Question: Why is Sears Holding doing so poorly and about to die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Sears Holding doing so poorly and about to die?

Such as the recent bankruptcy of Sears Canada for example? Probably the number one contributor to Sear's demise would be Eddie Lampert. He is the investment shark who bought the dying KMart in 2005 - which had considerable stock in Sears, which he used to wrest control of Sears properly. Since then he's done nothing but use the assets of the company to maximize his own gains, and done nothing to roll any of those gains into renewing or revitalizing any of the stores, brands etc. For example, he sold Craftsman tools - arguably one of the best brands in America. Good quality, lifetime warranty. For $900M. This guy is probably one of the best examples of a Gordon Gekko style investor: buy it, squeeze it, leverage it, strip it, sell the carcass. As opposed to Warren Buffett style investors who buy it, nurture it, care, feed and water it and make money off long term value gain and dividends.


Question: Why is it easier to fall asleep in the morning, when you should be getting up, yet so much harder to sleep at night when your supposed to be sleeping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to fall asleep in the morning, when you should be getting up, yet so much harder to sleep at night when your supposed to be sleeping?

Partly in the morning if you have already slept then your muscles will be relaxed and it’ll be easier to get comfortable and fall asleep


Question: Why is the Sun Yellow and the Moon White?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Sun Yellow and the Moon White?

I think this perception is more so that we accociate the sun with being yellow and the moon being white. However, this is not the case for either. You are right in that the sun emits more yellow light than other wavelengths, and due to scattering of the atmosphere, we see a yellow sun at sea level. The same thing happens with the moon as well, If you see the moon when it is still bright outside, it looks white because it is competing with light from the sun as well. But in the middle of the night and the moon is high in the sky, the moon will also have a slight yellow tint to it as well.


Question: How does copper in gloves, socks, or compression sleeves relieve pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does copper in gloves, socks, or compression sleeves relieve pain?

It doesn’t do anything. As for why it’s bogus; that would be because it doesn’t do anything. Fools are easily parted from their money and there’s always someone willing to sell them some bullshit.


Question: How do/did amino acids combine into RNA/DNA or other self replicating molecules that eventually became life as we know it today?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do/did amino acids combine into RNA/DNA or other self replicating molecules that eventually became life as we know it today?

The exact instant isn't known. With the right chemicals in the right ratios, complex structures are possible but unlikely. That's preventing us from duplicating the event, it might take thousands of years of runtime for millions of little tidal ponds. Once a structure forms, it can be chemically duplicated over and over until you run out of the right chemicals.tides can allow it to spread between adjacent ponds until it mutates to form a fatty cell boundary around itself to protect it from being diluted. The changes are random, but the ones that work survive and the rest are lost.


Question: How do last minute death sentence appeals to the Supreme Court work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do last minute death sentence appeals to the Supreme Court work?

Each [federal circuit is assigned to a single justice]( URL_1 ) (for multiple purposes), and [a single justice can issue an emergency stay]( URL_0 ) if they need to do so in the middle of the night. Edit: I found an article about a specific example of this: [Riding Circuit: How Supreme Court Justices Can Act Alone]( URL_2 ) if you're interested in how this sometimes plays out in real life.


Question: how do hexadecimal numbers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do hexadecimal numbers work?

> Also how is it so hard to guess a 64 bit hexadecimal number that is less than another like in bitcoin mining? That's not how bitcoin works. First, bitcoin uses SHA-256, which means it works on 256 bit numbers. Second, it's not "less than", it's "find an input that when fed through sha256 produces a number starting with the right number of zeroes". It's not very easy to explain that, but imagine that sha256 is a sort of a blender: you put ingredients in, blend them, and out comes out a milkshake. Only for sha256 it works such that even tiny changes to the input produce huge and random looking changes to the output. This means that getting the output you want is only possible by throwing in stuff at random until you happen to get it right by chance. It's a matter that's hard to explain because the whole thing is full of math and doesn't really have intuitive real-life equivalents. > Isn't there a hexadecimal representation of 0? Yes, 0


Question: If blood cells are needed to repair a fractured bone, why is elevation recommended - especially after reduction/resetting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If blood cells are needed to repair a fractured bone, why is elevation recommended - especially after reduction/resetting?

The system to return blood from your feet back to your heart is quite complex - you have a sequence of one-way valves in your leg veins, and movements of the muscles in your legs squeeze the veins, helping to push blood back up. If your bones are broken, you don't move your muscles much, so this system doesn't work as well as it should. in addition, your damaged blood vessels in your legs can heal better if they don't have high blood pressure trying to tear them back open again.


Question: Why do very large meteors appear green when streaking across the sky and is it the same reason why the Aurora Borealis is green?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do very large meteors appear green when streaking across the sky and is it the same reason why the Aurora Borealis is green?

