Question: What is a step, 1/2 step 1/4 step 1/6 step etc, in music, relating to rhythm/time signatures?

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 What is a step, 1/2 step 1/4 step 1/6 step etc, in music, relating to rhythm/time signatures?

I think step is the wrong word for your question. Steps usually refer to changing pitches. For rhythm, we're looking at notes and rests. & #x200B; looking at 4/4 time which is by far the most common. 4/4 means there are 4 beats per measure, and the quarter note = 1 beat. So 4 quarter notes = 1 full measure. I like [this image as a demonstration.]( URL_0 ) Each line of this pyramid is equal to 4 beats total, which is equal to 1 measure in 4/4 time. & #x200B; Twinkle twinkle is a good song to test this out on. the first line is two measures long. each syllable gets 1 beat (or one quarter note) {measure} **word** (note length) & #x200B; { **Twink** (1/4) **Kle** (1/4) **Twink**(1/4) **Kle**(1/4)} ***1/4 +1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1 full measure*** {**Lit**(1/4) **Tle** (1/4) **Star**(1/2)} ***1/4 + 1/4 + 1/2 = 1 full measure*** & #x200B; So the type of note - regardless of pitch - tells you how long to hold it, or put another way, how much of the measure the note equals.


Question: what’s the difference between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder?

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 what’s the difference between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder?

I am not a doctor but my personal experience is that bipolar disorder sufferers swing between "highs" and "lows". Highs aren't necessarily happy but they are very active, manic. Lows aren't necessarily sad or depressed, but they are lethargic and slow. Borderline personality is a like a person who is walking into the ocean. They keep walking as though their intention is to drown themselves. They fling themselves violently into the ocean all while screaming at you and everyone else to help them, to save them. You try to pull them back but they physically fight you to keep walking into the ocean, even while the wail and cry that you aren't doing enough to help them. They curse you and hate you for not helping them, all while clawing at you to let them go and kill themselves. You finally do let them go because you are bleeding and exhausted and then they either drown or write a book about how much stronger they are alone.


Question: The US 2nd amendment says "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." But gun owners are not members of any well regulated militia, how does this now allow anyone to own a gun?

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 The US 2nd amendment says "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." But gun owners are not members of any well regulated militia, how does this now allow anyone to own a gun?

Believe it or not, this went to the Supreme Court and they decided that the comma after "free State" meant they were describing two different things. The second amendment separately protects the right to a well regulated Militia, as well as the right of the people to keep and bear Arms.


Question: According to today's forecast, the high is 36C but they added that it will feel like 42C. Why would the temperature feel higher than it is & how do they determine that specific number?

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 According to today's forecast, the high is 36C but they added that it will feel like 42C. Why would the temperature feel higher than it is & how do they determine that specific number?

Humans are constantly generating heat. We have to shed heat so we don't get too hot. If we are in an environment where our normal cooling mechanisms (sweat evaporation) don't work as well, we will feel hotter. Example: 35C and 5% relative humidity feels cooler than 35C and 90% relative humidity. When the humidity is very high, we sweat, but it doesn't evaporate (sweat evaporation makes us cooler, it takes the heat from our body to evaporate). So a thermometer will show 35C in both situations, but they will feel different to you as a human.


Question: Why isn't the summer solstice (longest day of the year) exactly halfway through the year?

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 Why isn't the summer solstice (longest day of the year) exactly halfway through the year?

Because the calendar is not calibrated against the solstices. If the summer solstice was halfway through the year, the winter solstice would be at the very end/beginning. It isn't.


Question: Why do cartoons appeal so much to children?

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 Why do cartoons appeal so much to children?

Cartoons are often made for kids... Repetitive words (can you sing along to blue's clues). Catchy tunes and simple pictures. Plus plot points based on kid friendly themes often without adult interference. I once noticed my toddler couldn't distinguish in a cluttered photo an animal from the background. But show him a cartoon scene and there is less information to process so he could easily find the animals.


Question: Why do shops in the USA not include the tax on the listed price of items?

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 Why do shops in the USA not include the tax on the listed price of items?

Because tax is different depending on where you are. And psychologically it's better to advertise a lower price since everyone knows there will be tax.


Question: Why was the US effort to rehabilitate Japan's economy after WW2 such a huge success?

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 Why was the US effort to rehabilitate Japan's economy after WW2 such a huge success?

