Question: How do blankets make us warm in cold weather? Why does air not escape from the pores of the blanket? Do our bodies emit infrared radiation? If so, how?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do blankets make us warm in cold weather? Why does air not escape from the pores of the blanket? Do our bodies emit infrared radiation? If so, how?

Blankets keep a layer of air in place, more so than if you were exposed. That air gets heated up by your you, and stays put for the most part. It still does lose heat, but much slower than if air was freely flowing around you. We do emit radiation. Are you ready to hear some shit? Everything in the universe is emitting radiation, all the time. The frequency of this radiation increases with temperature. When a thing is hot enough, it emits visible radiation - that's why molten metal glows, why fire emits light, why a lightbulb works. At 98°, we're not hot enough to glow visibly, and we emit radiation in the infrared spectrum. A night-vision camera is just a camera sensitive to a different range than our eyes are. This happens even when a body is the same temperature as the stuff around it, so it's different from direct conduction of heat through contact.


Question: How do motion detecting cameras work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do motion detecting cameras work?

They have a buffer, with the last image in it, they compare the current image with the last one, and if a certain number of pixels are different, then it generates a signal to start recording (or whatever).


Question: If the sensation after eating spicy food is caused by capsaicin imitating the sensation of heat, why does drinking water help temporarily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sensation after eating spicy food is caused by capsaicin imitating the sensation of heat, why does drinking water help temporarily?

Actually, water doesn't help and is a bad idea when suffering from capsaicin burn. Yes, water temporarily soothes your mouth as it feels hot and the water feels cold, but it's only masking the burn, just like very cold water will temporarily numb a toothache, only to have the pain return once the tooth warms up again. Capsaicin isn't soluble in water, so drinking water, temporary cooling effect aside, will actually detach some of the capsaicin from your mouth and carry it down your throat and gut, where it will burn more. If you're burning up, drink milk instead. Or eat bread. Both will catch, absorb and neutralize the capsaicin and relieve the burn durably.


Question: Why and how do moles on the skin appear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and how do moles on the skin appear?

Skin color is determined by a pigment called melanin. Melanin is produced by a type of skin cell called a melanocyte. The concentration of melanin, how much is produced, determines light skin vs dark skin. When a cells DNA becomes damaged it's operating instructions become corrupted. Not all skin cells are always dividing. Some require instruction to do so. If a melanocyte is damaged in the portion of DNA that controls cell division, it may cause it to divide very rapidly resulting in a very concentrated group of melanocytes, all producing melanin. Compared to the rest of the melanocytes which are normal size and evenly distributed this cluster creates a high concentration of melanin forming a dark spot called a mole. If the dividing cell is turned off then the mole stops growing and is considered benign. If the cell cannot be turned off it keeps dividing and then it's considered cancerous.


Question: What is the science behind polling? How can talking to a few hundred people be representative of a country as a whole?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the science behind polling? How can talking to a few hundred people be representative of a country as a whole?

The science you're looking for is called statistics, and its used much more in manufacturing and industry that just in polling. First, a few hundred people to represent a fee hundred million isn't great, but its doable. The key is to have your sample size be roughly approximate to your target population(The whole country). Statisticians will do their best to make the group 50/50 male/female, while also trying to get a good mix of party affiliations, incomes, and whatnot. Even with all that done, it'll never be perfect, so the statistician calculates a margin of error based on their data, and includes that in the statistic. For example, lets say we're polling vanilla vs chocolate ice cream, and we get 48% vanilla/52% chocolate with a margin of 5%. This means that the reality could be as high as 53/47 or as low as 43/57.


Question: why can liquid form that little brim above its container and not spill out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can liquid form that little brim above its container and not spill out?

It's really hard to answer this question with a long answer. The answer is surface tension. Water and other fluids stick to themselves. Until the mass of the water cresting over the lip of the container is heavy enough to break surface tension, the surface tension will hold it.


Question: So there are waterfalls, right, and rivers that move downstream from higher places. My question is, how do mountains keep that much water supply for the waterfalls and rivers to continuously flow downstream? Is it possible that it all just comes from rain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 So there are waterfalls, right, and rivers that move downstream from higher places. My question is, how do mountains keep that much water supply for the waterfalls and rivers to continuously flow downstream? Is it possible that it all just comes from rain?

Yes it comes from rain, and seasonally from melting snow. You have to keep in mind that large rivers are draining rainwater from areas tends of thousands of square miles in area. Most of the continental U.S.drains into the Mississippi, for example.


Question: Can someone explain the mechanics behind an erection in layman's terms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain the mechanics behind an erection in layman's terms?

You ever seen an empty hose stiffen up when you turn the water on full blast, but haven't pulled the trigger at the hose's end yet? It's that.


Question: Why do birds can enter through very small holes inside , but cannot leave when the door/window is wide open?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do birds can enter through very small holes inside , but cannot leave when the door/window is wide open?

