Question: Why does earth's gravity cause us to be dragged to the earth's surface, and why does the gravitation of the sun not cause the celestial bodies to be swallowed by the sun through it's gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does earth's gravity cause us to be dragged to the earth's surface, and why does the gravitation of the sun not cause the celestial bodies to be swallowed by the sun through it's gravity?

Did you ever realise how strong you are? The reality is that the earth’s gravity *does* drag us down every moment of every day ... it’s just that gravity is pretty darn weak compared to other forces (like magnets). We know it’s pulling us down, because otherwise we’d fly off into space. So while we are standing up the muscles in our legs and stomach are strong enough to counter-act the earth’s gravity — so good news! You are stronger than the earth... at least as far as it’s gravity goes. When it comes to the sun - it is also pulling all the planets in towards it and they are falling into it! But imagine this... What happens when you throw a ball to someone? Basically it goes from you to them, and it curves down towards the earth (due to gravity). What do you think would happen if you were super man , and you could throw the ball really, really fast? Could you throw it so fast that it while it fell towards the ground it was traveling far enough forward that the curve of the earth meant it never managed to hit the ground? The ball would go all the way around the world. Now that’s what the planets are doing when they orbit the sun ... going so fast that as they fall towards it but they never ‘get there’ Unfortunately, super man isn’t able to actually throw a ball around the earth, because the air slows it down too much, but luckily, there isn’t any air in space, so planets that orbit the sun keep going.


Question: Shooting ranges require shooters to wear ears protections. How come these equipment are not always seen worn by active military members in real battlefields?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Shooting ranges require shooters to wear ears protections. How come these equipment are not always seen worn by active military members in real battlefields?

In real combat, there is often days or weeks of nothing between actual battle. Soldiers will often be issued with hearing protection and may have it with them but either not have time to put it on or prefer to be able to hear friends and foes now, and deal with the hearing loss later. Also, ranges tend to either be indoors or have roofs which amplify / contain the sounds while battles tend to take place outside.


Question: How can compartmentalization be detrimental for some and beneficial for others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can compartmentalization be detrimental for some and beneficial for others?

I think it comes down to whether the information your brain is leaving out is harmful to something/someone or if it gives you the perspective you need to be successful. examples: If you are a surgeon it is probably best to see your procedures as something more like working on a machine then a person. Being too emotionally involved will performing these fine motor tasks could be distracting causing more errors. If you are a CEO it can be damaging to think of your employees as just parts of a machine. People have needs and if you neglect them then they may leave your company and you will have turnover issues that lead to a brain drain.


Question: How does a speaker emulate the sound of many different instruments all playing at the same time at different layers / rhythms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a speaker emulate the sound of many different instruments all playing at the same time at different layers / rhythms?

All sound is actually rapidly changing air pressure. The air pressure at your eardrum can really only have a single value at a single moment; the fact that we can mentally process that varying pressure into all the differerent instruments and voices is really a testament to how wonderful our brains are! So the speaker just has to reproduce, to a certain level of accuracy, the same pattern of varying air pressure.


Question: Why does denser housing construction seem to make housing prices go up? Shouldn't the opposite happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does denser housing construction seem to make housing prices go up? Shouldn't the opposite happen?

It's still supply vs. demand. And you've probably heard the saying, the three most important criteria for real estate are Location, Location, and Location. & #x200B; In the case of what you're talking about the price is going up because more people want to live there, necessitating a higher density of people. & #x200B; Cities where no one wants to live are always going to be cheaper and more spread out than cities where everyone wants to live.


Question: How and why is war profitable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why is war profitable?

War is profitable for corporations, especially weapons manufacturers and construction. It's the poor who pays for it with their life or tax dollars.


Question: how has Venezuela's inflation rate gotten so out of control?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how has Venezuela's inflation rate gotten so out of control?

When a government can't pay their bills and can't raise funds there are two options: 1) Default. You simply stop paying the bills. For bonds this is pretty straightforward and the domestic bondholders are angry but ultimately helpless. For other types of debt like pension and foreign government contracts this is more dicey. Failure to pay on those may result in asset seizures or other unpleasant contract details when your Russian friends and your government employees don't get paid. Foreign creditors are furious and take legal action and the financial system is in crisis, but people's savings are safe. 2) Hyperinflation. Just print more money! If you promised someone 75 billion Venezuelan Bolivars but can't find a way to tax up that much, just print them. This devalues all existing currency since the GDP hasn't changed, but you technically have fulfilled your debt obligations. If you held debt, it's been vaporized. If you had savings, it's been vaporized. Foreign creditors are frustrated and will demand higher interest rates or alternative currencies in the future, but you haven't defaulted. Venezuela is opting for option 2, but the situation is dire.


