Question: Why is it that we can see an object better in the dark when we look beside it, rather than directly at it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that we can see an object better in the dark when we look beside it, rather than directly at it?

Eyes have two types of seeing cells called rods and cones. Cones are good at seeing color light but require a lot of it to activate. Cones are more dense in the center of the retina making us good at seeing what's in front of us during the day. Rods are more sensitive to light. Dont require high intensity light to activate but cannot see color. Rods are more dense on the perimeter of the retina, increasing our peripheral vision in the dark. Good for fight or flight response to evade predators. Watch this URL_0


Question: why does winter make people sad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does winter make people sad?

Sunlight actually helps our moods, so the less sunlight (like in winter), the more sad people tend to be. It’s called seasonal depression and is surprisingly common.


Question: How do scientists calculate the approximate surface area, mass, and weight of planets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists calculate the approximate surface area, mass, and weight of planets?

Well, mass and weight are related. In order to determine the mass of a planet, we simply need to see how much gravity the planet generates (gravity is proportional to mass and inversely proportional distance squared). We can observe this by observing the moons orbiting them - how far away they are and how fast they complete one revolution around the planet. For size/surface area, if we know how far a planet is from us, and the angular size of the planet in our telescopes, we can determine the size of the planet using SOHCAHTOA. Tangent(angle) = size of the planet / distance from Earth to the planet.


Question: How do marker caps keep them from drying out, even with holes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do marker caps keep them from drying out, even with holes?

The middle part of the cap doesn't have holes which keeps the marker moist. The caps have airway "holes" around the sides in case it gets swallowed so it won't block the airways should it be accidental swallowed.


Question: How can the Texas Freeze be linked to warming in the Arctic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the Texas Freeze be linked to warming in the Arctic?

The whole planet is warming not just the arctic. This causes weather patterns to become more erratic and things that wouldn't usually, like Texas getting snow, happen more frequently.


Question: When steam forms on a mirror from a hot shower in the bathroom, why do lights above the mirror cause the steam to not form around the lights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When steam forms on a mirror from a hot shower in the bathroom, why do lights above the mirror cause the steam to not form around the lights?

Good question. The fog on mirrors is not steam. It's condensation. Condensation occurs when humid air touches a cold surface. Some of the water in the air loses heat to the cold surface, and this causes it to turn back into a liquid. But if the light keeps the glass warm, then water won't condense on it anymore.


Question: What is the difference between Euclidean and Non-Euclidean geometry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between Euclidean and Non-Euclidean geometry?

In Euclidean geometry, for a given line and point that's not on that line, there's exactly one line through that point so that the two lines don't intersect, i.e. are parallel, and all other lines through that point would intersect the original line. In Non-Euclidean geometry, there's either no parallel line through that point at all (e.g. the surface of a sphere, where all lines intersect), or there are multiple lines through that point that would intersect the original line (there are models like the Poincaré disk model, but they're not as simple as a sphere, so I won't describe them here). For clarity and just to be safe, the lines are assumed to be straight.


Question: Why do humans live longer than most mammals, such as elephants, despite being smaller and weaker than them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans live longer than most mammals, such as elephants, despite being smaller and weaker than them?

Medicine and collective knowledge/memory plus the fact we don’t all have to gather our own food so are insulated from effects of food shortages (speaking in very general terms, not everyone has equal access to resources currently)


Question: How does spinning work? How are short cotton and wool fibers spun into a single thread for weaving, sewing, and making textiles with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does spinning work? How are short cotton and wool fibers spun into a single thread for weaving, sewing, and making textiles with?

Some fibers are easier than others. Each strand isn't smooth like a human hair. There are microscopic roughness and microfibers tangled into them. When you spin them, you're smashing them all into a tangled mess, like headphones in a pocket but 10 times worse. The tangled fibers hook onto each other and hold the larger thread together. The same thing happens when a wool sweater is shrunk. One way to try unshrinking wool is to wash it in hair conditioner and stretch it. The conditioner lubricates the fibers and let's them slip back apart.


Question: why do butter taste more salty when its melted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do butter taste more salty when its melted?

Why *does butter taste more salty when *it’s melted? This is because all flavor, especially salt, is greatly dulled when in cold items, versus warm/hot items. This is also why Chefs will add more salt to dishes served cold, than in dishes served hot.


Question: What happens when game servers are under maintenance and why is it needed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when game servers are under maintenance and why is it needed?

A server is just a computer. Sometimes computers need to be updated, or restarted or just generally other things that are not conducive to them running your games 24/7. If there is something significant that needs to be done that will affect all or most of those computers, sometimes it it just easiest to take them all offline at the same time during a period of low traffic, make the update and then put them back online.


Question: I was just reading about modern submarines on Wikipedia such as the German type 212. Why are they capable of travelling faster submerged than surfaced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I was just reading about modern submarines on Wikipedia such as the German type 212. Why are they capable of travelling faster submerged than surfaced?

