Question: How Do The Mega Rich Like Bill Gates Have Free Access To Their Own Money If It's Mostly In Investments And Stocks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Do The Mega Rich Like Bill Gates Have Free Access To Their Own Money If It's Mostly In Investments And Stocks?

Having most of your money in investments and stocks is not the same as having all of your money in it. Gates is worth 91 billion dollars, so even if he had only 5% of his money as cash on hand he would still have 4.5 billion dollars available to him for purchases.


Question: why are beer bottles generally brown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are beer bottles generally brown?

I think if it's out in the sun, a clear bottle would cause the beer to break down chemically but a brown bottle reduces the sunlight and causes it to last longer


Question: Why do businesses have promotions that are FREE and you only pay for shipping? What do they gain from this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do businesses have promotions that are FREE and you only pay for shipping? What do they gain from this?

1) Free samples to attract future business. You ask for SuperSoaper2000 and maybe you'll buy it in the future. Same thing as giving out food samples in the grocery stores. 2) It's "Shipping and handling" not shipping. And handling is whatever they say it is, which often includes the regular cost of the product. But you still think you got something for 'free', even if you paid 10$ S & H for something you could have got for 3$ in the store. 2.5) Scamming a 3rd party out of commissions - Ebay had to start charging commissions on S & H because people were selling their goods for 1 cent and charging the price of the goods in handling, denying Ebay it's cut. 3) Hidden subscriptions. These are borderline scams, but legal so very common. You'll sign up for a cheap delivery of WeightLossMagic and a subscription to purchase WeightLossMagic every month for 20 years regular price, 'cancel anytime'. But a lot of people won't read the fine print, or will forget to cancel, or the cancel phone line will keep you on the phone for 2 hours then hang up on you - the latter is illegal but can pay the bills for years before anyone goes to jail. 4) Loss leaders for some other kind of profitable lotto. Customer sweepstakes has been doing this 1mil lotto for decades - they send you a mail telling you you'll get entered to a sweepstakes 10 times for every magazine subscription you purchase. Or you can (legal requirement) send them a handwritten letter for every entry you want to make to their sweepstakes (no one has ever won that way, they probably all end up in the trash can). But of course your chances of winning are minuscule and those magazines are expensive and auto-renew. So, basically, they are all scams. -edit- cleaned it up. I'm lazy so there's a 2.5


Question: What makes some motors stronger or weaker than others despite spinning at the same speed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes some motors stronger or weaker than others despite spinning at the same speed?

Speed has little to do with power. More winding wires inside the motor give more torque at a given speed and current, but take higher voltage to drive that current. Special winding arrangements, like the motors you excluded, have more complex effects.


Question: Why romance scammers often ask their victims to send them gift cards rather than real cash?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why romance scammers often ask their victims to send them gift cards rather than real cash?

It's impossible to send cash over the phone/internet, and many types of electronic transfers either risk revealing the identities of those involved or could be reversed. The purchase/transfer of a gift card generally can't be reversed, and the card number can be read off over the phone.


Question: What makes the travelling salesman problem so difficult to solve?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes the travelling salesman problem so difficult to solve?

Two reasons: input space growth, and a lack of greedy choice heuristics that can help. So the traveling salesman has an solution space size that grows in factorials based on its input space. If we were going to go through all possible paths with N cities, we’d have N! Combinations to go though. This grows much faster than you think. Although this may be reasonable done with a super small number of cities, the numbers grow to unfathomable sizes as soon as we break double digits. Cities-solutions 1-1 2-2 3-6 4-24 5-120 6-720 ... Secondly, greedy choices. A greedy choice algorithm is basically something like “pick a city, then go the closest to that” over and over again. In a TSP problem, this doesn’t work because the shortest closed path will not necessarily go through and connect two cities that are super close to one another. Now don’t get me wrong, it’s not a *terrible* heuristic; you can try genetic algorithms or dynamic programming approaches and get good paths, but they will most likely be suboptimal. This means that the one and only optimal path would still beat these. So it’s hard because there’s a lot of sequences to go through and check, and the best ways we have of picking the “better” paths don’t actually give us the “best” paths.


Question: What is a god complex?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a god complex?

A person's belief that they are in control (in one way or another) of everything or almost everything. For instance, if I believed that my parents died in a car crash because I wanted it to happen, that might be an indication of a god complex. If I had similar beliefs for many other things that happened in my life, it would be a God complex. God complexes often come coupled with immense feelings of guild and some megalomania.


Question: What is an Oligarchy and what are some examples of countries that function as one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an Oligarchy and what are some examples of countries that function as one?

