Question: How can authentication services make sure that your password is correct without having your password saved in plain text?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can authentication services make sure that your password is correct without having your password saved in plain text?

I take your password. I scramble it in, in a particular way. I will always scramble it up the same way. The way I scramble it up is very hard to "unscramble". (For an example of why it's hard, think of a number... now multiply by 743874283419234. Now take only the last two digits, swap them round, and divide by 7. You'll get a number. That number is the "scrambled" version of the number you thought of. But it's also the "scrambled" version of a lot of other numbers too. Which one was it? Who knows without trying them all?! And if I do this enough, and complicate it enough, and make it so that it could have been any number of things in the first place, then eventually it becomes secure). If I scramble your password up the same way, every time, but it's difficult to unscramble than we can have what's called a "hash". So you sign up to my website and you "set" your password. I don't ever store your password, I just scramble it up by following a set of instructions like the above. That gives me a hash - a scrambled version. That hash is made FROM your password, but it is NOT your password and we can't GET your password out of it easily. So all I need do now is store that hash. Next time you come to log in, you put in your name, and your password. I scramble that password you put in, and I scramble it in EXACTLY the same way as I scrambled it previously. If that scrambled password is the same as the "hash" that I stored when you first made the account... then I know that was you. And yet I don't know your password. The chances of two different passwords scrambling to the exact same hash is incredibly minute. Technically possible, but literally one of those "once in the lifetime of the universe" kind of things. So I don't need your password. I just need to scramble whatever you type in when you first "set" your password and put that somewhere. When you later try to log back in, I scramble what you typed in the same way again, and then see if the result is exactly the same as we did first of all. And I never need to store your password anywhere, just the scrambled version. Done properly, with clever maths, and appropriate methods used, it's incredibly secure. To the point that if a whole list of everyone's username and their scrambled password leaks out, nobody would ever be able to use that information anyway. This happened to the Steam gaming service, for example - but they had done it properly, so to this day, none of those passwords has ever been discovered. And, no, you can't just type the scrambled version into the password box. All that would happen if you did that would be that I would scramble it AGAIN, and it would end up different, and wouldn't match what I had stored, or what you typed in. You can implement this system poorly, however. And then people can sometimes "unscramble" those passwords, but that's still an incredibly difficult thing to do. And even that is so much more secure than what happens if you were just storing a big list of passwords in plain-text. Done properly, hashing is very simple in operation, very secure in practice, and very quick to do, while being very difficult to "undo". And if I ever want to "reset" your password because you've forgotten it and need to get back in? Then I can just take, say, "password"... scramble that up... and put the result into the database in place of your stored hash. Now you can login with "password", the scramble of that will match the hash I have stored now, and it will let you in so you can do whatever you need to do. But I still don't know what your password USED to be!


Question: Why are alcoholic beverages not required to list nutrition facts like everything else?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are alcoholic beverages not required to list nutrition facts like everything else?

The are regulated by a different government entity. Alcohol is regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF). Food is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The ATF is older than the FDA and when the FDA was formed the government chose to not move Alcohol over, and had kept that decision. As such the ATF has chosen to not require nutrition labels on Alcohol.


Question: How come when you look at lights (I.e. phone, pc, tv) before you go to sleep it takes longer for you to fall asleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you look at lights (I.e. phone, pc, tv) before you go to sleep it takes longer for you to fall asleep?

The blue light messes with your melatonin levels and makes your body think it’s daytime and shouldn’t be sleeping- that’s why night-mode on most devices is a red-orange tint, rather than blue


Question: Why is Google search web address so complicated? What's with all the complicated numbers and letters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Google search web address so complicated? What's with all the complicated numbers and letters?

