin top side towards who threw it as a result of it spinning off and out of the hand. Then when it hits the ground it "grabs" the ground and the outside stops spinning and the inside retains its inertia and when the rubber is stretched to its max the rotation inside reverses and takes the outside with it. If you watch the change of direction will continue every time it hits something until the elastic ability is used up and it simply bounces as anything else would. Golf balls would except they tend to not be solid, they're hit and not thrown, and tend to be used on grass and sand wich cannot "grab" the hard outer shell (which makes it hard enough to act like a rubber ball would anyway) like brick or concrete would.


Question: Can someone explain to me ping? The network term.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain to me ping? The network term.

Think of it like a call and response. If I ask the server if it can hear me, how fast does it get back to me? That's what a ping is.


Question: If radio waves have been used for over 100 years then why are we just now using waves like 5G to communicate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If radio waves have been used for over 100 years then why are we just now using waves like 5G to communicate?

We never needed it and the electronics are more complicated. The frequency range of 5G gives you a high data rate, which we only started to need with mobile internet everywhere, but you pay for it with a very short effective range. For previous applications, a long range coupled with a lower data rate was far more desirable. You can call a dude half the world away on shortwave, with 5G you are limited to a few kilometres at best.


Question: How can 2 sunny days in a row have a difference of 10°C?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can 2 sunny days in a row have a difference of 10°C?

Because air doesn't heat up or cool down instantly, and the wind can blow colder or warmer air into your area.


Question: Why do people have creative preferences? Is it genetically hard coded or is it influenced by external sources?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people have creative preferences? Is it genetically hard coded or is it influenced by external sources?

Some of one, some of the other. You're asking many questions here; favorite color and favorite sound are very different. Humans all like the octave interval, because it's naturally harmonic; when you go up an octave, you double the note's frequency, so they work together in a way that is harmonious on a physical level. Most humans like the fifth interval for similar reasons; but beyond that, the intervals that you like are dictated by the culture you grew up in. Similarly, humans generally favor clear tones over noisy ones; we like the sound of a violin more than the sound of a noisy cymbal crash. There is some evidence for a genetic/instinctual basis for this preference. In almost all animals, a clean, high-pitch tone is used for affection or submission; think of a kitten's meow, or a dog's whine. Conversely, noisy, low tones like a growl are almost universally a sign of aggression. However, this isn't the whole story, and preferences for clear/noisy tones are *also* culturally influenced. When it comes to color, there is little evidence for a genetic basis for preference. Some have posited that since red is a lower wavelength, and thus lower energy, we might have a preference for that since it's easier on the eyes; however in practice, blue is seen as a favorite color the world over. The running theory is that this is because blue has strong positive connotations; the sky is blue, and water is somewhat blue, but little else is blue. People tend to like water and clear sunny days, and thus blue only has these positive connections in our brains. In 2013, Schloss and Palmer did an experiment in which they showed study participants a series of purely-positive images in certain colors. Red flowers, red-painted lips, red fruit, etc. Participants who saw these images were much more likely to subsequently claim red was their favorite color. This provides support for the "positive associations" theory.


Question: How do the manufacturing companies ensure that the insides of the food packaging packets are thoroughly cleaned ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the manufacturing companies ensure that the insides of the food packaging packets are thoroughly cleaned ?

Depends on the package, but there is usually some sort of cleansing step right before filling and sealing. Take bottles for instance. On the bottling line I worked at a brewery, empty bottles first entered a sanitizing machine that flipped them upside down and blasted them out with peroxide and water, then were filled and sealed within seconds. Plastic bag type packages usually come off a huge roll of what is basically a plastic tube. It was manufactured in a fairly clean environment, and it is pretty much impossible for stuff to get inside until it comes off the roll and is cut, filled, and sealed in seconds.


Question: Why does the northern part of North America, Asia and Europe become so much colder and get so much more snow in their respective winter months than the southern part of South America during theirs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the northern part of North America, Asia and Europe become so much colder and get so much more snow in their respective winter months than the southern part of South America during theirs?

The southern part of South America is not nearly as far from the equator as the northernmost parts of North America or Europe. Ushuaia (pronounced "oo-SWHY-uh"), Argentina (the southernmost city of any size in South America) is at about 55 degrees South, which is about the same latitude as the southernmost tip of the Alaska Panhandle, Dublin, Ireland, or Hamburg, Germany. Compare Oslo, Norway (59 N), Helsinki, Finland (60 N), or Anchorage, Alaska (61 N). That's half the reason. The other half is that the southern tip of South America is rather thin, which means its climate is moderated by the ocean around it. This effect is even stronger because Antarctica has a very strong current running in a circle around it that keeps antarctic waters isolated from the rest of the world's oceans. This keeps the coldest weather isolated to Antarctica. As a result, Antarctica is *far* colder than the high Arctic: the Antarctic Peninsula at 63 S almost never goes much above freezing, while a hot day in Fairbanks, Alaska (65 N) can be hot enough to be uncomfortable. This ocean moderation is why Ushuaia (55 S) isn't as cold as places like Moscow (55 N) that are well inland.


Question: How does the tide increase/decrease the water level when the net amount of water stays the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the tide increase/decrease the water level when the net amount of water stays the same?

The moon's gravity causes the tide rise and fall. As it move around the earth it pushes and pulls the water. The pushing effect, or high tide, is just water displacement. The earth ocean is usually in the shape of an oval figuratively speaking.


Question: If you turn a cup filled with water with a few pieces of ice, the ice does not appear to move. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you turn a cup filled with water with a few pieces of ice, the ice does not appear to move. Why?