I think it has to do with the actual makeup up the meteor it self . Certain gases will burn a different color when entering the atmosphere .


Question: How does futures trading work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does futures trading work?

No, it's not fraudulent as long as you have good reason to believe you can secure the items when needed. Kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5:How does "trading futures" work? I've been told it's a good and cheap way to play the stock market, but everything I've read on it confuses me even more. ]( URL_0 ) ^(_13 comments_) 1. [ELI5... How do futures work? They really interest me but the over all concept escapes me. ]( URL_3 ) ^(_31 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What is the futures market? And how does it work? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What are 'futures'? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_19 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How does trading in the futures market work? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_3 comments_)


Question: Why is recycling not done at the level of the dumps themselves by professionals as opposed to individual people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is recycling not done at the level of the dumps themselves by professionals as opposed to individual people?

Well, not everything that's "recyclable" even gets recycled when it is sorted into its own "recyclable" bin. So they already have to apply time and energy to sort *that* stuff out. It would become even more difficult to sort out legitimate non-recyclable trash from the recyclable stuff once it's all mixed together. Recycling isn't a very profitable business and most places that recycle just... sell their waste to other countries to deal with it.


Question: Why does having your legs crossed effect blood pressure readings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does having your legs crossed effect blood pressure readings?

Crossing your legs raises one of your legs and also compresses leg tissues, forcing blood towards the heart and allowing it to pump blood more effectively. However, unlike when your heart pumps more blood in response to physiological conditions, where your vessels dilate to allow the increased blood flow to move, no change in the vessels occurs when you cross your legs. Better pumping + no change in blood vessels = increased blood pressure


Question: What is the USPS's relationship to the federal government?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the USPS's relationship to the federal government?

USPS is an "independent establishment of the executive branch." It functions more like a corporation whose assets are public and whose services and pricing decisions are controlled by the federal government than a traditional government agency. It still is considered a federal agency, though many statutes about agencies specifically exempt or make special provisions for USPS. Unlike most agencies, USPS does not receive appropriations from Congress, instead relying only on revenues from its services. USPS debt is sovereign, but the USPS still owes it. USPS also has a board of governors appointed by the president. The board chooses the Postmaster General, who sees to day-to-day operations and is the head of the agency. The PMG is independent of the president, which is different from many other agencies. USPS is governed by many statutes that don't normally apply to federal agencies, like OSHA, the NLRA, and SOX. USPS's employees are also more limited in their civil service protections, with many not qualifying for those protections at all. There's a lot more information on USPS at URL_0 .


Question: Why do we associate 'bad smells' with smelling bad? What makes the smell 'bad' and what makes it 'good'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we associate 'bad smells' with smelling bad? What makes the smell 'bad' and what makes it 'good'?

We find certain smells almost universally off putting because they're associated with something that could make us sick. Decaying bodies, excrement, and ammonia are all smells that indicate you shouldn't be eating anything around here, so we've evolved a response of disgust.


Question: How do you control fingers that have been stitched back on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you control fingers that have been stitched back on?

Depends on how the nerves heal. Often times they can restore some mobility but usually not all sensitivity. In my case I can bend the finger at the middle but not the tip but have limited sensitivity on much of it kinda like wearing a glove only over that finger.


Question: Why do artists and painters in movies always hold out their pen and focus on it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do artists and painters in movies always hold out their pen and focus on it?

They're using the pen/brush handle/thumb as a reference for judging the size of an object, keeping it at arms length every time gives you a constant good-enough-for-art measurement.


Question: How do tattoo parlors get around copyright laws?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do tattoo parlors get around copyright laws?

Generally speaking, the copyright holder must prove the copied work has a negative effect on the work's value or potential market. A tattoo artist who inks a cartoon character onto a client without obtaining permission from the original illustrator may be infringing by affecting the potential market of the character; the illustrator could sell drawings to tattoo parlors for use on clients. On the other hand, the client is less likely to be considered infringing, since his display of the work is usually not for profit and in most cases would not affect the work's value or market.


Question: how math worked before the number 0 was invented?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how math worked before the number 0 was invented?

When people talk about the invention of zero they don't mean literally the concept of nothing, they mean the idea of a place value system where you would want to explicitly note on paper (or papyrus/clay tablet/whatever) the absence of value by using some symbol. The roman numeral system we're all still partially used to (where I=1, V=5, X=10) doesn't have a written zero, with the consequence that all the place-value based algorithms for long addition, subtraction, multiplication and division you learned in grade school (the ones that have you "borrow" or "carry the one") don't work with roman numerals. That doesn't mean that you can't add V + VI to get XI or even subtract III - III to get nothing, just that there's no efficient way to add MCMLXXIV and MCCXXIV. It's also probably the case that many working scholars in ancient Egypt and other bronze and early iron age civilizations had some way of representing things like "a lack of 10s", even if only by carefully leaving space between the 1s and 100s, but this didn't make the leap to standardized common usage.