Economics is not my subject, but it is just of note that the economic recovery did not really succeed until the 1960s, at which point Japan experienced its "economic miracle" that lasted until the 1990s. US aid is only part of that story, but the US did aid in the initial rebuilding of Japan, gave Japan favorable trade policies, and helped them re-organize their economy. As for why the US did it, it is because the US wanted Japan to be its major, permanent ally in the Far East, especially with a perceived growing threat from the USSR. The Chinese Revolution in 1949, and the Korean War in 1950, further emphasized the usefulness and importance of having a strong ally (and the host of several military bases) over there. The US did do such a thing for Europe, to a degree. The Marshall Plan was explicitly a plan to help rebuild Europe and stimulate its economic development, so that it would not become fertile ground for extremist, illiberal ideologies like fascism and, especially, communism. But other than West Germany, the US did not occupy European countries to the same extent that it did Japan, so its influence was not as radical as it was in the countries where it stayed and ran things for a decade. One thing you have to remember is that the Americans were desperate to avoid a situation like the end of World War I, where punitive measures by the victors meant that the losers were in economic shambles. This was seen then (and still is today) as plating the seeds of Nazism, Communism, and World War II in Europe. So instead of just vanquishing enemies, the Allies wanted to make them into future friends, especially with the Soviet Union turning all of the states it had liberated from the Nazis and Japanese into vassal states of their own.


Question: How is economic recovery engineered? For example, suppose a new government is formed in Venezuela, how do they make the currency regain any value?

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 How is economic recovery engineered? For example, suppose a new government is formed in Venezuela, how do they make the currency regain any value?

The key to stopping hyperinflation is to restore confidence that the government will not continue to inflate the currency. Depending on what a new Venezuelan government is (i.e. is it Chavista-lite, completely different, etc.) this may be a very easy or very hard task. Zimbabwe, which did not undergo a political transition to end hyperinflation, had to abandon its currency and use those of other governments. However, a government perceived to be reformist and committed to economic recovery may end hyperinflation simply by being in power. However, hyperinflation is one of many serious economic problems facing Venezuela. A wider dismantling of price and capital controls, an end to arbitrary state seizure of property, proper management of assets the state retains, and for the government to bring its debt under control will be necessary for economic recovery. This entails a wide swathe of sweeping reforms that would be very difficult and likely costly.


Question: How do military people not get all sweaty,tired etc carrying around all that gear in the sun?

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 How do military people not get all sweaty,tired etc carrying around all that gear in the sun?

They do get sweaty, one of the most important things for infantry is a constant supply of water, dehydration kills soldiers even on exercises let alone during the heat of combat.


Question: What is the difference between Universities and Colleges?

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 What is the difference between Universities and Colleges?

It depends on the country, and even then the definitions vary depending on context. In the UK, a university is a conglomeration of colleges (e.g. Oxford is comprised of 38 colleges). In America, they're pretty much synonymous, with college being more slang but university being a more formal word. In Australia, college refers to a large (and often old-fashioned) student residential hall that is affiliated with a university. College can also refer to a secondary school (grades 7-12ish, depending of the state).


Question: What does Tesla going private mean and why is it a big deal?

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 What does Tesla going private mean and why is it a big deal?

That they will be privately owned and are therefore do not need to placate shareholders. It can drastically change the direction of the company since they don't have to focus entirely on things that generate the most profit.


Question: How did we learn to distinguish between toxic and non-toxic plants and mushrooms, and especially treat some toxic plants so that they become edible?

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 How did we learn to distinguish between toxic and non-toxic plants and mushrooms, and especially treat some toxic plants so that they become edible?

It was given to sheep, goats, dogs and if it were safe for them we would try. Trial and error


Question: How does IRS know if you lied on how much you make?

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 How does IRS know if you lied on how much you make?

It depends on how you obtain the income. If you're being paid as an employee, then your employer is reporting how much they paid you and that can be used to confirm the amount you report. If you're a contractor then there is more room to do illegal stuff, but you can easily be caught out. The IRS regularly audits people and if you did business with company A who gets audited, your invoice to them will show up in that audit. If the invoice from you looks fishy, then the IRS could target you next. Also if you have unexplainable wealth in a bank account or public stocks, etc, this could trigger an audit. And even if you cover your tracks well, the IRS also conducts audits basically at random to put the fear of god into you. If you get caught it's a very serious offense. Intentionally misleading the IRS is fraud and you can go to jail for an unpleasantly long time.


Question: How do trees, which are full of moisture, burn down?

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 How do trees, which are full of moisture, burn down?

forest fires are extremely hot. Look-up "flash point" and it may help you understand. A wet log will need a hot fire to burn, which if you are starting a fire or have a small fire in the fireplace a wet log wont burn well because the fire simply isn't hot enough. The fact that a forest fire can get so hot is the reason why wet trees burn.


Question: How come college prices in America keep rising?

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 How come college prices in America keep rising?

Government subsidized loans provide nearly limitless student loans to unsuspecting kids, saddling them with debt that is pretty much inescapable. Significant demand, limited supply, and kids who are dumb enough to keep taking out loans while chasing the dream of a solid job some day, make college a "charge whatever you want" environment.


Question: Why does the "Zero-Interest-Policy" of the European Central Bank thats been ongoing for years not lead to more inflation?

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 Why does the "Zero-Interest-Policy" of the European Central Bank thats been ongoing for years not lead to more inflation?

