Question: As Francium is the most unstable element, how much more energy will it generate if it is split compared to, let's say Uranium?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 As Francium is the most unstable element, how much more energy will it generate if it is split compared to, let's say Uranium?

The half-life of an element doesn't really say anything about the energy release per-atom when fission occurs. Fr223 to Ra223 produces 1.149 MeV of energy Boring U238 to Th234 produces 4.270 MeV of energy, but only once every 5 billion years. Shorter half-life isotopes release more heat overall because the decay is so much faster, but all this really does is make the material difficult to process and handle. The heat buildup is often sufficient to melt or vaporize samples, rendering them useless.


Question: Is moving less than a planck length possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is moving less than a planck length possible?

Short answer: Yes, moving a distance of less than a Planck length is possible; in theory, there is no limit as to what the smallest distance something can move is. But things are weird at such a small level, so let me explain. If you move, say a marble, .1 meters, that's pretty small. But you can go smaller. You could move the marble .01 meters. From there, you can move the marble smaller and smaller distances because you can always add a zero before that one. The conclusion of this thought experiment is that there is no limit to how small of a distance you could move the marble because there is no limit to how many zeroes you could add to the distance. Now when we get to distances like the Planck length, things start to get funny. At sizes that small, matter and energy start to behave in different ways than what we do at a normal level. Particles can pop in and out, other particles can "communicate" with each other (an idea known as superposition), and our ideas of natural laws start to break down. At such a small level, quantum mechanics govern. The reason why we have "the shortest distance" being the Planck length is because that is the smallest meaningful length that can be used in classical mechanics; anything smaller would be governed by laws that don't apply to what we don't know. So in a nutshell, you *can* move a distance smaller than a Planck length, but there is not much meaning to it because classical mechanics does not apply at such small distances. Edit: Wording


Question: Why does a scientific calculator show "0" as a result if I add 1 to a really high number and then substract said high number although it should show "1"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does a scientific calculator show "0" as a result if I add 1 to a really high number and then substract said high number although it should show "1"?

Your calculator doesn't store all of the digits for 2^50, so the 1 at the very end gets removed from the memory. How many digits a calculator actually holds depends from calculator to calculator.


Question: Why do you not always get burnt if you touch something hot quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do you not always get burnt if you touch something hot quickly?

Because we "feel" heat TRANSFER and not temperature. Have you ever touched something like a book and a metal door knob in the same house? The door knob feels colder than the book. Not because they're at different temperatures, but because metal transfers heat much better than paper. It absorbs the heat that your hand releases faster than paper and as a result it feels colder. And the longer you hold, the more you'll feel it. Experiment: Take a mug out, try tapping it vs holding it. When you hold it, you can feel the heat transfer occurring vs tapping it briefly. So it feels much colder the longer you hold. Same reason why you can tap something very hot and not feel alot or burn yourself. But leave your hand there and... oof


Question: Why is Apple using ARM at all?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is Apple using ARM at all?

> Cant apple just make their own architecture in-house and skip over the middleman (ARM)? Sure, they just need to hire a couple thousand experienced chip designers, spend $10B, and wait a few years ARM has already done most of the legwork with designing good enough CPU and GPU cores that others can license from them for a reasonable rate. Companies that don't want to or can't afford to design their own chips can just license ARM designs, put the blocks together how they need, and then call up a Fab and have the chips made with relatively little engineering effort of their own letting them focus on what they're good at while leveraging the fact that ARM is good at chip design.


Question: Why are there “acquired tastes”? Why do some things, like beer, whiskey, and food delicacies take a few tries to become palatable?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there “acquired tastes”? Why do some things, like beer, whiskey, and food delicacies take a few tries to become palatable?

or even black coffee. because it takes time for your tongue to become sensitive enough to separate out the slight and subtle distinct flavors. when you try something for the first time, you just become overwhelmed and that doesn't give you a pleasant taste. but the more you try it, the more you're able to taste the subtle flavors and less of that overwhelming taste.


Question: What led to the creation of the Knights Templar and what was their MO?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What led to the creation of the Knights Templar and what was their MO?

During the Crusades, the Church controlled Jerusalem for a time, and this attracted pilgrimages to go see the holy land. The trip from Western Europe to the Levant was rough and dangerous. The Knights Templar were formed as a monastic order charged with securing the safety of pilgrims. Besides safety, they also served as a basic form of banking for pilgrims. Before you left, you'd deposit your valuables at a local Templar place, get a certificate of deposit, and afterwards you could either withdraw once you returned, or get an equivalent in treasure when you were in Jerusalem. This financial dealing made them relatively powerful. Despite the myths around them, their utility and purpose waned as the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem and the surroundings. Due to their power and ongoing feuds with the Knights Hospitaller, the French king eventually ordered them all arrested, and pressured the Pope to do the same. Some were killed, but most were given pensions and allowed to leave, or became absorbed into other monastic orders.


