Question: Cell phone tower radiation. Is it dangerous to live near a cell tower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Cell phone tower radiation. Is it dangerous to live near a cell tower?

Cell phone towers emit non-ionizing radiation. This type of radiation is also emitted by televisions, cell phones, microwaves, fish, your mother, and dirt. If one receives a significant enough dosage, the health risk is "getting a burn" as this form of radiation, when absorbed, generates heat. Recommend to your mother that she not climb the tower in order to get close enough to be burned and she should be fine.


Question: How does your belly button seal off after the umbilical cord falls out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your belly button seal off after the umbilical cord falls out?

It is a scar. Fun fact! You can use belly buttons to tell identical twins apart since they aren't genetic!


Question: How can our brains remember the lyrics to hundreds of songs, some of which we haven’t heard in years, but not remember something that was said to us hours, even minutes, beforehand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can our brains remember the lyrics to hundreds of songs, some of which we haven’t heard in years, but not remember something that was said to us hours, even minutes, beforehand?

The brain has a process called [Long Term Potentiation]( URL_0 ) or LTP. Basically the more a series of neurons fire in sequence the more easily they fire again, this is how you remember anything for longer than five minutes. A key part to memorizing anything is repetition, songs played over and over again obviously do that very well. Also the lyrics in songs are often semi-predictable making it easy to fill in the holes, finally the lyrics being synced up to music gives your brain even more clues to remind you of the lyrics. TLDR: Song lyrics are the easiest thing to remember


Question: Why are Performance Enhancing Drugs so heavily regulated in competitive sports but not in (competitive) educational environments like Schools or Universities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are Performance Enhancing Drugs so heavily regulated in competitive sports but not in (competitive) educational environments like Schools or Universities?

Sports aren't a national security matter. If a drug makes weapons builders more clever or soldiers more murderous, it will never be banned.


Question: How does bleach remove colour from material?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does bleach remove colour from material?

bleach is a highly reactive oxidation chemical that basically destroys the molecules responsible for coloring as far as I know


Question: How is electricity generated? Is there any difference between solar and coal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is electricity generated? Is there any difference between solar and coal?

Electricity can be generated in many ways, but in all cases it is about creating a difference in voltage. Just like gravity causes things with mass to move from high places to low places, the "electric field" causes things with electric charge to move between different voltages. (And "moving charge" is electricity.) The most common way to generate electricity is by somehow moving a magnet, which creates a voltage difference nearby. A typical electric generator is basically a series of spinning magnets surrounded by wires - an electric motor working backwards. Coal, natural gas, oil, and even nuclear power plants are just big steam engines for spinning magnets, just using different heat sources to create the steam. Some forms of solar power are the same as well, just using focused light as their heat source. Wind mills and dams are also spinning generators, but they use the direct force of the wind and water rather than steam engines. Solar panels are *not* the same - they use an entirely different principle. The ELI5 version is that the light knocks electrons loose from the panel, which is arranged so that they can only "fall" back in one direction, causing a net flow. In the same way that a generator is a motor working backwards, these are basically LED lights working backwards.


Question: Why is coffee brewed, but tea is steeped?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is coffee brewed, but tea is steeped?

Tea is also brewed; steeping is just the technique used to do it. *Brewing* covers pretty much any process where you produce a potable beverage by treating materials with hot water.


Question: why is protein powder so GD hard to mix with water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is protein powder so GD hard to mix with water?

The protein powder might be slightly more water repellent than other powders like flour or cocoa, but it's the same principle. When a lump of protein powder (or flour) is surrounded by water, only the surface of that lump is dissolved. The air is then trapped within that sticky surface, which makes it even harder for the water to dissolve the rest of the lump.


Question: How does the relationship between acceleration and distance traveled work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the relationship between acceleration and distance traveled work?

If it's an ideal system with smooth continuous acceleration, then it goes like: an object starts initially with a speed of 30 m/s. Then over the course of the first second (from time point zero), it accelerates to 35 (reaches that by the end of the second). So average speed during the first second is actually 32.5 m/s, meaning it traveled 32.5 meters in that time. Then over the course of the next second, it climbs to 40 m/s. So in the second second, it had an average speed of 37.5 m/s. So in the first two seconds it traveled 70 meters.


Question: How do cultures in yogurt work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do cultures in yogurt work?

Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are used to make the milk clot and get that yoghurt texture. If they're not in there, you're not eating yoghurt. Additional bacterial cultures added to yoghurt are probiotic, meaning they aid your body in some ways, including improved gastrointestinal function, immune system and lactose digestion. But the word "cultures" are just the species of bacteria basically in there. Edit: I didn't see until now. It's probiotic, not prebiotic.


Question: Why is American candy packaging so much thicker than in other countries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is American candy packaging so much thicker than in other countries?

