Question: how do scientist distinguish between correlation and causation on unethical studies? For example to determine the causation on cancerous substances when no ethnic commit would allow direct human trials

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 how do scientist distinguish between correlation and causation on unethical studies? For example to determine the causation on cancerous substances when no ethnic commit would allow direct human trials

If I understand your question correctly, researchers use meta-analysis of data. That means they can take several (or many) studies to look for trends which can't be explained solely by chance occurrence. They can also take population data and compare it to health data, like looking at the number of people who live near a chemical plant and comparing cancer rates of that community to similar communities elsewhere. They also extrapolate data from animal trials, perhaps determining that if exposure to high-level radiation consistently and reliably causes an increase in certain types of cancer in animals, they can determine that it would *probably* have the same effect on similar cells in humans.


Question: Why are moths attracted to bright lights in the night, yet they never come out in the day?

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 Why are moths attracted to bright lights in the night, yet they never come out in the day?

Most moths are nocturnal, so they don't come out during the day. They aren't attracted to bright lights. They use the moon for navigation. By keeping the moon in the same place in their view, they can fly in a straight line. They mistake artificial lights for the moon, and in trying to keep the light in the same place, they end up going round it in circles.


Question: How does pitch relate to tuning in music?

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 How does pitch relate to tuning in music?

Pitch is determined by the frequency of the sound waves so higher frequencies = higher pitches. Amplitude is defined by the size of the wave so bigger waves generally = louder sound (there are some tweaks to this like perceived volume based on human physiology, but for ELI5 bigger waves are louder). When you are asking about tuning, the 440 is a reference pitch by which everybody tunes. The instruments tuning will probably have different amplitudes (loudness) but they will all be referencing the same pitch (440 Hz). The progression of the reference pitch upwards from 440 to make it brighter in practical terms means they are just all agreeing to a different reference pitch. F#, A, Eb and other identifiers like that are notes that represent pitches since it's easier for people to say give me an A than it is to say make your instrument give me 440 Hz. By the way, the relationship of pitch to amplitude is that humans perceive some pitches as louder than others even though they might all be at the same sound pressure level. Check out information on Fletcher Munson curves or equal loudness contour for additional information: URL_0


Question: Why does the price of gas fluctuate, and why is it so high right now?

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 Why does the price of gas fluctuate, and why is it so high right now?

Supply and demand. In the spring/summer it is in higher demand due to the amount of travel people take at this time. Additionally there are regulations in place that limit the amount of oil that can be imported as well as the amount of the reserves we have in the us that can be used limiting the over all supply. The supply there for does not increase at the same rate as the demand causing the price to increase in hopes that 1) more money can be made off the limited amount and 2) deter some demand so that the supply does not run put quickly.


Question: Why is there still no antidote for Fugu fish poison?

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 Why is there still no antidote for Fugu fish poison?

We don't really know how to destroy tetrodotoxin (Fugu poison), when you get intoxicated with it, your best option is to go to the nearest hospital and they'll probably put you through artificial respiration before you lose the ability to breathe due to muscle paralysis. The good news is that tetrodotoxin is self eliminated rather efficacely, so if you manage to survive for 24 hours, you'll most likely survive and will completely recover within a few days.


Question: Why can parrots imitate human speech, but our closest relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, cannot?

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 Why can parrots imitate human speech, but our closest relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, cannot?

Primates have vocal cords which are used to make sound, then your mouth and tongue to form that sound (humming) into more distinct sounds used for words. Human vocal chords and tongues have evolved in a way that makes them precisely controllable (which is needed for speech), while our close relatives do not have this adaption, so are only capable of making barks and yelps. Birds make sound through a completely different method. Instead of using vocal chords, lips, and tongues, they have a syrinx, which are almost like speakers. They just control the vibration of the syrinx very precisely, so they can imitate humans, animals, and even machines. Many birds don't have particularly sophisticated syrinx, so they can only squawk and chirp, but some birds have evolved the precise control needed to emulate almost any noise they hear.


Question: How do cities get built on top of cities? The recent TIL talked about the Rome subway system running into structures and buildings buried.

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 How do cities get built on top of cities? The recent TIL talked about the Rome subway system running into structures and buildings buried.

Mainly erosion. Water, river and flooding deposit sediment. Sometimes many inches per year so it doesn't take long.. When I was in Rome, on the tours they tell you, just dig down another 30 feet if you want to explore the previous century.


Question: Why does internet speed fluctuate? i.e., why does it go from 25 mbps to 30 mbps?

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 Why does internet speed fluctuate? i.e., why does it go from 25 mbps to 30 mbps?

Side question: Why does my computer lie to me and tell me I have full connection yet I can't load any web sites?


Question: Why the (0-1) infinite bigger than the (0,1,2,3,...) infinite?

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 Why the (0-1) infinite bigger than the (0,1,2,3,...) infinite?

