Question: What makes some lakes pink?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes some lakes pink?

The salt is part of it! There are certain types of bacteria and microalgae that thrive in salts and make a reddish pinkish pigment. If freaky colors in water are your jam, then there are also these super cool glowy plankton called dinoflagellates that make the most trippy & awesome electric blue! [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: How are credit card numbers generated? Can someone just type random numbers into a website and “guess” someone’s actual card, and buy something with that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are credit card numbers generated? Can someone just type random numbers into a website and “guess” someone’s actual card, and buy something with that?

In almost any situation, some other piece of information will be verified along with the card number, such as the cardholder's name, expiration, billing address, CVC2 code (cvc1 if the transaction is in person). The card number itself is usually not enough to complete a transaction by itself.


Question: Why do migraines make you nauseous ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do migraines make you nauseous ?

There are theories about how the vagus nerve is responsible for the nausea. Breathing techniques have proven effective in reducing it. Try 7-12 (practice when you can): Breathe in for about 7 seconds and out for 12. on outbreath you may have to purse your lips to slowly deflate. Imagine the last of the air going out through the soles of your feet until the diafragm is completely relaxed / belly empty of air. It also lowers heart rate and bp, releases endorphines and adjust the balance between O2 and CO2 in the blood. Simultaneously you can use your fingers to press from both sides on the meaty area between the thumb and index finger. It’s supposed to hurt a bit. This alone reduces nausea.


Question: How do we draw a straight line on a curved surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we draw a straight line on a curved surface?

How would you definite a straight line on a flat surface? No bends. No angles. Doesn't turn. Sure, but what's all that really come to. It comes to it being the shortest path between two points. If you pick point A, and you pick point B, well, then the shortest path between then is a straight line. So now move to any curved surface, and that holds up. What's the shortest path from Paris to LA on the spherical surface of the earth? Well, it's not a straight line, but there's definitely a shortest path a plane can take. We need a new word for this shortest path. And that word is geodesic. A geodesic is a more general straight line. How would you find the geodesic? Well, you can use math to get to the answer for a whole host of arbitrary curved surfaces. However, with a sphere, like say a globe, you can just pull a string. Pulling the string makes the tension find the shortest path and because the outside of a sphere is convex making the surface also the shortest.


Question: How does Pepto Bismol combat so many different things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Pepto Bismol combat so many different things?

Effectively it simply coats the lining of everything and it's usually some irritation of the lining that is bothering you. If you like it basically forms a temporary barrier like sunscreen against the sun or chaffing gel when you hike. Or at least that is my understanding.


Question: How did early humans survive winters without things we have today like warm clothing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did early humans survive winters without things we have today like warm clothing?

Humans didn't live in cold places until long after they had started using animal skins for warmth.


Question: Why do we have nightmares?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we have nightmares?

Dreams and nightmares are our brain's way of preparing you for possible issues in real life. If you're stressed you have stressful dreams. Your brain tries to play through scenarios to figure out how to respond to them.


Question: how come when something is spinning, you start to see it spin backwards before you are unable to keep up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come when something is spinning, you start to see it spin backwards before you are unable to keep up?

In a recording, or in real life? In a recording, this is caused by the spinning thing moving more than one half a "step" (if it's a wheel with 6 spokes, then more than 1/12th of a turn) every frame of the recording. When this happens, each frame puts the spoke closer to where the *next* spoke was in the previous frame, instead of itself. So if it's turning a little less than 1/6th of a turn each frame, then it'll look like it's moving backwards very slowly, as what looks to you like the spoke having moved backwards a little bit is actually the previous spoke having moved forwards almost a full step. As the speed increases, it goes through a cycle: the movement speeds up, reverses direction, slows down, speeds up in the other direction, reverses direction, etc. forever if the frames are infinitely fast (they are really a perfect freeze frame). Real cameras aren't like that, so instead eventually everything blurs together into motion blur. How much the effect happens depends on camera settings, which usually also depend on lighting conditions. With some settings the effect does not happen at all (e.g. often in low light), while with other settings it is extremely crisp and clear (e.g. often when recording brightly lit scenes or outdoors in the sun). With your own eyes this isn't really a thing the same way, but what *can* happen is that the object is moving so fast that you can't keep up with smoothly tracking your eyes on it. Then your eyes start "jumping" from spoke to spoke (the technical term for this is called saccades). You're basically blind when your eyes jump from one position to the next, so if you "land" on the next spoke, you can accidentally end up perceiving things to be going backwards, similar to the camera. But the rate at which your eyes move isn't constant, so this isn't as predictable as the camera situation. Edit: Other than that, if all you're doing is staring at a moving object without moving your eyes, this effect does not occur, because your eyes do not have shutters. For the effect to happen, there needs to be something interrupting the light periodically, otherwise things just turn into motion blur once they get fast enough for you not to perceive the rotation. That something can be a flickering light: if you're watching a spinning object in artificial light, and it's the kind that flickers (as many cheap LEDs and fluorescents do), then that has exactly the same effect as watching through a camera, where every time the light flickers on your eyes get a snapshot of the scene, like a video frame. For the camera issue, if you want to dig deeper (warning: ELI5 mode off), this is a really a form of (temporal) aliasing, and can be analyzed in terms of the frequency spectrum of the image in time. As the frequency of something exceeds one half of the sampling rate (frame rate), which is called the Nyquist frequency, the result no longer represents the original signal, but an aliased version that looks wrong. So if you have a 60FPS camera, that's a 30Hz Nyquist frequency. If you have 6 spokes, at 5 rotations per second, that's 30 spokes per second, and that's the fastest you can turn the wheel before it starts aliasing and "spinning backwards".