There are a few factors slowing down submarines on the surface. Water does have surface tension which makes it harder to push through it on the surface then under water. You also end up pushing water upwards into the air creating a bow wave which will push on your hull. This bow wave will not be the same under water. You also get waves hitting the ship slowing them down. A trick to traveling faster on the surface is to cruise in semi-submerged mode. This is when they trim the boyancy so the submarine have almost no boyancy. This menas that most of the submarine is under water and only the top of the sail or even just the periscope is above the water. Something comparable is done with big container ships in that they have a huge bulb on the bow just bellow the waterline looking similar to a submarine bow. This will then break up the bow wave making it easier for the rest of the hull to follow.


Question: Why does cement cools slower than metal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does cement cools slower than metal?

Metals generally have high heat conduction and low heat capacity. This means that energy travels in and out of them very easily but little energy is stored in them meaning they heat/cool quickly. Materials like cement have low heat conduction but higher heat capacity. This means they take more energy to heat up and once hot they take a long time to cool down. For some numbers the link below has a bunch of things but we can talk about steel and concrete. Steel has a heat capacity of ~500 while concrete is 1000. This means concrete stores twice as much heat (per mass) as steel. Looking at conductivity steel is 45 while concrete is just above 1. That means steel is going to easily accept or give up heat. URL_0 All the above numbers have units described in the link.


Question: There's a commercial for an HIV drug that says it makes HIV "undetectable", what's the difference between "undetectable" and "cured"? Aren't they the same thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 There's a commercial for an HIV drug that says it makes HIV "undetectable", what's the difference between "undetectable" and "cured"? Aren't they the same thing?

No, they are not the same thing. Cured implies that the disease or cause of the disease is completely eradicated. Aside from a handful of extremely unusual cases, HIV is, to date, not curable. It's not possible to kill every last viral particle in a person. What these drugs do is kill so many viral particles that their presence becomes undetectable in tests (usually this means fewer than 20-40 copies/ml, depending on the specific test). If the drug is stopped, the virus will begin to multiply again. The drugs keep the virus in check, they don't eradicate from the person's body. There are always still some copies of the virus per ml of blood. Think of it a bit like diabetes. It can't be cured, but through treatment, it can be made so that the person with diabetes has blood sugar levels equal or extremely close to that of a non-diabetic person. If they stop taking insulin, however, they will die. Insulin doesn't cure diabetes, it just manages it.


Question: how YouTube gaming channels work. Do the hosts actually do everything themselves or is a studio involved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how YouTube gaming channels work. Do the hosts actually do everything themselves or is a studio involved?

Most large channels will have one or more editors who work in the videos instead of the host doing it themselves. As for their surroundings and financial situation we can't really know, but a sufficiently large channel can attract enough advertising that a comfortable life is easy to obtain.


Question: I read that if there are 23 people in a room, the probability of any two of them having the same birthday is 50%. Can someone please tell me how ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I read that if there are 23 people in a room, the probability of any two of them having the same birthday is 50%. Can someone please tell me how ?

This is called the Birthday Paradox "It may well seem surprising that a group of just 23 individuals is required to reach a probability of 50% that at least two individuals in the group have the same birthday: this result is perhaps made more plausible by considering that the comparisons of birthday will actually be made between every possible pair of individuals = 23 × 22/2 = 253 comparisons, which is well over half the number of days in a year (183 at most), as opposed to fixing on one individual and comparing his or her birthday to everyone else's." Source: URL_0


Question: Why does the range of remote controls and car keys increase when you hold them to your head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the range of remote controls and car keys increase when you hold them to your head?

Because it increases the line of sight the for the RF signals. Down low in a crowded parking lot the waves are bouncing off of everything. That’s a layman’s terms explanation.


Question: Why is seafood safe to eat raw (ex: sushi, sashimi) while chicken and other farm animal produce can harm us when raw?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is seafood safe to eat raw (ex: sushi, sashimi) while chicken and other farm animal produce can harm us when raw?

You can get plenty of nasty stuff from raw fish...And you can probably eat most farmed pork raw (at least in the US...). Chicken it's all about salmonella, but that's not super common. And raw beef is usually fine. Not eating it raw is more of a guideline than anything else.


Question: Why does sugar dissolve better in hotter water vs colder water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sugar dissolve better in hotter water vs colder water?

At a molecular level, what makes something 'hotter' is that its molecules are vibrating faster. When a solid (like sugar) dissolves in a liquid (like water), what's happening at a molecular level is that the sugar molecules are getting bounced around between the sugar molecules. Bouncier water molecules can bounce around more sugar molecules. Imagine trying to drop a bag of peas through a fan. If the fan is turned off, lots of peas will get through the gaps. If the fan is moving at high speed, most if not all of the peas are going to get hit by a blade and bounced around.


