Question: Grading on a Curve - What is it and How does it Work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Grading on a Curve - What is it and How does it Work?

There are a few ways to do it, but one of the common ways is that is you take the top grade, make that 100%, and increase everyone's grade by the same amount. So you sucked at teaching/created a terrible test/your entire class sucked. Top score was 72%. You take everyone's test and add 100-72=28%. The 72% is now 100% and a 50% is a 78%. The other ways to curve may be arguably better such as trying to force a distribution of x% A, y % B, z % C, etc. But generally when I had teachers curve it was just a straight increase and stick with the 10% per grade level.


Question: What happens if you get addicted to something without knowing what it was?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if you get addicted to something without knowing what it was?

If you're unable to get more of it, you'll go through withdrawal, which can feel really terrible, or even be fatal, depending on what you were addicted to.


Question: how exactly did the mechanism Stephen Hawking used to communicate work? Like what did he input, and how did the machine output it into words?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how exactly did the mechanism Stephen Hawking used to communicate work? Like what did he input, and how did the machine output it into words?

I don't know the physical input he used, however his voice generator was an iteration of an early voice synthesis made by Dennis Klatt. It consists of three parts: the first takes english text as input and converts it into a string of phonemes. Each phoneme is a very exact classification of the sound we are able to produce with our mouth and throat. The second part converts the phonemes into a string of parameters in sets of 19 per time unit (for example 19 parameters per every 50 milliseconds) These 19 parameters are what is used by the third part, the "voice synthesizer", to generate a digital sound wave resembling speech. The synth is a carefully handcrafted set of oscillators, noise generators and filters that model how sound is shaped by our bodies.


Question: If you throw a wad of wet, scrunched up toilet paper at a wall, it sticks even after the water has evaporated out of it. How come?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you throw a wad of wet, scrunched up toilet paper at a wall, it sticks even after the water has evaporated out of it. How come?

Paper is basically wood pulp (often with other additives), held together by glue. In toilet paper specifically, the glue is very soluble in water. This is so when you flush it, the glue melts, and the paper dissolves. If you throw wet toilet paper at the wall, the glue is partially dissolved, and will stick to the wall. When it dries out, it's still stuck to the wall.


Question: Why does Japan have an anti-inflation policy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Japan have an anti-inflation policy?

Japan is not *trying* to have deflation. In fact, they've been fighting deflation for almost two decades. They have a pro-inflation policy; it just hasn't been working too well for a number of reasons. Additionally, the US doesn't have an "infatuation" with inflation. The US, similar to most developed countries, tries to hold its inflation rate to about 2-3% per year. This is because economies are hard to really control, and inflation will bounce around +/- 3% no matter what policies you try. So if you aim for 3%, you'll get somewhere between 0% and 6%. That's important because you *never* want deflation. Deflation means that people's money will be worth more later if they stop spending, so people stop spending. But if people stop spending then you get even worse deflation, so even more people stop spending, and so on in a [deflationary spiral]( URL_0 ). Deflationary spirals can destroy a nation's economy, so central banks try as hard as they can to never get deflation. If the cost of avoiding deflation is getting a bit of inflation, they're OK with that.


Question: What is a "social market economy" ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "social market economy" ?

A social market economy is a capitalist economy with a strong welfare and regulatory state. It is the same as a social democracy. The Nordic countries think they are doing this.


Question: why U.S. dollar is the main world currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why U.S. dollar is the main world currency?

There are a few reasons for this. First is the shear size of the US Economy. The US represents 25% of the entire would economy. There is no other country that is even close. The US economy is the size of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th largest economies put together (China, Japan, and Germany). The other big thing is the stability of the US. There are no other large economies that are as stable as the US. The only comparable economy in size is China, and their future is uncertain at best. The entire EU is currently in turmoil because of things like Brexit and now other concerns about the EU even remaining a thing. Countries that you would think were very stable like Canada are in a currency crisis as their currency has fallen 30% in value in the last 4 years. The reality is the US is very large and very stable. If you spend too much time on sites like these you would think the sky is falling over here, but really things are quite peaceful and stable.


Question: What does your phone do with all of the excess energy it gets after charging to 100%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does your phone do with all of the excess energy it gets after charging to 100%?

Modern phones don't overcharge, by design. Its not safe to do so and could cause damage to the battery or other safety issues. Generally when they reach 100% they stop charging and actually slowly discharge their power down to about 95%, then charge back up and repeat.


Question: why does rain come down as “drops” instead of as a larger mass of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does rain come down as “drops” instead of as a larger mass of water?

