Question: Why do electronic devices like phones and computers seem slower initially after they reboot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do electronic devices like phones and computers seem slower initially after they reboot?

Modern phones and computer usually delay loading some things in order to boot up faster. The slowness after a reboot is due to all the extra stuff loading in the background.


Question: Could a human ever play connect four perfectly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could a human ever play connect four perfectly?

People have actually worked out every combination of the game, and proven that given perfect play, the first player will win by move 41 regardless of what the second player does. Whether or not a human can actually learn the optimal move for every play up to that point is less certain.


Question: Why do you get "aggressive" when you see something overwhelmingly cute?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you get "aggressive" when you see something overwhelmingly cute?

The current theory goes that, when exposed to a very strong stimulus in one direction, the brain will seek to impose a strong reaction in the other direction to bring us back to *homeostasis,* the state of balance or equality. This is similar to being so happy one starts crying, or being so angry one starts laughing.


Question: What’s the difference between ontology and taxonomy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between ontology and taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the study of how we classify things. Ontology is the study of the purpose of existence and reality.


Question: How does an economy recover from a depression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an economy recover from a depression?

So your question should really be broken into two parts: “how do recessions normally work” and “how will this recession work”. You see we really have two different kinds of recessions: natural and artificial. (My terms in order to simplify the concepts). Natural recessions are the more easy to understand. As an economy grows, it will develop certain imbalances between the goods demanded and the goods produced. However, production (and the entire supply side of our economy) is considered “sticky”. This means that in the short run, businesses don’t close down because of one bad month. Entrepreneurs tend to be more risk loving than their peers, and they’ll take a chance that things will improve. Picture Wily Coyote running off the edge of a cliff. A perfect example of a natural recession is the 2008 housing crisis. It’s a perfect example, not because every recession is that big or clear, but because the magnitude of the situation makes all the impacts easy to see. People assumed housing prices would just keep going up. More and more people started to get into the construction business. When demand for new houses slowed, production continued because developers assumed that the previous housing price trends would continue. But there was a mismatch between the number of people buying houses (for utility, not speculation) and the number of houses being produced. You could also say that there was a mismatch between the number of people buying houses and the amount of resources our economy had dedicated to producing houses. It should be noted that just because I’m calling these recessions “natural”, it doesn’t mean we’ve done nothing to cause them. Extremely loose credit, and near 0% interests rates enables entrepreneurs to open and sustain unprofitable business, which makes these recessions much more severe. In economics, we consider these kinds of natural recessions a good thing. Not because they don’t hurt people or result in unemployment, but because they free up resources, which allows the economy to be much stronger when it comes out. It’s a bit of a debate in the economics world, but most people believe that these kinds of recessions are just unavoidable. Then we come to the second kind of recession, artificial. When there is no critical mismatch between aggregate supply and demand, we can still have a recession due to outside forces. The best example of this would be the early 1980s recession. Poor economic policy under the Carter administration had led to massively high inflation. The head of the Federal Reserve Paul Volcker, raised interest rates to slow inflation. He was fully aware that it would cause a recession, but determined the inflation risk outweighed the damage that a recession would do. History shows that he was right. In this kind of recession, there’s no mismatch in demand, so it tends to resolve quicker than its counterpart. So which are we in? Unquestionably an artificial recession. Businesses are having problems not because people don’t want their products, but because an outside force is preventing them from operating. This will be interesting though because with an expansion period that’s been as long as the one we’re coming out of, we’re bound to have some smaller mismatches in demand. Further, if you came into this pandemic with an unprofitable business, it’s far more likely that you’ll fold than a business that was profitable. I think we will definitely see some businesses close as a result of this, which could push a natural recession off by a number of years. The one concern would be that the lockdowns continue for an extended period of time. All businesses have fixed costs which they pay whether they’re in operation or not: rent, debt service, insurance, taxes, utilities, etc. If the lockdown prevents them from operating, and their fixed costs force them into bankruptcy, we could see a labor force attempt to return to work, only to find that many of the businesses they used to work for don’t exist anymore. It would take time for new businesses to open, and for life to return to normal. That could be really bad, because new business development takes time. Once the external force of an artificial recession has been removed, recessions recover largely the same way. In a recession, there is one thing in abundance: opportunity. The worse things get, the more lucrative that opportunity, and the more likely someone steps up and grabs that opportunity. It’s risky, but at a certain price it’s worth it to people who are more risk-loving. Ultimately, recessions end because it becomes too profitable for them not to. Entrepreneurs who have savings (or investors) begin to open new businesses to fill unmet demand that they see. It’s cheap because there’s a bunch of unused resources due to the recession. This equates to new business, which equates to growth, which equates to jobs and pulling out of a recession. All this being said, you likely don’t need to worry about recessions. They’re a fact of life. During your career, you’re likely to see five or six of them. The only thing you need to worry about is whether YOUR job will still be in demand or not in 10, 15, or 20 years. If you’re in a field that people are demanding less and less (locksmiths are the only thing that comes to mind), you need to start developing some other skills. If, however, you’re an engineer, lawyer, welder, computer programmer, etc, then you have nothing to worry about. You could bounce around due to firm pressures from a recession, but if you focus every day on being better at your job than you were the day before, you’ll do better than most. edit: formatting, because Reddit doesn't like tabs at the start of paragraphs.