How often does a bird come into your house? Every couple years or more? So it's taken them 2 years for one bird out of many to accidentally get into that hole. When you're letting them out, you're expecting that a single bird (instead of many) will, by random chance, get through the window in the space of an afternoon. It won't happen unless you scare them to that exact spot multiple times, or wait a very long time. Basically it's 1) time difference and 2) there's many birds that can get in by random chance coming in, but only one who can get out by random chance going out


Question: why do the moving parts of cartoons have a slightly different color? Like if a car for is about to open, it will be a slightly different shade of color until it opens. Then when it's closed/done moving independently, its color matches the rest of the car.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do the moving parts of cartoons have a slightly different color? Like if a car for is about to open, it will be a slightly different shade of color until it opens. Then when it's closed/done moving independently, its color matches the rest of the car.

In most traditionally-animated cartoons, the backgrounds are paintings (usually on paper, sometimes glass) while the moving drawings are ink & paint on sheets of celluloid (“cels”) laid overtop. Cels are painted on the reverse side and things like gradients or textured colours aren’t really possible like they are with paintings. The colours are totally flat because of this, and the cel painters also need an outline to know where to paint. So if something has to move, it has to be on these cels, and it has to be a flat drawing with a black outline. When you can predict something is going to move based on how it looks, TVTropes calls it the [Conspicuously Light Patch]( URL_0 ). Nowadays, most 2D animation is digital, so it’s easier to have background and moving elements look similar, though it still involves a lot of work to make something that looks like a painting move. Shows like *The Simpsons* and *Family Guy* (back when they weren’t digitally animated) didn’t have this problem because the backgrounds were also painted on cels; that’s why they also have the black outlines and flat colours.


Question: Why is there no single solution formula for polynomials of the 5th degree and higher?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there no single solution formula for polynomials of the 5th degree and higher?

There are formulae that can give the solutions to 5th degree polynomials and higher. It is just that their solutions cannot be expressed algebraically, using only addition, multiplication, and roots. You have to use new operators, such as the Bring radical, to express those solutions.


Question: What is Gödel's incompleteness theorem, and why is it so infamous in Mathematics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Gödel's incompleteness theorem, and why is it so infamous in Mathematics?

There are actually two incompleteness theorems. They are in the realm of logic, which attempts to axiomatize mathematics. Both theorems are about *formal systems*, which you can think of a set of rules for inferring from axioms. Kind of like meta math in a way. The **first incompleteness theorem** says that all *consistent* (you can think of this as there are no contradictions) formal systems of mathematics that can carry out *Peano arithmetic* (just normal addition/multiplication, basically, with integers that are ordered) are *incomplete*. Here, incomplete means that there are statements you can formulate but you can't prove. The **second incompleteness theorem** says that no consistent formal systems of mathematics that can carry out Peano arithmetic can prove their own consistency. I don't think they are really "infamous", by the way—Gödel is very respected, and no serious mathematician thinks these theorems are wrong. But maybe they can be considered depressing or disheartening. The first theorem says that there are some mathematical questions we don't know the answer to and that we *can't* know the answer to! To mathematicians whose whole purpose is to get those answers, it seems horrifying. And the second theorem says that you can't really "know for sure you're correct" since the formal system can't prove its own consistency.


Question: Why does your heartbeat sound and feel so much louder when you put earplugs in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your heartbeat sound and feel so much louder when you put earplugs in?

Sound is just pressure waves hitting your eardrum and being transferred to the parts of the inner ear to be perceived by the brain. Every time your heart beats your blood pressure spikes all over your body. This also causes the throbbing feeling you get when you hurt yourself and a body part swells. Your ear is always throbbing slightly as fresh blood is pushed around your body. When your ear canal is clear the throbbing doesn't create enough pressure to cause a sound. But with an ear plug in a small pocket of air is now trapped against your ear drum. As your blood pressure rises and falls that pocket of air is being squeezed over and over. That squeezing is pushing against your ear drum with each heartbeat so you can now hear your own heart beat slightly.


Question: Website names market. How can we buy and sell a piece of the internet? Who is the original owner, and how did they come to be in their possession in the first place?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Website names market. How can we buy and sell a piece of the internet? Who is the original owner, and how did they come to be in their possession in the first place?

Basically, a non-profit called ICANN (The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) plays the central role. The origins go back as far as one researcher doing it. Then, the US Department of Commerce took on a role but almost everyone agreed it shouldn’t be under the control of one government. So, ICANN was set up and the Dept. of Commerce gradually gave up control. It’s not affiliated anymore. ICANN outsources the actual registration sales. So, different companies sprung up selling domain names. Over time, people made different proposals to expand the “top level domains” (like .com or .org) and we ended up with the early ones, national ones for each country, etc. There’s a Wikipedia page with which are which: URL_0 Eventually, ICANN decided the top-level domains could be anything and opened them up too. Nowadays, anyone who pays a (I think $200,000) fee can own their own TLD and limit it however they see fit. So, that’s why now, there’s URLs ending in things like like .cool or whatever.


Question: How does water stain things if it has no pigment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water stain things if it has no pigment?

Because minerals and other compounds might be dissolved in the water. When the water evaporates, these minerals may be left behind as discoloration or plaque on the surface.


Question: What is different between red and white wine that red wine is best served at room temperature, and white wine is best served chilled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is different between red and white wine that red wine is best served at room temperature, and white wine is best served chilled?

Many white wines, especially those grown in colder climates (eg Marlborough Sauvignon, Champagne), have much higher accidity. That can be overwhelming for the drinker so they're served cold to reduce the intensity of flavour. The less acidic whites and reds can be served at warmer temperatures which increase the intensity of flavour (of fruits, tannin, etc). That being said wine tasting is often done at warmer temperatures for all wines so the taster can experience all the flavour.


