Question: The average home cost in Toronto is about $916,000, however the average household income is around $75,000. How are the housing prices so high? and how on earth are people affording them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The average home cost in Toronto is about $916,000, however the average household income is around $75,000. How are the housing prices so high? and how on earth are people affording them?

The problem with statistics like this is that you can't conclude that people making $75 000 income can afford $900k houses. First of all it's the AVERAGE home cost, which means one rich street where 50 houses go > $10M has the same impact as 1000 houses costing $500k. The median would be a better statistic here. Secondly, and probably more important is where the average income of 75k comes from. If it's the average income in Canada, you can't really compare it at all. If it's the average income in Toronto, you still have to wonder: is it the income of the people WORKING in Toronto, or LIVING in Toronto? A lot of the people working in Toronto live out of the city itself, where housing is cheaper.


Question: How did we deal with the VanAllen radiation belt for the manned mission to the moon, and the other mechanical probes we launched?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we deal with the VanAllen radiation belt for the manned mission to the moon, and the other mechanical probes we launched?

[By getting through them as fast as possible]( URL_0 ) - the less time spent in them, the less damage is done.


Question: Why is it so difficult to mentally understand infinity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so difficult to mentally understand infinity?

When we imagine a process, like the process of counting to a high number, we imagine the end or a final step. When there is no final step, it is difficult to comprehend the existence of such an everlasting process or cycle. We are used to using numbers in finite ways, so the concept that numbers are not finite is foreign. This also applies to the size of something being infinite, like the cosmos for example. We inhabit the cosmos. When we imagine inhabiting something, like a room for example, we can measure the size of a room. Imagining something akin to a room having no walls and therefore being immeasurable doesn't make sense given that we focus on finite measurements. A journey is usually completed with a destination, so it is hard to grasp a journey (like traveling the universe or counting) existing without one.


Question: Why does Apple want to lower it's cash holdings by buying back stock?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Apple want to lower it's cash holdings by buying back stock?

Stock buy backs are a way to directly give money to your shareholders, the owners of your business. This is a pretty normal thing to do for companies. Their goal is to do whats best for their shareholders, they think giving them money is a good option. They are also raising dividends, which again, puts money in the pocket of their owners.


Question: Why does coffee make you dehydrated when the base ingredient is water, yet drinking water on its own afterwards does the opposite?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does coffee make you dehydrated when the base ingredient is water, yet drinking water on its own afterwards does the opposite?

This is a misconception. Yes, caffeine is a diuretic, but the effect isn't strong enough to compensate for all the water in the coffee, unless you're drinking it super strong.


Question: Why do meat near the bone and meat bone-in have more flavor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do meat near the bone and meat bone-in have more flavor?

Bone marrow makes red and white blood cells as well as leaches minerals and fats into the muscle surrounding it, so the meat closest to the bone is the meat that’s getting “fed” the best by the body


Question: Aerobic exercise makes your heart pump faster, but an overworking heart actually makes you die faster. So is aerobic exercise helpful or harmful to your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Aerobic exercise makes your heart pump faster, but an overworking heart actually makes you die faster. So is aerobic exercise helpful or harmful to your body?

It all depends on the duration. Making your heart pumping faster strengthens it which makes it slower on the long run (stronger heart can pump stronger so it can move more blood with less pumps). A good measurement of how fit you are is your pulse. An average person has around 70 beats/min but a trained individual can have around 40 beats/min. And the stronger your heart the healthier you are (to a degree. In the 90's there were a huge problem among cyclists who used steroids or other enhancing supplements that their pulse could go under 12 beats/min while sleeping where they had to get up and exercise or they could've die from low blood pressure). But if your heart is under a constant rate of working harder than it needs to be can end in serious problems. Just like lifting weights is good for your arms but holding a heavy weight for hours or days will eventually cause serious damage in the muscle.


Question: If electrons exist in clouds of 'probability' where there is a certain chance they are at any point one within the cloud, why do they always give off an exact wavelength of light when moving between shells and sub-shells?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If electrons exist in clouds of 'probability' where there is a certain chance they are at any point one within the cloud, why do they always give off an exact wavelength of light when moving between shells and sub-shells?

You're overthinking it a little. Forget about the electron's position - according to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, you can't know it and the electron's velocity at the same time, and it's not really important anyway. The frequency of light is related to the difference in energies between the levels, and that difference is *quantised*. So you have an electron at one quantised energy level, a photon hits it and imparts an energy quantum to raise it to another level, which has its own quantised energy level. That position can't be sustained, so the electron falls back and emits a photon carrying the precise quantised energy difference between the levels. This is the principle behind Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation: the LASER.


Question: when Adobe Flash ‘died’, why did it cause every Flash program to stop running?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when Adobe Flash ‘died’, why did it cause every Flash program to stop running?

Flash applications won't run anymore because Adobe time bombed Flash player so that it would not run after 12 January. Microsoft and Adobe distributed these updates over a long period of time, which meant they were installed on the majority of computers. So, on 12 January, Flash stopped working on most computers. This approach was taken because Flash was never designed with security in mind and as a result was very, very insecure with no possibility of fixing it. The decision to do this was made, and announced over three years ago. It has been announced over and over again so nobody should have been surprised when it stopped working. But of course some people don't take warnings seriously.


Question: Why do criticality accidents never result in a nuclear explosion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do criticality accidents never result in a nuclear explosion?

