Question: How are there only 7 days remaining to apply to be a moderator for?

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 How are there only 7 days remaining to apply to be a moderator for?

> There is no personal glory, and you can't use your position to cross promote yourself, your personal projects, or your other subreddits. > I'll also use this thread as a brief opportunity to plug /r/ideasforeli5, Ah, that makes sense.


Question: 1) Why is there gaps or spaces between galaxies? 2) What fills these gaps or spaces? 3) Why aren’t galaxies connect like a web or something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 1) Why is there gaps or spaces between galaxies? 2) What fills these gaps or spaces? 3) Why aren’t galaxies connect like a web or something?

Galaxies *are* connected like a web or something [if you zoom out enough to see it]( URL_1 ). It's important to note that the blobs of light in that image are *not* galaxies. They're *clusters* of galaxies, or superclusters, which can contain *thousands* of galaxies. Consider the organization of the solar system. Most of the matter that formed the solar system became the Sun, and the rest spread out over a [huge distance]( URL_2 ). That matter is pretty concentrated in local spots, which are the planets. The space between planets is pretty empty, of course, but it still has a lot of stellar dust particles and comets and asteroids and a lot of *stuff*. But compared to the density of matter on Earth, interplanetary space is *really* empty. Then again, compare the density of matter within the solar system to the space between our solar system and the next one. The solar system has a ton of matter. Several planets' worth. But there's less between us and the Alpha Centauri system. It all seems random and empty until you zoom out and look at the galaxy and see the [spiral arms]( URL_0 ) that show the organization of the local groups of solar systems. It doesn't look like there's a lot of stuff between us and Alpha Centauri, and there's not, but when you look at the bigger picture you see that, in fact, there's still a *lot* of stuff pretty close together. And there is a lot of dust and rocks and stuff out there, too. And you can zoom out again to see the nearby galactic local group. Then the Virgo Supercluster. Then, finally, the structure of the universe as far as we know it. In the empty voids between galaxy superclusters, there's sparse traces of dust and gas, but that's it. The rest of the matter is concentrated in the superclusters. And within the superclusters, most of the mass is concentrated in the galaxies. And so on.


Question: Why do hard metals (mohs) get worn down by softer materials?

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 Why do hard metals (mohs) get worn down by softer materials?

Mohs hardness only covers large scratches. Ultimately, softer materials can eat away at harder materials through two processes that I'm aware. One is just speed: Sufficient speeds can sort of overcome mohs hardness due to inertia. Things are moving so fast that they really don't care how hard their target is. This happens in a waterjet cutter when cutting really hard things with gypsum. Another is just tiny abrasions. Mohs hardness only applies to large surface scratches, not microscopic ones, and through many microscopic scratches materials can be worn away.


Question: Why are there math jokes about rounding errors in addition, 1+1=2.000001?

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 Why are there math jokes about rounding errors in addition, 1+1=2.000001?

It's not about math, more CS. Floating points are a fast way to approximate real numbers for computer use. They are, however, approximations, and they are base 2 approximations. That means that you have some goofy results to humans, like adding integers and getting a result that has a random millionth digit.


Question: how is the value of art/paintings determined, and what differentiates million dollar paintings from paintings that are worth substantially less?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 how is the value of art/paintings determined, and what differentiates million dollar paintings from paintings that are worth substantially less?

What something is worth depends only on what someone is willing to pay. Estimating what something is worth relies on data about what similar items recently sold for. The ARS folks are simply experts with knowledge of recent sales prices, and then there is editing out all the "sorry, that item's worth almost nothing".


Question: How does cutting down trees to plant other vegetation for the purpose of cultivation (such as avocado farming) contribute to global warming?

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 How does cutting down trees to plant other vegetation for the purpose of cultivation (such as avocado farming) contribute to global warming?

When you cut down highly developed forests to replace them with cultivated land you're seriously lowering the amount of CO2 that can be absorbed. A big tree that is several decades old will take in WAY more CO2 than several seedlings that are planted to replace it. Additionally, all of the undergrowth that is in forests absorbs CO2 but that is all removed for farming. Further, a lot of the time what's done is called "slash and burn" which means that the forests are chopped down and the debris is cleared away via a controlled fire, once again adding CO2 (and other harmful chemicals) to the atmosphere. Also, removing well established plants will significantly increase soil erosion and while that may not directly contribute to global warming, it certainly is detrimental to the environment.


Question: Why is space debris during interstellar travel at 35,000 miles/second + not an issue?

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 Why is space debris during interstellar travel at 35,000 miles/second + not an issue?

