Question: What would happen if you liposuctioned 90% of all external fat a 400 pound obese man has?

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 What would happen if you liposuctioned 90% of all external fat a 400 pound obese man has?

I think part of it has to do with just the kind of trauma such massive amounts of sudden tissue loss would do to your body. Fat cells need oxygen too so your fat stores have blood vessels running through them. I imagine part of the problem would be the massive amounts of blood loss and vascular destruction you’d be doing. Any tissue loss of that amount could easily result in a patient going into shock and dying very quickly. Though beyond that I’d also say that any operation that would even remotely come close to removing 90% of the body fat from a person that large would require so many incisions at so many different areas you’d be at a huge infection risk. This is partly because body fat isn’t all stored in the same spot. You have subcutaneous fat (the kind you can grab and squeeze relatively easily because it’s just below your skin) and visceral fat (the kind that is deep to your muscles and surrounds your internal organs). Very obese patients have a lot of visceral fat so it would be very dangerous to try to scoop a bunch of it out from around your organs. Going back to infection risk, if you let bacteria in that visceral fat, they are right next to the organs so it could easily become a huge problem. Edit: just saw you clarified “external fat” but the point is that a significant amount of the fat an obese person stores is not external but that deep visceral fat. To get to that fat to do any sort of 90% level massive fat loss operation would require getting to that fat.


Question: Why can’t observatories be built in the ocean away from light pollution like oil platforms?

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 Why can’t observatories be built in the ocean away from light pollution like oil platforms?

They can be, but you have to ask yourself if it's worth the money. They would need a way to stabilize the platform that the observatory would be on, or at least to stabilize the telescope equipment, and that is not going to be cheap. They need a way to supply electricity. If there's someone living out there they need to bring them food and supplies regularly. Oil platforms are money making machines. Observatories would not be.


Question: What does an anti-dandruff shampoo actually do to get rid of the dandruff?

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 What does an anti-dandruff shampoo actually do to get rid of the dandruff?

All dandruff is caused by a fungal infection that infects the scalp of every person on the planet. In most people the fungus doesn't do much damage but if the scalps anti-fungal capability is weakened, it is expressed in excessive skin turnover that fall off in flakes - dandruff. Most anti-dandruff shampoos include either zinc or sulfur compounds that kill the fungus, as well as some chemicals that soothe the damaged skin. They cannot kill the fungus completely however and even if they did, the person would be reinfected pretty much the next time they meet another person. Thus, while the shampoos are effective at reducing or completely eliminating the dandruff while you keep using them as instructed, they don't actually cure the underlying problem nor are their effects very long lasting. Most of them that are based on sulfates actually further compromise the scalps own anti-fungal capacity and will thus keep a person with a problematic scalp hooked forever. To get rid of dandruff for good, one must address the underlying cause - why the scalp is weak to fungus in the first place. The most common cause is because its too dry from overuse of soap in which case, changing to soap free cleansing alternatives usually helps. At other times there may be a Ph imbalance or follicle trauma or a secondary bacterial infection - there is a very long list of possible causes, most of which have a solution. If you find your dandruff is hard to get rid of permanently, I recommend talking to a dermatologist about it.


Question: Where do animals go during hurricanes?

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 Where do animals go during hurricanes?

Birds attempt to fly away rabbits go underground and hide, but many of them die, there are substantial numbers of animals bodies found after big storms.


Question: Difference between NAT vs ARP?

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 Difference between NAT vs ARP?

> both protocols translate requests from a public facing IP (say from a router) to the device on the network that requested it. This is wrong, actually. ARP is used within a network; NAT is used for cross-gateway (local network to Internet) traffic. The Address Resolution Protocol is how a computer determines another computer's MAC address (Media Access Control), and it applies within a local network (Ethernet cables and switches only; no routers, no gateways). *Edit for clarity: Here, I'm using the term "router" much more strictly than the consumer might. The router on your desk can do ARP, but that's because it's acting in an intra-LAN capacity when it does. In order for computer A to send a message to B, it needs to know its MAC address. If it doesn't have it in its local cache, it has to ask every computer it can see "Hey, what MAC address goes with this IP address?" NAT, on the other hand, is primarily used to defeat *IPv4 address exhaustion*. The router keeps track of what internal machine initiated a communication, and then maps the *port* contained in the outgoing packet to the computer's internal IP. Then, when it sees data coming in on that port, it knows to swap out the computer's internal IP before sending the data back.


Question: Why do 3rd party travel sites often list rooms as available at hotels that claim they are fully booked?

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 Why do 3rd party travel sites often list rooms as available at hotels that claim they are fully booked?

Because hotels often sell their vacant rooms to third part distributors for a discounted rate as to forgo the risk of not being able to fill them. If I have 100 vacant rooms available for next weekend, I know I am unlikely to fill them all, so I sell them at a discount to a third party who will then make them available on popular travel booking sites.


Question: When making ice cream, you add salt to make it colder and freeze faster, so why do we put salt on roads when it’s freezing/snowing? How does that work?