Question: When trading options on stocks, how is buying “deep, in the money” calls similar to shorting a stock?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When trading options on stocks, how is buying “deep, in the money” calls similar to shorting a stock?

It isn't? Purchasing far in the money calls gives you an asset that behaves very similarly to the underlying stock itself


Question: How do tax cuts for businesses work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do tax cuts for businesses work?

Shareholder demands. The people that own the companies want to see a good post-tax profit margin every year, because this is where they make their money, either through dividends or through increases in stock prices*. If a company makes no profits, it generally doesn't pay taxes, but it also doesn't make any money for the owners. If an investment isn't making you money, you pull your money out and put it somewhere else that will make money.


Question: How does a company go about separating, like with Activision Blizzard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a company go about separating, like with Activision Blizzard?

I can’t say In activisions case. But my old company simply bought themselves a majority share. This means the company took all of their profits and bought back their own stock. In my old companies case it took around 10 years to complete but with enough capital a company could do it overnight.


Question: How does the fast inverse square root algorithm work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the fast inverse square root algorithm work?

The fast inverse square root algorithm has two main parts: the first "good guess" at what the square root is, then a quick process to make it a better guess. For the good initial guess, we want to look at what we are solving. For some x, we want to know what 1/sqrt(x) is equal to. Now, based on math rules, we know that sqrt(x) can also be represented as x^{1/2}, so 1/sqrt(x) = 1/x^{1/2}. Next thing is that, by other math rules, we know that x^{-1/2} = 1/x^{1/2}. And *this* is a number we can work with. Now we are trying to find x^{-1/2} (same number, different way of expressing it). The trick to doing this requires knowing about how floating-point numbers are stored in the computer. Essentially, they are stored in a kind of scientific notation, like how we would write 2.98 * 10^{23} to express big numbers. The only difference is that, since its computers and binary, we get a number more like 1.01101 * 2^{101101} or similar. This is stored as just a string of bits, like 01101101101, and we just set it up so that a constant number of bits means the first part, and the rest mean the exponent. Now, to get x^{-1/2}, we first start by dividing the number by two. A fancy trick to do this in computers is just to shift the bits down, so that the last bit disappears and the left gets a zero added, like so: 01101101101 00110110110 This divides the exponent in half, but also has the unintended consequence of adding a random bit onto the "left" of the exponent that should have been part of the other half. This is fixed by a really fancy number, 0x5f3759df. When you take our new value above (call it y) and subtract it from the number above (0x5f3759df - y), a couple of "magic" things happen. The bits line up in such a way that A) the exponent half of y goes from positive to negative B) the "extra bit" that was pushed in to the exponent gets put back into the other half, and the other half pushes over to make room for it. End result, after doing this, is that we get a rough approximation for x^{-1/2}, or the inverse square root. Now, this explanation has gone on long enough, so I'll just speed through the "finishing touches." There's this algorithm called Newton's Method that, given a good estimate for a function (like 1/sqrt(x)) can make that estimate better. Our fast inverse square root algorithm uses 1 iteration (run through) of the Newton Method to make our first, good guess even better, and then we are done. End result is something really close to the real answer, close enough that we don't really care to spend the CPU time to make it better.


Question: why is childhood trauma so hard to overcome?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is childhood trauma so hard to overcome?

When you are young, you are still developing your perception of the world. If your first experiences are bad, you have no good to balance it out, so it seems like everything is bad. But if you have had lots of good experiences, the your brains knows there is good in the world.


Question: What renders a cancerous tumor inoperable/not removable vs.Being able to remove it via surgery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What renders a cancerous tumor inoperable/not removable vs.Being able to remove it via surgery?

Generally, if it is too close to, wrapped around, or entering a vital organ that cannot have pieces removed, or if it is in a location that will cause death if an attempt to remove the tumor is made.


Question: How can every card deck shuffle be unique?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can every card deck shuffle be unique?

Every *proper* shuffle is unique. that is the key here. If you shuffle two decks identically on purpose then that's not very random, now is it? If you properly shuffle a deck, and aren't trying to pull gimmicks, then the odds of you shuffling a combination of cards never before seen is almost guaranteed. If you shuffle a deck badly or in some non-random way then you of course are more likely to get a duplicate. It's not assumed every shuffled deck is unique, it is just very very very unlikely that they are not.


Question: is it correct to say that if an airplane has 1/1000000 chance of crashing, in the flight number 500000 has a chance of 50% that an airplane has already crashed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is it correct to say that if an airplane has 1/1000000 chance of crashing, in the flight number 500000 has a chance of 50% that an airplane has already crashed?