URLs can't have certain characters in them, like quotation marks and spaces. When a website needs to use a URL that uses these characters, it replaces them with special sequences of allowed characters in their place. IIRC a quotation mark, for example, is replaced by %22%


Question: Why is it that when we urinate and it is yellow it represents dehydration, but when we urinate and it's clear it shows we are hydrated, even though the same amount of urine comes out each time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when we urinate and it is yellow it represents dehydration, but when we urinate and it's clear it shows we are hydrated, even though the same amount of urine comes out each time?

Color indicates the (lack of) water. Meaning you evacuated stuff that wasn't water. Meaning dehydration.


Question: If the world is $275 trillion in debt, and everyone is creating debt both foreign and domestic - where does the debt come from? How is it not cancelled out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the world is $275 trillion in debt, and everyone is creating debt both foreign and domestic - where does the debt come from? How is it not cancelled out?

I owe you $10 that you lent me 2 weeks ago to buy a comic book. You owe Johnny $5 from last month that he bought McDonald's with. Johnny owes Sally $7, last week he said he would pay her to clean his room. Sally owes me $3, she didn't have money to buy a snack yesterday. There's $25 of outstanding debt. It was used to purchase goods and services - hamburgers, room cleaning, etc. We could just cancel it all out, but would you want to? You're up $5. I'd love to, I'm down $7. Multiply this by a trillion. Countries owe each other, companies, investors, pension funds, etc., different amounts, due at different times, with different interest rates, etc. So on a net basis, yes, all debt cancels each other out. But if you did that there would be definite winners and losers. Also, the rule for this sub is "LI5 means friendly, simplified and layperson-accessible explanations - not responses aimed at literal five-year-olds."


Question: How does a coal burning engine work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a coal burning engine work?

One I can actually answer! Coal burning engines are better known as steam engines. Most people associate these with steam locomotives but there is a difference. Basically a steam locomotive is a steam engine on wheels. A steam engine works like a giant tea kettle. The part where the coal is, is called the fire box. The coal is burned here (much like in a charcoal BBQ) the heat that is produced by the coal is used to head up a large container of water once that water gets hot enough it creates steam. That steam is then used to move a piston back and forth by putting fresh hot steam on alternating sides, the new steam is always put on the side of the piston that is closest to the wall of the cylinder (what the piston is inside) because when hot steam is put into a small space it wants to spread out and cool down because it doesn't like being hot. Because the steam expands it forces the piston back against the other side of the cylinder (and the old steam that was on the other side is pushed out through a different hole then it came in). The piston is attached to a bar or lever which is then attached to a wheel of some kind and the action of both the piston and the bar spin the wheel. Thus creating the motion. A very simple steam engine looks like . (keep in mind the firebox and water tank are not shown) If you want an ELI5 of steam locomotives I can give that too. Source: Currently studying to become a steam locomotive operating engineer (read repairman) and 7 years of experience as a Conductor at a steam locomotive Railroad.


Question: Why do ballpoint pens stop working after writing over pencil lead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do ballpoint pens stop working after writing over pencil lead?

Graphite is an extremely slippery substance and will coat or paint a thin layer onto many other surfaces, the ball of a ballpoint pen needs to rotate to bring a new inked surface to the paper, the graphite will either stop the ball from rotating or cover the surface of the ball in graphite.


Question: Why are there different currencies for different countries? Why can't we all have the same one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there different currencies for different countries? Why can't we all have the same one?

Every country has different economic needs. Sometimes you need to remove currency from the economy to fight inflation, sometime you need to encourage inflation and add a lot of currency, and there are many other controls that countries use. If everyone had the same currency then most of those controls would be impossible. That is a major part of the problems that Spain and Greece have had recently. They had major economic problems but none of the mechanism necessary to address them because they were on the Euro and had no control over their money. This also means that any country on the currency having economic problems can drag every other economy on the planet down the drain because they tank the value of the currency.


Question: As Francium is the most unstable element, how much more energy will it generate if it is split compared to, let's say Uranium?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 As Francium is the most unstable element, how much more energy will it generate if it is split compared to, let's say Uranium?

