Question: How do ears/inner-ears/brains/? know how far away the sound is (is it close by or far away)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do ears/inner-ears/brains/? know how far away the sound is (is it close by or far away)?

The brain calculates the differences between what the left and right ear hear to determine the properties of the sound. The time difference between the arrival of the sound among the ears is used mainly to determine the sound's direction. It then calculates the energy level absorbed (which means how strong the vibration on the ear is and is actually how loud you hear a sound) by the ears to approximate the distance. It is not much different to what our eyes do, the same principal applies, but the ears as perception organs are imperfect when compared to the eyes. To get an idea of the principal at hand try to gauge the distance to an object with one eye closed or with both open.


Question: If polymer is long chain of molecules how do they create 3d object? Is there bonds between chains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If polymer is long chain of molecules how do they create 3d object? Is there bonds between chains?

They twist. it's not a flat chain, think - crudely - like a tangled phone cord.


Question: What decides the volume and duration of a thunder clap?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What decides the volume and duration of a thunder clap?

Imagine the soundwave/shockwave of thunder like an invisible cylinder around the lightning you just saw. That cylinder is created at the moment you see lightning, and it grows in radius at the speed of sound (approx. 300m/s). Now on the surface of that cylinder there are one thousand of tiny little surfers, each of the surfing in their own direction away from the lightning, and whenever a surfer collides with your ear, you hear a noise. Now, as the cylinder grows, all of the surfers naturally surf away from each other, and all the surfers grow further and further apart (or less and less energy per surface area). The less surfers reach your ear, the more quiet the thunder. The duration of thunder is a little bit harder to imagine. Again, a thousand surfers riding the shockwave. In their path from the lightning outwards, some of the surfers hit rigid objects like walls, houses, rocks, or trees. These rigid surfaces reflect them away from their original path. But if they cross a city, they don't only hit one house, but many. They end up on sort of a crazy random walk through the city, reflected hundreds to thousands of times. But in the end they may still end up in someones ear, and that person can again hear a tiny noise. Now as I said there a thousands of surfers, and all of them are randomly reflected a different number of times, so they take a different amount of time until they can be heard. Hence the once short, loud bang (many surfers arriving all at the same time) became a long, less loud rumble (many surfers all arriving one after another). Edit: Gold? For a bunch of surfers? Thank you kind stranger!


Question: Why are screen resolutions like 1920x1080 rather than 2000x1000?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are screen resolutions like 1920x1080 rather than 2000x1000?

Originally, the standard was 4:3 since several experiments found that the human eye’s field of view (FoV) was of the same ratio (155° H x 120° V). Hence it was continued as the standard for film, camera and later for TV as well. Now, Hollywood industry had to be something different compared to the home television. As a result, Hollywood came up with widescreen movies with more picture content which created the wow factor and was successful in drawing back crowds to theaters. Since there was no standards body back then, several aspect ratios started cropping up across different film houses, some of the popular ones being Panavision ratio of 2.20:1 and a much wider format called CinemaScope of ratio 2.39:1. This way, Hollywood managed to get back its audience for movies, while casual viewing at home like soap operas & news continued with the 4:3 ratio. Going forward, to accommodate this wide array of aspect ratios under a singular standard, the geometric mean of the extreme ratios (1.33 & 2.39) was taken at approx 1.78, rounded to whole numbers as 16:9. This was done to efficiently cater to all the aspect ratios under the same screen by minimizing the presence black bars across the entire ratio spectrum. Following this 16:9 ratio, screens were manufactured. The resolution or detail (1280x720, 1920x1080) was just a measure of the horizontal and vertical pixel array size and correspondingly, picture clarity.


Question: Why can you only tune FM radios to odd numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you only tune FM radios to odd numbers?

In America, FM radio stations are given 200 kilohertz of spectrum on which to broadcast. So, the frequencies were always going to end in either an odd or even number. It was completely arbitrary that they decided to end them on odd numbers instead of even.


Question: What does it mean if a person has a low centre of gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean if a person has a low centre of gravity?

Ok, so your mass is spread all over your body, pretty unevenly because of your limbs and different body parts. But from a physics standpoint, you still have a center of mass (like the middle of a balanced scale, or the middle of a horizontal seesaw). Center of gravity is the same thing since gravity is pulling on your center of mass. When you're standing up, your center of gravity has to be between your feet. Gravity is pulling down, put it's pulling down somewhere between your feet, and your feet can push back, keeping you up. If your center of gravity moves outside your feet, your feet can no longer cancel out the pull of gravity and you tip over. Now, as for a *low* center of gravity, it's harder to tip over because your center of gravity is less likely to move outside your feet. If you start to tip over, your center of gravity will be outside your feet sooner if it's higher up your body. If you know some math, it's probably something like: Tip over if: feet radius < sin(tip angle) * center of mass height Now looking at this, or just thinking through center of mass, you can keep yourself from tipping over by spreading your feet out and increasing your feet radius, or by lowering your center of mass by crouching down.