Question: Why does water make so much noise when it falls?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water make so much noise when it falls?

Take an eye dropper and drop a single droplet of water onto your floor. Didn't make much noise, did it? Now find a pebble about the same size as that droplet and drop it onto the floor. Made a lot more noise than the water, didn't it. Everything makes noise when it falls, water is just the only thing we usually drop 5 million of at once.


Question: What exactly was the Human Genome Project all about?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly was the Human Genome Project all about?

To consider a genome complete you need to have a complete sequence (raw code) and a full list of annotations. Annotations tell you what the code does, while the code is just raw bases. The technology to sequence a genome does so in around 50 base long fragments when the HGP was underway. Newer tech is around 500 to 1000. The human genome has 3 billion bases. You might be able to see that while one team is sequencing, another is interpreting the data to make some progress.


Question: Why is there an expiration date on bottled water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there an expiration date on bottled water?

The FDA requires *every* item that it regulates to have an expiration date of no more than 2 years from the date of production. Companies can put a longer expiration date on the item if they can prove that the product lasts longer than that, but doing so is expensive and the only companies that go through the process to do that produce frieze dried food that is intended to last for decades. That's it. The FDA just has a blanket rule that says any item it regulates needs to have an expiration date, bottled water is a regulated item, and there is no exception to that rule for bottled water. The plastic breaking down/cover your ass/whatever arguments that people have come up with to justify the expiration dates are just speculation from people who don't understand FDA labelling requirements. The plastic used to bottle the water will not break down or leach chemicals under *normal* conditions. If you store a plastic bottle of water under the types of extreme conditions that will cause the plastic to break down, the water will become undrinkable within a few weeks, not within a few years. Putting an expiration date on an item offers a company no legal protection if the item turns out to expire. Again, every similar argument has absolutely no basis. **The only reason that bottled water has an expiration date is because the FDA has a blanket rule on expiration dates that covers it. Properly stored, bottled water stays good essentially forever.**


Question: Why is there unrest in Puerto Rico right now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there unrest in Puerto Rico right now?

Apparently the population just realized exactly how they are being screwed by their local government officials.


Question: why do we scratch our heads when we are thinking ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do we scratch our heads when we are thinking ?

Do we? Is this actually a thing, or is it just something that happens in TV that we've come to accept as a convention to show that said character is thinking hard? I definitely don't scratch my head while thinking.


Question: Why ejaculation feels better the longer you last?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why ejaculation feels better the longer you last?

Because your brain has more time to "set things in place" - orgasms are partly chemical and partly electrical.


Question: why has Africa fallen behind the rest of the world's exonomies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why has Africa fallen behind the rest of the world's exonomies?

Because it has always been behind (well, in the case of North Africa only since the late Middle Ages). It's mostly due to it's location and climate. Sub-Saharan Africa just was too far from from the trade routes of the world and didn't allow for large populations (until the Modern Era). When the Europeans started colonizing the Americas they decided that they didn't like the climate and the diseases in Africa and just decided to be satisfied with controlling the local populace (and enslaving it) as opposed to replacing it (like in the Americas). The type of colonialism the Europeans practiced in many places didn't help and the randomly drawn borders that ignored historic ties/tribes/whatever did their share to causing decades of near constant warfare. So basically Africa has always been in a tough spot, and hasn't really had much happen in its favour, ever. And these days Western companies (and progressively Eastern ones as well) still try to use the weak political systems to extract most of the ressources from the continent instead of creating any kind of lasting economy. PS: Because the above text might sound somewhat biased: am European myself, no ties to Africa outside of history lessons ;)


Question: how does a water heater work? I have the shower running hot water & the sink running cold water at the same time. How does this happen/work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does a water heater work? I have the shower running hot water & the sink running cold water at the same time. How does this happen/work?

A water heater takes in cold water and heats it. The hot water is delivered with pipes to every faucet in the house. You have two pipes going to every faucet, one cold and one hot. Check under the sink and you'll see them. Where you turn the faucet determines how much hot and how much cold water gets put out.


Question: How does rubber go from liquid from a tree to being a tire or a rubber band?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does rubber go from liquid from a tree to being a tire or a rubber band?

Rubber is mixed with various fillers, oils, resins, and anti-oxidation chemicals to get the right consistency and then a final mix of sulfur curing agents is added. When heated under pressure, the sulfur molecules crosslink the rubber molecules together, turning a bowl of rubber spaghetti noodle molecules into a solid and impenetrable molecular chain-link fence. This process is called “Vulcanization.”