Oligarchy means "rule of the few", so power isn't held by a single Dictator or King, but also not by everyone (I.E. fair elections). The most outstanding modern example is the Russian Federation. There are many extremely rich and powerful people, some directly involved in the government, some only indirectly. Putin himself isn't an all powerful dictator, but also not elected fairly. He is in power because the (other) Oligarchs support him.


Question: Why, although planes are highly technological, do their speakers and microphones "sound" like old intercoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, although planes are highly technological, do their speakers and microphones "sound" like old intercoms?

I’m a commercial airline pilot and there is a lot of misinformation here. First of all, 99% of the time we’re on VHF AM, not HF AM radio like people have suggested. Second of all, the radio has nothing to to do with the intercom anyways. The real reason is weight. Good speakers are heavy and the fuel to carry those around for the life of the airplane costs thousands to millions. TLDR; Good speakers are heavy and cost too much fuel to carry around.


Question: What does it mean when we say the universe is expanding?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when we say the universe is expanding?

First you need to understand that space is a thing that exist, it's not just vacuum. Human usually understand concept that they can relate to an experience they have in the world we exist, but what space really is, is outside of the human experience, so it's hard for some people to understand it. It's too abstract. But basically, space is where matter exist. So you have gravity that pull matter toward each other. But there is also another force that we call Dark Energy, that is not really well known, but the effect of that Dark Energy is that it stretch space, expending it. And the expanding space, drag matter along with it. The stretching is really small, and the closer two point in space are, the smaller the stretching. At the same time, the closer two mass are from each other the stronger the gravity between them is stronger. So at the scale of the universe the distance between star in a galaxy and even the distance between the two galaxies that are close by, the gravity is far more stronger, than the stretching of space. But in long distance in the scale of the universe like the distance between far away galaxy add up and become stronger than the gravity between those galaxies, which make them go further away from each other. We can only observe a portion of the Universe, beyond that we don't know. Is space infinite, but continue to expand even more. Does it expand inside of something else? What would be that something? We can only make hypothesis about that, because we can't observe it and maybe we will never be able to observe it.


Question: Why are soap operas shot like video and not shot like film?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are soap operas shot like video and not shot like film?

A "film look", (most features are shot on digital high definition video these days, so not many are "film" anymore) takes more time and money to achieve. Careful positioning of lights and cameras, longer time to set up and shoot. Soap operas are more focused on quick production time, so they shoot a scene with multiple cameras and more basic lighting setups.


Question: How do pictures taken of the universe capture the distant past?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do pictures taken of the universe capture the distant past?

Because light isn't instantaneous. It takes time to reach us. Meaning any light we see from 1 million light years away is 1 million year old light.


Question: Why do people sweat in their sleep when they are sick or detoxing, but not sweat when walking around (moving vs laying down)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people sweat in their sleep when they are sick or detoxing, but not sweat when walking around (moving vs laying down)?

Your brain is trying to cool itself off. More importantly, your body is eradicating the infection by literally cooking it in the body. When you are up and walking, your body continues to fight the infection, but other resources are being used now so a fever might not be what the body will respond with until it is at rest.


Question: How are nutritional values in food measured and calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are nutritional values in food measured and calculated?

Scientist use [Calorimetry]( URL_1 ) to assess the caloric value of foods. They do this by burning the food in a calorimeter, basically a test chamber very sensitive to heat, and then measure the heat given off by that food. We know that a calorie is the energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1C. (The kcal, or kilocalorie is the unit used for nutrition and is the same energy needed to heat 1 kilogram of water by 1C). So we can convert that heat energy into units of calories and get a nutritional value for that food. Proteins, carbohydrates, and other values are assessed by laboratory methods that normally involve breaking down the food to its basic compounds and measuring their values analytically. Protein, for example, is usually determined by the [Kjeldahl Method]( URL_0 ), which involves digesting the food in acid, reacting it in stages, and then measuring nitrogen content to extrapolate for protein content.


Question: Why can satellite television service easily play high quality movies/shows, while satellite internet service buffers videos constantly even in low quality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can satellite television service easily play high quality movies/shows, while satellite internet service buffers videos constantly even in low quality?