Question: Why hasn’t the Titanic been completely crushed by the water pressure at the depth of the wreck site?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why hasn’t the Titanic been completely crushed by the water pressure at the depth of the wreck site?

Water is a fluid, and fluids under pressure exert force in all directions. Since the *Titanic* is filled with high-pressure water inside and out, the water pressure on the outside of her walls is equal and opposite to the pressure on the inside. Therefore, the total force on the walls is zero. *Titanic* would only be susceptible to crushing if she was hollow and watertight.


Question: How does the Monte-Carlo method work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Monte-Carlo method work?

Let's say you have a white piece of paper and a black marker, and you color some areas of the paper black. You ask me to figure out what fraction of the paper is colored black. Let's say I already know the area of the paper and that this doesn't change. One way to figure this out would be to precisely measure, using geometric techniques, the area of the black regions. But, this may be very difficult if the shapes you drew aren't nice. For example, if you drew a bunch of perfect circles, that's not too hard to figure out, but if you scribbled a bunch, that's a lot harder to do. Monte Carlo methods are a family of techniques to estimate unknown quantities using randomness. I can estimate the proportion of the paper you colored by throwing a bunch of darts at it and counting the ratio of darts that landed on black points to the total number I threw. The estimate becomes more precise as I throw more darts, and as long as my darts are hitting points on the paper truly randomly, I can confidently estimate to arbitrary precision by throwing enough darts.


Question: if heat rises, then why is it so cold on mountain tops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if heat rises, then why is it so cold on mountain tops?

Thinner atmosphere holds less heat, also the further up you get the more space that heat is spread to. Its like trying to use a candle to heat a room. Theres just too little heat for the space it is trying to fill.


Question: How do countries loan other countries money when many countries have different forms of currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do countries loan other countries money when many countries have different forms of currency?

Currency conversion. So if I have my currency, and 1$ of my currency is worth 2€ of your currency, if you loan 5$ from me, you technically get 10€, and when you go to pay it back, you need to pay back 10€ to me. The actual conversion process (turning 5$ into 10€) is super easy to do.


Question: What exactly happened to make Julian Assange and Wikileaks go from loved to hated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly happened to make Julian Assange and Wikileaks go from loved to hated?

He didn't go from loved to hated. He was and remains incredibly divisive. People tend to have very polarised views and either love or hate him. What he did, and continues to do, is release private (often classified) information from governments, corporations and organisations. He is variously viewed as a vigilante, a traitor, a whistleblower or a hero. Really, it depends on whom you ask.


Question: How do we “hear” our voices in our heads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we “hear” our voices in our heads?

Like many things to do with the mind, brain, and consciousness. We're not completely sure. MRI scans show that the area of the brain used for language and social interaction lights up when we do it, along with a bunch of other areas. So essentially it turns on the parts of the brain used for talking, without actually talking. Studies of deaf people who never learned a sign language shows that they have serious trouble learning. Which might suggest that the brain might be offloading processing steps to the areas used for talking to do additional thinking. But it's all still very speculative.


Question: What is the physiological difference between sleep, unconsciousness and anaesthesia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the physiological difference between sleep, unconsciousness and anaesthesia?

I suppose you could start with sleep being a state from which you are rousable, whereas unconsciousness and anaesthesia are not. The physiological differences are probably better explained by a neurologist, but the EEG (brainwave) features of sleep are different to those in anaesthesia. Sleep has different wave findings depending on your stage - REM has quite an active EEG, deep sleep less active etc. Anaesthesia (general) is a different beast. It’s a drug-induced reversible state of reduced consciousness, pain relief and (much of the time) muscle relaxation. It is not a rousable condition - the entire point of it is to stop you from feeling/being conscious of the goings ons in the operating theatre. Depth of anaesthesia can be measured by EEG, and the findings are characteristically less active. The anaesthetic drugs we use essentially switch off the neurones in the brain; this doesn’t happen in sleep. If you give enough of an anaesthetic drug you can even induce isoelectric EEG - i.e. no activity at all. Unconsciousness - physiology depends on the cause. If it’s a brain bleed, you’ll have different brain activity to say, a seizure lasting 40 mins. They’re both unconscious states if you’re not rousable. General anaesthesia could also be described as controlled unconsciousness. Source: anaesthetic/ICU doctor Edit: there have been quite a few complaints that this isn’t very ELI5 - I agree, sorry. I was responding more to the question and when it used a term like “physiologic” I assumed a bit of knowledge to be honest. I don’t think any of the analogies I’ve seen are accurate enough to describe the differences so I haven’t reappropriated them. Feel free to ask questions if you don’t understand though, I’m trying to get round to answering most of them. Simple version - Sleep: someone can wake you up if they poke you hard enough. Your brain is listening and ready for it. Imagine needing it so you don’t get eaten by a bear clomping around in the middle of the night. Unconsciousness: no matter how hard I poke you, you’re not waking up (but you’re still alive). Your brain is on vacation and forgot to leave an out-of-office email. Anaesthesia: same as unconsciousness, but in a controlled fashion.


Question: Why is wind so loud?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is wind so loud?