Question: Why do phones have a time limit to how long they can stay underwater for? What happens to the phone after the time limit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do phones have a time limit to how long they can stay underwater for? What happens to the phone after the time limit?

Phones that are water resistant are designed to have as small cracks between components as they can make. But there is still some small cracks where water can seep through. But as they are small this takes time. How fast the water enters the phone depends on the water pressure or if in air the humidity. The deeper you go the higher the pressure and the more water enters the phone. This water can damage components causing shortcircuits and corrode things over time. This is why even though a phone can resist water splashes or short underwater events it might get damaged by being left out in the rain.


Question: How can Netflix survive when they are billions of dollars in debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can Netflix survive when they are billions of dollars in debt?

You’d be surprised how many companies operate in massive debts. The methods vary - the simplest is that a debt figure isn’t as simple as it looks. The first aspect is that having debt doesn’t mean they don’t have actual cash in the bank. In the same way that a mortgage doesn’t mean you don’t have money - all agreed debt has terms. Say they have 10 invoices for a million each due this week. They have 50m in the bank. So they pay their 10 invoices on the day they’re due. Their debt just dropped by 10m. But if on that same day, another supplier sends them an invoice for 10m that’s due in 60 days, it will look like they’re still in the same debt position. They’ll still have 10m of debt, but it’s gone from 10m of debt due this week to 10m of debt due in 60 days. And in those 60 days, they’ll be getting in subscription money, as well as interest, etc. So they have time to gather the 10m to pay that invoice. Whenever they get a new supplier or renew a contract with a supplier, they’ll negotiate payment terms (or try to), in order to get the longest payment terms they can. Because that way they have longer between getting invoices for something and actually having to pay for it. Beyond that, simple debt isn’t really a great measure of how well a company is doing. A better measure is how much their debt is worth vs what the company has. So basically “if I were to sell everything the company has at it’s expected value, how much of that would be needed to cover my debts?” In the case of Netflix, they may have huge debts, but taking the value of their cash and everything else in the bank, their debt is only worth about 62% of it. To use easier numbers, let’s say everything netflix has is worth 100m. If we sold everything netflix at expected values and then paid off all debts, there would still be about 38m left. The last concept would be leverage - basically using what you have to get more. Then simplest real world example I can think of is actually in house buying. (Called leverage because of that “longer lever brings bigger effects”) thing. Say I have 200k to buy a house with (for this, assume it’s magical Christmas land and 200k can buy a house outright). **edit: I don’t care if house prices where you are are low enough to buy a mansion for 2 grand. So stop replying telling me that you can** I could use my 200k and buy a house. If that house is worth 300k in a year. With no leverage I’ve gained 100k in a year, or 50%. But say I split my 200k into 4 blocks of 50k, and used those as down payments on 4 houses with mortgages for the other 150k. So I’ve spent 200k and got 800k worth of house. A year on, each of those 200k houses is worth 300k (ignoring things like interest and repayments for simplicity). My debt is still 600k, but those houses are worth 1.2m now. I sell 2 houses for 300k each and pay off all the debt. Now I own 600k worth of house and I only spent 200k to get there. So with no leverage, I gained 50% of my initial spend. With leverage I gained 200%. That’s basically what Netflix does. They spend a ton on making shows like the Witcher, with the expectation that their 200m spend will bring them significantly more than they’d have gotten from that 200k if they did nothing. So while yes, they operate on debt, they’re actually in a decent position.


Question: How come hotel key cards get erased by being near cell phones, but credit cards don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come hotel key cards get erased by being near cell phones, but credit cards don't?

I actually asked something similar a while back and was given a fair answer. What it boils down to is the strength of the equipment used to magnetize the cards. A stronger device magnetizing the card means you'd need a stronger magnet to wipe it.


Question: What happens to the molecules of paper when they become wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to the molecules of paper when they become wet?

Paper is made of very tiny fibers that are basically glued together and then pressed firm into a sheet. When those fibers absorb water they expand and damage the bonds between them. When the water evaporates they shrink back down and the damage created is made more apparent.


