Question: What is the difference between England, Britain And the U.K.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between England, Britain And the U.K.?

Britain is an island, England is a country on the Island of Britain, the U.K is an entity made up of the countries of England, Scotland, and Wales on the island of Britain; and the territory of Northern Ireland on the separate island of Ireland


Question: what does it mean for a corporation to be “employee owned?”

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does it mean for a corporation to be “employee owned?”

Employees own the majority of the stock of the company. The CEO and board of directors all work for the shareholders. If working conditions at the company are miserable then shareholders can vote out the CEO or the board members.


Question: What happens in an atomic/molecular level when a piece of diamond is cut?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens in an atomic/molecular level when a piece of diamond is cut?

Because what youre cutting the diamond with does not have the ability to cut on a molecular level. In general, the only thing capable of "breaking" or splitting molecular bonds like you describe is chemical reactions. When you cut a diamond, you are simply shaving away parts of the diamond. The shavings are still diamond. The diamond is still diamond.


Question: How do phones know to turn back on when yoi restart them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do phones know to turn back on when yoi restart them?

There is what is known as a BIOS ... a "Basic Input/Output System" which runs alongside the operating system (Android, iOS, etc...) When you tell the phone to restart, you are actually telling the operating system to restart. The last thing it does before shutting down is say to the BIOS "Hey ... start me back up in a sec, k?"


Question: What makes police badges unique?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes police badges unique?

the tin is fakable. the verification you do when you call in their name and badge to the PD is not easily fakable.


Question: Why is Venus considered a hellhole for life? Why can an alien life not thrive on acids and carbon dioxide like we thrive on oxygen and water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Venus considered a hellhole for life? Why can an alien life not thrive on acids and carbon dioxide like we thrive on oxygen and water?

It is possible, there are actually bacteria and single felled organisms in extremely volatile places like vents on the bottom of the ocean that do survive using different chemical processes. But when looking for life on other plants. We know life like us best, so we know what to start looking for. Life that doesn’t function like we do, that’s completely foreign, is way harder to try to look for because we don’t know where to start looking


Question: What is burning when there is no water (or graphite) over a 235u core? Is it burning air? Or just melting everything round it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is burning when there is no water (or graphite) over a 235u core? Is it burning air? Or just melting everything round it?

When a reactor melts down it's essentially creating nuclear lava - a molten mixture of fuel and reactor housing and coolant rod jacketing and whatever else the core has gotten hot enough to liquefy. It's not necessarily burning, but simply being 1500C is enough to make any material glow bright orange.


Question: What is actually meant by the term Geoeconomics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is actually meant by the term Geoeconomics?

While economics studies the market in a more abstract way, geoeconomics considers the geographical and political factors that affect the market in a given location, such as natural resource availability, isolation, distance from the industrial centers, trade relations with neighbouring countries, etc.


Question: How does computer memory work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does computer memory work?

What you're talking about is called disk or storage. Memory is a different part of the computer, also called RAM. With a traditional disk drive (HDD \ Hard Disk Drive) there is a spinning metal disk that is given magnetic charges that represent ones and zeros. Those ones and zeroes can then be read back as data. The charges are wrapped around the disk in a spiral, as if you took a credit card magstripe and layed it along a vinyl record. HDD's can increase storage space by having multiple spinning disks (platters). Modern SSD (Solid State Drive) storage use the same technology as a USB flash drive, Non-Volatile NAND flash memory. Simply explained, there are large numbers of tiny no-moving-part electronic switches made from transistors, each switch representing a one or a zero, and the switches being organized such that they can be represented as a linear series of ones and zeroes, just like an HDD. When you save a file onto a drive, the computer saves the ones and zeroes into a spot with enough room to fit the ones and zeroes, then adds that spot to a table of contents at the start of the drive. Another computer can read the files off of the drive by looking at the table of contents to find where different files begin and end.


Question: What is “heat death” and why will the universe end because of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is “heat death” and why will the universe end because of it?

While heat death is not a certainty, it is currently the best and most plausible outcome for the universe. Basically, heat death is a state where there is no thermodynamic free energy, or rather potential energy. As such, no reactions between particles can occur which fight back entropy. This, combined with atomic decay and the continued expansion of space time, would mean that essentially nothing could happen: all the stars will burn out, particles will decay, and there will be "nothing". Everything will be so evenly spread out, equilibrium, that nothing can actually occur. The universe right now is like a lighter. Give it a click and you get some fire. The universe after heat death will be clicking that lighter and never again getting fire.


Question: the temperature tends to stay the same for most of the night. Yet just before sunrise the temperature drops the most significant in the night. Why does it drop the most before sunrise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 the temperature tends to stay the same for most of the night. Yet just before sunrise the temperature drops the most significant in the night. Why does it drop the most before sunrise?