What you perceive as ‘sound’ is actually your ear vibrating because of waves that have different frequencies. Air just produce a wave your ear perceives


Question: What are saving & loan associations and how are they different from commercial banks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are saving & loan associations and how are they different from commercial banks?

Savings and Loan Associations are specifically made for the borrowing of money for the purchase of homes, cars, and other big-ticket amenities. As opposed to a bank, which is primarily a store for money and financial facilitator. That is, you give them your paycheck, and they let you write checks to send payments without cash. A bank will give loans and grant interest, the same as a S & L, but they don't focus on the practice. And a S & L will accept deposits and even allow drafting of checks, but they primarily want to fund new home loans.


Question: What defines the outside border of a star system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What defines the outside border of a star system?

It depends on the context you are using the difinition in. And we have not been able to explore many star systems so we do not know which is most appropriate for everyone. The sphere of influence is a good definition which we know that we can apply to all star systems. However it may be very hard to measure and changes all the time based on the stars around it. The definitions we currently think is the best is either the edge of the magnetic field of a star or the outer edge of the solar winds. These are close together and gives a very useful boarder where everything within have mostly to do with the star system and everything outside have mostly to do with the galaxy. The problem is that we do not know if this fits for all star systems or if this is something that only fits our star system. We did not even know about this boarder until the Voyager spacecrafts went through it and confirmed its existance.


Question: how does the ant on a rubber rope work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the ant on a rubber rope work?

So, the idea with the puzzle (going by the version on Wiki) is that the ant is on a 1km rope walking at 1cm/s, but the rope gets stretched at 1km/s. It seems like the rope is always getting more longer than the ant has to walk, so that ant should never reach the end. The problem with that thinking is that the ant gets dragged along when the rope stretches. How far the ant gets dragged depends on how far along the rope it is. Imagine the ant finally gets to be 1cm from the end of the rope. But now the rope stretches by another 1km. Does that mean the ant in now 1km away? No, because the rubber that is under the ant gets pulled too. This would mean the ant is still about 1cm away from the end. Hopefully that'll get you started on the idea. And if not there's a [Vsauce2]( URL_0 ) video on this exact riddle!


Question: How is lake Vostok in Antarctica, despite being under 4km (2.34 miles) of Ice, still liquid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is lake Vostok in Antarctica, despite being under 4km (2.34 miles) of Ice, still liquid?

The ice acts as a blanket. Snow is an excellent blanket, but ice is only an average one. However, 4km thick blanket of anything at all which isn't moving much is an excellent blanket. The heat comes from inside the Earth. It has to be moderately more heat flow than to melt the ice there, but not really unusually so.


Question: How can Google make profits by providing free services like Google Map?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can Google make profits by providing free services like Google Map?

"If a service is free, you're not the client - you're the product." Google Maps allows Google to collect data from its users - where you are, what kind of restaurants you like, which places you like to visit. They can use this data to show you ads, or they can charge businesses to make them appear first in your search results.


Question: Why aren't we all good at math? Those who are geniuses, see the numbers differently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't we all good at math? Those who are geniuses, see the numbers differently?

Mental mathematics is a skill. Like all skills, it can be learned over time. Like all things that can be learned, some people pick up the skill more quickly. One of the biggest differentiating factors in mathematics knowledge is simply... being interested in math. There's nothing special about numbers. If you're eager to learn more about a specific subject, you will do so.


Question: What does sunlight consist of, and why do some parts pass through windows while other parts don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does sunlight consist of, and why do some parts pass through windows while other parts don't?

Sunlight and heat are (in simple terms, heat is complex) both electromagnetic radiation. They just have different frequencies (the rate at which the wave repeats itself, think of it like the number of waves in a given stretch of ocean). UV light (higher frequency) causes sun burn. It’s blocked by special glazing on the glass. Visible light, and IR radiation (lower frequency) which feels like heat, are transmitted through the glass to your body.


Question: How do prisoners get so ripped in prison with such limited access to food? Even if they can train, the access to fuel to increase body mass must be somewhat limited?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do prisoners get so ripped in prison with such limited access to food? Even if they can train, the access to fuel to increase body mass must be somewhat limited?

There is high protein meal plans you can convince the staff to let you get if you say you need it for medical reasons. There is also the commissary which allows you to buy many different high protein items. Commissary items can be bought with money people put into your account so there isn't really any limit. As far as work outs go, it's all about ingenuity, you can stack chairs and lift those, youse any ledge above you to do pull ups, and a shit ton of pushups and situps in the concrete. Some prisons even have equipment you'd find in a typical gym.


Question: Eczema. I've had it my whole life but just realizing i don't really know what it is exactly. Just that its bad to take hot showers and i scratch my skin sometimes and it feels good, why does it feel good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Eczema. I've had it my whole life but just realizing i don't really know what it is exactly. Just that its bad to take hot showers and i scratch my skin sometimes and it feels good, why does it feel good?

Hot water gets rid of skins natural protection make skin dry out. Scratching distracts brain from itch


Question: Why are condiments/sauces good to use warm, but after they are opened they must be refrigerated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are condiments/sauces good to use warm, but after they are opened they must be refrigerated?