So, the way we measure "infinities" among sets of infinite numbers is our ability to draw a 1-to-1 relationship among them. For example, the set of positive integers (1,2,3,...) is the same "size" infinity as the set of even integers (2,4,6,...) because you can draw a 1-to-1 relationship. You can take each member of the positive integers, multiply it by 2, and you get a corresponding element of the even integers. If you do this for every member of the positive integers, you will get every member of the even integers. When your professor is talking about (0-1) he is talking about the *real numbers* in this interval. That includes integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. While the proof is a bit esoteric (look up Cantor) the thing is you *can't* draw a 1-to-1 relationship between the Reals (or any subset of reals) to the integers. No matter what scheme or process you invent, it will never account for all the Real numbers in that set or subset. For this reason we call the set of Real numbers (and subsets) "uncountable" as opposed to the integers (and any set the same size as the integers) which are "countable."


Question: how has the US for decades gotten a rise in productivity well beyond the rise in wages?

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 how has the US for decades gotten a rise in productivity well beyond the rise in wages?

As u/Emyrssentry pointed out, technology advances bear a lot of the responsibility for this. But there is another, somewhat more traditionally capitalist element to it. During the last couple of recessions employers laid off millions of workers in order to maintain some semblance of profitability. During these recessions those employers found that unemployed workers were so desperate for work that they could hire people at lower wages and get the same work done as before at a lower cost. They also found that they could hire more qualified workers at a lower cost than before. This has resulted in wage stagnation. Employers collectively realized that they can still hire highly qualified people relatively inexpensively because of the abundance of highly qualified workers. In addition, employers have also come to the conclusion that laying off workers isn't really such a bad thing. As such, layoffs have become increasingly common over the past 20 years, to the point that even high-performing companies use layoffs as a quick cost saving measure. Those layoffs are then followed by hiring replacement workers at a lower wage, or by adding to the workloads of the remaining employees. The combination of these elements has resulted in an ideal situation for employers, where they are able to pay relatively lower salaries (relative to the cost index, that is) while getting more work done.


Question: How do we know the age of the Earth?

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 How do we know the age of the Earth?

> Planet Earth doesn't have a birth certificate to record its formation, which means scientists spent hundreds of years struggling to determine the age of the planet. So, just how old is Earth? > By dating the rocks in Earth's ever-changing crust, as well as the rocks in Earth's neighbors, such as the moon and visiting meteorites, scientists have calculated that Earth is 4.54 billion years old, with an error range of 50 million years. URL_0


Question: Why does water have no calories?

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 Why does water have no calories?

Calories are a way of measuring the metabolic energy which can be derived from the consumed food substance. Water, while necessary for life as a solvent, does not confer any metabolic energy and so has no calories. To make an analogy consider engine oil vs gasoline. If you have no lubrication for your engine it won't work, but the engine only uses gasoline for powering movement.


Question: Can Electrical Brainwave Signals Be Represented in Binary?

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 Can Electrical Brainwave Signals Be Represented in Binary?

No it can't really be represented by binary. To start with, it's not electromagnetic waves. Our brains work by moving charged ions around, not using electromagnetic radiation, that's just what the sensors use to read it. Now onto why binary doesn't work. There isn't an "off" state like there is with binary. our neurons have a resting potential of around -70 mv. From here, negative and positive ions are added by tiny gates controlled by neurochemicals. This will either increase the voltage (making it easier for the neuron to fire) or lower the voltage (making it harder to fire). If the voltage manages to hit -55 mv, the neuron fires. This is a rapid increase in voltage to about 30 mv before rapidly dropping to around -80 mv. the resting voltage and the final voltage need to be variable and change. It's fundamental to how neurons process information. The second drop to -80 mv is pretty important as well. On top of this, the amount of the chemicals released by the neuron isn't constant and can change. So there isn't one on or off state to be turned into binary. There's a few massive holdups to mapping brain functionality. The first is complexity. Our brains form a staggering amount of connections. Our brains have about 100 billion neurons. and a total of about 500 trillion connections are formed. you need to map out every single neuron and every single connection. If you mapped one a second, it would take about 15,854,896 years. Humans have only existed for about 200,000 years. A full mapping isn't going to happen. We've mapped out the visual cortex of cats. That took decades and the people who did it got a nobel prize. Neurons are also incredibly small. If you look at an MRI of the brain, your not seeing individual neurons, not even close. You're getting between a mm and 0.1 mm (at the extreme 100 hour scan end). The second is ethics. As it turns out, mapping brain info is incredibly invasive and potentially dangerous. One of the ways we figure out what stuff does is by destroying the neurons. This is a no go with humans. Even with methods that don't involve intentional brain damage, it's still major surgery and you don't really do that just to see how we work.


Question: Can someone explain the numbers on nvidia and AMD video cards? like why are some higher number cards worse than the lower number cards?

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 Can someone explain the numbers on nvidia and AMD video cards? like why are some higher number cards worse than the lower number cards?