Americans have more money than people from most other countries so they’re fine paying the extra few cents for the packaging. And for developed countries, America has lax environmental regulation so you can use thicker material to make your product look better than others. Funny thing happened because of this, though with chips. The CIA once placed cell phones in potato chip bags (since the metal on the inside scrambles signals) to stop them being tracked. In Italy, though, investigators found evidence of covert ops since the bags in Italy are too thin to provide good enough shielding.


Question: How exactly does everything we see and experience around us get turned into chemicals in our brain? For example, how is a memory nothing more than a chemical?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does everything we see and experience around us get turned into chemicals in our brain? For example, how is a memory nothing more than a chemical?

I think it's more accurate to say that what you experience is turned into a pattern of excitation of neurons, so the pattern of firing neurons encodes the patterns of the experience. The "chemicals", or neurotransmitters, are just the carriers of excitation between neurons.


Question: Why do we pee so much when we drink alcohol?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we pee so much when we drink alcohol?

Alcohol inhibits the pituitary gland from producing anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is what tells your kidneys "When you're done processing that waste, re-absorb most of the water". So water goes right through your kidneys to your bladder and you have to pee a lot. By the by, a hangover makes you feel like crap because your brain is dehydrated. Drink lots of water to avoid feeling like crap.


Question: Why is does our sky have colour when space is pitch black?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is does our sky have colour when space is pitch black?

The molecules in the air scatter the blue and purple wavelengths of light, creating a diffuse "blueish" hue during the day time. At night when there is no sunlight to scatter, the air is clear.


Question: Bearer Bonds. What are they? How do they work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Bearer Bonds. What are they? How do they work?

It's an IOU — a note for a debt — that says "I owe you $___ and when due I will pay it to whoever brings me this piece of paper." As opposed to a traditional bond, where the name of the person owed is written on it. A bearer bond can be handed off between people, since whoever holds it can collect the money.


Question: Why do we need to drink water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need to drink water?

Life on Earth is based on water. Life probably arose in water. Cells are mostly water, blood is mostly water. For example, muscle is about 73-74% water. Without water, blood will become sludge and be incapable of delivering oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, especially vulnerable is the brain. If water is lost and not replaced, the dehydration will stop metabolic processes, and the organism dies. A human can go 30-40 days without food before starvation sets in, but only 3-4 days without water before death occurs.


Question: How do screens mess with our sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do screens mess with our sleep?

They filter shorter wavelengths. However, there's no scientific basis for the claims that those lights messes with our sleep, or helps alleviate digital eye strain, actually there's evidence that they aren't effective at all ([ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )) inb4: A bunch of people replying this comment with claims like "That's not true, I use blue filters, and I noticed a difference".


Question: Given a cup of hot coffee and a cup of cold milk, what will result in a hotter drink: pouring the milk into the coffee and then waiting 5 minutes before drinking or waiting 5 minutes and then pouring the cold milk into the coffee?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Given a cup of hot coffee and a cup of cold milk, what will result in a hotter drink: pouring the milk into the coffee and then waiting 5 minutes before drinking or waiting 5 minutes and then pouring the cold milk into the coffee?

I think the reason for this is that heat loss to surroundings is proportional to temperature to a power, so if you wait 5 minutes, the hot drink is losing heat the surroundings for 5 minutes, and then when you mix in the milk, there is heat transfer between the two masses. If you do the mixing first, there is now a cooler mixture that is cooling for 5 minutes, so it does not loose as much heat as it would if you had waited.


Question: How does imposing a 20% tax on Mexican imports, WHICH will be paid BY American Citizens, make Mexico pay for the wall?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does imposing a 20% tax on Mexican imports, WHICH will be paid BY American Citizens, make Mexico pay for the wall?

It's not a direct form of taking payment from Mexico. However a steep tarrif like that will strongly urge buisness to move out of Mexico (preferably to the US), and cause Mexico to lose a lot of revenue from exports to the US. Either way, the end goal of financially punishing Mexico is achieved.


Question: Why does forcing a large company to break up prevent it from being anti-competitive? Can't they still pledge to coordinate with each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does forcing a large company to break up prevent it from being anti-competitive? Can't they still pledge to coordinate with each other?

No, coordination is illegal--it's literally the foundation of antitrust law. Section 1 of the Sherman Act provides that > Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. The purpose of breaking up a large company is to force the smaller pieces to compete with each other.


Question: If good habits are rewarding and healthy, why is it easier to keep falling into bad habits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If good habits are rewarding and healthy, why is it easier to keep falling into bad habits?

