Question: Biofeedback Coherence / HeartMath. I was given a device to "help" with my anxiety and depression and I am skeptical that it does anything meaningful. How does it work and How does it produce long-term results beyond simple breathing / meditation techniques?

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 Biofeedback Coherence / HeartMath. I was given a device to "help" with my anxiety and depression and I am skeptical that it does anything meaningful. How does it work and How does it produce long-term results beyond simple breathing / meditation techniques?

[It is garbage.]( URL_0 ) The field of psychiatry is still emerging and there is a huge amount we don't know about how the brain works. However the use of meditation as a calming influence (practicing focus and being calm on demand) is mixed up with spiritual woo (access a higher level of consciousness and channel your "healing energy"). Sorting effective techniques from quasi-religious bullshit is tough. So yes, your skepticism is warranted. I would suggest looking into better medical services rather than pseudoscience if that is an option for you.


Question: Why do some pots and beakers pour well while others cause liquids to drizzle down the edge, resulting in a mess?

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 Why do some pots and beakers pour well while others cause liquids to drizzle down the edge, resulting in a mess?

It's to do with the shape of the lip. If the lip is too smoothly curved between the inside and the outside, the forces that keep water on the surface of the pot/beaker will be enough to overcome the force that pulls the water away from the surface. If you just have a lip that has an abrupt edge rather than a smooth curve, it will be much harder to make it drizzle and much easier to pour.


Question: why is it when we experience motion sickness or feeling nervous,our body's response is to puke?

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 why is it when we experience motion sickness or feeling nervous,our body's response is to puke?

It's associated with your body thinking it's been poisoned. That's what the body associates with the feeling of unease from the nervousness or motion sickness. So if your body thinks you've ingested something poisonous, your body will try to push it out.


Question: Why do clocks use 12 as the 0 hour instead of 0?

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 Why do clocks use 12 as the 0 hour instead of 0?

Our method of counting time is very old -- ancient civilizations like the Sumerians and Egyptians liked numbers with lots of factors like 60 and 12. They are the originators of the way we divide up the day. I mention this to put this into perspective: our method of counting time is older than the numerical concept of "zero". It would be a few more centuries before mathematics had developed to the point where we needed it.


Question: How complicated is it to fight a forest fire and why? Why can't air support just drop water on it and around it to contain it when it spreads?

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 How complicated is it to fight a forest fire and why? Why can't air support just drop water on it and around it to contain it when it spreads?

Forest fires are very big, very hot, and often very fast. And usually in very hard to reach places. The problem with 'just dropping water' on it is that it's usually going to be a logistical nightmare. You would need a fleet of helicopters/planes and access to an incredibly large body of water. They just don't have the resources to do this. And if the fire isn't put out completely it just regains strength almost as quickly as the aircraft can refill. Essentially most large forest fires you see on the news are too intense to actually be put out, so the strategy is to try and stop it from spreading so it can burn itself out naturally. This is usually done by predicting the fires path and making a containment line. This can be something natural like a river, but usually needs to be man made. They often do what is known as a controlled burn, which is where they pre-burn any combustible material with firefighters around to keep it under control so that when the actual fire gets there, there's nothing left to burn. When you see them dropping water from the sky it's usually at the edges of the fire to stop it spreading sideways as well as going forward, or to try and ease problem parts of the fire that are getting particularly intense. Having said all that, if they catch a fire before it gets out of control a load or two of water is the most effective approach. Edit: Often with forest fires, if they aren't going to pose a threat to anybody or much property the best approach is going to be to just let them burn and make sure they don't change direction or get out of control where they could be a danger. (thanks /u/doxbox49 for bringing this up)


Question: Why do all whispers sound the same?

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 Why do all whispers sound the same?

When you whisper, you’re speaking without making your vocal cords vibrate. Vocal cords are what gives your voice it’s pitch and tone, making it different from other voices. If the vocal cords aren’t engaged, the result is just air escaping through your lips. So, excluding different accents and inflections, whispers sound similar for this reason.


Question: If I put vodka into my coffee machine instead of water, what would change in the brewing process and what would come out on the other side?

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 If I put vodka into my coffee machine instead of water, what would change in the brewing process and what would come out on the other side?

It would be pretty bad. Vodka has a significantly lower boiling point than water. Coffee machines heat water to about 200F degrees (lower than boiling). So the coffee machine would boil the vodka, and much of the alcohol would evaporate. What is left will drip through the filter as normal, but since ethanol is a more powerful solvent than water, it will dissolve a lot more of the parts of coffee than desired. This will result in an extremely bitter flavor.


Question: Why were the the bodies of those who died of a fatal dose of radiation at the Chernobyl disaster still considered toxic and buried in Zinc lined coffins?

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 Why were the the bodies of those who died of a fatal dose of radiation at the Chernobyl disaster still considered toxic and buried in Zinc lined coffins?