Question: Why are negative bond prices impossible?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are negative bond prices impossible?

Well, a bond is simply a loan. If you buy a bond, for let's say $50, you are loaning the company $50, then that bond says that in 2030, the company will pay you back $100. It's basically just an IOU. So if you had a negative bond price, you aren't lending them anything. So that doesn't make any sense. I'm not talking about the secondary market, obviously you could sell that IOU for nothing if you wanted to. You could even pay someone $100 to take it off your hands, although that would make you one of the stupidest people on the planet. However, it is totally possible.


Question: How can it be sunny but cold and cloudy but warm?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can it be sunny but cold and cloudy but warm?

This is generally because of the weather at night. At night the ground radiates heat in the form of infra red light. Clouds are largely reflective of infra red, so if it's cloudy the heat gets trapped and its warmer the following day. If it's not cloudy the heat is lost and the next day is colder.


Question: How come a large, inflatable ball which weighs no more than three pounds can knock an adult man flying five feet through the air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come a large, inflatable ball which weighs no more than three pounds can knock an adult man flying five feet through the air?

Take a uninflated balloon and roll it up into a small wad and throw it. Simple, right? Goes a decent distance. Blow the balloon up and try to throw it with the exact same amount of force you did with the uninflated balloon. It'll sort of float a bit then land at your feet. To get the balloon moving at the same speed it was going when it was wadded up is going to require a lot more force due to the air resistance. So that beach ball has got a lot more force and momentum behind it than it would have if it weren't inflated.


Question: Why does gum get hard after being chewed for a long period of time?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does gum get hard after being chewed for a long period of time?

The gum starts pretty stiff because it is condensed and is at its softest when it is wet by your saliva. It is usually condensed again before leaving the moist environment that is your mouth, and dries in its condensed form, usually becoming as hard as it is before you chew it.


Question: What impact does ever increasing organic food demand has on the environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What impact does ever increasing organic food demand has on the environment?

Depends on what you're measuring. More organic generally means less petrochemical product usage (i.e. less herbicide, fungicide, pesticide, and fertilizer). However, more organic also means more land, water, and energy usage, as organic crops are considerably less efficient, meaning you need to grow more plant material to feed the same amount of people. The energy usage issue is the big one, though; you're essentially trading lessened petrochemical products for increased carbon emissions into the atmosphere, unless you can provide entirely renewably-powered energy for the input products for your crops, as well as the energy needed to tend them (e.g. fuel for your tractor). In the overwhelming majority of the world, that energy is oil and coal. Thus, whether or not organic is "better" broadly depends on where you're growing it. In North America, where the soil is naturally extremely fertile and you have the benefit of winter (i.e. free pesticide and forced rest cycle), it *might* be a slight net benefit. In places like Brazil where you basically have to nuke the soil with chemicals in order to get anything to grow at all, it'd be an immense net loss from an environmental perspective, and that's *before* you account for all the additional deforestation in order to open up the additional land needed for the less efficient organic crops. Not to mention there's no solid definition as to what "organic" actually means; it's essentially a marketing gimmick, not an actual scientific or agricultural definition.


Question: Why/how neon red and painting red look different if they are the same color?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why/how neon red and painting red look different if they are the same color?

The primary difference is that screens, light bulbs, and neon lights emit light and are therefore additive. Starting with no colour, or black, these sources ADD colour. Paint reflects light rather than emitting it. In this case colours are subtractive. Starting with white, each paint SUBTRACTS certain colours, leaving your eyes to perceive what is left as another certain colour. For example, paint that subtracts cyan and magenta, appears yellow.


Question: What's the difference between men and women's moisturizers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between men and women's moisturizers?

Other than the fragrance there is no difference in the way they work. The is most likely a difference in price!


Question: Why is low fat milk sometimes skim milk and cream combined, instead of partially skimmed milk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is low fat milk sometimes skim milk and cream combined, instead of partially skimmed milk?

It's easier to make a machine that just takes *all* the cream off, and then put some back. Speeds up factory production in volume.


Question: If you take care of all of its needs, could plants theoretically live forever, or do they have a set lifespan?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you take care of all of its needs, could plants theoretically live forever, or do they have a set lifespan?

There are certainly plants that could outlive you, as long as you provide for them while you are both alive! Plants have wildly different life cycles, though. Some live for thousands of years, while some plants die as soon as they make seeds for the next generation of plants.


Question: What actually happens when you pull a muscle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually happens when you pull a muscle?