Question: When you’re browsing the Internet on mobile some links will open a new tab when you click on them, but then if you swipe or press the back button to go back a page it will take you back to the original tab and delete the new one; how do some websites do this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you’re browsing the Internet on mobile some links will open a new tab when you click on them, but then if you swipe or press the back button to go back a page it will take you back to the original tab and delete the new one; how do some websites do this?

Because that tab literally didn't have anything in its history, since it is newly created, so going back means removing the tab and returning to the previously opened one. Websites do nothing to contribute to that behavior, it is the browser who does that. What the website only usually do is tell the browser to "open this link on a new tab", then the browser handles it from there. It behaves differently on desktop browsers, at least in Chrome which I am using now; as the back button is usually disabled when the tab has no pages to go back to anymore.


Question: How does a dollar make its way from the mint to my wallet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a dollar make its way from the mint to my wallet?

Literal, physical cash is produced by the US Treasury and is distributed to top level banks. Then it's distributed down the food chain to the tellers working the counters, which is how Mom got that $5 bill for your allowance. Periodically, bills deemed unsuitable for circulation are collected by the bank and traded back to the US Treasury for new bills. The old bills are then cremated. Smart guys at the Treasury department use math to guess at how many other bills are destroyed before getting back to the banks, like when Uncle Charlie used that $100 to smoke his medicine last weekend. But only a small percentage of our economy is represented by physical cash. Most of it is just imaginary, and kept digitally by banks. I get the feeling you're asking a bigger question, about how the US Government makes and distributes digital cash. For that you need to fundamentally change your mentality. Whenever the US Government pays a bill, consider that a "fresh" dollar. Literally every payment is made with freshly printed money. This causes inflation. Whenever someone pays the US Government in US Dollars, consider that money destroyed, and permanently removed from the economy. This causes deflation. This is why "the national debt" can't be compared to domestic credit card debt. The US Government CAN pay off it's trillions of debt at any time by simply printing the required cash. However, this would destroy the value of the US Dollar overnight by creating too much inflation. But since the US Government CAN "print" dollars whenever they like, we can fuzz the numbers on the budget quite a bit. That's why when the economy took a dive in 2008 the government could "afford" all those stimulus projects. It's not because they had a vault of cash sitting around to crack open in case of emergency, it's because Economists convinced the President a little extra inflation today will prevent a total collapse tomorrow. On that advice, Bush/Obama authorized the US Treasury to add a few more zeroes to the checking account and various government agencies to start cutting checks to literally any project that put Americans to work, getting the money pump going again.


Question: What is the difference between the old USB and USB C?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between the old USB and USB C?

So, there's kind of two parts to this, and I'm not sure if you're specifying type c to exclude usb3, or just conflating the two, so ill explain both a little. USB 3.0 is a USB protocol designed to allow for more advanced features like more options for sourcing/sinking current, offering vendor defined messaging, etc. The specification says it can transfer much more power than usb 2, and also has a bunch of other great features. Its also going to be easy for companies to lock chargers down depending on what's plugged into them. E.g. Apple can force it so only their charger will supply max power - any other would default to standard 2.0 levels. USB Type-C is the physical connector specification, and is pretty great. It can be flipped around, and it doesn't matter which end of the cable you use. Usb type a and b cables can only go one way in one orientation. The cables can also physically support higher current/voltage levels. NOTE - There are a bunch of knockoff type c cables on the market right now with incorrect impedances. This means those cables may not work at all, or they may kind of work but catch fire or whatever, but either way a ~~Microsoft~~ Google employee went into Amazon and left reviews on many of the cables being sold, telling you if they're legit or not. Look for that. Source - Was writing usb 3.0/type-c drivers at a semiconductor for my job. Edit - Not Microsoft, Google. Thanks!


Question: How non green plants perform photosynthesis? Do they still have chlorophyll?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How non green plants perform photosynthesis? Do they still have chlorophyll?

Yep, they still have chlorophyll. They just have other things too that change the overall color. Purple and red plants have something called anthrocyanins for instance, while still having green chlorophyll


Question: how does a triangle have multiple centers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a triangle have multiple centers?

There are several definitions of what the center should be. In a triangle, they don't end up at the same place. URL_0


Question: Why was there an increase/collection of serial killers in the 1970’s/1980’s and specifically concentrated on the West Coast/Pacific Northwest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was there an increase/collection of serial killers in the 1970’s/1980’s and specifically concentrated on the West Coast/Pacific Northwest?