That's basically it, yes. Space is *unimaginably* empty. That's a literal statement, people just cannot correctly envision what 'infinite nothing' actually means. You could fly something the size of a cruise ship in a straight line effectively forever and not hit anything larger than a helium atom, as long as you pointed out of the plane of the ecliptic (i.e. 'up' or 'down' relative to our orbit of the sun and galaxy) rather than across it. That said, debris near to stars is a potentially serious problem; leaving our solar system and entering the destination one would need to be done at much lower speeds to avoid megaton-range explosions on encountering small bits of comet. You're not missing anything. Inside solar systems it's a problem. Outside solar systems, 'nothing much there' acquires a whole new level of accuracy.


Question: Why do onions liquify when they rot? Do other produce/products do that?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do onions liquify when they rot? Do other produce/products do that?

Most produce is water in fiber with flavor. If you leave most veggies long enough, you'll be left with either a little brown stain, or a plant trying to rise from the remains of its predecessor.


Question: How does an Ischaemic stroke kill someone?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 How does an Ischaemic stroke kill someone?

Brain needs oxygen. Blood clot stops blood with oxygen getting to brain. Brain dies. People are brains.


Question: What happens to the average Joe if the U.S. cuts off trade with China?

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 What happens to the average Joe if the U.S. cuts off trade with China?

First of all it would lead to a recession. Since we are still recovering from the disastrous Bush era recession, not good. Money disappears from the market during recessions which impact jobs and wages. China will be forced to sell dollar-denominated foreign exchange reserves which would bring the dollar down, making everything we import more expensive. Stuff that you buy at Walmart, Target, etc will either disappear, create shortages or become much more expensive. Stuff that the US sells to China would be affected which means businesses will make less money and employees would pay the price. The worst part is for China to realize it can grow without the US. The minute that the dependency goes away the US will tank and not recover.


Question: Why does it cost so much to protect the POTUS on a daily basis? Other than salaries, where does the money go?

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 Why does it cost so much to protect the POTUS on a daily basis? Other than salaries, where does the money go?

One example: grocery shopping for the White House takes a long time. They can't order the food in bulk from a single supplier, because that would make it easy for someone to poison the president. Instead, plainclothes Secret Service staff have to go out and buy from randomly chosen grocery stores across the DC area. If you and I buy a head of lettuce, it costs us $1.20 plus gas it takes us to drive down the street. For the president to get a head of lettuce, the taxpayer is paying someone who probably has a master's degree and is making $90/hr to drive across town to pick up a $1.20 head of lettuce.


Question: Why do some stretches of coastline have beaches while others do not?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do some stretches of coastline have beaches while others do not?

(oversimplified) Some beaches(or coastlines) are erosional and some are depositional. The erososional rocky beaches have cliffs, no or little sand, while depositional beaches (where sand and sediment are deposited at a rate that exceeds erosion) have barrier islands shores lagoons and such.


Question: Why do really light feathers and dust seem to be attracted to people even when you move away?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do really light feathers and dust seem to be attracted to people even when you move away?

Air pressure. Really light floaty particles especially are very sensitive to air currents and waves. When you move in a direction, you create a temporary low pressure space in the air where you were. Air rushes in to fill that space dragging light particles floating around in it with the air. This effect is pretty small since humans can't move particularly quickly and our bodies aren't big enough to create a ton of drag, but it's signifigant enough for dust.


Question: Why do we switch sides while we sleep?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we switch sides while we sleep?

I don't know about a right side to sleep on, but we change positions to not put too much pressure on just one side, if you lay or sit on a body part for too long your bloodflow in that area can be restricted, to avoid that, we switch sides when we sleep periodically.


Question: What is that lump in your throat when you're trying not to cry?

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 What is that lump in your throat when you're trying not to cry?

Globus Pharyngeus. You have muscles all over your body including your throat. When you become stressed/upset these muscles tense up and give you the lump in your throat sensation.


Question: How is bleached paper cheaper than unbleached paper?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How is bleached paper cheaper than unbleached paper?

Bleached paper can use the whole tree. Unbleached uses the parts that are naturally lighter or it would be brown like cardboard, and would not sell.


Question: how do colourblind correcting lenses work?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how do colourblind correcting lenses work?

There are mild forms of colorblindness called anomalous color vision. With that condition, you still see all colors, but since, say, red and green are more similar than for people with normal color vision, you will find it harder to distinguish between hues in that range. A majority of the people called colorblind are actually just anomalous, and not totally anopic. Colorblind glasses like Enchroma are essentially fancy color filters that "cut out" some of the more ambiguous wavelengths, making reds redder and greens greener, so a bit of that distinction is restored. It cannot help people who can just perceive one or two colors. There are some other tricks for that though, like using different lenses for each eye and hoping the brain adapts to that.


Question: How does wicking and preassure help a cut stop bleeding?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How does wicking and preassure help a cut stop bleeding?

