Question: if salt water is salty because of dissolved minerals from the Earth, then how does fresh water stay fresh?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if salt water is salty because of dissolved minerals from the Earth, then how does fresh water stay fresh?

Fresh water has fallen straight from the sky. When salt water evaporates it leaves the salt in the ocean and rises as fresh water. This falls and becomes a freshwater stream then river, lake, loch, groundwater until it either; - evaporates and starts the cycle again - gets drunk/ trapped in a reservoir - reaches the salty ocean again Freshwater doesn’t have time to collect enough minerals and ions from the surrounding rocks to become salty when it’s travelling. The small amounts it might pick up are either too heavy and are dropped as substrate or get transported to the ocean where it can’t return back to the water cycle (evaporate > rainfall > travel > ocean > repeat).


Question: What is a polar vortex, and what is happening to it in 2021?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a polar vortex, and what is happening to it in 2021?

Imagine an arctic hurricane spinning in tight formation above the North pole, with super cold air. Now, it weakens and loosens up, and fragments spread further south with the super cold air, dipping down into populated areas and causing temperatures to drop dramatically.


Question: What would happen if you remove all the other planets from our Solar System and kept only Earth, Moon and Sun in it? Will Earth survive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if you remove all the other planets from our Solar System and kept only Earth, Moon and Sun in it? Will Earth survive?

Gravity has an infinite reach, but the gravitational force experienced on Earth by the other planets is extraordinarily small. If we removed the other planets, Earth and the Moon would continue their orbits virtually unchanged. However, it's believed the gas giants play an important role in the survival of smaller planets like Earth because they act as vacuum cleaners, drawing in debris that would otherwise strike Earth. Without these giants, the Earth might still survive, but it would be in much more peril.


Question: What causes weather? Is this a feature of the atmosphere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes weather? Is this a feature of the atmosphere?

Landscape and sun cause weather - air humidity and temperature changes mostly depending on sun heating surface under it. Difference in gas temperature is also a difference in pressure, and pressure differences cause air masses to move causing wind and bring their temperature and humidity elsewhere where it may cause a rain for example as it equalizes with local environment


Question: Where do the electrons in power generators come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do the electrons in power generators come from?

Electricity is the flow of electrons but not the creation and destruction of them. That is why electric circuits have to be a closed loop. All matter/elements have/keep electrons. Some just allow flow better than others (conductors/insulators). Power stations uses magnetic fields to force the electrons to move but the moved electrons are replaced by the earth/return line. Think of them somewhat like a water fountain pump. There is a return line through the earth. Also fun fact but probably too detailed for eli5. Electricity is not strictly the movement of electrons alone but more the electromagnetic wave. Electron movement through a wire is actually really slow. Like a few meters an hour [slow]( URL_0 .)


Question: Why is the South Pole so much colder than the North Pole?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the South Pole so much colder than the North Pole?

Being near water, even cold-ass water, moderates your temperature a bit. Cities next to the ocean usually don't get ultra-hot summers or ultra-cold winters. In the desert, with no water to smooth things out, you broil all day and freeze all night. The north pole is actually over the Arctic Ocean; when you're standing there you're standing on ice with 0^(o)C water underneath. But the south pole is in the middle of a continent, a couple thousand miles from water. Makes a difference.


Question: Why do artificial sweets give me a sour aftertaste?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do artificial sweets give me a sour aftertaste?

It's probably not artificial sweets giving you this aftertaste since they use actual sugar in cookies/chocolate unless stated otherwise, it's probably some additive like preservatives that you can taste.


Question: How could scientists predict elements when creating the periodic table?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How could scientists predict elements when creating the periodic table?