When nuclear material, such as the Demon Core, go supercritical, they generate a LOT of heat, which causes them to expand. The expansion is enough to end the supercritical state. To achieve an explosion, the supercritical state has to be maintained as long as possible to permit a runaway reaction. This is not possible with mechanical means. The bomb core is compressed using the shockwave from a conventional explosion. This all happens in milliseconds, but that's long enough for the sustained runaway reaction to generate ungodly amounts of heat and radiation.


Question: why gentrification is a bad thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why gentrification is a bad thing?

Someone needs to pay for it, so stuff gets more expensive. Poor people can't pay for expensive rent. Poor people forced to leave. Poor people rarely benefit from gentrification.


Question: How does Euler's formula actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Euler's formula actually work?

This is a bit like magic trick and when all the moving parts and behind the scenes preparation are revealed the result is clear, magic evaporates, and, in this case, follows from the uniqueness of the complex function f(z) satisfying f'(z) = f(z) and f(0) = 1 but that fact is often obscured by our intuition regarding exponents. *Start with some background* Recall that 3^4 is 3 multiplied by itself 4 times. With suitable mental gymnastics, e^pi is e multiplied by itself pi times and we accept that e & lt; e^2 & lt; e^3 & lt; e^pi & lt; e^4 All of that intuition fails when we first encounter e^(i). Maybe we start telling ourselves... I don't know what e^i is but my intuition is telling me that e^i & lt; e^2i & lt; e^3i & lt; e^i\*pi & lt; e^(4i), and, as it turns out, nothing could be further from the truth... imaginary exponents do not work the same on real numbers as real exponents, not in terms of thinking about 3^4 is 3 multiplied by itself 4 times. Imaginary exponents, in order to make mathematical sense, have to be thought of differently and there are many ways to do this but one of the quickest ways to get the desired result is to appeal to basic calculus. In calculus, one of the defining properties of the real valued function f(x) = e^x is that it is equal to its own derivative. That is, e^x is the unique real valued function f(x) satisfying f'(x) = f(x) and f(0) = 1. That derivative equation and one value, f(0) = 1, is enough to uniquely define e^(x). From that particular definition (there are many ways to define e and e^(x), this is but one way) you can build up all the familiar properties of exponents and eventually see how our intuition with e^(pi), e^(3), e^(4), and even 3^(4) are all connected. All of that intuition can be recovered from *the unique real valued function f(x) satisfying f'(x) = f(x) and f(0) = 1*. Well, it turns out you can do all that calculus stuff with complex numbers and that there is a unique complex function f(z) satisfying f'(z) = f(z) and f(0) = 1. And for the sake of familiar notation we call that function f(z) = e^(z). It turns out that whenever *z* is real, then everything we know about the real function e^x is exactly true for e^z and that is where our intuition starts to betray us... we begin to think of complex and imaginary exponents a little too much like we think of real exponents and we might even start to think e^(i) & lt; e^(2i) & lt; e^(3i) & lt; e^i\*pi & lt; e^(4i). It cannot be further from the truth because with complex numbers we cannot expect to order the numbers like we do real numbers. So, in order to make sense of e^i\*pi + 1 = 0 we really should get a sense of e^(z) for complex numbers *z* and one place that comes from is by accepting (really by proving) that e^z is the unique complex function e^(z) = f(z) satisfying f'(z) = f(z) and f(0) = 1. *Now for the reveal* Write the complex number z = y + i\*x where y and x are real then notice that the complex valued function g(z) = e^(y)[cos(x) + i\*sin(x)] satisfies the very same conditions for e^z = f(z), that is, satisfying g'(z) = g(z) and g(0) = 1. This means that g(z) = f(z) and therefore e^z = e^(y)[cos(x) + i\*sin(x)] where z = y + i\*x. Next, setting y=0 we get g(i\*x) = e^i\*x = cos(x) + i\*sin(x) and letting x = pi we get the seemingly magical statement e^i\*pi + 1 = 0. So, it turns out that the astounding formula e^i\*pi + 1 = 0 really is a near immediate result following from the crucial fact of the uniqueness of the complex function f(z) satisfying f'(z) = f(z) and f(0) = 1 what seems like magic is really the result of powerful machinery and lots of work, not unlike stage magic.


Question: How do companies collect data on their users and what happens to this data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies collect data on their users and what happens to this data?

Companies (not just tech companies) collect data on everything you do. Anything they can possibly collect, they collect. Who you are, what you do, and every possible detail about you. The more, the better. What do they do with that information? For the most part companies use that information to make their advertising and marketing more efficient. Or that data is sold to other companies who will use it in that way. Making sure that advertising gets to the people who can use it, and not wasted on people who don't. A baby food company wants to know who has babies, and who doesn't, so that they don't waste 5 million dollars getting their products in front of people who aren't in a position to buy their products. That's wasted money. It could have been better spent by putting it in front of people with babies. But you can only do that if you know who has babies. You see what I'm saying? The modern world runs primarily on advertising and marketing. EVERYTHING is advertising. And making sure that your advertising is getting the most bang for its buck is job #1, but in order to do that you need information on everyone. As much information as possible.


Question: When two chess algorithms play each other why isn’t every game the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When two chess algorithms play each other why isn’t every game the same?