The half-life of an element doesn't really say anything about the energy release per-atom when fission occurs. Fr223 to Ra223 produces 1.149 MeV of energy Boring U238 to Th234 produces 4.270 MeV of energy, but only once every 5 billion years. Shorter half-life isotopes release more heat overall because the decay is so much faster, but all this really does is make the material difficult to process and handle. The heat buildup is often sufficient to melt or vaporize samples, rendering them useless.


Question: Why is it that we can remember some childhood memories so vividly, and others not at all?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that we can remember some childhood memories so vividly, and others not at all?

From a psychological perspective we are more likely to remember memories that are associated with high emotion- usually negative emotion. So if you think of your earliest childhood memory it is usually a negative memory like being violently sick or getting in trouble.


Question: How are Dentists able to fill cavities that are between your teeth with little space to perform the operation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are Dentists able to fill cavities that are between your teeth with little space to perform the operation?

* Small precise tools designed specifically for that procedure * Mildly elastic nature of one's teeth being able to move slightly in place without breaking, offering a little more space * Magnifying mirrors to see the area better * Drilling out the bad portion of the tooth itself creates some room to work in Just some of the ways, others will likely be able to offer first-hand information.


Question: Prior to modern technology, how did humans know the Earth is round?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Prior to modern technology, how did humans know the Earth is round?

The ancient Greeks famously knew it because ships leaving their nation would disappear bottom first on the horizon. Therefore, Earth cannot possibly be flat.


Question: Why is pasta right after you boil it and take it out of water all slippery and then if you leave it for 10 minutes outside it gets sticky as hell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is pasta right after you boil it and take it out of water all slippery and then if you leave it for 10 minutes outside it gets sticky as hell?

Pasta is loaded with starch, and when you boil starch it gelatinizes a bit and basically turns into glue. A lot of that starch gets discarded with the pasta water, but the starch left over in the pasta will go sticky once it's had a chance to cool a bit. It's actually a good thing, that sticky exterior is what lets pasta hold onto all kinds of sauces.


Question: How can skateboarders jump from tall places and not get hurt? What's the highest you can jump from and not get hurt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can skateboarders jump from tall places and not get hurt? What's the highest you can jump from and not get hurt?

When a person takes a voluntary fall and can get their feet underneath them, they can flex their legs on impact to absorb and distribute the force, essentially using their muscles and tendons like a set of shocks. Skateboarders use this when they take their boards on a jump, and you can also see parkour atheletes doing it; the latter also can be seen integrating rolls and other acrobatic maneuvers as a way of further absorbing and redirecting the kinetic energy of the fall. As far as maximum height, this old [ask science post]( URL_0 ) has some parkour runners mentioning personal bests of around 15 feet with zero harm, a rule of thumb of 3x the falling person's overall height for a "critical fall", a mention of an LD50 fatality rate (on-average fatal, about 50% of reported cases resulting in death) at 48 feet and an LD90 (90% reported death rate) at 84 feet, as well as a reminder that people step off curbs and break/sprain their ankles every day.


Question: what is the difference between Shia and Sunni Islam?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between Shia and Sunni Islam?

The *very* basic answer goes back to the death of Muhammad. In the resulting power vacuum, there was a question as to the rightful successor. Each group picked a different one, and the rift was formed.


Question: What does fabric softener actually do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does fabric softener actually do?

It coats the fibers in an insulator, preventing transfer of electrons due to friction of two different materials rubbing against each other. [edit] is it just me, or is iOS autocorrect getting progressively worse? It’s swapping out one legitimate word for another now, capitalizing and apostrophizing random words, putting spaces before end quotes and more....


Question: How does the sun generate heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the sun generate heat?