This may not be a consistent effect everywhere - it may have to do with your locality. Of course, the temperature is going to drop through the night without any additional heat input, but it will, as you observe, reach an equilibrium rate of change within a few hours. If you really are seeing this as a consistent effect where you live, then I suspect you'll also see the wind kick up a little before the temperature dips, bringing in newer, cooler air, and/or cooling the air due to evaporative cooling against all the damp plants and surfaces.


Question: Can birds of different species “talk” to each other and understand each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can birds of different species “talk” to each other and understand each other?

Yes and no. Birds generally only have one of a few things to say. The biggest are: * "Get away or I'll kill you!" * "I see danger, be careful!" * "I found food, everyone come here!" * "This is my territory!" * "I'm available for sex!" Some bird species get more specific - about what *kind* of food, what *kind* of danger - and some have other calls, but these five are what birds are saying most of the time. The first one can be understood between bird species. Heck, it can be understood by mammals as well. If you've stumbled upon a magpie nest, you have heard (and understood) a bird telling you to *leave now, or else*. Danger calls have been shown to be understood between bird species. They tend to be shrill, high-pitched and noisy, no matter who's saying it, so it makes sense that any would be able to understand it. There is some evidence that food calls can be understood between specific, closely-related species of birds. To my knowledge, there is no evidence that territory calls are understood between species, but it wouldn't surprise me if they are. If you are a small bird and a hawk is making a loud territorial call, it'd be in your best interest to stay out of that territory. But is it really "understanding" if you hear a predator make a sound, and then avoid it? I'm not sure. I don't think any birds understand each others' mating calls, but why would they? You mention ducks and chickens specifically, and I mentioned more-detailed communication. I am not aware of any duck/chicken studies specifically, so this may be a question which no one knows the answer to! I know that chickens have a variety of "I found food!" calls - one for feed, one for a tasty plant, one for bugs. It'd be interesting to see if ducks understand chicken food calls, and if so, if they can discern between the types (or be taught to).


Question: If the sun is hot why is space cold ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sun is hot why is space cold ?

There's basically nothing *in* space to be hot or cold. What's actually "cold" about space is the fact that the ambient temperature comes from what's called the "cosmic microwave background." It's the energy left over from the Big Bang. Since that happened so long ago, the temp is close to absolute zero. The reason that's the closest thing to the temperature of space is because the heat from stars flies straight through space. There are very few atoms in any given volume to heat up. That said, if you were in Earth orbit unprotected, sunlight can still heat up your body or spaceship just fine. You need radiators to get rid of that heat or you might actually be quite toasty up there.


Question: How come we can see highly detailed images of a nebula 10,000 light years away but not planets 4.5 light years away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come we can see highly detailed images of a nebula 10,000 light years away but not planets 4.5 light years away?

Compared to nebulae, planets are very very very very very small. You can see a mountain that is 1 kilometre away from you much clearer than you can see a grain of sand that is 1 metre away. Edit: as several people have mentioned, planets don't emit any light of their own, this makes it extremely difficult to see planets when they're being drowned out by the light of their parent stars.


Question: what is the science behind calibration weights ? How can we be so sure that the weight we’ve been using to calibrate is exact and not a few decimals off, which would make the concept of density completely wrong ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the science behind calibration weights ? How can we be so sure that the weight we’ve been using to calibrate is exact and not a few decimals off, which would make the concept of density completely wrong ?

Weight is a unit of force, the SI unit for it is Newton. A bit simplified it is the force of gravity on a mass on the surface of the earth. Because gravity depends on the location on earth, the difference is on the surface of Earth is 0.7% The result is the weight of an object depends on where you are on earth. The mass has the SI unit of the kilogram, weight is mass \* gravitational acceleration. Calibration weights that you use to calibrate a scale are made to have a specific mass, not a specific weight because weight is location-dependent. The same way density is not weight/volume but mass/volume. Between 1889 and 2019 the kilogram was defined as the mass of the [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) All other masses were derived as a comparison to it. There is always a level of accuracy so not two-kilogram prototype had the exact same mass. There was a small change in mass over time because if you use them they need to be clean and there was a drop of around 1micro gram per cleaning, which is a change of 1 in one billion. Any good calibration weight will have documentation so you can trackback what is was compared to and when. That way any errors and inaccuracies can be tracked. Because of problem like this the kilogram was redefined in 2019 as > "The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10\^−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m\^2 s −1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆ν\_Cs."\[1\] Today mass is determined by a physical constant. So any real physical object will not have a mass that is exact. The object made with higher accuracy will cost more. Any density measurement of material will have one accuracy limit and I assume it is the volume that is harder to determine than the mass.


Question: What is actually going on when you are "in the zone"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is actually going on when you are "in the zone"?

* Chemical (adrenaline) and targeted brain focus to control adrenaline for release as required. * Physical exercise can stimulate and activate the 'zone' as required. * Breathing and heart beat are more intense and I feel a 'heavy syrupy flow/energy' permeate my inner body. * Source: Current Official Guinness World Record holder in strength/fitness events.