The example you're talking about is a type of procrastination; staying up late pays off \*now\* while the negative effects don't show up until later. Going to bed early "hurts" us \*now\* but doesn't pay off until later. We're wired up pretty strongly to prioritize near-term benefits over longer-term ones because of the heavy evolutionary survival pressure for a sure thing now against a more risky thing later. Successfully fighting this tendency is one of the major differences between children and adults, but it's always there. Good habits that pay off now area easy and don't backslide. It's the ones that you have to invest some "pain" for now in return for a (presumably) more worthwhile gain later that have problems. This is why exercising is so hard for so many people.


Question: Why are more men than women likely to live at home with parents?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are more men than women likely to live at home with parents?

Women marry younger, and even an unimpressive young woman has an easier time finding a mate than an identically unimpressive young man. This is because youth is considered a desirable trait in a female mate.


Question: why do you start coughing sometimes after working out too hard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do you start coughing sometimes after working out too hard?

How do you know you don’t have exercise induced asthma?


Question: Why do so many medications contain lactose specifically? What benefit does it have to add it in?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many medications contain lactose specifically? What benefit does it have to add it in?

It is a good compressable filler/stabilizer that has a long shelf life and mixes well with most medicines, most lactose intolerant people won't react to the small amount of lactose in a pill unless they're really sensitive, or if they're actually allergic to lactose instead of just intolerant. It doesnt benefit the medicine's effect, it just benefits the pill/powder form I think. They don't change from lactose to something else because such a small number of people are sensitive to that small of a dose of lactose, that it isn't worth using a more expensive filler to do the same job. I think taking 2 pills with lactose in them wouldn't be enough to worry about unless you're super sensitive to lactose.


Question: How viagra works as an erectile dysfunction medicine and also to help with high blood pressure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How viagra works as an erectile dysfunction medicine and also to help with high blood pressure?

The reason you don't have a boner all day every day is because the blood vessels are all constricted and blood can't get in. Viagra makes these vessels relax and open up, and blood goes in. This also lowers your blood pressure in your arteries because the arteries also relax and open up, and stop squeezing so hard.


Question: Why is that, the deliver guys leaving packs on porches / in front of the doors, resulting in many stolen packages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is that, the deliver guys leaving packs on porches / in front of the doors, resulting in many stolen packages?

People WORK. No one is at home waiting for packages nor could delivery drivers spend all day calling a hundred numbers to make sure someone is home. What if they’re not? If someone wants their packages to be delivered to the local post office they can do that, but they’ll need to purchase a PO Box. And some businesses don’t deliver to PO Boxes. I think you just really underestimate the amount of packages being delivered here. In my neighborhood I’m guessing each home has two or three packages delivered a week. Nearly every home. What you are suggesting isn’t realistic *at all*. People can, however, do things like create a space for packages that is hidden behind a plant or something near their door (I’ve done that), or purchase a package collector to put on your porch or similar.


Question: How do we know the cosmological redshift is caused by the expansion of the universe and not just a feature of light that is only detectable at large scales?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How do we know the cosmological redshift is caused by the expansion of the universe and not just a feature of light that is only detectable at large scales?

It is possible. But there isn't any kind of theory that explains that and there is an existing theory that explains it as the doppler effect that matches current models and matches existing evidence. That doesn't mean something couldn't come along and disprove that. But in absence of a better explanation or need for a better explanation it will stand for now.


Question: How is a "feels like" temperature calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a "feels like" temperature calculated?

There are a couple different methods. The one I know best is "wet bulb temperature" which is measured by placing a thermometer covered with a wet cloth outside. The temperature this thermometer reads is a decent indication to how cold it would feel for a sweaty person to stand outside. This isn't a calculation, so much as a measurement, although you could probably calculate it roughly based on wind speed, temperature, and humidity if you really wanted to. ----- If you want the heat index, then there is a table that is used. It can be found in the following wikipedia page under the spoiler "Table of Values": URL_0


Question: How does a computer program uninstall itself?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a computer program uninstall itself?

When a computer program is running, parts of it, and sometimes all of it is copied from the hard drive to RAM. Once there, it is free to delete the what is on the hard drive and continue running. When it is done, it signals the operating system, which will remove it from RAM.


Question: How does sanding and polishing things makes them shiny?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sanding and polishing things makes them shiny?

This is neatly illustrated by grabbing a piece of aluminum foil. At first, the aluminum foil is 'polished'. It's smooth and has a very even surface, allowing you to see stuff reflected in it. But crumple it up, then straighten it out again, and you're not going to see diddly-squat in it anymore. Polishing does quite the opposite. Most 'randomly generated' (by nature, or biological growth, etc) surfaces will typically be quite rough and bumpy on a microscopic scale. Every surface reflects light to some degree, or you wouldn't be able to see it at all. But most surfaces will typically throw the image of something that comes at it all over the place, because every one of those microscopical bumps will cause the light to be reflected in another direction, depending on its angle to the incoming light. By polishing something, you smooth it out - you remove those tiny hills, bumps and uneven bits across its surface, smoothing it out. This way, much more of the light coming from something will be reflected evenly in the same direction, and you'll have a much more visible and discernible reflection, and thus, make it more shiny.