Two things. First, they probably got radioactive material from the accident site all over themselves. It's not just radiation that's escaping, it's also actual physical radioactive material that can contaminate body and clothes. This what they mean by nuclear fallout. So it's not like a bullet-riddled body, but more like a gun-riddled body, and those guns still shoot occasionally. Second, one specific kind of radiation, neutron radiation, can actually make materials it hits radioactive. Neutron radiation is produced in nuclear reactors, and although it's hard to say whether it'd be still produced after the meltdown, it depends, it's possible that they were exposed to it. Then it'd be more like bullet fragments inside a body growing into loaded guns. Those analogies were unexpectedly gross.


Question: How do people end up with tens of thousands of dollars worth of credit card debt?

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 How do people end up with tens of thousands of dollars worth of credit card debt?

Once you've been making payments for a while, you can get your credit limit increased. As long as you're making minimums, they'll happily give you more money. Once you have some sustainable income, you can get a higher limit as well.


Question: If only a small percent of the Earth's water is drinkable, will we ever run out of drinking water?

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 If only a small percent of the Earth's water is drinkable, will we ever run out of drinking water?

Run out completely? No. At least, not if we avoid polluting literally ever drinkable river and stream and pond. Outstrip the supply? That’s already happening in many places. A huge drought that made a shortage of drinking water is one of the main causes of the Syrian civil war. It’s even more noticeable in desert countries like UAE that have no real natural sources of water, so they have to desalinate sea water (an _incredibly_ expensive endeavor). On a smaller scale, there are huge aquifers in the Midwest that farms are emptying faster than they can fill, so many are investing in drought-tolerant crops that need less water to grow in the first place. So... no, but also we need to plan how we’re going to get that clean water to people that need it.


Question: Why does it seem that there was so much tree resin around during the periods of the dinosaurs?

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 Why does it seem that there was so much tree resin around during the periods of the dinosaurs?

Just in terms of time, dinosaurs (in all their variants) lived across ~160 million years, so relative to your 23 years that's ~7 million times longer than you've lived. Can you foresee a single insect being trapped in amber on a single tree anywhere in the world in those 23 years, whether you saw it or not? Now imagine if every 23 years a single insect gets trapped in amber on a single tree somewhere on the planet. If that happened repeatedly for the entire 160million years it would result in 7 million insects trapped in amber. Then consider deforestation, oxygen concentrations and a whole load of other factors I don't know about, and it may not seem so unreasonable.


Question: Are physics laws the same wherever you are in the universe?

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 Are physics laws the same wherever you are in the universe?

There is a general assumption that ultimately there is some fundamental rule or rules driving everything. If we were to discover that a physical law was different in different part of the universe, then we would not consider that a fundamental law anymore. Whatever meta-rule describes the change of our old law, would become the new fundamental law. The idea of the multiverse is exactly this: Out universe might just be one universe in the multiverse, and our set of physical laws are just one set among the various universes in the multiverse. But then we can write down laws for the entire multiverse, and take that as fundamental.


Question: Why do you get tax breaks when married?

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 Why do you get tax breaks when married?

You don't necessarily. You get tax breaks for owning a home and having kids, but my ex wife and I lived in an apartment. When we filed jointly we got much less than we would have had we been single.


Question: How do email services know which emails should be filtered as spam and which ones are not?

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 How do email services know which emails should be filtered as spam and which ones are not?

There are a variety of systems to handle this. Some systems look for things on the email. The subject, the body. Look for things like generated from emails, font changing, etc. Another system looks at the email process trail. How did it get delivered into the mail system. Who the sender is. Does the domain name match the sender? Does the domain match the trail? Is the domain marked on the 40 or so blacklists? And also did anyone else in the world mark this email or similar email pattern as spam?


Question: How can humans see fire? What is the light we’re actually seeing?

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 How can humans see fire? What is the light we’re actually seeing?

When things are very hot they glow red. The soot and ash in the fire - mostly particles too small to see - are super hot and glowing red. You see this glow. If even hotter they can glow blue. Some materials may add color.


Question: Why is everyone talking about an economic recession happening in 2019 or 2020? What's the evidence that this might happen?

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 Why is everyone talking about an economic recession happening in 2019 or 2020? What's the evidence that this might happen?

A lot of it is just pure forecasting. If you look at the [official tally]( URL_0 ), the US hasn't had a single decade without a recession since we started keeping track in the 1850s. We're getting better at going long periods without one, but there's still a sense that after 10 years or so the economy is "due". There are various indicators that may give a hint, but they can be very tricky to parse. For example, are rising interest rates a sign of a recession? Interest rates do tend to rise in recessions, but in this case the rising interest rates seem to be primarily due to the Fed returning the economy to normal after the extraordinary monetary policy surrounding the last recession. So if anything, it's an indicator that the Fed is doing its job during expansionary times and keeping growth in check. The biggest issue is that recessions, almost by their nature, are things that we don't see coming. Everything goes along just fine until we realize that this or that asset was overvalued, and suddenly a lot of stuff is worth less than we thought it was, forcing the economy to adjust. If we knew today which assets are being overvalued, we could deal with it now! This is why so many people are relying on the pure forecasting above and getting nervous even though economic indicators are mixed at worst.