Question: (Inspired by a post a few hours ago) how animals know to build fairly complex structures? Is it a learned task, or something they just innately do? The earlier post was about spider webs, but it would also apply to bird nests, beehives, beaver dams, etc.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 (Inspired by a post a few hours ago) how animals know to build fairly complex structures? Is it a learned task, or something they just innately do? The earlier post was about spider webs, but it would also apply to bird nests, beehives, beaver dams, etc.

Most of the time, it's instinctual. Beavers will naturally start dam building where there is running water. In fact, if you play a recording of running water the beavers will build a dam there. Colonial insects can be a bit more complicated. While they do it on instinct and at the behest of the queen's pheromones, they also have a somewhat democratic system among workers to direct their building. For example, ants leave a pheromone trail where they go. The more ants, the stronger the trail. The more ants that go in one direction or do one thing will make that trail strongly favored against other less traveled, or favored, paths. (side note, this is why you need to clean an area of your house with ants with soap and water. If you don't the ants will just find the trail again.) For more intelligent animals, like apes, structure and tool creation is taught. Young learn by watching their parents or group mates make things.


Question: What is blue raspberry flavoring and how/why did it come to be?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is blue raspberry flavoring and how/why did it come to be?

Red was already associated with several flavors (such as cherry or strawberry), so at a point in the past, they used blue to indicate raspberry, and it stuck (blue at the time wasn’t in much use as a color for food dyes so it was readily and cheaply available to use as an “open” color) Now because someone will inevitably bring it up, there technically is an obscure actual blue raspberry (sorta), but this had nothing to do with the color blue being used for raspberry in flavorings, as blue was solely used to differentiate it from other red flavors.


Question: How does destructive interference work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does destructive interference work?

Imagine there is a big heavy box that you have to drag across the floor, so you call a buddy to help you out. If your friend is pushing from the same side as you, the mix of efforts results in a bigger push, but if he's on the other side pushing againts you, then the efforts cancel each other out. That's basically destructive interference.


Question: Why does the US Federal Reserve want to raise intrest rates if unemployment falls below 4%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the US Federal Reserve want to raise intrest rates if unemployment falls below 4%?

The Fed has a dual-mandate: keep unemployment low and keep inflation low. Generally economists think that the US is at full employment if the unemployment rate is around 4%. This is because you figure that at any point in time you have about that many people "frictionally" unemployed. Meaning they are moving from one part of the country to another, want to change careers, just caught a bad break, etc. They are no unemployed because of it being systematically hard to find a job. Once the economy hits full-employment, the Fed gets very worried about inflation taking hold in wages. If the economy continues to grow, employers will start bidding up wages even though there are no more people to hire. In essence, wages would increase without an increase in productivity, and thus inflation would be transmitted through out the rest of the economy. (This is essentially what happened in the 1970's and was a huge problem.) So they start raising rates to slow growth and prevent wage inflation.


Question: Why do some clothes smell if they haven't dried properly, even if they're clean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some clothes smell if they haven't dried properly, even if they're clean?

If the clothes are damp for a long time, then bacteria can grow in the water that is trapped in the fabric, giving off a foul smell.


Question: Why does walking on a rug on top of carpet cause it to ever so slowly crawl its way across the room?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does walking on a rug on top of carpet cause it to ever so slowly crawl its way across the room?

Walking is a much more complicated feat than most people give it credit for. It isn't putting one foot in front of the other. It's transferring your weight against the weight of the earth and providing yourself momentum. You don't just push down, you push backwards while walking. Since you're far less mass than the earth, it resists movement, and newton's law dictates you will have an opposite reaction to your backwards thrust against the earth, effectively moving your mass in the forward direction. A rug has a certain coefficient of friction, and some of your energy gets lost there, effectively 'walking' your rug a tiny amount at a time.


Question: How do secret banks accounts work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do secret banks accounts work?

The secret element is that the banks can't be forced to reveal who holds the bank account to foreign governments, so criminals and others can "hide" money in them.


Question: How do we know that Pie is actually infinite digits, and not just an overly long number that we can’t understand? It still doesn’t make sense to me.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that Pie is actually infinite digits, and not just an overly long number that we can’t understand? It still doesn’t make sense to me.