Question: Why are more websites moving to that simple "I'm not a robot" captcha checkbox instead of the more complicated "check all the buses" style captchas? It seems like the latter would be loads safer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are more websites moving to that simple "I'm not a robot" captcha checkbox instead of the more complicated "check all the buses" style captchas? It seems like the latter would be loads safer?

The "I'm not a robot" checkbox is actually doing a lot of work behind the scenes, looking at things like mouse movement and timing to see how quickly you check that box, what path your mouse takes, and so on. If it has any doubt, it will then challenge you again with the more conventional CAPTCHA's.


Question: How in the world can the flu make me feel so freezing cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How in the world can the flu make me feel so freezing cold?

infections/viruses thrive at our body temp, but are significantly weaker at slightly higher temperatures. a fever is your body adjusting its internal thermostat to fight infections by bringing up your internal temp. think if you were adjusting the thermostat at your house - your brain is cranking up the 'set-to' temp by a couple of degrees. you feel cold because your body is actually colder than this new desired temp. your muscles contract and relax to generate heat to bring you up to speed (thus, the shivers).


Question: How does a digital thermometer measure the temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a digital thermometer measure the temperature?

There are a number of different types of electrical temperature sensor. One of the most common, robust and cheap is the thermistor which changes electrical resistance with temperature. That is used in a circuit which gives an output to drive the display depending on that resistance. Other types, more used in scientific rather than domestic equipment, include thermocouples which generate a voltage depending on their temperature and platinum filaments which again change resistance.


Question: What does breathing into a bag do during a panic attack?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does breathing into a bag do during a panic attack?

The air in the bag has less and less oxygen every time you breath into it, and more co2, breathing in air like that forces your body to lower your heart rate as your body tries to conserve oxygen Edit: Turns out I don’t know nearly as much about biology as I thought. Thanks to all the people that provided actually correct answers.


Question: So there's a independence referendunn going on in Catalan, and I'm wondering why it is occuring since it was outlawed by the Spanish govermnent. What's the point in voting when their govermnent says it's unlawful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 So there's a independence referendunn going on in Catalan, and I'm wondering why it is occuring since it was outlawed by the Spanish govermnent. What's the point in voting when their govermnent says it's unlawful?

Since World War I, the international community's approach to handling territorial disputes and the formation of new countries from parts of existing ones has centered on the principle of "popular sovereignty", meaning that the people living in a disputed territory or proposed nation-state have the ultimate say on which country they will be a part of, usually expressed through a referendum. If the people of the territory choose to change their status, the referendum provides democratic *legitimacy* to the new government's authority over them. Of course, it takes more than a referendum to create a new country, and international law tends to discourage unilateral secession, especially when the seceding territory is an integral part of a country rather than an overseas colony. So even though the Catalan referendum is illegal under Spanish law, its result strengthens the pro-independence movement's case by (ostensibly) showing that they have the support of the Catalan people and that an independent Catalonian government would have democratic legitimacy.


Question: Why does the earth rotate around the sun in the direction it does? Why not the opposite direction?

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 Why does the earth rotate around the sun in the direction it does? Why not the opposite direction?

Our solar system formed from (a part of) a cloud of gas. Most of the gas collapsed to the center to form the Sun. The remaining became flat over time to form something called a protoplatenary disk, from which the planets formed. The direction the Earth orbits the Sun was the direction this gas was rotating in. This is also why the other planets also orbit in the same direction as the Earth.


Question: Why is the US healthcare system so poor compared to i.e. Germany or the UK? What prevents them from essentially just copying a system that is proven to work elsewhere?

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 Why is the US healthcare system so poor compared to i.e. Germany or the UK? What prevents them from essentially just copying a system that is proven to work elsewhere?

"Copying the system" is difficult for 2 unrelated reasons: * A new system won't just affect the population, it would affect the health care workers (doctors, etc.) and institutions (hospitals, insurance companies, etc.), and if the changes are dramatic, they can result in "outages" so to speak. Imagine a scenario where the doctors completely lose the way they are currently paid, and must seek new ways / new employment according to some new laws that just got passed. * Reforms are passed through the current voting system, and may be vetoed or voted down for various reasons... Politics isn't always about what's best for the populace, and sometimes the populace as a whole doesn't know what's best for it. I don't want to get into a discussion about politics; it's a hot topic that's best avoided here. As far as "good" vs. "poor" health care, the UK system is paid via taxes, whereas the US system is paid via subscriptions for "insurance." In the UK, citizens who work pay taxes, and thus pay for health care for themselves AND for those who are unemployed - this works very well if the unemployment rate is low. In the US, citizens who work generally have access to company-sponsored insurance plans, and, since the ACA reform, the unemployed can also have access to similar plans via the government, but it's not free - they must pay for the "insurance" subscription, and this is difficult when you don't have a job. Otherwise, I'm not sure about other issues, such as the availability of "basic" healthcare vs. the availability of "specialist" or "cutting edge" procedures. Generally, tax-based systems make the "basic" procedures free and very easy to get, but possibly specialists or cutting edge procedures are difficult to schedule or find. Whereas pay-as-needed or insurance systems have basic procedure costs that are too high for the unemployed or the poor, but specialists are more available if you have the insurance subscription. Looking at the statistics (source:Google) for liver transplants, which at $700,000 would fit in the "lives were ruined by medical bills" category: * 6000 liver transplants are performed in the US per year, 750 in the UK * Population: 325 million in US, 65 million in UK. Thus, US performs 63% more transplants per capita than UK. 63% more lives (financially) ruined, or 63% more patient lives saved, you can look at it both ways. But it's difficult to conclude whether this is from the availability of transplant doctors, or from the availability of donors, or from people on the waiting list being rejected / approved using different criteria between the two countries, etc..


