Question: Can we actually save our planet or are we too late to stop certain extinction of our species?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can we actually save our planet or are we too late to stop certain extinction of our species?

From what empirical data I can gather there actually is no threat of extinction from climate change other than adapting to new living conditions. Humans lived through one of the ice ages and adapted to the cold conditions to procreate and populate the earth. The changes we have wrought on the earth will inevitably lead to different conditions in weather and pollution but none are insurmountable with todays technology. It all depends on our ability to adapt to these new conditions.


Question: Why does it take a lot of hot water to make a tub of cold water handwarm, but only little cold water to make a tub of hot water that same handwarm temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take a lot of hot water to make a tub of cold water handwarm, but only little cold water to make a tub of hot water that same handwarm temperature?

It likely depends on the temps. Lets say "hand warm" is 95 F. Hot bath water is likely 100 F. Hot tap water is likely say 115 F. Cold tap water may be 55 F in the winter. So to go from cold tap to warm, you need to climb 40 F. But to go from hot bath to warm bath you only need to drop 5 F. Now I ASSUMED the "cold bath" was cold tap 55 F. If it was a bath that cooled off it is likely 75 or so, so a 20 F climb to "hand warm". That said, everyone has a slightly different value for cool vs warm vs hot. Also, well water on a January day in New England is likely colder that in say Texas or Florida.


Question: Why is it considered offensive to call someone a ‘vegetable’ but perfectly acceptable to describe someone as being in a ‘vegetative state’?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it considered offensive to call someone a ‘vegetable’ but perfectly acceptable to describe someone as being in a ‘vegetative state’?

One is a medical description for a serious condition the other is a colloquial expression that carelessly uses a similar word which has a much broader connotation.


Question: why are the primary colours red, blue, yellow when they are not combinations for both additive and subtractive colour theories (rgb and cmy)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are the primary colours red, blue, yellow when they are not combinations for both additive and subtractive colour theories (rgb and cmy)?

For additive colours the primaries are red, green and blue. Red plus green makes yellow; red plus blue makes magenta; and green plus blue makes cyan. For subtractive colours the primaries are yellow, cyan and magenta. Yellow plus cyan makes green; yellow plus magenta makes red; and cyan plus magenta makes blue. School teachers and others that teach young children that the primaries are red, yellow and blue are talking about subtractive colours. They don't want to be using strange words like cyan and magenta so they say blue and red instead, even though this is technically incorrect. Often they do this without even being aware of the issue themselves.


Question: Why isn't electric motorcycles that big of a thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't electric motorcycles that big of a thing?

The biggest problem is with mileage. Electric cars have *massive* batteries in order to have reasonable mileage. A motorcycle, even with the much lighter body, would only have a range of about 50 miles at best with a battery the size of the existing fuel tank. Anything bigger would greatly change the aesthetics of the bike.


Question: Why do some pens and spray cans have that little ball in them so it rattles when you shake them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some pens and spray cans have that little ball in them so it rattles when you shake them?

It's called the agitator ball. It's purpose is to help mix the contents of the canister.


Question: Why is it possible to tell if you're watching an SNL skit just by the quality of the video itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it possible to tell if you're watching an SNL skit just by the quality of the video itself?

It's because the lighting is different. It's very similar to soap operas. They use evenly lit lights across the whole set, meaning that lighting is a lot less used for character focus and mood. The benefit is that they don't have to do a bunch of lighting work during short turnaround times between filming skits, and they can do continuous takes and have characters move around the set, all while looking pretty uniform. Read more: URL_0


Question: Why do money-wiring services exist when you can just email money for free?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do money-wiring services exist when you can just email money for free?

email doesn't happen out of thin air. you have to have a device. if you're poor you are unlikely to have a device. much of the money-wiring market is poor people transferring their wages home (often a foreign country.) when home *is* a foreign country there are regulations around how cash can be transferred (and I doubt that emailing money is allowed without some compliance infrastructure on the platform.)


Question: if the government invents something (sometimes the military invents things) is the technology/design of that invention in the public domain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if the government invents something (sometimes the military invents things) is the technology/design of that invention in the public domain?

That depends upon whether or not the technology is classified. If it's classified (nuclear weapons, NSA advanced snooping tools) then absolutely not. If it's not classified, then it's available for all. The most famous "not classified" government invention would be the internet. ARPANET was the the first version of the internet, and was created by DARAP (Defense Advance Research Projects Agency).