> is it correct to say that if an airplane has 1/1000000 chance of crashing, in the flight number 500000 has a chance of 50% that an airplane has already crashed? No. Consider a 6-sided die. There's a 1/6 chance that you'll roll a 1. But you don't have a 50% chance of rolling a 1 after three rolls. The way you calculate this is by calculating the odds of *not* rolling a 1 three times in a row. The odds of rolling a 1 are 1/6, and thus the odds of rolling anything else are 5/6. So the odds of rolling "anything else" three times in a row are: 5/6 * 5/6 * 5/6 = 5/6^3 = 125/216 ~= 0.578703 So the odds of rolling a 1 at least once after three rolls is 1 minus the odds of never rolling a 1 after three rolls: 1 - 0.578703 = 0.421296 ~= **42%** After three tosses of the die, there's a 42% that you will have rolled at least a single 1 **** The plane example is essentially the same thing. 1 - (999,999 / 1,000,000)^500,000 ~= 0.393469 ~= **39%** So a 39 percent chance of crashing in the first half-million flights (also note that plane crashes are a *lot* rarer than one in a million). And in case you're wondering about what happens after a million flights: 1 - (999,999 / 1,000,000)^1,000,000 = ~0.63212 ~= **63%** Which fits your intuition that you shouldn't automatically have crashed by the millionth flight.


Question: How are you able to represent yourself in a court of law without passing the bar or being able to practice law?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are you able to represent yourself in a court of law without passing the bar or being able to practice law?

An individual has the right to a qualified legal defense of some kind, but that also means the individual has the right to forego that qualified legal defense, regardless of how much you know about the law. That is your right because you can't be expected to give up some amount of free speech to a third party to speak for you at a trial. If somehow you did win the case, that doesn't mean you are qualified by government standards to practice law. There are many ways a person defending his or herself could win a case without knowing a single thing about the law. The same can be said about medicine - you can disinfect a wound, but that doesn't make you a qualified surgeon.


Question: What can I do, as one man, to clean the ocean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What can I do, as one man, to clean the ocean?

Extra: I understand that this is probably not the best place to post this question, as it's probably got lots of big answers. But I don't really do reddit or much of the Internet even, and I just want to do my bit. Any help is great. Thank you


Question: What does E= mc^2 really mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does E= mc^2 really mean?

a way this is used is when some kinds of elements which are radioactive like some kinds of uranium releases radiation. This radiation comes in 3 forms. Well only talk about one form that is gamma radiation. When uranium radiates gamma radiation, this gamma radiation has no mass but it was observed that the uranium sample kept decreasing in mass. This was observed and it was concluded that energy of the gamma radiation radiated was proportional to the mass lost from the uranium. So some simple calculations were done and e=mc^2 where e is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light.


Question: Why can't astronomers say with certainty if a specific asteroid will or won't strike the earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't astronomers say with certainty if a specific asteroid will or won't strike the earth?

Because of the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, asteroid belt, Kuiper Belt, and Oort cloud. Most people assume that asteroids go in a straight line. But what many of us forget is that the gravity of nearby planets affect the trajectory of an asteroid. Even a pull of a body as small as the Moon can drastically affect the direction and speed an asteroid is going, even if it's on the other side of the solar system! Also, nearby stars also have a minuscule, but still measurable, gravitational effect. These effects might only pull an asteroid a couple millimeters in another direction, but over time, these changes add up. Humans don't have enough computational power (yet) to try and compute all these different unknowns. Trying to predict the direction of an asteroid is known as the [N-Body problem]( URL_0 ).


Question: Is there a scientific or logical explanation for why when we try something by ourselves we do it perfectly, but when we call in other people to watch us do that thing, we all of a sudden mess it up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a scientific or logical explanation for why when we try something by ourselves we do it perfectly, but when we call in other people to watch us do that thing, we all of a sudden mess it up?

In many activities, as you're finally "getting" it, you're building up pathways in your brain to build up muscle memory. That is, you are training yourself to do a sequence of things in an order with less need to consciously control the minute details of those actions. The problem is that when you're being watched, you may become hyperaware of your actions and try to consciously control too many things than your brain can correctly handle, overriding the budding muscle memory and leading to mistakes.


Question: How do Casinos work and make a profit? “The house always win”

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Casinos work and make a profit? “The house always win”

They have a slightly higher chance to win. For example, roulette tables. Theres red and black, but also 2 green spaces. So its not exactly 50/50. Over time even at 49/51 odds the house will profit. Add liquor sales at 700% markup and other gimmicky shit and you got yourself a business. The best way to use a casino is to walk in, go straight to the bar, order 2 cokes(fountain drinks are typically free) and walk right out again. I used to do this daily when i lived in richmond bc. The skytrain stops right beside the casino and id always grab a few cokes for the hour long commute home. Win.


Question: Why will hot water freeze in less time than water room temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why will hot water freeze in less time than water room temperature?