Water has a tendency to want to stick to itself, this leads to surface tension (where something light like a bug can walk on water) and it is the reason it forms into roughly spherical drops. The cloud is a bunch of mist/fog (ie lots of water floating around in very very small drops). When conditions are right these very small drops will start sticking together, get heavier, and when they get heavy enough, fall as a raindrop. A limiting factor is air resistance while the drop falls. Water likes to stick together, but air resistance is trying to tear it apart. So a massive basketball sized "drop" can't happen because the friction/resistance is too strong. The size of the drop is kind of a balance between to air forces acting on the outside of the drop trying to tear it apart, and the intermolecular forces in the water trying to hold itself together. edit: spelling errors/typos


Question: Why are sites 'down' during maintenance? What prevents changes to be made while users are on the site?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are sites 'down' during maintenance? What prevents changes to be made while users are on the site?

By putting the site into a maintenance downtime, you prevent any weird scenarios where users are trying to use the site and possibly create corrupt data because they fill out a form on the old version of the site, but it gets submitted to the new version of the site. The specific errors that could happen are of course going to be unique from one webapp to the next. You could also code your website in such a way that everything goes seamless, but that is a significant cost.


Question: Why is the Vietnam war mostly used to refer to PTSD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the Vietnam war mostly used to refer to PTSD?

Vietnam was a war characterized by wandering around in the woods/jungle getting ambushed. Combine that with a large number of conscripts and a country finally getting ready to talk about mental illness without calling people pussies or pansies, and you've got a LOT of people talking about what we've always known: "War is hell."


Question: Radius of Convergence. What the heck is it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Radius of Convergence. What the heck is it?

I'm assuming that you've learnt what a power series is and what convergence means. A given power series can either converge or not converge. If you have some parameter in your series, you can state that the series will converge only for certain values of that parameter. This is the radius of convergence. Example: Sum over n of *ar^n*, which looks like 1 + ar + ar^2 + ar^3 + ... If I put in any positive number greater than 1 for r then my sum gets will get bigger forever, so it does not converge for those values. It does converge a/(1-r) for any value of r between -1 and 1. So the radius of convergence for this power series is |r| < 1.


Question: How to movie theaters make more money with fewer seats?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How to movie theaters make more money with fewer seats?

Attendance has been declining for years, since you can make a pretty good home theater for not that much (and not deal with crappy people). So, if the choice is to keep empty seats or to have fewer seats with the draw of them being luxurious and retaining an audience (or bringing people back), you need to invest in upgrading.


Question: If beer is a diuretic, how did people survive on it, back when water wasn't safe to drink?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If beer is a diuretic, how did people survive on it, back when water wasn't safe to drink?

It is a mild diuretic it still is a source of water, but back in the day they used to drink something called small beer, which had a relatively low alcohol content and was quite nutritious.


Question: How does the seed number store so much information about the map in games like Minecraft? How is such small thing i.e. every tree location the same if I open the seed on my friend's PC?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the seed number store so much information about the map in games like Minecraft? How is such small thing i.e. every tree location the same if I open the seed on my friend's PC?

Very simplified example here. Let's say that I use a single-number seed, in this case 4. I use seed * 40 to determine the world width and seed * 30 to determine the world length. I use seed * 1.2 to determine the number of mountains Based on the number of mountains, I use an equation that also uses the seed in it to determine placement of the mountains. Etc etc etc for every single element. So, every person with the same seed will get the same results since they're all being run through the same equations.


Question: can the immune system be both "too strong" and "too weak"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 can the immune system be both "too strong" and "too weak"?

Your doctor did a shitty job explaining it. One cause of vitiligo is when the immune system attacks your own cells. Which is less the case of your immune system being "too strong" and more so just attacking the wrong thing. It would be like explaining you cutting your finger with a knife as the knife being "too sharp" when really you just... cut your finger. Don't cut your finger.


Question: Does anyone know what Toxic Stock is and why it would be considered unethical to sell a Toxic Stock item?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does anyone know what Toxic Stock is and why it would be considered unethical to sell a Toxic Stock item?

Likely the store was not able to sell it for a high enough price, compared to the price the distributor was willing to give for the return. It literally would cost them money to sell you the product, making it "toxic" As for the later call, they probably were denied the return, meaning they had to get rid of the product, and it would have looked better on paper to give the item away in exchange for a donation (meaning they could claim the purchase price of the item) rather than sell it.