Question: Why is Bill Gates worth so much as opposed to Warren Buffet or Jeff Bezos, even when accounting for his philanthropy and donations?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is Bill Gates worth so much as opposed to Warren Buffet or Jeff Bezos, even when accounting for his philanthropy and donations?

Amazon is mostly US based and Warren Buffet sold most of his partnership. Windows is most used world over


Question: can a airplane pilot put the plane in autopilot the whole time they fly?

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 can a airplane pilot put the plane in autopilot the whole time they fly?

At the very least, takeoffs would still be flown by hand, since (to my knowledge) many jet's autopilots won't engage unless you are on a somewhat stable heading and are closely trimmed (flight controls set so that minimal yoke/sidestick pressure is needed to maintain the current path) to your current flight path. Landings are also often flown by hand after a certain altitude, since automated landings can be very firm and not every runway and plane is certified for automated landings down to touchdown.


Question: Who decided how much money each country is worth? Like, how come a country couldn't have just decided themselves that they have trillions of pounds and be really rich? How is it controlled?

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 Who decided how much money each country is worth? Like, how come a country couldn't have just decided themselves that they have trillions of pounds and be really rich? How is it controlled?

They do this exact thing sometimes, and it leads to hyper-inflation. In July 2008 it took 758,530,000,000 Zimbabwe dollars to equal ONE US Dollar. That's like me saying "I'm the King of France!". It's all well and good while I'm walking around the house in my royal underwear, but the minute I walk outside and interact with the real world, everyone ignores me or laughs at me. At some point you have to do business with the rest of the world, and to do that you have to agree what your currency is worth relative to the other parties. Nobody "controls" it, it's just the nature of commerce.


Question: What was the breakthrough for cracking the German Enigma?

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 What was the breakthrough for cracking the German Enigma?

In a nutshell with the amount of variables in time taken to go through all variables it was a impossible task HOWEVER as they always said heil hitler at end of message they had a baseline or something to go off so if they know those words will appear they can figure out the algorithm used for that which takes out a lot of possibilities At least that’s what I took from it


Question: Does covering a toilet seat with toilet paper actually protect you from germs?

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<answer>
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</answer>
 Does covering a toilet seat with toilet paper actually protect you from germs?

Well I'm not really sure if toilet paper provides a legitimate barrier to germs, but I do know that it is unnecessary to do such a thing. Most people are worried that when they sit on a public toilet, it is covered with nasty germs. However, the toilet seat itself is truly not that dirty compared to physical currency (like dollar bills), keyboards, and cell phones. As long as you don't touch the toilet seat with your hands, there is no harm in sitting on a public toilet with your bare bottom.


Question: Why is fish meat so different from mammal meat?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is fish meat so different from mammal meat?

Because fish separated from mammals hundreds of millions of years ago. Fish and mammals separated a long time ago, and since then both have changed (mammals more than fish) for the specifics of their environment. Fish love in water where they don’t have to bear the weight of their bodies, but instead can float/sink using special organs called swim bladders. Mammals on the other hand have to fight against gravity and push themselves across land. These two different environments selected for two different kinds of muscle to best fit each needs.


Question: Assuming a hole goes straight through the Earth all the way to the other side of the planet and you jump through it, at what point does gravity come into affect where you are no longer falling down but falling up? Or is it even possible for you to fall up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Assuming a hole goes straight through the Earth all the way to the other side of the planet and you jump through it, at what point does gravity come into affect where you are no longer falling down but falling up? Or is it even possible for you to fall up?

For clarity, let's assume you have a hole going from the north pole to the south, and you jump in at the north. Let's also assume that the hole has been filled with regular earth atmosphere, and that stuff like heat/pressure are ignored. As you fall, gravity will decrease steadily. As more and more of earth's mass is above your head, its pull cancels out the pull towards the center. At the exact center, you would experience zero gravity - the center of a sphere has net zero gravity, because you're being pulled in both directions equally. However, you still have a lot of momentum when you reach the center of the earth. Air resistance makes that the terminal velocity of a human body is around 53 meters per second. This is fast, and since there's basically zero gravity at the center of the earth, the only thing slowing you down is air resistance. You'd continue "upwards" towards the south pole for a long while. The math here is pretty complicated - the force of gravity is constantly changing, and air resistance is slowing you down as well - but you definitely would not make it to the south pole. Maybe 2/3rds of the way before you start falling back down towards the center of the earth again. You'd yo-yo back and forth a few times before coming to a stop at the center of the earth, weightless as if you were in space.