The numbering scheme is arbitrary, set by the GPU manufacturer. For the past few generations, the first number number(s) have incidated the generation of the card while the latter digits ondictae where the model stands within that generations lineup. For example, Amd's 580 is a more powerful card then the 570. Both cards are part of AMD's mid-tier lineup of the 500 series of cards.


Question: Why can we not see VY Canis Majoris (the largest star in The Milky Way)?

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 Why can we not see VY Canis Majoris (the largest star in The Milky Way)?

I love /random. It gives such interesting results. & #x200B; So I had never heard of VY Canis Majoris, but with a background in astrophysics, I figured I'd research this and figure it out. & #x200B; First of all, apparently you *can* see VY CMa - sometimes. Its brightness from Earth fluctuates from 9.2 (definitely not gonna see) to around 6.5 (barely within sight on a clear night). The magnitude scale is logarithmic, like the Richter scale for earthquakes, so that difference is akin to the difference between a [magnitude 6.5 earthquake]( URL_1 ) and a [magnitude 9 earthquake]( URL_0 ). & #x200B; But for the most part, you're right: we can't really see it with our eyes on Earth. And while it's more like 4,000 lightyears away, not a trillion, that's still really far. That's 160 times farther away than Vega, three times as far as Betelgeuse, and a whopping 400 times as far as Sirius. And in the universe, farther away means **redder**. & #x200B; There's a whole list of reasons for that: dust in the universe, expansion, relativity, and more. But something to keep in mind is that VY CMa is *ALREADY EXTREMELY RED.* If it were close enough that we could see it easily, it would look super red. In fact, VY CMa is brightest by a LONG shot in what's called the "Mid-Infrared" spectrum, which is the section past the section past red. Visible light is actually only a really small amount of all the light types in the universe (including microwaves, radio waves, and gamma waves). The important part is this: nearly all of the light VY CMa emits is so red that we can't see it with human eyes. & #x200B; Now keep in mind that all that light has 4,000 lightyears of distance to get *even more infrared*, which means even less of it is visible light. & #x200B; It's not that we can't see it because it's too far away, it's that the star has **literally turned invisible to the naked eye**. If you have infrared detectors, VY CMa is a [whopping bright red beacon in the sky]( URL_2 ) when you look through them. But unfortunately, when you look with your eyes, you'd be lucky to see much at all.


Question: Why is eating sugar and carbs more responsible for belly fat accumulation than protein and fat?

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 Why is eating sugar and carbs more responsible for belly fat accumulation than protein and fat?

More or less - it's not. For a variety of reasons, with the cheap and widely available foods availble to Americans, it's usually far easier to overeat carb-heavy foods (especially those full of simple sugars) than it is protein or fat-heavy foods, even though fat is more calorically dense than carbs or protein, and protein is just as calorically dense as carbs. Calorie for calorie, it doesn't matter if it's carbs, protein, or fat in the long term. Additionally, different types of macronutrients don't end up in specific areas of the body when stored as fat - this relies on gender, and genetic factors.


Question: - How do airplanes stay in the air at large bundles of time then immediately take off for flight again when it’s landed? Does the plane not focus on scheduled maintenance often?

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 - How do airplanes stay in the air at large bundles of time then immediately take off for flight again when it’s landed? Does the plane not focus on scheduled maintenance often?

Commercial airliners are inspected between every flight by mechanics and the flight crew. Often a flight may be delayed because it needs minor maintenance, or a larger problem may require a different plane to be swapped in. Every X hours a plane will be pulled from service for a more complete inspection as well as normal scheduled maintenance.


Question: Why is it that when we get hit or injured pretty bad we faint? What is it that makes our brain kinda shut down in that moment?

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 Why is it that when we get hit or injured pretty bad we faint? What is it that makes our brain kinda shut down in that moment?

One reason is that basically the brain is floating in water inside our skulls and if the the blow is strong enough to push the brain with enough momentum to bounce on part of the skull to another and the brain gets short circuited. Another reason is that a certain amount of pain and/stress is too much to handle and our hearts are beating too fast because its in fight/flight mode and our brain shuts off to prevent us from dying via heart attack.


Question: Why is Japan not facing economic ruin when its debt to GDP ratio is much worse than Greece during the eurozone crisis?

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 Why is Japan not facing economic ruin when its debt to GDP ratio is much worse than Greece during the eurozone crisis?

Japan is a middle-aged doctor who took out a second mortgage maybe they shouldn't have. They are still wealthy, still have a great, high income job, so people are willing take more chances loaning them money, even if the debt is starting to pile up. If worse comes to worst, they can always sell their vacation condo to make ends meet. Greece is an assistant manager at Kinkos, who lied on a bunch of credit card applications and lived too large for a few years until it all caught up with them. Even though they owe less than Japan, even as a ratio to their income, their job is much less stable, so the interest is higher and their creditors are much less patient. They also live in their parents' basement, so they have no house to sell to get them out of trouble. And most worrying, they haven't assumed responsibility for the mess they made and spend most of their time blaming other people rather than trying to fix it.