Google says this: The Mpemba effect is the observation that warm water freezes more quickly than cold water. The effect has been measured on many occasions with many explanations put forward. One idea is that warm containers make better thermal contact with a refrigerator and so conduct heat more efficiently. Hence the faster freezing. Another is that warm water evaporates rapidly and since this is an endothermic process, it cools the water making it freeze more quickly. None of these explanations are entirely convincing, which is why the true explanation is still up for grabs. So I guess we're still waiting for an answer.


Question: Why can't you make fire underwater?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't you make fire underwater?

This isn't exactly correct. Certain materials such as magnesium, phosphorus or calcium will burn underwater as long as they have an alternative source of oxygen normally say manganese dioxide or potassium chloride. It's not fire like burning a piece of paper but it is combustion


Question: What js the difference between unconsciousness and sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What js the difference between unconsciousness and sleep?

Imagine your brain is an office building. During the day, when you're awake, all kinds of stuff is going on. During the night, much less is going on, but there's still a regular schedule for who's supposed to be there overnight and what's supposed to be happening. There will still be security guards on duty, janitors cleaning, and probably some office workers working during the night. That's what being asleep is like. It's something your brain does intentionally. It's scheduled, and your brain has certain maintenance work scheduled for sleep time. Unconsciousness is more like "there was a fire in the building and everyone has been evacuated." A lot of the normal stuff your brain does while asleep is not happening.


Question: What makes the human mind dwell so easily on embarrassing experiences even after a long time since they occurred?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes the human mind dwell so easily on embarrassing experiences even after a long time since they occurred?

Embarrassment usually happens when you perceive yourself to have messed up in some way (especially when others witness it). Humans are social creatures, and our group is really important. We don't want to lose our group because they think we are screw ups, so the brain tries to hammer home every mistake so that we don't make it again. Does that make sense/answer your question?


Question: How do user-visible encryption codes work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do user-visible encryption codes work?

There is a type of encryption where two parties are able to communicate securely over an unsecure line. What's happening is that both phones will come up with a large and random number, so large and random that its virtually impossible for somebody to accidentally guess anybody else's number in any lifetime, never mind accidentally or intentionally guess *your* number. Then they use some math to turn that number into two numbers or keys, one is a private key and the other a public key. The private key is secret and never leaves the phone, but the public key can be given to anybody, in this case your friend on the other phone. Now, when the two phones communicate with each other initially, there is no encryption yet. In order to communicate with encryption, both sides will need a copy of the same encryption key, but since the internet is not encrypted, they can't come up with a shared key without hackers being able to also get it. This is where the public and private keys come in. Both your phone and your friend's will give each other their public keys. At this point, it doesn't if a hacker can see it because the hacker can't do anything useful with only the public keys. Next, your phone will take your friend's public key and use some math to combine it with your private key to produced a new key. Your friend will do the same with your public key and their private key. With this type of math, you both will produce the exact same new key, even though your inputs were different. This new key becomes the shared key for the encryption. Since the hacker doesn't know either of your private keys, they cannot reproduce your shared keys. WhatsApp and Telegram are simply converting your shared keys into a form that is much easier for humans to also verify. If the numbers shown by WhatsApp are different on each of your phones, then its means that some hacker is pretending to be your friend's phone and is ease dropping on your conversation, or you aren't talking to your friend at all, but a hacker pretending to be your friend. Usually this may happen by the hacker intercepting your public keys in the beginning and then forwarding their own public key. Since they cannot guess what either your private key is or what your initial random number was, they give you their own public key and claim that it came from your friend. Now, everytime you send a message to your friend, you are really talking to the hacker who then forwards the message (or changes it) to your friend. However, if you and your friend compare each other's numbers from WhatsApp, you'll notice they don't match and know that a hacker is involved.


Question: How do soldiers in war don't shoot at each other accidentally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do soldiers in war don't shoot at each other accidentally?

We go through alot of training for this. Whether it is daytime or nightime, it doesn't matter, we train through it alot of scenarios. It really is a matter of awareness and muzzle control. Must absolutely be aware of your surroundings and control your trigger finger.


Question: Why is charcoal used to make fire starting easier?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is charcoal used to make fire starting easier?

Charcoal *is* dry wood. It is wood that has been heated without oxygen (to prevent it from burning) which removes absolutely all water and decomposes parts of the wood, leaving mostly carbon residue which is much more volatile than dry wood.


Question: How are the prices of fuel at gas stations determined everyday?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are the prices of fuel at gas stations determined everyday?

