Question: What is happening to Japan's economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening to Japan's economy?

Japan is one of the few countries in the world in which the labor force is shrinking which, all other things being equal, should cause its economy to appear to have "contracted" by about 4-5% since 1998 when in fact its actually grown slightly since that time. Because of that, any economic growth that Japan sees is due to improvements in technology offsetting the economic losses from the shrinking labor force. You can ignore Japans debt to GDP ratio. Right now Japan is dealing with a dramatic reduction in an economic indicator called the velocity of money. Essentially, Japanese people are spending the money they earn *much* slower than they did in the past, which results in deflation. To counter that deflation, the Bank of Japan has been printing massive amounts of money and "loaning" it to the government, increasing the monetary supply which creates inflation, thereby offsetting deflation. About 70% of Japan's debt is actually owned by its own government as a result of that policy. The remainder of Japan's debt is also domestically owned, so its just functioning as an alternative to taxes which really means that whats going on is Japan is using government debt to redistribute wealth already in the country rather than to generate new wealth. This separates it from countries like Greece whose debt was almost 100% foreign owned and whose economy was dependent upon being able to borrow money from foreigners to generate new "wealth" within their country. Without going into more detail the short of it is that Japan's debt is sustainable so long as Japan has the will to print money and its citizens have the will to buy government bonds (ie, its sustainable indefinitely). Greece's debt was only sustainable so long as foreigners were willing to subsidize the standard of living in Greece (which was not sustainable). Japan's 0% interest rate is another method that the Japanese government is using to offset the aforementioned deflation. They're hoping the 0% interest rate will speed up the rate at which people spend money, thus raising Japan's velocity of money back to normal levels.


Question: What determines whether you get a tan or a sunburn when exposed to direct sunlight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines whether you get a tan or a sunburn when exposed to direct sunlight?

The existing melanin “deepens” or becomes more extreme the longer you are exposed. Someone with very little melanin (a very pale person) will never have a golden tan. Someone with already brown skin will get even darker.


Question: Why does hand sanitiser make my hands cold for a few seconds before it dries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hand sanitiser make my hands cold for a few seconds before it dries?

When you have water on your skin, or when you sweat, as the water or sweat evaporates, it pulls heat with it, cooling you down. Hand sanitiser has the same concept, except that because of the ethanol content, it evaporates much faster than water, meaning it pulls heat away from you faster as well, so it feels cold.


Question: Why do you not bleed during surgery like when you would get a cut or scrape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you not bleed during surgery like when you would get a cut or scrape?

Patients most certainly bleed during surgery, but surgeons block larger blood vessels leading to the area and cauterize smaller ones they have to cut through so the blood doesn't spill all over.


Question: Why does 360° make a full circle? Why isn't it a round number like 100?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 360° make a full circle? Why isn't it a round number like 100?

As many people have already brought up, but here in more detail of the history The Sumerians watched the Sun, Moon, and the five visible planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), primarily for omens. They did not try to understand the motions physically. They did, however, notice the circular track of the Sun's annual path across the sky and knew that it took about 360 days to complete one year's circuit. Consequently, they divided the circular path into 360 degrees to track each day's passage of the Sun's whole journey. This probably happened about 2400 BC. That's how we got a 360 degree circle. Around 1500 BC, Egyptians divided the day into 24 hours, though the hours varied with the seasons originally. Greek astronomers made the hours equal. About 300 to 100 BC, the Babylonians subdivided the hour into base-60 fractions: 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute. The base 60 of their number system lives on in our time and angle divisions. An 100-degree circle makes sense for base 10 people like ourselves. But the base-60 Babylonians came up with 360 degrees and we cling to their ways-4,400 years later. A 100degree circle is actually used to a large extent in my profession (land surveyor) where a circle has 400 as its base, called Gon instead of degrees. When I was in the military we used a circlebase of 6300 for proper targeting with artillery.


Question: Why do we pay for internet at home by speed, but for mobile internet by usage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we pay for internet at home by speed, but for mobile internet by usage?

Phone companies cannot guarantee a consistent speed based on the mobile phones location as the coverage and strength of the signal can alter the speed. So they charge you what you use regardless of your location. You're not going to use much if you're on a mountain somewhere but probably use loads if you're in a city somewhere. Homes that have fixed broadband or fibre optics have more reliable connections so they charge you based on what the average or (up to) speed is in your area


Question: Why are the stickers vendors put on products so hard to peel off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the stickers vendors put on products so hard to peel off?

Stickers are made hard to peel off, and will often break up when removed to keep customers from changing price tags of items. A checkout person isn't always expected to know the price of every item in the store, and if a customer tries to check out a $100 item with a price tag of $9.95 the store would loose money. If the price tags didn't break up, they could be removed from a cheap item, and re-attached to a more expensive item


Question: If our current numbering system is more efficient than Roman numerals, is there another system better than the one we have now? Have we reached the best efficiency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If our current numbering system is more efficient than Roman numerals, is there another system better than the one we have now? Have we reached the best efficiency?