Question: How does the inverse square law tell us how far away a star is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the inverse square law tell us how far away a star is?

If you know the brightness of a star, then you can figure out how much the light dims because of the square of the distance. Problem is that stars can have different brightness levels, so the measurement is very inaccurate. The only things that have the same brightness always are [type 1a supernovas]( URL_0 ), and finding them in distant galaxies can give you the distance to said galaxy.


Question: Why does adding white vinegar to the laundry take care of bad smells and why don't laundry detergents already contain these properties?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does adding white vinegar to the laundry take care of bad smells and why don't laundry detergents already contain these properties?

General rule of thumb, most of the stains you're trying to remove require a high pH(more basic/alkaline). Vinegar, being an acid, actually lowers the pH making commercial laundry detergents less effective. The smell is likely coming from your washer itself, which the vinegar helps to remove odors from. Source: I work for company that supplies raw materials for making Laundry Detergents. Edit: Whoa, my first silver! Thanks Anonymous Redditors! Finally putting my chemistry degree to good use. Second Edit: Platinum! You guys are too kind!


Question: Why and how exactly does lightning produce thunder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and how exactly does lightning produce thunder?

Lightning is a very large electric current. When electricity runs through something, energy is absorbed in proportion to the resistance of the thing the electricity is running through. Air has pretty high resistance, and absorbs a lot of energy. When you add energy to air it gets hot and expands. At some point it's expanded enough that the pressure is back to normal, but the air has a lot of velocity at that time. By the time the air stops, a vacuum has formed. The air has cooled during the process, and as it flows into the vacuum it hits the air coming from the opposite direction and creates the sound you hear.


Question: I frequently see people make the point that net-worth isn't cash, so what's the best way to estimate how much money the mega-wealthy have access to at any given time without liquidating assets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I frequently see people make the point that net-worth isn't cash, so what's the best way to estimate how much money the mega-wealthy have access to at any given time without liquidating assets?

Net worth is a headline with no substance. Low quality "journalists" do a quick checks of public record stock holdings and multiply by the current stock price to create clickbait. The mega wealthy (bezos) own stock in their companies. If they did actually liquidate, it would lower the value of that stock, and they would owe half of the proceeds in taxes. So, to be more accurate, instead of declaring Bezos has $200 B net worth, the headlines should state Bezos theoretically could have ~$70 B after months or more of selling his company, but his departure could lower the value even further.


Question: Why do some liquids sting when applied to a cut, but others don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some liquids sting when applied to a cut, but others don't?

Nerves work via electric potentials. These are shifted by ion concentrations. Some liquids affect these ion concentration gradients. If something is strongly acidic, basic, or salty, it will activate the pain neurons that are exposed in a cut.


Question: What does the silica packets in boxes of shoes do and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the silica packets in boxes of shoes do and why?

Silica is highly hygroscopic, meaning that it absorbs water from the atmosphere. It is present in shoe boxes (and in certain dry foods, and other items) in order to ensure the enclosed environment remains as dry as possible, so that the product does not degrade, mould or swell.


Question: What are/what causes those morphing psychedelic patterns when you close your eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are/what causes those morphing psychedelic patterns when you close your eyes?

They are called phosphenes. Phosphenes can be directly induced by mechanical, electrical, or magnetic stimulation of the retina or visual cortex, or by random firing of cells in the visual system. URL_0


Question: Why do GIFs take longer to load than Youtube videos?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do GIFs take longer to load than Youtube videos?

YouTube videos can start playing immediately while the later part of the video is still loading while gifs require the entire gif to load before it's played. Also a good video encoder achieves greater compression than a gif.


Question: How does the salt-and-ice challenge work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the salt-and-ice challenge work?

We did this back in the 90's also. "Adding salt to ice or ice water actually lowers the temperature and makes it colder than the regular freezing temperature for water, 32 degrees F. The mixture soaks up heat from the surrounding skin cells, causing a second- or third-degree burn similar to frostbite." Edit: I have friends with marks still on them I would watch the knuckle heads do it and just let them win if your put in that situation.


Question: Why people who can speak more than one language sometimes forget words or expressions in their mother tongue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why people who can speak more than one language sometimes forget words or expressions in their mother tongue?

I got told that when people speaking multiple languages want to say something, all words in every the languages spoken want to come out at the same time. The brain “chooses” which language is appropriate (which language they’re speaking with at the moment) but I think that there’s also a “short cut” thing that can happen. For example, my mother tongue is French, but I’ve been speaking English for a long time as I learned it in school. There are words that I find easier to say in English (a short cut) and so I use that word within a french sentence. That is why sometimes I forget about some words. I have trouble translating the word “awkward” in my own language now. I got used to speak “franglish” (français+english) so sometimes I forget how to say single words, I need my brain to work out to find it, aaand look stupid sometimes. All because I know well enough two languages. Weird. And it’s quite sad in my case as French is slowly dying in my country, but that’s for another topic.


Question: How come some popcorn kernels refuse to pop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come some popcorn kernels refuse to pop?