To show a number has infinite digits (and that those digits don't repeat in any pattern) means showing that the number is irrational. Rational numbers can be expressed as fractions of integers. That's most of the numbers you're used to. Irrational numbers can't be expressed as a fraction. For instance, the number 1,414 can be written as 1414/1000, so it's a rational number. √2 is approximately 1,414213... and it goes on infinitely without repeating patterns. It is an irrational number, so there are no numbers "a" and "b" such that a/b= √2. The proof that pi is irrational is a bit complicated, but the proof that √2 is irrational is easier to understand. The [wikipedia article]( URL_0 ) has some proofs of that.


Question: why do we cringe when we look at old vids & pics of ourselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do we cringe when we look at old vids & pics of ourselves?

Because we’re our own harshest critics, we can spot how much we’ve changed or what embarrassing things are hidden in the picture or what embarrassing stories are hidden behind the picture. Someone looking at someone else’s random picture can’t see anything but the picture, when we see our own picture we know what more information.


Question: why do some electronic screens look wavy when they’re being taken on a phone/digital camera?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do some electronic screens look wavy when they’re being taken on a phone/digital camera?

because most electronic screens have a refresh rate. the led's or lcd's or whatever are not continuously outputting the image. they are being refreshed 60 times a second in most cases. and your camera can pick up on that. if you change the shutter speed on your camera, you can make the effect more pronounced or make it go away. but most cheap/cell phone cameras shoot at a slower shutter speed where the effects are more apparent.


Question: How are sleep tracking devices (smartwatches or wristbands) able to analyze your sleep data so accurately?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are sleep tracking devices (smartwatches or wristbands) able to analyze your sleep data so accurately?

If they weren't accurate, how would you know?


Question: Why do small flies congregate in small swarms in the same place night after night during spring/summer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do small flies congregate in small swarms in the same place night after night during spring/summer?

They are banging. That is pretty much it. Flies swarm in order to mate, so you are basically running through a night club where everyone is DTF.


Question: - Why are tortoises able to live for over 150 years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why are tortoises able to live for over 150 years?

First of all, the turtle you're talking about have a very slow metabolism. So their cells dies and are replaced slowly, so they age slowly (compared to us). They are also living shield, able to survive many kind of attacks, so they have lower chances of being killed, letting them grow old, thus the high average life expectancy. There are some studies trying to explain their seemingly higher resistance to some deadly diseases (like cancer for example), but we are unsure for that one.


Question: how does money laundering work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does money laundering work?

Someone pays for a drink 10$ and leaves no tip, you put in 10$ from the drug deal and record it as a tip. And wooopdidoo you have 20$ "legally" from the sale of drinks. Obviously, this gets more and more intricate with the amount of money and if the money is marked (from bank robbery etc) then you need entirely other methods.


Question: How do printers work? How do they know how to print different fonts, pictures etc.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do printers work? How do they know how to print different fonts, pictures etc.

The printer prints a grid of very small dots, perhaps of 4 colors if it's a color printer. Software inside the printer, including mathematical formulas that describe the shape of every letter in every font, converts information from your computer into the right pattern of dots. Then the dots are printed on a sheet of paper. That's what causes the pause between pages, the printer is "thinking" to calculate the dot pattern for the next page.


Question: Why is Hydrogen bomb way more powerful than classical nuclear fission type bombs ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Hydrogen bomb way more powerful than classical nuclear fission type bombs ?

Per mass of reacting material, nuclear fusion fuel releases more energy than nuclear fission fuel. And because nuclear fusion fuel will not spontaneously explode if you put too much of it in the same place (unlike fission fuel, where you have to avoid creating a critical mass until you are ready for it to blow up), you can put as much as you want in there. For every kilogram of uranium/plutonium that fissions completely, you get about 18 kilotons of TNT worth of energy. For every kilogram of deuterium-tritium that fusions completely, you get about 50 kilotons of TNT worth of energy. So that by itself translates into a quite a lot additional energy! Additionally, the fusion reactions release high-energy neutrons that you can use to do even more fissioning, even in otherwise inert U-238, which you can add quite a lot of to the bomb. So at least half of the energy of a hydrogen bomb comes from a final fission stage.


Question: I'm not even a painter but I end up imagining absolutely beautiful designs, and come up with rich harmonious full orchestral melodies during sleep. But its so hard to do when awake and conscious. Why does this happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I'm not even a painter but I end up imagining absolutely beautiful designs, and come up with rich harmonious full orchestral melodies during sleep. But its so hard to do when awake and conscious. Why does this happen?

The short answer is that you don't think that creatively when dreaming either: you just think you do because the rational part of your brain isn't functioning and your irrational part fudges over the flaws.


Question: What is a quadratic formula and when do I use it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a quadratic formula and when do I use it?

The quadratic formula is used to solve equations in the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0. To find the solutions, you plug the numbers into the formula (-b +/- sqrt(b^2 - 4ac))/2a. For example, for the quadratic x^2 - 2x + 1 = 0, 1 is a solution because (1x1) - (2x1) + 1 is equal to 0.


Question: How does devaluing the currency help the country?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does devaluing the currency help the country?