Question: If the sun is on the other side of the earth at night, how does it stay so warm during the summer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sun is on the other side of the earth at night, how does it stay so warm during the summer?

Okay, the only difference between summer and winter as far as heat goes is the angle that the sun hits the earth. With the axis, the sun hits at a steeper angle (ie. Straight up/down) which means greater concentration of energy, think: smaller area, same heat energy. That being said, the world and atmosphere absorb a ton of heat, and hold it as well, that is where the heat sticking around at night comes from.


Question: Why do birds do that head movement when they walk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do birds do that head movement when they walk?

Head bobbing is done because those species of birds have their eyes on the sides of their heads. This means that the visual ranges of those eyes do not overlap and thus they have no depth perception when looking at something. They can partially get some depth perception by rapidly moving their head between two positions and essentially replicating the overlap normal depth perception uses within a single eye.


Question: What is the Wigner's Friend thought experiment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Wigner's Friend thought experiment?

In standard quantum mechanics we have **systems** that can be in various **states**. For example, we might have a "system" which is a "cat-in-a-box" and the "states it can be in are "state where the cat is alive" and "state were the cat is dead." Quantum mechanics tells us that quantum systems don't exist in specific states. Instead, they exist as a combination of all possible states (including contradictory ones - this is called **superposition**) until something outside the system **interacts** with (or "observes") them. When that interaction occurs, the system **collapses** down into one of the individual states (with a certain probability). For example, from the outside, our cat-in-a-box system will be in a combination of the cat-is-alive state and cat-is-dead state until we interact with it, at which point we find out which one is true. Crucially, this isn't just a mathematical model. The double-slit experiment (among others) shows that this is a "real" effect; in that experiment we get our system into a combination of contradictory states, and those states interfere with each other (we throw an electron at a wall with two slits in it - the electron-wall system gets into a superposition of the state where the electron went through one slit, and the state where it went through the other slit, and those two "bits of electron" interfere with each other on the other side of the wall - kind of like if they had hit each other). ---------------------- So what Wigner's Friend does is take this a step further. We set up our quantum system as normal, and get it into what is called a "cat state" - where it is in a combination of two contradictory states (call them "1" and "0"). We then get a friend to sit in the lab, interact with the system to measure which state it is in, which collapses the system into only one of the two states (either 1 or 0). But we sit outside the lab. So from our point of view, the lab is itself a quantum system (with both the experiment and our friend), which means it will be in a cat state until we interact with it; it will be in a combination of the "friend measured 1, experiment was in 1" state and "friend measured 0, experiment was in 0" state until then. When we interact with the lab-system (by asking our friend what they measured) it will collapse down into just one of those states. The question Wigner's Friend thought experiment asks is "when did the original experiment system collapse out of a cat-state?" Did it collapse when our friend measured it, or did it collapse when we asked our friend?


Question: Why is it that if I very briefly look directly at the sun, it appears green/pink before I look away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that if I very briefly look directly at the sun, it appears green/pink before I look away?

The visual receptors in your retina work by a sort of chemical reaction that occurs when light falls on them. Normally the chemicals in question regenerate themselves pretty rapidly, but when you look at the Sun the light is so intense that those chemicals don't get a chance to do that, so you get a spot on your retina where the visual receptors are temporarily not functioning correctly, causing odd effects. This is why you'll see an after-image of a bright light for a second or two after looking at it. Just a warning: do not ever look directly at the Sun. Even a brief exposure causes visual issues, as you've said--do it for long enough and you'll cause permanent damage to your retina.


Question: Why is it so difficult to run a real-time render on a computer but we have 3D video games run in real-time with ease?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so difficult to run a real-time render on a computer but we have 3D video games run in real-time with ease?

The next time you play a video game, take a good bit of time to actually *watch* that real time rendering. Sure, it looks pretty good, but it's taking a *lot* of short-cuts. Light is either pre-baked or extremely simplified. Fabrics look almost like someone is yanking on them. grasses or hairs tend to move as a mass instead of individual entities. Any shortcut that the game can take is taken to save on processing time. When the goal is to make *everything* move realistically, down to the strands of hair and blades of grass, that takes a lot more time than just approximating what the concept of hair will do under a given situation.


Question: If our bodies try to cool down while falling asleep then why does a warm bed feel so good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If our bodies try to cool down while falling asleep then why does a warm bed feel so good?

Studies have shown that the best sleep comes when your body temperature is slightly below normal. Slightly being the key word there. If it's too cold, as in Winter, your body has to work to keep you warm, so trying to sleep while your body burns energy to warm you up is difficult. Whereas using a Hot Water Bottle or Electric Blanket takes a load off your body by providing an external source in which to pull heat from. It feels good, because it's removing a stress from your body, allowing it to begin entering sleep mode.