In order to answer this, it's worth reviewing *why* the decimal system is better than roman numerals: - In principle, it can handle numbers of unlimited size, and it does so without adding extra symbols. - The magnitude of the number is proportional to its length. All numbers of similar magnitude use the same number of digits. - It can handle fractional numbers reasonably well. - There is always one unambiguous way to write a finite decimal number. - It generally requires fewer symbols than roman numerals. - It's easy to do ~~arithmetic~~ addition, subtraction, multiplication, and comparison on decimal numbers. That said, it has some limitations: - Very large numbers can be unwieldy. Extremely large numbers are impossible (the universe contains a finite amount of paper). - Most fractions can't be exactly represented, even common fractions like one-third. - Division is inconvenient. - Converting between fractions and decimals (or decimal approximations) generally requires doing division. There are other notation systems that perform better in some circumstances. And we use them! Fractions: - Can exactly represent any rational number. - Are easy to multiply and divide. - Aren't quite as convenient to add, subtract, or compare (you have to convert them to a common base). - Are not unique; two different fractions can represent the same number. Exponential notation: - Can represent much larger or smaller numbers than ordinary decimal notation. - …but only if you're willing to accept a bit of imprecision. - Easy to multiply, divide, and compare. There's binary notation, which maps each digit onto a single bit. There's hexadecimal notation, which is more compact than binary. There are various arrow-based notations for representing extremely large numbers. There are esoteric mathematical notations like continued fraction expansions and p-adic numbers. We have no shortage of notations, and we do make up new ones when necessary. EDIT: Clarified that division is not easy with decimals (though it's easy with fractions).


Question: What are "trade funds" between a supplier and a customer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are "trade funds" between a supplier and a customer?

They are marketing dollars paid by the supplier to offset reductions on the retail end... like coupons. If there's a $1 OFF Pop-Tarts coupon, then Kellogg's reimburses the grocery stores who accept the coupon, so that it's Kellogg's losing the money and not the retailer. Could also be other things like paying for a big display in-store (those giant themed displays of soda or beer around events), a "branded" section of the store (like the Apple section in Best Buy), etc.


Question: Does Electricity passing through a conductor damage the conductor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does Electricity passing through a conductor damage the conductor?

Not if the circuit is operating as designed. All normal conductors, like copper in your walls, or gold in your computer, have some amount of resistance. Resistance turns otherwise useful power into heat. Better conductors have lower resistance. If too much current is pulled through a conductor, as in an overload, the conductor will get hotter, possibly hot enough to melt away its insulation, start a fire, or simply melt through and break. It's also possible to supply too great of a voltage to a conductor, where the power might arc right through the insulation, permanently damaging it, and making it more likely to arc again. With very old wire, the plastic insulation can be degraded by simple age. Under normal circumstances though, the wire shouldn't be degraded by normal use.


Question: Whenever a bottle of poison goes out of date (expires), does it become more or less poisonous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whenever a bottle of poison goes out of date (expires), does it become more or less poisonous?

First, we must understand that a poison can be anything. Whether it acts as a poison or not depends on the dose. Having said that poisons which depend on the shape of the molecule like Ricin have been shown to degrade and become less effective. On the other hand Potassium thiocyanate which is 'mildly' poisonous decomposes to give Cyanides which are more poisonous.


Question: While every other fruit juice is of the fruit’s color, why does apple juice instantly oxidize to brown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 While every other fruit juice is of the fruit’s color, why does apple juice instantly oxidize to brown?

Apples have polyphenol oxidase, which breaks down into o-quinones, which then break down into [other stuff that happens to be brown]( URL_0 ).


Question: (feminine question) why is it that when menstruating, especially the first couple days, cold liquids make you cramp 10 times worse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 (feminine question) why is it that when menstruating, especially the first couple days, cold liquids make you cramp 10 times worse?

Just gonna say I'm a female who had debilitating periods and the above never happened to me.


Question: when taking cuttings from a plant, how come we need to remove all leaves except for about two so the roots can grow faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when taking cuttings from a plant, how come we need to remove all leaves except for about two so the roots can grow faster?

The plant can only absorb a certain amount of nutrients in a given time period. So they have limited resources to use to grow. If you remove the leaves, it forces the plants to use the nutrients to grow the roots as opposed to making the leaves bigger.


Question: If everyone seems to want unbiased news then why don’t any news stations just report facts and no opinions? It seems like they would quickly become very popular.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If everyone seems to want unbiased news then why don’t any news stations just report facts and no opinions? It seems like they would quickly become very popular.