Question: Why do you wake up early and energized on days you don't have to get up to work, as opposed to normal workdays that you can't get out of bed?

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 Why do you wake up early and energized on days you don't have to get up to work, as opposed to normal workdays that you can't get out of bed?

Days you don't work you likely don't have an alarm so you wake up at the correct time in your sleep (when you are ready to get up during your sleep pattern). If your alarm goes off during deep sleep, you will probably feel groggy


Question: how are there more than 2 genders?

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 how are there more than 2 genders?

So this is gonna get deleted by mods I bet, but here goes: The concept is that gender is a social construct separate from physical sex (although there are also people proposing that physical/genetic sex are artificial social constructs too. Basically, because the male/female genders are ideas created by people, its possible for people to create more than just the two to cover different social positions/feelings/concepts.


Question: Why do squids turn white after they have been killed?

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 Why do squids turn white after they have been killed?

So squids, octopuses and cuttlefish all have the ability to change their skin color by squeezing tiny pigment sacs in their skin to varying degrees. However, when you kill the organism, all neurological signals to those little pigment sacs is halted, and they resort to their natural color. It's pretty much the same reason all muscles in your body stop working when you die, except instead of movement the result is coloration.


Question: What is motor oil actually made of and why is it called a “fossil fuel”?

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 What is motor oil actually made of and why is it called a “fossil fuel”?

Motor oil, like gasoline, is made from crude oil and crude oil comes from the ground. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content.


Question: how come health insurance costs much more when taking on your own as oposed to joining the company scheme ?in both cases you pay premium out of your pocket but quotes are drastically different (UK)

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 how come health insurance costs much more when taking on your own as oposed to joining the company scheme ?in both cases you pay premium out of your pocket but quotes are drastically different (UK)

Group rates will tend to be less expensive than individual rates, because the insurance company is pulling money from a larger group of people than just you. THAT GROUP needs to make them money that policy year, not EACH INDIVIDUAL covered in that group. This allows them to “spread the risk” over a larger group of people, so that each individual doesn’t have to pay for the risk of X% of them having an expensive claim that year, and the insurance company can still pay all its claims, pay all its employees, pay all its bills, and have some money left over.


Question: How are the loopholes in avoiding taxes still a thing if everyone is aware that it’s happening?

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 How are the loopholes in avoiding taxes still a thing if everyone is aware that it’s happening?

Most loopholes are not created for the purpose of avoiding taxes. They have legitimate purposes that get abused. For example: You can write off a leased car as a business expense. People lease cars and then their spouse drives them to pick up the kids and what not and it never has any business application. That is a loophole, but it exists so that companies that legitimately lease cars aren't being punished. Other loopholes exist because of gaps in international law. Ireland, has almost no natural resources and any they did have got pillaged by the English long ago. They realized, "Hey, we can get a lot of tax revenue if we let international corporations set up their corporations here and charge them a low corporate tax rate compared to all our neighbors." But that alone isn't enough. You need tax laws in the countries in which the business is operating that allows them to write off expenses like licensing. Which again, has a legitimate purpose. If you are the inventor of something and you license it to someone to produce, they should be able to write that off since it is a legitimate expense. Making things illegal is more or less useless unless you can enforce. So how many man hours should the IRS spend trying to figure out if the spouse is driving the car? How much tax revenue is that worth? It would cost more to pay the IRS agent to go out there and check than they would get in revenue. The only reason they would do so it try to dissuade other people using the loophole. Finally, most people don't understand their taxes. They don't really know what loopholes are. They just get told, "amazon didn't pay any taxes, must be a loophole!" No. It isn't. Amazon didn't pay any taxes because in other years they lost money and when you do that, you can roll it forward so that when you do make money you aren't taxed. It's a way of matching up expenses with revenues, between tax years. It's not a loophole. It's a way of not punishing investment in pre-revenue businesses.


Question: cut my leg with a sharp knife (Accident) doesn't feel like anything, why is that??

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 cut my leg with a sharp knife (Accident) doesn't feel like anything, why is that??

