Question: how does the color in a bruise represent it’s healing progress or how bad it is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the color in a bruise represent it’s healing progress or how bad it is?

Well a bruise is just blood under the skin. So the concentration of the blood determines the colors you see. As the body works to remove the blood the bruise gets lighter in color and eventually fades away. Source: am 30. Have had bruises.


Question: How do people predict weather?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people predict weather?

They have satellites and hundreds of weather stations with radar towers giving them data. By looking through past data and finding patterns they can predict what will happen next by finding which start of a pattern fits current conditions best. Also using wind direction and conditions upstream you can predict conditions downstream by just saying it will be similar in a few hours.


Question: How does chrome take 4 gb of ram? That is like 5 full movies.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does chrome take 4 gb of ram? That is like 5 full movies.

Since the introduction of Javascript websites are not just content shown to you. Websites are full on programs - some of them very complex with thousands and thousands of lines of code that is run by your browser. Look at Facebook - the website is an instant messenger program, a media player, an image viewer, a tracker (I'm sure a lot of the workings of the site are about tracking your interactions in minute detail), and a rich advertising program - and this is all running on your PC for every tab you have open. So you're not just holding the content, you're holding everything to make the website "program" run. Websites couldn't be as dynamic and responsive as this if they were just rendering content.


Question: What happens when a large company/monopoly is “broken up” by the government?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when a large company/monopoly is “broken up” by the government?

It's split into multiple, smaller companies. For a real-world example, look into the Bell Phone Company that was ruled a monopoly and broken up by the government in 1983/1984 URL_0


Question: What’s the meteorological processes that made the current winter storm so particularly bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the meteorological processes that made the current winter storm so particularly bad?

At the top of the planet there’s a circulating rope of air called the Jet Stream that keeps the super cold Arctic air up in the North Pole. Now if the jet stream happens to get an influx of energy or some kind of disturbance, it will stretch out kind of like a spinning rubber band does from centripetal force. When it does this, it kind of droops down towards the middle of the planet so now the barrier that stops the Arctic air from going south is no longer in northern Canada - it’s in like Kansas. This is the simplified version. Interestingly climate change is expected to cause harsher winters due to this effect.


Question: Why do gas prices go up and down when other things do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do gas prices go up and down when other things do not?

The prices for everything fluctuates all the time, but oil is the one that's always in the news. So why do we care enough that its news worthy? Crude oil is the raw product that is used in almost everything. It's used in foods, clothing, packaging, soaps, cars, construction, electronics, pretty much everything you can think of (Google it, it's pretty impressive), and of course gas. Since the world literally runs on oil production, its news worthy. So generally it fluctuates due to politics. Oil, as we've come to realize, is finite. We will run out, but no one knows for sure when that will be. Since its finite and in high demand, politicians and world leaders use its sale for leverage. When the US stops selling it to a certain country or stops buying from a certain country it hurts. Production slows but demand stays constant. Then politicians start getting along again and things open up again and there's a surplus, causing prices to drop as demand stays constant. Sometimes demand increases more than production allows and that will drive prices up, or demand falls and prices drop. Gas prices specifically change because that same supply and demand now also include the refineries who actually make the gas. When they cant get crude cheap, or have a refinery shut down, or worry they wont have enough crude for the demand, prices go up. When gas prices go up, everything goes up because it is now more expensive to ship those products to the store. All models of transportation use fuel made from oil so when gas goes up, so do store prices.


Question: Why are some pills with only one ingredient so big while a multivitamin with a bunch of ingredients can be so small?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some pills with only one ingredient so big while a multivitamin with a bunch of ingredients can be so small?

There are a couple of considerations that factor into the size of a pill. First is absorption rate. Pills are mostly filler. The amount and type of filler is chosen to give preferred absorption rate of the medication. Some may require more or bulkier material to get the correct absorption profile. The other main concern is overdosing. Pills that are easier to abuse may be bigger to make it harder to OD. Example of this is Advil. It's easy to get (cheap, everywhere, and no restrictions). It's easy to abuse. People in pain take more to stop the pain. By making the pills bigger and splitting the dose between 2 pills the person is less likely to actually consume enough to cause ill effects. For example a double dose is 4 pills a handful and mouthful. If they were smaller and only in one pill the same handful would be quadruple the dose.


Question: Why does meat get tough and dry when overcooked, but vegetables get soft and mushy the more they're cooked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does meat get tough and dry when overcooked, but vegetables get soft and mushy the more they're cooked?

Because they’re made of different things. To keep it real simple- Plant cells = cellulose, which is destroyed by heat. Meat cells = protein, which are “denatured” by heat, meaning the proteins will change shape. This “tightens” the cell structure, forcing out water, causing the meat to be tough and dry.


Question: How does your brain know what to focus on and what to block out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does your brain know what to focus on and what to block out?