You're compressing vessels and capillaries allowing platelets to begin blocking damaged areas, stopping blood from escaping vascular walls. Edit: ELI5 You are pinching the tubes that carry blood. This causes blood to patch the damaged areas so blood cannot escape. Edit: ELI2 boo boo ouch


Question: Why do people have "tells" when lying?

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 Why do people have "tells" when lying?

Despite what we like to believe, most of our actions are not consciously controlled. So, when we lie, our face and our body give away clues as to what the rest of our subconscious brain is really thinking in ways we can't control. This is for a variety of reasons, such as it makes us nervous to lie, part of our brain is against lying in the first place, or simply that it is harder to make up a lie than tell the truth. These conflicts within our subconscious brain register outwardly as tells. The interesting part is that the "tells" are mostly registered by the other person subconsciously as well. When they do studies on this, people will say things like "I knew he was lying because he was sweating". Except the person wasn't sweating, so it must have been something else that told them they were lying


Question: What is a trade deficit and why is it important to some countries?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is a trade deficit and why is it important to some countries?

Simply put a trade deficit means that a country imports more than it exports. Simple example - If Country A buys $100 worth of stuff from Country B, but Country B only buys $80 of Country A's stuff then there is a $20 trade deficit for Country A. Why does that matter? Well some countries are richer than others, and some make their money from exports. Large, powerful economies like the US or Europe tend to have trade deficits because their own internal economy produces so much money that they can consume goods and services from other places. Less powerful economies, or economies focused on exportation as a source of growth and income don't have that ability. They need to be selling, not buying. In short - the rich buy stuff from everyone, but not everyone can afford the stuff the rich make.


Question: Why does emotion override logical thinking?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does emotion override logical thinking?

The amygdala is activated within 15 milliseconds while the Pre Frontal Cortex of the brain takes 200 milliseconds. The amygdala is responsible for emotionality while the PFC is for rationality. When the amygdala is activated, it initiates the fight or flight response system of the body and rationality fades out. As the amygdala is activated quicker, emotions override rationality.


Question: What causes sunsets to be different colors?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What causes sunsets to be different colors?

The composition of the atmosphere and cloud types. Certain chemicals will cause certain wavelengths to show and certain cloud formations will diffract light differently, sometimes creating golden sunsets, where dense clouds can block all light creating very drab sunsets. High amounts of sulfur are known to create very colorful sunsets.


Question: Why does a banana peel get brown faster after it being opened?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a banana peel get brown faster after it being opened?

Because if its not peeled, only the outside reacts with the surrounding elements. When peeled, the inside will also react with surrounding elements, which quickens the riping process. There's that, and the fact the outside of the peel has better resistance to the elements.


Question: how do UV shielding windows work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do UV shielding windows work?

Normal glass (used in windows and such) is not transparent to UV light. It mostly absorbs the wavelength,(it reflects some), the same way say asphalt absorbs almost all wavelength or your blue T-shirt absorbing all wavelength but blue. Absorbed photons transfer energy to the material (usually electrons) and turns into heat.


Question: How do knives and swords not slice through certain materials such as a sheath?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do knives and swords not slice through certain materials such as a sheath?

Sheaths are designed to hold blades while allowing minimal contact between the sharp edge and the sheath. This not only protects the sheath but also helps keep the edges sharp.


Question: How come it's easier to keep balance on a bike in motion compared to when standing still?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come it's easier to keep balance on a bike in motion compared to when standing still?

Spinning inertia and gyroscopic forces play a role in how the bike handles, but are not the answer for why a bike stabilizes at speed. [Some experiments have been tried]( URL_3 ) that use a mass spinning opposite the bike's wheels to cancel out their gyroscopic force. While they do have some influence, they do not make the bike unrideable. [This video]( URL_0 ) shows great demonstrations of how a bike self-rights its lean while moving forward. This behavior is mainly caused by the geometry and balance of the bike, and the fact that the bike is front wheel steering. The ability for front wheel steering vehicles to stabilize while moving forward is due in part to their [caster]( URL_1 ), which is basically the angle of the steering axis. On your bike, this angle is the angle of your headtube, aka the steerer tube. The part of your frame that contains the fork and allows it to rotate. It is angled back towards the rider, instead of being oriented vertically, directly above the wheel. & #x200B; Imagine you are holding your bike upright via the seat. The handlebars are forward and level but you aren't holding them. Now lean the bike to the left and you'll notice that the handlebars and front wheel fall inward to the left, like they are steering left. This "steering-in" is caused by the caster and the balance of your fork and handlebars. Now imagine you are riding the bike forward at a good pace and you are riding no-handed. When you lean the bike the left, the caster and balance of your bars steer the front wheel left. The bike balances itself through the corner because gravity is pulling you into the leftward lean and wants to pull you over further, but your forward momentum, which would like to continue in a straight line, wants to pull you outward, away from the lean. This is the somewhat debated "centrifugal force." There is no outward force, but since we are turning we perceive a force in the "outward" direction. The more we lean, the more the front wheel steers, increasing the outward force to balance you. This is why if you are going slowly you cannot ride no-handed. Without enough forward momentum to resist the pull of gravity into your turn, you fall over. & #x200B; edit: another example, have you ever taken a very long lightweight object and balanced it on its end? It's actually very easy to do. Imagine you have something like a long wooden rod, like the one used in a closet for hangers. Two inches in diameter and ten feet long. It only weighs a few pounds and if you hold it upright you can quite easily balance it like [this]( URL_2 ). As it starts to fall one way you push your hand that same direction to stand the pole up straight again. The is kinda what the bike is doing, you lean one way, and the bike wants to get itself back underneath your center of gravity. If you've ever tried to ride a bike backward you find that the bike steers in a way that amplifies the lean, instead of trying to cancel it out.