Question: What makes the Video Player applications different? What is the difference between VLC, QuickTimePlayer and others

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes the Video Player applications different? What is the difference between VLC, QuickTimePlayer and others

Different interface which gives you different looks/locations of buttons. Different tools (one may give you hotkeys to skip forward/back 1,5,10,30 seconds, slow down the speed, etc.) There are multiple formats for videos, one may not play all of them. Some are free, some aren't. Some have open source code (so you can edit it to your liking if you're savvy) some don't. Some have a more responsive development team and identify/patch bugs in a more timely manner.


Question: What is blackbody radiation and why does it matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is blackbody radiation and why does it matter?

In one sentence - you know how hot objects start glowing red and yellow and white? That’s black body radiation. Imagine an object that doesn’t emit light at all (like most objects that aren’t a lamp). For that matter, it’s black. If you put it in a dark room, you wouldn’t see it. What turns out is that if the object eventually (formally, when it reaches equilibrium) starts radiating photons, and the frequency of photons depend on the objects temperature. Why is it important? Well, few reasons: First, it is an observable phenomenon we want to explain. It’s what science does. Second, it was one of the big physical riddles that couldn’t be solved using classical methods, and led to the formulation/discovery of quantum mechanics. (You can look up what is called the UV catastrophe). Third, it is a very useful tool. For example, we can use our understanding of blackbody radiation to calculate the background temperature of the universe, just by observing the frequency of light emitted from empty space. The results fit unbelievably well.


Question: How can America spend $600 billion a year on their military, 54% of their federal spending, while other large countries spend a 10th of that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can America spend $600 billion a year on their military, 54% of their federal spending, while other large countries spend a 10th of that?

"How?" Because the US priorities military spending. Why can other spend less, this becomes a somewhat circular question. And it's because the US spends so much. The US vastly subsidizes its allies militaries. Basically the US military is super bad ass, so others don't need to spend as much and can do other things with their money instead. On the US's enemies, it's similarly true-- the US military is so powerful, you can't ever hope to compete, so why bother? Spend that money elsewhere. In the end, essentially the US having an insane military is subsidizing keeping everyone else peaceful and sane and not building giant expensive militaries, that's great for everyone. It's a system that works. Perfect? Oh probably not, but the world is quite damn peaceful for a long time.


Question: Why do we get restless when excited?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we get restless when excited?

Adrenaline - your brain sends a signal to release the hormone adrenaline from your adrenal glands which in turn speeds up your heart rate and breathing, and prepares your muscles for fight or flight, leaving you feeling restless.


Question: When bears hibernate, do they really spend months in a constant state of unconscious sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When bears hibernate, do they really spend months in a constant state of unconscious sleep?

No. Bears goes into a different state called torpor. They can be woken up and their body temperatures remain fairly high. Most bears give birth during the winter months and don't necessarily sleep the entire time, they do refrain from eating though. Hibernation involves dropping the body temperature down incredibly low and animals in this state can't be woken.


Question: how are memories stored in the brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are memories stored in the brain?

The best explanation we have is a thing called Long Term Potentiation. Basically when you create a memory a connection between cells in your brain is formed. Repeated experiences make that connection stronger and last longer and more likely to be activated again. When you remember something it's a result of that connection being activated again.


Question: Why does hot water clean things better than cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot water clean things better than cold water?

Hot water has more energy in it than cold water. Imagine you are scrubbing something that is dirty. Cold water is a piece of sandpaper. Hot water is a piece of vibrating sandpaper.


Question: I have a Reverse Osmosis water purifier and I've noticed that it has a pipe that constantly pours out 'waste' water. Why does it do that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I have a Reverse Osmosis water purifier and I've noticed that it has a pipe that constantly pours out 'waste' water. Why does it do that?

The machine moves salts and other contaminants from one section of water to another. The “waste” water contains everything that was in the original tap water.


Question: Why is it so easy to read text on our phones when we're holding them ourselves, but when a friend shows you his/her phone it's much harder to see?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so easy to read text on our phones when we're holding them ourselves, but when a friend shows you his/her phone it's much harder to see?

I believe it's because our eyes correct for the natural shakiness of our hand, but they obviously cannot account for the shakiness of another's, so we notice it more


Question: What the hell is the HOA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What the hell is the HOA?

HOA stands for "homeowner's association". It's an organization of people who own houses in an area that you agree to join as a condition of purchasing a house in that area. Their ostensible goal is to maintain the value of the property in the area. No one wants to live next to a shitty neighbor, so having a shitty neighbor can drive the value of your property down. In practice, though, this goal ends up getting filtered through petty power-squabbles of whoever happens to be in charge of the organization - hence the generally negative stereotype of HOAs.


Question: why are flavored teas and coffees much more aromatic than they actually taste?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are flavored teas and coffees much more aromatic than they actually taste?