Satellite TV is broadcast; the satellites "blindly" send TV just once, and everyone watches it at the same time. Easy peasy, but you have fewer choices of what to watch ("500 channels and nothing on"). Satellite internet is two-way. Unfortunately, the delay between transmission and reception for geostationary satellites is about an eighth of a second each way. So an eighth of a second from you to the satellite, plus an eighth of a second from the satellite to the ground station (where the satellite gets *it's* internet connection), plus however much time it takes for the normal wired internet connection to complete, plus an eighth second for that data to get uploaded to the satellite, plus another eighth of a second for that data to get back down to you. So you're at more than half a second for a full back-and-forth data exchange. This is a problem for internet traffic, because either side sending data needs a reply for confirmation that the data was properly received. The longer the transmission delay, the more difficult it is to send large amounts of data, because any lost or corrupted data will incur a large "penalty" delay as acknowledgements are delayed more than half a second, which means re-transmissions are delayed more than a full second. If everything was working perfectly, internet protocols allow a lot of packets "in-flight" with occasional receipt acknowledgements, but just a single lost or corrupted packet will make the whole thing just grind to a halt for at least a full second. Additionally, whenever a delay like this happens, internet protocols automatically slow themselves down (because there's no point in trying to stuff 100Mb/s through a 10Mb/s connection). Plus, you're sharing limited bandwidth with a bunch of other satellite users. Which, BTW, is why the new Starlink satellite internet is designed to solve this problem by using satellites in Low-Earth Orbit: so they are much closer and have much less delay. (It also uses a *lot* of satellites -- instead of just a handful of traditional satellite internet satellites -- to allow more bandwidth for more users.) Edit: fixed delays, thanks koolman2


Question: Why does sprite from fast food restaurants taste so much nicer than normal sprite?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sprite from fast food restaurants taste so much nicer than normal sprite?

Restaurants can control the blend of syrup, water, and carbonation gas. So you're getting a modified blend at some.


Question: Do doctors expect clinical depression to ever resolve in a treated patient?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do doctors expect clinical depression to ever resolve in a treated patient?

Speaking from experience, the *fixing* comes from changing how you think. which is achieved, at least for me, by dampening my emotions and allowing me to address the underlying thoughts which which led to the depressive state. Took about two years but I eventually weened off my meds and have been off for almost 4 years. The change I had to make was accepting my limitations and learning to let go of what I can't, or have no right to, control.


Question: How come when you close both eyes you see black but when you close one eye you just see nothing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you close both eyes you see black but when you close one eye you just see nothing?

Your brain is a very sophisticated computer. You’ll notice you actually can see red through your closed eyelids, if you look at the lights. What happens is your brain filters out the one eye that’s seeing all red as unnecessary information and only utilizes the eye that can see a full picture. Try closing one eye and holding your hand over the other, but far enough that you can see light leaking around the edges. You’ll notice the eye you closed is actually “visible” now as a reddish blob. Our brains are really good at filtering out constant signals like the hum of machines or say the tick-tock of a clock. We only notice changes to our environment, and with a closed eye there is no change to notice. It’s kinda like how your nose is in your field of vision but you don’t notice it 99.9% of the time.


Question: why is the equator almost entirely jungle, but 20 degrees North and South are mostly desert?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is the equator almost entirely jungle, but 20 degrees North and South are mostly desert?

Warm, moist air at the equator rises. It can't rise forever, and when it reaches the limit of how fair it can rise it instead spreads north and south. As it moves north and south, it becomes cooler, causing moisture to precipitate out of it. When it becomes cool enough, it begins to sink, but by this time, it has lost a lot of its moisture, making it very dry. The point at which this happens is around 30 degrees north and south.


Question: Why do moving air feels colder than stationary air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do moving air feels colder than stationary air?

Because it is. Air is sticky. It clings to your skin and gets heated up by it. When that layer of sticky clingy heated air gets pushed away and replaced by moving air, that heat is lost to you and you become colder.


Question: Why is it that whenever juice solidifies into ice and melts back into juice the "fruity flavor" becomes more watery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that whenever juice solidifies into ice and melts back into juice the "fruity flavor" becomes more watery?

I know this one! When juice melts, it doesn’t all melt at once. In general the sugary compounds melt first, and the water melts later. If you froze and then thawed juice all at once and didn’t drink any, it would probably taste the same. But if you can’t leave it alone while it’s thawing (like I can’t), then you’ll probably find that the “juice” flavor melts first all at once, gets sucked off in the first few sips, and then when the rest of the juice thaws that flavor is missing, making it taste watered down and gross.


Question: How does a fridge use energy to remove energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a fridge use energy to remove energy?

A refrigeration cycle consists of a cool refrigerator and a warm exterior. A cool refrigerant is compressed. When fluids are compressed, they heat up. The cool refrigerant is now hot. The hot, compressed refrigerant is pumped outside, to the exterior. Since it's hotter than the warm exterior, it cools down until it's warm (usually with a fan blowing on it), releasing heat. The warm, compressed refrigerant is allowed to expand. When fluids are allowed to expand, they lose heat. The warm refrigerant is now cold. The cold refrigerant is pumped inside, to the refrigerator. Since it's colder than the refrigerator, it warms up, absorbing heat, until it's cool. The cool refrigerant is compressed, and the cycle repeats.


Question: Why does soil after first rain feel so refreshing and good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does soil after first rain feel so refreshing and good?