When the value of their currency decreases, the external price of their goods also decreases. While the same electronic component still costs 20RMB, the price in USD has dropped from 5USD to 4USD. By devaluing the currency, China can make their exports much cheaper than other nations. This will boost their export quantity, and since the price of goods (in RMB) has not changed, their total export revenue goes up. This stimulates economic growth as more goods are being produced, more people are employed, and more profits are being made.


Question: What’s stopping other animals from reaching our level of intelligence where we have the ability to create technology?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s stopping other animals from reaching our level of intelligence where we have the ability to create technology?

Intelligence is expensive. Your brain eats about about a quarter of your daily caloric intake. For most animals the added smarts aren't worth the cost.


Question: How Does A Person "Just" Die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Does A Person "Just" Die?

I'm a nurse. I've worked in a nursing home, and currently work in a hospital. I've seen this happen many times, so I'll give it a shot. Your body is a bunch of interconnected systems. They depend upon each other so they can function, not unlike [this]( URL_0 ). As you get older, your systems accumulate damage or wear and do not repair themselves as well as they used to. When enough damage is accumulated, either through extreme age or through abuse of the particular system (often a little bit of both) the system begins to fail. When it fails, the other systems are stressed in turn. Since they too have accumulated damage over the years, they don't have much reserves left for dealing with this additional stress, and they begin to fail. The result is cascade multi organ failure. Sometimes a person dies of a heart attack or some such thing, and since they were so old we don't look into it, as other posters have said. I think what you're asking is what it looks like when a body just wears out from extreme age. I'll give a simplistic example. Suppose someone is 99 years old. Every system in their body has been doing it's job for 99 years, and it is much less powerful and efficient than it used to be. They have arthritis, so they take ibuprofen for pain management. They also don't drink enough water, as many elderly don't. This takes a toll on their kidneys. Kidneys are responsible for managing waste and water in the body, so if the kidneys start to fail, waste products and fluids begin to back up in the body. Their heart was functioning adequately for the amount of blood it was supposed to pump, but soon there's significantly more fluid than the heart is prepared for. The heart begins to work harder, causing the person to get tired easier. As time goes on, the kidneys continue to go down hill and the fluid backs up even further and begins to collect in the lungs. The body begins to panic as it realizes the lungs are in danger, so the person starts breathing harder, heart rate increases to try and get oxygen to all the important tissues. This puts more stress on the heart and lungs, as both systems are being pushed beyond capacity. This increase in blood pressure forces more fluid into the lungs, which results in less oxygen transfer with every breath. This is a cycle which perpetuates itself, where each effort the body makes to overcome one problem makes another one worse. Meanwhile, waste products are building up, so nothing works as well as it could, even with age taken into account. Ultimately, one system or another finally exhausts its reserves and quits. The other systems are so exhausted from trying to prop up the failing system that they almost immediately fail as well. Ultimately, death is caused in the tissues by lack of oxygen. If the heart fails, the oxygen cant move from the lungs to the tissues. If the lungs fail, the oxygen can't get from the air into the blood. In any case, you go long enough without oxygen to a tissue, it dies. Enough tissue dies, it kills the organ. Enough organs die, the person dies. So, in the case above you could say the person dies of respiratory arrest, or cardiac arrest, but ultimately it doesn't matter. Technically I suppose you could call it multisystem organ failure? In any case, the phenomenon is most easily understood as a body just wearing out.


Question: ; Asked by my 7 year old; Could you Swim in Marbles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; Asked by my 7 year old; Could you Swim in Marbles?

The problem with gold specifically is the density. It’s eight times denser than glass and 19 times denser than water. You could probably work your way through glass marbles, but gold marbles will collectively weigh many thousands of pounds and you’d struggle to move them by hand at all.


Question: If exercising makes your heart stronger why are amphetamines and anxiety bad for your hear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If exercising makes your heart stronger why are amphetamines and anxiety bad for your hear?

Increasing you heart rate is like a car going faster: through exercise is like using the gas pedal normally to control the acceleration of the car; amphetamines, anxiety, drugs like cocaine is like your car going off a cliff to go faster. You’re going faster, but you’re probably going to die in the end. Cheers.


Question: Why is crude oil, coal, and natural gas found so deep within the earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is crude oil, coal, and natural gas found so deep within the earth?

Seams of coal are essentially ancient forests. When the first trees evolved there was no bacteria or insects that could decompose them yet so the plant material just piled up higher and higher creating thick soil saturated with wood. Over the eons dirt, sand, volcanic activity, rivers, tectonic movements, etc piled up layers of rock over the ancient forests and the combination of compression and fossilization result in them become coal seams. For oil it's a similar story, but with single celled micro organisms like plankton that piled up on the ancient sea floor


Question: What does a 4-D Cube look like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a 4-D Cube look like?

A hypercube looks like a regular cube to our eyes which only see in three dimensions. You can do a Google image search for hypercube and they can show you some sketches illustrating the concept. Certain tryptamines, especially dimethyltryptamine, may briefly give you the experience of perceiving them but the images are notoriously difficult to put into words later. When I try to draw them, I draw a tic-tac-toe frame and then turn my drawing 45 degrees and draw another frame diagonal to the first. Then draw an octagon connecting the outside line fragments. Spacetime is difficult to perceive to the sober eye.