The contents were cooked or at least pasteurized before being packaged and sealed. Once that seal is broken however, bacteria can get into the product and it will spoil. Refrigeration will inhibit bacterial growth, keeping it good longer.


Question: How do long (8 hr+) exposures of the night sky work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do long (8 hr+) exposures of the night sky work?

The cameras are turning, yes. There are computer controlled mounts that will turn to compensate the Earth's rotation. Sometimes the pictures are taken over multiple nights as well - they will be collecting light over night but shut/off in the daytime. Edit: There are some gorgeous videos from cameras on these mounts. They can take a time lapse of multiple-second exposure images (to make the Galaxy brighter) and stitch them together into a video. Here's a video so you can see better how these camera mounts work URL_0


Question: When measuring the blood pressure nurses often say numbers like"120 on 80". What exactly do those numbers mean and why do you die when they coincide?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When measuring the blood pressure nurses often say numbers like"120 on 80". What exactly do those numbers mean and why do you die when they coincide?

The first number is the systolic pressure (when the heart is actively pumping), and the second number is diastolic (when the heart is resting). 120 over 80 is the a borderline healthy measurement on the high side. High blood pressure is bad because it puts an undue strain on your heart, and comparing systolic and diastolic numbers can help determine exactly what the problem is.


Question: Why do some nuclear detonations leave craters, and others don’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some nuclear detonations leave craters, and others don’t?

It's a choice of the person detonating the bomb. In Japan, the US wanted to damage the largest area with "enough" damage to knock down buildings. An air burst provides high pressure over a larger area, and no crater. In other situations, you can apply the "most damage" to the ground by setting off the nuke right on it. This was done with a relatively short tower in the Trinity blast, leaving a crater of the glass-like mineral trinitite.


Question: when taking pictures of a computer or tv screen on your phone, why is the picture occasionally distorted and streaked with odd light effects that vary if you zoom in or out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when taking pictures of a computer or tv screen on your phone, why is the picture occasionally distorted and streaked with odd light effects that vary if you zoom in or out?

Your TV or computer screen isn't constantly displaying a static image, even when it's displaying a static image; it is getting data for each row of lights and updating them faster than we can typically see (a standard refresh rate for a PC monitor is about 60 hertz, or 60 refreshes per second) - depending on the screen and technology used, it may only update half of the rows (but not like, top half/bottom half, but every other row) at a time. Usually if you take a picture and that's happening, you captured some of the lines in refresh. This is kind of hard to avoid unless you're using a ridiculously fast shutter speed (forgive me, I'm not a photographer so I don't really know what all goes into it, I know some of the terms that are about capturing light for the image) If you're taking video, what your camera is doing is, in essence, taking a picture a certain number of times per second and then playing them back really quickly. So if your capture frames per second is not an exact multiple of your screen's refresh rate, it will have some of that going on through the video. Bonus info: To make this not happen on screen (for instance, if you are shown a picture of a phone screen in a movie it doesn't do this) a movie or TV show's crew will either get specialized cameras that are in sync with the phone's screen, or the editors will go in and add in the animated screen as a special effect.


Question: What would the consequences be of dumping our trash and single-use plastics into a volcano/multiple volcanoes? Would it be any better for the environment than what we do now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would the consequences be of dumping our trash and single-use plastics into a volcano/multiple volcanoes? Would it be any better for the environment than what we do now?

No, it would be the same as burning them. Well, on second hand, it would be worse, because we could burn them near where they are now and trucking/shipping them to a volcano would take a lot of fuel and release a lot of pollution.


Question: how does hydroponics work if overwatering plants kills them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does hydroponics work if overwatering plants kills them?

It's all about the oxygen. In wet soil, the roots become oxygen starved and rotten. Same thing happens in stagnant water. Hydroponic systems use air blowers to fill the intake water with bubbles and oxygenate it. If you stop the blowers, then the root zone gets stagnant and rotten just like in over watered soil.


Question: how do crabs living in the sand not get crushed when humans walk on top of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do crabs living in the sand not get crushed when humans walk on top of them?

Three reasons working together in conjunction: 1. Crabs are small. Burrowing crabs are particularly small. Since your strength depends on the square-cube law, it means crabs are relatively strong. 2. Crabs are built to live underwater. They're already adapted to having large amounts of pressure on their body, as long as that pressure is fairly even. 3. The sand the crab is buried in helps distribute the weight. Some of your weight spreads outwards (thus not affecting the crab), while some of your weight pushes back inwards on the crab's sides (helping support the crab's body from the reduced weight from above). With the pressure now being more even, the crab's bits don't really have anywhere to go, and so stay put, un-crushed.


Question: If I take a quick dissolve melatonin while lying down, how and where does the tablet spread? Is it more effective if I take the tablet while lying up instead of laying down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I take a quick dissolve melatonin while lying down, how and where does the tablet spread? Is it more effective if I take the tablet while lying up instead of laying down?

So if you're taking one of the sublingual melatonin (which is what I'm assuming the quick dissolves are), then it doesn't matter. The melatonin gets absorbed in the blood vessels under your tongue and spread to the body that way. As long as you let it dissolve there, your orientation doesn't matter at all. However, in general, like the other poster stated, it's best to avoid eating/drinking things while lying down. For normal medication, it's also best practice to have it with water to avoid irritating any tissue in your esophagus.