So here's the thing. It's impossible to report on news without a bias. Humans make choices of what news is important and what news doesn't get reported. Even if you try your best to be fair and even handed, your views of what is the most important part of the news to report on influences how you show the news. Then, when you've chosen what to report on, what order you present the facts matters, which facts you are going to emphasize and which you cut because you can't fit everything into a story matter. It's more than just "news stations show their opinions" but the very way that you show the news is biased because it's done by humans who have opinions. Some news stations try harder than others to overcome those biases and not influence the viewers directly, but "being unbiased" it's not something that people can just do.


Question: Why do rechargeable batteries lose their ability to hold charge over time, and how can one slow the degradation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do rechargeable batteries lose their ability to hold charge over time, and how can one slow the degradation?

Inside the batteries are tiny sticky bits, that hold the charge, like velcro. And like velcro, it gets worn, and will hold on less and less, until you have to replace it. Not overcharging helps, but wear is inevitable.


Question: Are some elements of the periodic table older than others? Could stars over another billion years create even more complex elements?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are some elements of the periodic table older than others? Could stars over another billion years create even more complex elements?

Elements up to and including lithium date all the way back to the Big Bang Elements up to Iron can be formed in stars, but only in stars with higher metal content than the original ones. The first starts were almost completely hydrogen and everything after Beryllium would have been formed by their Supernova Successive generations of starts consist of more and more "metals"(things other than hydrogen and helium) and would have generated more of the elements leading up to Iron, their supernova would also have helped to produce more of the less common heavy elements like Uranium Its unlikely that over a billion years that stars will produce any significant quantity of more complex elements. The reason we say that Uranium is the last naturally occurring element is because all the other ones breakdown too quickly to have stuck around for us. If you measured any supernova you would have found elements up past plutonium, but they decay in less than a billion years so we don't see any of them on Earth today. The really high number ones they're playing with in labs decay in small fractions of a second so those certainly wouldn't stick around long enough to find in a planet.


Question: A fat molecule is made of a bucket of C's, H's, and O's, whereas a water molecule is just one O and two H's. If a fat molecule is so much more massive than a water molecule, how come oil still floats on top of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 A fat molecule is made of a bucket of C's, H's, and O's, whereas a water molecule is just one O and two H's. If a fat molecule is so much more massive than a water molecule, how come oil still floats on top of water?

Water molecules can snuggle up together more tightly because they like to interact with each other. It's a special kind of molecular interaction called Hydrogen bonding, and it happens between the H on one water molecule and the O on another. Each water molecule can form four of these strong interactions, so the water molecules huddle together very tightly like people crowded in a room. This makes water dense, there's a lot of molecules inside a given volume. & #x200B; Fat molecules can't Hydrogen bond, they only interact weakly with other molecules, even other fat molecules. This is like putting just a couple introverts in a room together. They space themselves out because they don't want to interact. This makes the fat less dense than the water, which is why it floats on top of the water. It's also why water and fat don't mix; water really wants to interact with other water, and the fat doesn't want to interact with much of anything.


Question: Why are receipt printers so much quicker than "normal" printers you find in offices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are receipt printers so much quicker than "normal" printers you find in offices?

They use a whole different technology to print to paper, called "thermal printing". It has it's pros and cons. For example, you can *only* print to thermal paper using a thermal printer. Also, you trade quality for velocity.


Question: Why does mold have a fuzzy appearance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does mold have a fuzzy appearance?

Moulds are made up of tiny hairlike structures called [*hyphae*]( URL_1 ). (That's actually the definition of a mould: a fungus that grows in that pattern, as opposed to something that forms single-celled units like yeasts.) In a lot of moulds, these grow upwards and outwards, which give it the appearance of being fuzzy, just like in things covered in actual hair. You can see examples on things [like the this]( URL_0 ). Why don't all moulds look quite so fuzzy? Well, that's largely down to their specific evolution and how best they're geared towards survival. In some moulds, the hyphae are shorter, so you don't get that fuzzy appearance.


Question: Why do hospitals use those small u-shaped trays for vomit, instead of a bowl that would actually catch all the vomit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do hospitals use those small u-shaped trays for vomit, instead of a bowl that would actually catch all the vomit?

Those are called kidney trays or emesis basins. The concave part of the tray makes it easier to be held close against the body of a patient making it more efficient to collect the debris. The main purpose of this tray is not to collect vomit, but rather other uses like washing wounds or holding instruments for a surgery etc.


Question: What is that "blurry effect" seen in photographs when an object like a car or a train moves quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is that "blurry effect" seen in photographs when an object like a car or a train moves quickly?