Question: Why are tiff files so large?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are tiff files so large?

> 18MP > 150MP I'm guessing that the first is actually meant to read MP, while the second should probably read "MB"? Because "MP" means "MegaPixel" (million pixels), while "MB" means "Mega Bytes" (million/ 2^(20) bytes). So let's take a look at how much that actually is: 150/18 = 8.333… So for every pixel, there are eight and a bit bytes used. Let's just call it an even eight and attribute the rest to metadata (when was the photo taken, what were the iso, shutter etc. settings, maybe GPS coordinates, etc.). Depending on your colour scheme (RGB/ CMYK/ RGBa/ …) and bit-depth (8-bit/ 16-bit/ 24-bit ("true colour") / …), this leaves between one and two bytes per pixel and colour channel. That actually sounds very reasonable. Heck, it isn't even enough to give you true-colour RGB - that would need 3\*3=9 bytes per pixel (three colour channels, each of which having a precision of 24 bits = 8 bytes). & #x200B; The reason other formats like jpeg or png will generally produce far smaller files is that they utilize (lossy) compression, which simply means that they don't save a colour value for every single pixel but instead try to save space by doing thing like saving "the next five pixels all have this colour: \[…\]" (very simplified).


Question: how did they estimate in the first place how many calories our bodies consume with the different activities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did they estimate in the first place how many calories our bodies consume with the different activities?

Whenever you burn calories you are consuming carbohydrates and oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water. So a simple way of calculating the rough amounts of calories you burn is to monitor the air you breathe out and measure the amount of carbon dioxide. This can be calibrated with similar long term studies using things like measuring weight and food intake so we know it works right. So we know that measuring the carbondioxide in your breath is a very accurate and calibrated method. You might see olypic athletes exercize with a tube in their mouth for promotional images which shows them performing such a study.


Question: How are expiration dates determined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are expiration dates determined?

Companies do research to determine when a food is best by, and then set that back a week or two on the label to avoid legal trouble due to spoiled food.


Question: What is the process of paying taxes for someone who is self-employed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the process of paying taxes for someone who is self-employed?

They make quarterly tax payments. You would typically fill out the 1040es, then paywhatever that says is due. URL_0 You are not actually turning in the form, so if you wanted to, you could just guess how much you need to pay (especially if you have done it for a few years.)


Question: Why does a lullaby ease a baby to sleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a lullaby ease a baby to sleep?

I always sang my son Elvis songs, or just softened versions of rock songs (usually 80s). I think it's the same as when you speak to an animal, they don't understand your words they understand your tone.


Question: Social media profiles are used to send targeted ads. What else can be done to us users with this data and how dangerous can it get?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Social media profiles are used to send targeted ads. What else can be done to us users with this data and how dangerous can it get?

Look up China's new system of rating people if you want to see the dangers. It's a real dystopian nightmare. If you say stuff that's critical of the state on social media, you lose points and that loses you privileges. For pictures you post on social media, some formats allow people to scrape your location from them. Post one pic about "chilling at home with the fam" and BAM, your home address is out there for the world to see. Post a few more, and a dedicated stalker can put together a pretty accurate depiction of your day to day life. And that's just a few examples.


Question: Why do some medications pride themselves on being steroid free when other prescribed medications use steroids?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some medications pride themselves on being steroid free when other prescribed medications use steroids?

Sometimes steroids are helpful, sometimes they aren't. If you want steroids you don't get the steroid free medications and vice versa. Why do you think some foods are proudly dairy free while others are proudly made with dairy?


Question: - Why in movies/tv when there’s a hole in a plane passengers are sucked out, but when people skydive and the plane opens they can stand at the edge seemingly easily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why in movies/tv when there’s a hole in a plane passengers are sucked out, but when people skydive and the plane opens they can stand at the edge seemingly easily?

Commercial planes have a pressurized cabin. Piercing it high up leads to rapid decompression, which isn't something you want to be around (though is likely less dramatic than on TV). Skydiving planes don't generally go as high and don't need to pressurize.


Question: why does alcohol bring out emotion/violence in some people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does alcohol bring out emotion/violence in some people?

A normal part of adult behavior is a result of an internal inhabition system. We are all fixated on our problems and dilemmas, but we repress the emotions attached to these inner dialogues because we realize they are socially unacceptable. When you get drunk you forget it's socially unacceptable, or more properly, your inhabition system become less engaged so you don't care it's unacceptable.


Question: in today’s internet age, why do car manufacturers still rely on dealers rather than selling cars on their website and cut out the middle man?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 in today’s internet age, why do car manufacturers still rely on dealers rather than selling cars on their website and cut out the middle man?

When it comes to new cars, the concept of "direct-to-consumer sales" is illegal in many US states. Some states are even adding provisions to ban them: This past March, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie signed into law a bill that specifically makes direct-to-consumer car sales illegal.


Question: How is the quantity of rational numbers as infinite as the quantity of natural numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the quantity of rational numbers as infinite as the quantity of natural numbers?

