Question: Why do you get so tired in office jobs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do you get so tired in office jobs?

Stress is draining and an office environment is incredibly stressful. Restricted behavior, posture, and interactions in a setting made to discourage comfort and relaxation will drain you even if they're not physically exhausting in the way that brick laying is. Add to that the demand for constant focus (or at least "on-ness") on repetitive tasks in which you have no personal stake, and it's a recipe for mental and emotional fatigue which manifest physically through exhaustion. Even in an environment which is comfortable and provides a sense of investment and comradery, you are still acutely aware that your right to the basic necessities of survival hangs in the balance of your performance, which is an intense sort of anxiety to feel especially in the absence of concrete reasons why. Edit: int he > in the


Question: what is inertia and why does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is inertia and why does it happen?

Inertia is the resistance of a physical object to any change in how it’s moving. If the object is stationary, it doesn’t want to start moving. If the object is already moving, it doesn’t want to change how fast it’s moving or what direction it’s going. To get the object to start moving, or to change how it’s moving, we have to apply a force. The force we apply, and the resulting change in the way the object moves, can be used to define and measure the object’s “mass”, which is the amount of physical stuff in an object. (The other way we define and measure an object’s mass is by the gravitational effect the object has on other objects. This connection between inertia and gravity seems weird and surprising, but it’s a really important feature of how the universe works.) Edit: grammar/clarity.


Question: Are the different toothpastes actually different or is it all just a marketing trick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are the different toothpastes actually different or is it all just a marketing trick?

I work in the industry and in the US we are regulated by the FDA. Toothpaste is what's called an over the counter drug. This means that it has some claim that has been substantiated by a study, and an active ingredient that works toward that claim. In the case of Toothpaste it might have an ingredient like Sodium Flouride 0.24% there's lots of testing that will substantiate that Flouride at that percent prevents tooth decay via prevention of softening of the enamel. Now Toothpaste may something like "appears whiter" and this can be a cosmetic claim. Basically they got 20 people in a room and asked them "after using it for a week do your teeth look whiter?" get enough people to say yeah, and now you have label copy. But if they add 0.04% hydrogen peroxide as a whitening agent, then it will say it on the label. So what's this all mean? If two completely different Toothpastes have the same exact active ingredients they are essentially the same. Everything else is taste and filler. It also means if a Walmart brand has the same active ingredients it's just as good as the brand name. Likely also made in the same place. Edit to add: any OTC drug has a number on the back you can call and ask to see the studies that back their claim. Cosmetics also. Just call and ask, "can I see the study that you use to verify the claim of 10 x brighter?" they have to be able to prove it.


Question: Why are generally exoplanets and planets that are farther from their star large?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are generally exoplanets and planets that are farther from their star large?

Detecting small exoplanets at a distance from their star is harder. Maybe there are many of them that are beyond our detection capability; we don't know.


Question: Why do lights that are in the distance appear to flicker?

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<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do lights that are in the distance appear to flicker?

When light travels through the air it changes speed based on whether it is travelling through cold, dense air or warm, light air. But, the air currents between you and the light are constantly changing. When a different density of air passes between you and the light the intensity will change which appears as a flicker.


Question: Why does everyone have a unique gait when biologically most of us are all pretty similar? I've read that it's on par with a person's iris in terms of uniqueness.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyone have a unique gait when biologically most of us are all pretty similar? I've read that it's on par with a person's iris in terms of uniqueness.

Your gait is super-heavily influenced by the size, shape, and mass distribution of your entire body. You are basically a stack of pendulums on top of another, upside-down pendulum, and since every part of you is connected to every other part, your organs' momentum pulls on everything. Something off about your shoulder might change how you move your arms, which changes how you move your feet in order to compensate. Even subtle differences exponentially compound just because of how complex people are.


Question: How exactly are wages for jobs decided and why can the wages for similar jobs differ so much across different companies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly are wages for jobs decided and why can the wages for similar jobs differ so much across different companies?

Honestly, a standard pay for different types of jobs would be really hard to implement. There is just so much variety even within the same group. Take teachers for example. Can you really compare a high school and an elementary school teacher in terms of salary? Should the salary of a teacher who teaches a regular class of kids be the same as the salary for someone who teaches an advanced class or even a class of kids with learning difficulties / disabilities? Should a teacher in New York make the same amount of money as a teacher in Idaho, even though their expenses will be very different? Generally wages are decided by supply and demand. The more people there are willing to take the job, the lower the wages are. The less people there are, the higher. This is further influenced by the exact nature of the job (okay, it is driving a truck, but what type of truck? what distance? during which hours? how long away from home are you?) and the area people live in (people like, you know, actually being able to afford stuff so the standard of living will influence what pay people are willing to take). Other benefits might also influence the wages people are willing to take. for example, someone might accept a lower paying job if that job offers better hours or more training on the job. And, we cannot forget that frequently, wages are something to be negotiated. Not in all fields / job types, but if you have a unique skill employers want, you can make your own wishes known, which can result in higher wages if that is what you want. It can also result in a lower wage but certain time off arrangements.