Question: how do banks make money from loans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do banks make money from loans?

Risk. Mortgages and other property loans are pretty safe, since most of the principal can be recovered by seizing the asset behind the loan in the event the borrower defaults. So as long as you can charge an interest rate high enough to cover your costs and beat inflation without being beat by other banks, it's a pretty safe place to put money into. Also with savings account rates and the FRB federal funds rate both at just about zero, borrowing money to make mortgages costs close to nothing. The federal reserve probably won't let banks borrow money to buy stocks with, but the banks can write mortgages with the FRB's money. Even a broad ETF can't match that level of risk.


Question: why some boys hate girls before hitting puberty? Is there a biological reason or purely social and learned behavior?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why some boys hate girls before hitting puberty? Is there a biological reason or purely social and learned behavior?

Some combination. People typically make their social groups of people they think are like them. Adults may make these decisions based on more complicated social factors such as ideologies other personality aspects, or on simple physicality. Children don't typically understand the more complex differences in people, so form their social groups based on simple things like gender, race, or on obvious social divides (playing the same sport etc.). Though many adults continue with these obviously distinguished groups. Arbitrary gender differences seem particularly played up when younger, pink vs. blue, football vs. dance. Girls and boys end up separated, and learn to view each other as different kinds of people, and they don't want to be as social with people who are different from them. Children form justifications that the other group are somehow bad people, "Girls are icky", "Boys smell bad" which end up getting reinforced through biases. Boys can be socialised to physically fight things they don't like which can result in bullying of girls.


Question: According to the 2000 film Gladiator, "The frost sometimes it makes the blade stick." Is this true and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 According to the 2000 film Gladiator, "The frost sometimes it makes the blade stick." Is this true and why?

The sword is frozen to the scabbard making it hard to draw. It is the exact same reason why car doors might be a bit hard to open in the mornings if it is freezing.


Question: Why are certain human senses more prone to annoyance than others? I.e. hearing the same thing over and over is annoying, while seeing the same thing over and over is not

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are certain human senses more prone to annoyance than others? I.e. hearing the same thing over and over is annoying, while seeing the same thing over and over is not

Typically the annoying sounds are harsh/sudden, like the beeping of an alarm clock. The visual equivalent would be a bright light flashing in your face incessantly. Non-annoying repeating sounds may be the sound of waves on a beach, which is actually relaxing for some people. As is the visual of waves crashing on a beach.


Question: How can something made of mostly empty space be “sharp”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can something made of mostly empty space be “sharp”?

Imagine you took thousands of pingpong balls and superglued them together in to the shape of a knife blade, where the cutting edge has only one row of balls then gets progressively denser as it goes back. Now imagine you took a bunch more balls and glued them together in to a big block but only using rubber cement which is not nearly as strong. You would be able to take that big pingpong knife and basically push it through the block that you made.


Question: Why is hyperventilation bad and why do you need to breath in a bag?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is hyperventilation bad and why do you need to breath in a bag?

Oxygen is good for your body (to a certain extent), but that's not what you worry about with hyperventilation. When you exhale, you blow off carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the main players in your blood chemistry. If you hyperventilate, you exhale more and more carbon dioxide. You can end up exhaling so much carbon dioxide that you can cause respiratory alkalosis, which can result in all sorts of problems. By breathing into a bag, you can breathe back in some of the carbon dioxide you breathed out so you can maintain appropriate carbon dioxide levels in your blood.


Question: Why does a speaker makes a sharp noise when a mic is near?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a speaker makes a sharp noise when a mic is near?

Oh oh this one is mine! This is called feedback. Essentially when you make a sound into the microphone and it comes out of the speaker. Simple enough. But if the mic gets close to the speaker and “hears” something that is coming out of that speaker it tries to feed it back to the speaker and this happens over and over very quickly until it is just one sound stuck that gets louder and louder until something breaks the cycle.


Question: Light is an electromagnetic wave, so does it have any electric or magnetic effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Light is an electromagnetic wave, so does it have any electric or magnetic effects?

> But you can't substitute an electric current by shining a lot of light on something... Yeah, you can. That's how radio receivers work. An antenna is just a wire. When radiowaves (which are light, but invisible) pass by the wire, they induce a current, and you get a sound. You need a very strong radiowave signal for that to happen. If radio towers were using visible light, it would likely blind you. Speaking of which, solar flares are also just electromagnetic waves, know for causing blackouts... Because they induce a strong current in wires.


Question: Why does soap lose its soapiness the smaller the bar gets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does soap lose its soapiness the smaller the bar gets?

It might be the water in the shower. Hard water can prevent soap from lathering as much. Five minutes on google and here's what I've come to understand: The soap works by mixing with the oils in your skin allowing things to get rinsed away easier. Hard water has a lot of ions (calcium in particular) in it that readily combine with the soap chemicals and make it harder to mix with the oils in your skin. Thus it suds up less. It will also leave scum stains on your bath. A fresh bar of soap will not yet have been exposed to hard water and so will still lather. An older bar will have been exposed to the ions and be less readily able to foam. Like I said, this is only five minutes of research so it may not be the most accurate. but it makes more sense to me than just saying that smaller bars don't make bubbles. & #x200B;


Question: If Amercian honey bees don't have any defence against murder hornets, why can't we import Japanese honey bees to America to "replace" the american honey bee population to prepare for the possible shortage of bees if murder hornets become more prevalent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Amercian honey bees don't have any defence against murder hornets, why can't we import Japanese honey bees to America to "replace" the american honey bee population to prepare for the possible shortage of bees if murder hornets become more prevalent?