Question: why isn't single serve coffee sold in tea bags?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why isn't single serve coffee sold in tea bags?

Didn’t Folgers used to make “coffee singles” in the past? I’m not sure if it was instant or supposed to act like a brew, but I’m almost positive I’ve seen something like it.


Question: What does it mean to have a unicameral legislature like Nebraska’s, and what benefits does it provide? How is a state allowed to pick it’s system of government?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean to have a unicameral legislature like Nebraska’s, and what benefits does it provide? How is a state allowed to pick it’s system of government?

unicameral means there is only one group of lawmakers. bicameral means two groups, like the US federal government (house of reps / senate), British Parliament (house of commons / house of lords), and most US states. Many other countries have unicameral legislatures. a unicameral legislature can pass laws more easily, so it can be more efficient. However, you lose a set of checks and balances, so certain groups can become overly powerful. In a bicameral system, both groups have to agree on a law for it to pass. Every US state has its own state constitution. The states have the right to design their own government. However, most state governments look the same. Nebraska's system is based on an Australian state, Queensland, which also has a unicameral legislature. Nebraska used to have a bicameral legislature, but lawmakers were frustrated at how hard it was to pass a bill.


Question: How do the presumably magnetic balls in this baby rattle only repel, and not attract each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the presumably magnetic balls in this baby rattle only repel, and not attract each other?

They are probably weighted on one side which causes the north and south pole to always be on the same side, causing them to always repel.


Question: Why does breathing on an "empty" pen make it write again?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does breathing on an "empty" pen make it write again?

You’re getting just enough moisture from your breath to let the ball get rolling again. The pen isn’t empty, it’s just stuck/dry and if the ball isn’t rolling you aren’t writing.


Question: Why boiling water becoming vapor (gas) doesn't separate its atoms and become air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why boiling water becoming vapor (gas) doesn't separate its atoms and become air?

I think percentage means amount of water in air compared to the amount of saturation, so ir humidity is 80% it doesn't mean that 80% of molecules in air are H2O, it means that air can only fit a bit more water before it's oversaturated


Question: Why are the craters on the moon circular, when impacts at various angles would create elliptical craters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the craters on the moon circular, when impacts at various angles would create elliptical craters?

What a great question! I didn't know five minutes ago, but from a bit of googling it sounds like the energy involved in a crater impact is more like a bomb going off than a ball splatting into dust. So your usual intuition for how impacts happen doesn't really apply. Imagine lobbing a stick of lit dynamite at an angle, and it explodes the instant it hits the ground. The damage from the explosion expands out in a circle, and the fact that it was traveling at an angle doesn't really change how that explosion happens. Of course a meteorite isn't dynamite, but it's traveling so fast that it pulverizes into a circular explosion of hot expanding gas on impact, and that gas is what causes the crater.


Question: What exactly happens if air trapped in a needle is administered into the bloodstream?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly happens if air trapped in a needle is administered into the bloodstream?

A few bubbles of air won't harm you, but a sufficiently large amount can cause an embolism. An embolism is when the air blocks blood flow which can cause tissue death. If this happens in the heart, lungs, or brain, you die.


Question: Why do certain muscles (especially in the thigh) twitch sporadically after working out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain muscles (especially in the thigh) twitch sporadically after working out?

Need to hydrate and eat some bananas. Not sure why exactly, but it's due to overexertion or fatigue. Water, electrolytes and potassium will calm that down.


Question: What does history mean when they say a figure was exiled?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does history mean when they say a figure was exiled?