Question: How can I read a whole page of text, know I read it, but somehow not remember a word of it because I was thinking of something else while reading?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can I read a whole page of text, know I read it, but somehow not remember a word of it because I was thinking of something else while reading?

The human mind is capable of continuing tasks, even complex ones such as driving, while focusing on something else. As you become better and better at reading, your mind can continue to scan a page and identify the words while never actually processing them. It's the same reason people can drive for miles and not remember driving very far at all. The action of reading is no different, your mind recognizes words just like your mind recognizes speed limits or curves in the road. Your pace of reading is automatic and identifying the words is easier than actually remember them. Reading is an easy task after you've practiced for so many years and it can become as boring as driving a highway. That's why you can read through a page of text and be thinking of something else the entire time, you don't process or remember it, you just went into "auto-pilot".


Question: Honey in tea makes the resonance of the cup lower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Honey in tea makes the resonance of the cup lower?

You’re changing the density of the liquid in the cup. The heavier or denser the liquid becomes from dissolved solids the lower the resonance becomes. The density absorbs vibrations at different rates.


Question: How do modern smartwatches calculate steps, blood pressure and oxygen level in blood ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do modern smartwatches calculate steps, blood pressure and oxygen level in blood ?

Oxygen level is done via the color of your blood. That is called *Reflectance pulse oximetry.* The watch shines a light on your skin and the color reflection lets it measure blood flow and oxygenation. Steps are calculated by the accelerometer, which basically measures how fast and where the watch is going. There is a little math and analysis going on, but basically one swing forward and back is one step, because we swing our arms synchronous with our legs.


Question: What is the World Trade Organization? Why is it important? And what are the consequences of leaving it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the World Trade Organization? Why is it important? And what are the consequences of leaving it?

The world trade organisation makes standards for trade which countries follow to make trade more efficient. For example, how to handle shipping animal/food products between countries, standard sized containers and related equipment, how to handle country of origin for products built in multiple countries and many many more. The WTO also settles trade disputes, such as product dumping, unfair restrictions on trade and other trade matters. It also encourages member states to reduce tariffs to make the world more efficient and promote economic growth worldwide. If a country leaves the WTO, it is a symbolic stance that they will no longer follow these rules of international trade. They may ignore the greater good of mankind and do everything solely in their own favour. Countries may freely ban goods from certain countries, raise tariffs, make goods incompatible with a rival nation to hurt them, slash currency price to dump their products and so on. Fundamentally, the WTO is a solution to the prisoner’s dilemma. We can all prosper if we cooperate, suffer if we fight, but it is always more beneficial for a party to fight than cooperate. We put faith and trust in the WTO to force us to cooperate.


Question: why are hand vein configurations different from person to person?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are hand vein configurations different from person to person?

Veins all over the body are kinda like vines how they make their way back to the heart. Mostly they follow the path of least resistance, which can sometimes lead to differences in where they are branching or how often they branch too.


Question: Can a tree stump grow back into a full tree?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can a tree stump grow back into a full tree?

Depends on the species and health of the tree. Some store enough resources in their root systems to re-sprout from a stump. The stump itself doesn’t grow a new tree, but a new tree is generated from the still-living root system.


Question: How come costs get in the way of human progression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come costs get in the way of human progression?

Because for things with future payoff, "cost" is really a measure of "resources we need right now" and we may not have the resources. It's not an illusion, it's a real constraint. Suppose I have a guaranteed project for you that will pay off $10 billion in 10 years, but you have to invest $1 billion today. This really means "I need $1 billion worth of stuff to do this project." Do you have $1 billion, or the $1 billion worth of stuff? If not, it doesn't matter if the payoff is $10 billion or $100 trillion, you still can't do it. You can try to convince a bunch of other people that it's a good idea and get them to loan you the $1 billion but that isn't trivial and they're going to compare what you want to other places they might put that $1 billion. If they have better options, it doesn't matter how good your idea is, you're not getting the resources you need.


Question: Honestly, how does time, or the concept of “time,” even work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Honestly, how does time, or the concept of “time,” even work?

Could you explain what you're asking? Time is simply the fact that all things doesn't happen simultaneously


Question: How does the body know where to crease? Like why don’t we just balloon up and fill out completely if we gain weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the body know where to crease? Like why don’t we just balloon up and fill out completely if we gain weight?

We have fat cells that fill. Im pretty sure specific areas of our body have more fat cells than others and there is some variation between people.