Lots and lots of practice. Millions of years of practice. Evolution has given the brain a lot of tools to build a coherent picture of the world around you. It knows that things that are still are less important than things that are moving. Predators move when they're trying to kill you. Prey moves when it doesn't know you're about to try to kill it. If you stare at anything long enough, if it doesn't move, you'll notice it fading out. You can try this for yourself by finding a fixed point on your monitor and staring at it for many minutes (assuming nothing on your monitor is moving). You'll notice that the edges of your vision start to lose color and focus, and that loss of color and focus creeps in slowly towards the center of your vision the longer you stare without moving your eyes or anything else around you. Even if your vision moves very slightly, if nothing changes otherwise, your brain will automatically filter out the stuff around the edges of your vision until they change enough to matter, or you deliberately pay attention to it. Also, your brain knows that it's wasteful to spend resources caring about what's at the edges of your vision. It's better to spend more resources *really* caring about what's at the center of your vision, and just move your vision to point at something so it's at the center of your vision. Everything around what you're focusing on gets some background attention from your brain - so if something moves, your brain may not be able to tell you *what* moved, but it can tell you that you should look at it directly so you can figure that out. That is to say, your brain is aware of a lot more stuff in your field of vision than it passes along to your conscious awareness. Your brain also knows that none of that is important (probably), which is why it doesn't get passed along. You also teach your brain during your lifetime what's important and what's unimportant. Sometimes this reinforces what your brain came prewired with from evolution, sometimes it doesn't. For instance, words on pages don't move but you should really pay attention to them anyway (so you can read). Every time you notice something and really pay attention to it, you reinforce the neural pathways associated with that thing. Every time you deliberately ignore something, you reinforce the neural pathways associated with ignoring that thing. Eventually it becomes automatic. Your brain knows how to fill in important gaps, too. You may be aware of [your eyes' blind spots]( URL_1 ) caused by the nerves and blood vessels coming through your retinas to service your retinas. You normally don't notice your blind spots because your brain automatically uses information from both eyes to build your conscious picture. When something is missing from one part of your field of vision, if your other eye can see it your brain assumes it's still there and basically photoshops it into your vision. This is how you can "see" the screen "through" the pillow. Your brain knows what your blocked eye *should* see, based on what the other eye sees, so it builds that picture. Also important: your left and right fields of vision aren't mapped to your left and right eyes. [It's the left and right halves of both of your retinas]( URL_0 ). Rather than your left brain controlling your right eye and vice versa, your left brain controls the right half of both retinas and vice versa. That makes it easier to build a complete picture since your right brain isn't getting input from *only* your left eye (and vice versa). When the two halves of your brain meet in the middle to build your conscious image of the world, they both have a piece of the puzzle from each eye. TL;DR: Your pillow wasn't moving and wasn't interesting; you've taught your brain over the years that screens - even if they're not moving - are *very* interesting. Your brain used information from both eyes to figure out what each eye *should* be seeing if both were looking at the very interesting thing you were trying to focus on and built a picture based on that, which did not include the very uninteresting pillow.


Question: Why do people start laughing when they are experiencing despair?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people start laughing when they are experiencing despair?

Laughter is the response to absurdity. If you were suddenly overcome by crushing despair, wouldn't you laugh at the absolute ludicrousness of the notion? I would. I mean, what else are you supposed to do?


Question: What does air quality mean on the weather app and how do they calculate it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does air quality mean on the weather app and how do they calculate it?

It's a measure of foreign particulates in the air that can effect your respiratory system. It can be measured by air samples as well as being predicted by using meoterolgical analysis by looking how formations of polluted air are moving.


Question: Apparently, the smell of freshly mowed grass is actually chemicals that grass releases to warn other grass of the oncoming danger. Why would this be a thing since there's literally nothing grass can do to avoid the oncoming danger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Apparently, the smell of freshly mowed grass is actually chemicals that grass releases to warn other grass of the oncoming danger. Why would this be a thing since there's literally nothing grass can do to avoid the oncoming danger?

They aren't warning other grass. The chemicals being released do a couple things. They help heal the grass, help seal the grass so that it's a bit more resistant to dmg (doesn't do shit against a steel blade, but helps against a caterpillar). And it can help to call certain bugs that feed on the bugs that feed on the grass. Edit: Some grasses will also release certain chemicals that make their leaves taste awful to bugs. Some grasses can also concentrate nutrients into their roots to better rebuild. re-Edit: for information on the talking to other plants bit URL_0 The smell may also be a chemical warning to other grass to preemptively taste bad, but its far more likely that other grass is warned via the Wood Wide Web


Question: What role does "systems biology" (as articulated by Santa Fe Institute people like Stuart Kauffman and Denis Noble) play in the contemporary understanding of biology, if any role at all? (I have read some Kaufmann but he's over my head and I'm not sure what to make of systems biology.)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What role does "systems biology" (as articulated by Santa Fe Institute people like Stuart Kauffman and Denis Noble) play in the contemporary understanding of biology, if any role at all? (I have read some Kaufmann but he's over my head and I'm not sure what to make of systems biology.)