We can’t (and shouldn’t) import Japanese honeybees because they will mess with beekeepers just as much as much as the hornets would—if not more. European honeybees are a separate species (Apis mellifera) than the Japanese honeybee. (Apis cerana) The latter species is slightly smaller in body size and colonies typically have fewer workers (10k-34k as opposed to 20k-60k in A. mellifera) It also stores much smaller amounts of honey than the domesticated Europeans and swarms more often, so they are undesirable in most places unless there is no choice; such as in parts of Asia where hornets and varroa mites decimate the Europeans but not the Japanese bees. In the vast majority of places, modern apiculture and the mass pollination of crops/production of honey revolves around the domesticated European honeybee and it’s many subspecies. Many strains and their desirable attributes have been isolated through intensive breeding over the past couple centuries. Problems arise if the two species occur together, like they now do in a few areas of Australia, where the spread of their new invasive A. cerana (first detected in 2007) is being closely monitored. Honeybee queens mate 10-15 times with separate drones in order to procure enough sperm to last her a lifetime. If there aren’t enough European drones around, or if there is a disproportionate amount of Japanese drones flying about, they end up mating with the latter. European queens can not properly fertilize eggs with sperm from a Japanese drone, so the result is non-viable eggs. If a queen mates with 5-6 European drones and 5-6 Japanese drones, she has half the available sperm she would have had if she mated with only members of the former. The result is a weak, unproductive colony. Such colonies are highly undesirable as they’re extremely vulnerable to pests and robbing from other bee colonies, particularly in the crowded and competitive conditions apiaries tend to keep hives in. I won’t touch what consequences a new invasive like A. cerana will have on the environment itself, but none will be positive for the natives. Keep in mind the European honeybee is not native to the Americas—it is essentially an invasive insect. Humans just find them worth any competition they present for native insects/animals because they pollinate crops and have a tasty byproduct. **TL:DR - Japanese honeybees will compete with and weaken the hives of the much more productive European honeybees kept in apiaries; completely defeating any purpose in importing them.**


Question: How can there be so much opiate prescription drug abuse when, in theory, the number of manufactured pills and the number of prescriptions are known? Isn't it obvious the pills are being abused?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can there be so much opiate prescription drug abuse when, in theory, the number of manufactured pills and the number of prescriptions are known? Isn't it obvious the pills are being abused?