Question: Why are the majority of elements in the periodic table metals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the majority of elements in the periodic table metals?

Cos god likes shiny things. Metals have things called delocalised electrons, which cause them to perform metallic bonding, in which those delocalised electrons kinda flow around the entire metal pretty loosely. This is contrasted with ionic and covalent bonding, where electrons are donated to create complete electron orbitals or shared to give both the benefit of full orbitals. Electrons are organised loosely into orbitals btw - each atom has a number of electrons equal to its number of protons, and these electrons orbit the nucleus at certain distances. Each distance can only contain a specific number of electrons (for example, the first orbital can only contain two) and once it's filled up, the next electrons must start filling a new orbital further from the nucleus. Delocalised electrons occur when the attractive force between electron and nucleus is quite low, which can be a mixture of an orbital that's incomplete in the wrong way and an orbital that's too far from the nucleus. This weak attractive force makes it easy for electrons to become dislodged and swap to the orbital of a neighbouring atom. The fact this can happen is what makes metals conduct electricity - delocalised electrons are free to move through the metal. If you look at a periodic table, you'll notice the atomic number, which indicates the number of protons in the nucleus and therefore also the number of electrons it comes with. This number starts at 1 for Hydrogen and increases one by one going left to right and top to bottom. The heavier atoms get, the more of them are metallic, because of this delocalised electron thing. The non-metallic elements at the right of the table are non-metallic despite being heavier than their neighbours because their orbitals are sufficiently complete that they prefer to bond ionically and covalently, instead of making a delocalised electron soup.


Question: Is it coincidence that some measures are "perfect"? Like, 1 mL of water is equal to 1 cm³ and so on. How did they match this up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it coincidence that some measures are "perfect"? Like, 1 mL of water is equal to 1 cm³ and so on. How did they match this up?

No coincidence -- that is how they defined the units, on purpose! The definition of a centimeter is based on the size of the Earth, but the definition of a liter is based on the definition of a centimeter. A liter is defined as the volume of a cube 10cm on each side. And a kg was originally set as the weight of a liter of water.


Question: Where do the winds go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do the winds go?

Air moves due to a pressure difference. High pressure moves towards lower pressure. Wind isn’t an entity that is trying to go somewhere, there are no streaks of air that act independently, the air just wants to even out its pressure. So on a calm still day you’re in the middle of a patch of fairly even pressure and the air molecules have no great impetus to go anywhere. However squeeze that air between two areas of different pressure and suddenly you have higher winds as the molecules are being pushed together and there’s a pressure gradient for them to flow down (in a manner of speaking).


Question: Why is it important to know the millionth decimal place of Pi? Aren't we accurate enough at some point?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it important to know the millionth decimal place of Pi? Aren't we accurate enough at some point?

If you know pi to 40 decimal places you can calculate the circumference of the visible universe to an accuracy of 1 atom. NASA would typically use around 15 digits unless they need to be extremely precise. URL_0


Question: How do employees of marijuana dispensaries in the US handle their taxes if their income is based off the sale of marijuana?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do employees of marijuana dispensaries in the US handle their taxes if their income is based off the sale of marijuana?

They report that their employer paid them to operate a retail shop. The IRS wants to know what you got paid, not what the shop sells. OK, there are some banking issues, so your boss had to pay you in cash. From the IRS perspective, also not a problem, they want to know how much you got paid, not how it was paid to you. Of the many legal snarls surrounding pot, employee income taxes isn't one of them.


Question: How does light transfer data in optical fibers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does light transfer data in optical fibers?

When data is transmitted over a wire, the wire is turned on and off very quickly. Thousands of times per second, it checks if the wire is currently on. If the signal is off, that is interpreted as a 0. If it's on, that's a 1. Light travels through fiber optic cables. It's basically done the same way, but instead of electricity it uses flashes of light.


Question: How do hydrogen bombs even work? How do they differ from atomic bombs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do hydrogen bombs even work? How do they differ from atomic bombs?

Atomic = Nuclear Fission of Uranium, Plutonium - heavy elements which undergo a chain reaction of fission (splitting the atom and some of the leftover neutrons split the next set of uranium, which split the next set, et al). & #x200B; Thermonuclear = Nuclear fusion of Hydrogen. A small fission bomb, like the above, is detonated, and the explosion of that compresses the hydrogen (tritium, deuterium) until it achieves fusion (which is much more powerful than a fission reaction by volume). More fusion fuel can be further compressed if they want to make the bomb larger in yield.


Question: Why do companies hire a lot of part time employees instead of giving a few people full time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do companies hire a lot of part time employees instead of giving a few people full time?

Company doesn't have to pay as much for benefits, insurance, taxes, etc. per part time employee as they do for full time.