Question: Why don’t lakes and reservoirs freeze at 32F or 0C?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why don’t lakes and reservoirs freeze at 32F or 0C?

Large volumes of water are great at holding heat. Even if the air above is below freezing, the water can hold enough heat to stay at just a few degrees above freezing temp


Question: What is a shell, and orbital, and a suborbital in an atom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a shell, and orbital, and a suborbital in an atom?

You have a nucleus with a bunch of positively charged protons. It forms an atom that wants to have the same number of negatively charged electrons. Due to some quantum mechanics stuff, the electrons don't fall all the way into the nucleus and only so many electrons can fit into a certain amount of space. This means that filling up our atom with electrons is like filling a jar with Skittles. They all fall to the bottom, but eventually the bottom layer fills up and they start to stack up above the bottom of the jar. So if I have an atom with 1 electron (hydrogen), I get one electron sitting as close to the nucleus as possible, just like having 1 skittle in the jar. That's the first shell. The first shell can hold 2 electrons before you start stacking that next layer. Now my analogy gets a little weird. Since an atom has 3-dimensional space, the further you get from the nucleus, the more space you have to "stack" electrons. So to fit the analogy, it's more like our jar is cone shaped, so that each layer fits more and more Skittles. This is what orbitals are. They're new space to stack more electron-skittles. The suborbitals are just a way of dividing up that space into smaller chunks. It's easier to describe orbital vs. suborbital with a picture [like this]( URL_0 ). Look in the row for the P orbital in that diagram. Due to some more quantum mechanics, the space the electrons get to fill up are shaped like butterfly-barbell thingies. There's a vertical, sideways, and front-back one of these suborbitals. The three of them together make up the whole P orbital. So the first layer is 2 electrons (1S orbital). Now we make a new layer a little further out with 2 more electrons (2S orbital) plus 6 electrons (2P orbital) that we now have room for on the second layer (2 + 2 + 6 = 10 between both layers). The next layer only still has S and P so we get another 8 electrons in that layer. The next one we unlock the D orbital which gives us space for 10 extra electrons per layer, and so on.


Question: Why do your voice sound different to you than to other people/ hearing recordings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do your voice sound different to you than to other people/ hearing recordings?

You are hearing a portion of your voice through your head instead of through the air like you hear most sound. Your voice travels differently through tissue and bone then air so it changes the sound.


Question: Why are things cheaper in Poor Countries? Isn't products being cheap a sign of economic prosperity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are things cheaper in Poor Countries? Isn't products being cheap a sign of economic prosperity?

When you by a candy bar in a convenience store, you aren't just paying for chocolate. You are paying for the upkeep of the store, the property tax it must pay, the people who work there, the utilities, the guy who drove the truck that brought it there, upkeep on the truck, etc., etc. All of those things are less expensive in less developed countries. The building is constructed more cheaply, don't have the same safety codes, lacks amenities, and doesn't run the AC 24/7. But the biggest factor is going to be labor being much, much cheaper. Also, there is some selection bias. That store sells to locals and sells what locals can afford. You might notice candy bars are cheaper, you might be missing how they are all off brands with lower quality ingredients.


Question: What are the mid-term elections and who won?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the mid-term elections and who won?

> Every state is represented by two Senators, but by different numbers of Representatives based on their population. The Senate gives small states equal representation, because the Senate is about representing the states. The House is about representing the people directly. & #x200B; Long story short, Democrats took back the majority in the House while the Republicans got a higher majority in the Senate. With as divided as our politics are currently, I don't see anything getting done for the next 2 years.


Question: Why are most canned foods high in sodium? Doesn't the canning process eliminate the need for preservatives?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are most canned foods high in sodium? Doesn't the canning process eliminate the need for preservatives?

Eh. Not entirely. A few things. First, depending on the food we're talking about, salt might be an inherent part of the process, either of canning in particular or just the food in general. Pickles? Olives? Gotta have salt. You just do. Salt is also a critical ingredient in any number of fermented foods, many of which are canned. Second, salt is a flavor enhancer. Processed food manufacturers have tended to add loads of salt to a wide variety of foods for the better part of a century as a way of making their products tastier. Canned foods are hardly unique here. Third, while canned vegetables are certainly saltier than their raw counterparts, they're not necessarily as salty as you might think. [One 30g slice of white bread]( URL_0 ) has a little less than *three times* as much sodium as [28g of canned green beans]( URL_1 ). Fourth, while canning certainly *tends* to kill biological organisms, it's not magic. Some organisms are merely weakened. Some may even survive, though in small enough numbers that they can't cause a problem if the food is eaten within a year or two. A little salt goes a long way towards ensuring that fewer bacteria survive, and those that do stay dormant. But lastly, bacteria aren't the only things that contribute to food spoilage. There are other chemical processes that have nothing to do with bacteria that can make food go bad, or at least lose quality over time. Discoloration comes immediately to mind, but that's not the only thing. Flavors can change. Textures can break down. Foods can take on flavors from their containers. Salt creates an environment inhospitable to bacteria, to be sure, but it also tends to interfere with some of these other processes, making it useful as a preservative even in a largely sterile environment.