A lot of the behaviors of the atoms are determined by the electron shell configuration. For instance, atoms like to have "full" electron shells, which for most shells is 8 electrons, or an empty shell if it can't be filled. But atoms can't just have as many electrons as there are spots to fill in the shell, because the negative charge of the other electrons will repel more negative electrons, balanced by the positive charge of the proton nucleus pulling more electrons in - one electron for each proton, for a net neutral charge. So for instance, oxygen has eight protons, which means it has eight electrons to match. Two of those electrons are in the lowest shell (which can only hold two) and six in the next shell. But oxygen *really* wants to fill that outer shell. That makes oxygen very reactive. It will readily bond to other atoms and "borrow" their electrons to fill that outer shell. Hydrogen has one proton and one electron, so two hydrogen atoms complete oxygen's outer shell of eight, giving you H2O. On the other hand, sodium only has a single electron in that outer shell. It would be more stable with just the next shell down full at eight and nothing in the outer shell. But then sodium wouldn't have a neutral charge, it would be slightly positive. On the other hand, chlorine has seven in the outer shell, and would love to have eight. When sodium and chlorine get together, chlorine steals the electron from sodium, so sodium is happy and stable, and chlorine is happy and stable, and because now sodium is slightly positive and chlorine is slightly negative, they stick to each other and form table salt. Noble gases, like helium and neon, have full outer shells, so they really don't need to bond to *anything* and very rarely do - almost nothing will bond to helium, at all, ever. So, by understanding the electron shells and their role in bonds between atoms, scientists can understand how an element will react to other elements, even if they have never seen that element. They know how many protons it has (because that's what defines an element) so they know how many electrons it has. Scientists also have a pretty good idea on how the nuclear forces of atoms work to hold the nucleus together. Because protons are all positively charged, they will repel each other and try to fly apart. The strong nuclear force prevents this, but if there are too many protons the strong force isn't strong enough. That's where neutrons come in. Neutrons have no charge, so they aren't repelled by the protons. The protons can stick to the neutrons instead of each other. The more protons you have, the more neutrons you need to keep the nucleus stable - otherwise it will decay, which is what happens to Uranium to make it radioactive. There are several kinds of decay, which is its own ELI5, though. Too few neutrons and the electromagnetic force between the protons is too much and it falls apart. Too many neutrons and the nucleus is too heavy and falls apart. Scientists have a pretty decent idea of how many neutrons are needed for each proton to keep the element stable enough to exist at all (even if they're not stable enough to exist for very long). They can estimate the total nuclear *weight* based on that (which is, roughly, the number of protons plus the number of neutrons). The atomic *number* is, of course, the number of protons. They can also look at what other isotopes (same atomic number, different atomic weights) could form based on the minimum number of neutrons needed and the maximum that could happen, and do some pretty good estimates of how many of each of those isotopes will exist. So again, even without ever seeing the element, they can know how stable it *should* be, what the atomic weight should be, what isotopes probably exist for it, and based on the stability, how abundant each isotope will be. All the other characteristics of an element are derived from those numbers and behaviors, so you can make very accurate predictions about any one element. You can verify those predictions, still before looking at the element, by examining the behavior of the elements around them (sodium is very reactive, magnesium - with an additional electron in the shell - is a little less reactive, so it follows that aluminum will be even a little less reactive...Potassium - the next highest atomic number with a single electron in the outer shell - is *more* reactive than sodium, so it follow that rubidium will be even more reactive). You can look at the atomic weights of the elements around them, too, and look at the pattern of how the atomic weight increases with the atomic number. For the most part, the elements make exactly as much sense and follow exactly the pattern you would expect them to.


Question: Why is it so easy to be killed or injured by electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so easy to be killed or injured by electricity?

You're really comparing apples to oranges here. The energy content in say, a spoonful of sugar (or a literal apple) is high but it's chemical energy, and it's not very *reactive* chemical energy, we need catalysts and enzymes to burn sugar and fats. The energy in electricity is an electric current which can interfere with the existing electric current in nerves, specifically with the electrical activity that keeps your heart beating properly. A bullet also contain less energy than a big mac but it's kinetic energy and if it hits a vital organ you're dead.


Question: How are phase diagrams interpreted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are phase diagrams interpreted?

Well, look at [this diagram for water]( URL_0 ) for example. Ignore all the latin numbers, those are just denoting different types of ice crystals. The Y axis denotes pressure. The X axis denotes temperature. For any x and y value, it will be in one of the three regions, either solid, liquid, or gas. For example, 1 bar (which is the normal pressure we feel around us), 50 degrees is located in the green zone, which is labeled liquid, and therefore is a liquid. Its that simple. The lines represent boiling points or melting points, since that is where phase changes happen.


Question: What is so special about the natural number "e"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is so special about the natural number "e"?

Its main importance comes from calculus where it has the important property where the derivative of e^x is itself, e^x . In other words, the rate at which e^x increases is the same as the height of e^x at the time. In most exponent equations, really any base can be used such as 2^x and the math works out but working with e when doing things related to calculus simplifies a lot of math.


Question: How does our body decides when to wake up when in a quiet room with plenty of time to spent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does our body decides when to wake up when in a quiet room with plenty of time to spent?

There’s something called a circadian rhythm, which is regulated by something called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or the SCN, which is located in the hypothalamus, which is part of your brain. Think of the circadian rhythm as an internal clock. Except think of it like a solar powered clock. The clock ticks when you use your eyes to see bright things like the sun. The SCN tells the pineal gland (also in the brain) to make something called melatonin when it’s dark (or when your circadian rhythm says it’s dark). Melatonin makes you sleepy. Ever heard of those melatonin sleep pills? I need them to sleep because of my crippling insomnia. Anyway, when melatonin runs low, you wake up.


Question: How do inch fractions work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do inch fractions work?

Imperial rulers actually are not divided into 20 fractions. If you look at [this diagram]( URL_0 ) you can see that it's divided into 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 intervals. But (as an american) the only time I actually hear anything other than 1/2 or 1/4 inch being referred to, it's an engineer or a machinst who has high precision measuring equipment.


Question: Do pharmaceutical companies really want to stop the legalization of marijuana?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do pharmaceutical companies really want to stop the legalization of marijuana?