Mathematical modelling. One obvious input is the cost of oil. However, this cost only forms a smallish fraction of the cost at which a gas station can get fuel from their supplier. A large part of that cost is more or less fixed -- taxes, distribution costs, etc. And the fluctuations on oil costs are, by far, not the only input that influences the final price. Notably, in many European countries the current standard is already beyond "prices determined every day". Most gas station chains adjust their prices dynamically during the day to optimize their profits. They use computers to crunch the numbers they have to determine the optimal deviations from the mean gas price. For example, during the morning rush hour and (to a slightly smaller extent) at night they can raise the price by a few cents without scaring off customers, while at off-peak hours it pays off to lower the price by a few cents to attract bargain hunters. Some other countries didn't get to this point yet, and others have legislation preventing the gas stations from this degree of optimizations (usually requiring them to hold the declared price for 24 hours). In those countries the computation of the final price becomes a bit easier, but it's still a cost-benefit analysis where you use both the costs of inputs and your data on customer behavior to determine the price that yields the optimal profit. One final thing to note is that the fuel margins are quite small and a gas station cannot survive on those alone. Most of the profits are usually made in store (fast food, snacks and drinks, lottery tickets, etc.), so your customer behavior is also one of the inputs into the process of determining the price, and slightly *lowering* your fuel margin but attracting more customers who then spend money at the store can often be more profitable in the end.


Question: How does the Twin's Paradox work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Twin's Paradox work?

The Twins Paradox is an illustration of the process of Einsteinian time dilation. So, you start with a pair of twins, who are exactly the same age. One of them, Fred, remains on Earth, while the other, Wilbur, gets into a spaceship and embarks upon interstellar travel. Wilbur has a very powerful spaceship with immense acceleration (beyond present technology). He travels to Alpha Centauri, a star that is four and a half light years away, and it only takes him a week (ship-board time) to get there. Wilbur spends another week exploring the Centauri system and making fantastic scientific discoveries, but he doesn't want to stay away too long because he knows that his brother Fred misses him. He then travels back to Earth at high acceleration and again, it only take him a week, as measured by ship-board time. So he returns to Earth, 3 weeks older than when he left. However his brother Fred is now 9 years older. Time slows down in a spaceship travelling at close to the speed of light, relative to the rate at which time continues to pass on Earth. So the two twins, who were once the same age, are now paradoxically not the same age.


Question: Despite living in a digital world, where our electronic services celebrate no holidays... How my bank can delay my pay on a holiday?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Despite living in a digital world, where our electronic services celebrate no holidays... How my bank can delay my pay on a holiday?

Because there’s no one at the bank to process or check the payments and deposits and whatnot. And no one at the issuing bank to verify the money being sent out.


Question: How did we first figure out that light even had a speed that could be measured?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we first figure out that light even had a speed that could be measured?

Ole Rømer figured it out. He watched how Io, one of Jupiter's moons, acted when eclipsed. From earth if you see it, the moon seems to either disappear or reappear instantly. you don't see it fading out in phases or anything. This should happen once every 42.5 hours. But during different parts of the year it would take slightly longer or would be slightly shorter. It was clear that something was making the light take longer to get here sometimes. Since you can observe that Io is moving at a constant rate, you know it can't be because anything is going faster or slower. The only real conclusion is that the thing must be getting farther or closer, and that the time it takes to see it is whats changing. Which means light travels at finite speed.


Question: Why dont any highways/private tolls have speed limits above 85MPH? Why has no road in America ever attempted no-speed limit zones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why dont any highways/private tolls have speed limits above 85MPH? Why has no road in America ever attempted no-speed limit zones?

The interstates in Montana used to have daytime speed limits of "reasonable and prudent". It was eventually changed because the courts decided that was too ambiguous, it did not define what was legal and what was not.


Question: What are the differences between storms? What makes a 5 year storm different than a 100 year storm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the differences between storms? What makes a 5 year storm different than a 100 year storm?

Weather observations have been going for about 150 years now. We now know that in 150 years we should expect to get a certain number of storms. Many will be weak storms that occur often. Others will be powerful, such that you won't expect to see another storm like that for some time. So if we see 30 storms of a specific power over those 150 years, then that strength of storm is a 5 year storm. A 100 year storm would be a storm that only appears between 1 or 2 times in 150 years. There is no specific threshold that makes a storm a 100 year storm. It is how a new storm compares to the past data that gives its rating.


Question: how is more wealth created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is more wealth created?