Question: Why does melted ice taste different than water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does melted ice taste different than water?

Even after the ice melts to room temperature, the oxygen level in the melted ice water remains higher than the water that kept a constant room temperature. The extra oxygen present is most likely the cause for the difference in taste


Question: for cases of tourettes that manifest in cursing, why and how does the brain target the most obscene words, as opposed to just spouting out any random word?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 for cases of tourettes that manifest in cursing, why and how does the brain target the most obscene words, as opposed to just spouting out any random word?

I don't believe there is a definite answer, but the brain does treat obscene words differently to regular language. For example, yelling obscene words when hurt is a universal phenomenon because it actually reduces pain more than yelling regular, acceptable words. Presumably, it is more about the catharsis of saying something you're usually unable to say than the word itself.


Question: Why do drinks like Ice Tea or Coke lose most of their taste when having eaten chocolate prior to drinking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do drinks like Ice Tea or Coke lose most of their taste when having eaten chocolate prior to drinking?

It’s because you’re over saturating you’re tastebuds with something super sweet, then drinking something with less sugar in it so your tastebuds have to try to reset basically (that’s my understanding)


Question: Why is there a separate security code on credit cards? If the three extra digits make it that much more secure, why not just make the number three digits longer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a separate security code on credit cards? If the three extra digits make it that much more secure, why not just make the number three digits longer?

In the olden days, credit cards were often not scanned with the mag strip, because the equipment was still too expensive for smaller retailers. What they did instead was use a carbon paper and a roller machine to take an imprint of the front of the credit card with the numbers. This was commonly part of the receipt, and one copy would be torn off and given to the customer. The problem with this, of course, is that now all these receipts you are just throwing away left and right have your whole card number on them. This is where the extra numbers on the back to confirm an online(or at the time, over the phone) purchase can be used, if you only had a receipt you found with the front of someone's card, you would not have all the numbers needed to complete a transaction.


Question: can 3 people use the same organs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 can 3 people use the same organs?

Not in a case like you've laid out, no. If the first recipient dies shortly after the surgery or has a bad rejection reaction they might be able to. But transplants put a lot of stress on the donated organ, and they wear out very quickly.


Question: How can the worlds global debt be more than 2.5 times the total money supply?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can the worlds global debt be more than 2.5 times the total money supply?

It's pretty easy to create debt, because each dollar can be lent out more than once, and used more than once to pay back a debt. Say you're at a restaurant: between when you order and when you pay, there's a debt owed to the restaurant. Meanwhile, their servers work today, but get paid tomorrow - there's another debt. You pay by credit card, which satisfies your debt to the restaurant, but creates a debt from you to your bank, and the bank to the restaurant. Eventually, you pay the bank, the bank pays the restaurant, and the restaurant pays its servers, but there's a lot more debt than money in that whole series.


Question: What is happening with GME stock, why do people believe it will keep going up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening with GME stock, why do people believe it will keep going up?

People borrowed a lot shares to sell them because they thought game stop was going bankrupt. Now they have to give them back but there are not enough shares around for them to buy so they will have pay to higher and higher


Question: Why can't you rename a Windows file with some characters like :, etc.. ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't you rename a Windows file with some characters like :, etc.. ?

Certain characters are reserved because they have other meanings. The colon (:) means the name preceding it is a device, such as a drive (C:) or a port (COM1:). Others are wildcards, like asterisk (*) or query (?). Plus (+) is used to concatenate files together. The backslash (\\) is a path separator. Double-period (..) is an alias for the parent directory. Angle brackets ( < > ) are used to pipe output from/to a file or device.


Question: How does the device that make things vibrate work? Is it the same thing but bigger/smaller for cellphones, game controllers, dildos, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the device that make things vibrate work? Is it the same thing but bigger/smaller for cellphones, game controllers, dildos, etc?

Usually, a motor with an unbalanced weight attached to it is used to make vibrations. As the motor spins, it swings the weight around which causes vibrations in the motor/shaft/anything else they're attached to. Higher frequency vibrations may be made by a speaker, which is just a magnet and a coil of wire, and higher still by an ultrasonic transducer.


Question: How Does Venus still have an atmosphere if it doesn't have a magnetic field?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Does Venus still have an atmosphere if it doesn't have a magnetic field?

It does have one. It's just a lot weaker than ours. But to really answer your question, the atmosphere itself generates a much stronger one. The ionosphere reacts with solar winds and generates an EXTERNAL field. It's not as protective as ours overall, but pretty freaking cool


Question: For years NSA has raised concerns about the US power grid being hacked. What can the US do to protect the power grid? Going Green is critical for all, if nations are unable to protect their power grids, will that slow going green?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 For years NSA has raised concerns about the US power grid being hacked. What can the US do to protect the power grid? Going Green is critical for all, if nations are unable to protect their power grids, will that slow going green?