Question: Why does closing a credit card account hurt your credit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does closing a credit card account hurt your credit?

Actually, to build great credit you want to have as much available credit (and **debt**) as possible. Your credit score is a reflection of how trustworthy you are with credit. It's based on how **reliably you pay off your debt**, not how little debt you have. If you have a lot of credit cards, you use them all, and you pay the recommended amount on the recommended time schedule without fail, you are building your credit score. Closing a credit card account means you're willingly lowering your maximum credit and debt situation, which tells lenders that you don't want that credit/debt, which hurts your overall ability to lend in the future.


Question: Why does (sometimes) a small electric shock occurs when people touch?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does (sometimes) a small electric shock occurs when people touch?

A shock is your nerves reacting to the movement of electrons. Electrons move from a place of high potential (many electrons) to a place of low potential (fewer electrons) because nature prefers balance. A person may gain electrons in many ways. Just walking across a carpet can do it. It really depends on many parameters. If you touch a person with higher or lower potential than you then electrons will flow. Ouch.


Question: Why do parks close at night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do parks close at night?

It depends on where you live, but in most cases it's because parks provide a secluded area that can be used by drug users and other people that may harm the area. It's to avoid health hazards and criminals.


Question: What is this Banana Republic people keep referring to when talking about current politics in the US?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is this Banana Republic people keep referring to when talking about current politics in the US?

A "Banana Republic" is a country mostly run by a corrupt corporation to exploit the area's resources. Bananas are incredibly inexpensive because Chiquita mostly runs portions of Guatamala to exploit the banana farmers and their land.


Question: How are 2/3 of you ancestors female?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are 2/3 of you ancestors female?

Let's take an extreme example. Let's say your mother's father and your father's father are the same person (i.e. your parents are half-siblings). Ignore how gross that is for a second, and look at the male/female ratio of your grandparents. Your grandparents are 2/3 female. Examples this extreme are thankfully not very common, but if you go far enough back in your family tree, branches are going to start joining back together, and there's no way around it. That means that the same person will occupy multiple positions deep in your family tree. The paper that thread links to says that men are more likely to occupy multiple positions, which will make things sort of like the grandparent example.


Question: why do your eyes react quickly to light but slowly to a lack of light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do your eyes react quickly to light but slowly to a lack of light?

Most of the answers in this thread are completely wrong or only partially correct. Here's the reality of the situation. You have two main types of light receptors-- rods and cones. The way light receptors work is that each receptor has a tiny pigment molecule inside them. When the pigment molecule absorbs a photon of light, the pigment molecule is destroyed and triggers a chemical reaction that enables the receptor to "tell" your nervous system it detected light. The receptor then temporarily shuts off until the pigment can be regenerated. Rods are much more sensitive than cones in low-light conditions, or scotopic conditions, so in the dark, the main type of photoreceptor that is detecting what small amount of light is around are your rods. However, in high light conditions (aka photopic conditions), they are overwhelmed, because all of the rod's photopigment (a molecule called rhodopsin) is destroyed and they essentially shut off. So when you go from photopic conditions to scotopic conditions (light-- > dark), your cones fail to detect the small amount of light available. Your rods, while theoretically able to detect the light, have no more photopigment because they've been completely washed out by the high-light conditions they've just exited. They need to regenerate their rhodopsin before they can function again, and that's what happens when your eyes "adjust" to darkness. When you go from low light levels to high light levels, you blink a bit and are woozy because your rods are rapidly overwhelmed, but once their rhodopsin is completely washed out, your cones take over quickly (since they were always ready to go, even in dark conditions-- they just couldn't "pick up" the light), and enable you to adjust quickly.


Question: if diamonds are just carbon pressed together, why are they clear when stuff like coal is black?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 if diamonds are just carbon pressed together, why are they clear when stuff like coal is black?

Because diamonds aren't "just carbon pressed together". They are carbon atoms in a very specific cystalline formation. At an atomic level the carbon atoms are in a very specific and rigid shape, one whose shape allows the passage of visible light through it. In contrast, just normal coal has the atoms in a rather random collection, one where light cannot pass through it and instead it gets absorbed.


Question: Why do humans feel ashamed being naked? (Normally)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans feel ashamed being naked? (Normally)

That sentiment does not come about by itself. It is learned behavior. A child that is not constantly taught by its parents and the society around it to cover itself will not develop that sort of shame.


Question: Why does holding your breath make orgasms feel better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does holding your breath make orgasms feel better?

It does not. Breathe very deeply while orgasming, and the feeling rushes over your whole body.