How about ELI15? Inflation is about not just the quantity of money circulating but also the speed at which it circulates. This speed, in aggregate, has gone down massively. A lot of the newly printed money is actually just sitting on deposit at the central banks - partially as a result of the post-2008 requirements to hold a lot of cash in case of another credit crisis. The zero and negative interest rate policies are to try and speed up the velocity of money - but it's like pushing on rope once you get below zero as banks are not able to pass the negative rates on to customers. Fundamentally, inflation is based on people's expectations and nobody expects inflation to go up, so it doesn't and there's not much more that the central banks can do.


Question: How do body fat scales work?

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 How do body fat scales work?

Fat tissues are much less conductive than muscles. Body fat scale runs a very weak current through your body and calculates the fat mass by comparing the outgoing and incoming current.


Question: Can horses ever recover from a broken leg or do they really always need to be put down like in the movies?

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 Can horses ever recover from a broken leg or do they really always need to be put down like in the movies?

For the most part, horses legs don’t break like humans do, they shatter more like glass and there is not enough solid bone to pin/plate together unlike a human leg bone. Also, a horse’s sheer size works against them then say a dog that can get around on three legs and not cause extra damage to those weighbearing legs. A small pastern break may be fixable because the horse can still weightbear. If a horse is unable to stand within a few days, they tend to colic (twisted gut) and part of their intestine will go septic and die off. Horses are grazers and their ability to digest depends on fairly constant movement. Lastly, horses develop something called “founder,” this is a spontaneous issue and that is caused by injury, bad diet or disease, it is when the coffin bones in the hooves rotate, and in extreme cases they actually shed their hooves. Basically look at your feet and scrunch your toes, now try waking on the knuckles of your toes. It would be a 15/10 pain level. Which in turn can also bring on colic. Despite their size, horses are actually fairly delicate and It is a kindness to humanely euthanize rather than let the horse suffer.


Question: why can a 500 pound man walk but if you put 400 pounds on an average 100 pound man they wouldn’t be able to walk? Is it because the 500 pound man has muscle? And if he got surgery to remove all skin and fat and became the same body fat % as the 100 pound person, would he have more muscle?

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[Your final answer goes here]
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 why can a 500 pound man walk but if you put 400 pounds on an average 100 pound man they wouldn’t be able to walk? Is it because the 500 pound man has muscle? And if he got surgery to remove all skin and fat and became the same body fat % as the 100 pound person, would he have more muscle?

Yes, people who weigh that much usually have tremendous core strength and leg strength. Not for their *weight*, but in absolute terms. That's why if fat people start working out hard core while they lose weight, they can often get (stay) really strong.


Question: Why Is Acetylene Called Acetylene And Not Acetylyne?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why Is Acetylene Called Acetylene And Not Acetylyne?

Acetylene was coined in 1864 by a French chemist. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which governs chemical nomenclature, was not founded until 1919. The name has historical value and was conserved. The systematic IUPAC name is Ethyne but the preferred is Acetylene.


Question: How does the caste system in India works and what's its impact on society?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the caste system in India works and what's its impact on society?

I will give you a (now, in hindsight, hilarious) example. At my previous job, we got a big customer (100x the size of normal companies we served) for whom we had to rewrite significant part of our software. As the deadline was nearing we needed additional programmers. We interviewed and hired freelancers in India (very well recommended and not cheap), we rented office space for them and they were all supposed to start on a certain day. We assigned a team leader + his 2nd in command. They were supposed to manage the team of 10 people. 2 weeks later, there was no product to speak of, only excuses. Another week later, director (CEO for USians) flew to India only to discover some of them refused to speak to each other, some even refused to be in the same office. Basically the higher caste saw the lower caste as dirt. My boss (completely confused by the caste system) "solved" it by simply hiring only people with surname Patel.


Question: How do we know/measure the distance of objects in space to us? Like how do we know that one Star is 5 light years and another is 500?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know/measure the distance of objects in space to us? Like how do we know that one Star is 5 light years and another is 500?

There is a ladder of thing we use to measure distances. Relatively close things, we can use parallax to measure. Look at something in the sky when we are in the summer, then exactly half the year later look again. It will be in a slightly different spot. How slightly is determined by how far away it is. For objects that are farther, we can use redshift. The farther something is from us, the faster it moves away from us (due to the expanding universe). That faster something moves away from us, the redder the light coming from I looks. We can measure how red the light is and that will give us a speed, and using that we can determine a rough distance. There are also cepheid variables, type 2 supernovae, and pulsars that give distances, but you get the idea...


Question: Why are circuit boards green?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are circuit boards green?