With marijuana legal, the sales of the follow medications would drop tremendously because marijuana is cheap and will get cheaper the longer it is legal. Muscle relaxers anti nausea pain killers appetite increases mood suppressants anxiety meds many more, but the above alone account for about billion dollars a year in the US


Question: What is "lattice based asymmetric cryptography"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "lattice based asymmetric cryptography"?

Asymmetric cryptography is a kind of encryption where there are two keys, a public key and a private key. Generally, you keep the private key secret and publish the public key for anyone to see. A message encrypted using one key is decrypted using the other. Anyone can send you a secret message by encrypting it with your public key, so that only you can decrypt it using your private key. In addition, you can “sign” a message by encrypting it with your private key; then, anyone can decrypt it using your public key, and they can be sure that you wrote the message. Asymmetric cryptography is very important to modern commerce. Secure websites (which these days are most commercial websites) use asymmetric cryptography to ensure that no one can impersonate them; that is, when you're talking to your bank, you're not really talking to a hacker's website instead. The most common asymmetric cryptography system is RSA, which uses math involving factoring large numbers. It's hard to “break” RSA (decrypt a message without the appropriate key) because as far as we know it's hard to factor large numbers. However, we know that a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could easily factor large numbers and thus break RSA. Certain mathematical problems involving structures called “lattices” are believed to be hard to solve, even on a quantum computer. New cryptographic systems have been devised that rely on lattice problems to ensure security instead of integer factorization. These systems, or systems like them, could someday supplant existing asymmetric systems like RSA if it looks like quantum computing will be a practical reality.


Question: Did Apple and Windows both skip the "9th update" coincidentally or is there more to the story?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Did Apple and Windows both skip the "9th update" coincidentally or is there more to the story?

iPhone 9 got explained by different comments, but the actual story behind Windows is far more interesting. It seems due to some sloppy programming, there is a bunch of MS applications which are checking the version of OS by verifying if it begins with '9' (to differentiate between Windows 95/98 and later versions, which have a different architecture). So they had to skip Windows 9 because of the risk it would be accidentally treated as an old Windows version by some apps, causing compatibility issues.


Question: Why is red light used for night vision? Why not yellow or other colours of light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is red light used for night vision? Why not yellow or other colours of light?

Red light is used to help prevent loss of night vision because there are less red receptors in the human eye. Only the red receptors lose their sensitivity, leaving the green and blue receptors unaffected and retaining their dark sensitivity. However, it has since been found that the levels of light affect night vision more than colour. That's why aircraft cockpits don't use red light in the dark as it makes little difference in practice. Night vision takes about 10 minutes to develop and the best way of keeping it working is to cover one eye while working in light, uncovering it when back in the dark again.


Question: How are things rated on the Scoville scale?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are things rated on the Scoville scale?

Originally the scale was a measurement of how much sugar water was required to be mixed with the spicy thing before you couldn't detect the spiciness anymore. But, as you said, this doesn't work very well because people have different detection levels. Even the same person will have different reactions over time. So, eventually they defined pure capsaicin to be 16 million Scoville units. Now they just measure how much capsaicin is in the pepper or sauce and multiply that by 16 millions. For example, if a hot sauce was 5% capsaicin it would be 16 million x 0.05 = 800,000 scoville units. Hot sauces can be hotter than the pepper they're from if they concentrate the sauce by removing water but leaving the capsaicin.


Question: If I'm in space and shoot a gun aiming for the moon, is it going to reach and hit it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I'm in space and shoot a gun aiming for the moon, is it going to reach and hit it?

If you were in the vaccum of space and were aiming at where the Moon was GOING TO BE by the time the bullet got there, maybe. Lets do shitty math. A modern rifle has a muzzle velocity of 1200 m/s. So 1.2 km/s. Lets assume we're a bit out of the gravity well of earth, say 400 km (ISS is about there). Thats 384,000 kms to the moon. So _neglecting_ the diminishing effect of the Earth's gravity on our bullet, it would travel at or less than 1.2 km/s for 384,000 seconds. Thats about 100 hrs. So if you aimed where the moon was going to be 100 hrs from now it would hit the moon, give or take a few minutes. the diamter of the moon is 3500 km... it takes 1 month for the moon to orbit... urgh. This isn't /r/theydidthemath and Im lazy. But the moon would probably sweep across the path of the bullet in a few minutes or so. Now, this was _neglecting_ the diminishing effect of gravity. At 400 km, gravity is still accelerating the bullet back towards earth at 9.81m/s^2. So... < rough calculations > after 122 seconds the bullet has lots its 1200 m/s velocity and would start accelerating back to earth. Im not taking into effect how gravity _decreases_ something something square of the distance... so to be fair make that 10 times longer as gravity dimishes. Since this is still well less than the 100 hrs to get to the moon, we won't make it. **A: nope.** To give a bit of context, to actually GO to the moon Apollo mission style, you need to be going 7 miles / second or about 11 km/second so sez google. edit: Amusingly, as our bullet flies out, stops then falls back to earth, it will do so _behind_ us, floating along in orbit.