The sun produces a massive amount of energy due to the nuclear fusion reaction in its core, in which the element hydrogen is converted into helium. The temperature in the core is about 13,600,000 degrees Kelvin, and this heat is transferred into the next layer through thermal radiation. After that, the heat is carried to the surface of the sun through convection. From the surface, where the temperature is around 5,700 Kelvin, the energy from the sun travels throughout space in the form of light radiation. A portion of this light reaches Earth, and some of the energy is trapped by the atmosphere, heating Earth. Substances on Earth are heated at the molecular level, as the light from the sun excites the atoms that make up the substance. The infrared portion of the sun's light resonates with some of the atoms in the substance, and these vibrating atoms collide with other atoms in the substance, dispersing the energy and producing heat. More reading material for ya if you want more: URL_0


Question: Why do photographs from the early 2000s (MySpace era) have 'that look'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do photographs from the early 2000s (MySpace era) have 'that look'?

Answer: it was the early ages of Digital camera's, Over the years camera technology have been refined a lot. Better sensors, better colour capture, better lenses. There where good Digital camera's back then, but they where very expensive. So it was common to have a camera with a very small sensor which had very basic features, poor quality lens that was 'always in focus' and nearly no enhancements. Plus a lot of people would use Webcams rather than a digital camera which will produce a much poorer picture. Edit_ Just to compare to today's prices, I bought a 256mb memory card for £85, you could fit around 2000 pictures on there (so small image size). These days you can get a 64GB card for around £20 Things where limited and seriously expensive compared to now.


Question: How does free trade agreements protect local market?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does free trade agreements protect local market?

Free trade agreements are the opposite of "protecting" local markets. A free trade agreement allows goods to cross borders untaxed, so that foreign goods and domestic goods can compete on a (somewhat) even field. If the domestic market can't compete, because it cannot produce as cheaply, then the domestic products will sell fewer units and lose money. Protecting markets means adding tariffs or quotas to foreign goods to artificially raise their prices, so that the domestic goods are cheaper by comparison.


Question: Why were mathematicians of old so confused over Euclid's Postulate five?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were mathematicians of old so confused over Euclid's Postulate five?

Euclid's fifth postulate is also known as the parallel postulate, and afaik there wasn't really confusion so much as it's just *weird*. These five postulates were *intended* as an **axiomatic foundation**, the assumptions and rules from which everything else is proven, for what we now call Euclidean geometry. The other four seem reasonable and intuitive as postulates, but the fifth one, even with less awkward phrasing than Euclid used, seems like something you should be able to prove from the other four (spoiler warning, you can't). And there's no rigorous phrasing for that postulate that *isn't* awkward - the terms **point** and **line** aren't actually defined in geometry and adding *more* undefined terms is not a good thing (and that's why Euclid's postulates are all phrased the way they are, with most other terms in geometry defined in terms of *points* and *lines* on some level). Generally, mathematicians want to limit the number of assumptions they're working from, and given both the awkward and seemingly provable nature of E5P, there were a lot of attempts to prove it in order to get rid of it as a postulate. Then they tried ignoring it all together and seeing what they could prove without it, and non-Euclidean geometry* was eventually the result. Spherical (ie what happens if you draw a triangle on a globe) and projective (ie drawing classes where you draw rail road tracks or a city street with a vanishing point) geometries are examples of non-Euclidean geometries where the parallel postulate does *not* hold. TLDR: 1. It was awkward and looked provable from postulates 1-4, and proving it would be good. 2. Lots of people tried, since if they succeeded they'd be famous. 3. They all failed, because 4. Non-Euclidean geometry is an interesting thing that you can get from postulates 1-4 and ignoring/replacing 5.* *Mostly. I'm going to mention the word **metric** and then recommend you not worry about it.


Question: how can baking soda be safe to consume if it's made from ammonia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can baking soda be safe to consume if it's made from ammonia?