Not much help but I know dull objects will usually cause more harm While sharp is precision so while there still is damage to said area its minimal if its small.


Question: how the decibel scale works. Why is the range mostly negative and what does 0 dB represent?

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 how the decibel scale works. Why is the range mostly negative and what does 0 dB represent?

Great minds think alike. I've sailed far and returned ta port with this booty. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: What are negative decibels? How can a sound be negative? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_20 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How is it possible to get negative decibels of sound? What happens at those levels? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How are negative decibel sound readings possible? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What is a "Decibel" and how can you have negative on them? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How can there be negative decibels? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_12 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does the decibel value on my stereo decrease as I increase volume? ]( URL_6 ) ^(_ > 100 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What are decibels? ]( URL_7 ) ^(_8 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How can the quietest room in the world be -9 decibels? ]( URL_8 ) ^(_58 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How can sound measure at negative decibels? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_14 comments_)


Question: why do we have nightmares?

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 why do we have nightmares?

I commented this on a similar thread a while back, but here's my two cents again: Although it is not entirely known why we even sleep and/or dream in the first place, there are a few rather well accepted theories. First, theories on why we even sleep: 1. The restorative theory: Being awake and active takes a lot of energy. Aside from eating, one of the ways that our bodies conserves and restores energy and rejuvenates our body is simply by sleeping. 2. The evolutionary theory: This is slightly linked to the restorative theory in that it revolves around survival and efficiency. When we sleep, we're not expending much energy, and we don't require much energy. Thus, by sleeping, we conserve resources to help reduce the amount of food we need to eat. Additionally, it is thought that early humans and our ancestors benefited by sleeping at night because it allowed them to rest while also remaining motionless so that predators couldn't find them. 3. Memory consolidation theory: In short, sleep functions as a way for us to take our memories from throughout the day and sort and consolidate them so that we can remember them better. This has a rather large degree of support because some studies show that napping after studying can help increase information retention. Onto dreams now; first, the nature of dreams. Dreams tend to be (as many I'm sure can agree with) rather emotional, not very logical, and full of sensory stimuli. These seemingly intrinsic properties can be explained with a variety of other theories: 1. The problem solving theory: Dreams are a way that our minds take unsolved problems from throughout the day and attempt to unconsciously sort through them and look for answers. One reason this has some support is because since dreams aren't very logical, the abstract approach dreaming can lend to problem solving can sometimes provide unexplored answers by letting you think about something in a way you would've never tried otherwise. 2. Wish fulfillment: Our dreams manifest latent desires. (Good) Dreams are a place where you can do anything, be anything, and potentially be better (in your own eyes) than the real you is. A professor once told me that "everyone is great in their dreams". Dreams can be a way for your mind to reassure itself and fulfill unlikely or impossible desires (which explains why many people fly in their dreams. 3. Activation-synthesis theory: This is the most scientific theory that attempts to explain dreams. Essentially, it states that while you sleep and as your brain recuperates, it does whatever work it needs to do along with a little "exercising" so that your mind stays active despite your being unconscious in the form of randomly stimulating neurons. As a side effect of the random neuron firing, your cortex receives random nonsensical "messages" (for lack of a better work), and tries to make sense of the nonsense and in the process produces what we experience as dreams. Onto the real topic of nightmares. It's a fact that people have bad dreams, but there's (are you sensing a theme here) multiple explanations for why. The strongest explanation has to do with the parts of the brain that are most active during dreams, and partially links back to some of the theories mentioned earlier. Note that all of the brain is active while we sleep, some parts are simply more or less active than others. First, recall that it is the cortex that generates the content of our dreams (that is, the cortex is what interprets the signals it's getting and turns it into something it/we can make sense of). Another part of the brain especially active while we sleep is the amygdala, which is (ding ding ding) the part of our brain most active when we are in a state of fear. This explains why nightmares are possible, because the part of our brain that responds to fear is essentially on overdrive for one reason or another. Lastly (though there is much more that can be said, I'm simply covering the most important parts of the brain in sleep), the least active portion of the brain during sleep is the frontal lobes, whose job it is to enable critical thinking - this explains why dreams are nonsensical and why we don't often realize it was a dream until we wake up because the frontal lobes aren't active and assessing the situation. All of these physiological processes combined are not only what allow dreams in general, but what give us a predisposition for bad dreams purely from the parts of the brain that contribute to dreaming in the first place. Another consideration to take is that, returning to the evolutionary theory and the problem solving theory, dreams can be considered a way for our brain to play out and determine how to react in crazy, dangerous situations without actually being in that crazy, dangerous situation, so that if it ever does occur, your brain knows how to react without thinking much. Additionally nightmares can simply be caused by stress, due to the stress temporarily wearing out the part of your brain that manages and regulates emotions, allowing your dreams (that are already emotional and nonsensical) to be a lot more spooky. Lastly (for real this time), a brief note about why we are sometimes afraid of our thoughts, not only when looking back at a dream, but when conscious as well. All people have weird, scary thoughts sometimes. Not only about absurd dangerous hypothetical situations, our mortality, etc., but also things just like "If I did this this and this, I could rob this bank and get out totally safe and sound" for one example. It seems silly to say, but our brain essentially thinks things like this so that it has time to consider it and realize that it's what you SHOULDN'T do, and to prevent you from actually doing it. Another example is that just because sometimes you think about hitting someone that's annoying you or really want to, that doesn't mean you have anger problems, it's just your brain acknowledging something that it knows it shouldn't do but would really like to do, and making you aware of how it would play out so you realize the absurdity of the action(s) so that you DON'T do it. Hopefully I addressed everything satisfactorily, feel free to respond with more questions that I'll do my best to answer, and if you actually read everything I said, thank you for your time. Have a nice day everyone. TL;DR: Sleep happens, dreams happen, we have a few ideas why, no one is entirely sure, and though your brain just really likes to watch you suffer, it also is doing its best to help you survive.