Many blends are using extracts instead of flavoring which makes it smell like that but not necessarily taste like that. Mostly this is done to not overpower the flavor but sometimes it's done for cost savings or to maintain natural ingredients. (Qualification: I own a tea shop)


Question: What is happening when you press on or rub your closed eyes and begin to see colors and patterns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening when you press on or rub your closed eyes and begin to see colors and patterns?

When you rub your eyes, you are physically stimulating the receptors in your eyeballs that usually fire in response to light. Turns out if you have detector cells *so sensitive* that they fire off in response to being hit by a few photons of light, pushing them with relatively gigantic meat appendages will also set them off. When nerve cells in your eyes go off, your brain interprets that as "light". It has no way to know whether those detectors were set off by light (like usual) or by physical rubbing. All it knows is: "eye detectors report activity, captain!" "must be light! Produce visual information from the incoming signals!" "but captain, it seems like a bunch of weird random jumpy signals" "I love patterns - this must be one of them! Fit the incoming signals to some possible patterns and show those"


Question: How are Utilitys (ex:electricity, water, gas) companies not considered monopolies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are Utilitys (ex:electricity, water, gas) companies not considered monopolies?

They are. They're legal monopolies which is why in almost all states there are public utilities commissions that server as oversight boards in charge of regulating the utilities so they cannot exploit their officially given monopolies. Having a dominant market position isn't illegal, exploiting it is.


Question: What is happening to the American economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening to the American economy?

Basically businesses aren't able to fully operate at capacity or will see reduced sales/manufacturing during this outbreak of coronavirus. Will it be a large impact? Hard to tell. However, it started with people getting nervous and that caused a dip in the market. We've been on a bull (mostly upward) run in value for 3 years. Now that dip turned into a scare and the scare turned into a full blow fire sale. People are cashing out any and all profits and getting out of their holdings to preserve their cash. The government is trying to ease fears by making loans to and from banks very cheap to inspire some trust. They also easing fears on the market by creating a stimulus with a cash infusion. It isn't working. That's why the fear turned into a landslide. The Federal Reserve pumped a ton of money into the system and it helped for about an hour. This is going to be a rough landing for sure. However, day to day hasn't started to effect most people yet. That won't happen until business starts to slow down. Then people will be laid off and of enough people are, things like housing and loans will slow down.


Question: How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid/has a selective memory?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid/has a selective memory?

This is basically asking how you know when someone is doing something wrong maliciously and purposefully vs. accidentally and innocently. The truth of the matter exists only within their own mind, which no one else can ever really know. For such actions, we can only go off of their actions and responses. Look at the consistency of the errors, how they respond when faced with evidence of their mistakes. Look for things not dependent on simply their memory. Look for deliberate actions they may be taking to maintain the deception or illusion.


Question: How do TV Royalties work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do TV Royalties work?

It all depends on what the original contract says. If your contract says you get a percentage of future revenue from syndication (which is how Seinfeld is distributed), then you can get very, very rich. If your contract says you get paid $50,000 per episode and that’s it... well you can still get pretty rich I guess. But you will probably have to work again someday.


Question: Why can conclusions/rulings take so long for high-profile cases such as the Beslan School Siege?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can conclusions/rulings take so long for high-profile cases such as the Beslan School Siege?

This is not like a normal criminal or penal case in a court of justice. This trial, just like others at the European Court of Human Rights, has to make sense of an extremely chaotic event where hundreds of people died and that has hundreds of witnesses, involving politicians, secretive government agencies, the russian military, civilians. This is much more complex than trying to prove that one person is guilty of some wrongdoing.


Question: What's the difference between a socialist and a social democrat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between a socialist and a social democrat?

In America , “Socialist” is often a deregatory term used by people who think that the socialist in question is going to bring about oppressive ussr style communism. Social democrat is a term that would refer to a more European style of “socialism” where your taxes take care your Medical health and better oversight on roads / infra / public benefit system (in the US, this is countered by conservatives saying there should be less government oversight [or meddling / intervention etc| in life)


Question: Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical in the universe, but we don't actually see it. How can people actually "gather" and store it and use as fuel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical in the universe, but we don't actually see it. How can people actually "gather" and store it and use as fuel?

Having the ability to see something is not a requirement for being able to store it or use it. I mean, we can't see helium but we can collect and store it. We can't see air but we can store it and separate it into its constituent gases. Most of the hydrogen we collect is as a byproduct of oil and natural gas extraction, but there are many other methods, like electrolysis of water for example. It's all just chemistry.