Question: In the days of digital currency, what stops a bank from simply saying they have more money than they do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the days of digital currency, what stops a bank from simply saying they have more money than they do?

Double Entry Book Keeping. Money going into your account doesn't just appear, its matched with money coming out of somebody else's account. You don't really see it on the website looking at your account history, but on the banks end money moves around with detailed records.


Question: Why did Mao and Stalin kill all those people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did Mao and Stalin kill all those people?

Mao killed people almost inadvertently. He knew what he was doing but it was different in the sense that he wasn’t pulling the trigger, sending the orders for their executions, etc.. Mao wanted to compete with the United States and become one of the main “super powers” of the world. This was known as the Great Leap Forward. His main goal as leader was to have the most exports, have the most technology, and pretty much be one of the best in every economic sense you can think of. This is in turn what created the fallout of the chinese economy and a famine that killed most of the people that “Mao killed”. He was exporting most of the resources farmers and marketplaces had acquired, not bothering to leave any for his own people. He was trying to export more goods than the United States and Japan were, and in turn had nothing left in China for his people and they began to starve. In this process he killed over 15 million people through starvation. The Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries involved public executions that targeted mainly former Kuomintang officials, businessmen accused of "disturbing" the market, former employees of Western companies and intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect. Another million chinese were likely killed in land reform (the taking of their land to give to poorer peasants in efforts to reduce economic inequality) and 800,00 in the campaign to suppress counter revolutionaries. Mao’s agenda was to put China on the map and create a large super nation to compete on the same levels with the US and Japan, and wished to do this as fast as possible. This in turn was his motive and created the result of China for years to come.


Question: The first humans made crude stone tools 2.5 million years ago, but our recorded history is only 5000 years old. Wtf did we do for 24,995,000 years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The first humans made crude stone tools 2.5 million years ago, but our recorded history is only 5000 years old. Wtf did we do for 24,995,000 years?

It was a long, slow buildup. We're used to history moving *FAST* because we have a globalized civilization with excellent record keeping, near instant access to huge amounts of data, and perfect communication. For the vast majority of human existence "civilization" was the 100 or so people you would ever meet in your life, records were whatever the oldest person could remember, data was whatever you personally could remember, and communication happened at walking pace. With those conditions it takes a long time for the right resources to come together to increase the complexity of your society and technology.


Question: When we look at a galaxy and see colorful cloud-like shapes, what exactly does the cloud consist of? What are we seeing? Why is it a certain color?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we look at a galaxy and see colorful cloud-like shapes, what exactly does the cloud consist of? What are we seeing? Why is it a certain color?

Those are nebula and they consist of many different kinds of gases. The colors are usually fake. The raw images telescopes like the Hubble take are typically in black and white. They take multiple images with each one filtered to just show a specific element. Those images are assigned certain colors, like red for hydrogen, blue for oxygen, and green for nitrogen. Those images are then combined to give you the cool colorful pictures.


Question: If heat is energy constantly being transferred and can’t be stored, how does an object feel hot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If heat is energy constantly being transferred and can’t be stored, how does an object feel hot?

when you touch it, you're robbing it of its heat. And now that heat, is going to rub against the air and disperse within your own body. it's still there it's just being spread out.


Question: What are the logistics behind celebrity payroll? Do they get really big checks once a year, and who is their 'payroll department?'

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the logistics behind celebrity payroll? Do they get really big checks once a year, and who is their 'payroll department?'

Yep, they get sent royalty checks on a schedule. The particularly amusing ones are people who had very minor roles, since they often get royalty checks for some small number of cents on a regular schedule. If there's a problem, they contact whoever their contract is with, which is generally a movie studio or music company or the like with a bunch of people whose job it is to handle all this stuff.


Question: Assuming no medical conditions, is intelligence genetic or can anybody have the ability to be highly intelligent if they make the effort to learn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Assuming no medical conditions, is intelligence genetic or can anybody have the ability to be highly intelligent if they make the effort to learn?

Mostly genetic. Studies show that adopted children develop iq scores very similar to their birth parents, not their adoptive parents, and gifted programs have almost zero correlation with iq increases. Plus, iq tests are pretty stable over time - if you have a high iq at age 10, you'll have a high iq at age 60. All of this suggests that it's something you're born with. Of course, there are exceptions - usually extreme ones. We know that social interaction and having access to things to do is vital to developing properly, so cases like the Romanian orphanages show us that iq can be reduced due to your environment. So far no evidence that it can be increased. ... All of this is based on the idea that 'intelligence is iq', though. There are a lot of different theories as to what intelligence is. One of the more current theories suggests that we have two kinds - fluid and crystallized intelligence. And this theory suggests that our crystallized intelligence increases over time due to learning, while our fluid intelligence decreases due to aging.