Question: How do iridescent paints work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do iridescent paints work?

They are normal paints with lots of tiny little pieces of iridescent material in them. Think glitter glue. You can even buy the iridescent powder at most art stores so that you can mix it into whatever paints/inks you like and make your own.


Question: What's the deal with the mesh in men's swim trunks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the deal with the mesh in men's swim trunks?

Swim trunks (and most clothing in general) tend to cling tightly to the body when the fabric gets wet. The mesh prevents the swimwear from clinging tight to men's "junk" in 2 ways: - first of all, since it's just an inner layer, the inner layer can cling without having as noticeable an effect on the outer layer - the holes in the mesh help prevent the vacuum-like effect of clingy clothes (think when you're trying to pull a wet shirt off your body and it sticks)


Question: Why are flus and other illnesses seasonal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are flus and other illnesses seasonal?

During the colder months you spend a lot more time indoors and in close proximity to other people. On top of that our immune systems are weakened by the lack of Vitamin D we get from the shorter days and other factors that affect our immunity. This makes it a lot easier for contagious diseases like the flu to spread from person to person. You can technically catch the flu year round, but you're much more likely to catch it during "flu season" because the factors are more favorable to the flu.


Question: What is the difference between having stream saver on and off for AT & T?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between having stream saver on and off for AT & T?

It limits the quality of video streaming while simultaneously limiting the use of data. Basically you could watch 1 hour of HD video on your phone for about a gb, or you could watch that same hour of video at a lower quality for half a gig or less. Basically boils down to if you have unlimited data, fuck that shit turn stream saver off. If you have a finite data plan, then it's great because you can stream more for less. Hopefully, that helps out.


Question: Why do wealthy websites, like Yahoo, MSN, etc., need those crappy clickbait "Sponsered Ads" all over their website? Do they really need the revenue from these?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do wealthy websites, like Yahoo, MSN, etc., need those crappy clickbait "Sponsered Ads" all over their website? Do they really need the revenue from these?

Yes, they do. Yahoo still has a bunch of infrastructure: servers, cable, processing capacity, that sort of thing. They rent most of that out to other companies at this point, but other than that they don't have much in the way of income or market share. Google absolutely crushed them in the search engine and ad revenue department, and there is no way they will ever recover from that due to sheer weight of brand recognition. As a result, any scrap of revenue they can get from their website is still important to them. People do still use Yahoo, mostly the more computer-illiterate types. Those are also the kinds of people most likely to click on clickbait. The demographics go with their strategy.


Question: How can someone survive hitting the ground from skydiving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can someone survive hitting the ground from skydiving?

Usually by opening a parachute, which slows their terminal velocity to an acceptable speed. If you don't have one, generally skydiving is not recommended.


Question: Why is it sometimes cold and sometimes warm at the same temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it sometimes cold and sometimes warm at the same temperature?

It’s probably to do with the temperature relative to what it was before. If it’s warmer than it was 5 minutes ago, you’ll feel pretty warm. If it’s colder than it was 5 minutes ago, you’ll feel cold.


Question: How does government begin? Does someone just go: "I'm gonna start a regime here." and pick people with similar goals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does government begin? Does someone just go: "I'm gonna start a regime here." and pick people with similar goals?

"Grug have big stick. Do what grug say or you no eat" Then it all goes downhill from there.


Question: Why do people sometimes look attractive in mirrors and ugly in photos?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people sometimes look attractive in mirrors and ugly in photos?

When you see yourself in a mirror, you're seeing a reflection. Your brain gets used to that, and sees that reflection as you. Now, you're not perfectly symmetrical. No human is, although some are closer than others. When you see a photo, you're seeing the flip of that reflection, and your brain sees it differently. It doesn't line up with what you're used to, and so you find yourself less attractive in photos.


Question: How is "speed enforced from aircraft?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is "speed enforced from aircraft?"

So, you know when you're driving down the highway, and you see those horizontal lines that go all the way across the road? The DOT has those metered out at a set distance, and they'll time how long it takes you to cross the distance between those lines. Since speed is distance divided by time, they can resolve your average speed across that interval to determine if you're going at a ticketable speed or not. I, personally, have never seen this done via helicopter, plane, or any other flying vehicle. But that's how they would do it.


Question: How is a bank started?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a bank started?

It is started like any other company: rich people (or companies) gather up some money and contribute it to the corporation, in exchange for ownership of shares of the corporation. Now it exists and has some money, and can apply for licenses and then begin to do business.


Question: Is plastic deterioration slower or faster on the bottom of the ocean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is plastic deterioration slower or faster on the bottom of the ocean?