Question: How/why do different strains of marijuana produce different effects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How/why do different strains of marijuana produce different effects?

Marijuana contains more than one drug chemical. Different strains contains different concentrations of each chemical.


Question: internet sales tax. Why on a $30 purchase did i just get taxed but two days ago on a $20 purchase i didnt. Is it the purchase amount? The number of items in a purchase?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 internet sales tax. Why on a $30 purchase did i just get taxed but two days ago on a $20 purchase i didnt. Is it the purchase amount? The number of items in a purchase?

The seller's state usually determines it. If they're in the same state, they will charge tax. If not, they usually don't. Many sellers on eBay do not charge tax no matter where they are located. Amazon is required to collect tax in any state where they have a physical presence (warehouse) and I think that's just about all of them now.


Question: How does radiation stick to an object and can be dangerous for humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does radiation stick to an object and can be dangerous for humans?

The big thing for Chernobyl and similar things is the release of radioactive dust and particulate that sticks to objects and gets breathed in. Particularly Chernobyl with the massive explosion and fire spewing out smoke, ash, and dust from the reactor, which got stuck to the firefighter uniforms, buildings, debris, clothing, vehicles... Breathing in radioactive dust *massively* increases the danger by bringing the source closer to vital organs and tissues. Some materials *can* be made radioactive ([induced radioactivity]( URL_0 )), but this is not terribly common outside of direct exposure to the core itself or the radiation pulse of a nuclear device, or something of similar intensity. Bombs initiated near the ground can activate and vaporize a large quantity of topsoil and debris and throw it into the atmosphere, along with mixing it with whatever core material is left over after the blast.


Question: How do computers fully submerged in liquid for better cooling not break/short circuit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do computers fully submerged in liquid for better cooling not break/short circuit?

They are in non conducting liquids, so they can't short circuit.


Question: how do sharpening knives work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do sharpening knives work?

When a knife is used, the edge accumulates damage over time by either chipping off or bending over to a side. When you use a rod on a knife, you're just pushing all the bits that are bent back towards the center. There won't be an impact to any parts of the blade that are chipped. When you sharpen a knife, you're removing material from the edge to create a new edge. If there are any bits of the blade that are chipped, they'll be removed via the sharpening process.


Question: What is actually happening in your brain when you suddenly remember something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is actually happening in your brain when you suddenly remember something?

There is a common misperception that memories are stored like books in a library where you can grab a memory and flip to the correct page. If that were so, why do most people need to sing the alphabet song when asked, "What is 3 letters before M in the alphabet?" instead of immediately replying "J"? Our memories are actually stored like strings. We have to access them from one end to read through the contents in order. These strings are found through certain triggers. In case of the question above, our memory of the order of the alphabet is triggered by the song we sing in our head (or out loud). Scents, sounds, tastes, and other senses can be triggers for our memories. When you are looking for the memory of your sunglasses' location, you are literally grasping at the straws of your memories. Moving around can help trigger you to grab on to the correct string.


Question: Why does 25 MPH on a bicycle seem so much faster than in a car?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 25 MPH on a bicycle seem so much faster than in a car?

You feel like you're going extremely fast on a bike because you *feel* more. Cars have very well developed suspension systems that "even out" the bumps on the road. As long as you're not dealing with a serious pothole or a speed-bump, the car's suspension is going to face-tank most of the shock so that you don't have to. Larger tires can also take some of the shock out of the road, but it's not as effective. Bikes generally *don't* have awesome suspension, and tires of *comparable* size. That means that you feel every bump in the road, or close enough to every bump in the road as not to matter. Beyond that, cars are enclosed capsules. Your body's perception of "speed" relies on three things: what you see with your eyes, what your inner-ear feels, and what your skin feels. When you're on a bike, you can feel the wind running over your body. That allows you to "feel" your speed when you aren't accelerating or slowing down. Your eyes give you a sense of speed, but the brain is pretty good at filtering out unwanted implications from the eyes. > Side Note > The Inner Ear mostly just registers acceleration, for the purposes of this conversation. It picks up when you speed up, or when you slow down. It's also a part of your sense of balance, but that's not too crucial to note in this situation. It's basically a combination of being able to feel the wind, and the poor shock-absorption.


Question: Why do certain colors glow under a black light but others don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain colors glow under a black light but others don't?

If you're talking about clothing, white clothing is treated with optical brighteners that absorb UV radiation and re-emit it as blue light (fluorescence). It makes slightly tan materials appear white in most lighting environments - the material reflects a portion of the visible spectrum (averaging a tan color), and the brighteners emit their bluish light. The two together make the clothing look white. Seeing the clothing in the dark under UV light means you're mostly seeing the emitted light, which is blue. The whiteness comes from the emitted light reflecting/diffusing throughout.


Question: Why does soap work better when using warm or hot water when compared to cold water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does soap work better when using warm or hot water when compared to cold water?

In some cases it doesn't. Cold water works just as well if we're talking about bacteria. Water hot enough to kill bacteria would be too hot for you to stand. If we're talking about regular dirt and fat/oils, then hotter water may penetrate dirt better and will definitely help transform fats into more liquid oils which gives soap a greater surface area to act on. Soap acts by binding fats and water together (sort of) so they simply wash away down the drain.