It's a tear in the muscle. All the way from partial thickness tears to full-thickness. The full-thickness tears result in retraction of the separated portion of the muscle, resulting usually in a visible bulge. The most common spot for a muscle tear is where the muscle fibers join tendon, as this is the weakest link. Typically, the tendon penetrates far into the muscle, and the muscle fibers insert onto the tendon at a shallow angle (it's called the pennation angle and is similar to what you see in a feather, where the shaft of the feather is analogous to the tendon). If you've ever tried to strip the tendon out of the fillet of a chicken breast, that's actually a typical muscle structure. Note that this type of injury is different than delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), which occurs a day or two after doing a new exercise or the same exercise at a higher intensity than before, lasting up to a week. That's caused by inflammation, whereas a pulled muscle results from mechanical overload. Source: I'm an MD specializing in the musculoskeletal system and do a lot of ultrasound diagnostic imaging, so I see these tears all the time.


Question: What happens to current debt during times of great inflation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to current debt during times of great inflation?

The value of that debt goes down. That's why lenders factor inflation risk into their risk premium.


Question: Why does our heart beat *harder* sometimes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does our heart beat *harder* sometimes?

Your heart beats to pump oxygenated blood to your body as needed. When you are at rest your heart beats slowly. When you are active your heart beats faster and harder to pump more blood faster through your body. Your lungs provide the oxygen so when you are active you breathe faster and deeper to take in more oxygen


Question: How is over-caffeinated coffee made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is over-caffeinated coffee made?

> I know you can decaffeinate coffee and extract caffeine from beans by using some chemicals, but how do you put more caffeine inside the beans? One way of extracting caffeine is soaking them in liquid carbon dioxide into which the caffeine will dissolve while leaving many of the chemicals which make up the taste of the coffee. Putting caffeine into beans is likely as simple as soaking them in a solution which contains higher levels of caffeine than normally found in the beans.


Question: What specifically happens when a speaker “blows out”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What specifically happens when a speaker “blows out”?

Electromagnets are made up of coils of wire which produce magnetic force when you send electricity through them. This is how speakers work. Those wires can literally melt (or deform a lot) if you push too much power through them. The moving part of the speaker also "floats", suspended by soft, flexible parts. It needs to be held in the proper location to not hit/scrape on anything, but not be held too "tightly" or it won't be able to move. If you physically move it too much you can damage this system and it will rub on other parts as a result. It will either make noise or not be able to move freely. The overheating/melting of the wires I mentioned before can also cause this second result, even if they're not hot enough to totally break and fail to carry electricity.


Question: Why isn't the black box data on airplanes automatically uploaded to cloud storage somewhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't the black box data on airplanes automatically uploaded to cloud storage somewhere?

In the aftermath of MH370, experts say it might be time to update methods of collecting flight data. Passengers are able to text, stream and surf the internet but the data recorders on board are not communicating in real time with the rest of the world. However, the bandwidth needed to stream huge amounts of data from large aircraft is not currently feasible. Aviation author Stephen Trimble writes in the Guardian that Boeing has applied for a patent on a system that will transmit a subset of data including the plane's location: This is an excerpt from URL_0


Question: What is Euler's Number supposed to mean/represent in math?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Euler's Number supposed to mean/represent in math?

Imagine you go to a bank that has 100% interest on your savings account. They double your money deposited every year. That's great! You start with $1, and at the end of the year have $2. But then another bank has a better deal. They give you the same 100% interest, but they give it to you in two chunks. So at the 6 month mark, they give you 50% interest ($1.50 total), and then at the one year mark, they give you 50% interest on your new total, so you end up with $2.25. Not to be outdone, the first bank now divides their interest monthly. Each month you get (100/12)% interest. At the end of the year, you end up with $2.61. Now another bank comes back and offers interest daily. Each day you get 1/365th of your interest, so you end the year with $2.71. Now let's take it to the extreme and compound it every minute. 525,600 minutes in a year (Thanks Rent). We find that at the end of the year this way, we end up with... $2.71. There's some changes in the decimal value after the fact, but we've pretty much reached our peak. The equation we would use for calculating our interest was (1 + 1/N)^(N), where N is the compounding period. As we make N bigger, the exponential value gets larger, but the fraction gets smaller. If we make N infinite, that's when we get Euler's Number (e) out of this equation.


Question: The economics of the Macy's Thanksgiving parade?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The economics of the Macy's Thanksgiving parade?

URL_0 Macy's organizes it with about 4000 employees, but it involves about 10k. Each spot in the parade costs money. $190k for a new balloon, $90k for a returning balloon. Floats can cost $780k to $2.6 million, paid for by the people wanting it in. I believe the only ones who don't pay to get in are marching bands- they only allow 12 each year though.


Question: how are some flying animals (e.g - sparrows and house flies) able to fly at such a high speed without bumping into anything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are some flying animals (e.g - sparrows and house flies) able to fly at such a high speed without bumping into anything?