Question: If the moon immediately vanished forever, what would would be the immediate effect on earth and what would happen to the planet and humans in the long run?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the moon immediately vanished forever, what would would be the immediate effect on earth and what would happen to the planet and humans in the long run?

I won't talk about how the tides would stop and the environmental effects of that, as others already spoke of that. Instead, I'll talk about the moon's very important role as a rotational stabilizer for the earth. First, let's talk about how the moon affect's earth's rotation speed. The moon affects earth's rotation speed via a phenomenon known as Tidal Braking. Basically, because the moon pulls on earth's oceans, it causes the oceans to have increased friction with the earth itself, which acts as a brake of sorts and slows the earth rotation down ever so slowly. This is not a one sided effect - as the complex interaction between the moon, the oceans, and the earth, also cause the moon to drift away slowly from the earth. Very early in earth's history, it rotated at a high speed, where a day lasted for about 5 hours as opposed to today's 24(ish). The moon's slowing of the earth rotation allowed it to gradually become more hospitable to life. This is a double edged sword, as in the far future, an extreme slowing down of earth's rotation will do the opposite of that. If the moon were to completely vanish (not drift away, not explode, just vanish) - the Tidal Braking effect would stop (or diminish, as other objects still pull on the earth's oceans), and the earth rotation will stop slowing down (or rather, the slowing down would slow down by a lot). In addition, the moon provides a stabilization to the earth's rotation axis. All rotating planets & stars don't rotate steadily - they wobble. Their rotational axis constantly moves around, wobbling like a spinning top. The effect is most pronounced in cosmic bodies which have other gravitational influences around it - for example the sun wobbles a whole bunch because of all the orbiting planets around it which pull it in all directions all the time. This is no different with the earth - the earth wobbles. However having a massive moon like ours provides a strong stabilization factor to this wobble. Because of the moon's mass and proximity, it offers the biggest influence on the earth's rotational axis, and in fact stabilizes it. Thanks to the moon, earth's axis is actually very stable, with a lot less wobble than other cosmic bodies, and this axial stabilization allows the earth's weather to be a lot more consistent as well. This has been a tremendous boon for life on earth, as a larger axial wobble would cause more climate instability, having catastrophic effects on earth's ecosystem. So if the moon were to completely vanish, one of the other things that would happen is that earth's climate will become less stable and less hospitable. Basically, the moon is our planet's other MVP. It's the reason you and I are here to talk about it today. Edits: A bunch of spelling & some minor elaborations


Question: Can someone explain the NASDAQ/DOW/S & P 500 numbers and what they mean when they are up or down at closing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain the NASDAQ/DOW/S & P 500 numbers and what they mean when they are up or down at closing?

Do you know the difference between degrees Farenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin? What temp does water freeze at? Well, could be zero, could be 32, could be (umm...) 273? Same actual "energy level", just different scales. Stock market indices are kinda the same -- different ways of measuring all **or some part** of the market. The market is big, and sometimes we want to "slice and dice it" in different ways. * The S & P 500 measures the performance of 500 largest publicly traded U.S. companies. * (It's NOT actually the 500 largest companies in America, because some of them are private.) * "The Dow" usually means the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which measures the performance of 30 U.S. mostly-manufacturers. * The Nasdaq Composite index and the Russell 2000 and -many- others measure other subsets of the U.S. markets. Other indices measure European, Asian, German, Canadian markets, and so on. If there's a piece of the markets that's interesting, there's an index to measure it. ONCE UPON A TIME, the numbers actually meant something in terms of actual share prices of their components. That is no longer the case. Enough for one sitting? I can go deeper if you want...


Question: Why do we (and other chordates, for that matter) have our respiratory organs on our head instead of torso, which would make a shorter path to lungs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we (and other chordates, for that matter) have our respiratory organs on our head instead of torso, which would make a shorter path to lungs?

Interesting question. Openings to the body create other issues, one being the maintenance of a sterile environment inside the body. All of them can be pathways for infection to enter the body. The respiratory "tree" is lined with cilia that move mucus up to the throat, then it is swallowed into the stomach, where stomach acid kill any bacteria. Also, having a single airway allows us to use the air for speech generation (larynx), which has been vital in the development of human culture, but also important for almost all chordates. Having some dead space in the respiratory tree also allows for the air to be warmed as we inhale and for decreasing respiratory water losses due to evaporation. Consider also that we use the same upper airway system (well, the oropharynx anyway) for eating and drinking, which minimizes the number of openings to the outside.


Question: What’s the difference between a statue and a sculpture?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between a statue and a sculpture?