Question: How did Russia, a country that lost an insane amount of people in WWII, manage to become a superpower a few short years later?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Russia, a country that lost an insane amount of people in WWII, manage to become a superpower a few short years later?

it's true Russia lost an insane amount of people during WW2, both against the axis powers and from within, but they had an incredibly huge pool to pull from to begin with. not to mention that they were one of the few countries in the war that enlisted both men and women to fight, helped to broaden the manpower pool. The mentality of the Soviet Union at the time of the war and after was to sacrifice everything necessary for the good of and to strengthen the Union, this included the lives of it's citizens. Prior to WW2 the country was still struggling to modernize their industry, military and country as a whole, which is why their casualties were highest at the start of the war. They had very old equipment and not enough of it to equip their soldiers, so you'd hear reports of soldiers sent into combat in pairs, the first with a loaded gun, the second with an ammo clip. when the first man died he better have used his ammo, so that the second man could pick up his gun load his ammo and continue the push. The Soviet war machine and industrial complex was made the primary focus for the country during the war and they invested every dollar and available man hour ( and woman hour!) not used in the fighting to construct massive factories and resource harvesting complexes, with very little concern to the safety and the lives of those working. With millions of people working in factories and building new ones, and harvesting the materials needed for both, they could grow extremely rapidly. The soviets also got massive amounts of aid and lend lease supplies from the allies. over the course of just 4 years they received about 17.5 million TONS of supplies from the USA alone. This consisted of food, weapons, vehicles, ammo, industrial equipment. the Soviet Union expanded and grew it's industrial and military capacity so much that by the end of ww2, not after, it was already a world superpower, with the most massive land military ever in human history. TLDR: Russia was already a super power at the end of ww2 thanks to a complete disregard for life that was used to fuel their military industrial complex.


Question: How Does Cardio Affect Your Body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Does Cardio Affect Your Body?

Cardio is short for cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels). Cardio is an aerobic (with oxygen) form of excercise that helps strengthen your cardiovascular system and increase it's efficiency. When the system becomes both strong and effecient, this lowers blood pressure, cholesterol (HDL and LDL), descreases chance of developing atherosclerosis (hardened arteries) in turn decreasing your chances of heart attack and stroke. With intense cardio the body also produces more red blood cells (responsible for carrying oxygen) allowing your body to transport and deliver oxygen more effectively. Why is this so effective for weightloss? Aerobic exercise is highly demanding when you reach your target heart rate and requires significant amounts of energy. This engery is often gathered through the burning of fat. As the system as a whole becomes healthier, stronger, and more efficient, the body is able to support the daily demands of living with relative ease. TLDR: Cardio works out the heart, lungs, and blood vessels which burns fat at high rates and decreases blood pressure and cholesterol, limiting the likelihood of developing heart diseases. If you wanna learn more about the heart I highly recommend this video series on Kahn Academy URL_0


Question: This slide puzzle—if every piece can move individually of each other, and occupy each of the 16 separate spaces, how can the puzzle have impossible-to-solve solutions like the ones shown in the picture?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 This slide puzzle—if every piece can move individually of each other, and occupy each of the 16 separate spaces, how can the puzzle have impossible-to-solve solutions like the ones shown in the picture?

Consider a 2x2 version with the numbers 1, 2 and 3. Assume the starting position is [[1 2] [3 Empty]]. No matter what moves you make, the 1 2 and 3 will always be in clockwise order. There’s no way to move it to [[2 1] [3 Blank]]. for example. For larger boards, the same kind of thing happens. It is impossible to swap just two tiles while leaving the rest of the tiles in the same position. So if your position can be changed to a position where only the 1 and 2 are swapped, the position cannot be solved.


Question: Since there’s no friction in Space, if I do 500kph then shut off the engines. Would I maintain that speed? If so for how long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Since there’s no friction in Space, if I do 500kph then shut off the engines. Would I maintain that speed? If so for how long?

Supposing you avoid gravity wells or any significant concentrations of matter you'd continue going forever at the same relative velocity. This is what allows us to send probes past the edge of the solar system or even to any other interstellar body.


Question: Eyesight tests for really young children, how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Eyesight tests for really young children, how does it work?

It's rather simple in theory, but in practice it needs that specialized equipment optometrists use. Imagine the simplest possible camera that still has a lens. If the lens is bad, you will get a blurry image on the film right? With the right equipment though, you can look into the camera and see what is being projected into the film. You then visually estimate what is wrong with the image, add a corrective lens in front of the camera lens and then look again. Keep doing this until you see as sharp an image as you can achieve. You won't get perfect sharpness because with your own eye limitations and the extra lens in the way, there is a limit to how much blurriness you can detect. but you can come awfully close. With the human eye being lined with a squishy retina, you don't get as sharp an image to see projected onto it. (imagine a projector throwing an image onto a stretched sheet instead of a proper screen) So the optometrist uses very simple, high contrast shapes and gauges progress solely by the edges of those shapes. As with the film in a camera, you can come awfully close to the perfect prescription. Since babies don't need to read or drive, the small amount that prescription is off by is not a big deal.