Question: Why is "talked with Russia so bad? Isn't WHAT they talked about more important?/A Swede.

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 Why is "talked with Russia so bad? Isn't WHAT they talked about more important?/A Swede.

If you're talking about the Jeff Sessions thing, it's not necessarily that he talked to the Russian Ambassador, but that he lied to the Senate about doing it. The National Security Advisor resigned for doing the same thing. This all happened before they were in office, before Trump was president. Keep in mind, lying to the Senate got President Bill Clinton impeached, and he was just lying about a blowjob.


Question: If a full day is not a full 24 hours then wouldn’t it start adding up and having 12 noon being dark?

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 If a full day is not a full 24 hours then wouldn’t it start adding up and having 12 noon being dark?

It would if we used a sidereal day. There are two measurements for a "day". The first one is a sidereal day, which is basically the time it takes earth to spin 360degrees on its axis. It is roughly 23 hours and 56 minutes long. The other is a solar day which Is the time it takes to sun to reach the same point in the sky, and takes about 24 hours. It's this 4 min difference that compensates for any drift.


Question: Can anyone explain to me in layman's term the intuitive idea of derivatives? I am currently doing some self study on calc and i wanna absorb the idea behind it. Thanks!!!

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 Can anyone explain to me in layman's term the intuitive idea of derivatives? I am currently doing some self study on calc and i wanna absorb the idea behind it. Thanks!!!

Calculus itself is the study of change. A derivative is basically how much something is changing. Sometimes, the amount something changes also changes by some pattern. This is the nature of the derivative, and second derivatives, and third, and so on. Another way to describe it is the slope of a line. The slope changes as you move along the line, and that is what the derivative represents. Turns out a lot of cool relations with derivatives and the original function exist. Related: integrals. It’s basically taking a derivative and finding what it is the derivative of.


Question: Is there a reason why birds kamikaze into my window?

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 Is there a reason why birds kamikaze into my window?

When this happens it is either the bird thinking your clean window is open air and they fly into it trying to fly into your home, or they see their reflection in the window and think it is a rival bird entering their territory and they try to attack it.


Question: Why are names of molecules and such in chemistry so long and convoluted?

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 Why are names of molecules and such in chemistry so long and convoluted?

If you are familiar with your IUPAC naming conventions then the big long name actually tells you exactly how to draw [the molecule]( URL_0 ). There are two(di) methyl groups (CH3) off to the left, thus Dimethyl. There's a 5 carbon long string(pentyl) with 4(tetra) OH(hydroxy) groups coming off the side, thus tetrahydroxypentyl. The names seem long and complicated because they're not just names, they're instructions. If you're a German Chemist and you've never heard it called Riboflavin before you wouldn't know what Riboflavin was, but you could use the long name to match it up to the common name you know that molecule as.


Question: How does showering get rid of radiation?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does showering get rid of radiation?

Because the bomb irradiates dust and debris and kicks it into the atmosphere; when you shower you wash off radioactive dust that might be clinging to you.


Question: When it’s nighttime, why does the tv or music volume sound seem so much louder than during the daytime?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When it’s nighttime, why does the tv or music volume sound seem so much louder than during the daytime?

This is due to there being less background noise you usually filter out. When you filter out all the background noises, you usually filter out some of the intentional noise as well. This is because people detect differences in things. So if the noise floor is high, we have a smaller range to detect sound differences in. If the noise floor is low, there’s way more signal to pay attention to.


Question: Why does a chamois cloth clean glasses perfectly, but a soft shirt just smears it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a chamois cloth clean glasses perfectly, but a soft shirt just smears it?

Chamois is really finely woven fabric so it can more thoroughly pick up dirt and oils and whatever else is living on your glasses than normal fabric used for clothing.


Question: How did the Wall Street Crash of 1929 effect everything after?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the Wall Street Crash of 1929 effect everything after?