Question: Which has more grip? A wide tire or a narrow tire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Which has more grip? A wide tire or a narrow tire?

Engineering answer: generally a wider tire will have more grip, but tires are notoriously load dependent so you'll have to look at a specific tire's engineering documentation to find the coefficient of friction at a specific load (weight + dynamic load). I believe that information is measured experimentally, rather than predicted mathematically. That's a crappy way of saying "there is no easy answer without trying it".


Question: Can someone please help me understand square roots?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone please help me understand square roots?

Think of the number (e.g. 40) as an area of a square (e.g. as 40 little 1 by 1 squares). You are trying to find the sides of a bigger square that make an area of 40. So if a side was 7, the area would be 7x7, which is 49 --- too big. If the side was 6, the area would be 6x6, which is 36 --- too small. So the side length (also called the square root) must be somewhere between 6 and 7.


Question: Many elements found in nature are radioactive. I understand that they are probably generally in low concentrations, but you'd think with billions of people spread out all over the world, random radiation poisoning would be much more common. Why isn't it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Many elements found in nature are radioactive. I understand that they are probably generally in low concentrations, but you'd think with billions of people spread out all over the world, random radiation poisoning would be much more common. Why isn't it?

Uranium is not that radioactive that is why it still exists on earth. The common isotope U-238 has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. U-235 is more radioactive with 700 million years half-life but only 0.7% of natural uranium is y-235 Still, there is a risk with it because there can be a large amount in regular rock like granite and Radon is one element in it decay series. It is a noble gas and it can escape to the surface. It is also heavier than air so it can stay if for example houses. It is a problem and can lung cancer is the main risk. So the Radon level is measure in houses in risk areas and the fix is the ventilation system. Radiation poisoning does not happen because there is no place where you have high enough natural radiation levels for that to happen. If you extract radium from the then it will be radioactive at a dangerous level but that do not happen naturally The danger is DNA damage and cancer, not radiation poisoning.


Question: What is electricity and how is it generated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is electricity and how is it generated?

Electricity is fundamentally the flow of electrons. It's the action of electrons moving and the more electrons move, the more powerful the charge (voltage), and the faster they move the more powerful the current (amps). Electricity and magnetism are the same and unified called electromagnetism. Electromagnets are magnets able to turn on and off using electricity. When electricity is run through a very long coiled wire it generates a magnetic field. When you move a magnet around within a magnetic field, you generate electricity. Electric generators and electric motors are essentially the same thing but they're the reverse of each other and sometimes the same device can do both. Turbines have generators at the core and they collect something to spin them. This can be water from a damn or wind from a windmill. The turbines spin and rotate a magnet within the generator and the generator outputs electricity. Electric motors do the opposite by collecting electricity to rotate a magnet.


Question: As you remember there were polyphonic melodies in first cell phones. Why they couldn't play normal sound, was it that hard to have that technology in late 1990s and early 2000s?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 As you remember there were polyphonic melodies in first cell phones. Why they couldn't play normal sound, was it that hard to have that technology in late 1990s and early 2000s?

Instead of recording the actual waveform of the sound, polyphonic melodies are like sheet music: they just contain a list of notes to play. This information is stored in a file format called MIDI (Musical instrument Digital Interface), and typically includes information like the pitch (which note it is, e.g. 'middle c'), intensity (how loud the note is), start time and duration, etc. Storing the information this way takes up a lot less storage space than the actual sound would. For example, a one-minute MIDI file might be 10KB, while a one-minute sound file might be 10MB. Since old phones like had very little storage space, only MIDI was small enough to fit.


Question: Why have we found so many more dinosaur bones from hundreds of millions of years ago than our ancestors from over 40,000 years ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why have we found so many more dinosaur bones from hundreds of millions of years ago than our ancestors from over 40,000 years ago?

Dinosaurs were around for about 165 million years, and a lot of them were *huge*. The genus *Homo* is only a few million years old, and *Homo Sapiens* have only been kicking around for about 200,000 years. Compared to dinosaurs we are tiny, and haven't been around for very long at all. Which makes our fossils a lot scarcer than theirs.


Question: From a cryptography POV, why were the Navajo code talkers so difficult to decipher?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 From a cryptography POV, why were the Navajo code talkers so difficult to decipher?