Question: - How can you tell when sounds are in front/behind or above/below you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How can you tell when sounds are in front/behind or above/below you?

The weird shape of our ears very slightly distorts sound based in the direction the sound comes from and our brain can decode that into a direction.


Question: What is the difference between diesel and gasoline? What happens if I put diesel in a gasoline engine? And vice versa?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between diesel and gasoline? What happens if I put diesel in a gasoline engine? And vice versa?

Diesel engines use compression for combustion, gasoline use sparks. So the fuels wont work in each other's engines. Edit: This is ELI5, 5 year olds don't know about lubrication and injection systems and hydrocarbons, etc., so I was just being simple here by saying they don't work, which is true for 2 unmodified engines, trying to work on the others fuel.


Question: How can flying companies afford such low prices on flights, while the ticket for the same destination on train costs more than twice as much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can flying companies afford such low prices on flights, while the ticket for the same destination on train costs more than twice as much?

There are two main reasons: - A lot of tickets don't get sold at those very low prices. They get sold at prices that are massively higher. Depending on the nature of the business, these might be flights sold at the last minute - most people, if they're booking at the last minute, really *need* to get somewhere, and they'll pay whatever the price. This can more than make up for the tickets that are sold at a discount. - Modern low-cost airlines make far more money from most passengers by selling extras than they do from selling flights. They charge you to reserve a seat, they charge you for checking in bags, you can buy sandwiches, drinks, duty free goods, train tickets, lottery tickets and a whole lot more on board. I was chatting, a few years ago, to a senior member of staff at a low-cost airline. He was looking into scheduling a flight from Manchester, UK to Tenerife in the Canary Islands. It would have been about a 4.5 hour flight. He decided not to operate that flight because he could use the same aircraft to run two 1.5 hour flights - and that means twice the number of passengers, which means twice the number of sandwiches sold, twice the number of lottery tickets sold, twice the amount of profit. It just didn't make sense to operate the longer flight.


Question: Why hasn't anyone else been to the moon? It seems like something that super rich people would do for fun, like James Cameron going to the Mariana Trench.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why hasn't anyone else been to the moon? It seems like something that super rich people would do for fun, like James Cameron going to the Mariana Trench.

If' Elon Musk has taught you nothing else, it's that getting to space is really, really hard and expensive. Getting a submersible that can withstand the depths of the ocean is small potatoes in comparison. Least of all that you're not sittin on top of a giant bomb that can go off if something goes wrong. The worst that can happen is that you spring a leak and are crushed like cotton candy in a fat kids fingers.


Question: How does high wind outside make the water move in a toilet bowl?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does high wind outside make the water move in a toilet bowl?

Your toilet is connected to something called a Soil Vent Pipe (SVP). This is a soil pipe (used to transport waste) with a vent at the top, which allows gas build-ups to escape and stops odour coming back up through your toilet/sink. An example of one can be seen [here]( URL_0 ) The wind pressure outside can push air into the SVP, which your toilet waste is connected too, and that increase in pressure forces your toilet water to move up. As the pressure drops, the water moves down, and a little bit goes over the U-bend and down the pipe into the sewer. So, over time, your water will drop.


Question: The economics of the mini strip mall. Just about every one has a cleaners, a phone repair, a burrito place, a nail salon and a mattress store. A typical person might eat a burrito every week but only buy a mattress every decade. How do they all do comparable business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The economics of the mini strip mall. Just about every one has a cleaners, a phone repair, a burrito place, a nail salon and a mattress store. A typical person might eat a burrito every week but only buy a mattress every decade. How do they all do comparable business?

Some businesses do low volume but at an amazingly high profit margin per unit. For example, a mattress store might make $400 on an average sale, so if they sell 2 a day they are ok.


Question: Why do we hallucinate? What's happening during it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we hallucinate? What's happening during it?

The portions of our brains responsible for interpreting our senses are generating their own signals or interpreting signals incorrectly. Sight, for example, is just the interpretation of light radiation sent as a chemical/electrical signal from our optic nerves to our occipital lobe. If, for some reason, our occipital lobe generates it's own chemical/electrical signal, we'll "see" things that aren't actually there. You can perform a quick "pseudo hallucination" by closing your eyes and pressing gently on your eyelids. A bunch of lights will appear. Other common pseudo hallucinations are thoughts and dreams.


Question: Why are there parts of the oceans called seas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there parts of the oceans called seas?

A sea like the North Sea or Caribbean Sea is technically part of the ocean, but is loosely defined by some feature of the land. For example, the North Sea is confined by Britain, Norway and part of the continent of Europe, but it's not what you'd call a gulf or something else. Calling this area the North Sea is just a convenient way to refer to that bit of water as somewhat distinct from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean. If someone had wanted to, they could have named the Gulf of Mexico the Mexican Sea or something like that -- it's somewhat arbitrary.