I'm not sure there is a simple explanation. There are some theories but the true cause isn't known. Some of the theories include: * More places to hide (forests without extreme weather, even near large cities) * Easier to hide- very short days in winter mean more darkness--contrast to colder but brighter states in the Northeast * The last-stop theory (people go west and north until they need a passport; this is also part of the theories around our homeless population being so large proportionally) * When the murders where happening most frequently, Oregon and Washington in particular were newly urbanized and did not have the same sophisticated criminal tracking teams that bigger cities had * Copycat behavior * Culture of minding your own business was cited, perhaps because it would lead to less observation and reporting of strange behavior None of these are "true" explanations of why this was happening so frequently in the Pacific Northwest. It may be the case that more serial killers are identified here, and are just ignored or not found elsewhere, but I haven't heard that proposed as an important theory. As for the time period, that is when the baby boom reached maturity (1945-65 + 20 = 1965-85). Early 20s is when mental illness becomes most pronounced in males. So there were just a lot of young men around that time, compared to the total number of police and authorities. There was a crime wave in general. This happened again when Millennials came of age, but less pronounced, I suppose because they had Baby Boomers around to put them in jail (boomers just overwhelmed the generations before them for a variety of demographic reasons like war, immigration etc.).


Question: What does the "seeding" process after a torrent is done downloading mean ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the "seeding" process after a torrent is done downloading mean ?

Torrenting is a type of peer-to-peer network for downloading files. That means that, instead of the file being on a big server owned by a website, the file is shared from your computer. In order for you to download it, someone else has to keep it available for upload; in order for someone else to download it, you have to keep it available for upload. Keeping it available for other people to download from you is called "Seeding". The directory services that you use to find files, called Torrent Trackers, sometimes have rules on who can use them. Sometimes those rules require you to Seed as much, or more than, you download, to ensure that files remain available and that you don't just download whatever you want and leave other people without that file.


Question: How do weather instruments calculate where lightning strikes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do weather instruments calculate where lightning strikes?

There are lightning detectors all over the world. The radio transmissions from lightning are very strong and can actually go around the earth several times. Next time there is a storm nearby sit in your car and turn on the radio, switch it to AM and tune to a frequency that is quiet, no music or anything. You will hear static bursts, that is lightning. DO NOT do this in the middle of a storm, stay inside. There is no danger from listening to the radio, just don't go out to your car in the middle of a storm.


Question: What is it about cold weather that causes static electricity to be so much more frequent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is it about cold weather that causes static electricity to be so much more frequent?

Cold air holds less moisture, and dryer air is what's actually allowing for more static discharges. You would get the same effect in the Atacama desert for example.


Question: Why does turning the batteries (in a remote control for instance) provide a little bit more energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does turning the batteries (in a remote control for instance) provide a little bit more energy?

The battery contacts get corroded by a thin film of oxide, and moving the battery scrapes the oxide clear or moves to a spot with less oxide.


Question: is there anything we can get from the moon if we went again ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there anything we can get from the moon if we went again ?

Conceptually we might go to the moon to mine helium-3 for use in nuclear fusion reactors if we develop technology which can use it. Otherwise there doesn't seem to be much reason to go there, at least right now. The US space program was a way of competing against the USSR without actually going to war, but showing off rocket technology which was also used in nuclear ICBM weapons. With the USSR gone the space program doesn't really align with national defense priorities.


Question: How does Laminar Flow work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Laminar Flow work?

Think of lines at a grocery store. That's laminar flow. You've got everyone politely queue'd up, each following the person in front of them and not interfering with people in the next line over. Turbulent flow would be more likely a crowd running from Godzilla. Everyone's bouncing off one another, constantly looking to get ahead of the people around them. In general, laminar flow is easier to work with because if you know something about any individual part of the flow, that knowledge tells you about the entire flow. In contrast, knowing a small segment of turbulent flow tells you almost nothing about the overall flow.


Question: How are there people who cant dream?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are there people who cant dream?

There are no such people. Many people, however, can't remember their dreams. Use the Search function here in ELI5 to see many posts on not remembering dreams.


Question: How do companies like Amazon pay 0% in income tax?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies like Amazon pay 0% in income tax?