Because Chess is a state-based game. To be really good at chess, you have to make a series of moves that increase your odds of victory. A computer is the ultimate memory machine. It not only doesn't need to use intuition, it's fully incapable of doing so. Each state of chess can lead to a limited number of subsequent states - each move a player *could* make is a different state, and each of those has a cascade of subsequent states. The computer basically assigns values to each state, based on how much the move affects the computer's chance of winning. Often, especially in the early game where there are lots of possible states and big cascades, multiple moves are assigned the same value - they have the same effect on the computer's chance of winning. In this case, the computer simply picks which move to make at random. IIRC the exact nature of these values is usually calculated based on a combination of the material value of a board - ie, the total value of all the pieces you still have in play - and the relative value of having a piece in any given position. The chess computer will make moves which increase its overall board value as far as its bothered to analyze the possible subsequent plays. A particular place in where randomness arises is in the beginning. A single different move at the beginning leads to a very different game, and a lot of computers as far as I'm aware determine their opening move pretty much at random from a book of all the good opening moves real players have used.


Question: Can anyone explain why motion occurs if the reaction is opposite and equal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can anyone explain why motion occurs if the reaction is opposite and equal?

> if the reaction is opposite and equal? Because it is upon different objects. If I push a box, the box pushes me just as hard. But me and the box are not the same mass, and so the result of the push is not equal.


Question: Why is philosophy relevant in relation to the facts of science?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is philosophy relevant in relation to the facts of science?

My guess would be the principals of inductive and deductive reasoning. Basically the logic behind how we come to conclusions in science that is based off proven facts.


Question: If websites store passwords as an unreversable hash, wouldn't that mean multiple passwords can unlock your account?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If websites store passwords as an unreversable hash, wouldn't that mean multiple passwords can unlock your account?

> but it seems to me that the only way this is true is if there are multiple values that the input could be, which would mean multiple passwords would calculate the same hash. Why? It's theoretically possible and referred to as a hash collision, but for any modern encryption the risks are basically zero for purposes of "someone enters the wrong password and gets in". If your password is cakeisgreat123, and your password hash is ca9f22184dbb7b1898058acf52cf3b2b00e1331acedb8c30a9e641f7a011a969, the chances of say, dkf295isgreat also resulting in ca9f22184dbb7b1898058acf52cf3b2b00e1331acedb8c30a9e641f7a011a969 is essentially zero. If you want an example of what "essentially zero" is, [here's an amusing example]( URL_0 ): > what is the probability that a rogue asteroid crashes on Earth within the next second, obliterating civilization-as-we-know-it, and killing off a few billion people? It can be argued that any unlucky event with a probability lower than that is not actually very important. > If we have a "perfect" hash function with output size n, and we have p messages to hash (individual message length is not important), then probability of collision is about p2/2n+1 (this is an approximation which is valid for "small" p, i.e. substantially smaller than 2n/2). For instance, with SHA-256 (n=256) and one billion messages (p=109) then the probability is about 4.3*10-60. > A mass-murderer space rock happens about once every 30 million years on average. This leads to a probability of such an event occurring in the next second to about 10-15. That's 45 orders of magnitude more probable than the SHA-256 collision. Briefly stated, if you find SHA-256 collisions scary then your priorities are wrong.


Question: When a country gives financial aid to a poorer country, how does it guarantee that it is used for its intended purpose?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a country gives financial aid to a poorer country, how does it guarantee that it is used for its intended purpose?

They don't. In any way. If they give food, they have no way to guarantee it gets to the people starving, if they give money they have no way to make sure it is directed toward the projects it is intended.


Question: How does a Virtual Private Network protect my data and computer on a public WiFi network?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a Virtual Private Network protect my data and computer on a public WiFi network?

Let's make an analogy. You have a postcard you want to send to your aunt. You write "Greetings from sunny Alaska!" on it, and put it in the mailbox. The USPS picks it up, and posts it to your aunt in Florida. But since it's just a postcard, anyone can pick it up, read it and change it. This is normal HTTP: you send something without any safety to someone else. Obviously, you're not going to post important stuff over something that can easily be read by anyone. This is why we have HTTPS. To continue the analogy, HTTPS is sending the same postcard to the same aunt, but you send it in an envelope. This way, you can't just open it up and tamper with the contents: people will notice that it has been opened. HTTPS works because you encrypt the contents and send them over to wherever they need to be. It's this encryption that makes sure your bank credentials aren't read, or your passwords aren't sniffed out (this is why you NEVER use a site that uses HTTP on a login page, or even has HTTP when you need to log in. You can now get an HTTPS certificate for free, so there's no excuse to not use it!) And a VPN is like sending the postcard to your friend Bob, who then sends it to your aunt. For internet traffic, it means you are sending your requests to another server, who then forwards them to the correct address. Why is this useful? If you do this for all your mail, it now appears that you only send mail to Bob, and nobody else. Even if your mail is in an envelope, the USPS can still keep track of how often you send mail to whom. Let's say you're a married man who has an affair with his secretary. You send her love letters quite often, and the USPS notices that you are sending her a lot of mail. A malicious employee could then possibly blackmail you.


Question: How do fish get into closed off lakes? If a lake or a small pond is digged, after a couple of weeks fish are already swimming there. How do they get there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do fish get into closed off lakes? If a lake or a small pond is digged, after a couple of weeks fish are already swimming there. How do they get there?

Usually people put them there. Lakes often get stocked with fish. Certainly small man made ponds don't get fish spontaneously.


Question: what do atoms look like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what do atoms look like?

> but they have to actually look like something right? They don't. In fact, individual atoms *can't* look like anything. They're too small. The smallest thing the human eye is capable of seeing is a blue photon with a 400 nanometer wavelength. Anything smaller than that is utterly invisible. And atoms are over a thousand times smaller than that. We can still *visualize* things that a smaller than that by using an electron microscope that uses electrons instead of light, but that's all it is, a visualization. Any colour in it is entirely false. As for texture, that depends on what sort of texture you're talking about. A video-game style texture with different colours isn't possible since the colours are all too large. A physical bump map texture isn't possible since nothing ever touches subatomic particles (except other subatomic particles in nuclear reactors/detonations). Protons and neutrons do consist of varying amounts of quarks but... well, when I say varying, that means quarks are constantly being created from nothing and disappearing to the same, so even if you could see them (which you can't without destroying what you're looking at) you wouldn't be able to use that to tell subatomic particles apart.


Question: Why do some solids like wood burn, while other solids like ice melt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some solids like wood burn, while other solids like ice melt?

Water is the result of combustion. If you burn hydrogen in oxygen the result is water and you can no longer burn it. Wood is complex hydrocarbons that you can combine with oxygen and release energy. That is what burning is. So burning wood convert the hydrocarbon so carbon dioxide and water. There is no way to combine carbon dioxide or water with oxygen and release energy so you cant burn it. The more interesting question is why cant you melt wood even if you remove the oxygen. ice is just a lot of H2O molecules that is stuck together. Wood is a complex material with a lot of diffrent molecules of different size in it. You can break molecules apart by heating them up. Water stay together at high temperatures and it is not before you reach 2000 degree C that large part of it start to split apart. That is a lot warmer then the melting point so ice melt. Wool is a combination of short and long molecules the long one have thousands of atoms in long chaing that are interconnected . Them atoms in the stick together to the same degree as water. So when you heat up wood first the small molecules start to evaporate. When you ignite wood is it not the solid wood that burn it is the molecules that evaporate that burn when they are a gas. At higher temperature the long molecules start to break apart and part is released as a gas. The result if you heat up wood without any oxygen thermal decomposition ( break apart because of hear) and is called pyrolysis. The result is charchole. So the material wood is made of break apart at a lower temperature then is would start to behave like a liquid. You can melt carbon if you heat it up and have extreme pressure but in atmospheric pressure it start to evaporate at 4000K so it move direct from solid to gas in atmospheric pressure


Question: How did the earliest humans understand procreation and the process of sexual intercourse/pregnancy? If an accident, how did the knowledge expand to the entire race so quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the earliest humans understand procreation and the process of sexual intercourse/pregnancy? If an accident, how did the knowledge expand to the entire race so quickly?

Humans didn't appear fully formed and devoid of knowledge in the African savannah, they evolved over millions of years from great ape ancestor species. Basic survival functions like eating and hunting and reproducing are things we've always known, hardwired into our brains by a billion years of evolutionary processes. Any animal that doesn't automatically do these basic things would have gone extinct long ago.


Question: - How do YouTube to MP3 Converters work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How do YouTube to MP3 Converters work?

At the low level, a Youtube video is a file stored on Youtube's CDN, which is fed out to the client. If you can discover the direct URI to a Youtube video ([pretty simple to do with a program like VLC]( URL_0 )), you can download it yourself. That's essentially what these converters are doing -- extract the actual URI of the video, download the file as an actual file, then run it through an audio converter (ffmpeg would work well for these purposes), then present the resulting file to you.


Question: in socialist governments, who actually owns businesses like restaurants, coffee shops, etc? And how do those people not become rich causing inequality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 in socialist governments, who actually owns businesses like restaurants, coffee shops, etc? And how do those people not become rich causing inequality?

In a truly socialist country (like Cuba), the government owns the shops, and the people who work there are government employees.


Question: If vomiting gets rid of potentially poisonous food, then why do so many animals eat their vomit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If vomiting gets rid of potentially poisonous food, then why do so many animals eat their vomit?

Canids (dogs, wolves, coyotes, and their other wild relatives) gulp large pieces of unchewed and/or boney food. After letting it soften for a bit, they bring it back up in private where they can sort out the bone and chew the meat without dealing with their packmates. They don't consume their vomit if they're puking because they're feeling sick. TL;DR: They only eat the good stuff.


Question: Why a Van de Graaf generator won't kill you at 200,000 volts, but sticking your finger in an outlet will at 120volts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why a Van de Graaf generator won't kill you at 200,000 volts, but sticking your finger in an outlet will at 120volts?

We can think of electricity like a river. #### Voltage The higher the top part of the river is, the faster the water flows. The difference in height of the top and bottom of the river is the voltage, V in the equation. #### Current When there is a height difference, the water in the river flows. Similarly, a voltage makes electricity flow. The amount of electricity flow is called current. That's the I in the equation. #### Resistance The R means resistance. In a river, resistance is the amount of any rocks, islands or anything that makes it more difficult for the water to flow. With electricity, resistance tries to prevent electricity from flowing. #### Your question It doesn't matter how high the voltage is, it won't hurt you unless there is a current. If the current is tiny or only lasts for a very short amount of time, it's like dropping a water droplet from the sky. Sure, it drops from high above but it's just a tiny amount of water. If the current is larger and/or affects you for a long time, it's like dropping a swimming pool on you or pouring a constant stream of water. Edit: After a few comments to this, I realize my comment doesn't answer the question completely. I focused only on why high voltage doesn't always mean it's deadly and neglected how time effects how lethal electricity is and that the current drops in the case of a Van de Graaf generator. Please read the replies to this comment too to get a proper answer to the question.


Question: Why is warm/hot water better at cleaning in general than cold water? Like dishes, clothes, powerwashing, etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is warm/hot water better at cleaning in general than cold water? Like dishes, clothes, powerwashing, etc.?

It's about energy states. Higher heat generally equates to a higher energy state. Much like you, when molecules have more energy, they move faster, or in the case of your question, separate more easily.


Question: Why does acetone melt some types of plastic but not others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does acetone melt some types of plastic but not others?

Acetone will dissolve plastics that bear a chemical similarity to it. This means that the plastic in your remote is structurally similar enough to acetone that it can attack and dissolve it.


Question: Why do the effects of some drugs decrease with an increased dosage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the effects of some drugs decrease with an increased dosage?

Say you snort some cocaine. Your brain is flooded with the neurotransmitter dopamine and you get high. But the surplus causes your brain to create more dopamine receptors, so when the high fades and you do more coke it takes more dopamine, and thus more coke, to create the same surplus and get the same effect. Consequently, when the drugs stop flowing and the dopamine levels return to normal, all those extra receptors make the normal levels seem super low and you feel like shit - "the comedown". Eventually the extra receptors fade away. Your mood is basically dictated by the ratio of neurotransmitters to receptors.


Question: why do a lot of businesses push me towards downloading their app?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do a lot of businesses push me towards downloading their app?

Having an app installed (which requires more effort from the user, and therefore often a more dedicated user) encourages use of the app. Seeing the app on your phone (even while not actively using it) makes your unconscious mind think of it, strengthening brand awareness and usage. Google is currently working on [progressive web apps]( URL_0 ) which very simplified allows a website to be installed as an app.


Question: How can looks and attractiveness be subjective if everyone’s visual system is wired in the same way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can looks and attractiveness be subjective if everyone’s visual system is wired in the same way?

You might as well say if we’re wired the same way, why do we all speak different languages. The human brain is very plastic. The appropriate ways to interact with the world, to determine standards, are *learned*, just as much as language is learned. We are all products of our environment. We may start out in life without strong preferences, but those preferences are molded during influential times in one’s life.


Question: How do credit cards work and is there a limit to money storage on a credit card?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do credit cards work and is there a limit to money storage on a credit card?

Think of it like a perpetual short term loan. You don't pay for stuff with your card, the bank pays for it, and then you pay the bank at the end of the month. If you pay off the whole balance, you pay no interest. If you only pay off some of the balance, or don't pay any, you pay interest on the remainder.


Question: How do the software and hardware interact with each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the software and hardware interact with each other?

So, you have microcontrollers, which are essentially low-cost, low-power versions of the CPU inside your computer. These microcontrollers have registers that are can store small amounts of information. When you write code, the instructions essentially get distilled down into operations that manipulate the information inside of these registers. Now, microcontrollers also have output pins. These pins are at a specific voltage level. When you set certain registers within a processor, you can set these pins to be a high voltage. When you connect these pins to external devices, you can send signals to these devices to perform certain actions. In reverse of this process, you can have analog sensors that send some information to your microcontroller. The microcontroller has input pins that are connected to an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), which measures the analog signal being sent to the microcontroller, and stores this value inside of a register that can be read by the processor. EDIT: When I say high voltage, I mean a logical high. Computers operate on 1s and 0s, and a high voltage represents a 1, and a low voltage represents a 0. EDIT 2: If you’re working with analog devices, there is also something called a Digital to Analog converter which reads from a register in the microcontroller and outputs an analog voltage instead of just a high or a low.


Question: How does the immune system develop antibodies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the immune system develop antibodies?

Your immune system has a type of cell called "B cells" which produce antibodies. B cells have a unique quirk as to how the DNA in them works - the specific DNA responsible for creating antibodies randomizes itself every time your body produces a new B cell. This means that each new B cell that your body produces will produce an antibody with a random target. Every day your body produces millions of new B cells. Its producing so many, in fact, that by sheer chance over the course of a week it will have produced so many different B cells that every possible antibody is represented. B cells are created in the regions of the bone marrow where your body has stuck a bunch of samples of different tissues that it thinks are "you" - it takes small pieces of your eyes, skin, heart, brain, ect... and sticks them all in the exit to the bone marrow. If one of the new B cells reacts to any of that then it gets destroyed. If it doesn't react in the bone marrow then it gets sent to Thymus, which is a small organ under the sternum in your chest. Your immune system brings samples of foreign material that it found in your body to the Thymus. If a B cell in your Thymus reacts to any of that then it starts reproducing without randomizing its DNA (so you get more B cells that produce the same antibody as the original). Those new B cells then leave your Thymus and start circulating in your blood. If a B cell in your Thymus doesn't react with anything for a certain period of time then it dies and gets replaced by a new B cell from your bone marrow. The reason that the older you get the more severe diseases generally are is because your Thymus shrinks as you get older. As your Thymus gets smaller, the amount of B cells that can just be sitting around in it goes down. Because your body relies on producing randomized B cells and hoping that the one with the correct antibody just happens to bump into a pathogen that's being brought in to the Thymus, having less B cells sitting around in your Thymus means that there is less of a chance of the correct B cell activating and mass producing antibodies to fight off the infection. This is also why sometimes perfectly healthy young people die from relatively minor things - like a small cut. Sometimes you just get shit luck and the randomized B cell production system left you without the right B cell in your Thymus for the initial few days of the infection, after which its too late for your immune system to do anything and it gets overwhelmed.


Question: Why do circles tesselate hexagonally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do circles tesselate hexagonally?

It's all geometry. Assuming equal radii between all circles, if you place them in a way that they don't intersect but touch each other at exactly one point (tessellating) and you start with just 3 circles, those circles form a triangle shape. If you connect the centerpoints of those circles, it forms an equilateral triangle (equal length sides, each corner is 60°). So if you continue placing circles the same way around that center circle, you can do that a total of 6 times because 360°/60°=6. A hexagon has 6 sides. Hope this helps.


Question: How are phase diagrams interpreted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are phase diagrams interpreted?

Well, look at [this diagram for water]( URL_0 ) for example. Ignore all the latin numbers, those are just denoting different types of ice crystals. The Y axis denotes pressure. The X axis denotes temperature. For any x and y value, it will be in one of the three regions, either solid, liquid, or gas. For example, 1 bar (which is the normal pressure we feel around us), 50 degrees is located in the green zone, which is labeled liquid, and therefore is a liquid. Its that simple. The lines represent boiling points or melting points, since that is where phase changes happen.


Question: How does a tax on imports work? How does this tax shake down to consumers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a tax on imports work? How does this tax shake down to consumers?

I will give two very simplified examples of a Mexican company selling goods to a Walmart in the USA, which in turn sells to a customer. **Example 1 (No import tax):** * **Mexican Company** - I want to sell a shirt to Walmart in the USA. Mexican company manufactures shirt, imports it to USA and delivers to Walmart for $10. Mexican Company pockets $10 dollars. * **Walmart** - I will now sell this shirt to a customer for $20. I pocket $10 (after paying $10 to the Mexican company). * **Customer** - I paid $20 for this shirt. $10 of my money went to the Mexican company. $10 went to Walmart. **Example 2 (20% tax on imports from Mexico):** * **Mexican Company** - I want to sell a shirt to Walmart in the USA. Mexican company manufactures shirt, imports it to USA. During import they declare the value fo the shirts to be $10. Customs imposes a 20% tariff. Mexican company pays $2 to customs. Mexican company then delivers the shirts to Walmart, but charges them $12 instead of $10, because they want to recuperate the $2 they paid in tarrif. Mexican company still pockets $10, but also paid $2 to customs. * **Walmart** - I will now sell this shirt to a customer. I still want to make a $10 profit, so I will sell the shirt for $22. I still pocket $10 (after paying $12 to the Mexican company). * **Customer** - I paid $22 for this shirt. $10 went to the Mexican company. $10 went to Walmart. $2 went to customs via tarrif to pay for a wall. * **BONUS:** Also, because the price of goods went up, customers in general will buy fewer shirts, meaning that BOTH the Mexican Company and Walmart make less money. Walmart may decide that, because of slumping shirt sales, they need to cut back on hiring sales associates, reducing jobs. Mexican company may decide that it's better to sell shirts to China instead of Walmart in the USA, meaning that the customer gets lets options to buy. In the long term, Mexico recognizes that China is a more important trading partner for its economy than the USA, which means it may start siding with China over USA in international politics and decisions (which is particularly bad for the USA, because Mexico is a geographical neighbor with the USA and you generally want to have strong relations with your neighbors for defense purposes).


Question: How can USPS not insure all their packages? If the package is lost-in-transit, they've taken money from you for a service that they didn't provide, and then don't refund you the value of the product or even the value of the service?!

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can USPS not insure all their packages? If the package is lost-in-transit, they've taken money from you for a service that they didn't provide, and then don't refund you the value of the product or even the value of the service?!

No it's not illegal. It's incumbent upon you to insure it if it has any value. Once it's insured, it can't be lost, because extra steps are taken to make sure it doesn't get lost. Plus, you get a tracking # so it can be tracked and located. If it's insured, the carrier knows that he is personally responsible for that item until it's delivered (known as an accountable item, just like certified and registered items). Source: was a casual carrier during summer in college


Question: When you’re boiling a pot of water, right before the water starts to boil if you watch carefully at the bottom of the pot there will be tiny bubbles that form and disappear. Why do they just disappear instead of floating up to the top once they’re already formed??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you’re boiling a pot of water, right before the water starts to boil if you watch carefully at the bottom of the pot there will be tiny bubbles that form and disappear. Why do they just disappear instead of floating up to the top once they’re already formed??

Finally something I can answer lol. So the heating element (or fire if you use a gas range) is obviously very hot. Much hotter than the 100 degrees C water needs to start evaporating. As you heat up the pan, that heat from the stove goes to the pan and subsequently, starts heating the water. The water at the bottom of the pan will heat up much faster than the water at the top of the pan (since it takes time for the heat to go up the water). As the bottom of the pan gets to 100C and water starts boiling, that bubble (steam, aka water vapour and not air (though there is some small amount of it)) will start rising but immediately get in contact with more water that is not at 100C yet (further from the bottom of the pan), and 'cool' down and that water vapour will go back to liquid and the bubble disappear. As you keep heating it for longer, you'll notice the bubbles get higher and higher before they disappear up until they can reach the very top and start bubbling and you'll say it's boiling. You'll also see these bubbles on the walls of the pan since the heat from the bottom of the pan can conduct through the walls of the pan and heat from the sides, and those will also be much hotter than the water itself. Fun fact, if you want your water to boil faster, you can agitate the water as it heats up (mix with spoon or something) and it will help the water at the bottom to mix with the water at the top and transfer that heat faster. EDIT: The laSt part about cooking was not 100% corrEct aNd therefore, I removeD it. as poiNted oUt by others, cooking has other processes coming in play such as maillarD reactions and hEat destroying pathogenic germS.


Question: Why didn't people see "the dress" in the original colors of the photograph?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why didn't people see "the dress" in the original colors of the photograph?

The lighting had a lot to do with it. Our perception of colors are based not only on the actual color of the object itself, but also on the object's visual environment (e.g adjacent colors and lighting). The dress in question appeared back-lit in the photo, so instead of merely perceiving the actual colors a lot of us automatically (and erroneously) color-corrected and subconsciously assumed that the colors were in deep shadow.


Question: Getting computer programs to utilize multiple CPU cores is difficult because the programs have to be specifically coded that way. Why can't CPUs allocate instructions to different cores themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Getting computer programs to utilize multiple CPU cores is difficult because the programs have to be specifically coded that way. Why can't CPUs allocate instructions to different cores themselves?

The main advantage of programs designed for multi-core use is that they can be sped up by running multiple tasks at the same time on different cores. Some tasks cannot be divided up into multiple simultaneous tasks to take advantage of multiple cores. Imagine the CPU like a restaurant kitchen. The chefs are the cores. Some tasks like a main dish can be sped up this way. It can be divided up into three tasks. One chef makes the meat, one makes the potatoes, and one makes the vegetables. Since they can do each of their tasks at the same time it's quicker to make the meal than having a single chef make each part in sequence. Now imagine you're trying to bake a cake. You too can divide it up into multiple tasks. Mixing ingredients, baking the cake, icing the cake. However fundamentally these cannot be done at the same time. They have to be done in order. You can't bake an unmixed cake, you can't ice an unbaked cake. So you cannot speed this task up by doing one part at the same time as another. A good programmer will write code that makes use of multiple cores if the task they are writing can benefit from it. But not all calculations can be split up into simultaneous tasks. Some tasks, like our cake, cannot be divided into simultaneous operations to take advantage of multicore systems.


Question: How are scientists able to find out the composition of Earths atmosphere throughout Earths history?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are scientists able to find out the composition of Earths atmosphere throughout Earths history?

In (relatively) recent eras, air can get trapped in ice as it freezes. When looking at time in fossil records lengths, you can find out from living things; air elements can be found in bones and give indications of composition. This can also be mapped with certain events that affect the biosphere. Even further back, rocks react to the atmosphere in certain ways. Thus, when you find layers of rock that shouldn't have formed with high levels of oxygen buried under rocks that would form with higher oxygen counts, it provides an idea of what elements were in the air.


Question: on a physical level what happens when data is written, read or deleted on a solid-state storage device?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 on a physical level what happens when data is written, read or deleted on a solid-state storage device?

So basically a normal mosfet transistor turns on and off when you add or remove electrons from the gate. The gate is made of conductive metal so that electrons can pile in and out freely. The electric field from the buildup of electrons affects nearby silicon and allows current to flow or not flow. A transistor used in flash has an insulated gate. To turn the transistor on permanently voltage is applied that shoves electrons through the insulator leaving the electrons trapped on the gate. This is how programmable memory worked. Early versions of eraseable memory actually used UV light to erase them. Basically the UV would ionize the insulator making it conductive and allowed the trapped electrons to leak out. With modern flash memory better material and more precise manufacturing make it so that applying a different voltage can basically suck the electrons out of the gate with an electrostatic field. This erasing is usually not precise so large sections (called pages) of transistors are cleared at once. As for lifetime, yes there are limits. Electrons leak out slowly so a typical flash drive can expect to hold data for about 15-20 years before it starts loosing bits. Also shoving electrons through the insulator degrades the insulator. A cheap flash memory might only last through 10k erases. These are generally only used in programmable chips, but are usually designed to hold data longer. A normal USB drive can be expected to last 100k cycles, while high endurance industrial flash memory can be expected to last 1 Million cycles. Most flash memory now uses wear leveling. That is it will cycle automatically through the least used memory areas when erasing and rewriting in order to extend memory life. This can make the memory last longer if they aren't being used to full capacity.


Question: What's the scientific reason people are sexually attracted to things like monsters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the scientific reason people are sexually attracted to things like monsters?

The current scientific research on sexual attraction suggests that the same hormone that causes you to "fall in love" is just the general excitation hormone dopamine being interpreted as attraction and not fear or general excitement. However, when something "scares" you, and you get the same hormonal response as if you were falling in love, some people then interpret the hormonal signal as "attraction" and not "fear". From a purely physical perspective there is no difference between the two, but from a psychological perspective, how your conscious mind interprets your bodies response to stimulus is what emotion is and not the unconscious response that generally happens in the hippocampus.