First, I think you're connecting two things that aren't connected. Going green, that is using more renewable energy sources, is not connected to the security of the electrical grid. Second, hardening the electrical grid against a cyberattack is an ongoing process. Most electric companies are private organizations but they work with various government agencies to coordinate a defense and restoration plan in case of a cyberattack. The exact details of what they're doing are understandably secret but they involve things like keeping control systems isolated from publicly accessible networks and providing manual overrides in case the automated systems are compromised. You can read more in this government report if you're interested. URL_0


Question: Why are AC electromagnetic fields more harmful to people with heavy metal toxicity than DC electromagnetic fields of the same magnitude?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are AC electromagnetic fields more harmful to people with heavy metal toxicity than DC electromagnetic fields of the same magnitude?

There are pretty much two ways that we actually know of how an eletromagnetic field can harm people (excluding light or near-visible frequencies). The first is ionizing radiation: X-Rays and Gamma rays and high-energy ultraviolet radiation can ionize molecules in our DNA, and destroy cells (which is what happens with sunburn) or cause cancer. Note that ionizing radiation is all about having high energy, which only happens with higher frequencies than visible light, while things like wifi, radio and even microwaves have much *lower* frequencies than light. The second way applies to all radiation, including non-ionizing: the energy absorbed by it causes tissue to get warm, just little like a microwave oven heats food. This can get dangerous, but it's pretty easy to calculate how big of an effect it has, and limit exposure to safe levels. Now these are pretty much the only two dangers of electromagnetic health effects that we know of, but of course that doesn't mean that there couldn't be more. The brain is a complex structure which we don't understand, there could be some weird "interference" that influences how it works. However: Scientists have long been trying to find such effects, and have come up with nothing much (there are of course some studies which claim effects, but a study that hasn't been successfully reproduced is basically worthless). Apparently we can [hear some strong microwave signals]( URL_0 ), but that's about it. There are some people that claim to suffer from "electromagnetic hypersensitivity", but most studies that tested whether they could actually detect magnetic fields came up empty. If even those that claim to be especially affected can't detect them in any way, the effect (if any) of those fields on human health is probably not too strong. All I could find about any connection to "heavy metals" seems to be from pseudoscience mumbo-jumbo, not reputable scientific claims.


Question: Why can some animals, when they freeze mid-movement, keep their limbs perfectly still without shivering even a little, whereas humans can not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can some animals, when they freeze mid-movement, keep their limbs perfectly still without shivering even a little, whereas humans can not?

Are you asking why some animals can stand so still they look frozen. While when humans try to stay still they seem to have to move very slightly always? Or are you asking why do humans shiver and some animals do not?


Question: When a country runs out of money (think Greece) how do they get money back? Do they just make more or do they have to reacquire money before printing it or whatever...?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a country runs out of money (think Greece) how do they get money back? Do they just make more or do they have to reacquire money before printing it or whatever...?

There are three types of money: * **Commodity money** gains value because it is literally *made of* something valuable. For example, currency (coins) made of gold or silver are a commodity money. The value is established by the value of the commodity, because the currency _is_ the commodity. * **Representative money** is a currency that is _backed_ by something valuable. For example, a gold- or silver-backed currency is representative. In the past, the US used a gold-backed currency, such as [this $20 bill from 1928]( URL_0 ) -- note the "gold certificate" on the bill. Legally you would be entitled to exchange that for $20 worth of gold. The value is established because the currency _represents_ an equal amount of a commodity and is exchangeable for that. * **Fiat money** is a currency established by a government as legal tender, but is not backed by a commodity. It has no (or very little) intrinsic value. E.g., the paper and ink used to print a modern $20 bill has some intrinsic value, but nowhere near $20. The value of fiat money is established by the faith that people have in that money (and, implicitly, the government that issues it). Almost all modern currencies are fiat money. If people lose faith, the money loses value. In a global economy, a lot of that faith is established by exchange rates with other currencies issued by other governments. Greece didn't really "run out of money." Rather, it reached a point where it couldn't generate enough revenue (taxes) to make payments on its debts. Consider it kinda like this: for months you spent all your money on a new Xbox, a bunch of games, pizza three times a day, a new car, a sweet pair of kicks, a vacation in Tahiti, etc. etc. etc. And you just sorta ignored paying the mortgage, utilities, the credit card bill, the car payment, etc etc etc. When the collections agents and repo-men come pounding on your door, you're all like "Uh...don't have the money, dude." That's kinda where Greece found itself. A country can't get out of that situation by just printing more money, because fiat money only has value if its people or the people and businesses of other nations have faith that the money will continue to be valuable. Since there's little faith in the Greek economy due to mismanagement (and some other factors that we won't try to ELI5 here), printing more money won't solve anything. In fact, it would probably do the opposite -- create an *even greater* lack of faith. The way a country like Greece (or Venezuela, whose economy is currently crumbling in a similar kind of matter) gets out of a situation like that is, basically, the same way you would end your Xbox-pizza-sneaker binge: *straighten up and get your shit together*. Stop spending money you don't have, start making more money than you were before, and negotiate with the people you owe money to see if they'll let you pay it off late, more slowly, or forgive some of that debt. In government terms this gets referred to as "austerity measures," and usually involves decreasing spending, raising taxes to bring in more money, and negotiating with debtors for debt relief. The problem, though, is that when you cut back on government services and infrastructure maintenance at the same time you're raising taxes, the citizens don't like that very much. Surprise! So they get up and leave and go someplace else ... which is easy in the EU because of the free movement principle that lets citizens of EU countries live and work anywhere in the EU. Which means that there are fewer people in the original country (Greece, in this case) paying taxes. Which means even though you're raising taxes, with fewer people paying, you're still not bringing in more revenue. So you cut spending and raise taxes *again* ... and piss off even more of the remaining people. So it's a tightrope the government has to walk of trying to rebuild solid economic practices without driving away their population (and thus the base of production) while doing so. TL;DR: the path to recovery for a country in economic crisis is a long and slow process of getting its shit together, just like any individual who got themselves in financial trouble and couldn't pay their debts. There's no silver bullet like just printing more money.