Question: Why is circumcision not banned, but female genital mutilation is banned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is circumcision not banned, but female genital mutilation is banned?

Because they are not the same, or even really close to it. Circumcision removes the foreskin, but the penis is still full functional. You still have the ability to urinate and ejaculate. The equivalency to female surgery is to a female circumcision which is a trimming of the clitoral hood. This is actually legal most places. FGM which is the damaging or removal of the clitoris, removal of the labia, or full removal of the clitoral hood is what is illegal. The equivalent would be the removal of the penis head.


Question: Why do gas prices fluctuate so quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do gas prices fluctuate so quickly?

Because it is very easy for the various gas companies to say "Because of X, we are increasing the gas prices", and people just have to take it because we've become dependant on gas and oil and can't really protest it effectively. Similarly, when there should be a reason for gas prices to go down, they usually go with something along the lines of "The oil we're putting through the refineries now was purchased three months ago, so we still have to price gas accordingly". Again, not much you can do.


Question: What makes the Parkland school shooting different from those before it? Why is this one the straw that broke the camel's back?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes the Parkland school shooting different from those before it? Why is this one the straw that broke the camel's back?

1) Students were able to communicate what was going on live via their social medias. That dials the emotions of the event up by several degrees. 2) More people died than is average for these kinds of events. 3) The FBI and local police were warned but failed to act upon those warnings.


Question: Is therea difference between a "3.5ghz cpu" and a "2.6ghz cpu but with turbo boost up to 3.5"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is therea difference between a "3.5ghz cpu" and a "2.6ghz cpu but with turbo boost up to 3.5"?

Turbo boost is a marketing term for dynamic clock speed in CPUs. Intel chips equipped with the technology normally operate a certain speed but can dynamically increase to the Turbo-boost speed when under load. The reason the chips can't operate at this speed all the time is because the heat they generate can damage the chip and because of high power consumption. In a laptop for instance this is to your advantage as the lower resting frequency reduces power consumption + heat which increases the battery life. The technology gives you more top-end speed when you need it. Rather than paying more for a CPU with a fixed higher clock speed that you might not actually require for what you are doing. Reference: URL_0


Question: Does it make sense to preheat water in electric kettle when using stove anyway?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does it make sense to preheat water in electric kettle when using stove anyway?

Most places, a natural gas stove is cheaper than electricity to produce the same amount of heat. A stove because of its open nature is going to be less efficient energywise. Some of the fire will just heat the surrounding air and not the pot.


Question: What’s the use of weather reports showing the “real” temperature instead of the “feels like” temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the use of weather reports showing the “real” temperature instead of the “feels like” temperature?

The real temperature is the temperature you get when you remove every other effect affecting the possible result. Variables could be, for example, residual heat, wind, evapotranspiration (evaporation + transpiration), sunlight, radiation, relative humidity etc. That's why there's a specific set of condition required to measure the temperature (you can Google it out easily). That's why your 'feeling' temperature is different than the real one (also your body produces heat and clothing). You, as a common folk will probably never use this information, however, certain business are heavily dependent on the correct information, it could range from characteristic of building materials, outside works on infrastructure (pipelines, railway etc.) and similar. It's also extremely important in agriculture - you need to have the exact temperature to set up other related practices correctly, from crops irrigation, the amount of water used etc. Edit: it's also important for future planning in many human sectors.


Question: How do humans (australians currently) survive in temperatures so far above 37oC? At what point does sweat become ineffectual?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do humans (australians currently) survive in temperatures so far above 37oC? At what point does sweat become ineffectual?

Personally I don’t even have aircon but I just have lots of cold showers. Avoid the sun, always sit in shaded areas, go to lunch at malls where there is air con etc. lots and lots of deodorant. My high school has aircon only in some classrooms and the uniforms are white and show sweat marks pretty badly so you sort of just had to suck it up at some point. I mean you really do get used to it... it’s depressing Edit: the sweat does nothing only makes you feel even shittier, some parts of australia reach 46 degrees the other day too.


Question: How were metals like steel first discovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were metals like steel first discovered?