Systems Biology is aimed at creating/analysing models of biological systems. You primarily take lots of types of data, and integrate them together to see how they fit into a model and predict/validate how it works in vivo. How a cell works as a result from the collective behaviour of many things; the collective properties are known as 'emergent properties'. Often times, understanding individual parts is insufficient for the bigger picture. A memory is an example of an emergent property - they cannot be understood as a property of a single, or several neurons considered one at a time. It is a collective property of a number of things acting together, and needs to be looked at at a higher level.


Question: Why are flies (and other insects) able to land in a glass of water and take off but get immediately sucked in and stuck in a beer, which is generally 90%+ water??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are flies (and other insects) able to land in a glass of water and take off but get immediately sucked in and stuck in a beer, which is generally 90%+ water??

Beer is stickier the water, and also denser (heavier) You can see that in beer houses where the floor is always sticky: the water evaporates, but the stuff that makes beer beer remains and gets more concentrated.


Question: If you remove a testicle, does the remaining one stay to one side or settle in the middle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you remove a testicle, does the remaining one stay to one side or settle in the middle?

The testes don't really float freely in the scrotum. The scrotal ligament anchors them to the "floor" of the scrotum, otherwise testicular torsions would be a common issue. That being said having the empty space might make it look like it's more toward the middle but you'd still have a left or right testicle.


Question: How is there so much money in the porn industry when porn is easily found for free online?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is there so much money in the porn industry when porn is easily found for free online?

All those free porn sites are absolutely *lousy* with ads, haven't you noticed? Ads are paid for by advertisers. They pay an amount based on how many people are watching. Since *lots* of people watch porn on a daily basis, they pay good money.


Question: If math is an entirely human construct, why can't we calculate all the digits of pi?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If math is an entirely human construct, why can't we calculate all the digits of pi?

Pi is a number that shows a specific thing (if you have a circle of diameter n, how big is that circles circumference). That's not a human construct. All circles with a diameter of 1 will have a circumference of pi, no matter what species measure it. The reason why we can't calculate all digits of pi is because pi isn't a rational number, and is therefore going on infinitely.


Question: How does a ‘random’ number generator actually make sure it’s random?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a ‘random’ number generator actually make sure it’s random?

Firstly, they usually aren't random, just sorta kinda random, which for most applications is fine. Rng for a video game doesn't need to be extremely random. Non critical rng would just use some simple "seed" number, like the computers clock time, as the random element in the equation One famous random number system uses a physical reaction to generate randomness, a wall of lava lamps. The image of the position of the blobs in the lamps provided a basis for a random number, a thousand lava lamps is never going to be the same configuration


Question: Why are materials like perspex, plastic and glass able to be transparent despite being a solid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are materials like perspex, plastic and glass able to be transparent despite being a solid?

Transparency is not a question of phase but if light can get through. Crude oil is a liquid, but it's pitch black. A black hole can contain no matter whatsoever and it's still opaque (as opaque as anything can be). Light is electromagnetic waves, and different materials absorb different wavelengths. Visible light is a specific band of wavelengths, and glass happens to not absorb those much. It's something to do with electron orbitals and energy levels, but that's out of ELI5 scope I would imagine.


Question: What is the difference between consumable ethyl alcohol and non-consumable isopropyl alcohol?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between consumable ethyl alcohol and non-consumable isopropyl alcohol?

All alcohols have what are called hydroxyl groups, which is an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. These are attached to some carbon atoms, which are also attached to some other hydrogens. There can be different numbers of the carbons and hydrogens, and the structure can be different, but they all have that single hydroxyl group somewhere. Isopropyl has one more carbon atom than ethanol and is shaped differently. This changes how it interacts with other molecules, such as making it poisonous (or more poisonous, I guess). Specifically, when it gets to your liver, it breaks down into acetone, which can kill you in large amounts. A little bit of acetone is made in our bodies naturally and we're equipped to handle it, but if you drink ispopropyl alcohol, you'll have way too much and your body won't be able to get rid of it fast enough. Ethanol is (mostly) safe to drink, and effects the brain. It mainly increases the amount of a certain chemical that the brain uses to suppress neural activity. Basically, it slows down the brains ability to think. However, it also increases some other chemicals, such as dopamine, which is why it feels good at first.


Question: when polishing or sanding why do you start from corse and work down to fine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when polishing or sanding why do you start from corse and work down to fine?

Your working out the deepest scratches as quickly as possible. If you start with a grit more fine than the deepest scratch it will take longer to remove the metal down to the depth you need.


Question: How do airplanes measure the speed they’re travelling at?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do airplanes measure the speed they’re travelling at?

There are multiple answers. Virtually all involve distance/time calculations. * GPS * Air flowing into sensors * Inertial tracking * LORAN (radio navigation) * Radar/transponders You could also go old-school and say, visual navigation (stars/landmarks). Boats can do all of this, too, although the air/sensors thing wouldn't really work. Boats can also measure the rotation speed of their propellors, because water is always the same density (more or less) and the propellor is a fixed size. So, they know how much thrust they're generating in the water. The boat would have to know the current speed/direction in order to get an accurate reading. Planes can do this, too, but it's more complex because air pressure/temperature makes more of a difference than water.