That's because of something called negative ions. It happens after the rain and gives the odor/refreshing feel


Question: why does live tv look “cleaner” / different than a pre-recorded show?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does live tv look “cleaner” / different than a pre-recorded show?

People have become accustomed to how certain shows "look". Live TV has a certain "look" to it, 3-camera sitcoms have a certain look, soap operas have a certain look, movies have a [certain look]( URL_0 ). The audience expects a show to look a certain way... so the programmers deliver.


Question: How my phone battery goes from 0-50 in 30min but 50-100 in 1 hour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How my phone battery goes from 0-50 in 30min but 50-100 in 1 hour?

fastcharge technology. It will let higher current into the battery at the begining so you can use your phone faster, but because this can be damaging to the battery(higher current will heat up the battery) it slows down in the charging once it reaches 50%.


Question: How does frying ice cream not melt it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does frying ice cream not melt it?

It does, but the oil solidifies and incases it so quickly that it only half melts and you end up with a great treat with a cruchy outside, melted inside, and heart disease on the side.


Question: Where are backdoors /security flaws from ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where are backdoors /security flaws from ?

Backdoors and Security Flaws are ways to circumnavigate normal digital security or access permissions to get access to data that you shouldn't have direct access to. The difference is backdoors are intentionally created or left there at the request of a government or other authority so that the "good guys" will always have a way in if they need to get someones information. This is very obviously not great as it is very hard to prevent backdoors from getting leaked or abused like the reports of NSA agents caught with people's nude photos from iCloud and other cloud storage platforms. As to where they come from, security flaws are generally oversights in the software design just like locking all the doors to your house but leaving a window unlocked. As far as an example, as to what a flaw "really" is, as always there's a [relevant XKCD]( URL_0 ) about the HeartBleed vunerability.


Question: Where does money come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does money come from?

> I understand we don't have enough physical money to cover the amount of money in everybody's bank account. First you should understand that the money "in your bank account" isn't actually money. It is a debt owed to you by the bank, but as it is "in the bank" it isn't all available for withdrawal. You might be able to withdraw all your cash today but *everyone* cannot withdraw it all at once. This is because the bank loans out a portion of the money deposited in the bank and charges interest on those loans as a way to make money. Now this should make it obvious where the "new money" is coming from. Suppose you deposit $100 into the bank and the bank loans out some of the money while keeping a bit in reserve in case you want to withdraw some (this is called "fractional reserve banking" for obvious reasons). So they keep 20% on hand ($20) in case you want to buy lunch or something and loan out $80. Now you have $100 in your bank account and whoever got the loan has $80 which they use for something. There is $180 in the economy but only $100 in "real money".


Question: How do animals know which other animals to have sex with, if they don't know what they look like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do animals know which other animals to have sex with, if they don't know what they look like?

Animals cannot identify themselves in their own reflections (for the most part). This does not mean that they can’t differentiate species, animals are dumber than humans but not that dumb.


Question: When two countries are at war, how can the Heads of State "hide in plain sight" without being air raided? Why the germans didn't drop bombs on the Royal Palaces in the UK or vice-versa?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When two countries are at war, how can the Heads of State "hide in plain sight" without being air raided? Why the germans didn't drop bombs on the Royal Palaces in the UK or vice-versa?

One of the things about bombing in World War 2 was that it was very inaccurate. There are various reasons for this, but the result was that even hitting the right *city* wasn't always guaranteed - especially for night raids, which were safer but less accurate. So targeting a particular individual, even if you know where they are at a particular time, is difficult. On top of that, you can guarantee that anyone important will have a good bomb shelter. When it comes down to it, long range bombing simply wasn't that effective until late in WW2. Similar things apply to military targets. With the added complication that if a military knows it's at risk of bombing it will move around, disperse forces, use camouflage, strengthen defences, and take various other measures to limit the effectiveness. A good example of a campaign against military targets is the Battle of Britain, when the German air force tried, and failed, to defeat the RAF by attacking airfields and other targets. Now as for the atomic bombs, the choice of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is an interesting topic. One small point is that the attack on Hiroshima was partly justified by the idea that there were multiple targets in the city, so attacking it *was* attacking army bases, naval bases, munitions factories, etc.. Why not try and kill the Emperor? Well not only do the problems listed above still apply, but also if you want peace you need someone to negotiate with - or at the very least to sign a surrender document. Kill off the top levels of government and who will take over? Will they be more or less inclined to carry on the war? Will they have the political authority to make peace even if they want to?


Question: how does a mouse sensor work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a mouse sensor work?