Popcorn depends on a certain amount of moisture inside the kernel of corn to flash into steam with heat. That steam expansion is what makes popcorn...popcorn. No moisture equals no steam which equals no pop which equals no popcorn and an “old maid” instead.


Question: How do auroras in the night sky work? How do they form? Why do they occur? Why do they only show up near the poles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do auroras in the night sky work? How do they form? Why do they occur? Why do they only show up near the poles?

[Here is an informative video explanation]( URL_0 ) actually aimed at children, so I think it's appropriate for this sub. :) Basically, energy from the sun (solar wind) hits the earth's atmosphere and excites the gasses in the atmosphere until they light up. (This is the same way that neon signs work, and is the reason that neon signs and auroras are the same colors - blue, red, and green.) As for why they only show up at the poles, it has to do with the *shape* of the earth's magnetosphere. If you've [seen a drawing of a magnetic field]( URL_1 ) you may notice that the lines "connect" to the magnet only at the poles. Because the earth's magnetic field works the same way, when charged solar particles hit the atmosphere they are directed to the poles of the earth instead of the rest of it.


Question: if most drinks contain water, why is it considered bad to only drink them and not actual water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if most drinks contain water, why is it considered bad to only drink them and not actual water?

Because they also contain other things. Such as: \- Sugar - which in large amounts can cause all sorts of health issues \- Artificial sweeteners - which a lot of people argue are not healthy for you \- Caffeine - A stimulant that can actually be addictive If you had a drink that wasn't water that didn't contain any of the above or other weird chemicals, people would probably consider it ok to drink.


Question: - How are we able to decipher text from letters so quickly? for example I saw a insta post with . and was able to figure it out first try

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How are we able to decipher text from letters so quickly? for example I saw a insta post with . and was able to figure it out first try

It has to do with how your brain processes words and sentences at all; a similar phenomenon occurs by removing or jumbling the middle letters of every word in a sentence - all your brain needs is the first and last letters in the right spots to decipher the word extremely easily, in most cases. TL;DR, your brain is very, VERY good at puzzle solving and pattern recognition.


Question: What would be the issue with implementing a system where people's fines reflect a percentage of their incomes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would be the issue with implementing a system where people's fines reflect a percentage of their incomes?

Nordic countries use this system without a problem. It makes for neat headlines if millionaires get caught speeding, since their tickets might become hundreds of thousands of dollars, but other than that, I am not aware of any particular controversy surrounding their use.


Question: What do people mean when they say a food isn’t a “complete” protein? I.e. quinoa

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do people mean when they say a food isn’t a “complete” protein? I.e. quinoa

ln order for a food to be a “complete” protein it has to have the 9 essential amino acids (lysine, leucine, etc.). Complete proteins are just types of proteins that contain the necessary levels. Quinoa would actually be considered a complete protein. You don’t have to necessarily eat meat to get complete proteins you can consume dairy and/or tofu.


Question: How does money laundering work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does money laundering work?

Take dirty cash from illegal means and claim it in a cash heavy business like a car wash, laundromat, restaurant, etc. This allows you to take money that would normally raise red flags and spend it legally


Question: How have people not discovered this massive super volcano that’s 30X worse than Yellowstone until just now, and is it positive there’s a worse monster out there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How have people not discovered this massive super volcano that’s 30X worse than Yellowstone until just now, and is it positive there’s a worse monster out there?

It's not new, that article is misleading. It says the eruption was 30 times bigger than Yellowstone, but that it was a long time ago. Broadly Yellowstone is seen as more active and more likely to erupt again sooner or later. Wah Wah is less active now, but was definitely bigger in the past and was a big eruption in North America.


Question: Why does speeding up a video cause the audio to become high pitched?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does speeding up a video cause the audio to become high pitched?

Sound is waves. Sound pitch is determined by how many of those waves hit you every second. Double the speed of the video, double the waves every second, double the pitch.


Question: How do "speedrunners" discover intricate glitches that require you to do a lot of seemingly random pixel-perfect moves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do "speedrunners" discover intricate glitches that require you to do a lot of seemingly random pixel-perfect moves?

Constant repetition and intuition. When you play a single room in a game over and over and over again occasionally you do something unusual and analyze what just happened. Repeatable glitches get documented online and speed runners take advantage of numerous ones discovered over the years and misc players. People also review the de-compiled code of video games to understand how they work underneath in order to take advantage. Once you understand that a particular glitch or mechanism is possible in a game speed runners will try it in various places and in different combinations throughout the game to get the best results from it.


Question: How is it that Amazon paid no taxes in 2017?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that Amazon paid no taxes in 2017?