It depends. Caesar was "exiled" during the Marius/Sulla shenanigans, but basically his name was put on a list(proscription list) where his property and inheritance was forfeit and he could be killed without consequence so Caesar was forced to go into hiding with family friends. If anyone not friendly saw him he was likely to be killed so he had to get out of Rome where people knew him, but the Roman Republic was a *big* place For Napoleon it happened twice. Once he was just dropped off on the island of Elba and told not to come back to France, it didn't work particularly well and he returned. The second time the British exiled him to St Helena which is inconveniently far from Africa, and they had two Royal Navy ships circling the island to make sure he *stayed* exiled this time Exiles are generally poorly defined and generally just "Go away! If we see you again we'll arrest/kill you" Details about individual's exiles are probably better for /r/history or /r/AskHistorians because there are only loose similarities between Caesar, Napoleon, and Castro


Question: Why does saltwater accelerate rust formation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does saltwater accelerate rust formation?

Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide (which is rust). When that happens iron atoms give electrons to the oxygen atoms. Now when salt is dissolved in water it becomes positive and negatively charged ions. These ions help take electrons from the iron atoms, and are free to float over to the oxygen atoms to give it to them.


Question: If Microsoft has the most info on Malware/Viruses/Spyware - why is Windows Defender not the best at its job?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Microsoft has the most info on Malware/Viruses/Spyware - why is Windows Defender not the best at its job?

For starters, who says Microsoft has "the most info on malware/viruses/spyware"? Though Microsoft is able to collect more information on its products' usage than any other organization, that doesn't mean it is granted some secret knowledge about virus development that other companies don't have. All antivirus companies know the same things about viruses and malware. Secondly, Windows Defender is pretty good. Not great, but pretty good for the average user. It's not the best because Microsoft doesn't put as many resources into developing it as some other companies whose sole focus is malware protection. Windows Defender is almost an afterthought—it's a very nice feature that ships with Windows for free, but it's not Windows's selling point. Its selling point is the operating system as a whole. Compare that to other companies' products whose primary selling point is antivirus software—there's an entirely different focus there. Lastly (and this point is debatable), in reference to you saying Windows Defender "is not the best", we don't really have a definition for "best". I've used strong, strict third-party antivirus software that has prevented legitimate programs from running because it's suspected they're dangerous. However, I have never had this issue with Windows Defender. Is being overly strict "better" even if it raises false alarms? Maybe, but maybe not. However, you can be certain that any review that compares various antivirus softwares' effectiveness will be basing their review almost entirely on *how strict* the software is, not *how reasonable* it is. **tl;dr—**Microsoft does not have "the most info" on malware, and Windows Defender is not a bad antivirus software. However, it would likely be improved if it were a bigger selling point for Microsoft.


Question: How does the moon control ocean currents?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the moon control ocean currents?

Well the moon controls the tides. The ocean currents are largely caused by the changes in ocean temperatures and the shape of the contenants. So the moon pulls water where ever it goes and the water has to slosh around all those pesky land bits. You can thank the moon for slowing down the Earth's rotation too.


Question: How come you need anti-rejection drugs for a lung transplant but not for something like an aortic graft?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come you need anti-rejection drugs for a lung transplant but not for something like an aortic graft?

You can’t. Don’t rely on television for accurate medical depiction. When someone needs an aortic graft, doctors take a cylindrical metal mesh and place it inside the weak part of the vessel. This stops the vessel from literally exploding by giving it a lot of support. If the aneurism has already burst, they sew it closed again and then place the mesh inside. This is very hard to survive - it’s something like 10% survival rate from a burst aortic aneurism, if that. I know a man who had an aortic aneurism rupture while he was in hospital waiting to have his aneurism sured up, and they couldn’t save his life. If you need a human vessel to replace a completely shredded blood vessel, they take one from your leg. That is how you get around rejection.


Question: () Is it possible to suffocate while still breathing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 () Is it possible to suffocate while still breathing?

Yes, anything that displaces the oxygen in the air without adding carbon dioxide won’t be noticed. Hypoxia can hit pilots at altitude if they are not careful. It interferes with the brain so they don’t notice that they are not thinking clearly and becoming sleepy. Or look up OSHA’s rules and information on confined space entry. There is usually one or two incidents a year in the USA of workers being careless entering tanks, vaults or sewer pipes without checking the oxygen concentration. They pass out suddenly. Worse is when coworkers can see them and go in to try to get them out. Worst I’ve heard of is 5 guys one after the other. All dead within 30 feet of the entrance.


Question: why does heat sometimes soften and sometimes harden metals? For instance, smithing metals makes them easier to bend, but factories heat metal in a furnace to harden it into shape.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does heat sometimes soften and sometimes harden metals? For instance, smithing metals makes them easier to bend, but factories heat metal in a furnace to harden it into shape.