There are many multiple things but the simplest way to explain it would be with exposure time. That's the time the film or light sensors collect light. Since most cameras are digital lets stick to to that. So for however long the exposure time is the sensors collect the information that will determine the color of the pixel. But if something moves quickly then multiple different colors will be collected and in that way cause the blur. & #x200B; That's the simplest way to explain it. Then there is things like focus and more complex parts which I'm not as good in so at its basic think of it that the pixels on the photo are open and collecting light for a brief moment and if there is too much movement they will capture several different points of data instead of what you were expecting.


Question: Why does foreign television look so much different than US broadcasts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does foreign television look so much different than US broadcasts?

It's a side effect of motion interpolation. It's called [The Soap Opera Effect ]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why is having a trade deficit or a fiscal deficit bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is having a trade deficit or a fiscal deficit bad?

It isn't. [Here is a poll of ivy league level economics professors on the subject]( URL_2 ) This is one of the most egregious areas of ignorance of the President, your average sophmore economics student knows this. The trade balance is the result of capital flows (the difference between savings and investment in an economy). A trade deficit, for instance, can be caused by a large influx of foreign investment, which is a good thing because investment increases economic growth and long run income for an economy. It can also be bad too though. For instance, your savings rate can drop and this has a similar effect (lower investment and growth) So as you can see, it is not the deficit itself which is good or bad but the factors behind it which make it good or bad. These things both lead to fluctuations in the real exchange rate which is the mechanism with which it leads to an effect in the trade balance. In recessions it can be beneficial to have a weak dollar because it boosts aggregate demand and the trade balance. However, we are certainly not in one now. This also has the effect of decreasing purchasing power of consumers. A strong dollar does the opposite. The interesting thing is tariffs and quotas, which Trump is supporting, do not alter the trade deficit at all in the long run! The reason why they don't is they don't alter capital flows. [You can read this piece by an economist who won his nobel prize in economics for his work in international economics]( URL_1 ). All they do is hurt the economy of both nations. A VERY good parable by an economist gives an excellent way of thinking about international trade: [The Iowa Car Crop]( URL_0 ). For simplicity, that parable only talks about the flow of goods but it's point remains the same once you include capital flows. So why do we have a trade deficit? 1. We have a lot of foreign investment (good) 2. Low savings (bad) 3. Status as the world's reserve currency (neither good or bad really strictly speaking from an economics point of view, similar to the trade deficit) So when you hear "we should do something about the trade deficit" you should be OK with it as long as the proposed solution is something like incentivizing savings. If it's something thats going to hit investment or the free flow of goods and capital in of itself, say no.


Question: Where does all the dust go and finally end up?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does all the dust go and finally end up?

Heavily depends on what is meant by dust! If by dust you mean the stuff that accumulates on books and the table in your house, then the answer is probably: you suck it up with a vacuum or wipe it away with something else, and the deposit the collected dust outside, in the sink or elsewhere. If you mean dust more generally (including, say, the dust that can hang in the air on hot days) then the answer is: it falls on the ground and mixes with it, is carried away by wind to settle somewhere else or gets blown into the ocean. In the end, all dust gets recycled by nature, one way or another.


Question: Why does the Fermi Paradox assume interstellar travel is fundamentally possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the Fermi Paradox assume interstellar travel is fundamentally possible?

Even if they can't travel very fast, their radio waves would travel at the speed of light. Given the age of the universe it's a mystery why there aren't civilizations at least a few hundred million or even a billion years old. If there were we'd be able to see their signals. It could be that using radio waves is relatively primitively technology and we can't detect the more advanced signals they've been sending; or it could be that intelligent life is extremely uncommon; or it could be that we are among the first intelligent beings since something was preventing their development for a long time. Surely intelligent life at least could have developed here during the time of the dinosaurs, so we'd have to assume alien civilizations could be at least a few hundred million years old, which is an enormous distance that their signals could have travelled even if they were stuck on their home planet. Basically the ability to colonize the universe isn't required to make the paradox "work". Clearly something is making intelligent civilizations extremely uncommon. If even just one in every billion stars were capable of supporting intelligent life we should expect to still see a lot of it.


Question: Why do USBs and memory cards get corrupted so easily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do USBs and memory cards get corrupted so easily?

If you’ve been just pulling them out without safely ejecting them then there is a higher chance of failure of the files but I rarely get a USB completely fail beyond repair so I don’t know what you’re doing with them


Question: How do individually addressable led strips work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do individually addressable led strips work?

These strips contain power traces, LEDs, control trace(s), and controllers. Most modern strips have the controller embedded inside the same case as the LEDs, DNS I'll refer to the combination of the LED emitters, and controller as the LED. Depending on which specific control chip is being used, a computer would put out a control signal on the control trace or traces that specified how each LED is supposed to light up its various emitters. The most common case is to use a single control trace, which goes to the DATA_IN pin on an LED, the controller grabs the data it needs (generally some control bits and the next 3 bytes) , and sends the remaining stream out the DATA_OUT pin, where the cycle continues until you run out of LEDs or the computer stops putting out a signal. Since only one signal is used, the timing is fixed to a certain frequency which requires fairly tight constraints to get the LED controllers to recognize a valid control signal.