Companies like Amazon have a lot of deferred income and expenses. For example, Amazon may sign a contract to provide web services to another company over a three year period. Most of these contracts require more than 1 years payment up front, even though the services will be provided over several years. So lets say on January 1, 2015 Amazon signs a $1 million contract to provide services between 2015 and 2018, for which it gets an upfront payment of $500,000. $250,000 of that is payment for 2015, while the other $250,000 is payment for 2016 - the payment for 2015 is actual income and the payment for 2016 is deferred income. The IRS treats deferred income weirdly. In our above example, Amazon doesn't have to pay tax on its 2016 income until it pays its 2016 taxes. However, because it came into possession of the money in 2015, the IRS requires Amazon to prepay its 2016 deferred income with its 2015 taxes. If the tax rate stays the same then nothing happens. Amazon prepays its taxes in 2015, and come 2016 the IRS just considers Amazon to have already paid its taxes on the income that it deferred to that year. But weird stuff happens if the tax rate changes. Lets say the 2015 tax rate is 20%, and the 2016 tax rate is 10%. When Amazon prepays its taxes in 2015 it does so at the 20% tax rate. So on that $250k in 2016 deferred income, Amazon prepays $50k in tax in 2015. But when 2016 comes along, Amazon only gets taxed on its previously deferred income at the new, 10% rate. This means that although Amazon prepaid $50k in 2015, it actually only owed $25k in 2016. When that happens, Amazon ends up getting a $25k refund in 2016. So much of Amazon's income is deferred like this that when the tax rate was lowered in 2018 it created a situation where Amazon was entitled to a massive refund for all of the money that it had previously prepaid on its deferred income - enough so that this refund wiped out Amazon's tax liability from its non-deferred 2018 income. This is why so many companies paid little to no tax in 2018. That being said, this is also sort of an accounting anomaly. When companies report how much they're paying in taxes they report taxes on actual and deferred income separately, and although most companies paid no money on actual income in 2018, they still had massive deferred income prepayments.


Question: If sunlight through glass objects can cause fire, how come glass skyscrapers don’t set fire to their surroundings?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If sunlight through glass objects can cause fire, how come glass skyscrapers don’t set fire to their surroundings?

It's typically things that are lens shaped (like an actual lens, spheres, round drinking glasses, etc.) that \*focus\* light which cause problems. A flat plane of glass doesn't change the light passing through it much. But it has actually happened with buildings, if they are shaped to focus light. There was a building in the UK that worked like a big parabolic mirror and roasted a handful of cars.


Question: How can satellites give us a steady weather picture of one place all the time if they orbit around the earth?

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</answer>
 How can satellites give us a steady weather picture of one place all the time if they orbit around the earth?

I'm no expert, but a geocentric orbit is a thing, right? Satellite pretty much stays over one area.


Question: How does a phone reboot work? How does it know to turn itself back on after it turns off?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does a phone reboot work? How does it know to turn itself back on after it turns off?

* Computers work by feeding commands into a processor. * When you run an app on your phone, the phone loads the list of commands that make up the app into memory, and then starts feeding them, in order, to the processor. * When you boot up your phone, it has a built in set of commands that tell it do things like check out how much memory it has, and what kind of storage it has. * One of those commands checks the storage for an operating system. * When you "reboot" a phone, it doesn't shut off, it just loads those built-in commands from the very start of the list again, just like when you first boot the phone up.


Question: What do the people who go in person to the New York stock exchange actually do? Especially with online trading and information everywhere?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 What do the people who go in person to the New York stock exchange actually do? Especially with online trading and information everywhere?

Extremely large trades. Like institutional stuff that requires verbal negotiation and work to secure the nescessary quantities. You cant pop onto etrade and buy 50million dollars without moving the price.


Question: Why do scissors only work if used with a specific hand?

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 Why do scissors only work if used with a specific hand?

They work with both hands.. Using the wrong scissor for your main hand, makes it hard to see where you are cutting since the top part is covering your eyesight.. To compensate for this, you tend to tilt the scissors so that you can see, cutting the paper from a steep angle.. If the pressure between the two scissor parts aren't sufficiently strong - the paper can be trapped between them, instead of being cut..


Question: How does sleeping nude allegedly help you get more toned or burn more calories?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sleeping nude allegedly help you get more toned or burn more calories?

Id say its bullshit, but if you sleep naked your body is more exposed to cold, thus forcing your body to burn more calories to maintain core temp. It quite marginal tho.


Question: Why does your heart feel physically pressured when your feelings are hurt?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does your heart feel physically pressured when your feelings are hurt?

From what I understand it has to do with our human instincts. When we weren't as developed if we were to get hurt there wasn't a whole lot you could do. So getting hurt meant you needed to slow blood flow to live longer, thus your heart constricting itself to slow blood flow. I believe that this instinct is what happens when your feelings are hurt, because in your head you truly are being "hurt" and your instincts kick in. This is just something I remeber hearing a while ago so not sure if it's 100% correct


Question: Confidence Intervals? What are they and what do they do?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Confidence Intervals? What are they and what do they do?