Stupid as it sounds. It was the first color they chose. Really, I work a lot with circuit boards, been EE since last century. Went to a circuit board company, said first boards that had a protective coat, aka solder mask, were green because, wait for it. They made it green. Sorry, no real reason. I have hear it was easier to make, the guy who invented it liked green. No..... Green. Lost to history. All, yes all, this is why reasons are non verifiable. Original circuit boards had no protective layer and were just exposed copper. First board I saw with protective coat was actually light blue. It was in my professors office.


Question: Does Jupiter actually have a surface in the traditional sense or is it just a ball of gas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does Jupiter actually have a surface in the traditional sense or is it just a ball of gas?

We can't say for sure. Atmospheric conditions there are so extreme, plus the radiation, that we haven't been able to send anything deep enough to find out. The last theory I heard is that there's probably a solid or extremely hot liquid metal core and a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen but as far as I've heard we haven't actually been able to measure it


Question: How do radio waves get "encrypted"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do radio waves get "encrypted"?

The content that they're holding is encrypted. Let's take a basic Caesar shift. Every letter in a phrase is shifted along the alphabet by a predetermined amount. So if I start with the phrase "explain like I'm five", I'll get "hasodlq olnh l'p ilyh". I transmit that over the radio waves. The receiver on the other end knows to expect a Caesar shift, so they undo it and get the original phrase. In Networking we actually divide the entire end to end communication into seven distinct layers. Layer 1 is the physical transmission medium (i.e., radio waves in this case, ethernet cables in others, etc.). That layer is only responsible for the contents of it's own layer, and anything else beyond it can be swapped out for anything else without any changes. The encryption would be at a much higher layer that doesn't really care about the medium that carries it.


Question: How far are we looking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How far are we looking?

For an average height man standing on the ground with no hills etc. in the way, the horizon is about 3 miles away. So yes, past that you're looking on a low slope up into the sky even further away.


Question: Would walking on water be slippery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Would walking on water be slippery?

Potentially, like you said walking on ice the water acts as a lubricant between the surfaces, since the free movement of water molecules enables a fluid layer between what is two solid surfaces. However, if we're assuming you can "walk" on the water as if it itself a solid surface you would have to question how that was possible, and then the physcics behind that. Would surface tension play a factor? would temperature? Would saline act differently to de-ionised? If the water still acting as water? or acting a some sort of glass surface?i.e. is the water still a fluid or is it a solid at point of contact. I believe there was someone doing research into this in the Roman era in what is modern day Isreal, which I believe garnered positive yet controversial results.


Question: Is there an eventual limit to how fast we can wirelessly move data? If so, what is that limit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there an eventual limit to how fast we can wirelessly move data? If so, what is that limit?

The maximum speed anything can move in this universe is the speed of light, which is electro-magnetic radiation. Information via wireless communication is transmitted in this format. So, the speed of light. If you're asking about *bandwidth*, i.e. how much data can be transmitted within a period of time, that's another matter altogether and changes depending upon the advancement of technology, but [175 terabytes per second is apparently the record for a wired connection.]( URL_0 ) (thanks to [macncheesee]( URL_1 ) for the correction that this is not wireless, as OP asked).


Question: Why is it considered treacherous for the US to restore relations with Russia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it considered treacherous for the US to restore relations with Russia?

It's because the best word to describe Russia's attitude towards neighboring countries is "Predatory." The US has obligations to protect some of those states, and as long as the US continues to do so Russia will not be on good terms with the US. If Russia does become friendlier with the US, then that means that USA is taking a more relaxed approach with guarding the countries it has to guard and a lot of people see this as stabbing them in the back. Russia also has a oppressive attitude towards civil rights for minority groups, but with current US leadership that is probably not a point of conflict between the two countries.


Question: Why is so much time in a chemistry course spent on learning significant digits and significant figures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is so much time in a chemistry course spent on learning significant digits and significant figures?

Many a scientific misunderstanding has been caused by incorrect or inconsistent rounding. It is important to instil a solid grasp of these things into chemists of the future


Question: how to patent one product and sell it to a company?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how to patent one product and sell it to a company?

Patents are given for inventions, not ideas. A patentable invention is a device that solves a problem, that's never been invented before (patented, described, or build by anyone), that would not be obvious to someone skilled in the relevant field. For example, you couldn't patent "yoga pants for dogs", because it's just an idea, not an invention. Presumably if lots of dog owners demanded yoga pants, any skilled tailor or clothing designer would be able to easily come up with workable yoga pants. There's no "invention" needed. On the other hand, one could imagine getting a patent for a long-range wireless phone charger, if you created one. That's a great example of something that lots of people want but nobody has been able to create - so if you did, it'd be patentable. Finally, you'll discover that most companies do not want to buy your ideas. First of all, they have plenty of their own ideas, and second, they're super afraid that if you shared an idea and it happened to be something they were already working on, you'd try to claim credit. However, I do have one suggestion if you don't know what else to do with your idea: post it on URL_0


Question: Why is there a specific W-2 form you're supposed to send with your federal return and your state?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a specific W-2 form you're supposed to send with your federal return and your state?