The brains of flying animals are specifically evolved to handle the calculations and processes needed for flight. Humans bump into things when they move at ridiculous speeds because we evolved to move at medium and low speeds, dedicating more of our brainspace to things like language. When your entire brain is fly, eat, don't die and have babies, it turns out you can actually dedicate quite a lot to not bumping into things. Also, flying insects *do* bump into things all the time, they're just small enough and tough enough they don't really care. Meanwhile, the brains of birds are just tiny miracles which do way more than they should be able to.


Question: Why did switching back and forth between channels help make that one naughty channel come in clearer as a kid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did switching back and forth between channels help make that one naughty channel come in clearer as a kid?

Because on old cable devices when you changed to a pornography channel It would take it a second to check and see if you were a paid subscriber. In that time while the machine was checking for verification the channel would come in clear but then scramble once they found out that you were not a paid subscriber. If you went back and forth you could get a couple minutes of clear picture out of every hour of channel changing. In a world before the internet, for some people, this was worth the time.


Question: Why do French Fries taste bad when you heat them up/eat them later?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do French Fries taste bad when you heat them up/eat them later?

Frying in oil boils off surface moisture of the potato allowing it to brown/crisp. When the fry cools it absorbs moisture from the air. This is why rehearing in the oven (to dry them out) is better than in the microwave.


Question: How exactly does the NBA draft, and NBA draft picks work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does the NBA draft, and NBA draft picks work?

As part of the collective bargaining agreement between the NBA and the players union, they have agreed that players entering the league should be distributed via a draft system. Players who wish to enter the NBA make themselves eligible for the draft or become automatically draft eligible when they reach 22. Teams are assigned their draft order based on a fairly complicated system, called the draft lottery. designed to help the worst teams receive earlier picks (and therefore better players) while discouraging teams from intentionally losing in order to be guaranteed a top pick (opinions are mixed on whether they actually manage to discourage teams from doing this). This works by assigning teams 4 number combinations between 1-14, which has 1001 possible outcomes. Any team that fails to make the playoffs in entered into a lottery for the top 5 picks in the draft, with the teams with worse records receiving more possible combinations. They then proceed to draw balls randomly, and the the team that owns the combination gets the first pick. They add the balls back in and then draw again for the second pick, etc. If they draw a combination belonging to a team that was already drawn, it is ignored and they draw again. After the first 5 picks have been determined, the remainder of the draft order is determined by team record during the regular season.


Question: Why are people more likely to become carsick when riding in the backseat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people more likely to become carsick when riding in the backseat?

Motion sickness comes about when the brain receives conflicting sensory signals. If you sit in the back of the car and stare at the head rest in front of you, read, play on your phone, whatever, your inner ear is sensing the motion of the car, but your eyes aren't passing that same information on - as far as the eyes are concerned you're staying still. In evolutionary terms, the only thing that could induce this difference in inputs was some kind of poison, so the body's response is to feel nauseated to try and make you throw up whatever it is you ate. When you're in the front of the car, you're more likely to look up at where you're going, and even if you don't, your peripheral vision is more likely to pick up the movement of the car with the added view through the windshield. So if you don't want to get carsick in the back, make sure you look up and out of the window regularly so your brain doesn't get conflicting signals.


Question: How do we know what the random digits of Pi are? How do we know it's infinite?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know what the random digits of Pi are? How do we know it's infinite?

We have figured out that pi is equal to certain kinds of equations. For example: 1/1^(2) \+ 1/2^(2) \+ 1/3^(2) \+ ... = π^(2)/6 The more terms you compute for the left-hand side of that equation, the more accurate a representation of π you can create. In reality we use more efficient algorithms, but they are a bit more complicated and difficult to explain. The point is, finding digits of π is a simple matter of calculating additional terms of these kinds of algorithms. We know π has an infinite number of non-repeating digits because π was proven to be irrational in 1760. If the digits of π repeated or terminated (were not infinite) then π would be rational and could be represented as a fraction (with integers in the numerator and denominator). It has been proven that if this were the case, then it would result in a mathematical contradiction. Since contradictions can't exist, we have to rule out the case that π can be represented by such a fraction, and therefore isn't rational.


Question: How can something have no calories? What does the body do with this calorie free food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can something have no calories? What does the body do with this calorie free food?