A statue would be a specific form of sculpture. Generally they depict the full form of a person or other animal in a free-standing form. A sculpture in general would be some form of three dimensional art.


Question: What was the point of nazis' stukas' sirens ? Wouldn't it disclose the planes' incoming ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What was the point of nazis' stukas' sirens ? Wouldn't it disclose the planes' incoming ?

It was really unsettling. It was a fear tactic that worked. Same as the shelling during WW1. The noise was sometimes more unsettling than what was causing it.


Question: how does fecal transplant surgery work? And what does it do for the patient?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does fecal transplant surgery work? And what does it do for the patient?

First off, fecal transplant is not a surgery since there's no cutting involved. Your body is home to about 100 trillion bacteria living in your digestive system. The types of bacteria living there depend on environmental exposure, your diet, your health, and your genetics. Certain bacteria are beneficial by extracting nutrients from food your digestive system can't process. Others protect against harmful diseases. However, this mixture is always changing. It's possible for more harmful bacteria to take over can cause issues and your body may start fighting back. This can cause disorders like irritable bowel syndrome. Fecal transplants take a sample of gut bacteria from someone healthy and add them to a patient's gut to hopefully re-stabilize their gut bacteria to a healthier one. This means you take poop from a healthy person and either convert it to a pill to swallow or insert it from the other end. It seems odd and gross but the effectiveness has been good compared to other treatment methods for certain gut diseases.


Question: Why are coffee cups not recyclable but juice cartons are?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are coffee cups not recyclable but juice cartons are?

It full depends on your recycling plant. Some won't take the expense and others will. It also depends on the cartoon. In general at this point either is recyclable if the recycling plant is willing.


Question: With so many end of the world prophecies being consistently proven wrong, why do there continue to be true believers of the next end of the world prophecy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 With so many end of the world prophecies being consistently proven wrong, why do there continue to be true believers of the next end of the world prophecy?

Because the true believers aren't true believers that someone will predict the end of the world, as much as they are true believers of the charismatic individual that they follow who happens to prophecy the end of the world. Usually they are already sucked into the group, and it's not usually the same people that fall to it multiple times.


Question: Why do spicy foods not seem as spicy when they are cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do spicy foods not seem as spicy when they are cold?

The chemicals that make things spicy are known as volatile compounds. This means they break down quickly when released. High temperatures cause this to happen quickly while low temperatures slow it down. This is one of the reasons why you feel hot and spicy food up through your nose and sinuses. The compounds reach up your sinuses as you swallow so it tries to purge them by causing your eyes water and nose to run. So when you eat something spicy when it's cold less of these volatile compounds spread out in your mouth and sinuses making that heat sensation milder and leave faster.


Question: Why do the official movies look different from the videos/movies we make from our personal devices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the official movies look different from the videos/movies we make from our personal devices?

There’s a lot that goes into it. The composition of the image, frame rate it’s shot at, color grading, etc. However one of the biggest giveaways is lighting. Lighting is incredibly critical in how your image looks. There are some really cool videos out there that talk about this subject. It’s wild how much lighting affects every visual aspect of a video. Lighting for films is purposeful, often utilizing different equipment specifically set up for the one shot. However, when you typically shoot something on your phone just to capture a video, the lighting is just whatever is there and often times not the best set up to get a great image. You can make great high quality films with your phone though! If you’re interested, I’d recommend checking out mobile filmmaking. I’m a big proponent of it and believe that not having expensive gear should ever be someone’s excuse for not making a film. (Also check out the movie Tangerine) There’s so much else that goes into filmmaking that affects the overall visual quality and doesn’t cost a whole lot, such as practicing good light techniques! (Grab yourself some cheap lamps and bounce cards and you can do A LOT!)


Question: How is volume typically calculated on devices like iPhones, laptops, TVs, etc...?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is volume typically calculated on devices like iPhones, laptops, TVs, etc...?

Usually it's because of how we percieve sound, and limits on the speaker hardware. For one audio amplification doesn't directly correlate linearly to loudness. It's logarithmic, ish and if you try and use a linear scale for volume it's bad. It's a pretty big mistake so that shouldn't be the reason -too- often. Though there isn't much engineering put into cheap TVs. What should generally be causing the problem is that lower frequency bass sounds are both percieved as louder, and harder to generate with small speakers. So at a point the low frequency sounds stop getting louder while the high frequency ones have a lot more room to increase because it's easier to make louder high frequency sounds with small speakers, and less electrical power. End result is a sudden drop off in how loud everything seems in total. In principle of you hooked up a nice audio system to your TVs audio ouput the scale would seem more accurate.Or if the TV programmer had enough time to actually adjust the scale based on real hardware rather than using whatever default settings were in whatever software/hardware library they were using.