Most of the time. You probably earned all of your income in one state this year, so the numbers will be the same on both sheets. _However_, if you travel for work, that may not be the case. For 2015, I worked in 10 different states, so I had 10 different forms (my home state doesn't have state tax) - 1 federal and 9 state, each with a different number based on the percentage of my year I spent working in that state. In my case, the state _mattered_ because each number (and thus the tax I owed each state) was different.


Question: Do Astronomers looking for new stuff in the universe just point the telescope randomly towards the night sky to see what’s there, or is their some logic to discovering new things in the universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do Astronomers looking for new stuff in the universe just point the telescope randomly towards the night sky to see what’s there, or is their some logic to discovering new things in the universe?

They systematically check areas to ensure they don't check the same area twice. But otherwise ya its basically "searching the sky" to find new things. There are specific frequencies they search on though to look for planets with specific characteristics.


Question: What is regulatory capture and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is regulatory capture and how does it work?

TL;DR: It's a fancy name for the legal equivalent of having the foxes guard the henhouse. Okay, so let's say we've got an industry in need of regulation. Doesn't really matter what. So the federal government creates an agency to regulate it. Great. Question: who do we want running that agency? Presumably, we want people with a working knowledge of the industry to be regulated. After all, if the industry is *important* enough to be regulated in the first place, it's almost certainly *complicated* enough to be beyond the grasp of even the most educated people that don't have any special insight into the details of the subject matter. Of course, the only people that have a working knowledge of any particular industry tend to be people that *work* in that industry. And if we're going to be realistic, a person with experience in an industry that takes time to work in the agency that *regulates* said industry is going to be *incredibly* valuable as an employee after they finish working for the agency. So we see what's often called the "revolving door" effect, where a highly-placed executive in an industry will do a stint heading up the relevant regulatory agency, only to go straight back to industry after their term is up, often at an even higher salary. This creates all *kinds* of conflicts-of-interest that conspire to produce the phenomenon known as "regulatory capture". Examples: * Someone with a background on the industry side of things will probably have a *perspective* that's biased towards industry. "Oh, yeah, I remember how annoying the agency was a few years ago when we wanted to do X. I'm going to make sure the agency doesn't give anybody problems about X now that I'm at the helm. * Someone who just left a particular company may feel some loyalty to that company, or at least to the people in it. * More broadly, high-level executives in a particular industry usually all know each other pretty well, often on both social terms in addition to professional terms. These relationships can be *exceptionally* chummy, to the point that it's reasonable to think that suddenly giving one of them a regulatory role wouldn't be enough to overcome personal bias. * Someone who leaves industry to work in an agency but expects to go right back to that industry after a few years may well, consciously or unconsciously, be biased towards the industry in general or particular companies for which the person wants to work afterward. "Hey, you should hire me. I did you a solid with that one thing when I was at the agency." It's a real problem. And not a problem that's easy to solve, because the only people who *don't* have these kinds of conflict of interest are people that don't have any expertise in the subject matter. The line between "understanding an industry" and *having* an understanding *with* an industry" is both really blurry and really hard to avoid.


Question: Why do noice cancelling headphones allow you to hear yourself but not other people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do noice cancelling headphones allow you to hear yourself but not other people?

You hear others through the sound waves entering your ear from the outside. The noise cancellation can deal with that. Your own voice is made inside your own body, by the vibrations of your vocal chords. Those same vibrations can travel through your body and reach your ear from the inside. Noise cancellation cannot stop that.


Question: How do trees decide where new branches grow and when they sperate from the main trunk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do trees decide where new branches grow and when they sperate from the main trunk?

The plant generates growth hormone within the stalk. When there's enough of it, a new bud is created at the center, and then migrates out toward the boundary of the stalk where it becomes a new branch. As it migrates, it consumes growth hormone. The next bud that forms will head out in a different direction where the growth hormone hasn't been depleted. That's why the first two leaves/branches/petals are almost always 180° away from each other. Subsequent buds will head out at different angles. Vi Hart does an excellent 3-part video series on the nature of plants, spiral growth and the Fibonacci sequence. [Part 3]( URL_0 ) explains the part about growth hormones and such.


Question: Why do android phones get slower over time even after a factory reset?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do android phones get slower over time even after a factory reset?

This is just speculation tbh. Over time, the same applications on your phone consume more resources. This is because the rate technology improves is swift, and application devs are constantly keeping up. So say an app is currently built to run well on a phone with 1GB RAM. When phones with 2GB RAM become the norm, app devs feel comfortable giving their app a larger footprint on available resources. But your phone still has 1GB. And the app and the OS both have progressed to being comfortable using more resources than before. Hence the difference in performance. Edit: Apparently this has been asked before and the answer is flash memory degradation


Question: What known laws of aviation support the claim that bees shouldn't be able to fly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What known laws of aviation support the claim that bees shouldn't be able to fly?