Question: Could someone explain me why such thing as toll roads exist ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could someone explain me why such thing as toll roads exist ?

It's an actually brilliant form of taxation that only taxes those that consume the service the taxes end up funding. You pay x amount every time you pass a toll booth. That money (usually) goes to upkeep the roads, so funding doesn't need to come completely from other sources such as income tax, sales tax, property tax, etc. As a result, you get less pushback versus say, increasing income or sales tax to pay for roads. Because the people paying for the increased costs are the ones directly benefiting from the increased costs.


Question: Why do we get secondhand embarrassment when we see someone do something cringey, even if we don't know them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we get secondhand embarrassment when we see someone do something cringey, even if we don't know them?

Empathy- you can imagine what the other person is feeling. Similar to when you see someone get hurt, and can imagine your own toe stubbed.


Question: What is a "head rush"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "head rush"?

Orthostatic hypotension. When you stand up too quickly your blood pressure will suddenly drop. This is because blood has pooled in your legs. Normally your blood vessels constrict upon standing to push blood back to your heart, but pooled blood causes a brief delay in this. As a result, there is inadequate blood flow to your brain. Even though this only lasts a few moments, its enough to cause issues. If adequate blood flow is not restored, the head rush sensations will get steadily worse for about 10 seconds, at which point you pass out. So the rush sensation is the first stage of passing out.


Question: Why are the base units for grams and liters so different in magnitude?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the base units for grams and liters so different in magnitude?

It's very bizarre, but technically the kilogram is considered the base unit of mass for the metric system, not the gram. Hence why 1 liter of water is (approximately) 1kg. There are obscure historical reasons for this. When the metric system was invented in the late 1700s, a liter was defined as one cubic *deci*meter. The mass of that amount of water is one kilogram. These are reasonable metrics for base units because one single gram is very small and hard to work with.


Question: Why do things sound louder when at night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do things sound louder when at night?

Just like why lights look brighter at night. There are less external sounds around, so the sounds that do exist stand out more. It's all relative. Also possibly you might be more alert, due to the dangers at night, so you might jump at every tiny sound


Question: Why does it cost money to make an international phone call?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it cost money to make an international phone call?

Interconnection fees. Phone companies charge quite a lot to terminate calls from international providers, the result is that providers charge their users for dialling internationally. These fees have persisted until today for a variety of reasons. They're fairly political in some instances, and often don't flow equally between providers so one provider has interest in keeping the arrangement. Additionally, providers all have different rates negotiated with each other, so there's this big web of complex fee structures going on. Really it's all a bit of a mess, but it is unravelling. Skype, WhatsApp and other solutions offer free international calling not only app-to-app but also increasingly app-to-phone (by effectively having a computer plugged in to the phone network in each country). Providers are responding, here in NZ/Aus for example calling/texting between the two nations is often free. Governments/organisations in some regions (eg the EU) are also putting pressure on providers to cut rates. The biggest barrier is demand and quantity. The NZ/Aus example I mentioned earlier works because there's a lot of travel and immigration between the two countries, so having cheap calling is a good selling point for a provider to consumers - on the other hand few customers in, say, the US, care about calling Mozambique (a market no doubt already cornered by immigrant targetted phone cards/virtual carriers).


Question: why did the United States have to sell war bonds to pay for WW1 and WW2, but not on a large scale after?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why did the United States have to sell war bonds to pay for WW1 and WW2, but not on a large scale after?

WW1 and WW2 were very large scale wars, existential threats to the world order. All the wars since then have been fought with the government's available cash, because they have been inconsequential regional skirmishes or police actions.


Question: Is the practice of "Creative Accounting" in Hollywood different from accounting practices in other industries, and is it inherently unethical or illegal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is the practice of "Creative Accounting" in Hollywood different from accounting practices in other industries, and is it inherently unethical or illegal?

Oh, it's definitely unethical, but not illegal. If your neighborhood plumber charges you $500 to replace an old toilet, but your brother, who is also a licensed plumber, charges you $2000 to do the same job, that's not illegal to use your brother. That's the basics of hollywood accounting. I'm not going to find the lowest bidder to do X job on the movie we are making. I'm going to use my brother, so he gets the money. & #x200B; If movie studios belonged to the government where we require oversight on how money is spent, it would be a different situation.


Question: How do those laser light thermometers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do those laser light thermometers work?

They do not use the laser to measure temperature, that is just an aid so you know where you are pointing it. What actually measures the temperature is an infrared sensor that detects the IR radiation from the object which is indicative of the surface temperature of the object, much like how an IR camera would behave.