Modern mouse sensors are actually pretty basic. An optical mouse is basically a red LED, which bounces light off a surface and into a CMOS sensor (not to be confused with a CMOS inside a computer) This CMOS is basically a camera. It takes the image and compares it to the next one. Using this data, it can work out how far, and in what direction, the mouse is moving. This can happen hundreds or thousands of times a second. Most gaming mice have the ability to change the amount this happens, allowing for faster, or slower but more accurate movement.


Question: why can't countries with currecny in the 1000s, such as Indonesia, change their currency to smaller numbers such as 1,2,5,10,100?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't countries with currecny in the 1000s, such as Indonesia, change their currency to smaller numbers such as 1,2,5,10,100?

Doing so would essentially require issuing a new set of currency, providing for a fixed exchange, and eventually retiring the old currency. Especially for a country with a huge population spread across a huge land mass, that's probably far more work than it's worth.


Question: How do we distinguish copyright infringement from fair use? For example, if I were remixing a song, how much of the original song would I need to change or how different would it have to be for it to fall under fair use category?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we distinguish copyright infringement from fair use? For example, if I were remixing a song, how much of the original song would I need to change or how different would it have to be for it to fall under fair use category?

That's easy: Remixes are never fair use. This was established back in the 80s when hip hop groups were sampling everything heavily - the courts decided that *no amount of sampling* is acceptable under fair use. Fair use is limited to citations for criticism, educational purposes, parody and things of that nature.


Question: how many sets of "poles" does the earth have and are some of them the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how many sets of "poles" does the earth have and are some of them the same?

The ice masses are called "polecaps", and are roughly centered around the geographical poles because being at the axis of rotation has the consequence of being the coldest area. The magnetic poles are roughly oriented at the geographical poles too because the magnetic field is caused by a dynamo effect. This effect is also influenced by the material inside earth though so they can move a little and even flip orientation. (The exact nature of this is still being researched) I don't think any more poles exist regarding earth, but pole has a bunch more meanings, like electrical contacts are called poles too, and in math a functionvalue that diverges (becomes infinite) at a single point is a pole too.


Question: Why can't online shopping sites like Best Buy/Amazon/New Egg/etc limit the amount of a specific item someone is allowed to buy based on their IP address in order to avoid scalping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't online shopping sites like Best Buy/Amazon/New Egg/etc limit the amount of a specific item someone is allowed to buy based on their IP address in order to avoid scalping?

Because they don't care to. If I'm Amazon, I'm happy to sell 1,000 full price units to one person rather than one full price unit to 1,000 people. It's an easier transaction for me, with less friction and costs, and likely less shipping costs as well - sending a truckload to one person is cheaper than breaking up a truckload and sending it to 1,000 people. Also, it's probably trivial to defeat that if you know what you're doing.


Question: Billion year old water was recently discovered on earth. How old can water get?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Billion year old water was recently discovered on earth. How old can water get?

Not sure what you mean by billion year old water? How do you define the age of water? Pretty much all the atoms on earth are billions of years old. If you see them as particles, not waves, at least... Most water on earth arrived billions of years ago. But since then almost all of it have been inside or part of countless rocks, mud shoals, bacteria, virys, microbes, plants and animals. Does it still count as "water" or do you start counting age from zero every time it is exhaled by a mosquito or evaporate from a leaf stomats? Even water sealed under ice or in the abyssal sea is in constant flu between being water molecules or being split into a proton (H+) and a base (OH-) component, and mostly re-form water molecules with a different atom. Is that old water re-arranged or new water?


Question: Why rainbows are arched and what factors decide their dimensions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why rainbows are arched and what factors decide their dimensions?

You see a rainbow when you, the raindrops and the sun are all in a certain orientation to each other. The rainbow is _really_ a halo around the lightsource - the sun. However, much of halo is below the horizon. So...it's not REALLY a bow, it's really just a part of a circle. That "circle" is all the spots where the light is at 42 degree angle from the raindrop and the incoming light of the sun.


Question: Why is aerosol spray terrible for the environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is aerosol spray terrible for the environment?

Aerosols used to use Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as a propellant. Essentially a compressed gas that is used to force the material out of the can when you open the nozzle. CFCs were found to be the direct cause of Ozone depletion. CFCs would enter the high atmosphere and react with Ozone (O3) destroying the Ozone layer and letting harmful UV rays in. Once this was understood CFCs were eventually banned and the Ozone layer is slowly rebuilding itself. CFCs are still used today but in tiny amounts compared to previous decades. Today Aerosols use gases like propane as a propellant. Propane doesn't have the same negative effect on the ozone layer as CFCs but it's flammable and a fossil fuel which causes its own problems.


Question: What happens inside your house when you open up just 2 windows on opposite ends?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens inside your house when you open up just 2 windows on opposite ends?