Okay, let's first define what it means for quantities to be equal. It's easy when you think about finite sets: the set of natural numbers from 1-10 has the same quantity as the set of natural numbers from 11-20. If you count the numbers, there are 10 numbers in each set. But let's come up with a different definition for sets to be of equal size. We want a definition that works for finite sets, but also for infinite sets where you can't just count the numbers in the set. We will say that two sets are equal in cardinality (a fancy word for size) if there is a bijection between them (a fancy way to say that we can map every element of one set to an element of the other set, and vice versa). Let's start with the example above. We'll call set A={1,...,10} the set of natural numbers from 1-10, and B={11,...,20} the set of natural numbers from 11-20. Using our new definition, we can easily show that these sets have the same cardinality by mapping numbers in set A to B by saying B=A+10 (in other words, add 10 to every element of A to get every element of B). Now let's look at infinite sets. We can show, using the same idea, that the set of all odd integers has the same cardinality as the set of all even integers. Just add 1 to each odd number and you get every even number. We can also show that the set of all natural numbers (integers from 0 to infinity) has the same cardinality as the set of all integers. This is less intuitive, but it's actually easy to show by creating a similar bijection. To map the natural numbers to the integers, consider this: Take every even even natural number and divide it by 2. This gives you all the nonnegative integers. Take every odd natural number, add 1, and divide it by -2. This gives you all the negative integers. So, actually, you can take a natural number and uniquely map it to a number in the integers such that a mapping exists between every natural number and every integer. So, the two sets have the same cardinality. Now, to your question. Using the same idea, we can map the natural numbers to the rational numbers. Any rational number, by definition, can be expressed as a/b, where a and b are integers. Let's make a couple of assumptions here: When we express a rational number, we only express it using the most simplified fraction (a and b are the smallest values possible), and we only let the numerator (a) be negative if the rational number is negative. Some examples: * 0 = 0/1 (it also equals 0/2, 0/3, etc. but 0/1 is the simplified form). * 1 = 1/1 * 5 = 5/1 * \-3.5 = -7/2 Since we're dealing with all rational numbers, we have to consider negative numbers. But we've already shown that the natural numbers can be mapped to the integers, so now all we have to do is show that the integers have the same cardinality as the rational numbers. Let's first create a mapping from the positive integers to the positive rationals: Think about a grid with the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... to infinity across the top (call this a), and 1, 2, 3 ... to infinity down the edge (call this b). Then fill in the grid with the values a/b. You'll see that you've created an infinite grid with all the positive rational numbers. We can then go through the grid diagonally. Map 1 to 1, map 2 to 2/1, map 3 to 1/2, map 4 to 4/1, map 5 to 3/2, map 6 to 1/3, etc. By going through the grid diagonally, you will eventually map every positive integer to every positive rational number. Then you just take the same mapping, but make it negative, and you've mapped every negative integer to every negative rational number. Finally, map 0 to 0, and you've mapped all the integers to all the rational numbers. So now, we know that the cardinality of the rational numbers is equal to the cardinality of the integers, and thus of the natural numbers. What's really cool (and I won't prove it here), is that this is about as far as we can go. The even numbers, odd numbers, natural numbers, integers, and rational numbers are all the same infinity. But the real numbers comprise a bigger infinity; the cardinality of that set is greater than the cardinality of the other sets we talked about. So there are, in fact, different sizes of infinity!


Question: Why can chess games end in draw while there are still many pieces in play?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can chess games end in draw while there are still many pieces in play?

There are several ways to draw in chess: * Threefold repetition. The same position, with the same side to move, appears three times. It doesn't have to be three times in a row. * 50 move rule. 50 moves are made without a pawn being moved or a capture being made. * Stalemate. The player to move has no legal moves. Their King is not in check but any possible move would put it in check. * Insufficient material. It's absolutely impossible for either player to checkmate the other. * Draw by agreement. The players may agree a draw. Now, if both players can see that the game is going to end up as a draw by one of the other reasons, if knowing the skill level of their opponent neither feels they will be able to win, then it's common to agree a draw. It saves the hassle. If draw by agreement was removed, players could simply deliberately repeat a position three times and claim the draw that way.


Question: why wouldn't the govt allow student debt to be discharged by bankruptcy?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 why wouldn't the govt allow student debt to be discharged by bankruptcy?

Because nobody would loan students money. If they did, students would simply file for bankruptcy after graduation, before taking their first job. Then they'd start their new jobs with no student loan debt and the lenders would go broke. If I loan you money for a car, and you don't pay, I can repossess the car and sell it. If I loan you money for college, and you don't pay, I can't cut the knowledge out of your brain and sell it someone else to recoup my investment.


Question: why can’t great apes speak?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can’t great apes speak?