Question: Why is the left turn light at the beginning of the cycle instead of the end?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the left turn light at the beginning of the cycle instead of the end?

Here in Orlando, there are some that are left turn first, some that are left turn last, and some that are sort of random, first at some points of the day, last at other points of the day, and I've even seen some that can do **both** first and last at the same time, depending on how the traffic is going. I think network daisy chaining traffic lights all together and installing cameras instead of relying on the magnetic sensors has really helped a lot. I think someone can now look and see what's going on at the different intersections and fine tune the turn signal times to help things flow more smoothly.


Question: How does running cheap vodka through a Brita filter (or any other charcoal filter) improve the taste?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does running cheap vodka through a Brita filter (or any other charcoal filter) improve the taste?

It is just adding another filtration step to separate any particulates, it doesn't significantly increase the purity and you hit diminishing returns pretty quickly so say you run it through a brita filter 3 times vs 10 times you would likely not notice a difference. The vodka production process is pretty simple. First a water/ethanol solution is distilled to give you a liquid with a higher percentage of ethanol ~80-95%. Typically it is more costly to get purer and for the sake of vodka it doesn't matter unless you are premium premium top shelf and even then who gives a S***. Once you have your semi-pure ethanol you then add purified water to it and dilute to hit your 35-40% or 70-80 proof target. At this point the ethanol solution was clean and all nice, freshly distilled and ready to party. The purified water on the other hand is just there. Maybe he brushed his hair and put on deodorant but didn't take a full shower. He is good enough to get by but many companies who make vodka don't care how well the water they add is as long as it is purified. It may be hard water with calcium in it or purified through a filter, it could be distilled or reverse osmosis but if you are making vodka to sell at $6/Liter I doubt you are investing in the best of the best technology for this. Well these guys that run water through a regular filter and mix it with the ethanol give you something that is essentially a little cleaner than tap water/alcohol mix. when you run the vodka through the filter you remove some of the sediment and chemicals that were introduced with the dilution (depending on the type of filter) and this is what helps give it a smoother taste letting the alcohol shine without any baddies. if you run it through again you may catch some stuff you missed but once is sufficient. However, if you are a vodka snob that really wants good quality I doubt you would buy this cheap vodka and a brita filter.


Question: If I try to simultaneously charge my phone with a cable and a wireless charger, will it charge quicker than it would with only one of these? Why or why not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I try to simultaneously charge my phone with a cable and a wireless charger, will it charge quicker than it would with only one of these? Why or why not?

[Here's an article]( URL_0 ) that tested that. The short of it is no, it doesn't make it charge any faster. Why? generally phones only have one charging circuit/controller, that is, once it hits its charging peak from a source, which is generally enough from a single source, its not charging any faster, its already going as fast and best it can. Though I don't know how it would work from two sub-optimal sources, but I suspect it will simply charge from the "best" of the two sources.


Question: Why does soda tastes better in a glass bottle/can vs plastic one. Bonus qustion: Why does McDonald's coke taste different than any bottled one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does soda tastes better in a glass bottle/can vs plastic one. Bonus qustion: Why does McDonald's coke taste different than any bottled one?

Different container materials alter the perception of taste, eat some ice cream with a metal spoon and then a plastic spoon for a test. As far as McDonald’s goes, those fuckers ALWAYS give me Diet Coke by mistake.


Question: Why do some meats tend to taste better when they are not cooked completely?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some meats tend to taste better when they are not cooked completely?

Meat loses a lot of fat and moisture when cooked, both of which are huge contributors to a meats flavor. Less cooked = less of these things lost = more flavor


Question: How do currency mints know how much cash to produce based on monetary policy and how much cash is available?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do currency mints know how much cash to produce based on monetary policy and how much cash is available?