It depends on many factors and also on what kind of plastic. There are many types of polymers (plastics), with different levels of resistance. Degradation of polymers mostly occurs due to exposure to heat, light, different chemicals, and bacteria and also for mechanical friction. At the bottom of the oceans occurs at a slower (much slower) speed than for instance on the surface. This is due to many factors but mostly because of the absence of sunlight (UV radiation) but also because of little oxygen, lower temperature, etc. If you would like to know more on this, here are 2 very informative peer-reviewed studies: & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 )


Question: Why isn't there a bunch of craters decorating our planet like the moon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't there a bunch of craters decorating our planet like the moon?

Well, for one, there are - Earth has [dozens of large impact craters]( URL_0 ). And in fact, the most visible sign of a huge impact on Earth is, well, the Moon itself (which was formed by an impact of such violence that it melted a good chunk of the planet and knocked a few percent of its mass into orbit). But Earth's geology is very different from the Moon's in several important ways: * Water and wind cause rocks to weather much more quickly on Earth than they do on other worlds. This means that large features on the Earth's surface quickly erode away in most places, leaving many of the largest known impacts in dry and rocky areas (like Meteor Crater in Arizona). Living things also contribute: plant roots wedge into cracks in rock, bacteria live in the pores of stones, biological chemicals react with rocks, etc. * Earth has active plate tectonics, which eventually recycle most of the Earth's crust back into the mantle. Only a few places on Earth are as old as the Moon's surface, or even very old at all. The land I live on is only a few tens of millions of years old, and is a scraped-off remnant of an ancient plate that is now hundreds of miles below me in the mantle. Most big craters are very old, so while Earth probably did have them in the distant past, only a couple remain on fragments of very old plates. * Earth's atmosphere slows small objects down, or even burns them up or causes them to explode due to the stress of reentry. An object has to be reasonably big to make it to the ground - the asteroid that made Meteor Crater, for example, was roughly the size of a house.


Question: Would I gain more weight by eating six cookies in one day or one cookie for six days?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Would I gain more weight by eating six cookies in one day or one cookie for six days?

It depends. If that it the only thein that changes it would be identical. It changes your behavior is both could result in more weight gain depends on how the behavior change. If six cookies in a day resulted in that you skipped the dinner but a cookie per day did not result in a change in other food a cookie per day is worse. The important part of weight gain is calories in vs calories out so how and if the cookies change behavior can be quire individual


Question: Why is Saudi Arabia not diversifying their economy to include solar or wind power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Saudi Arabia not diversifying their economy to include solar or wind power?

But they are: [Source 1]( URL_2 ) [Source 2]( URL_0 ) [Source 3]( URL_1 )


Question: Why is there a specific order for solving maths and how did it come to be that way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a specific order for solving maths and how did it come to be that way?

Math can be thought of as a language. The same as you know "a car" refers to the four-wheeled vehicle, you can say the word "a car" and know that me too will then understand and associate it with that four wheel metal box. Language could not work if we had differing opinions about what "a car" means. If you thought it meant lunch box, then we'd be really confused both of us, and ultimately we probably couldn't understand each other at all. Mathematics is the same. To be able to communicate calculation of adding two to three, and multiplying that result with 5, you could write it out like that. However, because we have mathematical symbols, you could just write that as (2 + 3) * 5, which is much easier once you understand the language of these symbols. You could, if you wanted to, leave it at that, always using parenthesis to indicate which order to do operations in. But actually, it turns out you can save the effort of writing bunch of parenthesis if everyone agrees on some order of operations in which one should calculate these operations in. The default way. You would still sometimes need parenthesis, sure, but for some cases the order of operations would be the same as the order you wanted to calculate the numbers in. Like, 2 + 2 * 3^2 could be written as 2 + (2 * (3^2)) if you didn't have order of operations(other than that parenthesis first). But the first rule of mathematics is, everyone is lazy, and all extra effort is to be avoided. Writing lots of parenthesis is tiresome, and if there's a way to avoid doing that, mathematicians will jump on that. Agreeing on order of operations allows that laziness, at least occasionally. For why this particular order, that's to do with algebra. Algebra was for a long time mostly about polynomial equations. Polynomials are expressions like x^3 + 2 * x^2 + 17x - 11. And because these expressions were such central focus, it makes much sense to make our order of operations such that you never need a single parenthesis to write out a polynomials. If you really wanted to, you could use parenthesis for that too, to indicate order of operations: (x^3) + (2 * (x^2)) + (17x) - 11. I'm just trying to demonstrate how much pointless extra effort you'd have to use when dealing with these kinds of expressions if you didn't have PEMDAS specifically. tl;dr: Math is a language, and languages have rules. This rule is because of polynomials.


Question: how do weed killers like round up decipher between weed roots and plant roots?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do weed killers like round up decipher between weed roots and plant roots?

Round up doesn't decipher, it kills almost any plant that absorbs enough of it, by inhibiting an enzyme plants need to grow. It doesn't generally kill woody plants, because it's typically sprayed on a large portion of the larger plants sensitive areas. The most popular targeted weed killer targets dicots (plants with two starting leaves) because most grasses are monocots (plants with a single initial leaf) and there are additional biologic differences in the plants so some hormones only affect one group.