First; the Navajo language wasn't widely known or cataloged, even within North America, let alone outside of the United States. Second; it wasn't just that the code talkers were speaking Navajo, it's that they were also using Navajo words as replacements for the 26 letter military alphabet. The problem for the Japanese is that the code talkers switched very easily between having direct unciphered conversations in Navajo and ciphered conversations relying on Navajo words, thus there was (seemingly) no rhyme or reason behind the messages from the perspective of the Japanese. Third, and as an extension of the above; many codes were essentially mechanical (i.e. Enigma), meaning that a codebreaker could expect the coded language to follow a rigorous and strictly-defined set of "rules." The code talkers were using a much more organically-derived language for their code, which meant that rules were much harder to follow, and the code talkers were free to break those rules as they see fit because of how human language works.


Question: Why does it take wireless earbuds cases to charge for a really long time even though they have a small battery size ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take wireless earbuds cases to charge for a really long time even though they have a small battery size ?

Charging those tiny batteries at a fast rate would cause them to get hot and malfunction. Things go bad fast when those batteries fail. As a result, and the fact that being in your ear exposes your delicate ear and even brain to potential damage. The companies that make them know this, and they use very small charging currents to keep things safe.


Question: How does government debt effect an economy, and what does it mean for a government to "monetize" its debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does government debt effect an economy, and what does it mean for a government to "monetize" its debt?

OK, so I can understand why you're confused, because this guy isn't making a coherent argument. Just as a note for future reference, Forbes has completely sold out any reputation it might have once had by letting basically anybody post on their website as a "contributor" with no editorial oversight. It's essentially a blogging platform. Government debt is a complicated topic, but here are some key points to keep in mind: 1) Like everything else in economics, government debt has both a supply and a demand. The supply is easy to think about. Governments want to issue debt because it helps them fund programs. The demand part comes from the fact that some investors *want* to buy government debt. Most government debt is considered to be extremely safe, so investors who want a guaranteed (if low return) buy it. 2) If you have lots of government debt because of high demand, you're fine. The government gets to take out loans at incredibly low interest rates (the kind you or I would salivate over), and invest that money in something that will (hopefully) grow the economy (tax cuts, infrastructure, education, etc.). Some of that economic growth eventually comes back to the government in the form of taxes, and the loan gets paid off. Even if the government is carrying a large debt load, there's no reason to panic so long as its able to pay off the debt as it comes due. 3) If you have lots of government debt because of high supply, you're in trouble. This is when the government decides to take out lots of debt it can't or won't pay back through increased revenue down the line. The emergency escape hatch when these debts come due is to "monetize" that debt by just printing money and using that to pay off investors. The problem with this is that printing money isn't the same as increasing production, so once inflation is taken into account, everyone who loaned money to the government is just getting stiffed. Then you have a hyperinflation crisis like what's happening in Venezuela right now. 4) Reasonable people can disagree on whether or not government debt is being taken out in good faith or if the things the government spends it on will actually increase productivity. However, a good indication of how the market feels about this is the interest rate for that debt. If it's low, investors are confident the debt will be paid back. If it's high, they think there's a chance it might not be paid back and demand higher returns to take on that risk. 5) Currently, interest rates are pretty low. If you're nervous about a recession, you could claim that the majority of investors are wrong for reasons only you can see (this seems to be roughly where the Forbes guy is coming from). On the one hand, recessions are almost always called by something most people didn't see coming. On the other hand, it's easy to make vague pronouncements about "the coming recession" when you're some some Forbes blogger who doesn't have to present any evidence or reasoning for your position.


Question: Why are people trying to find the biggest prime number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people trying to find the biggest prime number?

It's an exercise in computation, mostly. There are a few large prime number searches that are trying to settle old mathematical conjectures (e.g. the Prime Sierpinski Problem), but for the most part it's just people who are fans of mathematics and who have computers letting them run to see if they can find a large prime number. These prime numbers may have slight interest to mathematicians who could study their distribution and may come up with interesting mathematics as a result, but that's not too likely. It's long been known that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Note that there have been various awards offered over the years for finding especially large prime numbers. Most notable are some przes [offered by the EFF]( URL_0 ). Since these only judge the size of the primes it's most logical to search through numbers that are both 1: likely to be prime, and 2: easy to test. That best describes Mersenne primes, in the form of 2^P - 1 (where P is itself a prime number). The Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, or GIMPS, is the most notable collaboration looking for such large prime numbers. Their client, Prime95, is notable for being brutal to CPUs and is sometimes used in the overclocking community to demonstrate that a CPU is stable--if Prime95 can't break it then hopefully nothing can. The EFF awards are all about encouraging the development of technology for collaborative computing. It's not so important that the search is for prime numbers. It's all about building the technology.


Question: How can it actually be one temperature, but feel like another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can it actually be one temperature, but feel like another?

The thermostat measures temperature, but you don’t *feel* temperature. You feel heat transfer rate, and that isn’t just a function of temperature. The wind and relative humidity change how effectively the air can draw body heat away from you (or put more heat in, on a scorching hot day). Humid air can carry more heat in or out, and wind increases the transfer rate even further. You’ll feel much colder on a damp, windy night in Maine than you’d feel at the exact same temperature in the still desert air of Arizona.