As for smithing: Glowing hot metal is soft. You hammer hot metal, it kneads Because metal has a structure. You heat metal, structure changes. Say, from structure A (cold), to B (hot) You leave hot metal cooling down over time, structure slowly changes back from B to A You take hot metal and immediately put it on water, metal cools down too fast for structure to change back So metal cools down, but keeps the B structure This is hardening, makes tempered metal hard, but brittle So metal goes to oven, to heat and cool slowly to become just a bit less brittle. This is tempering


Question: Why are laptop screens so hard to clean compared to smartphone screens? They seem to use some sort of coating that leaves nearly impossible to clean stains where as on a phone they just wipe off, why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are laptop screens so hard to clean compared to smartphone screens? They seem to use some sort of coating that leaves nearly impossible to clean stains where as on a phone they just wipe off, why is that?

Touchscreens usually have an oleophobic coating on the surface. Phone screens are designed specifically for touch input interaction. Smartphones and laptops with touchscreens have an oleophobic coating on the glass which repels oils and allows for easier cleaning. This oleophobic coating can, of course, wear off over time, meaning finger oils will become progressively more difficult to keep off the screen as the phone ages. I've also seen some devices where the oleophobic coating wasn't applied evenly, and you could tell where finger oils stuck more visibly around the edges of the screen.


Question: What happens to eye drops when they expire? Are they getting harmful to your eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to eye drops when they expire? Are they getting harmful to your eyes?

No one knows, probably. Expiration dates are only dates by which the manufacturer of that drug can guarantee it is safe. This doesn’t necessarily mean it is unsafe, this just means they tested the safety of the drugs for 2 or so years and don’t know what happens further since they stopped testing.


Question: Why does reheated pizza taste different than fresh, hot pizza?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does reheated pizza taste different than fresh, hot pizza?

It has to do with the carbohydrates in the crust, I think (same goes for left-over spaghetti). The original cooking changes the shape of those molecules, and cooling changes them again. When you reheat them, the carbs are more similar to the cooled version instead of the original hot version. Apparently it's slightly better for you the second time around, but don't quote my on that.


Question: Why do positively charged ions not turn into other elements?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do positively charged ions not turn into other elements?

A lithium+ ion is not one that has an extra proton, but one that has lost a negatively charged electron.


Question: What is a Hilbert Space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a Hilbert Space?

Never played Destiny 2, but if it has Hilbert space reference, I now kinda want to. Anyhow, to describe Hilbert space, but omitting mathematical details, you kinda can just take your intuition about what a space even is(assuming you aren't mathematician. If you are, then you're thinking too broadly), and consider for example sheet of paper as 2d space. Or our world we live in as 3d space. Or piece of string as 1d space. Hilbert space is a catch-all name for these spaces, and some more. You can have 4d Hilbert space, or 5d Hilbert space, but also the thing that really makes it a bit weird is that even infinite-dimensional spaces are allowed. If one speaks of **the** Hilbert space, you refer to the infinite-dimensional case. The cool bit about Hilbert spaces is that infinitely many dimensions breaks surprisingly few of our intuitions. There's still concept of distance between points, you can still do sorta geometry in this space, and you can even do calculus in infinite dimensions. How you arrive at them is basically, imagine infinite dimensions. Then try to figure out how to calculate distances between points without everything being infinite(for comparison, distance on a straight line is |x1 - y1|. Distance on a plane is sqrt((x1 - y1)^2 + (x2 - y2)^2 ).) And boom, you're more or less done. Technical details left as an exercise for the reader.


Question: Can astronauts use their cell phones to make calls or text? What about the internet? Isn’t all that information going from a cell tower, to a satellite? If so, wouldn’t they get better service?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can astronauts use their cell phones to make calls or text? What about the internet? Isn’t all that information going from a cell tower, to a satellite? If so, wouldn’t they get better service?

> Can astronauts use their cell phones to make calls or text? The International Space Station does have internet access. They can make calls or text over the internet/Wi-Fi (like Wi-Fi calling, Facetime, or Skype does), but they can't make a "normal" phone call because there are no cell towers. I don't know if they can just use it whenever they want since bandwidth would be limited and probably must be kept free most of the time for official business. > Isn’t all that information going from a cell tower, to a satellite? No, your phone connects to a cell tower, and then there are cables and wires connected to the cell tower that your data moves through. Neither you nor the cell towers connect to a satellite.


Question: What is Phenylalanine and why does it taste extremely bitter in medications like Benztropine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Phenylalanine and why does it taste extremely bitter in medications like Benztropine?

I’m no doctor, but isn’t Aspartame like 50% phenylalanine? If so I’m betting it’s not the bitter part.


Question: Why are the hottest/coldest days of the year not the same as the solstices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the hottest/coldest days of the year not the same as the solstices?

Basically, thermal capacity. The oceans and land masses have to warm up/cool down, and that does not happen immediately. At the winter solstice, the oceans are still warmer than what they would be if the temperature was constant during the entire year. It takes about one or two more months for them to reach their lowest temperature, and by that time the energy coming from the sun starts warming the oceans up again.


Question: Why is the ocean salty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the ocean salty?