When we talk about statistics, we have to distinguish between studying a sample and studying a population. We very rarely can test the population as a whole, so we tend to take samples of the population to run our calculations on. Now, a sample is only part of the population, so the confidence interval lets us approximate a population parameter if we're only given a sample statistic Let's say that we want to know the average height of every adult male in the united states. We take a sample of 100 people from each state for some reason, and find that the average height of the sample is 5'9", with a standard deviation of 3" Then, if we know that the sample came from the population, we can make the assumption that the actual mean height of the population of adult males in the United States is within some range of 5'9" Specifically, we can say with some degree of confidence that the population mean is somewhere between 69-3z and 69+3z inches, where z is a value that is determined by the degree of confidence you want. So let's say you want to be 95% confident, so mostly certain, but with just a small degree of uncertainty. Then z=1.95, so we can say that the average population height is somewhere between 69-3(1.95) and 69+3(1.95) inches tall


Question: How do they determine the speed at which extinct animals used to walk?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do they determine the speed at which extinct animals used to walk?

This was actually explained in the original post you linked to. It's determined by the depth of the prints across their length, and the distance between the prints. If a print is deep, it means the impact was heavier; if there's a long distance between prints, it means the creature was going faster. This is all based on an assumed height and weight of a creature, which can in part be determined from fossil records.


Question: Why is Chadwick Boseman held in such high regard?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Chadwick Boseman held in such high regard?

He was a pretty good actor, in the Marvel movies and elsewhere, broke a color barrier by leading one of those Marvel movies, was apparently a great guy off screen doing tons of charitable work, and did all of that while battling cancer at a young age.


Question: In the movie, Apollo 13, Houston tells the crew that they need to shift ballast to hit the correct re-entry angle as they are underweight and drifting off course. How can they judge weight in a weightless environment?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the movie, Apollo 13, Houston tells the crew that they need to shift ballast to hit the correct re-entry angle as they are underweight and drifting off course. How can they judge weight in a weightless environment?

The contents of the spacecraft were already known to a reasonable extent: the staff could easily calculate the current spacecraft weight using the known value of an empty spacecraft plus any fuel/supplies and occupants still on it.


Question: Why sometimes objects fall on their own?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why sometimes objects fall on their own?

There are always forces around. Tiny air currents, vibrations, and movement of items. It's possible that apparently stable piles are actually sliding tiny amounts, until the lack of balance overcomes the bulk of the static friction. Friction on a microscopic scale is complex. Others would know better, but I'm pretty sure we wouldn't need to go below microscopic scale to explain it, though. Or maybe it's poltergeists. :-)


Question: If white is the product of all colors, does that mean if I had a crayon of every color and mixed them all together I would get white?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If white is the product of all colors, does that mean if I had a crayon of every color and mixed them all together I would get white?

No. It means that if you shine lights of every colour on a surface that reflects all colours equally you get white. Crayons (generally) don't emit light; they absorb light of certain colours leaving behind just the one they appear as. Mixing them at just the right ratio will result in a grey which may or may not be dark enough to appear black.


Question: What exactly happens when (in movies) the police trace a call and why can't they do it if the call is less than a minute long?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly happens when (in movies) the police trace a call and why can't they do it if the call is less than a minute long?

It's just a movie plot device. The phone carrier knows immediately where the call originated from. The police would get a warrant and the phone company would hand over the information. With cell phones, they would triangulate the call using 3 or more cell towers. Again, it is immediately available as soon as the phone makes contact with the towers.


Question: If a big asteroid is sure to hit earth how long before the scientists see it in advance before the asteroid hits?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 If a big asteroid is sure to hit earth how long before the scientists see it in advance before the asteroid hits?

Unfortunately there isn't any way to be sure about this. In fact currently it is very likely there will be no warning at all; currently the rate of successful detection is 1% or lower. If an object can be detected it takes about two weeks to determine its path and chance of impacting Earth. To do that for a dangerous incoming asteroid would require a large amount of luck at this point.


Question: How "dehydrating" makes actors and celebrities look cut. Wouldn't that make them retain water even more?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How "dehydrating" makes actors and celebrities look cut. Wouldn't that make them retain water even more?

I have a friend who is a personal trainer. Basically, a couple of weeks before the photo shoot or whatever you start drinking lots of water, litres and litres of water everyday. You then start to urinate much more than normal as your body adjusts to the high intake of water. Then a couple of days before the photo shoot, you stop drinking so much water. Your body continues to make you urinate much more than normal, but now you are not taking in as much water so you dehydrate for the photo shoot, then your body adjusts back to normal over the next few days. He said it is awful, you feel terrible the whole time, but it produces amazing results


Question: Is the edge of a circle with an infinite radius curved or straight?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Is the edge of a circle with an infinite radius curved or straight?

There is no such thing as a circle with infinite radius. A circle is a set of points satisfying (x-a)^2 + (y-b)^2 = r^2 for some center point (a, b) and radius r. “Infinity” is not a radius; no two points are infinitely far apart. What you *can* do is look at what happens to a circle when r increases without bound. As r increases, the curvature decreases. The radius is always finite, and the curvature is always positive. But the *limit* of the curvature is zero.