Question: What is the DOW and why should I be concerned?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the DOW and why should I be concerned?

> What is the DOW? You've got lots of answers, but it is an index of 30 of the largest companies in America. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a computed value based on the prices of shares of those 30 companies. > Why should I be concerned? Maybe you shouldn't be. The short version is that over the past couple of months, the values of these large companies has fallen significantly. In particular, it has now declined 20% from the recent all-time high, which is what the wall street folks call a "bear market". These prices are set by market participants, so this price movement could mean anything or nothing. But the overall sentiment of stock investors is negative, suggesting that they expect future earnings to decline (or, at least, to be significantly less than they expected before) > What does this mean for your average person? Immediately: nothing. It means that people expect that America's largest companies won't make as much money as expected. If the market is right, then probably unemployment will eventually increase, as falling earnings lead to layoffs. If the market is wrong, then stock prices will go back up. > Is this all time low a sign of a poor economy? This isn't anything like an all-time low. In fact, just 18 months ago, hte market was at this level, and it was an all-time high. > A few have mentioned a potential Great Recession, is this true? It is always possible that we are headed for something like that. Or not. Nobody really knows. However, in 2008, there were some serious problems entirely apart from the market move. There were all sorts of problems in the mortgage market, with millions of mortgages that would never be repaid, and all sorts of financial institutions that had their finances toed up in them. So far, this time, the underlying economy is very healthy, with strong earnings, and low unemployment. Maybe that will change, and we will have a disaster. Maybe not > How did this happen? People's level of optimism about the near future of America's economy changed, so they've decreased their willingness to pay high prices to own the shares of American companies. > How can the DOW bounce back? If earnings and unemployment stay as good as they have been, it'll happen naturally. The market runs more-or-less entirely upon expectations.


Question: When a large group of people are talking in a room, sometimes why does a sudden silence befall the entire room and then everybody starts taking again?

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 When a large group of people are talking in a room, sometimes why does a sudden silence befall the entire room and then everybody starts taking again?

It happens when more then one conversation lulls and causes a decrease in the cacophony of noise in the room.. This causes people to stop their conversations to check why it got quiet. Once everyone realized that everyone's looking at nothing.. It all revs up again.


Question: How does the internet work so insanely fast?

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 How does the internet work so insanely fast?

There are two parts to this: how long it takes the signal to travel the physical distance involved, and how long the "routing" takes (the logic needed to decide where to send the signal at each "stop". More commonly known as a "hop", I believe, by the way.) **Transport (100 msecs)** The first part is pretty straightforward: Sydney- > Tokyo- > Taiwan- > Tokyo- > Sydney is about 20,000 km. Most of this is via [undersea cables]( URL_3 ), where light travels \~31% slower than in vacuum, so that's a minimum of 100 msecs just to push those shitty ~~electrons~~ photons from point A to point B. (Edit: To clarify, the speed of light is slower because [undersea cables use fiber-optic lines]( URL_2 ) \- i.e. really long glass strands - and the speed of light is slower in glass than in air or vacuum. It has nothing to do with the cables being in/under water.) Note: Some data may go via telecommunications satellites, but these orbit anywhere from 2,000 to 35,000 km above the earth, so involve greater distances = more time. **Routing (140 msecs)** The second part, routing, is a little more complicated. Basically there are three "levels" to the internet: [Access, Distribution, and Core]( URL_0 ). For an ELI5, we can just say the hops you're seeing all take place at/between these levels, each of which involves dedicated hardware specifically designed to make receiving, processing, and retransmitting of data as fast as possible (especially at the Core layer). Still, this part takes a significant amount of time. Edit: ... and I'll refer you to /u/MavEtJu's [answer]( URL_5 ) for details of what's involved here. **Commentary** Empirically, what you're seeing is that the routing portion of each of those 16 hops takes 140ms in total, or \~9ms each. That may or may not seem like a long time, but consider that a modern quad-core CPU can perform \~100 million operations in that 9ms. And that's for a general CPU. Network hardware is using purpose-built chipsets more akin to graphics processors (i.e. optimized for specific logic w/ high throughput), which can do 100x that. Surely such fast hardware shouldn't take that long... right? Well, consider the amount of data involved. Your data packets are travelling along the backbone of the internet where a *tremendous* amount of data has to be processed. For example, there's a Hong Kong- > LA cable that does [144,000 gbps]( URL_1 ). Even though your packets may only take a nanosecond to deal with, they have to wait in line (buffer) while the ones ahead of them are dealt with. P.S. Check out the [mtr]( URL_4 ) CLI (requires install). It's `ping` \+ `traceroute` on crack.


Question: What happens when you don't safely eject your USB?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 What happens when you don't safely eject your USB?