Question: If the sum of two even numbers is an even number, and the sum of two odd numbers is also an even number, then how are there the same number of even numbers as odd numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sum of two even numbers is an even number, and the sum of two odd numbers is also an even number, then how are there the same number of even numbers as odd numbers?

Because there are another two possibilities. Say you have two numbers, X and Y. There are 4 possible odd/even combinations: * X is even, Y is even. Result is even. * X is odd, Y is odd. Result is even. * X is odd, Y is even. Result is odd. * X is even, Y is odd. Result is odd. 2/4 have an even result, 2/4 have an odd result.


Question: Why is freshwater used in toilets instead of something like saltwater so the usable water isn't polluted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is freshwater used in toilets instead of something like saltwater so the usable water isn't polluted?

Doing that would require building two sets of pipes to most buildings, one for salt water and one for fresh water. Likewise, the salt water pipes would need to be replaced more often because salt water degrades the metal pipes far more quickly than fresh water does. It's just not practical in most cases.


Question: Why do (most) animals (seemingly) NOT need a "wake up" period in order to function to the fullest like humans do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do (most) animals (seemingly) NOT need a "wake up" period in order to function to the fullest like humans do?

wake up to a bear next to your bed and lets see how fast you function. our lazy ways are just because we can... my dog will roll over in her bed too if she doesnt want to get up to go for a walk. but if she hears a squirrel, she'll jump up.


Question: What insurance companies do rich people use?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What insurance companies do rich people use?

Well, as far as car insurance goes, some people choose to be "self-insured." In my state of Kentucky, you can prove to the State that you are financially capable of insuring yourself by putting $50k in a bank account and not touching it, adding an extra $10k per vehicle to a maximum of $100k.


Question: For someone who is not educated in statistics, what is a t-test?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 For someone who is not educated in statistics, what is a t-test?

Imagine you want to test whether children who eat an apple every day end up taller than kids who don't. You're a dictator/scientist, so you take 200 boy children and force 100 of them to eat one apple every day and the other 100 to not touch apples until they turn 18. When you take the average height of each group, you find that the average apple group height is 5'10", and the average non-apple group height is 5'9.5". Great, you've answered your question! ...or have you? You've got this nagging suspicion in the back of your head that maybe it was just chance. How do you know those 100 kids you assigned to the apple group weren't just naturally taller by chance? We're only talking about a half an inch! Could easily just be random. Turns out you can mathematically test this. You put the average of each group and measures of how "spread out" the data is (did the height of the apple group range from 5'1" to 7'0" or was everybody pretty much in the 5'9" to 5'11" range?) into a pretty simple equation and get a value called a "t-value". Based on the t-value you get, you can say how likely it is that the groups are *actually* different or whether or not it's just chance. A few more advanced notes: * Your t-value depends on 3 things: the variability of the scores within a group, the difference between the average values of each group, and the number of data points within each group. If I find that every single person in the apple group is 6'5", every single person in the non-apple group is 5'2", and I have a sample of 20,000 people, I can be almost certain that that's a real difference. * There's a weird mathematical slight of hand that goes on when you actually do a t-test that confuses a lot of people. What you do is say "okay, I'm going to assume that I'm wrong and there is **NO** real difference between the groups. What are the odds that I get the t-value that I got?" The farther from 0 your t-value is, the more likely the assumption that there is NO difference is WRONG (the double negative gets a lot of people mixed up). * The t-test can only be used when you're comparing two groups that satisfy certain mathematical conditions. Some of these involve the way you set up your study; some involve the way the underlying thing you're studying is distributed naturally in whatever population you're looking at. * The t-test can also only be used to test one group against another group. You have to use other tests for situations where you compare multiple groups, etc. They differ in terms of the equations used, but they mostly operate on similar basic principles. * I do not endorse kidnapping children and force-feeding or denying them apples.


Question: How does a salmonella outbreak differ from getting salmonella from uncooked meat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a salmonella outbreak differ from getting salmonella from uncooked meat?

Scope The outbreaks usually occur because of liquefied manure spread on fields as a fertilizer. Early enough before harvest and this isn't a problem. Now when this happens to produce that people tend to not cook thoroughly enough to kill the bacteria, and said produce gets sent all over the country, it can cause widespread infection All chicken is presumed to have a high enough risk of salmonella infection that we cook it thoroughly as the standard operating procedure. Produce, not so much


Question: Why doesn’t it normally thunderstorm during the winter?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why doesn’t it normally thunderstorm during the winter?