Question: Why is the reflection in the front of a spoon upside down and 'normal' in the back?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the reflection in the front of a spoon upside down and 'normal' in the back?

The back side of the spoon acts as a convex mirror and the front acts as a concave mirror. A mirror works by bouncing light back at you. With a flat mirror the light enters and bounces straight back at you giving an image which is the same size as the object no matter how far away you are from the mirror. With a convex mirror the angle of the returning light is changed in such a way that the image is expanded and appears to be larger than the object but still at the same orientation. With a concave mirror the angle of the returning light is changed in such a way that the image is compressed and made a lot smaller than the object. These “rays” of light all cross at a point called a focal point, if you are between the focal point and the mirror then the image appears to be the same orientation but smaller than the object. If you are just past the focal point the image appears small and upside down. If you are far past the focal point the image appears large and upside down. The focal point distance from the mirror is determined by the curvature of the mirror. Since a spoon is a small object with a large degree of curvature then it’s focal point is close to the spoon and you can’t get between the spoon and its focal point so your reflection will always look upside down.


Question: How is money real any more? When millions and billions can disappear and reappear in the blink of an eye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is money real any more? When millions and billions can disappear and reappear in the blink of an eye?

The stock market is not *money*, it's *value*. If you have a $1 bill, then you have money with a fixed value of $1. Today it's worth $1; tomorrow it'll be worth $1. If you have 1 share of stock that's currently trading at $1, then you do not have any money. Instead, you have a stock with a variable value - if you sell it right now, then you'll gain $1. That converts its theoretical value into actual money. If you bought that stock when it was $1, then sold it when it was $1, you broke even. You spent $1 of money to gain a stock with a value that can go up and down, then you sold it when the value was $1 and gained that much money back. If you bought that stock when it was $1, then sold it when it was $100, then the value of your stock went way, way up - but you never had a $1 bill that magically transformed into a $100 bill. You spent $1 to buy the stock, then you sold it for $100. You gave your $1 bill to someone in exchange for the stock, then someone else gave you a $100 bill of theirs in exchange for your stock. *Value* was created out of thin air here, but it was paid for in *money* that never changed its worth.


Question: Derivatives of Curves. How do they work? How is the second derivative of a quadratic equation a constant? Is the second derivative the slope of the slope?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Derivatives of Curves. How do they work? How is the second derivative of a quadratic equation a constant? Is the second derivative the slope of the slope?

> Is the second derivative the slope of the slope? That's exactly right. > How is the second derivative of a quadratic equation a constant? It just is. That's more or less how a quadratic is defined, its a shape whose second derivative is constant, a shape whose slope increases proportionally to the x or whatever input you are using. The derivative definition of the limit as h approaches x of (f(x) - f(h))/(x - h) is pretty self explanatory imo. This is just the slope formula, rise over run, but taken to an infinitesimally small rise over an infinitesimally small run.


Question: The lymphatic system. What is and what do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The lymphatic system. What is and what do?

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that (among other things) help maintain your body’s fluid levels and serves as part of our immune system. As our blood circulates through our bodies, most of the plasma and other fluids it contains remains in the blood vessels but some of it seeps into our tissues. The lymphatic system collects this fluid, now called lymph, and ultimately gets it back into our bloodstream. The lymphatic system is also responsible for creating and transporting lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, and other immune cells. When bacteria, viruses or other foreign bodies pass through the lymphatic system, they get sort of filtered out and collected at the lymph nodes; when we have an infection, more of those germs are collected in the nodes and more blood goes to the area to try to eliminate the infection, causing the nodes to swell up.


Question: I've noticed that it gets darker much earlier in winter than in summer - why is this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've noticed that it gets darker much earlier in winter than in summer - why is this?

The Earth is tilted on an axis by about 23 degrees. In the winter, the North hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, so it gets less sunlight as the earth rotates. In the summer it is the opposite. [This image]( URL_0 ) illustrates it quite well.


Question: How exactly do you "bombard" an atom in a nuclear reaction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly do you "bombard" an atom in a nuclear reaction?

Uranium-235 when hit by a neutron it spit and you get 1 Barium atom, 1 Krypton atom and 3 neutrons. It is the released neutrons that will hit other Uranium atoms and you have a chain reaction. & #x200B; In a reactor you have control road of material that absorb neutrons that you can move to control the reaction. In most reactor they are also slowed down by hitting water or in the past graphite. & #x200B; There is natural release of neutrons from some radioactive elements like the daughter product that is produced in a reactor so when it has been in used so restart a not a problem. But the initial start might use som neutrons source that you put in there if I am not misstanke & #x200B; In a nuclear bomb they initially used small pellets as neutron generators. It have have a outer part of beryllium that will release neutron when hit by alpha particles. The inside have gold and nickle layer and finally Polonium in the center. The gold and nickle will block the alpha radiation from the highly radioactive polonium from hitting the Beryllium but when the pellets get crushed by the conventional exposives in the bomb the beryllium and polonium will mix and release neutrons that start the chain reaction in the bomb. & #x200B; In the nuclear weapons that exist today you have [Neutron\_generator]( URL_0 ). They used electricity to accelerate deuterium of tritium atoms that hit a target of the same material and the result is nuclear fusion and you release neutrons. They are small linear particle accelerators that is also used for medical, pressurize and material analysis. So you have a electric device that sit a couple of centimeters away from conventional and is activated after the explosive detonate but before the shock wave hit the neutron generator and destroy it