When bronze was originally used, it was found as a natural alloy of copper and arsenic, as opposed to the more commonly known copper-tin bronze. So, the earliest bronze was actually found as a natural alloy, which turned out to be extremely useful. However, given the toxicity of arsenic involved in the process of smelting arsenic bronze, people at the time began to experiment with new, better forms of bronze, culminating in the development of copper-tin bronze. This may or may not have been helped along somewhat by a *very* limited number of sites where copper-tin bronze formed naturally.


Question: - what is Revenue Recognition?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - what is Revenue Recognition?

It's a very good question and you will probably get a lot of different answers, which is why it's an issue. But at it's most basic level. In an accrual system when and how much of a sale happens (increase revenue) is not always clear. That matters because when you pull income statement for a period that revenue may or may not be in it. Which means the overall profit/loss of the report will be under/overstated. Lets say we make a deal. I'm going to sell you 100 Widgets @ $10 = $1000. When do I say that I made $1,000? When we make the deal? When you pay me? When I give you the widgets? What if I say "any of these you don't want you can send back to me", knowing full well that you don't have the capacity for 100 widgets. Is that a real sale since I know you are sending some back? If you are trying to make your company look good, you want to push revenue forward so that it looks better now. If you are trying to avoid taxes, you want to push revenue backwards so you made less money now. The rules around those questions, are revenue recognition.


Question: Why can't/won't car manufacturers make more cars of the older popular models?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't/won't car manufacturers make more cars of the older popular models?

Old car models had a lot of problems that have been solved by modern designs. Weight reduction has increased fuel efficiency, crumple zones and frame geometry has increased safety, larger sizes were shrunk to decrease cost, etc etc.


Question: How is oxygen captured and put into oxygen tanks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is oxygen captured and put into oxygen tanks?

On a commercial scale, air is highly compressed (mechanically with pumps), then rapidly decompressed, which lowers its temperature. Same principle as what you do with coolant in a refrigerator. Except you keep doing this over and over until the component gasses are so cold they're liquid. The various gasses liquefy at different temperatures so you can draw off the one you want at a particular temperature, discard the rest or store those too.


Question: What is bounded rationality as it relates to behavioral economics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is bounded rationality as it relates to behavioral economics?

Let's say that I'm trying to get to a bar downtown to meet my friends. I can get in my car and drive down there, call a cab, ping an uber, or just hop on my bike. I'm a rational person, so I weigh my options. I know that parking isn't great, so I rule out driving my own car. Cabs aren't common in my neighborhood, so I rule that out. I think about getting an uber, but it's rush hour so I have a feeling that traffic will be slow. I decide to ride my bike. If we pause here, we can say that I made a decision rationally. But let's say that I get on my bike and an unexpected rainstorm gets me wet. To make matters worse, the roads are clear so my expectations of traffic weren't in keeping with the reality of the situation. I finally arrive at the bar, cold, wet, and late, only to see that there were spots open in the parking lot. Clearly my decision wasn't the optimal decision, but it was a rational decision. Bounded rationality is the idea that human beings make a lot of economic decisions rationally, but they are constrained (or bounded) by incomplete information, time limitations, or other realities that may not allow them to make the ideal decision.


Question: How does the fallopian tube capture the egg from the ovaries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the fallopian tube capture the egg from the ovaries?

There are little... Flesh fingers (for lack of a better term) at the ends of each fallopian tube that bring in the egg. It isn't possible for the opposite tube to bring in the egg, but it is possible that the tube isn't able to bring in the egg, and in that case the egg just gets released into the abdomen.


Question: How can animals sense when an earthquake is about to happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can animals sense when an earthquake is about to happen?

One hypothesis is that Dogs hear the sounds that preceded the shocks of the earthquake seconds before the shocks arrive. Sound travels faster than the pressure waves. Dogs have much more sensitive hearing. Check this video. URL_0


Question: Can someone explain why scripted asian gifs are a thing? What does the creators get out of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain why scripted asian gifs are a thing? What does the creators get out of it?

Creating content other people enjoy? Why are movies a thing? What do the creators get out of it? Why is youtube a thing? What do the creators get out it? Why (was) vine a thing? That's probably the more direct western analogue.


Question: Why is wind discontinuous, while it is air flowing from a high pressure region to a kow pressure region?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is wind discontinuous, while it is air flowing from a high pressure region to a kow pressure region?

Friction. Air gets pushed by a high pressure zone and then doesn’t flow neatly in that direction, it runs against everything in the way, losing energy and pressure. When there’s not enough pressure left, motion stops (or becomes indistinguishable from still air). Also scale. Macro pressure events like thunderstorms and local pressure events like a truck passing don’t have the same width or duration.