Thunderstorms are very energy intensive events that are driven by the sun heating up and evaporating water, and then the release of that energy by the water recondensing. There are two factors at play that prevent storms in winter: 1. Less sun and colder weather means less evaporation, which means less water and energy available. 2. Cold air can't hold as much water, which means the atmosphere can hold less potential energy on top of the first issue. No energy and too little water means no thunder storms. Interestingly, there's an exception to this around the Great Lakes, called thundersnow. The Great Lakes hold a lot of water and retain a lot of heat, but the land nearby can get very cold. This means that you can get localized thunderstorms on the east coast of those lakes that has thunder and lightning, but snows instead of rains.


Question: How live and living entities developed from "dead" matter?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How live and living entities developed from "dead" matter?

Our best current hypothesis goes like this: * The building blocks for RNA can be found in nature. Given enough time, those building blocks assembled into strands of RNA by pure chemical means by chance. * RNA is unusual in that it can both be replicated (that is, it works as a genetic material) and can cause certain chemical reactions to happen faster (that is, it can play the same role as proteins do in modern biology). This led to some RNA strands catalyzing reactions that made those RNA strands reproduce or be more stable in their environment. These RNA strands became self-reproducing and exercised control over their environment in a way that depended on their structure, meaning that they were arguably the first living things. Examples of these isolated RNA "organisms" exist today in the form of plant diseases called [viroids]( URL_0 ). * Structures similar to cell membranes can form without the intervention of life, by purely chemical means. Some of those membranes eventually wrapped around a strand of RNA from the previous step. This allowed the RNA to work within a controlled environment. * These membranes-around-RNA-strands (what you could loosely call the first cells) figured out how to duplicate their RNA and to split the membrane, in such a way that they maintained control over their internal environment. At this stage, cells (and not RNA strands by themselves) became the fundamental building blocks of life. * A specific kind of RNA, what we'd now call tRNA, developed that could use RNA as a template to build proteins. This was better than the RNA doing things itself, because a single authoritative copy of the RNA could be kept and used as a template for thousands of proteins. At this point, proteins became the main (though not the only) functional molecules within a cell, with RNA taking a back seat in the role of pure genetic material. * DNA's building blocks can also be found in nature. DNA is a bit harder to assemble, and more importantly can't directly "do things" like RNA can. Because RNA can cause the formation of other RNA or proteins, it could create a new type of RNA that "copies" information off of DNA (what we would now call mRNA). Because DNA is much harder to damage than RNA and can be more easily repaired because errors can be detected from mismatch between its strands, DNA became the main way to store information in cells. RNA was now neither the main genetic material nor the main functional molecule, and instead took on a role as an intermediate between DNA (genetic material) and proteins (functional molecules). It's around this point that the last universal common ancestor - the single cell that would ultimately produce all cellular life on Earth today - lived. All cells known today: * use DNA as their genetic material, * use DNA to produce RNA according to a specific mechanism, * use that RNA to produce proteins through a code that is almost universal among living things (a very few organisms later evolved slight modifications), * and use those proteins to carry on the functions of life, * within a cell membrane of phospholipids that separates the cell from its environment. Other kinds of life probably existed at this time, but none of their descendants have survived to the present day. Note that modern cells actually do carry remnants of this very early world, with [RNA acting as a catalyst]( URL_1 ) in specific parts of even modern cells. The theory I've summarized above is the "RNA world" hypothesis. It's generally the best-accepted theory today, but there are a number of competing theories that are also possible; it's possible we'll never truly know the answer to this question. Our best guess is that this process happened over a few hundred million years, beginning somewhere between 3.5 and 4 billion years ago (shortly after the formation of the Earth), probably at volcanic vents in the ocean.


Question: What's the difference between identifying a stereotype and being racist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between identifying a stereotype and being racist?

A stereotype is an oversimplified image of a particular type of person. This could be old, young, girl, boy, Polish, Japanese, etc. Racism is prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism of a race. Usually based on the idea that one race is superior to another. So you can use stereotypes as a racist tool. But it can also be used not just against race.


Question: Why are some houses called ‘Starters’ and others aren’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some houses called ‘Starters’ and others aren’t?

It’s from back when the us economy was good and they created the “American dream” life path most white people expected to happen for them. You would get a job straight out of college and when you got married you’d move into your “starter home” which typically had only one or two bedrooms and was less expensive. The idea was that by the time your second child was on the way you would have got a promotion and could afford an upgrade to a “family home” with 3 or 4 bedrooms to house your growing family. Once all the kids had all moved out to go to college you could downsize to a one bedroom condominium where you would retire and not have to worry about the lawn care and such because the condo fees covered that.