How can salt be safe to consume when it's made from sodium and chloride? Go look up someone dropping sodium in water on youtube, surely THAT can't be safe to put inside your body, right? See, thing is, **chemical compounds** are different from simple mixtures or ingredients. So when you say "x is made from y" does that mean they put a scoop of y in, or did y bond with something else in the process and create something new? When two (or more) different atoms are bonded together, the resulting molecule doesn't have to act like it's creators. In fact, it rarely does! Our dear friend H2O for example: oxygen and hydrogen are colorless reactive gases at room temperature, combine them into a molecule and they're refreshing. Ammonia is merely nitrogen and hydrogen. Two atoms who are building blocks in a **LOT** of different substances, ranging from deadly to delightful.


Question: what were the expectations vs reality of the first atom bomb test?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what were the expectations vs reality of the first atom bomb test?

The Los Alamos scientists has done hundreds of experiments that gave them confidence that the test bomb had enough radioactive fuel to produce an uncontrolled chain reaction. There was only a specific amount of plutonium, so the reaction would stop when enough of the fuel was used up to vaporize the apparatus. There were some calculations done to address the possibility that the reaction would split all the plutonium atoms and release enough energy to ignite the atmosphere. Hans Bethe calculated that a fission reaction could not induce a thermonuclear reaction in the open atmosphere, so the test was considered "safe enough". The scientists were well aware that the bomb would release radiation, and chose to observe from a distance for that reason. They had a good mathematical understanding of the physics, and they had a computer (albeit a glorified calculator in comparison to the device you're reading reddit on). Given time and immense motivation, they were able to make pretty good digital predictions.


Question: why is not voting for candidate X a vote for candidate Y?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is not voting for candidate X a vote for candidate Y?

Mathematically it's not, but in a two-party political system like that of the US it effectively is. The US election goes by total number of votes... roughly speaking. Let's make a comparison. You're in class in school, but the teacher's off ill. You've got a substitute teacher, but he's awesome so he's just going to let you watch a movie instead. He has two movies: Jaws 3 and The Clone Wars. He decides to let you, the students, vote on which movie you're going to watch. There are 30 of you in the class, and he decides that whichever movies gets the most total votes is the one you'll watch. So far, Jaws 3 has 15 votes and The Clone Wars has 14. Now, you hate both of these movies. But you hate The Clone Wars *slightly* less than Jaws 3. You have to watch something, and the Clone Wars would be better than Jaws, because at least you're not terribly frightened of clones like you are sharks. If you vote for the Clone Wars, the teacher will get the deciding vote. This means there's a 50% chance of you watching Jaws or watching the Clone Wars. If you abstain from voting, Jaws wins - there is a 100% chance of you watching Jaws. So, by not voting for the Clone Wars, you ended up with the movie you would have liked to watch the least, because you are - as previously mentioned - mortally afraid of sharks. Now that's a pretty shit comparison, but it does the job. The idea is that the fewer people who vote for candidate X, the fewer votes candidate Y needs to win: If 5 people abstain from voting, Jaws only needs 11 votes to win, instead of 16, because The Clone Wars only got 10 votes instead of 15. "Not voting for X is a vote for Y" is not strictly true, but it's a bloody good political slogan to get people voting for your guy: At least X isn't quite as bad as Y.


Question: How do people discover planets and galaxies millions of light years away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people discover planets and galaxies millions of light years away?

They’re millions of light years away, but they’re *billions* of years old. The light has had an eternity to cross that gap. When you look at a picture of the Andromeda galaxy, you’re seeing the 2.5 million year old light that has just recently arrived. We can see galaxies from this far away because they’re incomprehensibly large beacons of light. Planets are neither large nor bright, and they’re much harder to spot from afar. Most are detected from their gravitational effects on their star, and usually these stars are dozens of light years away, not thousands.


Question: What are crazy long math equations used for, and what do they solve?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are crazy long math equations used for, and what do they solve?