The primary thing was the creation of the [US Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC]( URL_0 ) in 1934. The US Securities market had little to no regulation before the crash and we realized we needed an federal agency responsible for oversight and regulation. Fun Fact: For the inaugural SEC Chairman, FDR appointed one of the most crooked, unethical traders known to wall street...Joe Kennedy. FDR's philosophy was if we wanted to cut out the shenanigans, let's get an expert. To Joe's credit, he did a fair job and successfully reformed the Securities market.


Question: When speaking, why do we automatically revert to "Uhh" and "Umm" when we stop midsentence trying to think of what to say next?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When speaking, why do we automatically revert to "Uhh" and "Umm" when we stop midsentence trying to think of what to say next?

Different languages use different filler words, but they all utilize them to inform the listener that you're not finished speaking yet even though you're momentarily processing words. Public speakers try not to use them since the audience isn't expected to respond, but in a conversation the listener might mistakenly assume a pause means you're done.


Question: How did the 3D effect on Nintendo 3DS work without glasses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the 3D effect on Nintendo 3DS work without glasses?

The Nintendo 3DS relied on something called a *parallax barrier* to achieve its 3D effect. Simply put, the 3DS' top screen is sliced into many columns, each one alternating between displaying an image for your left eye and an image for your right. In front of the screen is a physical barrier that, when the 3D slider is slid up, blocks the columns in such a way that each of your eyes sees a different set of columns, thereby producing a 3D image. The upper image [here]( URL_0 ) provides an idea of how it works. This is why you had to keep the device just so in front of your head, otherwise the effect would be lost.


Question: Why when we try to remember a word we can usually recall the first letter or first few letters but not the full word?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when we try to remember a word we can usually recall the first letter or first few letters but not the full word?

When you are reading, you are typically only looking at the letter or letters at the start and end of the word, and your brain is filling in the gaps in between. So, human language processing has that tendency to focus on just the start and the end, be it in writing or in sound - but especially in writing. There are some sites you can visit that will demonstrate, that even when they remove or change the middle parts of a word, you can probably still figure out what the sentence means.


Question: Why do so many people have a little round scar on their shoulder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many people have a little round scar on their shoulder?

If I'm reading this in the right context. You might be seeing a vaccination scar. Around 70's with early vaccines they once vaccinated using a device similar to a nib pen that created a huge scar when stabbing it into the patient. Are these scars usually from adults? Edit: thanks for all the corrections. Sorry for the inaccuracies


Question: how is the passage of time consistent between people/animals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is the passage of time consistent between people/animals?

It's not consistent. Perception of time is very subjective. Perception of time is not even consistent for the same person. That's why an hour of playing games can feel very short, but an hour of classes feel like eternity. It's also different for different people. The same hour of class will feel very different to the nerd who is excited and actively participates than to the kid who just wants to go home to play video games. And that's just perception of time. Time itself is also relative, as we know from Albert Einstein. While on Earth, the differences in actually passing time are so small that we can ignore them, physically everybody experiences their own actual time.


Question: why are some colours or patterns “soothing” and “calming”, while others may make people feel “uncomfortable”/ “overwhelming”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are some colours or patterns “soothing” and “calming”, while others may make people feel “uncomfortable”/ “overwhelming”?

Evolutionary conditioning. Ancestors learned things those color bite. Those other colored things are nice. Same reason babies are considered cute.


Question: Why does mic feedback always present itself as high pitched ringing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does mic feedback always present itself as high pitched ringing?

Audio Engineer here: & #x200B; It doesn't always. Sometimes it's low end frequencies feeding back from a subwoofer into a mic stand or similar. & #x200B; The reason that *most of the time* it's high pitched is because: * The speakers are better at reproducing high pitches * The mics are better at picking up high pitches * High pitched sound waves don't need as munch energy to get from point A to point B as lower frequencies do, so they don't die out as fast as lower frequencies. When I tune a sound system to prevent feedback, there are usually at least 3 or 4 frequencies I have to filter and they are pretty well spread across the audio spectrum.


Question: If someone was brought up without being told about sex, would they still know what to do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If someone was brought up without being told about sex, would they still know what to do?

Everyone else failed to consider that all the teenagers getting pregnant today are also exposed to huge amounts of sex in the media and their daily lives. If a straight male and female were completely isolated from any mention of sex, then they were introduced to to each other after puberty, it would take some trial and error, and it might take a long time, but they could eventually end up with a kid. The guy would quickly discover that his penis gave him pleasure when he messed around with it. The girl, through cleaning or scratching, would figure out that her vagina gave her pleasure. If they spent enough time together, they could feasibly begin to share these experiences beginning with a form of mutual masturbation. As they fumbled around with each other's parts, and became more familiar with what made each of them aroused, then pregnancy is a possibility even without penetration. It would only take a small epiphany to move to direct penetration. There is a movie called the [Blue Lagoon]( URL_0 ) that covers something like this, though it doesn't go too into detail about the steps that the couple crossed to discover penetrative sex.