Question: Why dont clouds drift apart or move away when an airplane is flying through/nearby them?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why dont clouds drift apart or move away when an airplane is flying through/nearby them?

Airplanes can punch small holes in some types of flat cloud formations, but usually the clouds are so massive compared to the plane that the tiny turbulence it creates is pretty meaningless. If you were to somehow stand right along the plane's path you would see local turbulence in the cloud structure. From the ground you can't really see that and planes try to avoid flying through large clouds.


Question: Why do food/drink companies only sell certain flavours of their in some countries/areas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do food/drink companies only sell certain flavours of their in some countries/areas?

When new food/drink products are created, they're released in a test market. Basically, they release the product in a single city and see how it sells. If it sells well, they're release it in several cities in the area, then the state, then the neighboring states, then the country. That way, if it doesn't sell, they didn't product millions of bags of unsold candy that people hate. They might only produce hundreds of bags of unsold candy. If stuff's not in your area, it might be because a small town in central Ohio didn't like it. But a small town in central Japan did.


Question: how is 2019 the end of the decade and not the end of the year 2020?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is 2019 the end of the decade and not the end of the year 2020?

The reason that your example doesn't work is because you've counted 11 years: 1. 2010 2. 2011 3. 2012 4. 2013 5. 2014 6. 2015 7. 2016 8. 2017 9. 2018 10. 2019 11. 2020 So there's definitely 11 years there, rather than 10. Because years are ordinal numbers rather than cardinal. But actually, the decade is supposed to end at the end of 2020, but that's because the decade actually started in 2011, rather than 2010. The decades are said to *technically* start with the years ending in a 1, because there wasn't a year 0 in our calendar. It's a bit of a convention since our modern Gregorian calendar wasn't formally adopted or numbered for centuries and centuries after the date, but the fact is that if you counted backwards, the year that came before 1 CE/AD was the year 1 BCE/BC. So since there wasn't a year 0, the first "decade" of our system was from the year 1 to the end of the year 10. The next decade ran from 11 until 20, and 21-30, and so on to the current decade, which runs from 2011 until the last day of 2020.


Question: Muscle memory and how does it works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Muscle memory and how does it works?

It's not the muscle that 'remembers' the action, but actually the neural pathway. Neurons fire in a certain way (swinging a baseball bat for example) when you do an action. The more you do this action, the better/stronger/more used this 'path' becomes so neurons are more likely to fire down this pathway again.


Question: Is there a reason why epiphanies are so common in the shower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a reason why epiphanies are so common in the shower?

I’ve read a bit about this. Our brains tend to work in one of two different modes, focused and diffused. In focus mode we study and concentrate on a subject. Later, when we’re doing something completely unrelated, like taking a shower, our brain enters diffused mode. At that time, our brain can process the new information and connect various previously unnoticed dots, an epiphany. Edison used an advanced related technique to help him overcome large, complex problems. URL_0 Moral of the story, rest and relaxation are key when we’re learning something new.


Question: Why can't we sometimes write on a part of a piece of paper, even though the pen can stille works anywhere else on the page ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we sometimes write on a part of a piece of paper, even though the pen can stille works anywhere else on the page ?

The pen require some friction for the ball to roll and pull out new ink. If the ball is sliding, there will not be any new ink on the paper. The reason it's sliding is usually because there is a spot of oil or wax on the paper. Chances are a pencil wouldn't work either, they also need friction to scratch of flakes of graphite (that basically becomes graphene!) that sticks on the paper.


Question: Why does/did Fox own the rights to The Simpsons and Family Guy, shows that often deconstructed and even scorned traditional values?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does/did Fox own the rights to The Simpsons and Family Guy, shows that often deconstructed and even scorned traditional values?

So, the first and foremost thing to understand about Fox is that it's a large organization with a lot of channels. And, like almost all large organizations, it really only cares about one thing. Money. Fox News Channel (which came into existence fairly late in Fox's life) has discovered a niche where they can make money showing conservative talking points. The regular Fox channels have discovered a niche where they can make money showing the Simpsons. Fox has no political or moral ideology other than "please watch commercials in between shows so we make money"


Question: How does the resonance in a certain room make just a single string of stringed instruments vibrate and get louder and louder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the resonance in a certain room make just a single string of stringed instruments vibrate and get louder and louder?

Sound is a wave - a series of compressions (extra dense spots) and rarefactions (extra empty spots) in the air. Those sound waves bounce off the walls of the room, and propagate back into the room, where they overlap with other sound waves. (Mathematically, the overlapping of two waves is called [superposition]( URL_0 ) ) If the peaks and troughs of those waves overlap at exactly the same points in space, they will amplify each other. This amplification is known as resonance.