Question: On Instagram, how is it that a celebrity can tell the difference between a DM from another celebrity and a fan?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 On Instagram, how is it that a celebrity can tell the difference between a DM from another celebrity and a fan?

Just to note... a lot of these interactions are arranged outside of Instagram by their agent/PR/marketing people who all know each other to make sure everything is correct and good. Industry people all have lists of who to contact and such for each celebrity. Also, most agents/PR people don't want their clients (the celebrities) randomly messaging other people without a plan and approval... this is obviously not always followed That being said... verified accounts on instagram and twitter are easy to confirm whats going on.


Question: How did objects that require practice get invented? E.g. why didn't they decide that bicycles weren't usable when they couldn't ride it immediately?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did objects that require practice get invented? E.g. why didn't they decide that bicycles weren't usable when they couldn't ride it immediately?

You have to appreciate the history of the bicycle. We didn't leap from nothing to the penny-farthing. The first historically verified bicycle was a German invention that was called a "running machine". It had two wheels and was steerable, and you sat in a saddle and walked. The bicycle allowed you to glide and save effort. It looked much like a modern bicycle with two wheels of equivalent size, a frame, handle bars, and a seat between the two wheels. The penny-farthing eventually evolved because people realized that driving the wheel itself might be more advantageous. At this point, if you can glide on a running machine, it doesn't take much more to drive pedals, you can already maintain balance. They used a gigantic wheel because machining and materials were not sophisticated enough to build chains and gearing, the large wheel allowed you to build appreciable speed. The style of bicycle of the penny-farthing is called a "Standard" bicycle. There was a strong desire to build a modern bicycle, called then a "safety bicycle", because the standard was quite dangerous in a few scenarios - it had the inclination to pitch you forward and drive your face into the ground. The only thing that held it back was the gearing and chain mechanism, because small wheels under direct drive can't go fast. It was all an evolution, from one working concept to the next, and only a little daring. A lot of early innovation was like this, that the concept is sound, you just have to figure out what you're missing.


Question: Can you knock someone out while they’re sleeping, if so, what’s the difference between the two unconscious states?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you knock someone out while they’re sleeping, if so, what’s the difference between the two unconscious states?

Sleep is a more complex process than you may realise. Your brain activity is very specific during sleep, where as in unconsciousness from an injury is caused by damage to the brain. Unconsciousness isn't simply being put to sleep, its the parts of your brain in charge of consciousness being suddenly shut off due to trauma. When you fall asleep your brain goes through a specific series of processes and starts doing different tasks that make sleep restful. When you're knocked out, your brain is simply damaged and can't do all the things it needs to. So think of it like a car. You're coming up to a red light so you slowly decelerate and break and sit till its time. This gives time for the rest of traffic to move and do its thing and keeps everything flowing nicely. Being knocked out is more like a wreck. You hit the car in front of you and stop suddenly, not because you wanted to but because something made you. The rest of traffic comes to a halt because your cars are in the way.


Question: How dating sites get started? How can you encourage your first batch of customers to register if you have nobody else to show them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How dating sites get started? How can you encourage your first batch of customers to register if you have nobody else to show them?

Populate the site with fake profiles and/or bots, and then phase out the fake profiles / bots as more real people register (or don't). Heck, you could even put your employees to work chatting to those first few pioneers to make the site seem more lively than it actually is.


Question: Is there any difference from iron in your body and foods to iron in the ground? Could you theoretically make an ingot of spinach iron? Could you dilute and absorb raw iron?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there any difference from iron in your body and foods to iron in the ground? Could you theoretically make an ingot of spinach iron? Could you dilute and absorb raw iron?

Iron is iron, but it makes lots of compounds. Your body contains about 4g of it, mostly in hemoglobin but also ferritin and a few other compounds. You can metabolize many compounds (like ferrous sulfate or iron fumarate) into those things. The measure of how easily/if an organism can use an element or compound is called bioavailability. Spinach does not have massive amounts of iron in it. The myth that it does is usually thought to be because of a misprint in the assays done by von Wolfe in 1870. It's really attributable to bad methods, as the containers and the charcoal used in the assays (by SEVERAL scientists) returned the same high results at the time. Iron from spinach is also not as bioavailable as iron from animals. You're going to poop out more iron from spinach than you would from a steak, because our bodies aren't very good at absorbing iron oxalate, and other compounds in the plant inhibit absorption. And yes, you can absolutely dilute and absorb raw iron. In lots of impoverished areas, getting enough dietary iron into people is a public health challenge. One solution is the [lucky iron fish]( URL_0 ), a chunk of iron you toss into your food as you cook it to fortify your meals. If you want to make an ingot of spinach iron, you'll need to decompose the iron oxalate into iron oxides, then reduce them to get iron metal. And you'll need a LOT of spinach, since a literal TON of spinach will yield less than an ounce of metallic iron.


Question: How do chocolate chips stay soft inside cookies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do chocolate chips stay soft inside cookies?