Not everything that is worth doing can be described simply. For example, suppose you want to do something simple, like come up with a mathematical model to figure out how much snow will be on a road a few hours after it has snowed. To be able to decently capture this, at a minimum you will need to include: * temperature * wind speeds * humidity * precipitation * cloudiness * ambient light levels * latitude * time of year And the real kicker is, many of these factors interact with each other, so you also need to capture those interactions. And this is for something as simple as how quickly is the snow gonna melt! Imagine what you may need to describe something more complicated. I happen to know all of this because I am currently (procrastinating at) writing a paper on this topic...


Question: What causes the drain to make the SKRLBLBLBLB noise when you put the plug in as the water is flowing out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the drain to make the SKRLBLBLBLB noise when you put the plug in as the water is flowing out?

At some point of pressure, the water will cause the rubber to vibrate, or perhaps vice versa. Either way, this minuscule vibration will cause depressions into the air known as sound. After shortthought, it's most likely the water making the noise, as the sound is usually always the same no matter what the drain material consists of.


Question: If multi-trillion dollar rescue package will stimulate the economy, why not do it in non-crisis times too?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If multi-trillion dollar rescue package will stimulate the economy, why not do it in non-crisis times too?

Dumping large amounts of newly created money into the economy during times when it's already healthy would likely result in major inflation (since a large amount of extra money is unneeded in a healthy economy, its relative value would decrease and costs everywhere would increase). The current crisis stimulus is only intended to temporarily replace the economic activity that our economy would normally be generating on its own. Very much like providing temporary (but necessary) life support for someone in a coma.


Question: () Why do feral children not be able to pick up speech after being rescued when normal babies can learn to speak after a few years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 () Why do feral children not be able to pick up speech after being rescued when normal babies can learn to speak after a few years?

The brain develops in distinct stages learning languages and communication are developed fairly early on, if the developing child isn't exposed to languages early on the brain doesn't see it as a priority and moves on to other things.


Question: What exactly is an LLC?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is an LLC?

A limited liability company. As an example, let's say you want to start a business out of your home. You need a business license from your state (and probably your city/county too). When you file for your business license, you can be: * Sole proprietor. This is the minimum requirement, and costs the least amount of money. However, you are your business. Your business is literally your name. If you do something that causes damages to someone (or you incur a debt) and they sue you, they can take your personal stuff as payment if you don't have money. Your car, your house, etc. * Limited Liability Company. This has more requirements to establish, and costs more money each year to the governments you're registering with. In return, you can protect your personal assets as long as you follow rules. So now, even if I'm working from home, I don't have to make my home a company asset. There are a few legal things you need to square away (like being careful how much personal use is coming from assets you've declared as part of the LLC), but it's not too complicated. * A corporation. This is going to depend on where you are, but corporations follow the most strict establishment rules, but also gain the most protections from the law. Think of a LLC (and corporation) as "business insurance." You're paying money into a system in return for protections when bad stuff happens.


Question: Why do crops need to be planted in a different place every year for the ground to be exhausted, but trees can just keep giving fruit for years in the same place?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do crops need to be planted in a different place every year for the ground to be exhausted, but trees can just keep giving fruit for years in the same place?

Trees don't take nitrogen from the soil like many crops do. That's the issue. You can't grow crops if there's no nitrogen in the soil. Certain crops pull nitrogen from the air and put it back into the soil, and in some cases it's better to do that than dump a bunch of fertilizer that could mess up the water table.


Question: What is A Social Construct?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is A Social Construct?

Something that only exists solely because a bunch of humans agree it exists. Consider the value of cash, for example. A couple of sheets of cotton and some mostly zinc coins you have in your pocket aren't of much practical use to anyone. However, because we all agree they have value, they do.


Question: If a sphere is the most efficient 3D shape, why do certain minerals grow in cube, hexagonal, octahedral, or other more complex 3D patterns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a sphere is the most efficient 3D shape, why do certain minerals grow in cube, hexagonal, octahedral, or other more complex 3D patterns?