Question: Explain what a Discrete Fourier Transform is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Explain what a Discrete Fourier Transform is?

A Fourier transform is a tool that lets us take a certain signal (function) and find the parts that make it (the frequencies). In ideal condition, like a math problem, we know the signal to an infinite amount of detail: we know exactly what was its value at every point in time. In real life signal analysis we are often limited by two factors: We only have a limited sample time (we only recorded for two seconds for example) or we only have a limited sample rate (so we only know the value of the signal in 10 points in that period). The discrete Fourier transform is a way to use the Fourier transform with limited data like that.


Question: How is the length of a radioactive isotopes half life determined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the length of a radioactive isotopes half life determined?

The halflife of a substance is the amount of time it takes for _half_ of it to decay. So, in the case of Carbon 14, if you start with 1kg of it, you'll have .5kg in 5715 years. Now, you don't actually have to wait 5715 years to figure that out. By observing and measuring it, you can determine the rate of decay and extrapolate what the half life will be. Think of it like the speed of an object. I can say that a car traveling at 100mph will complete 100 miles in 1 hour, but I don't need to wait a _full hour_ to figure that out. If I observe it traveling 25mi 15 min, then I can extrapolate it will complete 100mi in 1 hour.


Question: What are the orbs of light in photos that everyone claims are ghosts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the orbs of light in photos that everyone claims are ghosts?

Most often dust on the lens or in the air, either way they’re tiny particles that reflect light.


Question: Why do we find it hard to breathe when facing towards a strong wind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we find it hard to breathe when facing towards a strong wind?

It may sound odd, but what is happening when you take a breath is your diaphragm contracts, which causes your lungs to swell and increase in size. This then causes *less* pressure inside your lungs than in the air outside, so air rushes in with a breath as your lungs fill with air. A property of air is that as the velocity (speed) of the air increases, air pressure decreases. Likewise as velocity of air decreases, the air pressure increases. When a gust of wind hits you in the face, suddenly there is less pressure *outside* of your lungs because the air is moving faster with the wind. When you turn your back on the wind to create a still pocket off air, your diaphragm can then decrease the pressure and allow you to take a breath.


Question: Why are people saying the economy is on the verge of another mega-recession/depression? What are the indicators?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people saying the economy is on the verge of another mega-recession/depression? What are the indicators?

Not an economist, but there have been some conflicting economic signals, perhaps most notably the inverted yield curve (google it, it would take forever to explain). There was been an inversion before every recession, although there isn't a recession after every inversion. You could probably put slow wage growth and slow economic growth in general in this category as well. Overall, though, most indicators do not point to a recession coming soon. Some of it is probably just an intuitive feeling like we're due one because it's been a while. Some of it is just newspapers trying to get those precious clicks with baiting headlines. A not insignificant factor is also politics. It's a well documented fact in the US that whenever a politician if the opposite party is in power, people's views of the economy go down (and vice versa).


Question: How can 3^3^3 be equal to 7.6 trillions instead of 19,683 ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can 3^3^3 be equal to 7.6 trillions instead of 19,683 ?

huh, you're going around it wrong, it is like 3^(3^3) = 3^(27) = 2.2876792e+13 It happens so because mathematically unlike the common arithmetic operators (which are left associative), the power operator is actually right associative


Question: How do waste(compost pile) ignite up without real fire touching them ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do waste(compost pile) ignite up without real fire touching them ?

Composting results in a lot of chemical reactions going on. These reactions result in a lot of heat being generated. That said, that's usually not smoke. It's steam. While compost piles do get hot they are (supposed to be) really moist. It's certainly possible for that to be smoke, and a compost pile can ignite, but that's rare and means something has gone wrong.


Question: Why does eating "too" much of something make us not like it anymore?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does eating "too" much of something make us not like it anymore?

The human body looks for diversity in food simply because it's healthy. Eating the same food over and over again has negative health effects and our body recognises this and makes us feel sick so we look for something different to eat.


Question: Why is it that whenever I learn a new word or concept, I start to see it used more often?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that whenever I learn a new word or concept, I start to see it used more often?

There are 2 phenomena at play here. First off, if you don't know about something you'll tend to gloss over it if you overhear it or see it briefly mentioned in an article/thread. Once you learn about it/know it then it will start to "pop out" at you more, and thus you'll notice stuff that you'd otherwise have ignored. Second, you may be getting your information/learning from a limited pool of resources. Take Reddit for example. Someone will post about something obscure and interesting, and then it will become almost an obsession around here until it's basically common knowledge to our entire user base. Thus you "learn something" along with the rest of us, and then genuinely get beat over the head with it over the coming weeks and months. Eventually it fades into the background, and the process starts fresh with something new.