Companies are taxed based on their profit, not their income. If a company makes no profit, then it pays no taxes. The way that a company's costs are calculated can be complicated, particularly with stock based employee compensation. If part of an employee's pay is in the form of company stock, then that stock does not count as an "expense" until the employee actually sells it. So lets say a company earns $100 in 2015 and pays you $100 in stock in the same year. Then in 2018 you sell your stock for $100. In 2015 the company doesn't get to count your stock payment as an expense, so it pays taxes on the full $100 of income it earned. However, in 2018 when you sell your stock the company now gets to revisit its 2015 taxes to see if it paid the appropriate amount. In this example, in 2015 the company paid taxes on $100 worth of profit. But we now see that the company really had $0 worth of profit, because it actually had a $100 expense that wasn't accounted for in 2015. This means that in 2018 the company is entitled to a refund of everything that it paid in 2015. That doesn't mean the company doesn't have to pay taxes on its 2018 profit - it still does. But if the refund from 2015 is larger than its 2018 tax bill then the company will end up with a net refund. This can lead to weird situations if an abnormal amount of people decide to sell their stock in one year. 2017 happened to be one of those weird years for Amazon, which has historically paid a large percentage of its executives' compensation in the form of stock. Tax changes would have increased the amount of personal tax that Amazon employees would pay on their stock sales in 2018, and this caused Amazon employees to sell off a lot of their stock before the changes hit. This meant that in 2017 you had several years worth of stock compensation all being cashed out at the same time, which meant that Amazon was entitled to go back and obtain a refund on any prior taxes it paid from which those stock sales could have been deducted. This was further combined with a corporate tax rate decrease in 2017. Because of the way that the tax code works, Amazon is entitled to use the 2017 tax rate when it recalculates the effect of 2017 employee stock sales on its prior paid taxes. Since Amazon had paid those prior taxes at the higher, pre-2017 rate, it was entitled to even more money back when it deducted those stock sales from prior revenue in 2017. The end effect of this is that the refund that Amazon was entitled to in 2017 for these employee stock sales was greater than the amount it owed in taxes on 2017 profit, and so it was entitled to a refund. Amazon was also able to claim some tax rebates for things like creating jobs in America or investing in certain technologies, but the employee stock weirdness accounts for the overwhelming majority of the reason why Amazon did not pay federal taxes in 2017. _______________________ Also, since you're going to get some people saying "offshoring" - that has nothing to do with it. Companies have never been able to offshore to protect themselves from profit earned in the US. However, the US used to tax companies on their global profit *as well as* their US profit. Companies were able to offshore to avoid paying taxes on that global profit. As of 2017 the US no longer taxes companies on their global profit, only on their US profit, so offshoring no longer provides companies with any benefit and this had nothing to do with why Amazon paid no taxes in 2017. It should also be noted that this is in line with how every other country taxes corporate income - the US was the only major country that taxed global, rather than domestic income. There is another method of tax evasion known as transfer pricing. This is when a company obscures the costs of foreign made goods by having an intermediary purchase those goods in a country in which sharing corporate records with the IRS is illegal. Transfer pricing is illegal, and while it does occur there is no reason to believe that Amazon is engaging in it at a meaningful level. ____________________________ Finally, another tax issue that Amazon has relates to state sales taxes. Prior to June of this year, a company was only required to pay sales taxes in states in which it had a presence. Although Amazon has a presence in most states, very few of the goods sold on Amazon are actually sold *by* Amazon. Rather, most goods sold on Amazon are sold *by* 3rd party sellers, and its rare that that the seller has a presence in the same state as the buyer. Amazon was able to take advantage of this by refusing to collect sales taxes on behalf of those 3rd party sellers in most cases, which was technically legal and resulted in Amazon and its 3rd party sellers largely avoiding state sales taxes. In June the Supreme Court decided Wayfair v. South Dakota, which makes Amazon's practice illegal. Its not really clear what is going on with this right now, and we'll know more about the sales tax situation at the start of next year as state tax authorities start issuing guidance on how to comply with Wayfair.


Question: Why is it only red light that develops photos? What makes red able to do this as opposed to any other color, or even natural daylight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it only red light that develops photos? What makes red able to do this as opposed to any other color, or even natural daylight?

Red light doesn't develop photos. Photos are developed with chemicals. They use red lights in dark rooms because black and white film is insensitive to red light, so you can see what you're doing without exposing the film more. For colour film, you in fact open the film and put it in a lightproof tank, in a lightproof bag, after which you can just turn regular lights on. You just see them using the red lights in the movies because pitch black rooms don't make for the most exciting footage.


Question: Chemically, what is a scent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Chemically, what is a scent?

Scents are just certain molecules interacting with special cells in your nose. The same way tasted are just certain molecules interacting with your tastebuds in your mouth. And artificial scents do exist. there’s a decent amount of scented candles that’re made with artificial scents. So they can be cooked up in laboratories. It’s really more, why would you? There’s isn’t a huge demand for it. Sure there’s scented candles of things like febreeze or car air fresheners, some of those use artificial scents, some use real scents. Often times the real scents can be just as cheap to process and acquire as the process to make them in the lab. Plus, when wanting to make any certain molecule, you can’t just say “I wanna make this” and do it. There’s a whole process, research and development, that you have to go through to typically find a multi-step chain reaction of chemical reactions to finally end up with the finished product you want. That research can take a lot of time, and can be very costly, so you have to need to have a really good reason to go for it. Plus, scents aren’t necessarily a huge in demand thing, I think I bought 1 scented candle all of last year? It’s not like you could create a scent that people would be willing to spend lots and lots of money on.