Question: Do we need to sweat to be healthy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do we need to sweat to be healthy?

All sweat does is help regulate your temperature. If you're hot, you sweat to cool down. So yes if you don't sweat you'd be in danger. There is a disorder where some people can't sweat and always need to be in cool areas or wear ice pack vests.


Question: How do our bodies break down over time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do our bodies break down over time?

Your cell's DNA is like a paper manual for what it needs to do. Every time that cell divides, it photocopies the manual and gives a copy to the new cell. However, every photocopy can only be as good as the original copy and may also result in a lower quality. The original copy may also get some wear as you flip through it to copy every page. After the cells divide, there is a manual check for each cell. If the manual is too damaged, the cell is told to go through apoptosis, programmed cell death. This prevents cells from using bad manuals to build wrong things like cancer cells. As we get older, our cells get more and more worn manuals. Every division has a higher chance that the new cells undergo apoptosis. This is why older people have reduced healing abilities as their cells are not as good at replacing themselves. Cancer risk is also linked with older age due to more bad manuals being made and the reduced ability for our body to check for bad manuals.


Question: why plasticizers like BPA are so bad for human bodies, and are there safe options?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why plasticizers like BPA are so bad for human bodies, and are there safe options?

This really depends on the individual material. BPA specifically can mimic the hormone estrogen, tricking your body that it has higher levels of estrogen than it really does. DEHP may prevent the hormone androgen from doing its thing in the body. DINP may help cause cancer. TEC on the other hand is mostly harmless.


Question: How did humans not go blind during eclipses prior to scientific understanding of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did humans not go blind during eclipses prior to scientific understanding of them?

Generally when you look at the sun, your eyes aren't happy about it and you naturally want to avert them. Though because people know what's going on, they want to regardless of your body's warnings. Also, inherent damage from something that isn't genetic like limb loss or eye damage doesn't effect genes. This is why we don't have terrible eyesight. Of course survival of the fittest comes in play here as well. This is also keeping in mind that eclipses don't happen often, and generally not in the same place for years at a time, so it really isn't a factor in the first place.


Question: why do you fall asleep better when its dark than when its light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do you fall asleep better when its dark than when its light?

Darkness triggers your brain to start producing melatonin more, so you can go to sleep. There are many theories to why this is; sleeping at night was probably a safety thing for primitive humans. This is also why phone/TV screens at night can hurt your quality of sleep, it can throw your brain off in terms of melatonin production


Question: How can a product have zero calories?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a product have zero calories?

Calories tend to measure usable energy. If our bodies could genuinely harvest all of the mass-energy from something like a rock that would be pretty cool. Failing that, if we were capable of nuclear fusion in our guts, we could probably live our entire lives on a cup of water. Fission? Eat a golfball of uranium and never go hungry again. Alas, we cannot do these things. Instead, our bodies are limited to a specific collection of chemical processes to extract energy from foods by reacting them with oxygen. Thus, food calories measure how much energy is released when something reacts with oxygen. This metric is imperfect, as we can't react everything with oxygen in our bodies (like paper), and so despite being zero-calorie for a person a calorimeter would show paper as being calorie-rich.


Question: Why do many things, e.g. students grades in a class each year, follow the distribution of Bell Curve? Shouldn't they follow a random distribution each time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do many things, e.g. students grades in a class each year, follow the distribution of Bell Curve? Shouldn't they follow a random distribution each time?

This is due to the central limit theorem. Basically, if you have a random variable, the *sample averages* will tend towards a random distribution. This really cool, because it says *NOTHING* about the random variable! It could be uniform, it could be skewed, it could be anything; as long as you take samples, average their values, and plot them, it'll become a bell curve. So for tests, you can say that whether or not a student answers a question correctly is a random variable. And their test is basically a sample.


Question: How can paint exist permanently as a liquid in the can, and then permanently as a solid on the wall?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can paint exist permanently as a liquid in the can, and then permanently as a solid on the wall?

Paint contains solvents to keep it a liquid. When the solvents evaporate the paint dries out and hardens. The sealed lid on the can helps slow the evaporation process as long as the can is relatively full.


Question: Why is the American healthcare service so bad? Do they let people die if they don’t have money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the American healthcare service so bad? Do they let people die if they don’t have money?

The latter - but some people refuse treatment so that they don't put their families in debt.


Question: is it possibly for Pi to contain. Every combination of numbers possible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 is it possibly for Pi to contain. Every combination of numbers possible?

Pi is both trancendental and irrational, which means it goes on forever without repeating. It's not just a possibility, it does contain every possible number and combination of numbers.