It has to do with what's called tempering. When chocolate cools it turns into Crystals. It can turn into a bunch of different types. If it's mostly a certain type they join together, look kinda shiny and give that signature snap. In order for that to happen the chocolate has to come to a certain temperature to melt all the other shapes but that one then cool down slowly so they are the most likely to form. Now we don't get that with our chocolate chip cookies because they get far hotter than the tempering temperature and then they cool down kinda randomly. So instead of one type of well ordered crystal structure you get a bunch of crystals stuck together randomly.


Question: Prisoners being sentenced to "five consecutive life sentences plus 20 years" etc, why is it not just always referred to as life without parole? That is as long as anyone can spend in Prison.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Prisoners being sentenced to "five consecutive life sentences plus 20 years" etc, why is it not just always referred to as life without parole? That is as long as anyone can spend in Prison.

It's better keeping it as seperate charges, if one of the charges falls through for any reason (failed trial or something) then the other charges still stand and they wont be let out


Question: Why does room temperature water taste so bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does room temperature water taste so bad?

You’re drinking the wrong water. Properly filtered water with the right Ph level tastes wonderful. Tap water tastes different depending on where you live. I’ve been studying in Austria for some time and the water tastes amazing here.


Question: If the moon were closer to Earth, would the shadow it casts during an eclipse be bigger or smaller?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the moon were closer to Earth, would the shadow it casts during an eclipse be bigger or smaller?

In a way it depends on what you mean by shadow, it can be Smaller and Bigger at the same time. The moon is at just the right distance to block the entire sun in an area called the Umbra. And to partially occlude it in a large torus around it called the penumbra. If the moon were closer the Umbra (where there is a total eclipse would grow even as the penumbra shrinks. Farther away, the penumbra grows and the umbra shrinks (until it is gone and there is no total eclipse anywhere. The shadow of the penumbra would get lighter and lighter the closer the moon got to the sun, until it could not be distinguished with the unaided human eye. But this is not to say the penumbra ever fades entirely. When they search for exoplanets using the transition method, they are actually searching for the planet's penumbra. So it would not be correct to day the shadow disappears. The shadow is a really small dip in energy, that takes sensitive specialized equipment to detect, but is enough to allow exoplanets to be detected from light years away.


Question: Why do kids need/want so much sugar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do kids need/want so much sugar?

Sugar is an easy way to access energy and kids need a lot of energy while they are developing, something that in our past was rather rare so their bodies are hardwired to get energy whenever and wherever they can.


Question: How does the forest never run out of branches and sticks if people keep collecting them to make fires?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the forest never run out of branches and sticks if people keep collecting them to make fires?

If everyone did it, you could run out of sticks, but trees grow new branches all the time, converting energy from the Sun into wood.


Question: How come countries with socialized medicine have to wait so long for certain operations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come countries with socialized medicine have to wait so long for certain operations?

> socialized medicine First off, that's just a scare term American conservatives invented in the 1950s to turn people off to universal healthcare. When was the last time you heard somebody complain about "socialized fire departments?" > have to wait so long for certain operations? That's an example of what we call lying by telling the absolute truth. What the people who use this one fail to note is that wait times for specialists in the US can be every bit as long, or longer. If your HMO decides you don't NEED a visit to a specialist, you don't get one. It should also be obvious on a little reflection that how long you have to wait for a doctor has little or nothing to do with how the service gets paid for eventually, and just about everything to do with the supply and demand of doctors. Try getting sick in an area that has one doctor for 10,000 people, see how long the wait time is. And finally, it should be *obvious* that if you can't afford a doctor and there is no universal healthcare, the wait time is...infinite.


Question: Why does blood pressure increase with age?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does blood pressure increase with age?

To control blood pressure the arteries are elastic. However they become stiff with age which means higher blood pressure.


Question: What is happening in your brain during an episode of PTSD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening in your brain during an episode of PTSD?

Imagine the most stressful day you have had in your life so far. Do you remember dwelling on this and feeling that stress, at least in part, all over again? From personal experience, allow me to take this feeling you had and build it into PTSD. Now take that experience, make it worse. Make it a direct threat to your life, make it world altering and make it last. Make it hurt, make it vivid, and make it all against your higher thinking, and against your will. That stress hormone you felt in stress now floods your brain in quantities far beyond what the rational brain can handle. The stress takes these horrific moments and burns them into your memory. Not just the images, and ideas, and scenarios, but the feelings, the fear, the terror, and the pain. Fast forward to well after the event is over. You are at work and it is a quiet, non-stimulating environment, and a small snippet of that memory comes back to you and you are immediately in that moment. Your brain once again floods with stress hormone, just like that day, you are shaking, just like that day, your heart is pounding, just like that day. You can hear the things, see the things, feel the things. That is just a flashback. In between these episodes there is the constant, never ending paranoia its going to happen again. You are always watching for it, you are on edge. Your sleep and dreams are all related things. The first thing you think of when you wake up is the event, and every empty moment of thought is filled with conjecture and memory of the event. Nothing feels right ever. You are just living moment in between moments, afraid, and angry, and hurting. So when you are at the office, or grocery shopping, or just sitting at a traffic light, and those things, those memories and sensations come back, it is re-traumatizing. I have been in a situation where is was just sitting there and I was having an episode, and someone asked something and I almost snapped angrily, and I also almost cried at the same time; but you can't do that, they will think you are crazy, so you just smile like it's all okay.