A sphere is the most efficient shape in the sense that it has the least surface area when compared to its volume. Crystals don't much care about surface area compared to volume. They simply want their atoms or molecules to be arranged in the most convenient geometric patterns. These exact patterns depend upon the temperature and the molecules involved and so on, but they are always some sort of arrangement with lines and vertices (straight edges and sharp corners). When you stack a bunch of these together, you get the larger crystal shape.


Question: How is flooding possible and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is flooding possible and how does it work?

It’s basically because the water is getting there faster than it can drain away. If drainage is greater than the rate of water coming in, you’re ok. As soon as the sewage system begins to reach its limits, you’re int trouble as the water can’t flow away quickly enough. You have to remember that I’ve the sewers are full then the water has to flow above ground. So things like houses are now riverbanks.


Question: Why do leaves turn red/orange/yellow in the Autumn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do leaves turn red/orange/yellow in the Autumn?

The problem with plants shedding their leaves is that they don't want to loose all the scarce elements they put into making the chlorophyll and other chemicals needed. So the trees don't just kill off the leaves and allow them to fall, they actually scavenge the elements and store them. In addition, the process of using the sun to make sugars for the planet is rather complex, with chemicals absorbing the sunlight and making other chemicals, chemicals breaking up water and CO₂ and producing active oxygen 'radicals', and other chemicals using all that to make the sugar. If the plant just started dismantling all that, it would end up with lots of free oxygen and other energy-rich compounds, which would start destroying the chemical mechanisms trying to break the system down. So it has to be done in order. And the first thing that is done is an enzyme is used to break down the chlorophyll, so it isn't absorbing energy from the sun any more, so that energy doesn't destroy things as it is doing the dismantling. The chlorophyll is broken down to other chemicals that aren't strongly coloured, so you see the colour of the underlying leaf. Source: URL_0


Question: How are tire changes so quick in Formula 1 cars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are tire changes so quick in Formula 1 cars?

They've really optimized their wheel designs to make it fast On your car you have to jack it up, undo 4-8 lug nuts, remove the wheel, put on the new wheel, put on 4-8 lug nuts, then lower the jack In formula 1 they just have to jack it up, undo 1 big nut, remove wheel, put on new wheel, put on 1 big nut, then lower the jack Having only a single nut greatly speeds up the process, as does having a jack that they can raise and lower with a single motion rather than pumping. They've also spent a few hundred million optimizing the hell out of this process to shave off tenths of a second


Question: Is it possible for a very wealthy person (for example: Bill Gates) to cause inflation on whichever country he will go to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it possible for a very wealthy person (for example: Bill Gates) to cause inflation on whichever country he will go to?

No, having a lot more money than you and me isn't the same thing as having a significant fraction of the nation's economy.


Question: What causes that lump in your throat feeling before you're about to cry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes that lump in your throat feeling before you're about to cry?

So pretend, if you will, that someone is breaking up with you. When the news hits, your nervous system kicks into gear and triggers your fight or flight response. Your body starts trying to circulate more oxygen to your muscles.. when you cry or are on the verge of crying, your glottis is trying to stay open in search of that oxygen, but gets forced close every time you swallow(like your saliva). This tension messes with the muscles in your throat, giving the sensation of a lump. [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: How do astronomers identify galaxies that are light years away from us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do astronomers identify galaxies that are light years away from us?