Objects at rest remain at rest, unless acted on by an external force. If the spinning glass isn't touching the ice, the only way for it to transmit force to the ice is to first spin up the water. Since the glass is usually circular, the water is not forced to deform as the glass spins, and the only interaction is the slight friction between the water and the glass' walls—essentially a simple [fluid bearing]( URL_0 ). With very little friction between the glass and the ice, it takes a lot of glass-spinning to get the ice moving noticeably.


Question: Why do cooking recipes tend to call for unsalted butter, but also call for salt to be added?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cooking recipes tend to call for unsalted butter, but also call for salt to be added?

So that you can control exactly how much salt goes in. If you put in salted butter and the dish is saltier than you like, you can't take salt out.


Question: Why do foods taste different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do foods taste different?

Different chemicals within the food have different effects to your taste bud receptors. The information from your taste buds gets transferred to your brain which will then identify the taste and classify it as a taste it is familiar with.


Question: How do the muscles of the eye close the eyelid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the muscles of the eye close the eyelid?

> it can't be that the eyelid is just relaxing as both eyelids work to an extent upside-down "Relaxing" doesn't mean that it just lets gravity take over; it means that it goes to it's untensed state. So if the untensed state for the eyelid is closed, it will return to that state (as best it can) whenever the muscle relaxes. For another example of this, place your hand, palm up, on a table. If you completely relax your hand, your fingers won't lay flat; they'll be curled slightly upwards off the table. If you force your fingers to lay flat, you'll notice that you are exerting yourself a bit; the natural state of the fingers is to slightly curl, so even to "allow" gravity to pull your fingers requires your muscles to exert some force.


Question: How can a country like Venezuela, with more oil than Saudi Arabia be broke?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a country like Venezuela, with more oil than Saudi Arabia be broke?

Mostly poor planning. Venezuela's government wanted to help the poor, so they put a lot of money into social programs. This included money that was supposed to be going to the national oil company that makes up most of their income. When the oil company people protested, Hugo Chavez responded by firing a bunch of them, and replacing them with people loyal to himself. So, since like 2006, the amount of oil Venezuela has been producing has been decreasing. On top of that, the government decided to fight an economic recession by setting a price that everything must be sold at, along with how much people need to be paid. This price was so low that it meant that companies couldn't afford to sell that much, so people with more money (from the higher pay) paid more for the stuff that was there, driving prices up. This kept occurring, and the resulting inflation broke most structure in the nation. Since Venezuela's currency became worthless, and the amount of income in other bills dropped with the loss of oil, the government has needed to step in and keep paying for food and stuff for the poor. What this meant though is that the government has just been pushing the problem down the road, rather than solving it. Which, after years of trying to deal with the problem in front of their face, has crashed their economy entirely.


Question: Why is it so important that someone found water on the moon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so important that someone found water on the moon?

The moon is a great potential staging ground for greater space exploration. It takes a lot less energy to launch off of the moon than off of the Earth, since gravity is about 1/6 as strong there. Obviously, we need to get stuff from earth to the moon... but what if we could gather fuel on the moon rather than bringing it from Earth? The most common rocket fuel is liquid hydrogen which burns with oxygen. Water can be split into both of those elements, so water on the moon could be used to manufacture rocket fuel without having to get it out of earth's gravity well. Will this happen in our lifetimes? Will it ever be practical compared to simply launching directly from Earth? Who knows. But there's a lot of governments and people who think they can make lots of money in space, and people are thinking a little more concretely about sending humans to Mars. So, it's on people's minds.


Question: Why do people curse when they have an orgasm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people curse when they have an orgasm?

I’m guessing cause it’s a single syllable word that can have a lot of feeling behind it. Saying “fuck!” Is WAY more efficient than “Mmm, yes, Capital job, ol chap. Got me good this time hohoho!”


Question: how does therapy work to heal the brain from past trauma and allow people to get better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does therapy work to heal the brain from past trauma and allow people to get better?

So the tricky part about trauma is that it can actually "re-wire" the brain, in a sense. Neurological studies have shown that when people recall serious trauma that they suffered, in addition to the areas of the brain that normally activate to construct memories, these people would also show much more activity in, I believe, the sensory centers of their brains. What this does is trick the brain into believing, on some level, that they area physically present in the memory, so they experience it all over again, to the point that remembering the event can actually cause physical stress in the body (not mysterious injuries, but stress reactions like you might see in someone who's fight-or-flight mentality was just in effect for awhile) There are several different types of therapies that all share the same fundamental goal of allowing the patient to break the connection between the memory of the trauma and the EXPERIENCE of the trauma. Once that connection has been broken, the patient can start processing the trauma as just a memory, allowing them to step back from the emotion and pain and look at it logically. FYI I am neither a specialist or survivor, but my wife went through some bad trauma in her late teens and early 20s. So this is everything I've come to understand by being there through her biggest strides in recovery.


Question: Why we don't have mobile video-calls without an internet connection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why we don't have mobile video-calls without an internet connection?

Voice is quite easy to transmit in analog form over wire, as it's simply vibrations that are turned into electrical signal by a microphone at the beginning end, then amplified to produce sound at the receiving end. This is all analog communications, and is not difficult to do at all. Video on the other hand has a lot move moving parts, literally. It can be sent as an analog signal, but it's much more complicated and requires much more equipment. It was never something that was able to be miniaturized enough to be in everyone's home, or in a small enough device to be carried around. Now, with the internet and miniaturized electronics, it is possible to record digital video and send it quickly enough to have a two way conversation.