Canadian pharmacist here. Getting opioid medications is a 2-step process: the physician needs to OK it, and the pharmacist needs to OK it. Both of these checkpoints are failing. From the physician's side: Imagine you're a physician and a patient presents to you saying they are in pain (or has a bad cough.) Pain is very subjective so it's difficult to judge if they're lying or how much pain they are in. These people also tend to be very clingy and would refuse to leave your office until they get something. What do you do? You give them something hoping the pharmacist would stop them. There are also other perspective the physician can take. They could consider it as harm-reduction (at least they're not using xxx.) They could be an irresponsible practionner (money is involved.) They could be working in a area with a high addict population; suddenly opioids become the norm and it's hard to judge what is abuse and what is common place. From the pharmacist's side: A patient arrives to the pharmacy. You have your doubts that the patient needs it, but the prescription is valid. Like the physician, the pharmacist really also don't want to deal with this BS: You want to get on with your day and move onto other patients; You want to make that patient leave ASAP; You want to make money; You consider it as a harm reduction approach. If you're a busy pharmacy processing 300 prescriptions a day, you don't have time to deal with this. if you're a slow pharmacy processing 50 prescriptions a day, you really need the money. If you don't fill their prescription: They might attack you or threaten to be outside for you when you leave); They might rob you (robberies for narcotics are VERY common); They might sue you for discrimination; The physician might also get mad that you for not trusting them. One other common tactics that pharmacists use is to lie that they don't carry it. In this case, the prescription is handed back to them which only pushes the problem onto other pharmacists; they can easily find someone else to fill it for them. What doesn't have much repercussions is actually filling the medication. The prescriber has already OKed it and the adverse effects are well know. If the patient is abusing it or is harmed, everyone expected it so pharmacist doesn't really take the blame. Both the prescriber and the pharmacist know that they're only responsible for the medication itself. No one will take responsibility for addiction. Illegitimate ways to obtain prescription narcotics are actually very limited. Addicts would much rather illegal drugs over prescription drugs that are more difficult and expensive to obtain. Common strategies these people use are "Double Doctoring" - going to multiple prescribers to get multiple narcotic prescription; or "Prescription Forgeries" - faking/copying/editing a prescription. Physicians and pharmacists who get involved in this get into a lot of shit, so they are very careful and aren't afraid to call the patient out on it with strict laws behind them. **EDIT**: There are a few questions concerning how we know a prescription is forged. There are a few safety measures/red flags: - Many pharmacies are equipped to automatically and instantly upload prescriptions online - Some pharmacies have a procedure to confirm with the prescriber for each one - Insurance companies instantly know if it has been filled - Some prescriptions require special paper for the prescription to be written on Red flags include: - The patient has never been to this pharmacy - The prescriber has never been documented at this pharmacy (they might be a legit prescriber, but far away; why would the patient travel so far) - The patient looks anxious/is lying/not cooperating with the pharmacist's questions/counselling - The hand written prescription is legible. **EDIT**: Firstly, I am an Albertan Canadian pharmacist. I have no ideas of the roles/laws outside of the province, let alone the US or other countries. Just to list off a few things Albertan pharmacists can do: independently prescribe any medication (except narcotics), independently adapt the strength, dose, formulation, regimen, type of drug, ect. for any medication, independently renew prescriptions, prescribe in an emergency, dispense for animals, administer vaccines, administer injections, develop care plans, order lab tests, refuse prescriptions. And we get paid for all of them. Yes, even the refusal. When a pharmacist make any change, they are a sole responsible prescriber. No, family physicians aren't happy. Now just because we CAN, doesn't mean we should/will. A responsible pharmacist will know when they are not competent enough and refer to someone else. This is like how although dentists are allowed to prescribe anything, they should stay within their scope. Pharmacists know the medications very well, but we're not the best at diagnosis, so we will still be referring to physicians for most ailments. Most pharmacist aren't comfortable with prescribing and will refer for most things. However, we are getting more comfortable with prescribing for minor ailments. Also, many pharmacists are also getting specializations for a specific field (eg. diabetes.) Second, I am getting a lot of comments about it's not the pharmacist's business how to manage patient's prescription. This is absolutely false as this is literally our job description, especially in Canada and the US. When something goes wrong, both the pharmacist and the prescriber are equally responsible. ~~For many countries in the world, "pharmacist" are people straight of out high school with no higher education. In these cases, their role is very limited.~~ Looks like I'm completely wrong on this. Canadian and US pharmacists have a ~3-4 years of university professional degree, and for various reasons, we're paid literally 2-4 times more than pharmacists from most European countries (yes even the developed ones). Our job description: We make sure that your medications are indicated, effective, safe, and manageable. Indicated means that it's the right medication for the right condition for the right patient. Effective means that the dose/strength of medication is appropriate. Safe means that the benefits outweigh the potential harm. Manageable means that you can actually take the medication by the prescribe regimen - this includes addiction concerns. If we do see a problem, we can either take care of it independently (and be the sole responsible prescriber) or contact the original prescriber to give a second opinion (this is why your prescriptions take so long, because we're always on ~~the phone~~ hold with the receptionist.) The prescriber can change the prescription and fax us a new one or cancel it completely. Nevertheless, we will contact everyone involved about the actions we took. No matter what happens, best practice states that the pharmacist must refer the patient to someone to can help them. Example 1: A family physician gave a patient a narcotic prescription. The pharmacist caught that the patient was double doctoring. The pharmacist refuses to fill. After the patient leaves, the pharmacist notifies all prescribers involved and all pharmacies involved to cancel the prescriptions. Example 2: A dentist gave an antibiotic prescription for a urinary tract infection. Although dentists are legally allowed to prescribe anything they want, this is not within their scope of practice. The pharmacist deems the dentist incompetent in the field and refuse the fill the prescription. The pharmacist refers the patient to a walk-in-clinic. The pharmacist then notifies the dentist.' NOTE: just because it's outside of their scope doesn't mean that we have to refuse. The dentist could be fully competent and assessed the patient appropriately, plus pharmacists also can assess the patient and confirm the dentist's prescription.


Question: Why do some PlayStation one game discs have a blue coloring while others are black?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some PlayStation one game discs have a blue coloring while others are black?

Former Sony employee here. I worked in the Replication factories where PS1, PS2 and PS3 games were made. PS1 games are constructed like CD's. One thick Polycarbonate wafer is injection molded with data on the label side. That side is metalized then a protective coating is spun over the metalization. Then the label applied. PS2 games are constructed like DVD's. Two thinner wafers are injection molded with data on one side, then metalized and adhered to each other, data sides in. The label is applied on the "B" side wafer. PS3 games are constructed like Blu-ray discs. One thin wafer is injection molded with data on one side then metalized. Additional layers are spun-coat then stamped and metalized on top, and a final protective layer is spun on the data side and the label is applied on that side as well. A protective hard coating is then applied to the read side. The polycarbonate used in PS1 discs is just dyed a very, very dark blue that looks black. Since the wavelength of the laser diode in a CDROM drive is 780nm (near infrared), the signal isn't attenuated by the dye. It serves no purpose other than to look different from other discs. In fact, Sony piloted a program for music CD's that used the same resin and a novel printing method on the label side to simulate the appearance of a vinyl album. They played in normal CD players with no issues. The polycarbonate used in PS2 discs was again just dyed blue, slightly less dark than the PS1. It again serves no purpose other than to differentiate the discs from PS1 and other discs. The wavelength of a DVD-ROM drive is 650nm (red) so again no signal interference occurs. The copy protection method used in PS1 and PS2 discs do not rely on the dye; rumors to the contrary are false. Since the PS3 uses Blu-ray technology, with a 405nm wavelength (violet) Sony couldn't dye the polycarbonate and instead left it clear. Thank you for coming to my Ted talk.