Question: How does the radio app on a smart phone use wired headphones as an antenna to tune into radio stations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the radio app on a smart phone use wired headphones as an antenna to tune into radio stations?

The optimal size of the antenna for receiving radio signals relates to the wavelength of the signal. For cellular traffic the cell phones use frequencies over 700MHz which have a wavelength of about 10cm which allows it to be received perfectly by an antenna of about 5cm length that can easily fit inside the phone. However for FM radio at 100MHz the wavelength is 3m. The phone can use your body as a counterpoise to act as half the antenna (this is why you often get better radio reception if you hold your phone) but still needs a 75cm long antenna, or about the standard length of a headphone cable. The issue with this is that there is already a signal on the cable, the audio signal. The good news is that this signal is all bellow 20kHz while the FM radio signal is all over 80MHz. This gives you three and a half orders of magnitude frequency difference. So you can use a frequency splitter which splits the audio signal from the audio amplifier and the radio signal to the built inn radio. As there is so big difference in frequency you can use a very crude frequency splitter of just a couple of components. Even if you do not have an FM radio in the phone you still want this frequency splitter to prevent radio signals to get to the audio amplifier and interfere with the audio signal.


Question: Why can we remember song lyrics unintentionally, but can't memorise things we need to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we remember song lyrics unintentionally, but can't memorise things we need to?

Songs lyrics are (usually) in nice patterns and (usually) rhyme, both of which make them easier to remember. Everything else ... isn't.


Question: How does reparing infrastructure benefit the economy overall, i understand thousands of workers are getting paid from taxpayer money, they spend the money and pay taxes, but how about the government keep the money instead and the bad roads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does reparing infrastructure benefit the economy overall, i understand thousands of workers are getting paid from taxpayer money, they spend the money and pay taxes, but how about the government keep the money instead and the bad roads?

Welcome to macroeconomics 101! Okay, first - for every dollar the government spends into the economy, those businesses and workers put in the bank that money. It doesn't matter if that money 'buys' concrete or labor, someone receives it for their product and puts it in the bank. The bank is allowed to lend out 90% of that to other items, like housing and small business loans, etc. The rate they have to keep is called the fractional reserve rate, and it's 10% (I think, I haven't looked in awhile). & #x200B; Then THOSE people put the money in the bank, and that bank lends out 90%, and that means another .81. And then they put it in the bank - $.73, and on. So the sum of all those transactions is 10$, which happens to be 1/(fractional reserve rate). So when Bush gave his tax cuts to the american people, and we all got $429, the argument is that it creates $4290 of economic activity, ballooning the economy. But beyond simply ballooning or shrinking the economy, which is also a tactic the fed tries to use in another way by increasing or decreasing the rate it charges banks to loan THEM money, there's a bigger effect. Every functional bridge, every functional road, every port and dam and airport and every thing you can think of, is shared infrastructure that cities use to function efficiently and economically. See, when the federal government does NOT do those things, then local states and municipalities end up with the 'poor persons' version - like how poor people get terrible teeth rot because they can't go to the dentist. Cities and states end up with horrific boondoggles and mistakes because they didn't have the money to fix it deep and wide. TL:DR: the money they put in the economy balloons as it gets spent and saved and lent out, and the government doing early and broad repairs and improvements allows the local economy to thrive, and NOT get stuck with endless half-done repair bills. Whoops, didn't really realize this was ELI5 when I started.


Question: Where does the sun get its energy from to be so hot for billions of years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the sun get its energy from to be so hot for billions of years?

Nuclear fusion. It’s so hot that hydrogen Atom nuclei (it’s too hot for the electrons to stick around) move so quickly when they hit, they merge into helium. However helium is a little bit lighter than ~~2~~ 4 hydrogen nuclei, the slight difference in mass is converted into energy, and a LOT of energy There is enough hydrogen in a sphere the size of the sun for it to “burn” for billions of years Edit: it’s 4, not 2, the full reaction is a lot more complicated than that, but what do you expect? It’s literally nuclear physics, and I don’t know that much about it either


Question: Why are USA and Russia still antagonistic against each other in 2017?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are USA and Russia still antagonistic against each other in 2017?