Question: Why do humans take longer to develop than other animals despite being more intelligent than other animals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans take longer to develop than other animals despite being more intelligent than other animals?

It takes a lot of resources to develop that intelligence. Humans are born underdeveloped and are carefully raised from there. Many animals are set up to be dropped and ready to go because their parents can't really take care of them the way humans can.


Question: why did some animals in the same family become hyper aggressive like geese, whereas ducks are relatively benign?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why did some animals in the same family become hyper aggressive like geese, whereas ducks are relatively benign?

I'm going to try an ELI15: Sometimes a lot of behaviour is evolutionary. It's a bit of a generalization to say that geese are hyper aggressive and ducks are meek (although anyone who's been in Canada can tell you Canada geese have no fear). Realistically, there's no exact answer (as far as I know), but I can talk a bit about conflict in birds. Here's the example I'll bring up between two very closely related birds: the blue heron and the great egret. Blue herons and great egrets lay similarly sized nests. In herons, most of the chicks coexist alright. In egrets, however, the chicks will often (85%? of the time) kill one another (exemplifying **siblicide**). Parents typically won't interfere with this behaviour - I suppose this could be defined as aggression. In fact, the parenting style was seen as an explanation for the siblicide. On the other hand, heron chicks do not really kill one another that often, since they had a different parenting style (loosely speaking). In the vein of great science, Mock & Parker decided to test out cross fostering (that is, having herons raise egrets and egrets raise herons). They found that, in short, when a heron parents egret chicks, they still fight. I'm not going to mention the mechanism that encourages the siblicide in egrets, but the long and short is that egret chicks are vicious and will continue to kill one another, often leaving one chick to grow to adulthood. That is, the siblicide is **obligate** behaviour. When egrets parented herons, the mechanism for siblicide is there (parenting), and siblicide that *wasn't* there previously developed in the chicks, with the largest chick killing the rest of the nest. So, the siblicide (aggression, I guess) was both "innate" behaviour (again, *very* loosely speaking) and "outside" behaviour encouraged (facilitated) by the parents. **tl;dr**: even closely related species (birds, for example) can have wildly different behaviours. Aggression is not necessarily environmental. In the case of geese and ducks it's probably many factors. There is, as far as I know, no short answer. some sources: URL_2 (Mock & Parker on the herons/egrets) more reading URL_1 URL_3 Edit: more in depth about the experiment is here: URL_0


Question: How can companies like Amazon go so many years without turning a profit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can companies like Amazon go so many years without turning a profit?

Amazon is constantly reinvesting in itself. Say they make $100 in a year. What they do is take that $100 and use it to buy stuff to make themselves better. So they take any profit they make and spend it so in the end the profit is $0 but they have made themselves $100 better. Its more complicated then that in the real accounting but that's the jist of it. For example, if I have a cake shop and made $100 instead of putting that money in my pocket I buy a fancier mixer. Now my business can make better and more cakes but I haven't put any money in my pocket as profit.


Question: What happens to the cells of meat when they are cooked? are they still the same or totally different? Like If I take a piece of paper and burn it, does the makeup of paper before it was burned transformed into carbon by the fire? Thanks

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to the cells of meat when they are cooked? are they still the same or totally different? Like If I take a piece of paper and burn it, does the makeup of paper before it was burned transformed into carbon by the fire? Thanks

Meat is mostly muscle fibers. Heating them up slowly will cause the fibers to contract and firm up. This contraction will also squeeze moisture out. This is why meat that has cooked for a long time tends to be dry and tough. Some cuts of meat also have a lot of fat and connective tissue. These will break down under a low heat, but it takes a while. Cooking meat well can often be a balancing act between breaking down the connective tissue but not drying out the muscle fibers. This is all independent of the Maillard Reaction, which is what happens when meat (or other things) "browns". Applying very high heat to the surface of the meat causes complex reactions between the sugars and amino acids (proteins) in the meat. I encourage you to look up the details if you're curious.


Question: What is Pascals triangle and why/when is it used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Pascals triangle and why/when is it used?

Pascal's triangle is just a certain "adding pattern." You can construct it by starting with a single number 1, and then adding more rows of numbers below it, where each number is the sum of the numbers above it to the left, and above to the right. How is it used? Well, *that's* tricky. It's such an abstract idea - just a way of adding things to things - that it isn't really tied to one specific application or problem. Kind of like pi or the golden ratio, it's something that 'just pops up' in all kinds of unrelated fields. One very common one is used by schoolkids studying algebra: the rows in pascal's triangle correspond to the coefficients in the expansion of a binomial expression. For instance, (a+b)^2 = 1a^2 + 2ab + 1b^2. And "1 2 1" is the third row of Pascal's triangle. (Try expanding (a+b)^3 and see what you get!) Another fun one: If you colour the numbers in Pascal's triangle according to whether they're odd or even, you will start to see a famous fractal pattern emerge called Sierpinski's Sieve.