Whenever you engage in a consensual trade of goods and services you are giving something you value less for something you value more - and so is the other party. Once the trade is complete, both parties have more 'wealth' than they had previously because they both have something they value more. Wealth can't be created by AI (at least any AI we know) because value is a subjective human concept. What Branson is probably getting at is that human capabilities exist along a bell curve. While almost anyone can mow lawns for a living, relatively few people can perform brain surgery. As you create better and better tools, you start reducing the need for low end jobs. For example, in ancient China, Emperors used to keep their lawns tidy by having peasants with miniature scythes cut the lawn. This was enormously labor-intensive. In modern-day China, the political elite instead hire a much smaller number of laborers who use lawn mowers. In future China, they'll probably just buy an automated lawn mower and perhaps a single technician to supervise dozens of those devices. If you're a person whose capabilities are limited to 'mow a lawn with a hand scythe', then you're out of a job and unlikely to find another. Likewise, if all you're capable of doing is operating a simple lawnmower, the elimination of your labor category is a big problem. This is also why people get upset about 'outsourcing' - the jobs outsourced are the sort of low-skill jobs that are at the limit of many people's capabilities. Basic income is intended as a way to deal with this problem. People whose jobs are displaced by technology (or outsourcing) are instead simply given money by the government so they can live. Unfortunately, the value of labor is not only in the money received but also the social and psychology value of earning that money. When you take away earning the money and replace it with a check, you tend to end up with a disruptive underclass that is inimical to a free, democratic society. Perhaps the best example of this process at work would be a place that has had basic income for years: Saudi Arabia. It is a hotbed of terrorism not because the elites want terrorism but because they have a vast underclass of bored, unemployed people who are deprived of the social and psychological rewards of work.


Question: Why does heat make the air wiggly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does heat make the air wiggly?

When light goes from one medium to another, it experiences what is known as refraction. At the moment it passes from one to the other, it bends at an angle specific to that substance, that angle varies depending on density and what it is made of. This is why if you look at a pool of water, your perception of depth is really odd at shallow angles. When air is hot, it rises. That rising hot air mixes with cooler air just above it in a chaotic swirling mess. Light passes from hot, light air to cool, denser air over and over and over as it mixes. That makes it shimmer and wave


Question: How does the Cosine Law work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Cosine Law work?

So we can state the law of cosines in it's most common form: c² = a² + b² - 2ab•cos(C) Which it sounds like you've already found. It's important to recognise what the a, b, c and A, B, C terms are - lower case here refers to the triangle sides, and upper case is the internal angle opposite this side. As for how it works exactly, [watch Salman Khan's video on a proof]( URL_0 ) which explains it more intuitively than I can.


Question: How do routing numbers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do routing numbers work?

They are determined by the Fed. It's just a numerical designation to identify each institution. There a a bunch of distinct institutions bin the US. Nothing beyond the institution is in the routing number. That's why you have to give an account number at that institution as well with instructions.


Question: What’s so special about C-level employees that makes them worth multi-million dollar signing bonuses, salaries, and even leaving bonuses? What special skills do they really have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s so special about C-level employees that makes them worth multi-million dollar signing bonuses, salaries, and even leaving bonuses? What special skills do they really have?

Just like any high level employee you are hiring people with knowledge and experience. So for one, there are only so many people with C-level experience in major corporations on Earth. They are often from an affluent background, usually a requirement for the education and experience they have. They know key people in the industry and often in government, have strong leadership skills, and can influence people of power. Two, These people have high-stress jobs by definition. Even when not at the office these people carry cellphones to be perpetually on-call and rarely stop working. They make tough decisions that can make or break a multi-billion dollar company and cost thousands jobs Three, Giving them stock gives them a direct financial incentive to make the company more profitable. But with that said, part of the problem with C-levels is that they only have each other to compare against for compensation packages, and they often can write their own contracts. So they play a game where the try to kind of either out-do one another, or just want what an equivalent person has. Similarly companies have to offer ridiculous packages to bring a qualified executive on board. But the simple reality is the field's compensation packages are grossly over inflated. They don't make 7-figure salaries and have Golden parachutes because they necessarily earn them. They have these privileges because they can get away with it. C-levels have spent the past several decades increasing the stakes and stacking the deck in their favor.


Question: Why can some plastics not be recycled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can some plastics not be recycled?

There are two kinds of "plastic" (broadly). 1. Thermo*plastic* 2. Thermo*set* The word "plastic" means changeable. A thermoplastic is like ice and water. When it's cold enough, it will become a solid and when warm enough it will melt into a liquid. While it is a warm liquid, it will take the shape of its container just like water in an ice cube trays. When cooled down, it hardens to a solid again like ice. That's how recycling works. A thermoset behaves more like a fried egg. It is liquid until it is heated enough to solidify. But you can't "uncook" an egg. If you heat it more, it will just burn. **More detail** A thermoplastic is a hydrocarbon polymer - a long chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms on the side. These long chains can behave like spaghetti - while cooking, the strands all slide past each other easily, but cooled and dry, they tangle into a solid cake (like a ramen noodle brick). Like a ramen noodle brick, they tend to be somewhat flexible and not very tough. These plastics are PET (as in soda bottles), Acrylic (as in plexiglass), or PC-ABS blends as in most electronics as well as many others. Just look for the SIC code on the back of recyclable materials and see [this chart]( URL_0 ) to see what they are. A thermoset *cross-links* when it is cooked. Like an egg or a cake. The hydrocarbons actually form covalent bonds *between* each other forming a structure that won't break when heated again until the whole material combusts. You can trigger this cross-linking through heat, UV exposure (as in that UV stuff a dentist uses in fillings, or 3D printing), or through a chemical reaction (like epoxy resin). Covalent bonds are strong, so cross-linked plastics tend to be tougher. Examples include aramids (as in kevlar fiber), the resin part of carbon fiber, polyurethane, and Bakelite.