On the one level, you still have a lot of lingering stuff from the cold war. Both countries have had decades of propaganda demonizing the other, and that stuff doesn't just go away. Just think of how many movies you can remember with Soviet/Russian bad guys. Plus, many other countries were pushed to choose to ally with either the US or USSR during the cold war, and those relationships tend to endure. For example, the US is closely allied with Israel and Saudi Arabia, and Russia is allied with Syria and Iran. So if those allies start fighting, we each back our boy, and suddenly we're facing off again. When we have a beef with Iran's nuclear program, when we fund anti-Assad rebels in Syria, we're indirectly screwing with Russia. You also have the fact that even after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the US and Russia still have giant nuclear arsenals pointed at each other, and still make many of the same provocative moves- flying bombers close to each others' airspace, etc. Setting that aside, there's also lots of modern stuff. The US has taken umbrage at a lot of human rights issues since Putin has come to power. Lots of silencing of dissent, revisionism to keep power in the hands of Putin, etc. You also have a lot of kleptocracy and corruption by the oligarchs that wound up in control of the de-nationalized industries after the fall of the USSR. All of this is stuff that the US can be talked into looking the other way for an ally (like Saudi Arabia), but for a rival it turns into a bit of a sore point. On the other hand, Russia's been in a pretty tough position and we haven't been helping. Many post-soviet eastern European countries have been moving closer to the US or EU, with some even applying for and gaining NATO status. Russia (arguably rightfully) sees this as highly provocative and a slow-motion invasion to put enemy troops on their doorstep. This is also coupled by stuff like plans to introduce new missile defense systems. They seem harmless enough when you first hear about them- no one wants to get nuked- but they potentially break down MAD by making it so that we could bomb Russia but they couldn't shoot back. In recent history, the big issue was Ukraine. After the corrupt Pro-Russian ruler was thrown out, mysterious troops without insignia who spoke Russian and used Russian military equipment appeared in Crimea and took it over. The US and EU had a lot of reasons to find beef with this. It was a pretty clear trampling of Ukraine's sovereignty just as it had been leaning towards the west, it was blatant expansionism on Russia's part, and those sorts of plausibly deniable military tactics are actually super dangerous. They're a way of waging war while trying to escape responsibility for it. There are spots in the Baltic states very similar to Crimea where the same excuses Russia used would apply, and some of those are NATO states with NATO troops on standby. It's a troubling situation. If Russia repeats this there, do we Article 5 up and go into an undeclared war with Russia? If we do wind up there, what happens when one side starts to lose? It's a short jump from undeclared war to declared conventional war to nuclear war. Anyway, as a result of the Ukraine situation the US and EU made a bunch of sanctions against Russia, and Russia does not need this shit right now. They were already in a tough spot economically. The US and Canada started making a bunch of oil and gas through fracking and tar sands, etc. The Saudis cranked up production to try to crush those more expensive techniques, and sent the price of oil plunging, which hurt Russia, which depends on fossil fuel sales. The whole Crimean invasion was half a political cover by Putin to try and distract the Russian people from economic news. And now they have sanctions on top of that that nuked a bunch of deals like the $500 billion Exxonmobil arctic drilling deal that was negotiated by Tillerson, Trump's pick for Secretary of State. So the Russians wound up monumentally pissed about these sanctions, which is how you wound up with them hating Hillary and supporting Trump, who was either mysteriously pro-Russia from the start or was incredibly pliant to changing to a pro-Russian position in return for their releasing hacked intel on the DNC. TLDR in addition to old cold war legacies, we don't like Russian human rights abuses, they don't like us moving NATO up to their border, we don't like them invading Crimea, they don't like us putting sanctions on them. And now we're super pissed about them meddling in our elections and helping a massively unpopular prick get into the white house.


Question: How could a propane tank ignite the gas without using the starter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How could a propane tank ignite the gas without using the starter?

I think it's most likely that the starter in your torch discharged without you noticing it. Those starters are usually based on a [piezoelectric crystal]( URL_0 ) which produces a voltage when under mechanical stress. Usually that mechanical stress is provided by the springloaded clicky pushbutton mechanism, but it can also come from other causes, like warping or twisting of the mechanism housing, etc. I would bet that, as you were opening the valve, something or other was disturbing the crystal enough for it to push a voltage and cause an arc.


Question: Where does light go when the light source goes off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does light go when the light source goes off?

they get absorbed. light gets absorbed, thats why you have colours and stuff and everything isn't just different shades of bright. since these materials absorb light they gain energy which is why if you shine a light onto something it will become (somewhat) warmer. a few materials (like glow-in-the-dark-stickers) emit some of that "stored" light over time. but mostly your light just bounces around a few times and gets absorbed a bit with each bounce.


Question: Why do screens have a maximum refresh rate they can't pass?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do screens have a maximum refresh rate they can't pass?

Let's start with what the refresh rate is... So, when tvs were first invented, there was basically an electron gun behind the screen that shot one pixel at a time. Left to right, top to bottom. How many times it could shoot up the entire screen in a second is how we define refresh rate. Tvs today still follow that same pattern. One pixel at a time, left to right, top to bottom. We're also dealing with a lot more pixels. For comparison, the first tv only had 60 horizontal lines. HD tvs have 1,080 horizontal lines, 4K tvs have 2,160 lines. And it's worth noting that each pixel has to receive two kinds of data - what color it's supposed to be, and how bright. Refresh rates have also gone up. The original tv broadcast standard (in the U.S.) was 30fps. We now commonly deal with 60fps or 120fps. (59.94 for any sticklers that may be reading this.) So long story short, there's a lot of data and a lot of processing going on under the hood to make a monitor work. And some monitors have more processing power than others.


Question: Why is the glass panel of a PC case always on the left side of the case?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the glass panel of a PC case always on the left side of the case?