Question: Aside from having no major enemies, why does Canada not have a military as strong as the US?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Aside from having no major enemies, why does Canada not have a military as strong as the US?

Because Canada does not benefit from that. Why do you think Canada *should* have the same size military as the US?


Question: How do companies based on pyramid schemes such as Amway, Tupperware, and Herbalife stick around for so long? Why aren't they more widely frowned upon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies based on pyramid schemes such as Amway, Tupperware, and Herbalife stick around for so long? Why aren't they more widely frowned upon?

Bored housewives are always looking for a way to feel like they are contributing to their household income - so they simply trade money and feel like they are helping. Becky sells Tupperware. Susie sells Avon. Anna sells Pampered Chef. Maria sells Home Interior. Each week, one of them hosts a party and invites the other three. They all spend $75, earning the Hostess some trivial swag that makes Hostess feel like she's has "earned" something. The next week, they all do the same thing for the second friend. They tell themselves and their spouses that they've earned some necessity for life, but the reality is that they're just sucked into the rabid consumerism fallacy that convinces them that "having more" will make them happy.


Question: How does the skull and jawbone adjust their tooth sockets' locations while having braces?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the skull and jawbone adjust their tooth sockets' locations while having braces?

> The classic theory of tooth movement is called the [Pressure Tension Theory]( URL_0 ) > Every tooth is encompassed by a tooth socket. When a force is applied to a tooth via braces, one wall of the tooth socket is compressed or squeezed (pressure) and the other wall of the tooth socket is relieved or stretched (tension). > Blood flow decreases in the area of pressure and ‘bone-eating’ cells turn up to remove bone in front of the tooth. This is called frontal resorption. Blood flow increases in the area of tension and ‘bone-forming’ cells turn up and deposit bone behind the tooth. Hence the tooth essentially ‘treks’ through the bone creating a path in front of it and covering this path up behind it.


Question: why does asphalt change colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does asphalt change colour?

It's a mixture or very black tar and aggregate rocks that might usually aren't black. In the truck, it's really well mixed, and so when it's applied you see a nice, uniform coating. Over time, the softer tar is worn off and you see the rocks. If the rocks are grey, or worse white, this changes the overall color.


Question: What are submariners calculating with a stop watch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are submariners calculating with a stop watch?

Time to impact based upon the speed of the weapon vs distance to the target. Different speeds of the weapon are observed by updates from the guidance wire that is connected to the weapon. Also SONAR can track speed of the weapon by the frequencies that are outputted by the propeller of the weapon. I’m a sonar tech.


Question: What color is a mirror?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What color is a mirror?

The obvious answer is "silver", because most people extend "color" to include the types of reflection off of the surface and "silver" is what we call an object with clean ("specular") reflections of all colors (compare "copper" = "red" + "reflective" or "gold" = "yellow" + "reflective"). In the sense that it reflects almost all incoming light, you could arguably say it's white. The reason it doesn't look like other white objects is that the surface is smooth enough that it doesn't jumble the angles of incoming light very much. Normal white objects (like a plaster wall) scatter light in all directions, which effectively "blurs" all the reflections into one coherent color that varies only slowly across the object.


Question: how does the 3DS's 3D work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the 3DS's 3D work?

Your brain sees 3D normally by combining the separate pictures it gets from each of your eyes. The basic idea behind 3D graphics is to display two different images, one in each eye. If you make the two images slightly different, then the brain interprets them in the same way as your normal sight, and makes them look 3D. With 3D movies, this is done by displaying two pictures interlaced with each other so that every alternate line on the screen is a different picture and using polarised light. When you put on the glasses, the polarised lenses cancel out one of the images in one eye, so your brain gets two different pictures and makes them 3D. With the 3DS, the two images are displayed in interlaced vertical lines, and then to make sure that each eye sees a different picture, the 3DS has tiny walls that block your left eye seeing the right eye's pictures and vice versa. This diagram shows how that works: URL_0 As you move the 3D slider, the images separate or overlap more, and the walls become opaque or transparent.


Question: Hunters wear Camo and Bright Orange... seems like they can't decide but there must be a good reason??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Hunters wear Camo and Bright Orange... seems like they can't decide but there must be a good reason??

Many prey animals cannot see the color orange, it looks the same as green or brown to them. So hunters wear camo with some orange to be visible to humans (don't shoot me) but invisible to prey animals (don't run away).


Question: Why can we make burger / hot dog buns that last for weeks (even months) but regular bread still gets moldy so fast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we make burger / hot dog buns that last for weeks (even months) but regular bread still gets moldy so fast?

Do you refrigerate your bread? It lasts like over twice as long if you put bread in the refrigerator. My mom always did this so I’ve grown up always storing bread in the fridge, but I know most people don’t store bread this way.