Question: What exactly is the Laplace transform?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is the Laplace transform?

The Laplace transform is similar to the Fourier transform, but both have their strengths and weaknesses. If you're also unsure of what a Fourier transform does, then here's the ELI5: a Fourier transform takes a regular, arbitrary signal (recorded for some period of time) and splits it up into the types of waves you'd have to add in order to get that signal. As an example of how this is useful, consider a communication where each wave frequency has different meaning. You have to send all the waves together, so the end result is a tangled mess. The Fourier transform tells you what frequencies are present, and what their intensities are, thereby detangling the signal. The Laplace transform does the same thing, but works on signals that a Fourier transform might not (and vice versa)


Question: When should bitwise operators be used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When should bitwise operators be used?

Bitwise operators allow you to manipulate the values of individual bits in a word. It is useful when you're working with limited memory (typically because of simple hardware) because you can then pack 8 values in a single byte instead of using 8 booleans (which costs 8 bytes, because in many languages, a boolean is implemented using 1 byte).


Question: Why water in the arctic that's below freezing, not frozen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why water in the arctic that's below freezing, not frozen?

Salt lower the freezing point of water. In the same way that salt is used as an ice melter for sidewalks in winter.


Question: How does my computer prevent feedback when on a video call and my mic isn’t muted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does my computer prevent feedback when on a video call and my mic isn’t muted?

Because your computer _knows_ what its sending out of _its_ speakers/headphones/audio out and will actually _cancel_ that signal out of anything coming in from your microphone. Same reason why a conference call phone or a phone on speakerphone doesn't have the problem yet when you bring another phone nearby you get feedback. Since the dawn of conference call phones self-noise cancellation has been a thing. To a point, and it depends on which apps are in play. If you use VSee or Discord for gaming with friends, but have the in-game audio chat coming through as well, you might get your voice comms bleeding through the game output at the same time - the game can't know what you're talking into Discord unless Discord is integrated into the game / platform (like Steam). If you mix Discord or Skype with ingame Steam chat for example you get weird results and echos and bad news.


Question: Why can cows and other animals constantly produce milk but humans cannot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can cows and other animals constantly produce milk but humans cannot?

All female mammals only produce milk after being pregnant. If you're thinking of dairy cows, they "constantly" produce milk because they are constantly being inseminated, going through pregnancy, giving birth, then having their babies taken away (and killed if male), and being artificially milked for human consumption. Then the cycle repeats until they aren't seen as being productive anymore, then they're killed. The same thing *could* be done to human women, but it would break a whole bunch of different laws (plus, you know, ethics) ....


Question: What force is driving all galaxies to rush away from each other at an ever quickening-speed? The expansion rate of the observable universe is accelerating. Where does it get the energy? Is it even energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What force is driving all galaxies to rush away from each other at an ever quickening-speed? The expansion rate of the observable universe is accelerating. Where does it get the energy? Is it even energy?

Couple of things.... 1. Not every galaxy is rushing away from every other galaxy, for example the Andromeda galaxy and our own milky way are headed right for each other and will collide any minute now(just kidding, itll be a few billion years before they collide). 2. Most galaxies appear to be rushing away from each other not because they're in motion away from each other like two cars driving in opposite directions on a road, but because the space between them is expanding. The most common analogy is, imagine using a marker to draw dots on a balloon, and then blowing that balloon up. The dots are just drawn on the balloons surface, so they're fixed, not really "moving". Yet as you blow it up, they appear to be further apart. This is more or less the same thing that's happening in 3D out in the universe. The galaxies are moving in all kinds of random directions, but on really big scales that movement is overcome by the expansion of the universe. That's roughly the limit of what we know for sure, beyond here is the purely theoretical stuff, so beware. Everyone knows the phrase "what goes up, must come down", that's just how gravity works, it pulls everything with mass towards everything else with mass. On a universal scale, this should mean that eventually the gravity of all the mass in the universe overcomes the initial "kick" that the big bang gave it, and everything eventually falls back together. But that's not what's observed, and honestly, we have absolutely nothing but educated guesses as to why. The most common guess I'm aware of is that empty space has a constant energy density. But wait, that doesn't make sense, right? Empty space is empty by definition, there's nothing there so it can't have energy, right? Well buddy, welcome to the wonder that is the universe we live in. Empty space is NOT empty, and no matter how empty you try to make it, it always has at least some tiny amount of energy. Why, you ask? I dunno. Nobody does. Best guess is god likes screwing with us(like seriously, that's ACTUALLY the best guess we have right now). Anyway, what does this constant energy density have to do with galaxies not slowing down? Well, in layman's terms, if empty space has a specific energy density, then a bunch of magical einstein math happens and that energy results in "negative pressure" on a universal scale, pushing the galaxies apart, and as they get pushed apart, more space is added, meaning more pressure that pushes the galaxies faster meaning more space and more pressure and..... you see where this is going. So that's why universal expansion isn't slowing down. Probably. Maybe.