Motherboard positioning mainly. The ATX motherboard standard and it's related standards (nearly universal outside of some odd OEM prebuilts) has its I/O panel and expansion ports on the left side of the board, and it's uncommon (for reasons I am not fully aware of) to mount a board upside-down. As such, in a case, the board will always be on the right/bottom of the case if the I/o ports and expansion slots face the rear.


Question: What makes nerve agents like "Novichok" so hard to produce and why can only a handful of laboratories create them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes nerve agents like "Novichok" so hard to produce and why can only a handful of laboratories create them?

I seriously doubt you're going to get a former Soviet scientist on here to give what are now Russian state secrets in an ELI5 answer :)


Question: What's the difference between the law of large numbers and the law of averages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between the law of large numbers and the law of averages?

The law of large numbers is really deep, fundamental truth for statisticians and probability theorists. The law of large numbers says that, as the number of trials, or the population being considered, etc. grows large, the outcomes will converge toward reflecting the probabilities. If you toss a fair coin over and over again, the law of large numbers tells us that, as you rack up bigger and bigger numbers of tosses, the heads to tails ratio will more closely approach 50/50. So if you toss a coin 10 times, you should expect in nearly all cases to get a 50-50 split, give or take 20 or 30 percent. But if you toss a coin a hundred times, you should expect to get a 50-50 split, give or take only a few percent. If you toss a coin ten million times, it would be *very* unlikely for you to see even a 49%/51% spread between heads and tails. That's the law of large numbers. The "law of averages", is more of a popular misconception, where people think that, say, after a long run of heads, it becomes more likely for tails to come up, so as to bring the average *back* to 50%. This is sometimes also called the gambler's fallacy. The main difference is that the 'law of averages' imagines that the laws of probability have any memory of past events... like, as you get a bunch of heads in a row, the god of statistics has been keeping track of some kind of 'debt' which must be paid back. Nothing like that is happening. In the law of large numbers, nothing depends on past events in that way.


Question: How Visine in you eyes are fine, but a few drops in your drink for three days can be fatal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Visine in you eyes are fine, but a few drops in your drink for three days can be fatal?

The lubricant and irritation relief agents aren’t for consumption. Think of it like eating hand lotion or a topical solution/steroid. Good on the outside, no bueno inside.


Question: What kind of tax break do filmmakers get when they film their movies/shows in Canada?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What kind of tax break do filmmakers get when they film their movies/shows in Canada?

The government of Canada, and the provincial governments, give tax credits to film companies that make things cheaper. For example, in British Columbia where Vancouver is located there is a refundable tax credit that covers the amount paid in labor costs. Right off the bat the film company can get 47.5% of the costs they paid their workers back as a tax credit. Since the credit is refundable, that means that the film company gets the full amount, if even they didn't actually pay that much in taxes. This effectively makes hiring people cost half as much in Canada as it would elsewhere. There are then additional tax credits for distant location filming, training, post production and visual effects and script writing. Why does Canada do this? To attract film companies to their country and regions. First there is the prestige value of having celebrities working in your city. But, there is also the economic benefit of the work they bring to the region. Even if the government loses money on the film production itself, there are other jobs created such as caterers, drivers, hotel workers, etc. that benefit the economy.


Question: Living in a city, could it ever be possible to see billions of stars if I look up from an apartment balcony or roof, like many pieces of art depict?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Living in a city, could it ever be possible to see billions of stars if I look up from an apartment balcony or roof, like many pieces of art depict?

Are you asking in the context of the light pollution or something? In generally cities are way too bright to see many stars, the light from the city overpowers the light from the stars; that's why you see tons more stars when you leave the city. However, it is possible to see the stars if the lights in the city go out for any reason? My friend has a photo of the sky after a big earthquake which caused the power to go out in a large area if his city, it's a great shot because you see the tall buildings completely dark and thousands of stars in the sky. Besides stuff like that, though, I doubt it'll because possible to see lots of stars.


Question: What's the math behind proving a vaccine works? on the news they said double blind study, do they just say it works if less people get infected?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the math behind proving a vaccine works? on the news they said double blind study, do they just say it works if less people get infected?

If you have a group of 20 000 people and you select people by random so 10 000 get the vaccine and 10 000 only get a placebo likely a saline injection. You then instruct them to behave as normal. Wait some time lest say 3 months and then compare the number that got the infection in each group. & #x200B; If zero that got the vaccine got infected and 500 in the placebo group get the infection then you can be quite sure taht the vaccine works. If 50 that got the vaccine to get infected and 500 in the placebo group you can still be quite sure it is very effective as the infection rate is 1/10 If you 500 that got the vaccine to get infected and 500 in the placebo group you can be quite sure that the vaccine has no effect. Even if 250 that go the vaccine got infected the vaccine still has an effect. But at some point even if the number is nor equal the effet start to approach zero. It is all based on the idea if you select people by random it is likely that with no vaccine both groups would be infected at the same rate. It would not be 500 and 500 but perhaps 463 and 532 so you need to do a real statistical evaluation of the results. The large test also has another fundamental function and that is to detect any side effects of the vaccine. That is a hard part because people that got the vaccine will be diagnosed with a new medical condition and so will the placebo group because we are humans and humans get sick. So you need to determine that it do not happen to a higher degree than normal. All medical intervention has some risk so the result is an evaluation of side effects vs how effective the vaccine is and risk from the infection if no vaccine is used. So it is a risk vs benefit analysis. If the vaccine would make everyone that got it immune to the infection but 1% died that got inkjet it is as dangerous as the infection and would never be used. If there is almost no serious side effect but only 30% get immune it might be a good idea to use if there is not a better vaccine.