Yes it’s pressure As wind blows pressure increases in one side and decreases in the other creating flow If you have a door in the middle and it shut you can feel the pressure yourself by opening it or closing it


Question: Why do mountains appear blue from a distance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do mountains appear blue from a distance?

Posting as a top level comment. Air scatters blue light better. This is what gives the sky it's blue color. Light hits the atmosphere, and the the red light is more bent, and the blue light is scattered. The bent red light is what gives a blood moon it's color. And the blue scattered light then travels in random directions, but there is so much light coming from the sun, that there is more than enough to give the sky it's blue color. There is a lot of air between you and the mountains. And the air is always scattering blue light at random. Some photons (light particles) scatter, see don't. But with more air between you and what your looking at, there is more light that can be scattered. This means everything has a bit of blue tint to it, but, it's only noticable over large distances. The sky has a huge 'distance', so, it has a strong blue tinting to it.


Question: How does medication target a specific group of cells or organ in your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does medication target a specific group of cells or organ in your body?

Simply put they don't, at least not in the sense that they home in and concentrate themselves in certain areas of your body. The chemical enters your blood stream and circulates around your entire body. However these chemicals are like molecular keys that only unlock certain functions or cells. Something like a pain medication will travel throughout your body but will only have a significant interaction with your nerves. That's as targeted as it gets.


Question: Why does McDonalds have limited time flavors if they are popular?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does McDonalds have limited time flavors if they are popular?

To create artificial scarcity so when they bring it back, there's a frenzy for them. One of the first tools of salesmanship is to *create urgency.* "Time is running out, act now!" Source: Former salesman.


Question: How do the id, ego, and super-ego operate inside one's psyche?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the id, ego, and super-ego operate inside one's psyche?

Well, these are widely debunked theories from a 1920s analysis of the psyche with basically no evidence. Hope that helps.


Question: How does government spending and accommodative monetary policy supposedly lower unemployment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does government spending and accommodative monetary policy supposedly lower unemployment?

By lowering interest rates, we make it cheaper for companies to borrow. The cheaper it is for a company to borrow, the more investing (via borrowing, buying hardware, hiring people, and paying back the debt in the long term) the company can do, and the more widgets the company can make and sell. Cheap *short-term* borrowing is really important for big businesses, because it’s usually easier and cheaper to borrow overnight than to keep oodles of cash lying around. Ask me about the 2008 recession and GE Credit if you want a horror story. Again, cheaper loans = more investment = more jobs. Meanwhile, if I want to buy a house or a car, it’s cheaper for me when interest rates are lower. The cheaper it is for me to borrow money, the more likely I am to buy a car/house. This also applies to credit card purchases of luxury goods (laptops, TVs, etc.). In turn, when I buy lore stuff, I increase demand for stuff, and that causes suppliers to increase output or allow the price to rise (more profits, in theory). I’m not sure about bonds.


Question: Why can’t people who’ve gone through treatments with growth hormones donate blood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t people who’ve gone through treatments with growth hormones donate blood?

It's mostly historical at this point, now that synthetic human growth hormone is a thing. If you had synthetic growth hormone there's no medical issue. However, before we figured out synthetic HGH, the only source was cadavers (dead bodies)...we'd extract the hormone from the pituitary glands of dead people. This greatly increased the risk of transmitting disease from the cadaver to the recipient, and someone getting HGH from an external source could be exposed to hundreds or thousands of cadaver sources. Rather than expect everyone to know the exact source of every HGH shot they ever got, it's a lot simpler to just say "If you had HGH, don't donate." Source: my brother was on synthetic HGH for years


Question: how can a stocks price change after hours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can a stocks price change after hours?

There are after hours trading platforms that exist, but they are more sporadically traded and not fully interconnected to the overall market. So while trading can take place, it’s more volatile because supply and demand aren’t as efficiently matched.


Question: How does the UN work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the UN work?

All the countries that are members of the United Nations send representatives to the council, and they have meetings, discussions, and hopefully agreements over all the subjects that are important to people all over the planet. "The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization tasked with maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international co-operation, and being a centre for harmonizing the actions of nation."


Question: Why does the cleanliness of your environment (your room for example) affect your mental state so much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the cleanliness of your environment (your room for example) affect your mental state so much?

It's weird since I've heard the same thing but reversed. I.e your room is a product of your mental health and that made sense to me as it's hard to clean up or do anything in general if you're depressed. Versus it being easy if you're in a happier one.


Question: How do computers store information? And why is there an integer limit in computing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do computers store information? And why is there an integer limit in computing?