Question: Will automation cause an inflation or deflation on the price of goods and services in the future?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Will automation cause an inflation or deflation on the price of goods and services in the future?

Automation, ignoring other factors, by itself will lead to deflation. Technology and automation reduces the cost a firm must pay to produce something, and this cost reduction will be passed on to the consumer, lowering the price. If automation or technology hypothetically occurs across the whole economy prices everywhere will drop. However, the central bank will see prices dropping and increase the money supply, which increases the inflation rate. So in practice there will not be deflation because the central bank will adjust for it. There was a huge problem with deflation by exactly this mechanism I describe in the late 19th century in the United States. Because of the gold standard, the supply of money was fixed, so there was no monetary policy or central bank which could adjust in response to technology and automation. So just as I described, the overall price level in the economy dropped [causing serious problems.]( URL_0 )


Question: what is the difference between the different salts? Table salt vs sea salt vs ice salt? Is it different or could I use them interchangeably?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between the different salts? Table salt vs sea salt vs ice salt? Is it different or could I use them interchangeably?

Table salt often has iodine added to it, which improves thyroid function. Sea salt doesn't, and has a few mineral impurities which affect flavor. Road salt may have other additives to improve its function.


Question: Why is there a need to physically react when feeling excitement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a need to physically react when feeling excitement?

Emotions (and therefore excitement) release compounds such as endorphins/ hormones that travel through the body to illicit a physical response. When given a certain stimuli (such as getting a new puppy), we release the hormones associated with excitement. The hormones then enter the parts of the body that you would feel “excited” in. This results in a few different things, such as increased heart rate, “tingly” feeling in body, “happy” feeling in head/brain, dilated pupils, etc. There are names for each hormone and what they do, but that would not be an ELI5. As mentioned by the other poster, at this point, your brain can control how you react, though we usually don’t develop this control until later in life. Example: Tingly excitement feeling can result in a toddler clapping their hands rapidly without worrying about how others view the clapping. Though, when you get excited, you may feel like you want to clap your hands due to the hormones, but your brain has matured enough to recognize that clapping rapidly in a certain setting would make you look bad and therefore you don’t clap like a toddler. I’m sure a neurologist or endocrinologist could give a much better explanation but this is summation.


Question: How is Zimbabwe still operating as a country when its unemployment rate is around 95%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Zimbabwe still operating as a country when its unemployment rate is around 95%?

95% are officially unemployed. The truth is they are likely to be unofficially employed, working the black market or subsistence farming, just not reporting their earnings or employment to the government.


Question: how do wireless chargers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do wireless chargers work?

Electrons moving through a coil create an electromagnetic field. Conversely, if you put a coil in an electromagnetic field, you can get electrons to move. The charger has a coil that creates an electromagnetic field, and your phone has a coil that picks up the electromagnetic field and moves electrons to charge your phone.


Question: . What is the psychological reason people are terrified of rodents or other small animals/insects that will not harm them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . What is the psychological reason people are terrified of rodents or other small animals/insects that will not harm them?

your brain has an innate fear response to stimulus that has historically been associated with danger. And by historically I mean evolutionary. These fears have been ingrained into neural circuits that you are born with, so they act as a kind of instinct. Most mammals for instance will instinctively avoid snake like objects even if they have never seen or learned about snakes before.


Question: If the moon revolves around the Earth monthly, why are solar eclipses (total or not) so rare?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the moon revolves around the Earth monthly, why are solar eclipses (total or not) so rare?

The moon is tilted with respect to the earth's orbit around the sun, and only truly comes between the earth and sun for about a month twice a year, a time know as eclipse season. Eclipse season is currently in February and August, and will shift slightly from year to year.


Question: How exactly does Therapy work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does Therapy work?

Gradual and minor changes can help. A trained professional may be able to give you advice about small things, not just the root of the issue, and give you better coping mechanisms, a different perspective of what is going on. Likewise, many people find that venting to someone they can trust, just talking about their problems, makes them feel a little better.


Question: Albinism seems like a very disadvantageous mutation. How has it continued in the animal kingdom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Albinism seems like a very disadvantageous mutation. How has it continued in the animal kingdom?

A mutation can appear more than once in time. Albino animals pretty much never have albino parents, it just appears randomly and likely subsides again as the chances of reproduction are lowered. The parents have instead carried an albino gene, without being albino themselves.


Question: What's the difference between a SQL and a NoSQL database?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between a SQL and a NoSQL database?

SQL Databases are designed as a series of tables that are related to each other. They usually have a fairly rigid structure. The "S" in SQL is for "Structured". NoSQL databases are usually thought of as a series of documents that have a much looser structure and relationship to each other.