Question: Why is fire used to make land fertile? Wouldn't the heat from the flames cause a dust bowl effect?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is fire used to make land fertile? Wouldn't the heat from the flames cause a dust bowl effect?

Fire is GOOD for nature for many reasons; you may have heard that coniferous trees (trees with cones) will only spread their seeds when the heat from a fire melts the resins in the cones and allows them to open up. Fire is also beneficial in that, once the trees are burned, the remaining ashes contain lots of nutrients that will aid in the regrowth of the area. Mountainous areas with lots of trees aren't as prone to the dust bowl effect because the dead trees still prevent the wind from blowing at gale forces. Not to mention that dead trees still have plenty of roots to hold the soil in place.


Question: What are high and low pressure weather systems? What causes them and what makes them move?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are high and low pressure weather systems? What causes them and what makes them move?

The Earth be is not heated evenly. At the bare basics you have the night side, and then the poles compared to the equator. This causes zones of hot air that tends to be lighter, and cold sir that tends to be heavier. Heavy air presses down on the material beneath it more, creating a high pressure done. By this pushes surrounding air away. You can feel this every time you open a refrigerator as the cold sir spills down to chill your feet. Low pressure zones are where the air is getting pushed towards. As air is headed this way all the water in the air is drawn there too. One it arrives it collide with air coming from the other direction. This causes some of it to move up, cool and condense into clouds. Larger differences in air pressure (usually referred to as lower pressure) mean this happens faster, with more energy. Regaining in higher winds, more clouds and worse weather.


Question: How does a cut-off system determine the duration it layed turned off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a cut-off system determine the duration it layed turned off?

Yeah. There is indeed a chip in the computer that is constantly powered from a battery, that keeps track of time. I'm sure you know that most advanced calculators got a memory-preserving battery, so that it won't forget everything immediately if the system batteries run out. It's the same with the computer, except that battery is hard to get to. You barely ever need to replace it in a decently new computer.


Question: Why are there multiple gas stations at one crossroad? How do they compete with each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there multiple gas stations at one crossroad? How do they compete with each other?

A lot of similar stores open up near each other, it is part of game theory. They do what is best for themselves, instead of what is best for the consumer. The best example I have is 2 ice cream sellers on a beach. They could place themselves 1/4 of the way from each end \(so say 100 feet long, 1 seller at 25 feet 1 at 75 feet\) so no person has to travel more than 1/4 of the way \(25 feet\). However, nothing stops one of them from moving a bit closer to the other to gain more customers, 1 could move a foot over, making the further people have to travel 26 feet to them, but they'll still go to him over having to travel 75 to the other guy, and now he can serve people from 0 \- 51 feet, instead of 0\-50...the other person matches this, it goes on an on etc, until the compromise is being right next to each other, and someone takes feet 0\-50, and the other takes 50\-100.


Question: when you see geological maps (the layered ones that show different periods of earth) why does earth stack layers? In theory because of erosion and whatnot shouldn’t it actually get lower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when you see geological maps (the layered ones that show different periods of earth) why does earth stack layers? In theory because of erosion and whatnot shouldn’t it actually get lower?

Exactly, some places get eroded, those partials get transported to other areas where they stack back up again. Great example is the grand canyon, you can see the layers all the way down. Aka, it was a spot were stuff used to stack up. Now it's being eroded away by the river. Those partials are being transported down stream to be deposited elsewhere to begin making new layers.


Question: if numbers are finite, why do we use /100 or 100% to measure limit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if numbers are finite, why do we use /100 or 100% to measure limit?

Because we have a base 10 numbering system, so multiples of 10 are generally easiest to use. Since multiples of 10 are so easy, some people in ancient rome used fractions of 100 quite often before there was a decimal system. They called it in latin "per centum" meaning "for each hundred," and we kept that around, but shortened it to percent. We don't only use #/100 we also use #/10 or #/1000 etc, depending on how accurate you need to be. Of course, there's no reason you couldn't use any number. 27/27 is equal to 100/100. (read as 27 divided by 27, 100 divided by 100) They both equal 1. But now that we have a decimal system, you can use 0.## to represent a portion of one whole, with the whole being "1" of course.


Question: Why when you freeze a drink and then defrost it, the drink looses it's flavor ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when you freeze a drink and then defrost it, the drink looses it's flavor ?

In some drinks, the water content will freeze at a different rate than the syrup or other ingredients


Question: Why don’t women grow beard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don’t women grow beard?

Men grow facial hair because they have more of the hormone, Testosterone, which also causes their voices to deepen and allows them to put on more muscle mass. Women have less Testosterone, so they usually don't grow beards. There are exceptions, though. Women with hormone imbalances or the rare genetic disorder, Hypertrichosis, can grow beards as can women who use anabolic steroids.