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 When making ice cream, you add salt to make it colder and freeze faster, so why do we put salt on roads when it’s freezing/snowing? How does that work?

So adding salt to water lowers the freezing point from 32f 0c, so that it can stay liquid to a lower temperature. Same basic idea on both ice cream and roads. You want to freeze the ice cream below water freezing to speed the process and texture. But on roads, liquid is much less slippery than a solid sheet of ice on the roadway. So you put that out and it either creates a rougher surface for tires to gain traction on, or melts the ice and let's it run off the side of the road. Also other things are mixed into the salt for roads, like sand or ash for example. This also adds texture and traction. So for ice cream the salt is used to get the tubs temperature down below freezing for an extended period, on a road it is used to thaw the ice for at least a short time so it can be moved or become rough enough with add in components to let a car not slide around.


Question: Did Native Americans not have plagues?

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 Did Native Americans not have plagues?

There wasn't an American plague that was given to the Europeans. Plagues like the ones that decimated the Native Americans. This comes from a few facts, but the really basic thing that stands out is that the germs that cause deadly plagues are a result of an accidental mutation in a disease that normally inhabits another species of animal; this hop is rare, but the chances go way up if you expose a whole lot of animals to a whole lot of people. This happened in Europe because Europe, out of everywhere in the world, won the domesticated animals contest. In North America specifically, there simply weren't a lot of animals that *could* be domesticated (there are reasons that out of the millions of species of animals that exist, we've domesticated *maybe* 13 if you really stretch, across the whole of human existence: Cow, pig, sheep, chicken, dog, cat, ~~ox~~ donkey, horse, llama, camel, yak, honey bee, silk worm. That's about it, at least for the colonial era; As we've gotten more technology, we can domesticate tougher-to-domesticate animals (like just in the last couple decades we can finally start domesticating buffalo/bison). The fact that we Europeans could domesticate pigs and sheep and cows and goats, meant they could settle in one place rather than nomadically hunt for food, which made planting crops desirable, which leads to more food, which leads to more people, and more domestication, then more food, then more food, and boom, a city. Another part of plagues is that they need to spread quickly to kill quickly, and old European cities were fertile breeding grounds of horrible sanitation and open meat markets before refrigeration. [This video]( URL_0 ) goes into more depth and explains it in a more complete way, and there's a follow-up that goes into why animals in America were less helpful in domestication. EDIT: TIL that an ox is just a male (sterilized) cow. For whatever reason I thought they were like an offshoot of yaks.


Question: Why do shots hurt afterwards?

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 Why do shots hurt afterwards?

Fluid is being injected into the muscle fibers. This can cause a bit of damage to the muscle which your body interprets as pain. Rubbing the area moves the fluid around and helps the muscle fibers relax, alleviating the pain. Additionally, if you're getting a vaccine, the point of a vaccine is to stimulate the immune system. This will cause the area to flood with germ-fighting cells and fluid which can cause even more pain.


Question: What are vectors and scalars?

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 What are vectors and scalars?

A vector is something that has a magnitude and a direction. A scalar has magnitude but no direction. I weigh 220 lbs. That's a scalar. Get in your car and drive north for 10 km. That's a vector - it has a magnitude (10 km) and a direction (north)


Question: Why do cookies that start out as cubes become round when they are baked?

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 Why do cookies that start out as cubes become round when they are baked?

As it bakes, the cookie flattens and expands in all other directions more-or-less equally. Because it's basically melting rather than growing, it expands from the center of mass and not from the edges. & #x200B; Note, this only works with cookies that start out relatively thick and have a good amount of fat. If you cut prepackaged cookies in half, or made cubes out of a leaner dough, they'd end up more square.


Question: What are voltage gated potassium channels?

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 What are voltage gated potassium channels?

Voltage gated potassium channels are little tunnels in the membrane on cells that let potassium into the cell. These things are usually closed except when the cell reaches a certain voltage. Voltage in this case is pretty much how much more positive or negative the inside of the cell is compared to the outside. Postive/negative is determined by how many sodium (positive charge) potassium (positive charge) and chlorine (negative charge) molecules there are.


Question: Why do Americans still want to work as coal miners?

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 Why do Americans still want to work as coal miners?

> The average starting salary for a coal mine worker is $60,000. Where else are you gonna pull 60k right out of High School in rural West Virgina? When the mines close, the towns and everyone in them have to move or face poverty.


Question: Why do artificially made things cost less than natural things?

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 Why do artificially made things cost less than natural things?

It comes down to economies of scale. It’s cheaper to make a thousand gallons of apple- scented sugar water than it is to find enough good apples, transport them to a juicing facility, process them into juice, transport the juice to the point of sale, and also have to clean up the juicer machinery and deal with the detritus left from the juicing. The current system is what makes the most money for the rich men who own the resources and means of production at the expense of us poor shmucks who try and sell our labor to get access to basic goods and services.