Quick answer? They don't know how much cash to produce, generally speaking. I'm going to explain this process respective to the United States, as other countries, while generally utilizing the same system, take different approaches. First off, the United States Mint only produces coins, not printed bills. That is the job of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP). Both of these bureaus fall under the United States Treasury, a cabinet-level department. The Federal Reserve, our central bank, immediately receives printed cash and produced coinage, and stores it in one of the 12 nationwide locations. From there, private banks and lenders request "hard cash" from the Federal Reserve as public demand for tangible cash goes up (generally around the holidays). Conversely, when the demand for tangible cash goes down, banks and lenders tend to return excess amounts of on-site cash back to their accounts at the Fed. As for the people "hoarding cash overseas", the United States Treasury (specifically the Internal Revenue Service) tracks all cash stored overseas by US citizens and nationals. You can thank the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA/2010) for that. The FATCA requires US citizens and/or their banks to reveal their foreign assets to the IRS. This information ultimately assists the Treasury in calculating the tentative amount of hard cash to produce. Now, obviously there are loopholes and illegal activity (black market operations as you mentioned) that obscure this calculation, however, this number is somewhat negligible to Treasury Dept. calculators and policy-makers. Additionally, the Fed and Treasury allow a small percentage of cash to their calculations for any +/-. The government has invoked numerous mitigations to ensure the proper amount of cash is fluctuated and deducted, despite illegal activities and overseas dealings. FATCA was just one example. This same explanation goes for damaged/destroyed tender, which is suppose to be reported immediately to the Treasury, but is often not.


Question: Why do muscles 'shudder' when lifting weights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do muscles 'shudder' when lifting weights?

Each muscle cell is one really long cell that runs the entire length of the muscle. And anyone muscle cell can be either relaxed or flexing, but not any combination of the two. So in order to modulate how much Force a muscle is generating, we have to change the number of muscle cells that are firing. But while we are lifting heavy things, inevitably some of our muscle fibers get tired and wear out, so they stopped firing and then we have to have another one jump in and replace it. This means that our brain has to do a lot of work to constantly be compensating for changes in the muscle and which fibers are firing, and that work takes a little bit of time, which makes our muscles wobbly when we are using them near their limits.


Question: Why does helium raise the pitch of your voice, and why does nitrous oxide lower it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does helium raise the pitch of your voice, and why does nitrous oxide lower it?

Everyone here who says “it because it makes your vocal cords vibrate faster” is absolutely incorrect. The vibration frequency of your vocal cords is determined by their length, not the speed of sound in the gas. What the gassed do is change the resonant frequency of the sinuses and vocal tract. This changes the timbre of your voice, not the actual pitch.


Question: How does soap work at a chemical level?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does soap work at a chemical level?

Water is polar, fat is not. So the cant Connect with each other. So the soap molecules build micells. Theyre polar on the outside and not polar on the inside. These micells take tiny parts if fat into them and can get washed away by water , because the outside of the micells can Connect with it. I learned this in german so im sorry I didnt get the words right


Question: What makes peppermint oil have the cooling effect it has on the skin and when inhaled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes peppermint oil have the cooling effect it has on the skin and when inhaled?

It kind of ‘switches off’ your receptors (detectors) to heat so despite it not actually being cold, it feels cold. This is the case for toothpaste so I assume they are similar. It’s also the opposite effect alcohol has which is why it feels like it burns.


Question: What causes cavities and how do dentists fix them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes cavities and how do dentists fix them?

Bacteria on the surface of your teeth consume sugar from the food and drink you ingest and secrete acid. The acid wears away at your teeth, creating holes called cavities. Dentists will drill out the hole and fill it with a material, then cap it off so it matches the countours of your other teeth.


Question: Why heavy rust tends to make bubble form?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why heavy rust tends to make bubble form?

Iron oxide, which is what rust is, has a larger crystal structure than just iron. Basically, when iron oxidizes, it gets bigger. Since it's expanding, the rust starts to lift away from the iron or steel. It can't move sideways so it moves up and away. It forms bubbles because it's still attached to the underlying metal so it doesn't entirely fall off, but instead grows as bubbles.


Question: When on a call on speaker, how does the other person not hear their feedback on their end?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When on a call on speaker, how does the other person not hear their feedback on their end?

Depends on the phone. Cheap phones have a gate. When the are playing audio they turn the microphone off. More expensive phones have echo cancellation. They know what audio they are producing, then they can subtract that waveform from the incoming audio waveform, leaving everything but the echo. You can tell if your phone is using a gate if only one end of the call can speak at a time.


Question: Can a quarterback say something that sounds like hike in order to induce offsides from the other team?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can a quarterback say something that sounds like hike in order to induce offsides from the other team?

Yes. The play starts when the ball is snapped and if the defense crosses the line of scrimmage before that, it's an offside penalty. The problem with this, of course, is that your own team mates fall for it as well and you end up with a false start and penalty on your own team.