Question: how can some people function normally while needing substantially less sleep than other people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can some people function normally while needing substantially less sleep than other people?

This is something that is still debated. First, some people insist they only need 5 or 6 hours of sleep a night and then survive off sugar and coffee to stay awake. Very few people can actually do this healthily, but some can. Scientists have linked a gene to most of the people who survive on extremely little sleep, but it's still unsure what exactly does. But ignoring extremes, its probably mostly a matter of efficiency. For example. Given the exact same lifestyle otherwise, some people need around 2000 calories a day while another needs 2500 for the same lifestyle. So that is a matter of how efficiently their body processes calories. The same can be true of sleep. Someone whose body falls into deeper sleep more quickly and who has fewer periods of wakefulness might need less sleep than someone whose body needs a while longer to achieve the same depth of sleep. It also could be their brain just more effectively using the sleep. Some may be caused by personal sleep habits and some genetics. It would be more strange if everyone needed identical amounts of sleep.


Question: . Just watched a video simulating the sloshing of liquid inside of a tanker semi truck when the breaks are applied. My question is what would the liquid do if the tank was %100 full?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . Just watched a video simulating the sloshing of liquid inside of a tanker semi truck when the breaks are applied. My question is what would the liquid do if the tank was %100 full?

Since liquid does not compress and the tank is completely full with no airspace the application of brakes would create the same effect as if the tanker was filled with a solid material.


Question: What causes diet sweets to give you diarrhea? what actually happens inside your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes diet sweets to give you diarrhea? what actually happens inside your body?

It is the sweeteners found inside them. They are similar enough to glucose and other sugars our body uses for our taste receptors to think they are sweet, however ij our gut there are more specialist transporters that only work with specific sugars, mostly glucose. The sweeteners aren't compatible with them so they stay inside the gut. This is why sweeteners can taste sweet but be zero calories, your body physically cant use them. Now these sweeteners stay inside your intestines to be excreted in your poo. But if you rat them in a high enough amount it will draw water into your gut via osmosis (or prevent water already in their being absorbed by the body) extra water in your pool causes diarrhoea or loose stools.


Question: How can diet soda make me gain weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can diet soda make me gain weight?

Don't listen to answers that say artificial sweeteners cause insulin to spike. There are multiples studies that show no correlation between artificial sweetener ingestion and insulin levels. [Here]( URL_0 ) is a blog listing various sweeteners and the studies associated with them. One reason for weight gain is "the Big Mac and Diet Soda" mentality. Many people justify eating more because they're having a diet beverage and just aren't good at estimating how many more calories they are consuming vs. how much they are saving by drinking diet drinks. There are observational studies that say, "People who drink diet drinks are more likely to be obese than those who don't." No shit. Skinny people don't tend to drink diet drinks, and fat people do. This is like saying, "People who take blood pressure medications tend to have higher blood pressure than those who don't" and conclude that blood pressure medications cause high blood pressure. It's a flawed logical conclusion based on faulty assumptions. Diet sodas don't directly cause weight gain. Weight gain can only come from consuming more calories than you burn off. What you eat along with your diet drink has more of an impact on weight gain than the drink itself.


Question: How is a nation’s debt tracked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a nation’s debt tracked?

Well every borrower must be matched with a lender. The borrower might like to conveniently forget how much they borrowed but the lender is definitely not going to be of the same mind. Most countries, companies maintain sets of accounts. The most common fundamental approach to accounting is a double entry system. So everyone maintains their records that show how much they borrowed, lent, paid, received, imported and exported etc etc. Although this is a lot of information, it is possible to track debts, expenses, income etc fairly accurately.


Question: I have a portable air conditioner. Is it more effective to direct the vents towards the floor or ceiling to cool a room?

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<thinking>
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 I have a portable air conditioner. Is it more effective to direct the vents towards the floor or ceiling to cool a room?

Since cooler air sinks, aiming the vents up will result in more even cooling. If you're sitting on the floor, aiming the vents horizontal or down may be more comfortable.


Question: the difference between milliamperage (mA) and kilovoltage peak (kvp) in radiology?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 the difference between milliamperage (mA) and kilovoltage peak (kvp) in radiology?

This is an ELI5 explanation, and is not sufficient for a radiology exam. The kV is the potential across the tube (from anode to cathode) in kilovolts. Voltage controls the maximum energy of the individual x-ray photons. They will be a spectrum of energies less than the peak. The mA is the current through the tube in milliamps. It, along with exposure time determines the overall dose for a given voltage.


Question: Why do colors disappear when you zoom in with a microscope?

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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do colors disappear when you zoom in with a microscope?