I wrote this up about a year ago, and I'll post it again Chimpanzee and Bonobo vocal chords/tracts are capable of producing human speech. The reasons that they do not speak are not because they are physically incapable of doing it. When scientists used computers to model the vocal tract of chimpanzees, the computer models demonstrated that the issue with chimpanzees isn't that the vocal tracts don't work to produce human speech. [Here]( URL_1 ) is an example of simulated macaque vocal chords producing human speech. (Warning: This is pretty spooky since its computer generated) In fact, it turns out that chimpanzees, like the vast majority of other animals, can't learn new sounds at all, and that's why they cannot speak; teaching chimpanzees/bonobos gestural communication works a lot better than trying to teach them to talk. Many chimpanzees/bonobos like Washoe, Nim, and Kanzi have successfully learned a few hundred words in sign language, but they can't learn spoken language since they never learn to produce new sounds-- the only species that can do this to my knowledge are humans, many species of birds, dolphins, elephants, seals and bats. (I've been corrected about this multiple times and have edited in the better info. I don't know if it's good form to credit the people who told me this or not) I can't really speak for songbirds, but **the reasons why humans are able to produce speech are deeply ingrained in the human brain**. What I mean by this is that it's not just a blanket "we're smarter than chimpanzees, so we can speak". Individuals who suffer from microcephaly often have brains about the same size as chimpanzees, but every one of these individuals, while they often have speech problems, are better at language than even the smartest chimp. The reason that we're able to speak and that other animals can't is because our brains are wired differently. To be able to understand this, you have to be able to understand kind of the basics of human speech production. Neurologists have figured out that if you damage the posterior of an area of the brain called the superior temporal gyrus on the left side of the brain in humans, they become unable to comprehend speech. This area is called Wernicke's area, and is thought to be strongly implicated in speech comprehension. Wernicke's area has a really strong connection to a region in the frontal lobe of the brain that, when damaged, causes individuals to no longer be able to produce speech. This area, named Broca's area, is strongly implicated in speech production. The neuronal tract between Wernicke's and Broca's area is called the arcuate fasciculus. Damage to it causes individuals to become unable to repeat words. IE, they can process the word in Wernicke's area, but they cannot get the information to Broca's area to be repeated. Wernicke's area also has projections to areas around it that are thought to be involved in other aspects of language like grammar. So when asking about why humans can talk and why other primates can't, you have to look at Wernicke's and Broca's area. Macaques actually have fairly well developed Wernicke's areas, and are thought to be involved in functional reference calling. Functional reference describes how macaques give different warning calls based on what kind of predator it sees. So, for example, a macaque gives a different call when it sees an eagle vs when it sees a leopard. Damaging a macaque's Wernicke's area will prevent it from comprehending these functional reference calls. *However*, damaging a macaque's Broca's area will **not** interfere with its ability to make any calls at all. This supports the finding that functional reference calls are actually involuntary. They just don't have the area of the brain dedicated to producing speech like we do. Neurons in the brain are clustered into units called "cortical columns". The individual cortical columns between humans and chimpanzees are about the same, except in two area. In Wernicke's area, humans have much thicker cortical columns than chimpanzees do, suggesting that, in a simplified explanation, that humans dedicate more "brain power" to speech comprehension than chimpanzees do. The same is true for Broca's area, and on top of that, a human's Broca's area is also much larger than a chimpanzees. Additionally, brain imaging studies have shown that the human arcuate fasciculus, as well as the connections between Wernicke's area and the other semantic areas around it, are incredibly more developed than in other species. [Here]( URL_0 ) is a schematic for the differences between them. As you can see, the connections are very weak in macaques, slightly stronger in chimps, but much, much stronger in humans. So the question as to why primates are incapable of speech kind of boils down to the fact they don't really have the brain connections needed to produce speech or to be able to put together the individual words needed for language to make meaning. Additionally, Broca's area is not just involved in "generating words to say" but also involved in the motor aspects of speech. In this way, it is true that chimpanzees do not have the neurons needed to make control their throats and mouth enough to produce speech. But why exactly do our brains develop differently like this? This is a tough question to answer, and it will require a much greater knowledge neurodevelopment than we do now. However, one interesting finding is the FOXP2 gene. I don't know too much about it, but the FOXP2 gene is a regulator gene that controls the expression of other genes. Additionally mutations in the FOXP2 gene cause movement disorders in the mouth and face, and disrupts the production of speech. Individuals with a mutation also have smaller Broca's areas. Very interestingly, our FOXP2 protein is distinctly different from those of almost all other primates, who have very similar FOXP2.' **Edit: Another copy and paste** The target audience of this response obviously isn't literal 5 year olds. One of my pet peeves is that people who write on ELI5 often have no idea what they are talking about, and simplify their answers to the point of uselessness. My goal was to write a response that took a bit of effort to read, but would be as complete and accessible as I could make it. The diction, tone, and length of this post were all written with a casual audience in mind. If you're confused by anything, I am more than happy to elaborate-- I wrote this to hopefully help people learn something about neuroscience, not to seem smart, so if I slipped up and got too technical somewhere, just let me know. I am happy to edit my post.


Question: What role does a Stills Photographer or Director of Photography actually play in a film production?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What role does a Stills Photographer or Director of Photography actually play in a film production?