Question: What is the difference between an MRI, a CT, and a PET scan?

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 What is the difference between an MRI, a CT, and a PET scan?

All three are ways of diagnosing diseases within the body. We've covered them like this in training, but I'm just a therapist and obviously don't work with these things.. The MRI is based on powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency pulses. Imagine if you will your body which is mostly made up of water molecules, as we all know. These molecules consist of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. In the middle of each hydrogen atom you've got the proton. They work like tiny magnets and are sensitive to magnetic fields. You lie down under the magnet scanners and all of your protons just naturally line up the same way, just like small magnetic particles do when they are under influence of a stronger magnetic pull. What the radio waves do then is that they knock those protons out of their just achieved alignment by causing a temporary magnetic disturbance. As soon as the radio waves are turned off, your protons realign. That in turn sends out radio signals which will be picked dup by the scanner. Thus, MRIs can provide you with extremely detailed pictures of basically every structure in your body. Differences between normal tissue and abnormal, like cancer, is often clearer on MRI. It is bloody loud, though.. From the images I've seen I think MRIs are better for soft tissue and CTs better for bones, even though they both portray each of these. The CT scan uses x-rays, but on a higher level than your normal xray. Your body or just parts of it go into this sort of doughnut shaped machine. It's relatively silent while you get scanned. Unlike the normal xray, the CT scans different layers all at once. The rays basically cut your body into very thin layers and take lots of pictures while scanning, so they can spot densities and tissues inside a solid organ. The images compared to the MRI, especially when it comes to tissue, are not always as clear though The PET scan uses a certain so called tracer that is swallowed, inhaled, or injected to your bloodstream. These tracers move through your body or just parts of it, depending on what is getting checked. Some organs or tissues absorb the tracer. Like for example cancer cells which thrive on sugar, which is why some tracers are liquids with glucose in them. These organs basically light up on the screen. Every organ and tissue usually absorbs a bit of the tracer in any case, but where the intensity is the highest, doctors can see if there actually is a problem or. Disease or not judging by the amount absorbed.


Question: How do social attitudes change so much over time - to the point that a public beheading would now revolt and horrify people, rather than be watched and cheered as it would have in the 1600s?

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 How do social attitudes change so much over time - to the point that a public beheading would now revolt and horrify people, rather than be watched and cheered as it would have in the 1600s?

It's just your upbringing and the rules of the society you live in. These attitudes can change quickly: my grandmother grew up when segregation was a given, being racist didn't get you much flak, and everyone considered it normal, so while she wasn't straight-up racist, she didn't bat an eyelash at saying some pretty insensitive things. Just two generations later, I couldn't imagine either racism or segregation as being acceptable. In my mom's lifetime alone, gay marriage was not only not allowed, but a totally foreign concept: there was a time when marriage to the same sex seemed just plain pointless, even to gay people. Whereas now it is an aspiration of gay couples everywhere, is allowed in many places, and it would be insulting to suggest they don't "need" to get married. Marriage changed from being the social construct necessary to have legitimate children, to an expression of committed love and legal benefits. "How" does it happen? It just does, it's social progress. We develop concepts of basic human rights, of what governments should and should not be allowed to do, etc.


Question: Why is it acceptable in the US that Jeff Bezos increases his wealth by tens of billions of dollars while 40+million people go unemployed?

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 Why is it acceptable in the US that Jeff Bezos increases his wealth by tens of billions of dollars while 40+million people go unemployed?

Because when Jeff Bezos increases his wealth he isn’t adding stacks of bills to a bank account or some giant vault he has built underground. He owns a percentage of Amazon, when Amazon’s perceived wealth goes up, then people are willing to pay more money to buy a percentage of that company (shares). No money has transferred hands when Jeff Bezos “increases his wealth” it’s just that what people think his company is worth has risen. Here’s an example: you discover a painting in your basement by a somewhat unknown artist. You like it and decide to keep it. Suddenly the artist becomes incredibly famous. Your painting is now valued at 50 million dollars. How much more money do you now have? The answer is none, you won’t have any money until you sell it. But how much should you have to pay the government for owning this 50 million dollar piece of art? The answer is none(my opinion), until you sell it. Because what if the government demands 5 million dollars from you before you sell it and then someone discovers a vault with thousands of this artists paintings and the value of your painting suddenly drops to 1 million? Well, you have 1 million dollars to your name and owe the government 5 million. Without ever spending any money or receiving any money you’ve lost 4 million dollars. The government shouldn’t collect taxes until actual money changes hands. They shouldn’t collect it when someone’s perceived wealth grows.


Question: Why do republicans want to get rid of social security and medicaid?

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 Why do republicans want to get rid of social security and medicaid?

So they can the privatize them The 1% would make ungodly sums of money and they've been chomping at the bit to get their greasy hands on the money since their inception S


Question: Why isn't table salt dangerous?

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</answer>
 Why isn't table salt dangerous?