Question: Why are credit cards so popular in the USA ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are credit cards so popular in the USA ?

There are some advantages to using them, even if you don't intend to carry a balance. 1.) A debit card is tied to your bank account. If your card has unauthorized usage, those funds are coming directly out of your bank account. Not so with your credit card. 2.) if there is unauthorized usage, you can dispute the charges, and not have to pay them. You can do this with a debit card too, but the process is longer, and in the mean time the money is no longer in your bank account. 3.) If you pay the balance off in full at the end of the month, you pay no interest. 4.) Credit card companies reward you for using their card with various incentives from direct cash back, to " miles" that you can use with various airlines.


Question: How is someone's net worth calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is someone's net worth calculated?

Their total assets (stuff they own) minus their total liabilities (debts). If I have $10,000, own stocks worth $20,000, and own a house worth $200,000 ,and owe $120,000 to student loans and $150,000 on my mortgage, my net worth would be -$40,000, which is depressingly close to accurate.


Question: why can’t you reuse a syringe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can’t you reuse a syringe?

the syringe gets contaminated with whatever you put in it. bacteria will grow on the leftovers in the syringe which could mean you would be injecting yourself with all sorts of nastiness.


Question: Why is sparkling water slowly and constistently loosing its carbon dioxide? Why not all an once?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is sparkling water slowly and constistently loosing its carbon dioxide? Why not all an once?

If you search for videos with "mentos soda" you get one like URL_0 where you can see that is it possible to get it to release the carbon dioxide quickly. The explanation why is nucleation site. If you boil water the bubbles of gas that it release and later the water vapor bubbles are formed on the surface of the container, often many in exactly the same place. That is because bubble form easiest on a nucleation site ie a uneven location on the surface of the container. The surface of a metos is a uneven on the small scale so there are a lot of nucleation site and the carbon dioxide is released immediately with a huge eruption. You have l Most containers are relative smooth so there are few nucleation site. the gas need to be close the the nucleation site to escape and the speed it move in relative still water is low so it escape at a low rate. If you stir it or pour it in a dirty container with a lot of nucleation site it escape faster. You can heat up water in a perfect smooth mug in a microwave and it will be above boiling temperature but there are no nucleation site and it will not boil. When you tak it out and put a spoon or something else ,hopefully not your lips, in it it boils violently like in URL_1 The phenomena is the same/similar to carbon dioxide escape from water.


Question: Why, when we clasp our jaws shut too tightly, is there a noticeable ringing in the ears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, when we clasp our jaws shut too tightly, is there a noticeable ringing in the ears?

It's a muscle called the Tensor Tympani: URL_0 Some people can voluntarily control the muscle to make the rumbling sound at will.


Question: How did admirals know the location of their ships and control them over vast distances before the invention of radios?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did admirals know the location of their ships and control them over vast distances before the invention of radios?

In short: they didn't. The longer answer is that they sent out faster ships to certain ports, with messages. Hoping to meet up when the ships in question resuplied. Most ports also kept records of ships sighted. In the shorter distance of fleets signal flags and flares were used. Semafore, (waving around paddles) was developed relatively late.


Question: why in the modern world where cell phones will work deep into concrete carparks and shopping centers, will an elevator instantly cause the signal to drop out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why in the modern world where cell phones will work deep into concrete carparks and shopping centers, will an elevator instantly cause the signal to drop out?

Because elevators are made of metal, which block electromagnetic signals, when you are fully enclosed. It's called a [faraday cage]( URL_0 ). Click the link for a non-ELI5 details.


Question: How do embalming chemicals preserve dead bodies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do embalming chemicals preserve dead bodies?

They are primary just very toxic to bacteria and other microorganism that break down the body. If there is nothing that actively break it down you just have slow spontaneous decomposition of chemical that can be quite slow.


Question: Why does irritated or dry skin sting/hurt when you apply lotion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does irritated or dry skin sting/hurt when you apply lotion?

Chapped skin has micro cracks on it. Think of them as very small little cuts. So, you are putting lotion on those little cuts and it can sting.


Question: Why do we like to drink Cow’s Milk but have a disdain for other animal’s and even human breast milk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we like to drink Cow’s Milk but have a disdain for other animal’s and even human breast milk?

It's mostly a social thing that differs from country to country. You name cow milk, but there's cow, goat, and sheep cheese (made from the respective animals' milk) that are more or less acceptable and/or certain flavors even considered gourmet. Human breast milk is generally taboo because subjecting humans to the industrial and agricultural processes to extract the milk (like animals) is taboo, and also eating humans (or human milk) is taboo.