Question: Why did Adolf Hitler consider Native Americans as equal to “Arians”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did Adolf Hitler consider Native Americans as equal to “Arians”?

Noble Savage type of thing. He was a member of the Rune Society (sp?). They believed in the restoration of the ancient Germanic way. If memory serves me, he was president of the group at one time. Some of his initial support for becoming Chancellor may have come from this association.


Question: why does the earth wobble back and forth during each solstice rather than rotating fully?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the earth wobble back and forth during each solstice rather than rotating fully?

It actually doesn't wobble! It stays tilted the same amount. [NASA has a little drawing that'll maybe help.]( URL_0 ) The earth stays tilted in the same direction, but as it moves around the sun the "tilted up" or "tilted down" sides end up facing the sun in turn.


Question: How are 2 people of similar height, weight, and BMI, able to handle the exact same temperature differently; one feeling hot and the other cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are 2 people of similar height, weight, and BMI, able to handle the exact same temperature differently; one feeling hot and the other cold?

Perception of temperature is not absolute and is based on the difference between the temperature receptors on your skin/mouth/etc and the air around it. You feel cold if the ambient temperature is lower than your shell (outer layer of your skin that touches the air) or core (mouth, nose, butt that can become exposed to the air). This is why when you breathe in through your mouth, the air can feel cold but your skin doesn't. Height, Weight and BMI doesn't account for things like fat percentage. The more fat a person is, the more well insulated they are. Aside from sex, you can also have hormonal differences. A woman tends to have their heat centralised, meaning most of its towards the torso of the body because of child rearing reasons while a man tends to have their heat more distributed, because they don't rear children. These differences tend to be due to fat distribution (women distribute their fat differently) and sex hormones (which also affect fat distribution). Presumably given two identical people on different sex hormones, they'd have different observations of temperature. The major difference is due to thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones, or triiodothyronine and thyroxine control your basal metabolic rate (BMR) which increases your energy usage regardless of voluntary movement. Basically put, its the minimum amount of energy you use per day. Hyperthyroidism or excess thyroid hormones causes you to have a higher BMR, feeling hotter. Hypothyroidism causes you to feel cooler. Ranges that are above normal, but not pathological (disease state) can cause you to feel hotter than another person. There's also other differences like sweating. Some people sweat more than others and that's due to how much exercise they usually do and genetics. There's also hair on their skin - hair traps heat so more hair means more heat. There's also temperature adaptation. If a person that's used to the cold goes to a hot place, they'll feel hot for about a week until they adapt by sweating more and won't feel as hot any more. The two people might be deferentially adapted to 75 degrees. Muscle is a contributor as well. Skeletal muscle or the muscle that you can use (voluntary) tends to use up energy as well, and its modified by thyroid hormones. But the more skeletal muscle you have, the greater you're going to spend in BMR to keep the muscles functioning. But its usually not that big a difference compared to other factors. Last thing. There's something called idiopathic hyperthermia where a person's body runs hotter for some reason and we don't know why so we pretend its just normal-ish. That can make a person feel cooler in a 75 degree room compared to another person. **tl;dr I realised that this isn't suitable for 5 year olds lol. You feel cold is air is colder than skin or body. You feel hot is air is hotter than skin or body. How hot your body is depends on how much fat you have, where it is, thyroid hormones, how much you sweat, how well you're adapted to the temperature, how much hair you have, whether you're a girl or a boy, how much muscle you have and whether you're special or not**


Question: How do banks trade physical money with each other in regards to online transactions/transfers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do banks trade physical money with each other in regards to online transactions/transfers?

Only a very small amount of money in the modern world is actually represented by hard physical cash - most of it is just numbers on a digital ledger. Banks just need to hold enough cash to be solvent for when people actually want to withdraw hard currency - something that is actually becoming less and less common. When banks transfer money between each other it's done entirely electronically - there are two common methods. Some banks with have what's known as correspondent bank arrangements - it's simply when they have an agreement in place to directly transfer money between each other. In that case they just simply transfer the money from their account directly into the other banks account. Or if no such arrangement exists they will go through a "Central Bank" (e.g. the Federal Reserve) which underpins their accounts. The money is deducted from the source banks account with the central bank and deposited into the destination banks account. As long as all this is being done online it's all just numbers on a screen. What happens if you make a cash deposit into a bank and then want to transfer that. When you make a cash deposit the bank records this as having been made and simply adjusts it's records that that amount is deducted from their "electronic store" and now recorded as being stored as physical cash. Then it's all just done as numbers on a screen.