Question: Why does orange juice from concentrate taste so different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does orange juice from concentrate taste so different?

OJ from concentrate is mostly sugar, sometimes with pulp. It’s concentrated by cooking it down (much of the time) and a lot of flavors are lost that way. This is counter acted by adding in some orange oil or other flavorants naturally found in oranges. Unfortunately, they are usually missing flavors and are not always in the right proportion.


Question: How does something like a complex theoretical equation get turned into a real world application?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does something like a complex theoretical equation get turned into a real world application?

> real world application? Let's... Use a real world application as an example, rather than FTL travel. Let's say you want to build a wall, and to prevent it from falling over you want it to be vertical. If there isn't any wind, you can hang something heavy from a string to show you what vertical is, but if you'd like to be able to work on windy days you'll need a guy named Pythagoras to come up with a handy equation for how to put together three pieces of wood in a way that makes sure the angle between two of them is always *exactly* 90°, as long as you know how long each piece of wood is relative to the two other. All you have to do to turn it into a real world application is a bit of measuring, cutting, and arithmetic. Or let's say Pythagoras figured that out thousands of years ago and now you'd like to know where you are even if you're lost in a place without streetsigns (such as the middle of the ocean). You have the technology to put radio transmitters in space, but just using the triangulation that Pythagoras figured out and other people refined *doesn't work* until some guy named Snell figures out how to predict how fast light moves in various mediums, and some guy named Einstein figures out how fast *time* moves at different accelerations and velocities. All you have to do is fit a battery powered supercomputer in your pocket that can do billions of calculations per second, launch a bunch of satellites, build insanely accurate clocks, and BAM just like that you've turned thousands of years of mathematics into a real world GPS system.


Question: Why is everyone talking about an economic recession happening in 2019 or 2020? What's the evidence that this might happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is everyone talking about an economic recession happening in 2019 or 2020? What's the evidence that this might happen?

A lot of it is just pure forecasting. If you look at the [official tally]( URL_0 ), the US hasn't had a single decade without a recession since we started keeping track in the 1850s. We're getting better at going long periods without one, but there's still a sense that after 10 years or so the economy is "due". There are various indicators that may give a hint, but they can be very tricky to parse. For example, are rising interest rates a sign of a recession? Interest rates do tend to rise in recessions, but in this case the rising interest rates seem to be primarily due to the Fed returning the economy to normal after the extraordinary monetary policy surrounding the last recession. So if anything, it's an indicator that the Fed is doing its job during expansionary times and keeping growth in check. The biggest issue is that recessions, almost by their nature, are things that we don't see coming. Everything goes along just fine until we realize that this or that asset was overvalued, and suddenly a lot of stuff is worth less than we thought it was, forcing the economy to adjust. If we knew today which assets are being overvalued, we could deal with it now! This is why so many people are relying on the pure forecasting above and getting nervous even though economic indicators are mixed at worst.


Question: Whats the role of UN soldiers in other countries of war?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Whats the role of UN soldiers in other countries of war?

They are basically an armed presence, and they are there as a "We don't want to fight anyone, but if anyone starts a fight, your fight will be with us as well.". They are there to cool down things. Think of it as rito police standing between two opposing groups of protesters. As long as everyone keeps in line, everything is cool, but when someone hurls a rock, they take him down.


Question: How did Yugoslavia manage to last so long as a balkanized state?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Yugoslavia manage to last so long as a balkanized state?

Josep Tito. He had the force of personality and authority to keep everything together despite the tensions. But once he was gone then things got much harder and that led to the eventual split ups which was termed as "Balkanization" as various ethnic and religious groups asserted their independence and continues today.


Question: If Obamacare (ACA) is so bad for insurance profits, why are insurance stock prices down after a Federal judge ruled it unconstitutional? Shouldn't that increase stock price, as according to GOP logic, this would be financially liberating for insurance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Obamacare (ACA) is so bad for insurance profits, why are insurance stock prices down after a Federal judge ruled it unconstitutional? Shouldn't that increase stock price, as according to GOP logic, this would be financially liberating for insurance?

Markets hate uncertainty And that's what this ruling has introduced - uncertainty. The case now needs to go to the Supreme Court which could keep or throw out the ACA, both will have different impacts on insurance companies. People generally pull some money out or hedge their position when an investment has uncertainty tied to it, this will drive the price down a bit until the uncertainty is cleared up


Question: Why do we use “Uhh/umm” so much in our conversations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do we use “Uhh/umm” so much in our conversations?

Social cues mostly, to indicate to the other person that our brain is loading but we're not done talking.