Salt and other minerals are leached out of rocks. Once in the ocean the salt has nowhere else to go so the salinity of the ocean slowly increases over time. Lakes and rivers are not salty (except for some exceptions) because they are continually supplied with fresh water, and they have outlets into other rivers or the ocean. Lakes that are salty have no outlet, so just like the ocean the salt builds up over time.


Question: Why does the Placebo effect work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the Placebo effect work?

1) Random chance - Some patients were just going to get better on their own anyway, whether they received treatment or not. The apparent improvement caused by the placebo is often just the improvement from the body's own natural recovery. 2) Psychosomatic effects - The brain is a powerful influence on our feelings of pain or illness. Mental illness, for example, can cause real physical ailments. The expectation of symptom improvement can cause the brain to create actual improvement in symptoms, particularly if the symptoms weren't very strong in the first place, or the brain was making them feel worse than they really were.


Question: How do "rehabilitation over punishment" countries deter crime, when prison seems like an improvement over standard living conditions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do "rehabilitation over punishment" countries deter crime, when prison seems like an improvement over standard living conditions?

Those countries tend to already have far more support systems in place than in the us. If you're not constantly living in fear of losing your livelihood from a hospital bill or missed paycheck, you're less likely to commit crines.


Question: Why won't the vacuum cleaner noise make me go deaf but listening to high volume music (which I CAN'T HEAR over the vacuum cleaner noise) through earphones will?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why won't the vacuum cleaner noise make me go deaf but listening to high volume music (which I CAN'T HEAR over the vacuum cleaner noise) through earphones will?

If the vacuum cleaner noise is that loud it does have the chance to damage you hearing such that you go deaf. So I am not sure what you are basing you assumption on.


Question: How do employment statistics account for a person who loses a high paying job, goes on unemployment, then off unemployment for a much lower paying job?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do employment statistics account for a person who loses a high paying job, goes on unemployment, then off unemployment for a much lower paying job?

A bunch of people going from good high-paying jobs to a bunch of awful low-paying jobs don't show up in the unemployment statistics at all. Usually they count U3 unemployment, which counts only people with no job but who are looking for a job as unemployed. U6 is a more honest statistic, because it covers people who gave up looking and people who have a job but are still looking for another one.


Question: If my oven only reaches 450ºF, How can a pizza stone inside it reach higher temperatures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If my oven only reaches 450ºF, How can a pizza stone inside it reach higher temperatures?

You know how you can easily reach into a 450F oven but it would be insane to stick your hand into a pot of boiling water at 212F Temperature isn't the only important factor in cooking. You've got the total thermal energy in the system & how efficiently that energy gets transferred into what you're cooking. The air inside your oven doesn't hold a lot of energy or move it particularly quickly. A pre-heated stone, OTOH, while it's only ever the same temperature as the air, holds a *shitload of energy* and it can transfer that into your pizza more efficiently because it has direct physical contact. This ensures that you put a lot more heat energy into cooking your thick, wet crust than you do into the relatively lighter (and largely precooked) toppings.


Question: Why do imaginary numbers exist/not exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do imaginary numbers exist/not exist?

"Imaginary" is just their name. The name was given by people who opposed the introduction of the concept and it ultimately stuck. "Real numbers" are the name for the numbers that aren't imaginary, and the name is equally meaningless. They could just as easily have been red numbers and blue numbers. Numbers exist as a means of describing certain problems. Different types of numbers have been invented to stand in as the solution for certain math problems that otherwise would not have a solution. By defining these classes of numbers with consistent rules they follow we can come up with practical solutions to real-world problems. To see this in action, consider first the "natural numbers," which are the most fundamental set of numbers. They're the positive integers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... These numbers were defined because we can observe that things come in groups, with discrete repetitions of more-or-less equal elements. A cave man may have needed the ability to reason about "3 gazelle." With the natural numbers you can start to develop the notion of arithmetic. If 3 gazelle meet up with 4 gazelle and form a group, you have some number of gazelle. How do you know how many are in that group? You need arithmetic, namely addition. You come up with the addition operator, where 3 + 4 = 7. In working with that new operator you find that it has an opposite. If you have a group of 7 gazelle and you know it was formed by a group of 4 gazelle and another group with an unknown number of gazelle, how many gazelle were in that other group? You come up with a new operator: subtraction. You frame it as "if 4 + X = 7, then 7 - 4 = X." With this new operator you find an oddity: you can write 7 - 4 and come up with an answer of 3, but what about if you write 4 - 7? You could just declare "there's no such thing as subtracting a big number from a small number," but perhaps you instead invent an entirely new set of numbers to serve as the solution to this kind of problem. Thus, the negative numbers are born. A critic may argue "-3 doesn't exist! You can't have -3 gazelle!" but someone today can point to numerous cases where negative numbers have very practical uses. Similarly, you could define the multiplication operator and then run into trouble when you try to reverse it with division. 3 \* 4 = 12 is reversible with 12 / 4 = 3, but what if you try to compute 12 / 5? To serve as a solution to this problem you invent the rational numbers, which don't have to be whole numbers. Going another step further you look to exponents. You find that 3^2 = 9, so sqrt(9) = 3. However, what's sqrt(10)? It isn't an integer and it isn't a rational number, so you need yet another entire set of numbers: irrational numbers. You also run into trouble when you try to do sqrt(-9), so once again you define a new set of numbers: imaginary and complex numbers. Imaginary and complex numbers are advanced enough math and far enough removed from natural numbers that they don't often appear as the *solutions* to practical math problems, but they are a powerful tool in intermediate steps. They're especially common in engineering analysis of oscillating systems (whether that's a spring, an electric signal, or even a computerized control system). The collection of advanced sets of numbers don't end there, though that's usually as deep as non-mathematicians. Each of these sets of numbers are invented as a tool to solve a class of problems.