Question: Why are some money sharing services such as Venmo able to deposit money into a bank account virtually instantaneously while other services such as PayPal take multiple business days to do the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some money sharing services such as Venmo able to deposit money into a bank account virtually instantaneously while other services such as PayPal take multiple business days to do the same?

Venmo deposited basically by using your debit card in reverse. Those transactions happen nearly instantaneously. The paypal transfers are done through ACH (basically an electronic check) and since those are done in a few daily batches rather than through a card processing network, there's a day or two delay in those being processed and settled.


Question: How is randomness created in video games and simulations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is randomness created in video games and simulations?

It's rare for the randomness to be random in the strictest sense of the word. Usually, pseudorandom (close enough to random) numbers are used, and there are various ways of getting them. Some early computers literally just had a list of numbers stored; when asked for a random number, they would just pick the next one on the list. Now, it's more common to do things like look at the number of milliseconds on the system clock, or using a seed value and an algorithm that generates pseudorandom numbers. Some computers do have dedicated hardware to make true random numbers, but these are rare.


Question: How do forensic pathologists locate a dead person's dentist to get dental records?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do forensic pathologists locate a dead person's dentist to get dental records?

Unlike with DNA, there is no big database of dental records. So, in order for identify to be verified through dental records, we actually first need an idea of who the dead person might be. This can be based on missing persons files or tips from the public or other items found on the body. When they have a name they think might be the one belonging to the dead person, they contact that person's dentist (the might get the number through that person's family) and ask them for the dental records. Nowadays if you are reporting someone as missing, you are often asked to also provide dental records if possible. These will go on file, and if someone other police department thinks they may have found the remains of that particular person, they can contact the police department handling the missing person's case and ask them for the dental records they have on file. It speeds up the process in that they don't have to go looking to contact the dentist first.


Question: If a person is kicked out of a spaceship to die, assuming they are going fast enough to maintain an orbit around the sun and won't drift towards it, would their frozen bodies exist forever? Or would the radiation break down the frozen bodies over time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a person is kicked out of a spaceship to die, assuming they are going fast enough to maintain an orbit around the sun and won't drift towards it, would their frozen bodies exist forever? Or would the radiation break down the frozen bodies over time?

The radiation wouldn't really be a problem since the person's already dead - after all liquid has evaporated, you'd be left with a mummy not unlike the ones found on earth. Coats of space dust would eventually turn the body unrecognizable in the span of a few millenia, effectively turning it into a micrometeorite. There's also a somewhat related [xkcd]( URL_0 ) on this.


Question: I've always seen that prescription medicines cost a lot of money without insurance, what makes it cost so much money to produce these small pills? And why are generic versions so much cheaper if they're just made out of the same thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've always seen that prescription medicines cost a lot of money without insurance, what makes it cost so much money to produce these small pills? And why are generic versions so much cheaper if they're just made out of the same thing?

Each pill might only cost $0.03 or something to make, but the **first** pill with all the research and development and testing and regulation and approval and so on and so forth might cost over one billion dollars. That's a lot of investment, and if anyone is going to go down that road, they need to be compensated for finding a cure. Patent law ensures that companies that invent cures have exclusive rights to that cure for a length of time so they can make their money back. After that period the drug can be manufactured without paying the inventor for every pill made. Those are the "generic" drugs, and that's why they're cheaper.


Question: Why do "red skies at morning" mean it's going to storm later that day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do "red skies at morning" mean it's going to storm later that day?