Data that was being accessed could be corrupted or deleted, making it unreadable for future use. When you "safely eject" the device, you're basically letting the computer stop all processes and make sure nothing is being accessed before you disconnect the device. If you just pull it, you have no idea if the data was being used or not.


Question: How does the PornHub line chart / trend line that is at the bottom of the videos work? The videos are scanned automatically by algos look for what exactly?

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 How does the PornHub line chart / trend line that is at the bottom of the videos work? The videos are scanned automatically by algos look for what exactly?

It represent how long people have watched it. Usually people will close the video after 10sec, but I'm always curious if there is a spike somewhere in the middle /end. Wink wink.


Question: Difference between a music producer and a movie producer?

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 Difference between a music producer and a movie producer?

in music, a producer is typically a more creative role. They work with the band to decide which songs to record, how they should sound, what the final mix should be, etc. They also bring in session musicians or guests to achieve that sound. Certain producers are famous for the sound of their albums and the creative directions they push artists in - for instance, Phil Spector or Ruck Rubin. movie producers are generally NOT involved (at least directly) creatively. They are involved in the business and logistics side of the production - getting financing, hiring people, overseeing the schedule, etc. When the Lord and Miller were fired as directors of the Han Solo movie, that was done by the Producer, Kathleen Kennedy.


Question: How is blood tested for chemicals?

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 How is blood tested for chemicals?

There are standard drug panels which test for very specific substances. For example, say a pharmaceutical company develops a certain compound. This compound is very carefully engineered so that it looks white, but if you put it in a container with cocaine in it, it will bind to the cocaine and turn blue. Now you can do this with all kinds of target drugs, and develop ways of detecting specific drugs. That's not specifically the way drugs are detected but it does illustrate the point: if you know the structure of a drug like GHB, you can develop a compound that will react with it to form a detectable (in this case, visibly blue) product. So hospitals carry kits that test for a variety of drugs, so with a single blood sample you can test for any number of common drugs. This is made more efficient by looking at the symptoms: if a patient comes in showing signs of GHB overdose, their tests will emphasize GHB and related drugs. If someone comes in showing signs of cocaine overdose, they will first test for cocaine and related drugs.


Question: What makes your eye color change after you’re born?

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 What makes your eye color change after you’re born?

Eye color is determined by the amount of melanin in the iris; which is the pigment-protein responsible for hair, eye, and skin color. The reason for this is due to the lack of exposure to light in utero. Once birth occurs, light exposure triggers the melanocyte cells to read the genes that make the pigment protein melanin. As the infant develops melanocytes increase melanin production which results in visible changes as early as 6 months of age. Subtle changes can be seen from then until as late as 3 years. It’s amazing...the processes that transpire when you are a brand spanking new human. Source(s): [Horribly Produced Video With Valid Explanation(s) Via WebMD]( URL_0 ) Edit: Spelling


Question: What is the difference between direct and alternating current and how would using each one in a light bulb change the way it works?

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 What is the difference between direct and alternating current and how would using each one in a light bulb change the way it works?

In direct current all the electrons run the same way. In alternating current, the electrons run back and forth, alternating between going one way and going the other, thus the name. Electrons running in a light bulb find it hard to run through the filament material. They have to push hard, and that makes the filament so hot that it boils away photons, called light. In a light bulb, it only depends how many electrons run in or out of the bulb, because a light bulb is a non-inductive load. A motor and things like that are inductive loads, and they work very differently on AC and DC.


Question: Over time, inflation leads to higher average household incomes. Where does all this extra money in the economy actually come from? Is it literally being printed by governments?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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 Over time, inflation leads to higher average household incomes. Where does all this extra money in the economy actually come from? Is it literally being printed by governments?

There is a central bank in America called the Federal Reserve (the Fed); the Fed has one lever it can pull to slow down or speed up the economy and its raising or lowering interest rates. When the economy is doing well and jobs are abundant, it raises interest rates to encourage people to save money, when it's slow it lowers interest rates to encourage people to borrow money. The Fed lends money to banks when in turn lends money to consumers. When a person walks into a bank and borrows $1,000,000 to build a new factory $1,000,000 is added to the economy. Part of that $1M might go to pay the wages of a construction worker that now has a steady job to take out a $270k loan for a new house, so now $270,000 just got added to the original $1M. The Fed tries to target the rate of inflation at around 2%. You want to encourage people to spend money; if money were getting more and more valuable every day and prices were steadily dropping, the economy would drastically slow down. The money you borrow today would be paid off tomorrow in more expensive dollars; why would you buy a house today for $300,000 when you can buy it next year for $275? Inflation happens because the ratio of money circulating in the economy increases faster than the amount of goods and services being produced. In the case of the inflation we're seeing now, COVID-19 caused the amount of goods and services being produced to drastically decrease, but people still demanded those goods and services because most world governments sent their citizens money to prevent the economy from collapsing.