Question: . How does those undeground turkish barbecues work? Wont the lack of oxygen put out the fire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 . How does those undeground turkish barbecues work? Wont the lack of oxygen put out the fire?

The fire heats up the pit walls, which are typically made of brick or stone, and then the heat stored in the bricks/stone cooks the meat with a relatively even temperature. When they close the pit, the fire WILL go out due to lack of oxygen, but the heat accumulated in the bricks and the coal embers will then dissipate slowly into the meat, cooking it with an even temperature. Dry dirt (what the pit is dug into) is a good insulator and will keep the heat in, and bricks / stones have a relatively high heat capacity so they can absorb and hold quite a bit of heat, and release it slowly over time. EDIT: Same principle as a [terracotta pizza oven]( URL_0 ).


Question: why don’t rugby/football association players gather around the ball making a circle and advance, protecting it from the other team?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why don’t rugby/football association players gather around the ball making a circle and advance, protecting it from the other team?

Rugby league and union have something called a ‘shepherd’. You are penalized if your team has the ball and another team member becomes an obstruction. E.g. you (with ball) can’t run behind your team mate as that stops the opposition from tackling you


Question: Why does the zero tolerance policy exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the zero tolerance policy exist?

Because it's easy, and saves school officials from having to assign guilt, or decide who "deserves" what. If you have a fight that involves 5 teenage boys, sitting down and hearing all the different stories about who started it, who escalated, who threw the first punch, etc, is a huge fucking headache. It could be hours and hours of listening to different people talk. At the end of it, there is a fair chance you still won't know the truth. On the other hand, you can just say "all five of you get 10 days of in-school suspension, deal with it." This way easier, and you can just "it's in the rulebook" when they try to argue about it.


Question: what’s the difference between fluorescent and reflective ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what’s the difference between fluorescent and reflective ?

Something that is reflective just makes light bounce off of it well. Something that is fluorescing is MAKING light out of something, or really converting one kind of incident energy to visible light. For example, fluorescent light bulbs make UV light then, using a coating of phosphors on the inside, turn it into white or other colors of light.


Question: What does it mean when they say “this company grew too big too quickly”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when they say “this company grew too big too quickly”?

Likely to mean that the management or owners of the company were unprepared to deal with the complexities that growth brought about. Small companies generally work with a high degree of informal systems and procedures. High growth usually requires hiring more people very quickly. The influx of a lot of new employees means the informal system doesn't work any more causing loss of efficiency, waste or customer issues. All companies also rely on external suppliers and high growth can outstrip supplier's capacity.


Question: What the hell happened to the History Channel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What the hell happened to the History Channel?

Researching archival footage and events to write a good, educational script is a lot of work. Pointing a camera at a UFO theorist and letting them ramble on is much, much less expensive. It also, sadly IMHO, gets about the same level of viewership. Check out CuriosityStream, it's the online source for this "old History Channel" stuff.


Question: how long of a shower would you need to use as much water as a bath?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how long of a shower would you need to use as much water as a bath?

If you have a combination tub/shower, just leave the plug in while you shower. Note the water level when you’re done


Question: Why is it louder when a bunch of people make the same sound at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it louder when a bunch of people make the same sound at the same time?

Waves interfere constructively and destructively. Think about pushing someone on a swing, when you push them the way they are already swinging they swing higher, and when you push against their motion they swing less. Waves that encounter each other then will combine into one wave. The peaks of the sound wave from one person will combine with the peaks of other people's voices to push the combined sound louder.


Question: How can veterinarians humanely put down animals regularly but prisons struggle with performing lethal injections reliably?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can veterinarians humanely put down animals regularly but prisons struggle with performing lethal injections reliably?

Believe it or not, I can all but gurantee the humaneness of veterinary euthenasia. The most common euthenasia drug is pentobarbital. That is a anti-seizure medication in low doses. In high doses it supresses brain activity to the point where all body processes shut down. It's the closest you can get to dying in your sleep. While government entities have use pentobarbital as an execution drug, they typically use a cocktail of other drugs to ensure death and reduce cost since pentobarbital is expensive. Unfortunately, those other drugs aren't as humane and can cause immense pain if there isn't enough pentobarbital to ensure complete anesthesia. On top of that, the pharmaceutical companies are refusing to sell pentobarbital and other drugs which could be used for executions to governments that carry out the death penalty. Though there are ways governments can still aquire it. TL;DR what your vet uses is absolutely humane when administered by a proffesional, and it's not exactly what prisons use for executions for various reasons.