OK Really simplified version here. You can think of chemicals in terms of energy levels. Some chemicals have very high energy levels. It's really easy for them to turn into other chemicals and dump that energy out. Some chemicals have low energy levels. If you want to change them into other chemicals you need to add a bunch of energy. Sodium and chlorides have tons of energy. They have so much energy that if you put them near the right other chemicals they'll just release the energy and turn into other stuff. Sodium Chloride, on the other hand, has very little energy. If you want to separate it into Sodium and Chloride you need to add a whole bunch of energy to it. So if you just eat salt, not much happens. But if you eat sodium you'll get a literal explosion of flavor (and possibly death).


Question: What causes Tsunami waves to retreat back into the ocean? What force is pulling the ocean waves miles out to sea and and pushing it miles in-land?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes Tsunami waves to retreat back into the ocean? What force is pulling the ocean waves miles out to sea and and pushing it miles in-land?

Gravity. “Sea Level” is where the ocean and land have found balance. In the event of a tsunami, the force of water allows it to overcome gravity and essentially move uphill to a higher elevation. Gravity immediately takes effect, slowing the water and reducing the momentum. Eventually, all is lost and the water flows downhill, back to the ocean.


Question: How is it that we can tell the difference between watching a recording of a completely still scene, and looking at an actual still image?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that we can tell the difference between watching a recording of a completely still scene, and looking at an actual still image?

If you take multiple pictures of the same scene they will be slightly different. There is away noise in a image senor the captured images will not be the same. So a video will not be a stream of identical images but almost identical images. It is also likely that the video compression algorithms result in that the noise result in a bit different compression for a larger area. So the result is that the videos changes a bit over time but the still image is identical all the time


Question: When something transitions from your short-term to your long-term memory, does it move to a different spot in your brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When something transitions from your short-term to your long-term memory, does it move to a different spot in your brain?

Sort of. Short term memory really only refers to what you are paying attention to right at that moment. Right now, the words that you’re reading are in your short term memory. Pretty much everything else - the post you looked at before this one, what you ate for breakfast, the last text you got - that’s all already in your long term memory. So you can think about STM as attention in a certain moment, and LTM as what we usually think of as memory. Attention is housed in a different area of the brain than memory is. So yes, when you move something from STM to LTM (a process called “encoding”) it’s moving from one area to another. But if you’re thinking more about the difference between being able to remember what you ate for breakfast this morning vs what you ate for breakfast 3 Tuesdays ago, that’s all in the same place! And in fact, both of those things have been encoded to your LTM and the reason you can’t remember what you ate 3 Tuesdays ago isn’t because you didn’t *store* that information, it’s because you can’t *retrieve* that information. It’s all in the same place, it’s just a matter of being able to retrieve it. Get this: our LTM is limitless. Everything is in there. That’s why sometimes you’ll be walking down the street and smell a certain food and suddenly you’re transported back to a meal you had 15 years ago. It’s in there, it’s just a matter of being able to access it. (This is, of course, in brains that are normally functioning and don’t have damage to parts that store memory.) (If you want the specifics, memory is largely ~~stored in~~ encoded by the hippocampus, which is pretty close to the middle of your brain.) EDIT: Clearly the limitless claim is not cut and dry, as evidenced from many good arguments in the comments (ignore the mean ones, for your own good!). Our memory is certainly limitless in that we don’t have a limit on being able to make new memories - it’s not like we can only hold a certain amount and once it’s full we can no longer remember new things. But the claim I made that everything is stored for forever is harder to *prove*. To be fair, it’s also hard to *disprove* because it’s hard to delineate between storage and retrieval on memory tests. For those who question my distinction between STM and LTM, read [here]( URL_1 ) for more. My description is accurate. Also the distinction between working memory and short term memory is largely [conceptual]( URL_0 ), and not as clear cut as many comments claim.


Question: How does a wind turbine contribute co2 to the environment?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a wind turbine contribute co2 to the environment?

The generation of power from wind power plant does not generat CO2. But the manufacturing and building of wind power produce CO2. The importerat value is the CO2 emissions from the whole life of the power plants not only the current emission from burned fuel when producing power. Hydro, Nuclear and solar power also have calculated CO2 emissions even if the done burn any fule (that contains carbon) This is the same reason that you might not reduce you carbon footprint if you buy a electric car/fuel efficient car if your current car works car. Both will result in CO2 in the production and the total amount might be smaller if you keep you existing car especially if you driving is limited. But if you have to by a new car by a fuel efficient car EDIT: The car example is edited


Question: Where do we get the acid for our stomach?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do we get the acid for our stomach?