Question: Why (in the US) are medical payments so astronomically high, resulting in many people defecting on the bill? Wouldn't you make more money if things were more affordable so that more people can actually pay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why (in the US) are medical payments so astronomically high, resulting in many people defecting on the bill? Wouldn't you make more money if things were more affordable so that more people can actually pay?

Well first, you might declare bankruptcy but that doesn't mean they don't get any money. They can seize your assets, they can garnish future wages, take you to court and so on. They won't get back 100% of the money (unless they get a good court win), maybe only 30-60% of it, which in turn raises the price on all medical care so that the hole met by bankruptcy patients are covered by insured ones and costs plus profit are met. Second the prices are so high in the US because hospitals mainly bargain prices with insurance companies, and the 'sticker price' is artificially high so that they have better bargaining positions for the prices of bundles of surgeries or days in hospital for multiple patients and so on. The hospital likely sits down with a patient and 'forgives' some of the debt owed when settling on a repayment plan yet still makes money. Thirdly you can't bargain on prices in hospital as a patient. In the ICU ward you'll die if you refuse medical care because you think it's over priced. This is in economic circles called inelastic demand. Medical industry is a price inelastic industry. Where there is a price inelastic industry, in the absence of government intervention, prices are high. Most other price inelastic industries have government intervention (drinking water, food, rent) just not medicine. This is a large part of why medical costs in the US are higher, other countries control prices in various ways. The extra money goes to drug companies, share holders of insurance companies and hospitals, and the top 25% of doctors. Basically those who command bargaining power in the system. and finally prices are so high because medical care is very expensive.


Question: How does the 'back' option on a browser know exactly where to scroll down to, even though the URL is the same as before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the 'back' option on a browser know exactly where to scroll down to, even though the URL is the same as before?

The browser simply stores the last scroll location in memory so even if a new request is sent (it may well just load a locally cached version depending on settings/browser) it can jump straight to it.


Question: how did plate tectonics first start?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did plate tectonics first start?

As the surface of the Earth cooled, a thin crust solidified. Underneath, there were currents in the liquidish rock which pulled the crust with them, like rafts of ice on a pond as it's just freezing.


Question: Why is staring at a solar eclipse deemed to be dangerous and what is the difference from just staring at the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is staring at a solar eclipse deemed to be dangerous and what is the difference from just staring at the sun?

When you look at the sun your eye goes "Damn that's bright, I better do something". This causes your pupil to shrink down REALLY small to not let much light in, and also causes a reaction to flinch away. Both of these protect your eye from damage. If you look at a not-quite-total eclipse your eye goes "This is pretty dark" and makes your pupil big to let lots of light in and doesn't trigger those protective reflexes. But any part of the sun "peeks" around the eclipse is just as bright as it was before, which means it can cause damage to the light sensitive bits in the back of your eye.


Question: How is it that some really famous illegal streaming sites don’t get shut down or sued?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that some really famous illegal streaming sites don’t get shut down or sued?

Damn those sites! Which sites are you talking about though? What are the best illegal streaming sites, specifically? Feel free to DM me.


Question: What is the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and the impact from solving it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and the impact from solving it?