None, because the claim is incorrect. URL_1 URL_0


Question: Why do brands sell chips for 3 or 4 or 5 dollars in normal stores, but in dollar/value shops, they are sold for a dollar for the same brand and size bag?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do brands sell chips for 3 or 4 or 5 dollars in normal stores, but in dollar/value shops, they are sold for a dollar for the same brand and size bag?

It is not the brands that decide the price. It's the store owners. Supermarkets and value stores have different business strategies, and the margin they try to make on a product is different. First, what is margin. Margin is the amount of profit a retailer (like a supermarket) wants to make on a product. Retailers have contracts with suppliers to sell their items. They will buy the item at a certain price from the manufacturer, then sell it to customers at a higher price. The difference between the price they paid and the price you paid is the margin and that is where the retailers make their money. So basically what happens is Chips Manufacturer will sell their chips to both supermarkets and value stores at, say, 50 cents per bag. A value store that sells that bag of chips for one dollar makes 50 cents worth of profit on each bag; a supermarket that sells that bag of chips for two dollars makes 1.50 worth of profit on each bag. What sort of margin stores decide with often differs from product to product, but in general is determined by their business strategy. A dollar store basically makes their profit from selling large quantities. They go for a low margin on each product, and they only make a bit of profit, but they try and make up for that by selling a lot. They also try to keep their costs low by doing things like keeping their shop layout very simple, not having a lot of staff, not offering speciality items, offering a lot of no-brand items. Supermarkets often go with a different strategy. Compared to dollar stores, they aren't trying to be the cheapest, they are trying to offer a better overall shopping experience. This can be because of ease of shopping, helpful staff, the assortment they offer. But hey, all those things need to be paid for as well. So they charge a higher margin on products.


Question: Why haven't we been back to the moon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why haven't we been back to the moon?

Mostly because there's not much interesting there it turns out, and more questions we do have can be done better by robots than by sending people.


Question: Could a person with more body fat actually live longer without food than a person with less body fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could a person with more body fat actually live longer without food than a person with less body fat?

Yes, with a caveat. People with more body fat can use that fat as an energy store to power the body for a longer period of time. However, you also have to get certain vitamins and minerals from your diet. For instance, if you don't get vitamin C from your diet, you will get scurvy and die (eventually). There was a case where a morbidly obese man did not eat any food for a year, relying only on his fat stores for fuel. However, he had to be closely monitored by a physician and take vitamin/mineral supplements to make sure he didn't die.


Question: Why is it so hard to predict the weather?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to predict the weather?

Weather has a very large number of factors that affect it (humidity, pressure, hours of sun light, wind speed, dust from land, the earth's current location relative to the sun, the sun's solar flare activity, etc.) Because of this, we can't be 100% accurate as we can't know all the information for all the factors every second of every day; even if we could have all that information 100% correct, the computational power to run such a simulation would be quite large and intensive. This isn't helped by the fact that even a slight change in one variable can lead to a change in weather or even change in another variable. So we use historical data that we have collected and limited sampling to make our models and guesses about weather. When we get it wrong, our models get changed and updated (hopefully). Any variation in predictions come from the model being used (as different weather reporting services have different modeling software) and different sources for information/raw data.


Question: Why does food change its calorie count depending on the cooking methods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does food change its calorie count depending on the cooking methods?

When you cook an egg, a bit of the water evaporates out. This makes it denser, so 100g represents more egg.


Question: How do US citizens pay off debts from hospitals and college?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do US citizens pay off debts from hospitals and college?

In the US, student loan debt doesn't disappear if you declare bankruptcy. My father learned that the hard way after co-signing on my sisters loans, declaring bankruptcy, then hearing from the IRS almost 10 years later (with interest). Student loans are a scam that is holding back most of the country with little to no chance of ever getting out of debt. Watch the episode of Patriot Act on Netflix that talks about it, he breaks it down pretty accurately.


Question: What does a high stock price do for a company? Like, does it give it more funds to expand or to reinvest in the business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a high stock price do for a company? Like, does it give it more funds to expand or to reinvest in the business?

A high stock price does not make a company money on its own. Essentially, the price shows how much "the market" is willing to pay for a share. This is, in a way, a measurement of confidence in the company. If the company itself holds stocks of their own, they could capitalise on high stock prices, but this is unlikely.


Question: What does the mandelbrot set have to do with chaos theory?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the mandelbrot set have to do with chaos theory?