You don't need to know binary to understand this. You do need to understand two things, though: 1. Digits. Each number requires a certain number of digits. 545 requires 3 digits. 384271 requires 6 digits. Yes, computers use a different numbering system (binary) and will therefore require different numbers of digits, but the concept is the same: each number requires a certain number of digits. Also, for a certain number of digits, there is a maximum number that can be stored. For example, the biggest 3-digit number that can be stored is 999. 1000 is right out. 1. Memory addresses. Everything a computer is working on (*everything*) is stored in its memory. The way that a computer uses its memory is by using addresses. Instructions for a computer are like "store the number 5 into address #1832". Then later "what was stored at address #1832 again? I need that now". So whenever a computer is storing something in memory, or retrieving something from memory, it has to be able to figure out what address it should be using. Alright, so once you've got those two things understood, there's an unfortunate consequence of this. In order for a computer to easily/quickly figure out which address something's stored in, the address should be *fixed*. If we're doing an accounting program and we start storing the total in address #1500, it's got to stay there! Constantly moving stuff around in memory is a nightmare because you've got to have a system to keep track of where everything is, so keep all the addresses fixed. If your addresses are fixed, then that means the *sizes* (number of digits) must also be fixed. You've got to say "okay I think my total will require a maximum of 10 digits, so let's use address #1500 through #1509". If you later realize 10 digits wasn't enough, you're stuck. You can't make the number bigger (what if there's another number you're storing at address #1510) and you don't want to move things around, either. So you make a good guess as to what the biggest reasonable number you're going to need will be. Your addresses are fixed. The size of your numbers are fixed. For a number of a given size, there's a maximum number that can be stored there. Ultimately, that means your program's going to have limits on what kind of numbers they can store. There are systems to get around this. They're called [bignums]( URL_0 ). They have a book-keeping system to start off a number as being small, then grow it dynamically as it needs to get bigger. The book-keeping system is required because as the number gets bigger, it may need to be move to a new (free) spot in memory, so you need to always keep track of which address in memory it's moved to. Bignums aren't used all that often (usually only in specialized applications) because all the extra book-keeping makes performance quite poor.


Question: Can someone explain to me the sentence structural logic of "Have you done the dishes?" and "Did you do the dishes?" and why we need to say it this way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain to me the sentence structural logic of "Have you done the dishes?" and "Did you do the dishes?" and why we need to say it this way?

"have" is a present state. Like "I have two hands" means I am currently in a state of having two hands, and "I have done the dishes" means I am currently in a state of having done the dishes. Similarly, "done" is a description of the state of the dishes, rather than an action. i.e. The dishes are done. They are done because I did them. "did" is a past tense action. Like "I did walk outside". The reason you don't say the past tense of the verb (i.e. "I did walked outside") is because the word "did" is already creating the past tense. If you didn't use the word "did", you'd have to use the past tense of the verb instead, for example "I walked outside". Basically "did walk" = "walked". "did you done the dishes" basically uses two past tense words (did and done) which is why it sounds strange. Think like a double negative. Also remember that "did" basically applies a past tense to a present tense verb. e.g. "done" = "did do", "ran" = "did run" etc. Not sure if I'm correct or if I explain this very well. English language is stupid.


Question: How was the distance from the Earth to the moon/sun first measured?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was the distance from the Earth to the moon/sun first measured?

Hold your thumb out in front of your face. Close your left eye - measure Open left and close right eye - measure Measure distance between eyes. Using the change in angles plus the distance between eyes you can calculate the distance. I think it is called parallax


Question: What is an angular power spectrum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an angular power spectrum?

The angular power spectrum simply tells you how many fluctuations there are in the CMB with a certain angular size. For example, there are a lot more fluctuations with a size between 0.5° and 2°, than there are between 0.2° and 0.5°.


Question: Could you separate an electron completely from an atom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could you separate an electron completely from an atom?

Certainly. If you excite the atom enough, an electron flies off. If you pump enough electrons into metal they bunch up on the surface and start to fly off. This is the principle of the electron gun inside the cathode ray tube (that's a "TV screen", back in the day) - at one end of the tube is the gun, which fires a stream of electrons, which are directed by magnets to hit points on a phosphor-coated piece of glass at the opposite end of the tube. Have you ever heard of "ionizing radiation"? X-rays, gamma rays, and so on? The word "ionizing" is referring to the fact that the radiation has enough energy to know electrons free from atoms. Ever hear of beta radiation or beta particles? Those are very fast-moving free electrons produced by the decay of radioactive elements.


Question: What is China doing differently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is China doing differently?

Things are often not what they appear to be. Is China really doing great?


Question: What causes water to "tornado" down the drain/sink/toilet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes water to "tornado" down the drain/sink/toilet?