The 3-4-5 right triangle is a common centerpiece in many high school geometry problems. It is, after all, a right triangle where pesky square roots don't show up. A minorly interesting thing about it is that its area is 6, which is also an integer. Another observation we might make is that the triangle with sides of length 3/2 - 20/3 - 41/6 also avoids square roots, even if it has fractions, but the area of this triangle is 5 which is an integer! Very nice, we could use it in a high school geometry problem about area since the numbers are so nice. With these observations we might ask if there are any similar such triangles with integer area. That is, we can ask: * Which integers are the areas of triangles whose side lengths are all rational (fraction) numbers? Such numbers are called [Congruent Numbers]( URL_0 ) and we still can't answer it. The reason we can't answer it is because this is actually a problem with a very complex mix of geometry and arithmetic and we do not have all the tools we need to solve it yet. The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture, it turns out, is exactly the tool we need to access the solution to this problems, and others with a similar mix of geometry and arithmetic. If blacksmiths grow up with hammers, number theorists grow up with [Number Fields]( URL_4 ). These are extensions of the integers which allow for more complicated arithmetics, such as including sqrt(2) into the integers allow us more power to take square roots. Using Number Fields, we can solve harder problems and illuminate the inner workings of other problems that might've seemed mysterious. For example, [Pell's Equation]( URL_1 ) is an example of a problem that is understood much better from the context of a different number field. But some problems are too hard for number fields. Just as you'll need much more than a hammer as a blacksmith, mathematicians need much more than number fields to do their work. [Fermat's Last Theorem]( URL_3 ), for example, is a hard problem and, in fact, a lot of the ideas and theories about number fields were invented to try and solve Fermat's Last Theorem. They gave us new insights into the problem, let us solve some special cases, but they were ultimately not enough to actually solve Fermat's Last Theorem. We needed to access a more sophisticated realm of arithmetic which transcends our naive notions of arithmetic just being about adding/multiplying numbers. Enter Elliptic Curves. You know about Linear Curves (lines) and Quadratic Curves (parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas), Elliptic Curves are the next step in this progression (solutions to equations like y^(2)=x^(3)+ax+b). Elliptic Curves, it turns out, are very, very powerful arithmetic objects. In a way, they transcend number fields in their complexity. And it is exactly this complexity which Andrew Wiles drew upon in order to prove Fermat's Last Theorem. But something is still a little off, Elliptic Curves seem to be in a different world than Number Fields. They're geometric objects which just happen to have arithmetic properties, rather than living fully as arithmetic objects. And we suspect them to be fully arithmetic objects. This means that some of their geometric qualities should actually be *arithmetic* properties in disguise and so what we're missing is a dictionary to translate the geometric properties as arithmetic properties. The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture is exactly this dictionary, it tells us exactly how to reinterpret an Elliptic Curve as being fully an arithmetic object. This will also allow us to, in a way, locate where Elliptic Curves exist in the arithmetic world since they'll be illuminated as such. For example, we've found ways to link Congruent Numbers to Elliptic Curves which can lead to a way to totally categorize them ([link to a not ELI5 paper]( URL_2 )). The issue is that in order to implement this categorization we need to be able to translate from the Geometric world of Elliptic Curves into the Arithmetic world of Elliptic Curves and so we need the BSD Conjecture.


Question: What exactly is vantablack? How does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is vantablack? How does it work?

So it is built from carbon nano-tubes, in fact Vertically Aligned Nano Tube Arrays is the name and the acronym of Vanta. Which looks similar to a cylinder of chicken wire on a molecular level. Now things appear dark when light is absorbed rather than reflected back at us. So when the light enters the carbon nanotube it starts bouncing around in the tubes and gets absorbed. According to the Wiki page it absorbs 99.965% of visible light.


Question: Why does getting hit with a slap hurt differently than getting hit with a closed fist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does getting hit with a slap hurt differently than getting hit with a closed fist?

A slap with an open hand covers more surface area of your skin, and makes the skin think it’s been damaged or traumatized. Conversely a punch covers LESS surface area but often affects more than just the skin, which is why you can get a persistent pain from a punch (in the muscle beneath, even!). With a slap, it reddens the skin and might sting, but often doesn’t go beyond that. Hope that helps!


Question: How did phonebooks get people’s information?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did phonebooks get people’s information?

When you signed up for telephone service, you had the option to have a listed number or unlisted number. A listed number means you gave the phone company permission to publish your name, phone number, and address. Most people opted for a listed phone number so that others could get in contact with them. Then a company like Yellow Pages would compile those numbers in a given region into telephone books that would be delivered to the house of everyone who had a listed number. You also had less to worry about having that info out in the open because the analog systems of the time made identity theft much more difficult...


Question: How does a seed "know" which way is down or up to grow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a seed "know" which way is down or up to grow?

Plants can sense gravity due to special containers (organelles) that store starch in a plant cell. The starch is rather dense compared to the rest of the cell so that the container will be affected by gravity. The containers are entangled in a mesh (actin) which can sense the direction they are moving. Based on these signals a special hormone (auxin) is distributed in the shoot to indicate the growth direction. This is only one of many possible mechanisms.


Question: Why is our solar system flat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is our solar system flat?

This comes down to the fact that things that are spinning like to keep spinning in that same direction. When a solar system (or galaxy, for that matter) is forming, there is a whole bunch of particles going every which way. Assuming they are all bound (they can't escape the system) you can add up the spinning of each particle. When you do this, you find that there is a *net* spinning of the system as a whole, even if all of the individual particles are going in different directions. This net spinning has to be around a single axis (since we live in 3 spatial dimensions), and so once all of these particles start to collide, they transfer momentum to each other. After a very long time, the random directions start to cancel out due to these collisions and *everything* starts to spin about this one axis. Another way to say that things are spinning around an axis is to say that they are spinning in a plane. So the end result is a bunch of stuff spinning the same direction in the same plane.


Question: If things expand when they're hot, than why does water expand when frozen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If things expand when they're hot, than why does water expand when frozen?

Water also expands as it get hotter. However, due to an odd quirk of physics, the liquid form of water at 0 C takes up less space than the solid form. This is not true for most substances, water is one of the few exceptions.


Question: How do random number generators work on the most fundamental levels in programming or otherwise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do random number generators work on the most fundamental levels in programming or otherwise?