The production of acid starts with water. Water makes up most of your body, and it is found in huge amounts inside every single cell in your body. Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, all joined together. Water naturally breaks up into one hydrogen atom (or what scientists called 'ions') and a hydrogen + oxygen ion. This hydrogen ion is what makes an acid acidic: things with more of these hydrogen ions are more acidic. The water inside your body isn't very acidic, so it only has a tiny tiny tiny percentage of these acidic hydrogen ions. There are special cells in your stomach lining called parietal cells. These are the cells that are hard at work making stomach acid. In order to do that, it has to do two jobs: first make the hydrogen ions, and then pump them out of the cell into the stomach. It does the first bit by combining CO2 (the gas you exhale) and water (which is everywhere inside your body) using a special enzyme (enzymes are proteins which make chemical reactions happen). This 'enzyme' makes an acid called carbonic acid, which quickly breaks down into a hydrogen ion, and another ion (called bicarbonate, which is removed by the blood, where it mostly travels to the lungs and is eventually exhaled as CO2). On the cell membrane of the parietal cell, there is another special protein, with a long named "hydrogen potassium ATPase". It grabs onto the acidic hydrogen ion we made earlier, and by using the power with gets from ATP (ATP what your body uses for energy, and makes it out of the food you eat and the oxygen you breath), it pushes the hydrogen ion out into the stomach. By pushing out lots of these hydrogen ions, the parietal cell is able to make your stomach very very acidic. In fact, it can make things so acidic, your stomach could damage itself. So the parietal cells are closely monitored by other nearby cells. But that is a story for another time!


Question: What happens to medicine when it’s near it’s expiry date or lets say 6months after?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to medicine when it’s near it’s expiry date or lets say 6months after?

The best before date is the date that the manufacturer can guarantee that the active ingredients have not degraded. After that date you can expect the medication to decline in quality.


Question: what does it really mean for isps to sell browsing history?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does it really mean for isps to sell browsing history?

Basically imagine that your ISP was your mailman and every time you received mail from someone or send someone a letter he made a not of it and now he can legally sell a list of all the stuff you have send or received by mail to whoever he wants. The ISP can keep track of all the websites you visit. They now can sell databases of which websites which customers visit to advertisers. There are some limits to what they can keep track of. If you visit a website with "https" at the beginning the ISP knows that you went to visit that website but not which page on it. They know for example that you went to reddit but not which posts you made or looked at. If you use a VPN they only see you using a VPN and perhaps some information about about how much data you received but not really what and from where. Using anonymous browsing tabs or denying cookies won't protect you from your ISP snooping on you. The info they have on you is not limited to websites but basically anything that goes over the internet. What exactly ISPs do collect and sell and what the buyers do with that information is unclear. they might just decide not to bother or to only sell data without identifiers so marketeers can identify trends but not individuals. They may also decided to go all in and decided to sell lists of people who appear to be married and use dating apps to blackmailers and divorce lawyers. The important thing is that with the legal barriers gone there is nothing holding them back from doing whatever will give them the most money.


Question: Why would a company buy back a bond?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would a company buy back a bond?

There’s many reasons. For one, they can retire expensive debt and replace with cheaper. Or if their debt ratio is getting high and want to make their balance sheet look better. I’m sure there are many more. Why would you want to retire credit card debt? Similar concept though not as nuanced.


Question: How can an 2D animated movies or shows have multiple animators whilst maintaining a consistent art style?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can an 2D animated movies or shows have multiple animators whilst maintaining a consistent art style?

Professional animators are a talented bunch - they can draw in just about any style they'd like. For their own work, they may choose a unique style, but when they are part of a team, they'll work within the parameters set by the lead animator. It's much the same way a good studio musician can play a vareity of genres well, even though they prefer one particular style when performing original compositions. Talented and trained people can do amazing things.


Question: How are RFID tags read with antennas and readers, and how is the information sent back and analysed by a computer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are RFID tags read with antennas and readers, and how is the information sent back and analysed by a computer?

An RFID tag is really two parts - a small chip and an antenna. When a reader scans the tag, it supplies a small amount of power over the air. The antenna picks up that power and it is _just_ enough to activate the chip. The chip then broadcasts a message, which the reader receives and stores. It then takes that message and compares it to a database to achieve the desired output, be that firing a command, pulling up a record, etc.


Question: How is it possible that humans know that the universe is ever expanding if we have a limited space called 'the observable universe' that we cannot see past?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it possible that humans know that the universe is ever expanding if we have a limited space called 'the observable universe' that we cannot see past?

Because we have observed and recorded things in space moving away from each other over time at a constant and predictable rate. However it is a theory and there will be a paradigm shift if new, solid and replicable evidence is found that contradicts what we currently believe to be true.


Question: Why do some scars only appear in certain temperatures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some scars only appear in certain temperatures?

Best guess is skin changing colour - red when hot, pale when cold. Scars don't change colour as they're connective tissue. It's always there. Just more obvious when you change it's background


Question: How does math explain the universe and physics so "conveniently"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does math explain the universe and physics so "conveniently"?

Youre thinking backwards. For the equations to make sence, theyre taught in the path they were discovered. We didn't study vehicles and time their speed and breaking distance/time, and make an equation to fit them conveniently. The math already existed. Its conveniently convenient because it fits the way it makes sense.