Calories are a measurement of energy, which comes from breaking bonds between atoms — mostly, carbon atoms. Just like the gasoline your car uses that makes it run (gasoline is primarily carbon and hydrogen). When your body breaks down things like sugar, fat, and protein, it breaks the bonds in it and releases energy that it uses to do various things. Food has varying amounts of sugar, fat, and protein. A bag of Skittles is almost all sugar. A slab of meat is mostly protein, with some fat. All of those things have calories that come from those compounds, which your body breaks down. Some foods do not have anything that your body can break down. Water, for instance, has no carbon. It goes in and most of it goes out (in your pee or your sweat). Some foods, like diet soda, have carbon compounds in it, but they are designed so they can’t be used by your body (they create the taste of sweetness but can’t be broken like normal sugar, hence no calories). And other foods have carbon, but it’s also in a form you can’t use — like celery, for instance, which is mostly fiber. It has substance, but (mostly) not a kind your body can break down and use. If your body can’t use it, there’s no energy to gain from it and therefore no calories. Also, if you consume extra calories that your body doesn’t need at the moment, it uses that energy to make things to store and use later. One of those things is fat (your body can make fat). Then, if you go a while without eating, it will break that fat down and use it for energy. You don’t need to eat fat to make fat. Your body can use anything with calories (energy) to make fat. That’s why you can get fat even if you eat a fat free diet but eat a ton of sugar.


Question: what is the scientific reason why two first cousins shouldn't get married?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the scientific reason why two first cousins shouldn't get married?

The argument as I understand it is a result of most of the genes in our body occurring in pairs - one coming from the mother and of coming from the father. There is therefore a built-in redundancy, if you have a faulty gene from your mother, the likelihood of that you will have a good copy from your father. We probably ask have a bunch of faulty genes - say it's 40. There are many genes that can cause serious problems if they are faulty. Say there are 4000. If you have children with someone who is related to you, you are *much* more likely to share some of the same bad genes. First-cousins share about 12.5% (one eighth) of their genes. So, you could have five of the same bad genes in common, where most unrelated couples would have none in common. You probably have good copies of those genes too, so problems are not guaranteed. They are just much more likely. EDIT: Note that there are benefits to pairing with someone with a similar genetic background, as your gene families have evolved together and are likely to be very effective when joined. So there is a optimum level of relatedness for the best genetic fitness. I do have the idea that someone has claimed this to be at the first-cousin level, but I would have to locate the source of that)


Question: Why is taking a 2 hour nap and going to bed two hours later not giving you as good a rest a full night of sleep would?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is taking a 2 hour nap and going to bed two hours later not giving you as good a rest a full night of sleep would?

You have different stages in sleeping. You wake up in the wrong stage after 2 hours (not feeling refreshed) plus you don't have enough time to recharge properly in the night. Double shot.


Question: What exactly happens when one form of energy transforms into another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly happens when one form of energy transforms into another?

The thing to understand about energy is this: it's not a physically tangible, real thing. You can't hold it, touch it or really perceive it directly. You can observe and perceive the things which it allows to happen, like forces, motion, currents, voltages and temperatures, but not directly the energy itself. The only reason we're interested in energy at all is *because* it's conserved. The fact that the total energy of a system has to be the same both before and after an interaction or event takes places imposes important constraints upon the processes which are allowed to take place in the Universe. So, what's the best way to think about energy? Well, I think it's to imagine it as an accounting tool - energy is the currency of the Universe. In the human world, when you receive money you are able to do things. Money opens up the ability for you to take actions that you couldn't otherwise have done. You exchange your money to do something, and then when it's gone you can't do anything else until you get some more. Energy is like that. Things in the Universe receive energy and can then undergo processes that they couldn't do before. The thing is, the Universe is a bit of a spendaholic, so once things get some extra energy, they tend to lose it as quickly as possible, unless something can prevent them from doing so. The actions that things undergo make the energy changes form, just like spending money makes it change hands. So what happens when energy changes form? Well, it's really just as simple as something happening to the object. Say we have an object suspended in the air. It has a lot of gravitational potential energy - a lot of money that it can spend. We release it, and it immediately spends this energy to start moving. The thing that happens is the action which the object undergoes. There's no ethereal change of the form of the energy in some higher space, or whatever you might be imagining, because energy isn't tangible - it's just an accounting tool.


Question: How does a government knows the exact amount of physical money at any point in circulation?!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a government knows the exact amount of physical money at any point in circulation?!

The government doesn't know the exact amount. Literally every day thousands of dollar notes are damaged and destroyed without the government knowing. The only way it guages the supply is by reading the tell-tale signs in the economy. If a bank reports that the number of $20 bills being deposited dropped by %1 each year, then the government could use that to help get a sense of how much they need to print.


Question: How do stealth airplanes/bombers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stealth airplanes/bombers work?

The easiest way to understand this is to take a flashlight to a reflectorized stop sign at night (most places have these). Hold the flashlight by your head and shine your flashlight at the ground, you'll see a light spot in the darkness. Now shine it at the sign, and you'll see a much brighter spot on the sign. The sign is specially made to return as much of the light to you as possible. Stealth is the opposite. Stealth geometries return as little of the energy to the sender, by sending it in different directions. Any direction other than back to the sender means the sender can't detect the plane.


Question: Why does it always feels like gaming graphics can't get any better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it always feels like gaming graphics can't get any better?