Question: What is keto diet, and why is everyone talking about it nowadays?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is keto diet, and why is everyone talking about it nowadays?

It's not a new diet fad, but it has recently gained a lot of popularity due to its similarity to the Atkin's diet fad, which recently passed through society. In the Atkin's diet, you cut out carbs and increase protein intake. In the Keto diet, you cut out carbs and limit protein intake. The purpose (and namesake) of the Keto diet is to enter into a state called *ketosis*, which is the body's method of processing non-carbohydrates into usable energy. The Atkin's diet had the body processing large amounts of protein as energy, but unfortunately, that often meant consuming a great deal more red meat, which isn't super healthy for us either. Both diets are perfectly fine when adhered to in a responsible manner, and can certainly benefit your dietary goals. You should consult your regular doctor before drastically changing your diet, as there may be adverse effects.


Question: Why do egg-whites foam when we whisk them and do not when there is just a very tiny amount of egg yolk in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do egg-whites foam when we whisk them and do not when there is just a very tiny amount of egg yolk in it?

The foam form the whites is formed by proteins from the protein-rich egg-white. The yolk contains fats that destroy the protein foam (also called an emulsion). You can try this by mixing in a tiny amount of cooking oil into the egg-whites: it will have the same lack-of-foam effect as a tiny amount of yolk.


Question: Why are alcohols weak nucleophiles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are alcohols weak nucleophiles?

Am I the only one who read this as "why are alcoholics weak pedophiles?".


Question: What does a restaurant do to stop you from Dining n' dashing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a restaurant do to stop you from Dining n' dashing?

Security cameras. Stealing food is a crime. Generally the wait staff won't physically stop you, but they'll call the police on you. If they suspect you'll dash, they'll ask the other staff to keep an eye on you and confront you "Hey are you looking for < waitress > ? I'll call her over." and make it seem like they don't know exactly what's up. Another tactic is to go ahead and bring you the check if they suspect you're about to dash. It kinda forces the play, so to speak.


Question: Will water move faster on a downhill if it is moving over an oiled surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Will water move faster on a downhill if it is moving over an oiled surface?

Water will move faster if it runs down a hydrophobic surface. While oil is « hydrophobic » it’s hard to say for sure because the fluid dynamics can cause hard to predict flow patterns. Best bet would be to wax the surface.


Question: Why are there so many species of insects yet larger animals are more limited?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there so many species of insects yet larger animals are more limited?

Smaller creatures reproduce faster, as they have less cells to create. More reproduction means more opportunities for gene transfer and mutation. More mutation means more evolution. More evolution means more variations and species.


Question: In the post in the comments/below they found a Kilner jar sealed and buried in cement and untouched for over a hundred years. Why did the paper degrade and turn yellow and the shoe shrivel up if the whole things was sealed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the post in the comments/below they found a Kilner jar sealed and buried in cement and untouched for over a hundred years. Why did the paper degrade and turn yellow and the shoe shrivel up if the whole things was sealed?

Newsprint isn’t ever intended to last a long time — there is acid used to make paper, and that acid causes paper to break down over time. The wood pulp is broken down using acid, and unless (as is done for some high-quality paper) that acid is neutralized when the paper is made, the residual acid eventually causes paper to get brittle and yellow. The shoe would have had various chemicals in it— the dye or polish, it might have been worn and had oils or sweat from the wearer... lots of reasons. May have been an interaction between the newspaper and the shoe, too.


Question: Why does heavy cream poured into freshly made coffee go to the bottom and disappear before swirling to the top, but heavy cream poured into old, reheated coffee just settles at the top?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does heavy cream poured into freshly made coffee go to the bottom and disappear before swirling to the top, but heavy cream poured into old, reheated coffee just settles at the top?

Maybe your microwave isn’t heating up the coffee evenly throughout? It could be that there’s a pocket of colder, denser coffee below the surface that’s preventing the cream from sinking. You could try giving the coffee a stir before adding the cream and see if that changes anything?


Question: The Navier-Stokes equations - why does it not work with fluid motions that are highly turbulent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Navier-Stokes equations - why does it not work with fluid motions that are highly turbulent?

It is based on the assumption of that the fluid can no be squeezed and that the forces on the liquid is proportional to the viscous forces (honey is very viscous and liquid helium is very very low). So in very turbulent flows, these assumptions no long hold so you can't estimate away the effects of compressibility.