Question: Why were prehistoric animals so much bigger than their present counterparts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were prehistoric animals so much bigger than their present counterparts?

As a general rule of thumb: animals gradually evolve to larger and larger sizes as the environment permits, until the a change in the environment occurs (drought, food source goes extinct, etc) and then that large animal goes extinct because it has evolved to a size that required all of the existing food and is adapted to a very specific climate and any change in either of those things will lead to extinction. Prehistoric animals had tens of millions of years of gradually reach enormous sizes (the Cretaceous Period lasted about 79 million years) whereas the last ice age ended only about 11,000 years ago. Anytime there is a dramatic environmental change, the massive animals tend to go extinct and the smaller and more environmentally adaptive species tend to survive and be the dominant lifeforms for the next age. When you have a climate that is rich with biomass and it doesn’t change dramatically for tens of millions of years, there is sufficient time and material for massive animals to evolve.


Question: A heat haze isn't 'there' when you get to it, no moisture on the road etc, so why can you see a reflection at a distance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 A heat haze isn't 'there' when you get to it, no moisture on the road etc, so why can you see a reflection at a distance?

Heat haze isn't caused by moisture. It's caused by a difference in temperature in the atmosphere. Say, the hot air rising from a blacktop road surface, relative to that elsewhere. This causes the light to bend at a different angle as it passes through this difference in temperature, which means that the light that passes through it and hits your eyes has not necessarily taken a straight 'line of sight' path but curved. So you're seeing light from the sky (for instance), that has been [bent towards your eyes]( URL_0 ) so that it appears to be coming from the vicinity of the road surface. There's no moisture or other substance necessary to be there, leaving a physical trace for you to notice.


Question: why is air cooler when it moves faster... shouldn’t it be hotter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is air cooler when it moves faster... shouldn’t it be hotter?

Two aspects: 1. When air stands still, you loose heat to it, but the air around you heats up - causing you to loose less heat. 2. Humans cool themselfes by sweating - sweat evaporates, and this uses some heat. However, air can only absorb a certain amount of moisture. Wind makes sure that moist air is transported away, and a steady supply of dry air blows across your skin. It makes sweating nore efficient To clarify: - moving air is not "colder" per se in the physical sense, it just makes you loose heat faster. - due to the first effect, if the air is VERY hot, moving air can be "hotter" than cold air. But since we are very efficient at sweating, it would have to be really very hot for this. However, this is why an oven gets "hotter" by turning on the circulation.


Question: Why is nuclear power waste still so active, but can't be used to provide more power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is nuclear power waste still so active, but can't be used to provide more power?

There's a difference between just being radioactive, and being fissile. Useful fuel is fissile; it can sustain a chain reaction and generate useful heat. Fissile isotopes are very rare and expensive. But many, many things are radioactive without being fissile. They give off ionizing radiation, but they cannot sustain a chain reaction.


Question: When you buy a bag of chips or whatever it will stay fresh for a long time but once you open the bag it will only last for a few days. How is this possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you buy a bag of chips or whatever it will stay fresh for a long time but once you open the bag it will only last for a few days. How is this possible?

The air in the sealed bag is nitrogen, which makes up some 78% or so of the outside air. When the bag is opened, the chips are exposed to oxygen, which starts the decaying process.


Question: Can you still throw up the food you ate a few days ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can you still throw up the food you ate a few days ago?

Do you do drugs, specifically pain killers. Back when I was in active addiction to opiates my stomach would basically pause for a day or two and I'd eventually get sick and throw up my rotting meal from 24-48hrs ago. I've met a bunch of people, addicts and people who legitimately take the meds, who had this problem


Question: Why fusion reactions stops when final product is Iron ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why fusion reactions stops when final product is Iron ?

Elements with higher atomic numbers than iron actually use up net energy in order to fuse rather than releasing net energy. They also release energy when they break apart (fission) unlike elements with lower atomic numbers than iron (which use up energy to break apart). Iron is basically at balance - it takes up energy to either break it apart *or* to fuse it with something else.


Question: So when you buy a shirt, there are always two extra buttons sewn into the right side (mens) button line. Why do so many of my shirts include a tiny button when none of those are used on the shirt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 So when you buy a shirt, there are always two extra buttons sewn into the right side (mens) button line. Why do so many of my shirts include a tiny button when none of those are used on the shirt?

If there is a button down collar, this often times would require a button smaller than the ones on the front of the shirt.


Question: What are the benefits of mail trucks not making left turns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the benefits of mail trucks not making left turns?

When you take a left turn, in the US, on a two way street, you'll be crossing into the oncoming lanes of traffic. [Like so]( URL_0 ), waiting for oncoming traffic to clear so that you can make the turn. This means that you're idling, which wastes gas. By not idling, they save tons of gas (and money therefore) and the environment. Left turns are also statistically more dangerous for other vehicles and pedestrians. This no doubt helps mitigate accidents and save them time and money. Left turns also create traffic behind the truck if there's no dedicated turn lane. This is also good.