Question: What are confidence intervals? (Statistics)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What are confidence intervals? (Statistics)

As you know, statistics never says anything for certain. Anytime you are doing sampling rather than looking at an entire population there is always a chance that your sample was really strange and doesn't reflect the population as a whole. If I sample 100,000 people of a 1,000,000 population to ask what their favorite color is - blue or green, and 90,000 say blue, I would say that 90% of people's favorite color is blue, but there is a _non-zero_ chance that I just so happened to ask the only 90,000 people in the population that like blue, and the actual population distribution is 910,000 green, 90,000 blue. Confidence intervals are a way of saying, "Given how many people I sampled, how I selected those people and what they said, I am X% confident that my conclusion is accurate within Y points either direction". So, I would assign a confidence interval to show how certain I am (based on the math) that 90% of the population actually prefers blue.


Question: the presence of all colours makes white, how come the paint combination of all primary colours makes brown?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 the presence of all colours makes white, how come the paint combination of all primary colours makes brown?

The presence of *all colors of light* makes white. Paint removes colors from white light that hits it. The result is that red paint *removes* the cyan (and cyan-near) light. A green paint removes pink and pink-near light. Blue paint removes orange/yellow light. All three together remove more or less all light; black.


Question: Why does 0.5 round to the nearest integer above, and not below?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why does 0.5 round to the nearest integer above, and not below?

Since it's exactly in the middle, you need to pick *something* and be consistent about it. It's completely arbitrary, you could just as easily round down. There's also other systems of rounding that you can use. You can round towards/away from 0, you can alternate up/down on odd/even integers and I'm sure there's others. Depending on the application, the might give you numbers that are more suitable.


Question: ; hydrangea colors. I know soil conditions affect hydrangea color, but when buying them in the store do they list various colors on a neutral PH? How will I ensure they maintain color?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 ; hydrangea colors. I know soil conditions affect hydrangea color, but when buying them in the store do they list various colors on a neutral PH? How will I ensure they maintain color?

Hydrangeas with white or cream flowers, such as Annabelle hydrangeas, oakleaf hydrangeas and members of the PeeGee family, can only produce white or cream flowers. You have to feed the colored ones (the hydrangea cultivars known as mopheads and lacecaps) to get the color you want. Low pH gives you blue and high pH gives you pink. You raise pH with lime and lower it with a sulfate of ammonia or aluminum.


Question: Why are there many plants that can be grown in a greenhouse, but some, like ramps and truffles, that can only be grown in nature with conditions that can’t be mimicked in a greenhouse?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are there many plants that can be grown in a greenhouse, but some, like ramps and truffles, that can only be grown in nature with conditions that can’t be mimicked in a greenhouse?

Truffles are the mushroom of a fungus that is symbiotic with the roots of certain trees (most notably oak and hazel). They take up to a decade to become established (and you have to grow the trees too). this obviously requires a rather large space and oak trees need temperature variation anyway so being in a greenhouse wouldn't really help in the first place. Truffles can be cultivated, and are cultivated, but they are cultivated in forests not greenhouses. Ramps (and wild ginseng) are slow growing specialists in forest understories. The bulb/root takes several years to mature and (in ginseng anyway) is considered more flavorful/powerful because it has matured slowly in the relatively harsh conditions of the wild. You could raise these in greenhouses but....first of all, like oak trees (and many other fruit trees and berry bushes) they are adapted to seasonal climates and need to be cold in the winter to mature properly. The whole point of a greenhouse is to keep things from getting cold, so there's not much point. You can grow them in a suitable patch of forest after sowing them there, but you have to wait for them to grow to maturity which takes up to a decade. Also farmed plants can lack the marketing power of wild ones (wild ginseng sells for much more)


Question: how can there be freezing rain if outside temperatures are well above freezing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can there be freezing rain if outside temperatures are well above freezing?

Air temperature and ground temperature do not always (or even often) align evenly. While the air might be 36, the ground could be colder or warmer. As rain falls, it becomes chilled by the air, and can form hail or snow above 32. If it lands on a surface that is below 32, it will freeze. If it became super cooled during falling (below 32 but not solid) it will freeze even on surfaces that are slightly above 32. This happens most often when there’s been a somewhat sudden shift of temperature. If it’s 9AM, for example, and it was 12 degrees all night, the ground is likely still cold enough to freeze the rain for a while.


Question: When we laugh really hard, why do we feel the urge to clap our hands/slap our legs/hit something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 When we laugh really hard, why do we feel the urge to clap our hands/slap our legs/hit something?

It is probably an instinctive reaction that developed to share humour with others around us, exactly like laughter. There's a [fascinating study]( URL_0 ) looking at the gestures made by athletes blind from birth compared to blinded later in life compared to sighted people when they win or lose. They found that the V gesture of arms held up, chest puffed out, head back is really strongly preserved across cultures and even in people blind from birth/very early in life. It looks like it's a built-in movement, kind of like smiling, grimacing, laughing, etc. The most popular theories for these are to do with the evolutionary benefits of being able to communicate feelings to each other. For example, sharing humour might be a bonding experience bringing a social group closer. Additionally, it might disarm potential angry responses, by showing, "No! Haha! That pie in the face was totally hilarious and *not* me starting a fight with you!"


Question: How does scar tissue work? And why does some wounds leave scars and others don't?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does scar tissue work? And why does some wounds leave scars and others don't?

Well, simply put it doesn't work. It's skin, but it has no elasticity in it, and cannot move the same way other skin (normal skin) Depth is the main deciding factor on how much/little a wound will scare, but it also has to do with genetics, how wide a wound is, how healthy you are, and other variables. Your body lacks the ability to produce healthy skin cells fast enough, and uses scar tissue to fill it in. Unfortunately, your body can't replace the scar tissue with regular skin, so it priorities healing the wound quickly, as opposed to comfortably Edit:sources- parents are nurses (pedeatric and E.R)


Question: How is lightning and thunder formed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is lightning and thunder formed?

Here's a secret- Nobody knows how lighting is formed. People in this thread are going to tell you about charge buildup and static electricity and probably compare it to a capacitor, but that's what we teach in highschools because we know charge buildup definitely occurs. What we don't know is how the buildup mitigates through miles of atmosphere. There are many theories, but the scientific community has still not reached a consensus. One popular theory is that high energy cosmic rays from space creates a pathway which the charge then follows. As for thunder- it's caused due to the rapid expansion of the air around lightning because of its heat.


Question: Do calculators and other devices ever compute wrong result?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Do calculators and other devices ever compute wrong result?

Yes. The calculator is designed to produce the same result if you give it the same starting parameters. Always. Unless something goes wrong with the machinery (i.e. like some dust obscuring the circuit so it doesn't work how it's designed to.) This is a pretty big problem for data centers that house a bunch of servers so they use this RAM called "error-correcting code" which detects when an error has been made, and it will correct it. It's basically just the environment messing with the computer/circuit's ability to perform the functions as it was designed to. If no outside force acts on it ever, then the computer will always give the same result for the same starting parameters. Always. It's literally just physics.


Question: Why can we tell just by listening that someone is smiling while talking or singing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we tell just by listening that someone is smiling while talking or singing?

Over time your mind becomes accustomed to the slight variation in acoustics a familiar spoken language has when said through a smile. The research study I read about this put it as "Prototypical ideals," but that means pretty much the same thing. The cues are so strong that the slightly different alterations of the sound stemming from different levels of smiles can also be picked up, much of this subconscious; you can tell when someone is slightly smiling, fully, suppressing one, etc. Basically, they sound different and the human brain is very good at picking stuff like that up even if you don't consciously notice it. Edit: I pulled up the [study]( URL_0 ) for anyone curious. IMHO, it's pretty cool we can even do this, the brain is amazing.


Question: why does the sealevel rise, when ice is melting? Isn’t the amount of water the same as before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the sealevel rise, when ice is melting? Isn’t the amount of water the same as before?

A lot of times that ice isn't floating in the water already but instead it's on land. So it's not like ice melting in a glass of water, it's more like pouring water from one glass into another.


Question: If there is water on Mars, why can’t one of the rovers be directed to the suspected source and simply confirm or deny speculations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If there is water on Mars, why can’t one of the rovers be directed to the suspected source and simply confirm or deny speculations?

> why can’t one of the rovers be directed to the suspected source and simply confirm or deny speculations? Rovers are extremely slow, you can't just drive them to wherever you want. [Opportunity travelled 45km in all its 12 years on Mars]( URL_0 ) We know (for a long time now) that there is indeed [water (ice) on Mars]( URL_1 ), no need to send a probe there just to confirm it.


Question: What exactly does the universal quantifier ∀ symbol mean?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly does the universal quantifier ∀ symbol mean?

It means "for all" / "for every". For example, the following statement: ∀x∈ℝ: x\*0 = 0 Means: for every number x in the set of real numbers (ℝ), x multiplied by 0 is 0.


Question: Why is running on a treadmill easier than running in the street?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is running on a treadmill easier than running in the street?

For one, there is no air resistance when running on a treadmill. When running outside, your body has to physically push the air you move through out of the way. It may not seem like much, but try running outside with a tailwind (or conversely into a headwind) and you quickly notice the difference air can make.


Question: how do scientists know the Earth's core is liquid if no one has ever seen it or extracted a sample?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do scientists know the Earth's core is liquid if no one has ever seen it or extracted a sample?

Earthquakes generate different kinds of seismic waves that behave differently when passing through different materials. Notable, one of the types of waves (S waves) don't pass through liquids. This creates a kind of "shadow" that tells us that part of the core is liquid. But the behavior of the other kind of waves (P waves) also tells us that there is something solid inside that liquid. Here is a picture for reference: [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )


Question: How come the xray machines officers use in airports don't harm the workers? (Like how doctors stand in another room for their protection)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come the xray machines officers use in airports don't harm the workers? (Like how doctors stand in another room for their protection)

Notice the massive metal lined flaps on the conveyer to the massive metal box that houses the x ray. All of that is there to protect everyone, it shields against the x rays.