Question: why is it when a 3rd party app uses the camera i.e. messenger, viber, etc. The picture quality it takes is significantly lower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it when a 3rd party app uses the camera i.e. messenger, viber, etc. The picture quality it takes is significantly lower?

90 percent of this is because of 2 things: 1. Picture size. That really adds up and if you let people post pictures at the native quality of their phone. This becomes limited to DRASTICALLY reduce drive space. 2. Uniformity. Once one resolution is set, everyone's pictures have the same level of quality.


Question: Why does adding money into an economy affect inflation? Why can't prices remain fixed and incomes rise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does adding money into an economy affect inflation? Why can't prices remain fixed and incomes rise?

Imagine that you live in a world where the only thing anybody wants is pizza, and each day one pizza is made, with exactly 100 slices, with varying toppings. There are exactly 50 people in this world, and every day, you dig holes, and for every hole you dig you get a dollar. At the end of the day, the pizza slices are auctioned off. One day, the money god decides to pay everyone two dollars per hole, but no more pizza is made. So now you, and everyone else, has twice as much money. But you all still want to eat, so you all bid twice as much, and nothing in the system has changed except for the numbers written on your money.


Question: $GME? What has happened? What did Melvin Capital do for this to happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 $GME? What has happened? What did Melvin Capital do for this to happen?

Melvin basically gave IOU(I owe you) papers to people with the stocks then sold them expecting the stocks to be lower when those IOUs are cashed out. Some people noticed and bought stocks to raise the price. Everyone with an IOU asked for the stocks back since the price was higher, and Melvin was forced to buy them at a higher price, which caused the price to keep raising.


Question: Why does the machine used to measure eye pressure blow air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the machine used to measure eye pressure blow air?

It blows air to put pressure on your eyeball. The amount of squish your eyeball experiences shows how much internal pressure there is


Question: how did ancient Babylonians count to 12 on one hand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did ancient Babylonians count to 12 on one hand?

Look at your fingers (excluding your thumb). Each has three segments. You can use your thumb to count those segments, of which there are 12.


Question: What does it mean to borrow against oneself? How does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean to borrow against oneself? How does it work?

It looks like you’re borrowing from yourself but you’re really borrowing from the market. Most employers don’t let money be added to your retirement when you borrow from yourself so if the market is on an upswing you’d be missing out. On the opposing side if the market crashes you could have to sell assets to maintain an account minimum of the agreement. If you lose the job or quit you could have to pay the loan back in full in a short period


Question: Why is nuclear-fission energy not being discussed much while some data shows it is the safest and the most enviornmentally friendly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is nuclear-fission energy not being discussed much while some data shows it is the safest and the most enviornmentally friendly?

it's expensive, takes a very long time to build, and is political and regulatory nightmare however, just this month a company called NuScale got first approval for a small, modular reactor that could be used in future power plants. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: If minerals are rocks/metals ( i think ) then how do they get in foods or in our body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If minerals are rocks/metals ( i think ) then how do they get in foods or in our body?

"minerals" in this sense are just elements of the periodic table, i.e. individual atoms or molecules of iron, zinc, calcium, phosphorus etc. Plants take them up through their root systems and create complex organic compounds with them. Magnesium for example is very important for the photosynthesis in green plants. Animals eat that with their fodder (and sometimes just lick stones, e.g. goats) and deposit it in other complex organic compounds doing important stuff. Red blood cells and liver cells contain a lot of iron, for example. Alls of these are important because their chemical properties are necessary for our complex bodies to work properly.


Question: Can a water bomb be used to extinguish the current California fires?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can a water bomb be used to extinguish the current California fires?

Technically, yes. But it has to hit a critical mass of the fire all at once. Right now, multiple mountains are on fire. You'd need to hit it with a literal mountain sized bomb of water at about the same time. Assuming you pull that off, then you have to deal with the mountain of water that you dumped flooding whatever is downhill.


Question: Should 0.49 recurring (lim - > infinity) be rounded up, or down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Should 0.49 recurring (lim - > infinity) be rounded up, or down?

This number is exactly equal to 0.5 (it is literally just another way to write 0.5), so you would treat it the same.


Question: Why do photos of mushroom clouds from atomic weapons often include strange bars and odd shapes inside? The image at the top of the 'Operation Plumbbob' wiki contains a prime example.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do photos of mushroom clouds from atomic weapons often include strange bars and odd shapes inside? The image at the top of the 'Operation Plumbbob' wiki contains a prime example.

I think that the effect in the top image on the wiki page from *Plumbbob Priscilla* is a vortex ring (like a smoke ring) in the rising superheated gas that the explosion created. The vortex contains warmer gas the background and is brighter, If you look at a video of the same explosion what happens is a lot clearer [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )