Question: How are companies able to copy manufacture Nintendo and Sega’s previous console without getting into trouble doing so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are companies able to copy manufacture Nintendo and Sega’s previous console without getting into trouble doing so?

Any patents they had on those consoles have expired. Those old consoles are simple enough that it's possible to make your own compatible console without having to infringe any copyright. They didn't have an OS, so unlike a modern console you can make a clone of the console without having to rip the OS from the original. Games for those consoles are not encrypted, so there's no need to get around any laws against breaking encryption. So there's nothing to legally stop companies from making their own consoles which can play their games from the original carts.


Question: Cooking temperature of Chicken vs Beef?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Cooking temperature of Chicken vs Beef?

Chicken coops are well known cesspools of salmonella, and the bacteria is well suited to penetrate into the meat. Beef mostly is concerned with E. coli from the digestive juices during slaughter, but E. Coli is not very good and working into the beef’s muscle fibers, so as long as the outer surface is at 165, MOST of the harmful bacteria are dead. Ground beef has to be cooked thoroughly for this reason as almost the entire chunk of meat is outer surface. Eating raw meat is always a risk though


Question: Why does the OECD exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the OECD exist?

If the OECD had binding policies, no one would want to join, or they would at least have serious reservations about joining. Making them voluntary recommendations makes membership much more palatable. As for why join, two heads think better than one. While each country is unique, there are generally broad similarities that each country shares with some others. Aggregating and analyzing this data in a group can help find different relationships that might not be apparent. Also, even if member countries are different now, one may want to develop more similarly to another. Being part of the same “think tank” and being able to see some of their role model’s policy/data can be helpful in this regard.


Question: Why is glass considered a super-cooled liquid but ice is considered a solid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is glass considered a super-cooled liquid but ice is considered a solid?

Glass has no structure to how the atoms are placed when it cools down. Glass is called an *amorphous solid*. When water cools down to ice, the atoms arrange in such a way that it has a set crystalline structure.


Question: When on an airplane why does it feel like we’re not traveling very fast (although we are), compared to when we’re on a car going only 80 miles an hour and it feels really fast ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When on an airplane why does it feel like we’re not traveling very fast (although we are), compared to when we’re on a car going only 80 miles an hour and it feels really fast ?

The simple answer is that we don’t feel speed. We only feel changes in speed or direction (aka acceleration), like hitting the gas, taking off, potholes, turbulence, braking, and landing. An airliner cruising through the upper atmosphere encounters very little turbulence, giving the passengers few cues to its speed. We also don’t have the same visual cues in a plane; in a car going 80 mph you can see the pavement whizzing past mere feet away. In a plane, the ground is several miles away and appears to move slow.


Question: Why does milk, even if heated up, go bad if left out, but baking with milk such as to make cookies or cake not go bad quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does milk, even if heated up, go bad if left out, but baking with milk such as to make cookies or cake not go bad quickly?

Low temperature slows down bacteria growth which is why we refrigerate foods to begin with. Milk has an extremely short shelf life otherwise, so if you leave it out the bacteria in the milk very quickly multiplies until eventually there's enough of it to make you sick. When you're cooking food that contains milk, you're both rapidly heating it (which doesn't really give the bacteria time to go crazy) and generally heating it to the point that you're killing bacteria.


Question: How does ray tracing work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does ray tracing work?

Former game developer here, So you have 3D points, 3 points make a triangle (polygon) in 3D space - the smallest primitive object you can make. Everything can break down into terms of triangles. The surface of that triangle also so happens to describe a 2D plane that goes on to infinity in that 3D space. The surface of the triangle, that plane, faces a direction - we call that a "normal vector". You can think of it as an arrow, pointing from the surface of the triangle, and for the sake of argument, just presume it's at a right angle to the surface, it points straight out. (It doesn't always, we can tweak it for different effects.) The points of a triangle can all have their own normals, too, and can have more than one normal if that one point is shared with multiple adjacent triangle. Then you have matrices. These are numbers, very complicated numbers with multiple parts. Remember complex numbers, from high school algebra hell? a + b*i*? Shit like that? That's not an equation you *solve for*, notice there isn't an equal sign anywhere. That mathy thing is a way of representing a kind of number. Matrices are also a kind of number, and they come in different sizes. For 3D games, most matrices have either 9 or 16 terms. We can write them in a handy notation of rows and columns, in tabular form. So you'll see 3x3 or 4x4 grids of numbers, those are matrices. A 3x3 matrix represents, mathematically, 3D space. Literally the whole universe. You can rotate it, scale it, or transform it - maybe your space has a slant to it... A 4x4 matrix has X, Y, Z, and W. W is interesting, it's a translation. What it is, is a 3D matrix with a position. We're talking ONE UNIVERSE relative to ANOTHER UNIVERSE. This is very useful, because if your torso is represented by one matrix, then your arm can be represented by another matrix. Now you can describe how your arm is positioned relative to your torso. And when you rotate your arm matrix, the whole arm universe rotates with it, along with your arm in it. The torso remains unaffected. When you rotate the torso matrix, it moves the arm with it, because the arm is relative to the torso. We build whole hierarchies of matrices, one relative to another, and build up a whole universe. You can draw the relationship like a tree. When a character is standing there and their head is moving around, their head matrix is changing, and then you can multiply the matrix against all the points that make up the triangles of the head, and now you know where in the universe the head polygons go, and their orientation, and everything. And matrices multiply against each other, too. You have one matrix at the top, typically your camera, and that's the center of the universe. And then you start multiplying from the top of the hierarchy down. So all the map geometry, all the model geometry, all the items, you multiply them from the top of the hierarchy down to the bottom, that's how everything gets placed in the universe. Something moves, and everything relative to it moves too, requiring some recomputation. To render your 3D space, the camera is a matrix that skews the universe, things further away are smaller, because the universe is actually geometrically smaller the further away it is! Then the matrix also collapses the Z axis, making this skewed projection flat. Because your screen is flat. So in the end, you have all this 3D geometry being transformed into 2D geometry. So now you have some light source. It typically boils down to a single point of light. It has color and intensity. You need to "cast a ray", which is a line with a starting point and a direction, and it goes on forever. You need one for every pixel on your screen. You point it outward into your universe - you cast it, and then do some math to find out what's the first physical thing in your universe it intersects. It's going to be a surface, and that surface is going to have a lot of information, like "material" properties, which are just color properties, and textures, which is more color for blending, plus all this normal data we talked about earlier. These days, every pixel of a texture has it's own normal. These normals work into the maths to decide just how that ray, is going to reflect off. There's also some maths behind if or how the ray splits, because the color on that surface you've first encountered is the sum of all the light that shines on it. But the sum of all the light that shines on it includes all the surfaces that are shining their light onto it. The color of my hands as I type this is more than just the sunlight, it's the air, the clouds, even the walls in my room which are illuminated by the sun, the light bouncing off my hands and into my eyes. So you need to trace rays from that first intersection outward to their next intersection, and outward again, and again, until all the rays find themselves back at a light source. You know how pool is a game of geometry and angles? That people bounce billiard balls off the walls and other billiard balls to score pockets? Same thing. The pool que is the initial ray cast, the first billiard ball is the first intersection, the bouncing and scoring in pockets are the last rays finally hitting light sources. Now that you know the paths the light took to get to your pixel, you can sum the colors and intensities and do all the blending to end up with the final color for that pixel. Now, for a 1920x1200 monitor, just do that 2,303,999 more times, 60-120 times a second.


Question: Do black holes have an internal structure? If so, how might the internal structure be probed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do black holes have an internal structure? If so, how might the internal structure be probed?

As far as I know, nobody knows, and it can't be probed. Anything inside the event horizon is cut off from the outside universe and no information from it can ever get out.


Question: Why do uneducated people tend to have more children?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do uneducated people tend to have more children?

TL/DR; Less education means more children. More religion means more children. Less access to health care means more children. Earlier age of marriage means more children. Poor people have less education, more religion, less access to health care, and an earlier age of marriage. Also, minorities and immigrants from less developed countries tend to *want* larger families because of their culture. These groups also tend to be poor. ----- **EDUCATION: Less education = more children** Poor people tend to be less educated - they perform poorly in school, are more likely to be expelled or drop out, and struggle to afford higher education. There are many theories about why education relates to family size: 1) Women with less education are less likely to be able to support themselves independently. Because they rely upon a husband, they tend to think of their contributions to family as more important to contributing to economy. Ergo, more children. 2) Women with more education will have a career, not just a job. They prefer to work rather than parent, and will focus on vocational success. Children and families make financial success more difficult. By focusing on a career, the woman neglects settling down to have children until later in her life. 3) People who are more educated tend to have better impulse control. They are more likely to plan out when they want to have a family based upon their finances. They are less likely to have unprotected sex, or to use drugs and substances that might result in accidental pregnancies (hooking up while drunk, for instance). They are also more aware of the various birth-control options available and will seek them out. 4) Poorly educated people might not know about all the contraception options that exist, how to use them properly, or where they might obtain birth-control pills or spermicides etc. Most individuals learn about contraception in school - so where do drop outs learn about it? They might not have access to Google... **RELIGIOSITY: More religion means larger families** Poor individuals are more likely to be religious that wealthy individuals. Also, less educated individuals are more likely to be dogmatically religious that people with a 4-year degree. This can have several outcomes: 1) Contraceptives are purposefully ignored. Catholics, for instance, view the use of birth control or condoms as a sin. Many denominations view abortions or "the morning after pill" as murder. 2) Some religious denominations actively encourage women to be caring mothers with lots of children. You see this more with fringe groups, like the (small) snake-handling group within Pentecostalism or the (small) polygamist group within Mormonism. 3) Religion encourages an early age of marriage. The younger a woman is when married, the more children she will have over her lifetime. Also, married couples are more likely to have unprotected sex than couples that are cohabiting or having pre-marital sex. **INCOME: Less money means more children** This is pretty obvious when you think about it. Contraception costs money. Condoms, birth control, spermicide, morning-after pill, and abortions are all expensive - particularly if you add up the cost-per-month and look at years at a time. Most birth-control pills require prescriptions, which means doctor visits, which are super expensive if you don't have insurance. Even though condoms can be bought for a dollar a piece, that's expensive if you are living on welfare (and I don't think food-stamps cover contraception). ~~Hysterectomies~~ Tubal ligation and vasectomies are also a rather common contraceptive used by middle and upper class individuals. Usually after they have had a child or two and think their family is big enough - so no surprise children later in life. Also, people with more money tend to thing in economic terms. Children are expensive, and people with money budget for this; they will wait to have children until they can afford them, and will prefer small families because it is easier to pay for karate for 2 boys than for 5. This thought process isn't seen in poor families. **RACE: Minorities and Immigrants are over-represented among the poor. Immigrants from developing countries are more likely to *want* larger families.** Developing countries don't have large families *only* because of lack of birth control, they have large families because it is *culturally acceptable and preferable* to have large families. If you take a couple from Sub-Saharan Africa, teach them all about condoms and birth control, and put them in America and give them access to contraception they are still more likely to have a large family because *they will want to have many children*. Culturally speaking, more children means the parents are better people. This idea carries over into the children of immigrants, as well as the grandchildren. The family size declines with each generation, and by the 4th generation the birth rate looks more like the rates of the host culture. ----- EDIT 1: Clarity and phrasing. EDIT 2: Removing implied causality statements.


Question: Why does shaking a bottle of carbonated liquid before opening the cap cause such a huge release of carbon dioxide compared to not shaking it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does shaking a bottle of carbonated liquid before opening the cap cause such a huge release of carbon dioxide compared to not shaking it?

Soda in a can/bottle is highly pressurised. This pressure forces the carbon dioxide to dissolve into the liquid. When you open the can/bottle, this pressure is released, so the carbon dioxide no longer has a 'reason' to stay dissolved, and it starts to come out of solution (the fancy way of saying 'un-dissolve'). Gas in a liquid, of course, forms bubbles. And, as these bubbles make their way to the surface and release the carbon dioxide into the air, you end up with a flat soda after a while. What if you don't want it to take a while? What if you want it to happen faster? It's actually pretty difficult for bubbles to form initially, but they can form more easily at locations called *nucleation sites*. The factors that cause this are probably beyond the scope of an ELI5 answer, but suffice to say these sites are spots that happen to provide ideal conditions for gas to come out of solution. If you boil some water in a pot, you may notice that bubbles tend to stream from certain specific locations on the inside of the pot - those specific spots are nucleation sites. So now we know how carbon dioxide escapes (via bubbles) and how we can speed that up (via nucleation sites). Well, it so happens that bubbles themselves can act like nucleation sites. It may be difficult for a bubble to form initially, but once one has formed (at a nucleation site), it's progressively easier for more gas to come out of solution and expand that bubble. This is also why bubbles in boiling water get bigger as they rise. And when you shake soda, you mix air into it, which creates bubbles, kickstarting this whole process. **tl;dr: when you shake soda, you create lots of bubbles, each of which makes it easier for the dissolved carbon dioxide to come out of solution. The result is a chain reaction that leads to a huge release of CO2.**


Question: How has seafood supplies not been depleted by fishermen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How has seafood supplies not been depleted by fishermen?

We have. The Grand Banks off Newfoundland used to be the greatest cod fishery in the world. Depletion by overfishing caused it to close for commercial cod in the 90s. Many other similar stories exist around the world. That said, the ocean is really (really really really) big. Much larger than the area of farmland on earth, and they can work in 3D so the total volume available to grow things in the ocean is FAR larger than on land. That's why it takes so long to make a dent, but we've made lots of dents, some of them really large.


Question: Why have so many dinosaur bones survived for such a long time? Do dinosaur bones not decay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why have so many dinosaur bones survived for such a long time? Do dinosaur bones not decay?

They aren't the original bones, they are [fossils]( URL_0 ), a process in which the fossil basically becomes rock, preserving the original shape of the bone. Fossilization requires very specific conditions, but since there have been millions of prehistoric creatures, a certain percentage of them is bound to become fossilized.


Question: How come we can eat raw fish but we can't eat raw chicken?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come we can eat raw fish but we can't eat raw chicken?

So generally meat of an animal is going to be fairly sterile. The problem comes when butchering it. The outside of a chicken is likely to be contaminated. Fish have similar issues and you can get really sick if you eat improperly prepared raw fish. URL_0 URL_1


Question: How does Carbon Dating work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Carbon Dating work?

When organic organisms are alive, they absorb naturally occurring Carbon 14 isotopes from the environment. Carbon 14 decays into Carbon 12 at a half life of 5,730 years. When an organic organism dies, it stops absorbing Carbon 14, however the Carbon 14 it has absorbed continues to decay. So by measuring the ratio of C14 to C12 in the specimen and knowing the half life decay rate, you can pretty accurately calculate how old the specimen is. This only works for organic materials, and cannot be used on metals or stone. So when dating an archeological site, the scientists have to find something organic, like a woven basket, to Carbon date.


Question: What is the darkweb, and why can’t you access it from google?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the darkweb, and why can’t you access it from google?

The 'darkweb' is just a buzz word. It literally means the park of the internet that isn't indexed by search engines. That's right, Google and whomever doesnt know everything! Back in the day you used to have to know the actual url of the website or you could not go there, there was no other way to find it. In base terms you do not need any special browsers, you do not need tor (onion networks are just a subset and would require another question around their purpose and anonymity pursuits). Now people have packaged darkweb browsers, but get this because this is the funny part, these browser just have a home page that is an index of these unindexed websites. The bundled browser itself is basically the result you would want from a search engine.


Question: How do hotel card readers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do hotel card readers work?

The lock sends out a signal, using batteries in the lock. The card has a coil that captures that energy and uses it the power a circuit. The circuit powers a radio that sends a number programed into the card by the front desk. The lock has a radio receiver that opens the lock if it gets the right number.


Question: What is acid, and how can it "burn" things into almost nothing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is acid, and how can it "burn" things into almost nothing?

Acids are compounds that provide hydrogen ions when in solution. Since a hydrogen molecule is just a proton plus an electron, a hydrogen ion is really just a proton. These unattached protons are like groupies backstage at a rock concert, willing to make attachments with anything they encounter, whether they were previously attached or not. If you have enough of them, especially in high concentration, they will break down existing substances as they destroy the molecular bonds in those substances. They don't turn other substances into "nothing"; they just produce what are usually soluble salts, as opposed to the solids that were there before. So, like the Wicked Witch of the West, those solids turn into liquid and melt away.


Question: Why does California seem to have an emergency with forest fires every year? After all these years, what’s so difficult about preparing preparative materials for putting out the fires?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does California seem to have an emergency with forest fires every year? After all these years, what’s so difficult about preparing preparative materials for putting out the fires?

California is a really big place and there's no real idea where fires will start or what is needed to fight them. Preparing in advance would be really smart, but cost prohibitive.


Question: Why, although planes are highly technological, do their speakers and microphones "sound" like old intercoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why, although planes are highly technological, do their speakers and microphones "sound" like old intercoms?

I’m a commercial airline pilot and there is a lot of misinformation here. First of all, 99% of the time we’re on VHF AM, not HF AM radio like people have suggested. Second of all, the radio has nothing to to do with the intercom anyways. The real reason is weight. Good speakers are heavy and the fuel to carry those around for the life of the airplane costs thousands to millions. TLDR; Good speakers are heavy and cost too much fuel to carry around.


Question: what causes coughing? like how do we cough?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes coughing? like how do we cough?

Human body has triggers, different kinds in different places, that respond to irritation. If it reaches a certain threshold it causes you to cough. It does this by sending a signal to primarily diaphragm, but depending on the type of irritation and how strong it is it can also signal basically all the major muscles of your torso. It really tries to squeeze out whatever is irritating the nerves. You might have noticed that the kind of cough you get from slight irritation in your throat is different, than what you'd get if you go sever cold or bronchitis.


Question: How are gift cards validated and activated at checkout? Are their serial numbers stored in a database and then marked as activated? How are they activated when their numbers haven’t been scratched off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are gift cards validated and activated at checkout? Are their serial numbers stored in a database and then marked as activated? How are they activated when their numbers haven’t been scratched off?

Point of sale system (POS) scans a barcode on the gift card. This barcode is specific to the gift card, and allows the card to be identified without the card number or pin. The retailer accepts cash, the POS records a transaction on the retailers ledger. Then, the POS sends the transaction information to the gift card company, this activates the card. Source: worked in retail.


Question: Why aren’t we allowed to lower the salaries of politicians? So that we can be sure that they are running not for money but because they really want to serve?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren’t we allowed to lower the salaries of politicians? So that we can be sure that they are running not for money but because they really want to serve?

Mostly because it would become a tool to control the have-nots. Lower the the salaries of politicians until it a burden even for those who want to serve. Net result is that the only people who would run wouldn't be the people who want to serve, but the people who are financially able. Side note. Most of the money politician make come from things other than their salary. Book deals, speeches, etc...


Question: What is the p versus np problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the p versus np problem?

theyre are problems that we solve using computers that can be solved pretty fast using computers and the bigger they get the longer it takes, But not that much longer. (these are P) For example: multiplication, sorting names , and just recently discovered finding prime numbers. Then there are problems that are impossible to solve using computers. (these are NP) For example: whats the Absolute Best move to make in chess or a game of Go. these are Always slow because you cant really Check your answer and there are so many options/paths. Then there are problems in the middle. For example: sudoku, crossword puzzle these are in between because they can be solved and they can be solved pretty fast and you can check your answer. However, the bigger you make these the time it takes to solve becomes much much bigger.finding prime numbers use to be in the middle but some smart math and computer scientist found a fast way yo do it. the Question is if you can check your answer does that mean there is a fast way to do it? are all Np problems P?


Question: If a day is 23 hours and 56 minutes, but clocks measure 24 hours in a day, shouldn’t we fall back 4 minutes everyday because we are measuring 4 extra minutes everyday?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a day is 23 hours and 56 minutes, but clocks measure 24 hours in a day, shouldn’t we fall back 4 minutes everyday because we are measuring 4 extra minutes everyday?

No because a solar day (how long it takes for the sun to end up in the same place in the sky) is exactly 24 hours. 23 hours and 56 minutes is a sidereal day, how long it takes for the earth to make a revolution relative to the stars. But in those 23 hours and 56 minutes we’ve also rotated in our orbit around the sun and it takes an extra 4 minutes of rotation for it to end up in the same place in the sky.


Question: I read online something about how 85% of Earth's species are still yet to be discovered. How do we know that we've only discovered 15% of all species when we don't know what "all" is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I read online something about how 85% of Earth's species are still yet to be discovered. How do we know that we've only discovered 15% of all species when we don't know what "all" is?

Take a bunch of samples from all over the world, look at them really carefully and count how many different species you find in them. Some of them you will already know, and some will be completely new. If in 1000 samples, you find 100 different species, of which you only knew 15 before taking the sample, then you now have your answer as to why we estimate only 15% of species have been discovered.


Question: Why do whales jump out of the water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do whales jump out of the water?

We actually don't know. It is called 'breaching' behaviour if you want to google it further. There are some theories; maybe some form of communication, maybe some form of whale athleticism, maybe it makes breathing easier, maybe it helps throw of skin parasites, maybe it is just for fun.


Question: How can the senate vote to end a filibuster, when the whole point of a filibuster is that it prevents a motion from being brought to the floor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the senate vote to end a filibuster, when the whole point of a filibuster is that it prevents a motion from being brought to the floor?

The idea is that, while filibusters are useful when used sparingly to encourage robust debate, they can can be detrimental to democracy, since it can allow someone to essentially hold legislation "hostage" indefinitely. This happened in the US in the 1960s, when southern senators filibustered the Civil Rights Act for 60 days. For this reason, there's a procedural rule called "cloture", which allows a supermajority (it used to be 2/3, but was reduced to 3/5) to limit the debate on a topic to 30 additional hours, but no more. There's also the so-called "nuclear option", which allows a simple majority to override the cloture rules to only require a simple majority instead of a 3/5 supermajority. But that's used very rarely, because it really pisses off the other side, and makes it more likely that they'll invoke the "nuclear option" in the future.


Question: What is AWS (Amazon Web Server) and what are the basic things one should know to understand how it functions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is AWS (Amazon Web Server) and what are the basic things one should know to understand how it functions?

AWS stands for Amazon Web Services to contrast their shipping services. It is a collection of services that Amazon provides online. These are things like storage, backup, DNS, database, load balancing and maybe the most popular, virtual machine hosting. The concept about all this is the economy of scale. Amazon will build huge data centers and engineer them to provide the kind of services that most businesses need. Since they do it on a huge scale they are able to do it cheaper then if every business were to build their own from scratch. There are however lots of disadvantages like needing a lot more spare capacity and having to build something that fits everyone as opposed to something that fits a particular user. So it depends on the use case if you save money by using their services as opposed to making your own from scratch. One of the most revolutionary benefits that AWS brought into the market is that purchasing additional capacity is much easier and faster. You might have taken weeks to buy hardware and install it at your location. Or if you are renting though traditional suppliers you might take a few hours to let them manually reconfigure things. However AWS made everything automatic so you can get a new server within seconds. This have allowed businesses to build their applications to allow them to scale on demand. This means that they pay different amount of money for the services depending on how much they use. This have the ability to reduce costs but it again require more time to develop and maintain the more complex applications.


Question: How do file compression work? Why can't we just infinitely compress a file inorder to make gb to kb?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do file compression work? Why can't we just infinitely compress a file inorder to make gb to kb?

Compression works a lot like shorthand. You make shortcuts and special “words” to represent certain sequences. As a super simple example, let’s say a file is 9 followed by 100 8’s. That file would be 101 bytes. But I could say any repeated sequence of numbers is always represented in my compressed file as “\n\*X” where n is the number of times character X is repeated. Now my file is 9\100\*8, which is 7 bytes. It can’t go to zero though, because the 9 and the 8 are unique and losing either one of them loses the distinctiveness of the file, and the number of 8’s matters, so we need at a minimum 3 bytes to represent the file. In other words, there is always a lower limit to compressed size. It gets more sophisticated, but that’s the jist.


Question: Why does orange juice taste terrible after we brush our teeth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does orange juice taste terrible after we brush our teeth?

Quick summary: Most toothpastes have a chemical in them that makes it bubble and foam. But that same chemical lowers your ability to taste sweetness, thus when you drink orange juice you are left only tasting the bitterness. "The strange, bitter taste of orange juice after brushing your teeth can be attributed to the sodium laureth sulfate (SLS) in the paste. SLS is sometimes abbreviated as SLES, for sodium lauryl ether sulfate. These ingredients are known as surfactants, which are also found in shampoos and detergents. These are added to help swish and spread product in a foamy lather. While the bubbly foam is fun and helpful for spreading toothpaste, it isn’t all sunshine and rainbows. SLS also suppresses receptors in your taste buds that pick up on sweet flavors, so you are unable to taste the sweet notes in your juice. SLS also breaks apart fatty molecules on your tongue, which are called phospholipids. While your receptors allow you to detect sweet tastes, phospholipids prevent you from tasting bitter flavors. When you add SLS to this equation, you get suppressed sweet flavors and enhanced bitter flavors, resulting in that painfully familiar taste." Source: URL_0 .


Question: According to supply and demand, if there is so much money in the world, why does it still have so much value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 According to supply and demand, if there is so much money in the world, why does it still have so much value?

Because there is a high demand for money. Because with money you can trade away for amything you want, provided you have enough of it. Almost everyone wants money, so that's the demand right there.


Question: What are quaternions and octonions? What are they used for and how?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are quaternions and octonions? What are they used for and how?

to a 5 year old. quaternions are a way to make sense of rolling a ball. if you took a normal ball and placed it on the ground, then drew a dot on the top, one side and the front, you'd have some useful marks to look at while it rolled along the ground. if you then tried to record the position of those dots while it rolled, you might think you need to write down 3 numbers. unfortunately, you need to record where 'up' is. so you need to write that down as well. so you write down 4 numbers. quaternions are a neat little package for writing down 4 numbers for when rolling a ball and making it sensible later on (edited because phone typos) (edit again: its pretty funny how many responses this got. my assumption is that lots of people took maths classes high enough to tackle these, but the teachers never had useful enough analogies, and instead persisted in trying to explain maths with more maths....)


Question: How is money inserted into the economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is money inserted into the economy?

They give it to banks. Banks then disseminate it out to people when they request withdrawls, exchanges, etc, as part of their normal business function. The government also seizes (old) money from banks when they do this, to ensure that the balance of inflation vs economic stimulation is maintained, or at least managed.


Question: How does a pill prescribed to you know exactly what to do in your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a pill prescribed to you know exactly what to do in your body?

Pills don't know anything. Your take medicine and your body will absorb it. It may be absorbed into the blood and travel all around your body. If you take a pain reliever, it is not targeting your headache but is dispersed through the whole body. The only noticeable change is that the pain goes away in the place that hurt. Researchers do not always know exactly how a drug works, either. They may use observation and trial & error to come up with a result in drug research, often in addition to previous experiences/research based on scientific methods.


Question: Why do lower frequencies in speakers require more power? Shouldn't it use less power since the speaker vibrates less?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lower frequencies in speakers require more power? Shouldn't it use less power since the speaker vibrates less?

Another way to think about this is the question: Why do treble sounds travel farther than bass frequencies? To answer this, take a look at the waveform of the frequency in question. The treble wavelength will be much shorter, meaning that for the same power, an audio source can achieve a higher total sound output due to the shorter wavelength. Let's say the treble frequency is around 13kHz, while the bass frequency is around 40Hz. This would mean that the treble frequency is 325 times shorter than the bass frequency, thus leading to the conclusion of both your question and the question I presented. Since a lower frequency has a longer wavelength, the speaker moves more to achieve the same output. This is why you can see speaker cones moving more during bassy music more than treble-y music. It travels farther because, again, less power is needed since it's a significantly shorter wavelength. Hope this helps!


Question: Why is it 'It is open' without the -ed but it's "It is closed" with the -ed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it 'It is open' without the -ed but it's "It is closed" with the -ed?

Because english is a stupid gobbledygook language that never makes sense. The old joke is that English isn't 1 language, it's 3 languages stacked on top of each other wearing a trench coat. It happens to have a penchant for following other languages down dark alleys and rifling through their pockets for loose bits of grammar. In this case one the usage of one of the words most likely comes from a Middle English verb(open), and the other is likely from a French adverb(closed). So one is a description of the current state(it is open) and the other is shorthand saying that the action has happened(it has closed). The reason I say that it's likely the etymology is that the Middle English had two related state values for the family of words around open that meant roughly what we mean when we say open. However the state value in Middle English around "close" meant that something was near, not something that wasn't open. Meanwhile the French verb for close meant what we mean when we say "to close". So our usage of the term closed is more likely to come from the French verb than the English verb. Disclaimer: Not a linguist. Totally based on a couple of Google searches and enjoying language based history/jokes because I speak a few languages. If someone with real expertise comes along take their explanation over mine any day of the week.


Question: Lebanon blast. Why do we hear the explosion before the shockwave hits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Lebanon blast. Why do we hear the explosion before the shockwave hits?

Sound travels faster through rock than through air - you hear it through the earth and buildings faster than the shockwave can travel through the air.


Question: What happens if you crash or damage a vehicle during a test drive from the dealership?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if you crash or damage a vehicle during a test drive from the dealership?

1. Most of the time, all vehicles in the dealership, especially demo cars are insured. If not one-by-one, usually dealerships get bulk agreements, or just covered under company insurance. 2. You're taking the drive test accompanied by dealership's employee, so you have a witness. 3. If you're not at fault (i.e. you've been T-boned by someone running red light), from your point of view, nothing happens (except you going to the hospital - and I'd guess the insurance will pay for you. 4. If you're at fault, from dealership's points of view, nothing happens, but you're in trouble - bigger or smaller, depending on the agreement. I don't know what's the norm in US, but in Poland, where I live, before test drive you have to sign papers confirming you being in charge of the vehicle, even if it happens inside dealership grounds (i.e. internal testing track - not that there are many of those). This also means dealership has right to view your driver's license, and you can (and should) take a peek into car's legal documentation, if there is any.


Question: Why is it that the vast majority of injections given to pacients target the veins, and very rarely the arteries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that the vast majority of injections given to pacients target the veins, and very rarely the arteries?

You have a greater chance of bleeding. The arteries get a lot of pressure from the heart pumping blood. Just imagine a hose with a small hole in it. If you turn it up to the max (=arteries), lots of water will flow out of the hole. If you turn it down a bit (=less pressure = veins), water will still flow out, but much more slowly. This gives your cells enough time to attach to the hole and start to close it. If the cells are flowing out at a really high speed due to the higg pressure, they won't have time to attach to the blood vessel walls and therefore won't be able to close the hole (=bleeding).


Question: How do numbers stations work? Can't everyone listen to them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do numbers stations work? Can't everyone listen to them?

Anyone can listen, but the numbers are meaningless if you don't know the code. The idea is that the intended listener has a set of daily codes. He listens and decodes the message using that day's code. Since every day's message is using a different code it is practically impossible for any other listeners to decode them.


Question: Why does being left-handed distort the double helix of DNA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does being left-handed distort the double helix of DNA?

Few, if any, of the enzymes that are designed to function with DNA are structured to work on left-handed DNA. I am not a biologist, so I don't know which enzymes can function with left-handed DNA, sorry! What I *do* know is that the enzymes are basically tiny molecular machines. Like real, full-scale machines, they aren't "smart", they can't think about what they're working on. They can only fit around the molecules that they are constructed to fit around. [They're actually really incredible machines!]( URL_0 ) Left-handed DNA doesn't change the order of the nucleotide instructions that code for those enzymes. The instructions don't change, so the enzymes that are made with it are the same right-handed enzymes. It's a bit like trying to use a flat-head screwdriver on phillips-head screws, and the screws are on a machine that makes flat-head screwdrivers.


Question: How does pounding meat make it tender?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does pounding meat make it tender?

You break up some of the protein by pounding the meat, that makes it tender. Chemical tenderizers are enzymes that breaks apart the protein.


Question: - Why do dishes get washed so much better with really hot water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why do dishes get washed so much better with really hot water?

hot water helps loosen grease or sticky substances by melting them, making them easier to brush or rinse away. It is not so much a factor in sanitization, you'll "clean" just as well with cool or warm water, but removing grease, oils, and fats is aided significantly by melting them and breaking them down with hot water.


Question: If a country is at war and another government blows up your property, what is your remedy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a country is at war and another government blows up your property, what is your remedy?

There is war insurance, yes, and it's the kind of thing you'd want if you have big-ticket assets. There is also terrorism insurance (now).


Question: Why are mercury and lead toxic while gold isn't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are mercury and lead toxic while gold isn't?

Metals like lead and mercury are toxic because of their ability to make bonds similar to other elements that the body uses, like calcium for example. Your body doesn't know the difference between elements except for what bonds it can make, so it will put these metals instead of the elements that are supposed to be there, and that ends up making things like proteins and enzymes that don't work correctly or don't work at all because the wrong element is there. Pure elemental gold on the other hand doesn't fit into anything the body makes in a similar fashion. Your body can't use it, so if yo ingest it, it just passes out the other end unchanged. It's worth noting that this applies to metallic gold, but gold ions or gold compounds can be toxic.


Question: why are smartphone companies (especially apple) adding like 3 didfrent cameras on thier phone. Is this really necesary, and does this increase the price by a lot? Because if it does I dont understand why its not better to buy a camera then add three cameras to a phone

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are smartphone companies (especially apple) adding like 3 didfrent cameras on thier phone. Is this really necesary, and does this increase the price by a lot? Because if it does I dont understand why its not better to buy a camera then add three cameras to a phone

There is probably a demand from people who use their phone as everything and do not have a separate camera. Demand could also come from people using services like iCloud to back up their photos, and companies like Apple can see how much their camera is being used). Of course cost will increase, but we won't know the exact price of sensors and lenses until people break down the new iPhones to find out the real cost. I very much prefer using my DSLR to take photos, for RAW photos of acceptable resolution, so phone cameras don't mean much to me. I pretty much only use phone cameras to scan documents.


Question: Why does water freeze from top to bottom? Deep in the ocean it’s below freezing, why doesn’t it freeze?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water freeze from top to bottom? Deep in the ocean it’s below freezing, why doesn’t it freeze?

There are several reasons. The salt in the ocean lowers the temperature needed to make it freeze. Currents stop the ice from bonding, and if Ice did freeze, it is less dense and floats. But the main reason is the pressure, especially in deep water. To freeze, water needs to expand. Deep in the ocean, the pressure from the water stops it from being able to expand.


Question: why some boys hate girls before hitting puberty? Is there a biological reason or purely social and learned behavior?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why some boys hate girls before hitting puberty? Is there a biological reason or purely social and learned behavior?

Some combination. People typically make their social groups of people they think are like them. Adults may make these decisions based on more complicated social factors such as ideologies other personality aspects, or on simple physicality. Children don't typically understand the more complex differences in people, so form their social groups based on simple things like gender, race, or on obvious social divides (playing the same sport etc.). Though many adults continue with these obviously distinguished groups. Arbitrary gender differences seem particularly played up when younger, pink vs. blue, football vs. dance. Girls and boys end up separated, and learn to view each other as different kinds of people, and they don't want to be as social with people who are different from them. Children form justifications that the other group are somehow bad people, "Girls are icky", "Boys smell bad" which end up getting reinforced through biases. Boys can be socialised to physically fight things they don't like which can result in bullying of girls.


Question: Why do wounds heal with scar tissue instead of regular skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do wounds heal with scar tissue instead of regular skin?

Stem cells which are present just deep to the skin are lost in major wounds so they cannot replace normal skin. Instead scar tissue is formed. In regular scratches, the stem cells can grow and replace the skin normally.


Question: How does data transmission from something like the ISS work? Those are massive distances and i guess a whole lot of data. Are there some special protocols are massive antennas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does data transmission from something like the ISS work? Those are massive distances and i guess a whole lot of data. Are there some special protocols are massive antennas?

The ISS is **much closer** to your house than the DirecTV satellite that sends your TV programs. Not at all a massive distance, it's 400km (about 240 miles) above the surface of the Earth. There are some nice antennas and a network of ground stations, but it's nothing like New Horizons photos from Pluto.


Question: How do life insurance companies make money when they sell $750,000 policies for $22 a month?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do life insurance companies make money when they sell $750,000 policies for $22 a month?

It's called "term life insurance" because it only covers a fixed period of time. It's not like signing up for a utility that you'll have until you stop paying the bill/cancel. If you buy a 20 year policy, it ends with no payout if you're still alive in 20 years, and then you have to get a new policy, which will cost older you a lot more money, if you want to continue coverage. Then you factor in the number of people who will keep it a few years but stop paying before they die or the end of the term, and it manages to keep them in business. It's kind of like gyms. A gym that can hold at best 200 members might have 5,000 paying members. They can do this because most people who sign-up quit using the service very shortly, but continue to pay because it's a hassle to cancel and doesn't cost much (also why they insist on making you pay with your bank account, so they don't lose you as a customer when the credit card expires).


Question: Why is it that some pens will work when you scribble, but stop working the moment you try and write letters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that some pens will work when you scribble, but stop working the moment you try and write letters?

The tip of the pen are sensitive to the pressure, and whenever it malfunctions, that's usually the case. And it is not just about how hard you press down your pen, but the direction of your writing relative to your dominant hand. If you write with left hand and the sentence directions are headed towards right, your hand will apply more pressure to the pen, making it more prone to malfunction. When you scribble you're most likely Not applying the same amount of force (ie. lighter force than usual) on the tip of the pen, so it looks like it is working properly.


Question: How does water surface tension work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does water surface tension work?

Water molecules are bros right. They like being around other water molecules a lot. Their "sides" are "sticky" like glue or hook and loop(velcro) Think of it like a giant circular game of Red Rover. When you try to charge in or out when you get called over. you have to have enough force to break through those bonds. So if a force doesnt have sufficient power it won't break that tension. Like insects that can walk on the surface or seeing the meniscus(meniscus? I think that's appropriate) of a small puddle of water on a countertop


Question: Why is it still so difficult for many countries to produce nuclear weapons, even though the technology has been around for 80 years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it still so difficult for many countries to produce nuclear weapons, even though the technology has been around for 80 years?

It's not difficult for developed countries. If Germany wanted to develop nukes, they can do it without much of problems, they have the money, they have scientists, they have the technological-industrial base. The only issues are political and legal ones. It's difficult for a 3rd world poor country, because they don't have the money, they don't have the scientists, don't have the industrial base, and they are not allowed to do it, so they have do it in secret, making everything even more expensive.


Question: How did the United States first distribute and get people to use the dollar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the United States first distribute and get people to use the dollar?

Early dollars were silver coins. Minting coins was just creating a standardized amount of silver to simplify using it as a commodity. More generally, governments promote the use of their currency by requiring that tax and court-ordered debts be paid in it. If you have to pay your taxes in dollars and you don't have enough, you find a way to buy dollars in exchange for whatever it is that you currently have and the government will be ready to sell those to you should it come to that.