Question: Is there a major difference (less etymology, more sociopolitics) between ‘equity,’ ‘equality,’ and ‘parity,’ and what are the implications?

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 Is there a major difference (less etymology, more sociopolitics) between ‘equity,’ ‘equality,’ and ‘parity,’ and what are the implications?

I'm not going to try and say that "equity means A and equality means B", because I've seen a few of those and I don't think they're well supported by etymology or by common usage. (There's a slightly-famous one with three kids of different heights trying to see over a fence.) The basic distinction is something like this: imagine we have Population A, a million people who average $45,000 a year, and Population B, also a million people, who average $49,000 a year, and we've got four billion dollars to distribute. One way to be fair to both groups is to treat everyone the same because they're all human beings. 4 billion divided by 2 million = $2000 so we give that amount to each person, paying no attention to which population they're from. This takes A to $47,000 for the year, and B to $51,000. I'd call this something like 'equality of treatment'. Another approach is we could try to erase the difference between the populations. 4 billion divided by 1 million = $4000, so that's perfect. We give $4000 to each person in Population A, nothing to Population B, and when we're done everybody got $49,000 this year. This one, I believe, is called 'equality of outcome'. And, of course, you could do a mix where first you give money to the poorer population until they get to some cutoff ($46,000 or whatever) and after that's done, you divvy up the remaining money among all people. You can make a case for each of those as being the most 'fair', and each of those cases will infuriate some people. It's an interesting topic and I think the best answer will depend on particulars of the case.


Question: Why does vision detect such a narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Why does vision detect such a narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum?

As you can see from [this graph]( URL_0 ), what we call visible light is the one "window" in the spectrum where water is transparent. This is important because most life lives in water and we are made of mostly water, including our eyes themselves. You could potentially stretch *a little* bit into infrared and UV, and some animals do, but not much.


Question: Why do some memories get stronger with repeated thinking and some weaker?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 Why do some memories get stronger with repeated thinking and some weaker?

I'd say state of mind. Why else would dreams be so vivid and 20 minutes later no recollection of what the hell happened.


Question: Why is 24-karat pure gold and not 100-karat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why is 24-karat pure gold and not 100-karat?

In 309 CE, Roman Emperor Constantine I began to mint a new gold coin solidus that was 1⁄72 of a libra (Roman pound) of gold equal to a mass of 24 siliqua, where each siliqua (or carat) was 1⁄1728 of a libra. This is believed to be the origin of the value of the karat. Source : URL_0


Question: Why Don’t High Wind Speeds Kill You?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why Don’t High Wind Speeds Kill You?

Mass is why. A car has a large amount of mass behind, so even at low speeds, it can impart a large amount of energy. Wind is just moving air, there's almost no mass to it in comparison to the car, so even at high speeds there's minimal energy transfer to you.


Question: If it takes about 8 minutes for sunlight to reach earth doesn’t that mean that it’s true position in the sky is 8 minutes ahead?

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 If it takes about 8 minutes for sunlight to reach earth doesn’t that mean that it’s true position in the sky is 8 minutes ahead?

EDIT: sorry, the first thing you said is not entirely true. The second is fine. The sun's position in the sky is due to the rotation of the earth, much more than the orbit around the sun + difference from the speed of light. If the light reached us instantly, the sun would be an imperceptible fraction further forward or back (not sure which, need someone smarter). But it wouldn't be 8 minutes worth of rotation ahead in the sky. The other thing you said is still true, yes some or even all of the stars we see could be dead and we won't know about it until the light gets here. The sun could disappear right now and you wouldn't know for 8 minutes.


Question: Why does hitting a TV remote often get it to function when it wasn’t working before?

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 Why does hitting a TV remote often get it to function when it wasn’t working before?

As you know, your remote is powered by batteries. Those batteries complete an electric circuit, which lets electrons flow from one end of the battery, through the remote, and back to the other end. During this process, the electrons passing through the contact springs and the batteries' tailcaps deposit a very, very thin layer of corrosion/oxidation (more so as the battery's charge runs down), which breaks the circuit. Smacking the remote jostles the batteries slightly, breaking this layer and restoring the completed circuit. You can also achieve this effect by removing the batteries and popping them back in.


Question: Why does bleach solution lose effectiveness after 24 hours?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 Why does bleach solution lose effectiveness after 24 hours?

Because bleach breaks down into salt. Bleach works because it is very reactive and it breaks down a lot of organic material it comes into contact with, but the bleach itself also reduces to salt. Pure bleach breaks down over time which is why bleach that is a year old isn't as effective. When you mix it with water, it breaks down faster and so isn't as useful the next day because there isn't as much bleach left.