The director of photography isn't photographer in the classical sense. They are a cinematographer, they are in charge of the cameras and lighting. They pick the fim, lenses, all that technical stuff to make sure the movie looks good. Depending on the director they are working with they might mostly do the technical stuff or all the way to having a decent amount of creative input. Somes times the director might say "ok, i want it to look really cool and dark! make it look dark and sad" and then they get to interpret that and have a lot of creative freedom. Other times the director might be much more involved and even recommend/require they use certain equipment. & #x200B; If you have ever watched a scene and if you pause it and go "wow, that looks cool" the DoP likely had a lot to do with that.


Question: how did social security start in the US in 1935?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did social security start in the US in 1935?

As for your last question, absolutely. Even today we have serious issues, mostly with elderly people, concerning their ability to vote because they were born at home, never got a birth certificate, never got a SS number. Not that many decades ago you could manage pretty well without all the documents we have to have today. And back in the 30s it was far easier for people to not be recorded on any kind of federal level. They might have a Baptism record, but some folks didn't even have that. There simply had never been a need for such things before. So Social Security was created as people across the country were struggling to recover from the Great Depression. Millions of people still couldn't find work, millions had lost whatever retirement savings they'd managed to save up, so the government created what was basically an insurance program to help ensure that the elderly, retired people, young children, and people who couldn't find jobs would have at least enough money to keep from starving. America at this point in time was a newly emerging world leader, and the last thing we wanted was for the rest of the world to think that we just let our most vulnerable citizens die, plus we realized that the economy wasn't going to get better if the majority of citizens couldn't afford to buy anything. In January of 1937 they started giving people identification numbers so that their benefits could be tracked and recorded accurately. Since the federal government didn't yet have the resources to handle a nation-wide campaign to get people to fill out the form to sign themselves up for a number, the U.S. Post Office took care of that task. The person who received the lowest number Grace Dorothy Owen of New Hampshire. Her SS number was 001-01-0001. While Social Security was not the first social welfare program in the U.S., it was the first nation-wide, federally run program. Before this there had been various types of employer-sponsored retirement programs, state-run welfare, and even local city or church-run programs going back to the 1600s, and those were largely modeled on various welfare/poverty-relief programs that have existed in various parts of Europe for ages.


Question: How does climate change shift the seasons?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does climate change shift the seasons?

To oversimplify: If average temperatures are rising across the board and winter is defined as a bunch of stuff that happens while the temperature is generally below a certain threshold, then winter will be shorter. Likewise, summer will be longer and spring will be earlier.


Question: when you put a speaker next to a microphone, why is the feedback always really high notes and not whatever pitch the microphone heard last?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 when you put a speaker next to a microphone, why is the feedback always really high notes and not whatever pitch the microphone heard last?

Suppose you have a sound with a certain frequency of its wave. The speaker, microphone, amplifier, etc. don't operate instantly so when what the microphone hears comes out it is going to be combined with whatever the current ambient sound waves are. Even with a constant tone it is unlikely to be precisely synchronized or on some even multiple. So now you have the two waves combined which tends to result in more peaks and valleys per sample period. Keep looping and it continues to increase the overall frequency of the wave.


Question: Why do a lot of artists paint portraits upside down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do a lot of artists paint portraits upside down?

It's so you have to see what's really there and not draw from preconceived notions like when you first learn how to draw as a kid. For example, a nose really is just shading-- no solid lines exist in reality.


Question: how does shampoo clean and conditioner condition?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does shampoo clean and conditioner condition?

The shampoo breaks down the sebum oil (and grime caught in the oils) that plain water can't dissolve, like a mild soap. This leaves hair without its natural oily protective coating, and so it can become dried out which can lead to a suite of potential skin/hair issues if overdone. Conditioner can help prevent that when used after regular shampooing. It is a factory made protective coating (sometimes silicon based I think) designed to protect the hair surface. This gives your hair the protection from the elements that your natural oils would normally do. The key is to find your scalp and skin's equillibrium. Not all people have the same requirements because the body's surface is complex and hosts a vast diversity of very important microbe populations.


Question: If 20 human amino acids can make a gillion different proteins, what exactly is the "Protein" on nutrition labels?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If 20 human amino acids can make a gillion different proteins, what exactly is the "Protein" on nutrition labels?

Any kinds that happen to be part of whatever you are eating. Your body breaks it down back into its building blocks, the amino acids, anyway. So there's no difference to you eating it, really.


Question: Is it more efficient to leave a fridge relatively empty, or to fill up the empty space with something like bottles of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it more efficient to leave a fridge relatively empty, or to fill up the empty space with something like bottles of water?

The purpose of the water bottles in the fridge is not for efficiency, but to prevent the compressor from turning on and off so frequently. Less cycling will make the fridge last longer.


Question: How does the hardware inside pregnancy tests works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the hardware inside pregnancy tests works?

Pregnancy tests use antibodies, protein molecules that react to the presence of particular chemicals. Pregnant women produce a particular hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), so antibodies that react to it are mixed with chemicals that change colour when the antibody reacts. [More info]( URL_0 )