It has to do with the scattering of incoming solar radiation. It is called Rayleigh scattering. the way weather systems travel is from west to east. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Incoming solar radiation deflected sideways at an angle. If that angle is high then it brings about blue skies and such. If there is a blue sunrise that, to me, as a weather forecaster tells me I have low pressure to my east. The storm has passed. As a result of low pressure being to my east, I will have high pressure to my west. High pressure is associated with good weather and great conditions. The high pressure is to come and move over my station. High pressure brings about a low sun angle because it condenses the atmosphere. This low sun angle gives us our red sunrises and sunsets. Edit: This is more of a mid latitude United States phenomenon. I decided to give it another shot— see below👇 Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Cool. If at any point the sun rise or sun set is the color orange, red, or pink it can be inferred that the atmosphere is being condensed under the influence of high pressure. Because the sun is low in the sky and the atmosphere is condensed this is used to locate where high pressure is. Whether it is departing or arriving to you. On the other hand, low pressure within the atmosphere allows it to expand. Therefore, wherever low pressure is located the sky at sun rise and sun set will not appear the colors aforementioned but will be your usual blue sky. This is due to the lack of condensation in the atmosphere. It allows the blue to be seen instead of the other colors on the visible spectrum. In the mid latitudes (not the equator or the poles) between 60 degrees N and 30 degrees N there is the polar front jet (jet stream) that is high in the sky and it helps high pressure and low pressure move across mid latitudes in a west to east fashion as this is the only way the wind travels in the polar front jet. So this is the way low pressure systems (more commonly frontal boundaries) move with high pressure ahead and behind the fronts. Weather is fluid and ever changing. What one may understand may be understood differently by another.


Question: How come there are so many companies offering free web hosting? What's the catch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come there are so many companies offering free web hosting? What's the catch?

Like /u/donsterkay said, such companies usually make their money through advertising. It's worth noting, though, that not all of them do shady stuff like cramming ads on all your pages. As is usually the rule on the internet, for every 100 online services there are 99 scumbags and 1 honest fellow. Those two you listed as examples look legit, and although I haven't used them, I didn't find any scam accusations on Google. The most likely answer to your question is that these companies have different tiers of service; i.e. the free tier offers basic levels of bandwidth and tools that would be enough for most people (think portfolio website or shopify online store), and the paid tier has extra stuff targeted at larger clients (like an online business). As long as there are enough paid clients to keep the ship afloat, the company can easily offer legit free hosting. Edit: A user below mentioned that 000webhost have had big security issues in the past, Google seems to confirm that. I asked a colleague of mine about OneSite and he said they're solid.


Question: Can brushing too hard actually destroy enamel? Is it irreparable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can brushing too hard actually destroy enamel? Is it irreparable?

No, it can however damage your gums and over time it can only be repaired by a gum graft or a gum and bone graft since receding gums will cause the underlying bone to recede as well.


Question: How come when you burp while drinking soda and exhale the air through your nose, it stings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you burp while drinking soda and exhale the air through your nose, it stings?

Soda is carbonated water. The act of carbonating the water converts some of it into carbonic acid. This acid is what stings your nose when you exhale (tiny amounts of it in the air), or belch in my case!


Question: What are practical applications for prime numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are practical applications for prime numbers?

Large prime numbers are essential to encryption, especially encrypted messages and information transmitted over the internet. Having two very large primes multiplied together is the basis of encryption keys. Computers struggle with prime factorization for very large numbers, and once those numbers reach a certain size, it takes even the most powerful computers years and years and years to work through a prime factorization algorithm in order to discover the basis of the encryption key being used.


Question: How are obscenely large digits of pi calculated and how do we know that they are accurate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are obscenely large digits of pi calculated and how do we know that they are accurate?

[Mathematicians eventually discovered that there are in fact exact formulas for calculating Pi (π). The only catch is that each formula requires you to do something an infinite number of times. (Which makes sense given that the digits of Pi (π) go on forever.) One of the amazing things which interests people about Pi (π) is that there isn’t just one formula, but a large number of different ones for people to study.]( URL_0 ) There are several ways to calculate Pi. When it is done several times in several different ways you assume it is true. Actually you know it is true if your formula is correct which you know is to be. We use computers to do the work. Set two or more computers to work using several different formulas. Compare the answers. When they are they same we know the computers are all working well.


Question: What are “shadow profiles” and what are the direct harms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are “shadow profiles” and what are the direct harms?

In terms of social media, a shadow profile is when a company collects information about people who've actually never registered with that company's service and created a profile. But a company like Facebook can easily collect a *lot* of information on you anyway: it knows whose address books you appear in, it knows which websites you visit that have a Facebook "like" button, and probably some other ways as well. The harm is that this happens completely without your consent.


Question: Why do we get goosebumbs by listening to really intense or hearttouching music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we get goosebumbs by listening to really intense or hearttouching music?