Question: if the speed of sound is the speed at which a wave propogates thru a substance, how can a shockwave travel faster than the speed of sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if the speed of sound is the speed at which a wave propogates thru a substance, how can a shockwave travel faster than the speed of sound?

Basically a shock wave isn’t exactly a ‘wave’ per se, its a disturbance that happens due to travelling faster than the speed of sound (for the substance). When you travel faster than the speed of sound, the air in front of you gets squashed(compressibility effects) since it can’t move out of your way fast enough. This causes a shock wave with a wave front. A wave front, which is what most people are talking about when they say ‘shock wave.’ This wave front is kinda like the barrier between supersonic and subsonic flow. This means the wave front will move faster than the speed of sound. Hope that helps!


Question: Why do transparent phone cases turn yellow after a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do transparent phone cases turn yellow after a while?

The transparent phone cases are often made of polyurethane. When exposed to UV light, polyurethane can degrade and become oxidized, turning into yellow-ish compounds called quinones.


Question: how do people in mainland china get the dollars to buy property in America?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do people in mainland china get the dollars to buy property in America?

> How do they convert the RMB into dollars for this? They buy them by exchanging RMB for USD on the foreign currency exchange market. Why might someone want to buy RMB with USD? Chinese products need to be purchased in the local currency, as the companies which produce them pay their workers in the local currency.


Question: Why does San Francisco, home to an industry known for literally inventing telecommuting, suffer from so much location-based demand when the employees could be living anywhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does San Francisco, home to an industry known for literally inventing telecommuting, suffer from so much location-based demand when the employees could be living anywhere?

Many of the companies here in Silicon Valley have offices in other cities, and those offices do real tech work, so your assumption that the workers have to be here is slightly incorrect, but there are a couple of strong forces at work here that conflate together to create the Bay Area tech industry. First, people choose to live in SF. They do this even when their jobs are 75% of the way to San Jose, and they deal with their 1+ hour commute because they love living in SF. The Bay Area is a great place to live (except, of course, for the horrendous cost of living issue). Second, many jobs allow telecommuting, but some don't. I've always worked in embedded devices (mostly video game consoles), and often, those devices are secret and cannot leave the premises due to security. Silicon valley isn't just software jobs, it is hardware jobs, mechanical engineering jobs, aerospace, and a lot more. This doesn't mean telework is impossible (a lot of the companies you mention have a lot of telework options, and I always video conference from home for early meetings) but there are still strong forces encouraging companies to have their employees in a local space. And it helps the employees too. Not every job can be done from home and interviews tend to be local. So when I change jobs, being in a location full of companies looking for my skill set means I don't have to keep relocating. There are network effects here related to VC that also encourage a local system. Finally, tech companies do hire people from everywhere in the world, they just transplant them to Silicon Valley. That's why Trump's plans for H1-B visas are such a hot topic here. When you are going to hire someone, the cost of a plane ticket isn't that big of a deal. Hell, back in the dot-com days, you usually got a relocation bonus to help with rent (did I mention the cost of living problem?).


Question: Stocks? What are they really and how does buying/selling work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Stocks? What are they really and how does buying/selling work?

Ohhhhh, are you in for a treat. This guy breaks it down better than anyone else: URL_0 It begins with very basic stock terminology and then goes into more and more complex stuff later. Great primer for a new investor 👍🏻


Question: Why are tabloids allowed to report seemingly libelous stories?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are tabloids allowed to report seemingly libelous stories?

For one, the requirements for libel for celebrities require the celebrity to show that the tabloid intended malice, and was not simply confused/negligent. Furthermore, cases against these tabloids can become costly as these companies are extremely powerful. The celebrity has a slim chance of proving libel, and the cases go on for years. Being apart of one of these court cases also brings attention to the celebrity’s private life, likely opening the door to more criticism. As these tabloids are known for their ridiculous stories on any celebrity, its likely not worth the celebrity’s time to fight it. Ultimately if someone believes what they read in one of those tabloids, their opinion likely isn’t important to any celebrity. URL_0


Question: How long does it take your body to absorb nutrients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How long does it take your body to absorb nutrients?

If someone has an insulin shock (injected too much for example), and they eat a candy bar, sugar will technically enter circulation within seconds. Simple sugars are already broken down by enzymes in the saliva and can be absorbed directly in oral tissue. Of course, complex sugars will need longer to be broken down and need to reach the stomach first. But assuming pure simple sugars like dextrose, it's extremely quick. Now how long does it take after eating for the pancreas to sense blood glucose and begin secreting insulin? Depends on the amount of sugar, if it's high enough, it's detected quicker, but either way, it's within a few minutes. What about other nutrients? Well that depends, fats and proteins take a while because they're digested in the stomach and intestine and absorbed mostly in the intestine. The fat also needs to be solubilized or emulsified before it can be absorbed. And then it's processed in the liver after entering circulation. But in general protein absorption would start within 1-2 hours and fat a little longer (these are estimates, not facts, because I don't have time to search studies right now). Does it vary between people? I would think so, but not to a very great degree. It would depend on genetics, hormonal status, and metabolic rate. Is it possible to not notice nutrients? Well if you eat a single grain of sugar, it's unlikely that your insulin will change at all. The sugar likely gets used by the cells in your gastrointestinal tract for their own energy before it even reaches circulation.