Question: how exactly does pepto-bismol cure my nausea, heart burn, indigestion,upset stomach, diarrhea?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how exactly does pepto-bismol cure my nausea, heart burn, indigestion,upset stomach, diarrhea?

I am not a doctor or pharmacist, but someone who has taken lots of Pepto and has researched this out of curiosity. Basically, most of those symptoms are caused by an inflammation in the digestive tract. Bismuth Subsalicylate, the active ingredient, helps reduce that inflammation. I say most because as I understand it, we don't really know why it works as an anti-diarrheal. Usually diarrhea is caused by your system flooding your intestines with extra water to attempt to cleanse itself. So it could be the case that Pepto helps your intestinal wall reabsorb that extra fluid. [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: Why did gold become so desirable in history, while other metals present i.e. Nickel and Copper not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did gold become so desirable in history, while other metals present i.e. Nickel and Copper not?

Gold doesn't rust or tarnish, so it remains bright. That's one feature that makes it appealing. Gold is both soft and has a low melting point, which makes it easy to use for jewelry and decoration, and also to alloy with other metals like silver. "desirable" is an odd word to use, because most of the uses for gold were decoration, ornamental, or symbolic. (using coins as a symbolic marker of value) Metals like iron and tin and copper were much more usable for tools and parts, and were in more demand in terms of utility. Gold *looks* nice, which means it makes for nice necklaces and rings and whatnot, but isn't very usable for tools (like knives or hammers) or parts. (like nails or pins or brackets) Still, it is metal, which makes it more durable than, say, paper or leather. It's heavy, which if you understand Archimedes notions about water & displacement mean you can estimate it's relative purity pretty easily. So if you wanted to make a trade item, something to represent wealth, you'd want something that was durable, but not something that could be put to more practical uses.


Question: Does consuming calories over a certain period of time change how they affect your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does consuming calories over a certain period of time change how they affect your body?

Nope, there will be no real difference. Your body has plenty of time to work through normal calorie amounts and use up every bit of it. You're absolutely right about possible differences in feeling hungry. People often suggest having multiple smaller meals over the course of the day to help even out your blood sugar and hunger.


Question: Why does milk go bad if left at room temperature, but milk chocolate is perfectly fine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does milk go bad if left at room temperature, but milk chocolate is perfectly fine?

Sugar is a good preservative, and chocolate has a lot of sugar in it. Also, there is not much available moisture in a chocolate bar for microbes to thrive.


Question: What is happening in your body/brain/etc the first few seconds you wake up every day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening in your body/brain/etc the first few seconds you wake up every day?

For a step by step of what is going on, we truthfully don’t know. A lot of what our brains do, both when awake and when asleep, is still a mystery. We’ve figured out what sections seem to relate to what actions/activities. But how the hunk of meat actually turns electrical impulses into everything we experience. We still don’t know. We aren’t even 100% sure why we NEED to sleep. But for general stuff, to start, your brain is never completely “off” or shut down. It is still active and processing sensory inputs (hence loud noises, bright lights, or being shaken wakes you up). So it’s not like the brain is completely shutting down and booting back up like a computer, it’s just going into, well, sleep mode, like a computer. There are some processes we do know about, such as the paralysis our brains put over our bodies to keep us from moving around in our sleep. Which is what causes some people to get “sleep paralysis” when they wake up in the morning where their mind is awake, but the brain hasn’t yet unlocked that paralysis and you can’t move your arms/legs yet.


Question: What does the integral of position with the respect of time mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the integral of position with the respect of time mean?

Imagine you arrange a race where the contestants all chase someone. There is a decent chance that none of them catch the escapee, but you still want a way of determining a winner. You could choose whoever is closest at the finish but that favours an endurance runner. You could choose whoever got closest at any point in the race, but that favours a sprinter who could get close at the start. So you choose the winner as the person who spent the most time the closest to the escapee. Specifically, whoever has the highest time integral of distance to the escapee. Think of it as the area under a distance-time graph. Maybe this example is a bit contrived, but it is not too much of a stretch to imagine more commercially or scientifically relevant opportunities to use this value.


Question: People can repress memories of traumatic events in their life. How do therapists uncover those memories? Also, if the brain can create fake/distorted memories, how do doctors know the repressed memory is real?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 People can repress memories of traumatic events in their life. How do therapists uncover those memories? Also, if the brain can create fake/distorted memories, how do doctors know the repressed memory is real?

They're not real. Therapists "uncover" these memories by planting the suggestions and encouraging it. Human memory is very fallible. It's easy to implant memories in people. The whole 'repressing memories' not so much. Implanting though, yes. A psychologist named Dr. Loftus is a pioneer in memory research. She did experiments in which people had an experience suggested to them and they integrated it into their memories and later swore it had really happened to them. It hadn't. Pretty much all of the 'recovered memories of sexual abuse' have turned out to be fake, implanted by therapists. A bunch have recanted, others proved wrong (impossible based on time, etc.).