It's one of those reflexes we've retained from the days when we had fur. Intense experiences activate a part of our nervous system that's known as the *sympathetic nervous system*. When this is activated, our body responds with a number of different things that are supposed to make us ready to fight and/or flee, or ready to face any challenging environment. This includes an increased heart rate, mobilization of our energy stores to keep our muscles well supplied, as well as a host of other biological reflexes. Basically, the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for all those things that we associate with an adrenaline rush in everyday speech (in fact, adrenaline is a key component of the sympathetic nervous system). This part of the nervous system isn't controlled by us consciously, and operates by itself (called *autonomously* in medical language). All the hairs on your skin have tiny muscles connected to them called the [*arrector pili* muscles]( URL_0 ). When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it also activates these muscles. They make the hairs on the skin stand up, which in furred animals traps air between the hairs and increases insulation (which makes them better equipped to face the cold). Although we've evolved to lose our dense fur, we still have some hair and arrector pili muscles - and whenever your body experiences something intense enough to make it think it's about to fight, it activates these age old reflexes.


Question: Do people lose in sensitivity to adrenaline if exposed to it repetitively ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do people lose in sensitivity to adrenaline if exposed to it repetitively ?

Neurobiology student. Ok, so the first thing I thought reading this question was "Nah, I don't think so", but I still looked to be sure. Well apparently yeah, you can have some receptors, called B-adrenergic receptors, lose their sensibility if constantly exposed to a drug that activate them. And one drug tha activate B-adrenergic receptor is adrenaline. However, they only mentioned that this desensitization happened with pharmacological drugs and they don't really mention adrenaline. So my guess is that in theory it could be possible but ultimately not happening. Which is logic since adrenaline is essential for the bodily function, is not constantly secreted and and have a very short half life so it's degraded very quickly.


Question: Why does it feel nice to scratch bug bites?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel nice to scratch bug bites?

Scratching. Think of when you have to take your kid/relative to a doctor. You play games/ make faces / distract them to not have them feel the pain of the injection. Scratching causes mild pain. So that your brain focuses on that instead of the stinging bite. Some studies have shown that it releases Serotonin fooling your brain. But the primary theory is that scratching ( the sensation of scratching and not necessarily the pain) supresses your brains focus to the stinging sensation and hence you feel good. It's just a distraction. CHRONIC SCRATCHING MAY LEAVE YOU SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTIONS. Edit: Your body releases a feel good chemical (recent studies) Serotonin which lasts for a short period of time so the itch cycle continues. It's not big pain vs small pain. It's about the sensation. Like with the kid you dont pinch him; you distract him/her. Try keeping a ice pack on your itch the next time and you would understand the concept of sensation. Though the ice pack also relieves some effects of inflammation ; there are many processes that take place at the same time. Why scratching at other places doesn't work? One word: Dermatomes Simple Explanation: No. See pain is a neuro-chemical sensation. You know how they say dopamine causes happiness. Similarly pain is associated with other chemicals ( Substance P to name one) . The point where the nerves are stimulated (generally the area of bite - is where the nerves supply so only in that area will scratching be effective and not others as the other areas are not carrying the pain sensation. )


Question: How were maths formulae like Pythagoras and area of a circle discovered millenia ago - way before people had access to pens, papers, rulers, calculators, computers, a standard maths education etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were maths formulae like Pythagoras and area of a circle discovered millenia ago - way before people had access to pens, papers, rulers, calculators, computers, a standard maths education etc?

We did have some of those things (writing utensils and something to write on) otherwise we wouldn't know that they discovered it in the first place. They also had math education; that's how this stuff was passed on and able to develop. The only thing they were really missing were calculators and computers, which don't discover or prove math anyway. They're just good at doing lots of calculations really fast and accurately. Mathematical discovers and proofs are discovered in the same place now as they were then: in the minds of mathematicians. Granted, it may have taken longer, with more mistakes or less accuracy. And there are some concepts which involves such complex calculations that computers are required today, but the stuff you're talking about didn't. Just time and careful thinking.


Question: . why do fast food websites not allow you to see the price?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 . why do fast food websites not allow you to see the price?

The prices are different for different regions. I suppose they could be like grocery stores and have a location selector that had price data but thats just something else they'd have to manage.


Question: Why does water seem to get bluer the warmer or colder it gets, like in the Caribbean or the Arctic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water seem to get bluer the warmer or colder it gets, like in the Caribbean or the Arctic?

The really turquoise blue water comes from seeing things under it, such as white sand, ice, etc. Very deep water is a very dark blue colour. And many areas you may be thinking of have very sharp drops into the water and go rapidly to deep water and/or they have dark rock or dark sand for a bottom. The Caribbean has large shelf’s of very white sand so has large areas of very light water. But also, opaque water that has a lot of sediment also can be dark as it’s not as transparent. Equatorial water tends to be very transparent and so bottoms show better, while areas like the Pacific Northwest are full of life and have lots of sediment.