Question: what is the "risk-free interest rate" and why could it be anything else than zero ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the "risk-free interest rate" and why could it be anything else than zero ?

It's basically considered 'Risk Free' because there's not a possibility it won't be paid back. It exists mostly in theory, but then has correlation in reality. Basically think of it as saying if you had $10,000 and I told you you're not allowed to spend it for 1 year, how much would the market demand to do that? Assuming zero risk, what would you charge to delay the use of your own money? The most common risk-free rate refers to US T-Bills though, which is basically as close to truly zero risk as you can get. There's essentially no chance the US Government won't pay back your money on a 30 day T-Bill. Even if they had to just print the money, they'd pay it. And if there was ever a chance that the US Government did not pay back a 30 day T-Bill, then it's quite likely at this point you've been killed or irradiated enough to die soon and the US Dollar no longer exists.


Question: Is the moon necessary for Earth’s survival? What would life be like if we didn’t have the moon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is the moon necessary for Earth’s survival? What would life be like if we didn’t have the moon?

The moon was very important for the creation of land-based life. Tides are caused by the moon rotating around us, and having patches of land that keep changing between submerged and dry helped develop the earliest versions of amphibians. This provided an important stepping stone towards permanently land-based flora and fauna.


Question: How do they make those fake people on URL_0 ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do they make those fake people on URL_0 ?

The way I understand it, it works like this: Imagine a robot painter and a robot art critic. The robot painter has all the tools and paint, but has never painted (or seen) a human portrait before. The robot art critic is incapable of painting or explaining what a face looks like, but has memorized hundreds of human portrait paintings he had seen earlier. Now the painter begins by just splashing random paint on the canvas and passes it to the critic, who tells him it doesn't even come close to any of the human faces he had seen before and to try again. They repeat the procedure a hundred times, until one of the random paintings resembles the outline of a human face. The robot critic tells him: "paint more like that one!". So he does, again a hundred times until facial features appear, almost by accident, in one of them. The critic encourages him to paint even more like that one painting. This process is repeated thousands of times and with every positive feedback, the robot painter is getting more precise in his brush strokes and his choice of colors, until he gets just every detail right and is able to produce a perfect portrait that leaves the other robot speechless. Neither of them really fully understands what an actual human face looks like or how to paint anything else, but they worked out a perfect way to imitate portraits as we know them. In this case, the paint is random pixels. The painting robot is the "generator" and the art critic robot is the "discriminator".


Question: How does Southwest Airlines maintain its competitive advantage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Southwest Airlines maintain its competitive advantage?

They pick the absolute cheapest of every option they can. Like you said, same airplanes, cheap not mayor airports... basically they use the bulk system. They buy the same thing for every flight and airplane. This allows them to get bulk prices that other airlines would have to invest heavily to acquire. Think about is, every screw is the same in the chair, every seat is the same in the plane, every plane is the same in the fleet... They also saturate the market. I'm in Houston, there is at least 10 flight from Houston to Austin a day via SW and only 3 via United, so what ever time you need to leave, there is a flight. But most important, they work on a market that is so tight that it wouldn't be profitable for 2 companies to split, so no one will try to compete. They made a early smart investment into a very notch market and are profiting from it.


Question: Why does any number to the power of zero equal one(x^0=1)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does any number to the power of zero equal one(x^0=1)?

Well, let's think of it this way. If you have n^x / n^y, how can you write that? You can write it n^(x-y) So let's say you have 2/2 = 1. This is the same as 2^1 / 2^1 = 1, since 2^1 = 2 And because we know that n^x / n^y = n^(x-y), then 2^1 / 2^1 = 2^(1-1) which is 2^0 and therefore 2^0 = 1 That holds true for every number.