Without an additional hardware device, called a "true random number generator" (TRNG), there simply is no real random, but we use pseudo randomness. To clarify that, what does "random" actually mean? Simplified, randomness means the fact of having a sequence of numbers that we can't find any pattern in, so the next number in the sequence cannot be determined knowing the whole prior sequence. Furthermore this implies that the elements of the sequence as a whole are equally distributed on a given interval. We can now emulate that behaviour by using pseudo-random generators: Those are mathematical functions or algorithms that show the required behaviour of equal distribution, but that have a period (the amount of 'random' numbers you can get out of it before we get the same random numbers as before a second time) that is far greater than the amount of pseudo-random numbers we actually get out of it. The most famous example might be the [Mersenne Twister]( URL_0 ) with a period of 2^19937 - 1. Let me be clear: The amount of atoms in the visible universe is [estimated to be roughly 10^80]( URL_1 ), what estimates to 2^266. When you now initialize the Mersenne Twister with some variables that only youself are aware of (e.g. the current system time in microseconds, maybe joined with some memory contents), you got your own, personal source of pseudo-randomness.


Question: Why does 1080p content on a 4K screen not look bad like SD content does on a 1080p screen? Isn’t it being upscale the same way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 1080p content on a 4K screen not look bad like SD content does on a 1080p screen? Isn’t it being upscale the same way?

Old content was really really low definition but that was alright because of how it was viewed To fit SD content on a 1080p screen each pixel is 2.25 pixels wide, but more importantly you're generally watching it much larger or much closer than it was meant to be. Watching 480p on a 20" TV from 8 feet away masks a lot of blur, but when you make it 55" or watch it on a 20" screen from just two feet away you can see all the pixels 1080p has enough pixels that your eyes don't have the resolution to spot higher resolutions at moderate ranges. Only if the screen is really big(large TV) or really close (cellphone) does it really show a clarity improvement


Question: What does "/16 or /24" after an IP Address mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does "/16 or /24" after an IP Address mean?

It is a decimal representation of your subnet mask. Your computer has an IP address. Something like: 10.1.1.2 But this address represents two things: a) your computer; and b) the local network your computer is on. And it needs a way of knowing which part is which.^* To do this it uses what is known as a subnet mask which can be represented in a number of ways. The "slash" notation, followed by a number, is how many 1 bits are in the subnet mask, in the case of /24, that would be 24 1 bits. Remember that computers deal in binary, so... 10.1.1.2 Is actually: 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000010 A subnet mask of 24 would be: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Each bit of the IP address that lines up with a 1 bit in the mask is part of the network (in this case 10.1.1.x). Each bit of the IP address that lines up with a 0 bit in the mask is a host address (in this case x.x.x.2). Your computer uses this information to determine if communication is destined for the local network (and doesn't need to go through a gateway) or is destined for a remote network (and does). In this case, everything from 10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.254 would be considered local. All other IP addresses would be remote. \* - Originally, they designed a scheme where IP addresses would fall into certain classes that defined which part was the network part and which part was the host part. For example, if it began with a 10, then the first octet was automatically the network part and the last three would be the host part. This turned out to be insufficient for modern networking needs, so they developed the concept of subnetworking of which the subnet(work) mask allows us to chop up the address any way we want.


Question: What is a quiet title?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a quiet title?

A quiet title suit is a suit that asks a court to give a determination about who owns a particular piece of land (or some other piece of property that has a title, but it's almost universally about land). Its purpose is to "quiet" any disputes about the land ownership. It's a fairly routine thing to do when there's either a dispute or some ambiguity about who actually owns a piece of property.


Question: Why are so many drivers incapable of using a merging lane properly? Or using it at all for that matter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are so many drivers incapable of using a merging lane properly? Or using it at all for that matter?

People are selfish and concerned over being first (even it the difference in time is literally a second or two).


Question: My Health Record in Australia, what's so bad about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 My Health Record in Australia, what's so bad about it?

It is just a privacy issue, the health record enables all health care providers to have access to your medical records so that no matter where you are treated they will know immediately about any allergic reactions, current medication or on-going medical issues. There is always the risk with so many people having access that the records could be hacked, but in general the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.


Question: why are all bodybuilders too tanned when most don't find this aesthetically pleasing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are all bodybuilders too tanned when most don't find this aesthetically pleasing?

Dark/black shows shadows from muscle definition better. White just looks white/less white. If they get it right it will look dark brown in the light and black where the ripples cast a shadow. Basically the human eye is better at telling the difference between a 15w and 10w light bulb than a 100w and a 95w light bulb. So they use that to their advantage.


Question: Why do so many articles say: "whose real name is" when talking about a famous person directly after mentioning them? Most of them obviously want to be refered to their "stage name"/nickname etc

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many articles say: "whose real name is" when talking about a famous person directly after mentioning them? Most of them obviously want to be refered to their "stage name"/nickname etc

Because readers like to see that information. A journalist isn't working for the celebrity (or whoever they are reporting on), they are working for their readers. Also, if the article reflects poorly on the celebrity, they may want to hold them accountable, and letting them "hide behind" a stage name doesn't help with that.