Because you can’t imagine what they would look like if they could be better, until you see them being better. Then you can’t imagine them being better than *that* and so on


Question: why are HD channels so much quieter than their standard definition counterparts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are HD channels so much quieter than their standard definition counterparts?

There's a good chance that the HD channels are also broadcasting a wider volume range to better match the audio as it was originally intended to be heard. For example, most movies are recorded so that elements such as explosions and gunshots are *loud* in comparison to quieter sound sources such as speech. This gives a more realistic audio environment, but only works at higher volumes (if you watch a movie with full dynamic volume range at a low volume, you'll often struggle to hear speech clearly, although gunshots/explosions/etc will be clearly audible). Most SD broadcasting will be lifestyle/documentary programming that doesn't really require, or make use of such a dynamic range of volume, so instead the sound is compressed to fit a smaller more linear range which can easily be adjusted using the volume control.


Question: Why do "attractive nuisance" laws exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do "attractive nuisance" laws exist?

Beautiful American "freedom" at play here. Kid trespasses into my property, drowns in my pool, and I get in trouble because I didn't *also* fence the pool off. I call it darwinism, they call it illegal.


Question: If the moon moves 1.6 inches every year away from earth, and is 4.2 billion years old, why is the moon not MUCH farther away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the moon moves 1.6 inches every year away from earth, and is 4.2 billion years old, why is the moon not MUCH farther away?

Well, if it moved at a constant rate of 1.6 inches per year, after 4.2 billion years, it would have moved about 106,000 miles. It's current distance from the earth is about 240,000 miles, so 4.2 billion years ago it would have been about 130,000 miles away. As it happens, the rate at which it's drifting away is actually slowing down, so it was probably closer than that.


Question: What exactly is Capital Expenditure (CapEx)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is Capital Expenditure (CapEx)?

It is when a company buys a non-consumable good they will keep indefinitely. A printer is a capital expense, paper for the printer is not. They are accounted for differently because they represent one-time purchases as opposed to recurrent expenses. You are usually allowed to deduct depreciation of goods purchase through capital expenditures.


Question: How does a zip file take gigabytes worth of information and compress it down to megabytes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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 How does a zip file take gigabytes worth of information and compress it down to megabytes?

As it says in the second comment on the thread that prompted you to ask this question: > It's exploiting how compression works. Imagine you had data that was something like this: > 11999999855555555199999019995555555 > You could compress this down by just writing how many of each digit there are: > 21 69 18 85 11 59 10 11 39 75 > Two 1s, Six 9s, One 8, Eight 5s, One 1, Five 9s... and so on. > Now imagine you had data like this: > 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 > You could compress it down to just this: > 707 > Seventy 7s. If that were something like several billion sevens, that could uncompress to something far larger than the compressed version. > This isn't exactly how the Zip Bomb works, but that's the general idea: use lots of repeating information that can easily be compressed way, way down. URL_0


Question: how can there be two Ph.D. thesis versions of Marie Curie?

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 how can there be two Ph.D. thesis versions of Marie Curie?

I'm assuming the too-obvious answer that the original one is in French and a year later it was translated to English, is somehow ruled out?


Question: How does lactic acid form and just disappear? Also how does it not harm any parts of our body?

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 How does lactic acid form and just disappear? Also how does it not harm any parts of our body?

Lactic acid is produced in your muscles as a byproduct of prolonged anaerobic exercise. The amounts produced are typically so small it can easily be removed through the bloodstream and processed in the kidneys, and do not present any danger. Certain disorders can cause lactic acid to build up faster than the body can remove it, and that can cause serious problems. Note there has to be something wrong with you for this to happen, it is not the result of too much exercise.


Question: Why can’t fire fighters use Sulfur Hexafloride to extinguish out of control bush fires?

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 Why can’t fire fighters use Sulfur Hexafloride to extinguish out of control bush fires?

Neat idea I have to say. But from what I understand it's expensive and an really potent greenhouse gas.


Question: what is devils advocate exactly?

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 what is devils advocate exactly?

It's when you argue for a point that you don't agree with, because you want to explore the consequences of the debate.


Question: How does the air pressure in a airplane change depending on altitude if the plane is sealed shut?

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 How does the air pressure in a airplane change depending on altitude if the plane is sealed shut?

The plane is not sealed completely shut. Compressed air is tapped off of the the engines (bleed air), and this then goes through the air-conditioning packs and into the cabin. There are then outflow valves in the fuselage where the air exits, so there is a continuous circulation of air. The outflow valves are controllable to set the cabin pressure. The reason that the plane isn't pressurised up to ground level pressure is to reduce stress on the airframe through the repeated pressurisation/depressurisation cycles.


Question: Why do movies (mostly action) have action scenes that are incredibly loud, then dialogue sequences that are much more quiet?