Question: How did a mix of fruit, dairy, veggies, grains, and meat/fish end up being the recommended "ideal" diet for humans when historically that seems like a difficult menu to consistently have access to?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How did a mix of fruit, dairy, veggies, grains, and meat/fish end up being the recommended "ideal" diet for humans when historically that seems like a difficult menu to consistently have access to?

Because of the big diversity in nutrients, these foods contain. Each of these groups of food has their own specific nutrients that the others don't provide. Not to mention that we probably don't know every important nutrient out there. So dieticians usually recommend this big variety of foods to ensure you get as many different nutrients as possible including some that we might not know about. For example, while vegetables are really high in fibre, potassium, vitamin c etc. they usually lack B Vitamins for example. Which is more found in animal products, legumes and grains. Another interesting fact is that we don't exactly know why most healthy foods are so healthy. That's why dieticians always recommend eating as many different kinds as you can! Edit: Another thing to note is that our ancestors actually lived shorter and were much less intelligent than we are due to their lack of some nutrients. You won't die from not getting most of them. But they sure improve your overall health! source: My dieticians Hope this answers your question :)


Question: Why does water turn white when going over a waterfall? My 8 year old asked me and I was at a loss to explain.

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water turn white when going over a waterfall? My 8 year old asked me and I was at a loss to explain.

I don't think anyone has given a proper answer here, so I'll see if I can make a very clear answer. Take a look at this photo of chipped glass pieces: [Photo]( URL_1 ) Notice how the glass has bright reflections in it on the edges. Yet if it were not ground up you'd just see the green color you see in some other parts of the photo. This is the effect of scintillation or light bouncing around inside an object, and the effect of being redirected and focused or spread out. This is exactly why a diamond is shiny where as a sheet of glass is clear. The exact same process is happing with the water. It's like taking a big sheet of clear material and turning it into many very very small sparking gemstones. The gemstones will appear far brighter, because they reflect light most of the time, while the sheet appears clear most of the time. Flat planes like lakes only shine in at one angle which is why you get a blinding reflection of the setting sun off the water but *not* off the waterfall. That's where the extra brightness is coming from. The thing that turns a dark surface of water into bright waterfall is millions of tiny air pockets being trapped in the water. These then act like the above mentioned gemstones and sparkle inside the water itself, making it lighter. So the millions of tiny diamonds in water make it white. That's how I usually teach this to kids. Hopefully that helped. Edit: Here's a nice example of a macro photo of water foam, you can see the reflection of the window on the bubbles giving them brightness, but the window is not reflected on the undistubed water. [Photo]( URL_0 )


Question: which is the preferred method to address under arm sweating? Deodorants or anti-perspirants? I’ve heard anti-perspirants are possibly dangerous for you to use long term (carcinogenic?)...

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 which is the preferred method to address under arm sweating? Deodorants or anti-perspirants? I’ve heard anti-perspirants are possibly dangerous for you to use long term (carcinogenic?)...

Antiperspirants are not carcinogenic. That's a dumb conspiracy theory on the same level as vaccines causing autism or cell phones give you brain cancer. Billions of people world wide use antiperspirant every day and have done so for decades. If it were dangerous in any way, you'd know it.


Question: if multiplying by Zero returns Zero, why does division by Zero return 'undefined'?

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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if multiplying by Zero returns Zero, why does division by Zero return 'undefined'?

Let's use a 1-pound chocolate bar. Multiplication: if you have a 4 count of 1-pound chocolate bars, you have 4 pounds of chocolate. If you have no 1-pound chocolate bars, you have 0 pounds of chocolate. Makes perfect sense. Division: If you cut the chocolate bar into 4 equal parts, each part is 4 ounces (1/4 of a pound). But try cutting a chocolate bar into zero equal parts... conceptually that makes no sense. If you say that this means removing or destroying the chocolate bar, that would actually be subtraction. In effect, you want to collapse the chocolate bar into fewer than one piece but still expect all 16 ounces of chocolate to still be present in this space where there is no chocolate bar.


Question: How do food stamps work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do food stamps work?

Every state is different but generally follow the same rules. Actual stamps went away years ago. It is a debit card. Every month the state gives a set amount into the account. There are 2 kinds of cards. Food only, and cash. Food only means the card can only he used for food products. Every store that accepts the card has all their inventory categorized. Things like cigarettes and alcohol are not food. Most everything else edible is. Cash means you can use the card for anything. The store still needs to accept it, though, so places like package stores do not.


Question: SSD's. If I have a 100 GigaByte SSD, does that mean there are (roughly) 800.000.000.000, or 800 billion transistors inside of the SSD for storing data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 SSD's. If I have a 100 GigaByte SSD, does that mean there are (roughly) 800.000.000.000, or 800 billion transistors inside of the SSD for storing data?

6 transistors per bit in an SSD, so, in your case, 4800 billion transistors. It's actually quite impressive, it's over 500 times as many transistors as there are people on earth.