Question: why does hand sanitizer kill bacteria but not skin cells?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does hand sanitizer kill bacteria but not skin cells?

Skin is made of several layers. The top several layers of skin cells are dead. You cant kill that which is already dead. Hand sanitizer is mostly alcohol. It works by breaking down the lipids of the cell membrane. It also does this to skin cells, if it can reach the living cells and even if it does you still have layers of unaffected cells below that.


Question: How do money transferring apps like Venmo, that do not charge fees or have ads, make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do money transferring apps like Venmo, that do not charge fees or have ads, make money?

Currently, Venmo doesn't make money. They charge a 3% fee if you transfer money from a credit card, but that's not enough to cover their costs. But Venmo is owned by PayPal, and it's used by them to help extend the reach of PayPal by allowing merchants to have a "pay with Venmo" option on their website (where the merchant has to pay a fee to accept Venmo payments). It's essentially a way to grow the PayPal brand.


Question: Is hoarding money a good thing or a bad thing for the economy/society? Why or why not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is hoarding money a good thing or a bad thing for the economy/society? Why or why not?

Inflation will happen anyway, so if you sit on your money in cash, it will eventually become worthless. If you keep it in a bank, the bank invests it and keeps the money circulating. It's not a real issue.


Question: why are corporations / companies expected to continuously grow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are corporations / companies expected to continuously grow?

Because if you aren't growing then you are comparatively shrinking in relation to your customers and will slowly become irrelevant. Look at Toys 'R Us, Fry's Electronics and Best Buy they were giants in the 90s and stopped growing when Amazon slowly started taking their market share.


Question: Why is the line between laughing and crying so blurry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the line between laughing and crying so blurry?

Because they sound similar and can invoke specific reactions in the human brain. More specifically crying invokes your empathy and makes you want to help while laughing signals something good or amusing is happening.


Question: We’ve teleported particles a few years ago, how does that work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 We’ve teleported particles a few years ago, how does that work?

I really wish they hadn't used the word "teleportation." It's not teleportation in the sense that you're thinking, it's more akin to instant *communication*: i.e., transmitting information instantaneously (although it's not really that either, for reasons that get... tricky to explain). Basically, they're talking quantum entanglement. Even if it had been actual teleportation in the traditional sense, this wouldn't have violated the conservation of matter and energy, as it'd just be moving it from one place to another instead of creating or destroying it. And even if it had been creating or destroying matter, that wouldn't really have told us anything about the Big Bang because that didn't involve matter and energy being created, it involved space itself expanding very rapidly.


Question: - how do so many sportstars, actors, etc. that make millions of dollars end up in debts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - how do so many sportstars, actors, etc. that make millions of dollars end up in debts?

Because they, like many others in our society, spend more than they make. Yes, they make a lot. They also spend > a lot.


Question: Why do electric utility companies (in the US) subsidize the cost of LED light bulbs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do electric utility companies (in the US) subsidize the cost of LED light bulbs?

(I work for a private regulated monopoly utility company) So being a monopoly power provider has many obvious benefits. You don't have competition, and basically as long as there are people, you'll have customers. The reason the government sets up these situations is that they believe that it is cheaper to grant monopolies to companies in areas and regulate them heavily, than it is to have competition, considering the infrastructure (power lines) that would be required. This isn't done everywhere, so there can be arguments against it, but it's not a completely unreasonable idea. But there has to be downsides. In many cases the utility companies are actually restricted in how much profit they can make, and they also are limited in how much they can raise prices, in some cases requiring state governmental permissions. Also, they have an obligation to provide enough power for anyone. If apples makes 2 million iPhone X, but 3 million people want them, oh well. Or they can just raise the prices until they line up. Not with power in these cases. They**must** provide power to all our customers, at all our levels. If it gets hot they must provide more power for more air conditioning. If more people move in they must generate enough power for everyone. But opening a new power plant is not normally profitable. So these companies instead spend a little bit of money giving out cheaper light bulbs, which lowers the demand they have. In addition it creates good press, which is helpful if they later have to go to state governments and ask for rates to be increased for whatever reason. So even if you don't think highly of these companies there are good buisness reasons to do this, and also good PR reasons, and customers do benefit from them.


Question: How do mathematical powers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do mathematical powers work?