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 Why do movies (mostly action) have action scenes that are incredibly loud, then dialogue sequences that are much more quiet?

They do the audio so it sounds good on movie theater speakers, which is usually a 5.1 speaker setup. In the standard 5.1 audio mix, action comes out of 4 speakers, dialogue comes out of 1, and you also have a subwoofer that's only producing bass. They don't remix it for home audio, so you're getting that same 5.1 mixed audio when you watch it on netflix/dvd/whatever. The problem with that is most people don't have a 5.1 surround sound setup at home. So your tv/computer/speakers try to compress the 6 channels of audio data that they're being fed into whatever number of speakers you have. If you have 2 speakers, then you end up with a situation in which 3 speakers worth of audio is coming out of each of your speakers. Since the ratio of that audio is 2 speakers of action/.5 speakers of dialogue/.5 speakers of bass, action+bass is substantially louder than dialogue. As to why they don't remix the audio for a home release - its expensive to do so and the home release doesn't usually make much money. edit: and just to be a bit more clear: in a 5.1 setup the speakers don't all produce the same amount of sound. The front speaker produces the most, followed by the two front side speakers, with the two rear side speakers producing a small fraction of the total sound. But when you run 5.1 mixed audio into a stereo setup those ratios get completely screwed up and most systems just weigh each 5.1 speaker channel equally (even though that's not how the 5.1 setup is weighing them).


Question: How were timezones fixed by countries? Why did some countries get 3 timezones and some get only 1 despite being the same size? How did we get all the countries to measure time globally using the same measurement?

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 How were timezones fixed by countries? Why did some countries get 3 timezones and some get only 1 despite being the same size? How did we get all the countries to measure time globally using the same measurement?

Time zones (if you wanted them to make sense) would go in straight lines north to south splitting the world into segments like an orange. Doing this means some places have one time for their whole country except for a small portion and that would just get confusing, so they told the rest of the world that their whole country would use the one time zone. Have that sort of thing happen a bunch (and some places just wanna be the same time zone as a trade partner) and you get the squiggly lines we have now.


Question: Why do runners stretch and weight lifters don't?

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 Why do runners stretch and weight lifters don't?

Stretching essentially "loosens" your muscles. By not stretching before lifting heavy weight, you are taking advantage of your muscles being taut and are better able load your muscles while they are being stretched. This means they can reciprocate more force once you contract to lift the weight (Combining the stored energy from the stretch and the contracting muscle). I'm not sure if it has any effect on the Strength Shortening Cycle but I'll explain that for fun too. Weight lifters benefit from something called the "Stretch Shortening Cycle" (SSC). Basically, in your muscles, you have proteins called actin and myosin filaments that interact with each other. The heads on the myosin filaments attach onto the actin and "pull" on it, essentially shortening your muscle to make it contract. The way this SSC works is that someone goes through an eccentric contraction first (the down part of a squat which lengthens your muscles while they contract) and comes back up immediately through concentric contraction (the up part of a squat, shortening of the muscle while contracting). This takes advantage of some of those myosin heads still being attached to the actin from the initial eccentric phase which makes you stronger concentrically for a short period of time. This is also why some people say you are cheating if you don't pause. If you pause after the eccentric phase, you will no longer benefit from the myosin heads as they will have detached. Like I said I'm not positive if the SSC is effected by stretching or not it's been over a year since my neuromuscular physiology course... Runners obviously go through many more repetitions than weight lifters, and at a much lower intensity. They stretch to keep their rang of motion fluid in their legs since they will need them for long distances. Source: 3rd year Kinesiology student Edit: There are not a lot of inconclusive studies on the benefits of stretching. Currently it's still a bit of a grey zone in terms of performance enhancement. Definitely feels nice though.


Question: How come rechargable batteries like in our phones don't "overcharge" when left in the charger at 100%?

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 How come rechargable batteries like in our phones don't "overcharge" when left in the charger at 100%?

There's a circuit in the phone which monitors the battery voltage. When it reaches the goal, it cuts off charging any more.


Question: Why is location data tracked by apps valuable to companies? Who buys this data and what do they do with it? Should we be worried about it?

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 Why is location data tracked by apps valuable to companies? Who buys this data and what do they do with it? Should we be worried about it?

Imagine you live on Safe Street. After work you walk through the backyard over to Danger Street to buy potato boomers for your elderly neighbor that are only at that particular bodega but hey you’re just that kind of person. One day you wake up and your automobile insurance has increased. The ALGORITHM determined that drivers who spend x amount of time on Danger street are at a higher risk. “But I wasn’t driving?!” Well hopefully the engineers accounted for that. Then you notice your health insurance has increased - too many potato boomers. These are just a couple instances but yeah your data is inert but peoples (read: GOVERNMENT and CORPORATIONS) interpretations of that data can be very dangerous.