Question: Why is everything so much more interesting when you’re procrastinating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is everything so much more interesting when you’re procrastinating?

Dopamine is the main reason, we usually like scrolling on social media over studying, because dopamine works when there is expectation of something satisfiying's about to happen. For example, dopamine is secreted when you are looking for a funny post, not when you actually find it.


Question: Why do sun beams that shine through cloudy skies appear to converge back to the sun, even though light rays from the sun are considered to be parallel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do sun beams that shine through cloudy skies appear to converge back to the sun, even though light rays from the sun are considered to be parallel?

Perspective. Parallel lines look like they're converging at the "vanishing point", aka infinity. The sun is so far away that it might as well be infinity as far as our eyeballs are concerned.


Question: How were square roots calculated in the first place, before calculators?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were square roots calculated in the first place, before calculators?

You would look them up in a table. The tables were populated by hand calculation. For example, what's the square root of 20? Well, you know it's going to be more than 4 and less than 5, because 16 is 4² and 25 is 5². So you might try 4.5. So then you would square 4.5 and get 20.25. This tells you that the square root of 20 must be a bit less than 4.5. So you could try 4.4. You square 4.4 and you get 19.36. So now you know that the square root of 20 must be 4.4xxx. So you might try 4.45. 4.45² is 19.8025, so that's too low. 4.46² is 19.8916, so that's too low. 4.47² is 19.9809. That gives us a second decimal place. Now let's add another decimal place. 4.475² is 20.025625. 4.474² is 20.016676. 4.472² is 19.998784... So now by essentially guessing and checking, we've gotten three decimal places on the square root of 20. 4.472. We could keep going and keep adding decimal places through the exact same method.


Question: What does it mean when they say a burger uses 1300 gallons of water to make? Isn’t water renewable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when they say a burger uses 1300 gallons of water to make? Isn’t water renewable?

Water can be renewed, but that requires energy. Water treatment plants use a lot of energy to make sewage into drinkable water again. Nature can do some of the work, but it does so more slowly than we need, and because of that we are fouling more and more of nature and making it less effective at the water cycle every day. So the big deal is that we either need to spend much more money to purify water, we need to use less water, or we need to be prepared to die as a civilization because we refuse to do either of those two. And of course, that also applies to a lot of other environmental concerns as well.


Question: Why does the edge of broken glass look opaque?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the edge of broken glass look opaque?

An imperfect edge will refract light in all different directions, distorting the image you’d usually see. Because the light is so randomly scattered, the image just looks like a blur, making it effectively opaque since you can’t “see” what’s on the other side even though light still travels through the glass.


Question: Why do different compounds give certain colours when burned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do different compounds give certain colours when burned?

Burning involves putting heat, which is energy, into a compound. At an atomic level, when an atom receives energy, the electrons get "excited". Electrons, roughly speaking, "orbit" the nucleus of the atom at a certain average distance away. When they get excited, they "jump" to a higher energy level. Imagine jolting the Earth with a lot of Energy and, poof, it suddenly is in the same orbit as Mars. The electron immediately wants to jump back down to its original level, but that means it would have to get rid of this energy, which it does, in the form of a photon. The specific "distance" of this jump determines the energy, and therefore frequency, and therefore color, of the photon. I put a lot of words in quotes because electrons don't neatly orbit nucleus like planets do and a lot of quantum stuff can happen that is counter intuitive, but this is the ELI5 version.


Question: What makes a reflector reflect?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes a reflector reflect?

You're probably thinking of a retroreflector. That's a device that uses several reflective surfaces to bounce light back parallel to the way it came. They sometimes look like 3 small squares, all meeting at one corner, repeated many times across the reflector. You can see pictures on wikipedia: URL_0 or URL_1 The reason they look so bright so far away, is that unlike a regular reflective surface, they don't bounce light randomly, or at an angle away but always bounce light back towards its source. Since you're close to your headlights, you see a lot of light. Someone standing 20 feet to one side of your car would see very little light at all from the reflector.


Question: How Does the grass not die after being covered in snow for months?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Does the grass not die after being covered in snow for months?

It goes dormant, same as it does in the summer if you don't water it. The chlorophyl parts die off, since limited/no photosynthesis, and the plant lives off stored energy reserves until spring.


Question: What is Lava made up of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Lava made up of?

Lava is just rock that is so hot it melted. Exactly what lava is made out of depends on what rock got melted. Though since rocks are mainly silicon, lava is usually mainly silicon as well [Heres some of the major types of lava]( URL_0 )


Question: How does the Hubble telescope, moving 8 km/s around the Earth, take clear and well exposed pictures of interstellar formations light years away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the Hubble telescope, moving 8 km/s around the Earth, take clear and well exposed pictures of interstellar formations light years away?