> Why is 1^k = 1 You're really asking 4 questions here. The first one is why is 1^k = 1 when k is an a natural number? And that's a pretty easy question, because we have 1^k = 1\*1\*1\*1\*...\*1 (k times) = 1. ----- Here is the second question: Now, what about 1^k where k is an integer? Well, for exponentiation on negative numbers, we want to use the fact that (1^(k))\*(1^(-k)) = 1^(k-k) = 1. Now if k is non-negative, then we have 1^(-k) = 1. ------ Here is the third question: Now, what about 1^k where k is a rational number? While, if k = p/q, then we have (1^(p/q))^q = (1^(qp/q)) = 1^p = 1. Now, this implies that (1^(p/q))^q = 1^p = 1. In general, for any x, we want (x^(p/q))^q = x^p. We make the choice that x^(p/q) should always refer to the positive root. So, this implies that (1^(p/q))^q = 1, and the only number that can be a positive root of 1 is 1. So, 1^(p/q) = 1. ------ Here is the fourth question: Now, what about for real numbers? Well, we can't use any of the multiplication conditions anymore, but we can use continuity. If you recall from your calculus class, continuity essentially means that you should be able to draw the function without lifting the tip of your pencil away from the sheet. More formally, continuity states that the limits should move through the function. That if x_n is some sequence with limit x, f(x) = limit (n - > infinity) f(x_n). So we force continuity upon the exponential. So, if r is a real number, we say that 1^r = limit(n - > infinity) 1^(k_n). Where k_n is some sequence with limit r. Now, the rationals are dense in the real numbers. This means that for every real number, we can find a sequence of rational numbers that approaches it. So, we can let k_n be a sequence of rational numbers that approaches r. Since each k_n is rational, limit(n - > infinity) 1^(k_n) = limit(n - > infinity) 1 = 1. So, 1^r = 1. Where r is a real number.


Question: Why do toilets use fresh, drinkable water instead of water from undeniable sources such as the ocean or lakes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do toilets use fresh, drinkable water instead of water from undeniable sources such as the ocean or lakes?

Because it would require an entirely separate water supply network which we don't have. Additionally, salt water is much more corrosive than drinking water, so it will be harder to maintain.


Question: Why is different kind of beers served in different kinds of glasses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is different kind of beers served in different kinds of glasses?

Much the same reason wine is served in different glasses. Glass shape and size changes how aromas are presented to your nose. Smell is a huge part in the taste of things. Hops is very aromatic and the type of beer has different volatile compounds from the type of yeast used in fermentation that affect the flavor and smell.


Question: Where does the money go when the Federal Reserve injects cash into the market?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the money go when the Federal Reserve injects cash into the market?

It’s where the banks can get to it, to keep lending money. The problem is if the banks stop lending to mid and small size companies who don’t have vast cash reserves like the Fortune 500 companies. It especially applies to those Regional banks again that don’t have the reserves say of Bank of America. They’re priming the pump to keep confidence high.


Question: Whats the difference between breathing into your chest vs stomach?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats the difference between breathing into your chest vs stomach?

Basically breathing with your stomach is tricking your body into using more effective diaphragm movements. When you're "trying" to breathe deeply, often people expand their ribs. Because lungs = ribs in our minds. However, in order to breathe the deepest, what you really want is for your diaphragm (the wall of muscle under your lungs that creates intake and outtake of breath) to move further down. So saying to "breathing with your stomach" is tricking your body into pulling your diaphragm further down and creating a deeper breath. You're not really breathing with your stomach (or your chest) it's just a way to make a person consciously use the muscles that are always used unconsciously.


Question: Why do people still swear on the bible in court if it doesn't actually enforce anything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people still swear on the bible in court if it doesn't actually enforce anything?

You don't swear on the bible in court. You hold up your hand and swear to tell the truth. US Presidents tend to swear on the bible to uphold the constitution, but not all of them do, it's not a requirement.


Question: If some of the elements on the periodic table can only be produced in a lab, why are they considered elements?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If some of the elements on the periodic table can only be produced in a lab, why are they considered elements?

Because they still exist? The periodic table isn't a list of things you'll find in your yard - it is a list of the nuclear elements which we have observed. As for why studying things that don't naturally exist is *useful*, the elements which only exist for brief periods often play a crucial role in nuclear chemistry. Nuclear reactors, for instance, would not be practically possible without 'delayed neutrons' from these elements.


Question: How do we know that smallpox is eradicated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that smallpox is eradicated?

No new cases of Smallpox have been reported anywhere in the world in decades. The WHO and CDC both keep close tabs on this just to make sure that a dead disease stays dead, and they have found nothing. Now, there are cases of old smallpox scabs being able to transmit the disease, and those scabs can appear randomly in old objects. However, many governments keep smallpox vaccine on hand just to mass distribute should the disease come back this way. We fully intend to keep smallpox dead.


Question: Why does curly hair get even curlier after swimming in the ocean/sea/any salted body of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does curly hair get even curlier after swimming in the ocean/sea/any salted body of water?

There's nothing special about salt water that causes hair to curl. Hair tends to retain its shape as it dries. Defined waves and curls happen because individual hairs will stick to other surfaces, usually the neighboring hairs but also skin and glass or whatever smooth surface it can find, when wet. People with naturally curly or wavy hair have a pattern that each individual hair tends toward. When they get wet, they stick together and all of the patterns sort of match up. So people who walk out of the ocean with beach waves will have hair like that right out of the shower. But most people have to style their hair like that by forcing their hair to dry in that position or by heating it. I also wouldn't suggest trying to style your hair with sea water, since salt water damages hair.