Question: what determines what wavelengths an object reflects to give it its color, and where do these wavelengths come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what determines what wavelengths an object reflects to give it its color, and where do these wavelengths come from?

Electrons exist in discrete orbital levels around the nucleus. Due to atomic mechanics, electrons can *only* orbit at these predefined levels, all at unique distances from the nucleus, and the further out you get, the more energy the electron needs to maintain that orbit. Most atoms [all atoms, in fact, besides helium and hydrogen] have multiple levels that electrons can occupy. When you blast an electron with enough electromagnetic radiation, it will absorb it. That electron now has more energy, and this excitation corresponds to an increase in the orbital level, and it moves upwards. But, because electrons don't really like being in an agitated state, they will try to de-excite and get to lower levels. So, what do they do? To move from a high level to the next lowest level, the surplus energy is converted into a photon and emitted by the atom. An excited electron may have been given enough extra energy when absorbing light to jump up to the 6th level, but to de-excite, it must fall down through all 6 levels. That means a photon will be emitted moving from level 6 to 5, or perhaps from 6 to 4 in one step if it has enough energy for a bigger skip, and then from 4 to 3, and so on. The amount of energy a photon has [its wavelength] depends on the distance between one level and the next. A large distance needs a large drop in energy, so a high-energy photon is emitted, while a short distance only needs to emit a low-energy photon to lose enough energy to fall back down. This is how atoms can emit different wavelengths of light to the ones that they absorb, by de-exciting in different ways that result in different wavelengths being emitted.


Question: How does a magnifying glass work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a magnifying glass work?

Light passes through different mediums at different speeds. When it passes from one medium to another, it bends depending on the difference of a property known as the refractive index which essentially is the speed of light through that medium. A magnifying glass (or any lens for that matter) uses this by having a curved shape, causing all the light hitting from multiple angles to bend and focus on a single point. If you adjust the lens so that one point is on something interesting, it captures more of the light bouncing off that thing at various angles, redirecting it all in the same direction so that you can see it. The result is that you see everything in the small focal point in the wider area of the lens, making it appear larger.


Question: What repels electrons from the nucleus?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What repels electrons from the nucleus?

The electron is definitely pulled toward the nucleus, but the closer it gets the faster it moves. The trick is that the electron gets faster *fast enough* that it doesn't really get a chance to interact with the protons in the nucleus. There's a sweet spot a little ways out where it's *much* more likely to be found. That said, the "classical" model of the electron as a little planet isn't really useful anymore. It's better to think of a cloud of where the electron *could be*, which is denser where it's more likely to be. The cloud is very very thin inside the nucleus, and very very dense in a ring around the nucleus — that sweet spot. They're isn't really an "orbit"; the electron just zooms around inside the cloud.


Question: Why is Pi so special and how was it discovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Pi so special and how was it discovered?

Pi was discovered initially as the specific ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. They determined that the exact ratio was not a simple fraction, though they were happy to approximate. As they explored mathematics, they determined that this ratio came about with surprising regularity, due to it's natural relation to circles and spheres.


Question: Psychologically, why does hugging someone feel so good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Psychologically, why does hugging someone feel so good?

Contact with other people or animals releases a chemical called oxytocin which is probably an evolutionary trait because loners typically didn't live long.


Question: Why does tap water start to taste bad when you leave it out too long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does tap water start to taste bad when you leave it out too long?

A few reasons: Temperature. Taste is mostly smell, and smell needs the water (and more importantly, the other chemicals in the water) to evaporate, which it will do more readily at room temperature than a cold tap. Think about a heated pool - it smells much stronger than a cold pool. Chlorine is probably in your tap water and contributing to the off taste. Next is off gassing and dissolving of gasses. PH balance changes as carbon dioxide and other impurities in the air are absorbed, and added chemicals you're used to will off gas out. It's just a different flavor, so if you travel to an area with different water treatment methods, the water out of the tap might taste off. The last part is microbial content. Algae, bacteria, mold and dust settle on an open glass and can start to colonize - but this will take a couple of days, not just over night.


Question: What do Negative Ion bracelets actually do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do Negative Ion bracelets actually do?

It's not just about where he's pushing but how he's pushing. Pushing outward pulls you off balance. The outward pull is hidden in that he's also pushing down, but he is really pulling on you and causing you to lose balance. When he puts the bracelet on, he pushes straight down as to not alter your center of balance and allowing you to remain steady. So yes, it is about leverage being used to alter your center of balance and is nothing more than a swindler's trick.