Question: In music production, you generally don't want multiple low bass voices because of phase cancellation. Why then do bands and orchestras usually have more than one bass voice, and phase cancellation doesnt seem to be an issue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In music production, you generally don't want multiple low bass voices because of phase cancellation. Why then do bands and orchestras usually have more than one bass voice, and phase cancellation doesnt seem to be an issue?

Phase cancellation only really exists in the recorded music world. In acoustic music, it’s extremely difficult to produce two waves at a perfect 180° phase with each other, and once you factor in complex overtones and slight variations in tuning, two acoustic instruments (or two singers) are almost never going to phase cancel, and if they do, it’s only fleeting. Two recorded and auto tuned voices are much more likely to phase cancel, especially if it’s two recordings of the same person or instrument. Also, outside of the studio, you can’t change the volume on specific instruments easily, and bass voices, particularly singers, tend to be harder to hear than their treble counterparts, so ensembles are forced to pile in as many of them as possible.


Question: Why does music sound out of tune when sped up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does music sound out of tune when sped up?

I believe it's because of the sound's wave lengths being shorter from peak to peak, creating a higher pitch. The flip being longer wave lengths making a lower pitch. Don't quote me though, I may not have phrased that correctly.


Question: If California's housing market is already incredibly overpriced, why does it keep rising?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If California's housing market is already incredibly overpriced, why does it keep rising?

Supply and demand. More people want to live there than there are places to live. The two obvious next questions are "Why is the supply so low?" and "Why is the demand so high?". **Why is the Supply so low?** Short answer: Few people actually want it to rise. The current homeowners don't, because their home price keeps going up with less competition. A lot of the "original" residents don't, because they want the city to retain it's quaint, artistic charm and not be dominated by skyscrapers. The will of these people is expressed in restrictive regulations, and because of them, the only new housing that makes money is luxury housing. (Because if a place is expensive to build, it will be expensive to rent.) People rebel against this, dragging it out in court for years or just torching the construction sites, so the supply is not keeping up with the demand. The root cause is frankly that a lot of people there don't understand or believe basic economics. There's actually no such thing as a "luxury house". (You can buy a mansion in Detroit for $1.) It's all just supply and demand, and by preventing new housing from being built, _every_ house is turning into a "luxury house." A normal-looking 1 bedroom, 900sqft single-family home in the city recently sold for $3 million. **Why is the Demand so high?** The tech industry and foreign investors. Tech pays big bucks and is still booming. The average starting salary is $90k and I personally know a guy who took a $400k pay CUT in order to work in a cooler part of the industry. People there are loaded. Foreign investors have also jumped in, raising the demand even more. They see the problems with the supply of housing, so it's a no-brainer to invest. So there's tons of demand and the supply can't keep up. This makes prices ridiculous.


Question: why is there a force acted on our bodies after a vehicle stops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is there a force acted on our bodies after a vehicle stops?

There isn't actually, that's the problem. A vehicle stops, and you don't. Because you are not the vehicle you're just riding it - and the same way groceries would fly forward if you tap the breaks, you keep moving. Until either the windshield or your seatbelt stops you. Ones less painful. Click it or ticket homies.


Question: Why and how does the sky from time to time turn to all pink, all violet, all yellow, and all even red?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and how does the sky from time to time turn to all pink, all violet, all yellow, and all even red?

It is all due to what is known as Rayleigh scattering. Basically, the idea is that light from the sun comes in and interacts with the atmosphere, which then shoots the light out in all directions. However, this is heavily dependent on the wavelength of the light. Our atmosphere happens to be very good at scattering blue light, and so the blue light gets shot around the atmosphere and so you see the blue light coming from all around you and so you perceive the sky as blue. But, if the light is scattered more, it won't make it as far. So when the sun is setting, the light is coming in at an angle through the atmosphere toward you, and so, must travel much longer distances through the atmosphere. So what happens is most of the blue light is scattered off early on, so all that's left is the yellow/orange/red wavelengths, which is what you see at sunset. In the words of my old professor: "those bastards on the other side of the planet are stealing our blue sky." You can also have other effects such as pollutants which change the composition of the atmosphere have an effect. This is why sometimes near a big forest fire, it will make the sky look reddish.


Question: how is Pi actually calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is Pi actually calculated?

There are different computational methods for calculating digits of pi. The key insight is that pi occurs in many different math relations, not just circles. This allows a person to sum together [a series of calculated terms]( URL_0 ) based on integers and a few math operations -- as many terms as you want for the desired number of accurate digits of pi. Otherwise there'd be literally no way to calculate trillions of digits of pi quickly and accurately.


Question: How giving money to the low-income population would boost the economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How giving money to the low-income population would boost the economy?

Low income people tend to spend most if not all money they get. When they get "extra" money they use it to pay off bills, buy more food, go to the movie they have been wanting to see, buy the replacement couch, fix their car, etc. It goes directly into the economy. People of higher economic standing save money when they get "extra" and so it does not help the economy as much.