Basically it's caused by the Laminar Flow. In fluid dynamics, laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. So, when gravity is pulling the water down, water molecules aligns in an uniform way. I have heard that earth rotation contributes to set the direction which way the water will spin. Imagine a river that reaches a cascade, it runs in a linear way until reaching the edge. In the sink the fall is not at the edge, it's in the middle, so the river forms in a "linear spiral" way.


Question: How did the internet work under the AOL era?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the internet work under the AOL era?

AOL wasn't the internet at first. It was an Online Service. The internet still existed and if you had a real internet connection, there isn't much different than today (you tended to use your phone company like Sprint). Your ISP's DNS would route you to websites when you used web browsers, etc. AOL is like directly connecting into someone else's computer where you could do things like chat or go to websites (but you had to use the web browser IN america online. And in the super early days, you went to "keywords" instead of websites. edit: Think of Facebook. We log into facebook, and we can chat IN facebook. Imagine if that's all you could see was stuff you could search in Facebook. That's AOL. Basically, it was a limited connection to the internet where you could more easily find things you wanted (or that AOL wanted you to see). Think of those latops for little kids that aren't real laptops, but they're for kids and they give them the basics. You used AOL's programs instead of 3rd parties. You didn't use IRC to chat, you used aol's chat rooms, you didn't use Netscape web browser, you used AOL's browser (which was bad), you didn't use an email client like Outlook or Netscape mail, you used AOL's mail client. AOL also charged you by the hour (other ISP's did this too). I knew people who were paying hundreds of dollars per month for going over their 10 hours per month subscriptions (or 40 hours became the norm later). Think of it how we deal with cellular phones today. You had minutes before most started offering Unlimited talk/text (but you still have data caps or data throttling) When real ISP's started to more heavily compete with AOL (usually by giving people unlimited hours), AOL started to allow you to connect to the internet. You could minimize the AOL window after signing in and then use the web browser of your choice, etc. They offered unlimited hours, and then started allowing you to connect for free, as long as you weren't dialing into them (i.e. you had another internet connection) I got my first AOL account back in 1995 (I was using direct internet connections through my college's computer lab before that), and I'm going to admit something... Their webmail today has a lot of features that I prefer over something like gmail. It's "nicer." But I don't give out my AOL address to others because I'd rather not be the butt of a joke. I just use AOL for signing up for things, or as an email account associated with another website.


Question: ; how does carbon monoxide happen? if a cooker burns propane where does the carbon monoxide come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; how does carbon monoxide happen? if a cooker burns propane where does the carbon monoxide come from?

In normal combustion (at the burner), carbon in the fuel (propane or methane or whatever it happens to be) combines with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide or CO2. So, every carbon atom combines with two atoms of oxygen. CO2 is a normal part of our atmosphere and is harmless to us. When there is incomplete combustion due to poor mixing of fuel and air, all the carbon atoms don't have two oxygen atoms to react with, so you end up with some carbon monoxide or CO, which is harmful to us. Unfortunately (for us), CO is quite stable so it doesn't readily oxidise to CO2. In car exahsut, they use catalytic converters to make that reaction happen. In your kitchen/living room heater, it doesn't happen so any CO created remains as CO.


Question: How can a country like the USA, which has an external debt greater than the GDP, manage to survive economically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a country like the USA, which has an external debt greater than the GDP, manage to survive economically?

GDP is per year whereas the debt is a fixed amount. So having the debt higher than GDP just means it will take longer to pay off. People often have mortgages way higher than their annual salary and it’s not necessarily a problem.


Question: Why didn't any other species make as many advancements as humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why didn't any other species make as many advancements as humans?

There's this book called *Sapiens* that argues that it is the human ability to communally believe in the imaginary which largely allowed us to develop to this point. Other social animals have to spend a significant amount of time developing their social structures and relationships. They have to spend time with others to learn to trust them and work together. There is a limit to how many other individuals you can keep track of socially. For homo sapiens this limit is claimed to be ~150. Because of this we have (almost) no evidence of primates or other human species such as the Neanderthal living or cooperating in groups that exceed some limit. Humans are different because we make up and tell stories about imaginary things such as a national or religious identity that large groups of people can subscribe to. This gives them something in common and a basis for mutual trust between strangers. By imaginary I don't mean that something is a lie or fake, just that it is not a real world object. Since humans who have never met can identify with each other due to this shared imaginary thing they are more willing to trust and work in a group with large amounts of strangers. Scientific and social progress is often the result of such collaborations. It also allows for increasingly large groups to concentrate their resources/capital. This is also why homo sapiens were able to easily outcompete, or perhaps directly eliminate, the other species of humans. Hundreds of homo sapiens can easily defeat a few dozen Neanderthals despite being inferior in strength and brain size. I don't know how extensive the evidence is for this theory. But on its surface it seams reasonable.