In chaos theory, there's this concept known as bifurcation, which is when the behaviour of a system changes drastically as a parameter of the system crosses a certain threshold. The particular bifurcation that's relevant is this situation is the bifurcation of the logistic map. Let's break that down a bit. The logistic map is one of the simplest examples of a chaotic system. It's a very simple set of rules, as follows: 1. Pick a number x between 0 and 1 2. Multiply x by (1-x) and then multiply that by a parameter r, to get the number rx(1-x). 3. Repeat step 2 ad infinitum. You can represent this graphically by drawing the quadratic equation y = rx(1-x) on a graph, and then drawing the straight line y = x on top of it. The rules then effectively become: 1. Pick a point on the straight line 2. Move vertically until you hit the quadratic curve 3. Move horizontally until you hit the straight line again 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 ad infinitum The behaviour of this system depends on the value of the parameter r. If r is less than 3, then the numbers you get will eventually approach a single fixed point between 0 and 1 (the fixed point might *be* 0 or 1 for certain values of r). If r is between about 3 and ~3.45, then the system will end up cycling between 2 values that are in the 0 to 1 range. If r is between ~3.45 and ~3.54, then the system ends up cycling between 4 values, still in the 0 to 1 range. As r increases up to ~3.57, then the period of the system, the number of values it cycles between, will repeatedly double, to 8, 16, and so on. This is what's known as the period doubling bifurcation. For r between ~3.57 and 4, then the system is chaotic. It doesn't settle into any cycle and just goes on forever, never approaching any value, though it'll stay in the 0 to 1 range. There are certain boundaries between ~3.57 and 4 where it becomes stable again, with a period of 3, or 6, or 12 and so on. If r is greater than 4, then the numbers you get will end up outside the 0 to 1 range, and will just start heading off towards infinity. Whenever we cross one of those thresholds in the value of r, we call that a bifurcation. You can capture this behaviour by looking at what is called the bifurcation diagram, which for the logistic map, looks like [this]( URL_1 ). The horizontal axis shows the value of the parameter r, and the vertical axis shows the values that the map approaches. It might look confusing, but compare it to what I've written here. You can see that for r < 3, there's only 1 value that it approaches, for r between 3 and ~3.45 there are two values, so it cycles between them, then it shifts to 4 values, then 8, then it gets all crazy and chaotic once r goes past about 3.57. You can also see stable regions, like I mentioned, for instance just after r = 3.8. Now, what does all this have to do with the Mandelbrot set, which I haven't even mentioned so far? Well, look at [this]( URL_0 ). The Mandelbrot set lines up perfectly with the bifurcation diagram for the logistic map. This is the connection. The boundary of the Mandelbrot set is exactly the set of points where the logistic map bifurcates. Neat, huh?


Question: How has the total US currency in circulation doubled in ten years without the value being affected that much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How has the total US currency in circulation doubled in ten years without the value being affected that much?

There is more stuff. mv=pq is a basic equation used in economics. m= amount of money v = velocity basically how fast a given dollar changes hands in one year, dont worry about this one. p= price of stuff q= quantity of stuff. This means that when you up the money supply that means either prices will go up, or the amount of stuff will go up. A lot of very smart people try really hard to make sure that "amount of stuff" is what goes up, and that's exactly what happened. & #x200B; Edit: Consider this small example of there being more stuff: in 2010 20% of the US population had a smartphone, in 2020 that's around 70% that is a lot of new smartphones. Edit 2: The actual amount of physical money is also only about 50% of the actual money supply, the rest of it isn't cold hard cash but other things.


Question: How does my phone constantly check for notifications from my apps without eventually running out of my monthly data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does my phone constantly check for notifications from my apps without eventually running out of my monthly data?

While polling for updates is fairly lightweight, many apps, such as messaging apps, use [push notifications]( URL_0 ). A push notification is just what it sounds like - rather than the app trying to pull data from a server to see if anything has changed, it just sits there and waits for the server to push out an announcement that there's something going on. Basically, your phone is getting a "phone call" from the service.


Question: What causes extreme heat on atmosphere re-entry and was this discovered prior to the first mission or a lesson learned later?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes extreme heat on atmosphere re-entry and was this discovered prior to the first mission or a lesson learned later?

Not exactly air friction. Friction would be the air rubbing against the body so much as to raise the temperature to extremes. But what happens is different. In the upper atmosphere air is very thin - is not dense at all. As a body falls through that atmosphere at staggering speeds, the few air particles there are literally can't get out of the way fast enough. As the air density increases, that same issue causes the air to compress until, much like a diesel engine, it heats to the point of combustion.


Question: What are people talking about when they say epstien did not kill himself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are people talking about when they say epstien did not kill himself?

The death was rather convenient for many people in power who could have arranged for Epstein to die before telling what he knew and making powerful people really uncomfortable.


Question: why do medicinal drugs have so many annoying, or even sometimes outright dangerous or lethal side-effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do medicinal drugs have so many annoying, or even sometimes outright dangerous or lethal side-effects?