Question: how does the new internet bill that Reddit hates so much work? Will I actually be able to call and request any person's web history? How will companies take advantage of this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the new internet bill that Reddit hates so much work? Will I actually be able to call and request any person's web history? How will companies take advantage of this?

No, definitely not. Basically, companies can collect data on you either to sell or for their own use. Other companies can buy this data. It helps them get insight in trends for their users. While good for the business, that means your personal life is being used for monetary gain. That's what happens with grocery store cards. You get a discount and they get to track your purchases. It's more of a problem with ISPs because they act as a utility but are trying to run as a business. Imagine if your power company sold your usage to another company. The big problem is ISPs not being treated as what they are, utilities. If they aren't utilities, they're a monopoly. They want to have it both ways.


Question: Why does the teletext/videotext in television looks that old and hasn't been updated (at least the appearance) since ages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the teletext/videotext in television looks that old and hasn't been updated (at least the appearance) since ages?

The system has not been updated because it's being replaced by the Web. In fact many companies are retiring their use of it completely.


Question: Why does USA allow Zimbabwe to use the USD? And what stops everyone else?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does USA allow Zimbabwe to use the USD? And what stops everyone else?

The US can't really stop a country using the dollar without massive amounts of work. The dollar is used all over the world for all sorts of things. To take one example, you have to buy oil in USD. Because it is the main world currency, governments keep some on hand at all times This suits the US just fine. Because everyone relies on the dollar, other nations will be at pains not. To tank the US economy because it makes them poorer too The USD isn't shared though. Zimbabwe doesn't have any power over it. Zimbabwe is tiny compared even to one US state, so it doesn't make a difference. Other countries use the dollar too. Like Vietnam and Cambodia. On the ground, dollars are accepted currency. Some countries, like Montenegro, use the Euro If you want a currency union between equal sized nations, there has to be value flows, or else all the wealth gets sucked into only a few places. This is happening in the Eurozone now, with money moving from South to North. To fix this, you need the North to give money to the south. That requires a close political union


Question: Why the definition of an integer is independent of the number base used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the definition of an integer is independent of the number base used?

The proper definition of integers relies on the natural numbers. The natural numbers are defined using the following basic definitions: * 0 is a natural number. * Every natural number x has a single successor S(x). * 0 isn't the successor of any natural number. This automatically defines the set of natural numbers - 0, S(0), S(S(0)), S(S(S(0))) and so on. For convenience, we named them: S(0) is called "1", S(S(0)) is called "2", and so on. Note however that while these "names" depend on which base you use, they are not required for the definition of the natural numbers. The integers can then be constructed from all the natural numbers, again without using any base.


Question: If I refract sunlight through a prism in a way that the same rainbow stays on my skin for a long time, what kind of burn would I get?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I refract sunlight through a prism in a way that the same rainbow stays on my skin for a long time, what kind of burn would I get?

If the prism is transparent to UV, yes, it would refract UV the same way (and the UV part of the spectrum would lie, invisibly, off the purple part of the rainbow). (That said, lots of glass is opaque to UV.) You would get a sunburn that is progressively worse the bluer in the spectrum you get, starting with no burn in the visible spectrum and ramping up as you leave the visible for the ultraviolet.


Question: Why can we inhale smoke from weed but not wood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we inhale smoke from weed but not wood?

I think it's a bit unfair to compare the two as one is a dried flower and the other is wood, a hard structural part of the plant. Although I'm not exactly sure what a dried flower is composed of exactly I'm sure it contains cellulose and maybe some lignin, as well as other various organic compounds and in the case of a Cannabis flower, THC, etc. Wood on the other hand I know contains a lot of cellulose and a lot of lignin. Wood burning is not very efficient, a lot of smoke and ash is created in the process due to incomplete combustion. There are various compounds in wood smoke including small particulates of carbon etc as well as a caustic alkali compound called "fly ash" which is probably one of the main culprits in irritating your nose throat and lungs. That being said, the amounts of material in a bonfire vs the amount of material in a "joint" is vastly different. I can't imagine your nose, throat, and lungs would fair much better in a "bonfire" of "weed".


Question: Why do defense contractors charge the government extremely inflated prices for simple components?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do defense contractors charge the government extremely inflated prices for simple components?

When components get those inflated prices they are not actually simple components. They are specialty components. For example, a $400 ashtray that goes on ships (back when they allowed smoking) that was designed to break into 3 blunt pieces if hit with enough force to shatter it.