Question: Why do people say not to drink the water from other countries/regions or itll make you sick? Why does it make you sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people say not to drink the water from other countries/regions or itll make you sick? Why does it make you sick?

Sanitation standards can be significantly lower than what you're used to, making the water unsafe to drink. In developed countries, water treatment facilities and a high standard of water infrastructure maintenance ensure that the water is safe to drink. Elsewhere in the world this is not necessarily the case, and water is often contaminated with viruses, parasites, bacteria, or other illness-causing organisms. Often, those people native to these countries have built an immunity/resistance to these organisms and aren't nearly at as high of a risk of getting sick vs. a foreigner who hasn't been exposed regularly over his/her lifetime.


Question: Does the Monty Hall problem apply to the end of the TV game show Deal or No Deal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the Monty Hall problem apply to the end of the TV game show Deal or No Deal?

No, it doesn't apply. The removal of the cases is done by someone who doesn't know where the prize is, and the big prize could have been removed at any time up until the end. It is just as likely that the one left happens to be the one with the big prize (since you chose one case out of all of the cases to *not* start with or open, and the chance of that case containing the big prize is 1/X where X is the total number of cases) as it is for you to have selected the big prize yourself (again, 1/X).


Question: How does the human body produce electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the human body produce electricity?

Each cell pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions in producing a gradient for each ion. This produces a potential across the membrane of the cell. This potential plus the gradient can be used by the cell to transmit electrical signals


Question: How does sunlight wash away color? (off of chips bags, stickers, etc.) and why do some colors wash out faster than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sunlight wash away color? (off of chips bags, stickers, etc.) and why do some colors wash out faster than others?

Sunlight has a lot of UV rays in it. Those pack enough punch that they can damage your tissues and cause sunburn. They don't care what they hit, though. Vibrant colors come from high concentrations of specific pigments, so leaving those exposed to sunlight will gradually have the pigments break down under the barrage, which bleaches the colors as they don't reflect light like they used to. Some pigments are more resistant to UV than others, so the more volatile colors leach out first.


Question: Why are platinum, palladium, and rhodium so valuable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are platinum, palladium, and rhodium so valuable?

They are super rare, hard to process into pure forms (very energy intensive process and very complicated), take casts amounts of ore to get an appreciable amount (tons of ore for grams of metal), and have very specific and niche uses so there’s not much of a wide market


Question: Why do phone boot logos always seem so choppy when phones are capable of 60fps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do phone boot logos always seem so choppy when phones are capable of 60fps?

When a phone is just booting up, it is not able to access every part of the phone yet. Kind of like when you just wake up and can't solve a math problem. If it is "capable" of 60fps, that doesn't mean it will always operate that way.


Question: Why are some mutations, like additional limbs or more than 50 chromosomes, are just not possible for humans to have?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some mutations, like additional limbs or more than 50 chromosomes, are just not possible for humans to have?

Evolution works by making small changes over time. It would be theoretically possible for humans to have additional limbs or 50 chromosomes, but there would be a transition period over thousands of generations where humans developed a bud, over a few more thousands of generations, the bud grows out more. A thousand more, the bud develops muscles that allow it to move a bit. After millions and millions of years you might have what you could classify as a limb. [A classic example that demonstrates the limitations of evolution is the eye.]( URL_0 ) Our eyes, and the eyes of all land animals are filled with fluid. If it were to be filled with air instead, it would be able to see strictly better. That was too big of an evolutionary jump for the sea animals transitioning to land to make though. They had water filled eyes, which saw blurry on land at first but were able to incrementally adapt them to see better on land over generations. Any mutation that ditched the fluid for air would still have lens that are meant for being fluid filled, and so would be a step backwards in vision. They'd have to somehow miraculously ditch the fluid *and* focus for air, which is just too far fetch to ever happen.


Question: Why does Kelly Blue Book decide what every single car is worth?? Why does Kelly get to set the price of cars??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Kelly Blue Book decide what every single car is worth?? Why does Kelly get to set the price of cars??

They don't decide it. They collect data on the prices the cars are selling for and average it.


Question: How do ski jumpers not sustain injury when landing? Vertically it appears to be at least a 100 foot drop.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do ski jumpers not sustain injury when landing? Vertically it appears to be at least a 100 foot drop.

The direction they fall after their jump is similar to the direction of the slope they hit. So they just keep on going, and it doesn't jar their legs too much.