Question: Why cameras and screens go crazy when recording/displaying lots of thin stripes?

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 Why cameras and screens go crazy when recording/displaying lots of thin stripes?

It's called a [moiré pattern]( URL_0 ), caused by two overlaying patterns that aren't identical or aligned. In this case the "patterns" are the square grid of the pixels in the camera sensor and the other can be a pinstriped shirt, overlapping when the image of the shirt is projected onto the sensor. Depending on the orientation of the two patterns, the moiré changes. Since just small changes in the orientation can have large changes on the resulting moiré, a moving camera will shift through new patterns with each frame, causing the haywire-like behavior.


Question: How are some countries still third world/not developed?

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 How are some countries still third world/not developed?

Lots of things have to come together to make the transition of the whole society and develop what is needed. Resources (agricultural and industrial, which must be there), knowledge (which can be imported but at a cost or obtained from the charity of 1st world nations.), and a culture that permits it (which involve a type of government and/or region which will work to the benefit of the people. Each society has to develop for itself.) Having a culture of near-universal corruption in government where officials require bribed for everything they do mean you are likely to stay a third world forever. I heard a story from a missionary say how there are 3rd world cultures where every politician runs on the platform of "going to build roads". But by the time they have power it takes so much money to bribe everyone involved none is left for building the road. People are left unable to get any sort of industry going because no roads.


Question: Why can you tame but not domesticate wild animals?

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 Why can you tame but not domesticate wild animals?

URL_0 those past posts might answer your question.


Question: How does water resistant sun cream not come off in water and does it come off as you sweat?

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 How does water resistant sun cream not come off in water and does it come off as you sweat?

It does come off after an amount of time. It's usually suggested on the bottle how often you need to reapply. The water resistant cream is oil based. You know how oil floats to the top and doesn't mix with water? The water resistant cream uses that hydrophobic property of oils/fats "it's scared of water and so it pushes water away."


Question: How were the units of measurement for distance created? More specifically, how were they decided to be a specific length?

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 How were the units of measurement for distance created? More specifically, how were they decided to be a specific length?

Long before the metric system, measurement systems were based on some known distance. Some community said "hey, from this rock to that big tree, we're gonna call that a Spoigle". Then everyone knew how far a Spoigle was, and could use that to estimate longer or shorter distances "Ukthar lives about 20 Spoigles away from me" or "man, that tree hahs to be like half a Spoigle tall". Similarly, smaller units of measurement were generally agreed upon in the same manner, often based on some important thing. Maybe the King's Staff, passed down from king to king was a known length, and they'd say "this room is 3 staves wide". As such in ancient historical times many different civilizations had their own unique set of measurement systems, and through trade and sharing of information over time, some of them became more widely used, spread, and more popular. EVENTUALLY as society progressed, we developed a more consistent measurement system, commonly known as the metric system. The problem with those OTHER systems of measurement was usually in conversion. Even the Imperial system has this issue. 12 inches in a foot, 3 feet in a yard, 1800 yards in a mile? Really arbitrary numbers, hard to dice up into bite sized chunks and translate to other systems. With the Metric system, they defined distance with a known, measureable, and constant base. The meter, for example, is defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. This is true forever (relatively), and not something that changes. (Like a foot is the length of the King's Foot. New king, new foot, bad unit.) Then larger and smaller units of measurement were just multiplied or divided by 10, since that makes the conversions and math easier. A Kilometer is just 1000 meters. A centimeter is 1/100 of a meter, etc. The concrete definitions, and ease of conversion and use, led to the widespread adoption of the metric system (with only a couple holdout nations who still use the imperial system heavily). Someday maybe we'll ALL use the same system, but only time will tell.


Question: Why do video game developers choose to only release games only on some consoles/PC but not others? How much more work does it take to program a game to operate on a different console, say Switch vs Playstation for example?

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 Why do video game developers choose to only release games only on some consoles/PC but not others? How much more work does it take to program a game to operate on a different console, say Switch vs Playstation for example?

It takes a lot of work. Consoles tend to have less power than PCs and each of the major consoles uses a different operating system. PC and Xbox share a lot of internal code, but PCs have thousands of combinations of parts, compared to the consoles all using the same processors. For a small studio this is a lot of work. In general game companies have two options: make a game run okay on all platforms or really well on one. I’m a PC gamer, but I’m shocked at how well God of War and Horizon Zero Dawn run on the PS4. Knowing exactly what hardware your game will run on is a major help to optimization. And also, game companies sometime sign contractors to only release on a single console. Sony may pay a company a million to not sell their game on the Xbox. Or in the case of Bethesda: Microsoft owns them, so they’ll be making almost exclusively PC and Xbox games from now on. There you go, it takes a lot of people and time to make a good cross platform game, and there’s a lot of money involved in keeping games from getting ported.