Question: Do hand sanitizers really kill 99.99% of germs? How can they prove that's true?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do hand sanitizers really kill 99.99% of germs? How can they prove that's true?

ELI5 answer: they use the product on a surface covered in bacteria, fewer than 1 in 10,000 cells remain. Therefore they can say it's 99.99% effective. Simple as that. Longer answer: First it's important to note that "kills 99.99% of bacteria" doesn't mean that it kills all of 99.99% of known bacterial species, or anything like that, it's literally just number of cells present on a surface. So it doesn't say anything specific about the type of bacteria that it is good against - it's not that they know of one particular species that doesn't die but the others all do. These hand sanitizers are broad in their action and don't have much in the way of specific targets against specific things like an antibiotic does. Their active ingredients are various types of alcohol... which just generally kills stuff by denaturing proteins. The 99.99% is just due to the methodology of testing these products. They're saying that after the treatment, fewer than 1 cell in 10,000 remain - that's pretty good! If you wanted 100% effectiveness and all bacteria dead, you could try sticking your hand in bleach, or a flamethrower... but neither of those are going to do your hand much good. Hence the alcohol-based santizer is a good compromise between effectiveness and not damaging you.


Question: why do some places make you talk to a representative or otherwise dont make it easy to check their prices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do some places make you talk to a representative or otherwise dont make it easy to check their prices?

Lead generation. By forcing you to contact them, you express interest and have to provide some kind of contact information (phone number, email, etc.). You enter their database as someone who's maybe interested in buying, that is hugely useful information even if you don't ultimately buy. Contrast to posting pricing somewhere people can anonymously access it...you have no idea how many people are looking, who they are, or what the think of it. You're basically flying blind.


Question: If a defendant admits to committing a crime to their lawyer, they are still obligated to build a defense, so why are they not tried for perjury when they’re knowingly lying under oath?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a defendant admits to committing a crime to their lawyer, they are still obligated to build a defense, so why are they not tried for perjury when they’re knowingly lying under oath?

A lawyer can't purposely introduce testimony or evidence they know to be false. So for example, if I'm defending someone and their alibi is that they were at work and the evidence is a time card that's actually been falsified, if I know it that'd be a disbarrable offense. Though there's nothing illegal about simply instructing a client to be vague. Most defense lawyers try to have their client do as little confessing to them as possible while still learning enough to know what could blindside their defense or be a liability going in.


Question: How does throughput actually work on cabling?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does throughput actually work on cabling?

Your question is less about throughput/bandwidth, and more about how bits are modulated onto a cable. That's a fancy way saying how is a digital quantity (one or more bits) represented in the real physical world. Trivial case is two different voltage levels. We'll use +10/-10 volts as an example. When a device wants to send a bit, it can represent a 0 as -10 V and a 1 as +10 V. We'll call this concept of sending a bit with voltage, a symbol. The voltage for each symbol well be held steady for a specific time, intuitively called the symbol time. In my theoretical standard, 0 volts could perhaps mean no data is currently present (in practice far more complex framing schemes exists to determine when real data is present). I think you can already understand everything I just said, so let me know if I'm mistaken. A receiver built to my standard will start idle and wait there, continuously measuring the voltage. Once the voltage transitions away from 0V it is aware that data is now present. It can than determine the bit sent based on the voltage measured. This process can be referred to as demodulation. Then wait the symbol time and sample again. If the voltage ever goes back to 0, then no data is being sent and the receiver can return to an idle state. In reality there are several other details that are very important (and links with more bandwidth are much more complex than this example) but this is a good introduction (and is similar to how RS-232 works). Now to rephrase your question, what if I want to send more than one bit of information in a given symbol time. As you noted you could use multiple wires to send multiple symbols. However nothing says my symbol has to be able to only represent one bit. Indeed many standards have 2, 3 or 4 bits per symbol. Let's go to a 2 bit symbol. for 2 bits, there are 4 possible states (00, 01, 10, and 11). We can use four voltage levels to represent these bits. We'll use -10 to represent 00, -5 to represent 01, +5 to represent 10, and +10 to represent 11. The receiver would work very similar to my previous example, but now instead of demodulating 1 bit per symbol, we're demodulating 2 bits per symbol. There are a LOT of standards for how bits are modulated and sent across a medium. From your comments (if you're really interested) I would suggest you you first study a simple protocol like RS-232 which is really only sending one bit at a time. However it also discusses start/stop bits and you may be able to understand how a simple receiver can be built. Than you can start to look at the more complex protocols used in Ethernet like 1000Base-T (gigabit Ethernet over copper cabling) which play some very interesting games but require a much broader knowledge base to understand.