In order to see something with a light microscope, you need to have a very, very thin cross-section. It has to be thin enough for light to be able to pass through it (for the most part). Otherwise, the image under the microscope would appear opaque or black. But a small cross section means that there's not really that much material and/or pigment to add color to the light. Look at a drop of water or a very shallow puddle of water on a white background. Not very much color is there? But look at the ocean from space. All that water is a rich, deep blue. It's the same with a microscope. A carrot may look deep orange with the naked eye, but when you slice a thin enough piece off to see it under a microscope, it's a very pale orange if any color can be [seen at all]( URL_0 ). If you're talking about images from an electron microscope, then an EM doesn't really see color. An EM uses electron beams and their reflection off of things for a computer to render a 3D image of what something looks like. It's like a blind person examining an object with his hands. Sure he can tell you precisely what shape and texture the object is, but he has no clue what color it is. An EM is the same way.


Question: Why do retail and restaurant businesses make a weekly ever changing schedule? Wouldn't it be easier to give everyone consistent hours?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do retail and restaurant businesses make a weekly ever changing schedule? Wouldn't it be easier to give everyone consistent hours?

Higher end stores and restaurants give their workers consistent hours, typically, but lower end stores are staffed by high school and college students and other people with multiple jobs or otherwise unpredictable schedules. Most stores have a few workers that typically work certain shifts, but there has to be a lot of flexibility to account for people requesting time off, rotating workers in so that everyone gets hours, accounting for specific workers that do or don't work well together (easier just to separate them), and that's all without getting into the variable demand caused by holidays and things. To answer your question bluntly: quality workers with consistent availability DO get consistent hours, but the nature of the work requires scheduling to be flexible.


Question: Why do solid materials like salt and sugar dissolve better in hot water, but gasses like CO2 dissolve better into cold water?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do solid materials like salt and sugar dissolve better in hot water, but gasses like CO2 dissolve better into cold water?

I had the same question and talked it through with my wife. Basically you have to think about what the molecules are doing. To dissolve a solid you want to add heat to wiggle the molecule to loosen their bonds so they’ll connect to the water molecules. If you add heat to water with a gas in it, the gas will wiggle loose. To “dissolve” a gas in a liquid you want to slow it down so it will be less likely to wiggle loose, so you want it cold.


Question: Why does tap water in a glass sometimes create small bubbles at the inside of the glass after some time and tastes not as good anymore as it did, when it got in the glass? (and at other places tap water doesn't do that seemingly) does anyone has an explanation?

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 Why does tap water in a glass sometimes create small bubbles at the inside of the glass after some time and tastes not as good anymore as it did, when it got in the glass? (and at other places tap water doesn't do that seemingly) does anyone has an explanation?

Although the other answers are correct, I don't think they speak to the phenomenon you're asking about exactly. What you seem to be describing - that sometimes when you leave water sitting in a glass for a long time it forms bubbles on the inside of the glass and sometimes it doesn't - it has to do with the barometric pressure! Water has gasses like carbon dioxide and oxygen dissolved in it. When you pour water there's a certain amount in solution. When the air pressure falls those gasses come out of solution and appear as bubbles on the glass! As to the change in taste, tap water is usually chlorinated and chlorine evaporates out of water pretty quickly, so that's responsible for some of the change in taste. Also if you leave it out it tends to absorb CO2 from the air which gives it a bitter-ish taste. There's probably other chemical changes that I'm not aware of.


Question: what did England gain by issuing the Balfour Declaration?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 what did England gain by issuing the Balfour Declaration?

simplified: The timing was simply at the culmination of a long process begun when Britain joined the war as part of the overall policy question of what would happen to the various components of the ottoman empire once toppled. The actual process was accelerated in mid1917 due to military operations in Palestine itself. Britain also was using it as a way to try to use Jewish people on the non allied side to switch.


Question: On sketchy sites, why do some pop-ups get blocked but others don't? Shouldn't all pop-ups be blocked by turning on the pop-up blocker?

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 On sketchy sites, why do some pop-ups get blocked but others don't? Shouldn't all pop-ups be blocked by turning on the pop-up blocker?

An ad blocker has to decide what's website content and what's an ad. If a website owner decides to manually post an image of an ad to their website there's not much an ad blocker can do to determine that's an ad and not website content because in a way it actually is website content. Usually adblockers block the ads that have to load from external sources.


Question: What determines the strength of a currency, and how representative is it of the economy strenght?

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 What determines the strength of a currency, and how representative is it of the economy strenght?

Faith and desire for it. Most currencies aren't backed by anything physical anymore. Even when they were, that backing was still based on peoples desire for the physical item (for example, gold). Basically, a currencies strength is based in peoples desire to possess that currency along with a faith that it will be usable to purchase goods and services (basically the belief that others will want it just as much, if not more than, you do). Currency strength is a direct reflection of economic strength, as economic performance is directly related to the currency. The currency is representative of the economic performance. This is why a country with a poor economy has a currency that is worth less than a country with stronger performance (note: this isn't a straight 1 to 1 comparison as different currencies use different denominations and base values).