When you're driving down the highway, the bushes right on the side of the highway appear to be zooming by at incredible speed, while the mountains in the distance dont seem to be moving at all. This is an effect called parallax. Now imagine how incredibly little the interstellar formations would seem to be moving when they are many orders of magnitude further away. All the telescope needs to do it slightly adjust its angle to stay pointed at the right spot.


Question: Historically, what happens to people of country X who live in country Y, when X and Y go to war?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Historically, what happens to people of country X who live in country Y, when X and Y go to war?

Usually most civilians try to vacate. War is not always an overnight start, and people with a strong survival instinct try to book it. Otherwise they could have thier lives leveraged as a negotiation tactic, put in internment camps, or just plain be casualties of hate crimes. Thats just scratching the surface of what can go bad, without even looking into the regulr atrocities of war. The safest place to be of countries X and Y are at war is to find country Z to hang out in until its resolved. Going home to country X you could be treated as a spy, and you could get the same suspicion by staying in country Y. Being in an area about to erupt in a war when you are from the country about to attack is just dangerous.


Question: How does high and low tide work. I know it has to do with 'gravity' and the moon, but how does the moon influence the tide?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does high and low tide work. I know it has to do with 'gravity' and the moon, but how does the moon influence the tide?

A lot of explanations say that it is because it is because the moon is "pulling" on the water however this is only partially true as this does not completely explain why there is a high tide on the opposite side of the planet. You must not think of it as the moon pulling the water but instead the water being attracted from all points including the poles that the cumulative vector of the water closest to the poles squeezing and pushing the water at the equators outwards. Imagine taking a spherical balloon and placing your hands on top and bottom and squeezing the balloon, as you apply this pressure the balloon becomes more oblong, but in the case of the moon it becomes this shape in the direction of the moon. The reason for the squeezing is because the summation of all the waters vectors over a large area, the tidal effects is very pronounced. So technically there could be this tide in a lake but because a lake is so much smaller than all the oceans combined, the effect is immeasurable.


Question: What is plastic made of and why do we make so much of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is plastic made of and why do we make so much of it?

Plastic is made of dead dinosaur food: let me explain! Plastics are a general category of different materials: Plastic bags are made of polyethylene, bullet proof glass is made with polycarbonate, teflon is good for slippery chemical resistant coatings, polyester is often used in clothes, PET is used in water bottles, PVC is used for pipes. What all these materials have in common is they are generally big long tangled chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (with other elements mixed in). Oil is often used as the starting material (feedstock) of plastics because it also is made of long chains of carbon and hydrogen. It can be reacted in different ways to rearrange the chains to form different plastics. Oil is made of decomposed biomass from a long time ago that has been transformed by time and pressure below the earth's surface. That biomass is mostly plants and the like from long ago, and could've been eaten by dinosaurs. Plastic as a category makes a great material in many applications because it's cheap, light, and relatively resilient. As an example, think of disposable medical syringes. It's easy to make syringes by molding molten plastic. It's cheap, so we can just throw away the syringes instead of cleaning and reusing them. It's light: imagine the weight of glass syringes and the cost in shipping them. It's durable: imagine dropping a glass syringe versus a plastic one.


Question: - If sheep have to be sheared or the overgrowth will cause problems. How did sheep survive before they were domesticated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - If sheep have to be sheared or the overgrowth will cause problems. How did sheep survive before they were domesticated?

We bred them to grow extreme amounts of wool, wild sheep do not grow wool like that. This is true of just about all domesticated animals - we have bred them for traits we find value in, and that can be detrimental to their ability to survive in the wild.


Question: what are the differences between Pepper spray, Mace, Tear Gas and other non lethals of this nature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are the differences between Pepper spray, Mace, Tear Gas and other non lethals of this nature?

Pepper spray is made with the active ingredient of Chili peppers, Capsaicin. Tear gas is one of two different chemicals; CS gas - 2-chlorobenzalmalnonitrile or CN gas - phenylcyl chloride. Mace is usually a combination of Capsaicin with either CS or CN. Pepper spray and mace are both handheld aerosols where as tear gas is in a canister that auto dispenses much like a bug bomb. These are all classified as non-lethal irritants, although it is possible to die from an allergic reaction. The purpose of these non-lethal irritants is to disperse crowds and temporarily disable combatants. These substances work by irritating the mucus membranes of the eyes, nose and throat. The irritation causes excess mucus production which leads to blurred vision (watering eyes) and coughing/difficulty breathing (runny nose/excess sputum).


Question: Why can't we think properly when we get angry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we think properly when we get angry?

Your adrenal glands are producing adrenaline, which in turn stimulates fight-or-flight response. It is so, because in the cavemen days when somebody was in danger, people who were quick to act rather than think things through survived long enough to produce offspring and pass their genes and by extend their behaviour.