At least for drugs that affect the brain, in general it would be pretty much impossible to make a drug that does not have annoying and/or potentially dangerous side effects. For example, let’s consider a major class of brain chemicals called monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine). These chemicals are the targets of many brain-related medications like SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, NDRIs, levodopa, and many drugs that do not easily fall into a clear-cut category (like tramadol for example, which is both an opioid and SNRI). Anyways, here’s an incomplete list of things in our body and brain that are affected by serotonin, dopamine, and/or norepinephrine: * temperature * appetite * organization of sleep phases * circadian rhythms * blood pressure * vascular tone * GI tract activity * white blood cell activity * sodium excretion * insulin release * adrenaline release And many many other things. This is the result of the brain talking to major organ systems, but it also results from the chemicals themselves playing important roles in many different places. (Our bodies love repurposing chemicals we already have for different things). This is part of the reason why common antidepressants, anxiety medications, and stimulant medications have so many annoying side effects. Now, consider a few additional factors. First, these three brain chemicals I named are only one class of brain chemicals out of many others (like glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, etc.). Many of these drugs affect these other chemical signaling systems as well, and these other chemical systems have an equally long list of things that they affect in your brain and body. Second, there is communication between different chemical systems in the brain and body. Serotonin talks to dopamine, which talks to norepinephrine, which talks to serotonin, and so forth in all directions in a huge number of amazingly complicated signaling pathways. The brain is like that Pepe Silvia connecting the dots meme with chemicals. Most other major chemical systems in the brain are also like this. So yeah, even if you could design a drug that worked extremely selectively on one kind of chemical in the brain (like an SSRI), the fact that this chemical is used in other places in the brain and body makes it really hard to find drugs that are both effective as a treatment and tolerable in terms of side effects. Maybe I’ve made this question too much about the brain, but I’m sure other people will give you more general reasons why this is hard.


Question: Why do the exact timings of solstices and equinoxes vary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the exact timings of solstices and equinoxes vary?

The timing doesn't really vary, it's just our calendar that's not exact. If we wanted to we could define our calendar based on the exact dates of solstices & equinoxes. We already have a calendar which we have refined to be more accurate by determining when leap seconds need to be added.


Question: Why does everyone say not to land in the water if your parachute fails or some other reason?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyone say not to land in the water if your parachute fails or some other reason?

Water doesn't compress readily. It's also pretty heavy. So if you hit water, in order to sink, you have to accelerate a pretty massive amount of 'stuff' out of your way. This is hard to do. The result is the energy going into 'moving water' comes out of you 'going forward' (down in this case), and because moving the water is so hard (takes a lot of energy), it does so rapidly. So you slow down, fast. And slowing down fast is what causes injury (or kills you). The part of you hitting the water comes to a near stop, and the rest of you slams into it, which slows down in turn (possibly breaking in the process), and more of the rest of you slams into that, and so on. Snow, on the other hand, tends to have lots of airspaces in it. You can compress that. So if you hit snow, it'll squash under you. If it's deep enough, then that stretches out the period over which you are decelerating and, if you are lucky, results in less "smash." That being said, unless it's a hell of a snowdrift, you're still going to feel it.


Question: why we changed from old fashioned battleships to modern day destroyers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why we changed from old fashioned battleships to modern day destroyers?

Until about the mid 1930s naval gunfire was the primary way to attack ships. In the 1930s and 40's naval aviation surpassed guns as the best way to blow shit up from the sea. Planes are more flexible, and have much longer range than guns, and by the 1960s cruise missiles could do anything a big gun could do better and cheaper. Because battleships were *insanely* expensive to produce and operate pretty much everyone immediately scrapped theirs after WW2. The big guns were no longer worth what it cost to keep them at sea. Modern destroyers, frigates, and cruisers usually maintain one or two small or medium caliber (75-130mm) guns for engaging aircraft, small boats, and providing shore bombardment, but missiles are now their primary offensive armament.


Question: Why are disorders like schizophrenia considered a "mental illness" but disorders like dyslexia, which also result from brain-wiring-issues are not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are disorders like schizophrenia considered a "mental illness" but disorders like dyslexia, which also result from brain-wiring-issues are not?

Technically, it is considered a mental disorder. It is listed in the DSM. It’s considered: “Specific learning disorder, with impairment in reading.” It’s just not as stigmatized because illnesses like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder often present with more serious symptoms. Anything listed in the DSM is a mental disorder. As a society, I think most people associate “mental illness” as those suffering from disorders which have more readily apparent (and often severe) signs and symptoms. And those disorders that are seen to more severely impact someone’s ability to function “normally” in our society. So it’s really a society issue, not a classification issue.


Question: why does rain falls in drops instead of falling continuosly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does rain falls in drops instead of falling continuosly?

A super easy way to visualize this would be to look at the lid of a pot when you’re boiling/ steaming anything- at some point you should see beads start to form on the lid and they’ll draw other beads closer the bigger they get but it doesn’t cover the whole lid evenly at the same time. Also if you ever raced raindrops on a window as a kid you probably saw the same phenomenon.