Question: - Why does it take so many eggs to scramble vs fry to make a meal?

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 - Why does it take so many eggs to scramble vs fry to make a meal?

Advice: Mix two eggs with some milk in a bowl and then scramble them in a pan. You will get the same portion as 2 fried eggs. Milk increases volume. Fun fact: in hotels they use that trick with scrumble eggs, they add milk, so they dont need to use a huge amount of eggs. And if im honest its more delicious (fluffy) 👌


Question: what’s the difference between aged cheese and old cheese?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 what’s the difference between aged cheese and old cheese?

Aged cheeses are kept at very specific temperature and humidity. They are also, depending on the style, turned and wiped/brushed often. The cheese will age slowly and not go bad as the cheese maker closely monitors for any evidence of runaway molds. Sometimes even a properly attended to wheel will still get infected and go bad. Source: I make cheese and my family has been making cheeses for the past hundred years.


Question: What is a second mortgage for?

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<answer>
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 What is a second mortgage for?

It's just another loan, with your house as the collateral. If you own your home, a lot of your wealth is the home itself, which means you can't use that wealth to pay for things. A 2nd mortgage converts some of that wealth from property into cash so you can spend that wealth.


Question: Prior to fire departments how were wildfires contained?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Prior to fire departments how were wildfires contained?

They weren't. If a forest caught on fire you just ran for it and prayed. Even major cities didn't really have organized municipal fire services until about 200 years ago.


Question: What critters which usually weather winter will have died in Chicago? Will they be looking to have a "rotting rats" problem once thaw comes?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What critters which usually weather winter will have died in Chicago? Will they be looking to have a "rotting rats" problem once thaw comes?

In general wildlife has a way of dealing with winter, even in a normal winter some animals and plants that should survive winter will die. Bad luck, genetics, not enough food, crummy shelter, etc. In a harsh winter some of that die off will be greater


Question: Why does the Newton-Raphson method work?

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 Why does the Newton-Raphson method work?

There is a [neat animation on the Wikipedia page]( URL_0 ) which gives an idea of how this works. Essentially you are pretending that your function is a straight line, not a curve, and then finding where the 0 would be. You then assume that your new point is closer than your earlier one and try again - finding the new line (tangent to the curve at this point) and finding where that crosses the x-axis. And you repeat. It doesn't always work, but when it does, it tends to work fairly quickly.


Question: Can a mall cop arrest me if I'm in a store that's not in the mall?

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 Can a mall cop arrest me if I'm in a store that's not in the mall?

I don't think mall cops can arrest, period. They're pretty much a liaison between the mall and the police. They're urged not to chase perpetrators and can even lose their job for doing so; reason 1 being it's dangerous and reason 2 is legal implications. If they're chasing a person across the street, and that person gets hit by a car, expect lawyers to get involved.


Question: Why does it feel like time slows when you're doing something you don't enjoy and passes faster when you're having fun?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does it feel like time slows when you're doing something you don't enjoy and passes faster when you're having fun?

For this to explain we have to differentiate between "clock-time" (the measurement humanity has calculated) and our "mental-time" (basically our inner clock). Now if we have fun, our mental clock slows down. So we feel like time is speed up. That is because our brain works faster if we are happy or experience something meaningful. That is because our brain wants to see, taste, feel or hear more fun. We subconsciously forget about the "clock-time". This phenomena extends even furhter over the span of our lifetime. As you may heard already time seems to fasten up when you get older. Actually a nice thought when you know why it seems this way. :)


Question: what actually happens when a person goes into shock? Both physically and mentally?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 what actually happens when a person goes into shock? Both physically and mentally?

If you are refering to hypovolemic (blood loss induced) shock i can explain about the physiological part. Hypovolemic shock has 2 phases - erectile (think active) and torpid ( passive). The first phase usually lasts a few minutes, but there can also not be a first phase. When you get an injury for the first few minutes you are hyperactive, you shout, you cry in pain. Erratic movements, panic, hyperventilation and increased heart rate are characteristic for this phase. As you lose more and more blood you go into the torpid phase, where your body is trying to preserve its most important parts. It does this by decreasing the heart rate to limit bleeding, the blood vessels in the extremities constrict ( people can turn blue, have cold sweat etc). However if the injury is too big the body can't cope, so you become unresponsive, lose consciousness, breathing becomes slow and shallow. Shock is a life threatening condition. I am not sure if less severe traumas can lead to shock induced by psychological factors as fear. Maybe someone else can weigh in on that. Source - I study medicine. Also apologies for my spelling, not a native speaker.