It depends what you mean by identify. If you mean "How do we tell that they are galaxies", we tell using telescopes that are big enough to make out tiny details. The size of the telescope and the color of the light you're looking at determine whether or not the galaxy looks like a dot or a blob or a galaxy; this is one of the reasons why we like to build bigger and bigger telescopes, to be able to make out smaller details. The other reason is that big telescopes can collect more light, so you can see dimmer things. Galaxies are really faint, because they're so far away! We can also tell that they're galaxies by looking at a spectrum of the light they emit. Galaxies don't look like anything else: they're stars and dust and black hole emission all added together. So even if it just looks like a dot, you can still tell if its a star or a galaxy because galaxies emit a different combination of colors than stars do. If you mean "How do we tell how far away they are", there are a few ways to do this. One is by using "standard candles". Basically there are some objects (certain types of supernovae and variable stars) in other galaxies that we know exactly how bright they are, and since brightness drops off with distance in a known way, we can measure the distance just by measuring how bright it looks to us. Another way is using redshift. The universe is expanding uniformly, so the farther away something is, the faster its moving away from us. This makes light "stretch out" as space stretches out, and when light stretches out it gets redder. So you can look at the light of the galaxy and compare it to other galaxies you know about, or chemical signatures from a lab, and determine how far away it is that way. This has some errors because galaxies also move pretty fast, so their actual motion can throw a wrench in that calculation, especially if the galaxy is close by so the redshift from the expansion of space isn't a huge effect. Lastly, if you mean "tell if its the same galaxy we saw before" i.e. how do we name galaxies; usually just by where they are on the sky. The sky has a coordinate system, and there are WAY too many galaxies to give them all a unique name (though some are named from previous conventions from early surveys). So we say "in this coordinate system, this galaxy is at this coordinates". Andromeda's name, in this context, is J00424433+4116074. Which is to say, we name galaxies by pointing to where they're at on the sky and saying "that one right there"


Question: How does smoking cigarettes give you low doses of radiation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does smoking cigarettes give you low doses of radiation?

Cigarettes contain some radioactive elements. This is not unusual. Many objects around you are slightly radioactive to some degree or another. You are exposed to radioactivity from anything from concrete to bananas to even being near other people. Usually the doses are so low to be not being worth worrying about and in most cases the radiation comes in a from that won't be able to penetrate your skin anyway. However smoking means that you inhale the stuff and instead of being protect by your skin you ar irradiated from the inside especially your lungs where much of the stuff that you inhale ends up. With cigarettes the thing many people worry about is polonium, which is in cigarettes and gets into your lungs and may end up giving you lung cancer. You may wonder why there is radioactive polonium in your cigarettes, it turns out it comes with the tobacco plants which are coated with it. Why are tobacco plants coated with that stuff? Because it is the product of a chain of radioactive reactions occurring in and above the fields, the original source of that apparently comes with the fertilizer people put on tobacco fields. Cigarettes would give you cancer in other ways even without it but it makes it worse.


Question: Why 480p now seems me unwatchable, but 10 years ago it was like super good ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why 480p now seems me unwatchable, but 10 years ago it was like super good ?

About 20 years ago, you watched everything on a CRT TV, which is main factor for why 480p seemed okay back then. Those displays were very tolerant of actual resolution of source, meaning that both details and imperfections were often blurred out and you got a nice and smooth TV signal with good following pictures and it was actually sharp because CRT didn't pixelate the analog signal. Nowadays, modern TV use pixel grid, where 480p video has to be stretched to cover whole screen, and this scaling isn't exact number. Meaning some pixels are twice as big while some are there time as big. This leads to major loss of quality. It doesn't help that we have 4k video sources available that makes the loss of quality on a 480p that much more significant.


Question: What is light rail? Are there any advantages of Light rail over streetcars or busses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is light rail? Are there any advantages of Light rail over streetcars or busses?

Light rail = subways or their above-ground equivalent. Trains that move people on tracks that aren't suitable for moving cargo. The advantage of light rail over streetcars/buses is that they do not travel on the road network. They are either in a separate right-of-way or they are underground. This means that they add nothing to traffic congestion, while removing commuters that would otherwise be adding more cars to the road network.


Question: Are there genuinely 7 different colours? Or are these somewhat arbitrary divisions, and there's actually infinitely many colours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are there genuinely 7 different colours? Or are these somewhat arbitrary divisions, and there's actually infinitely many colours?

It's subjective. Some languages see green as a shade of blue, for example. Many languages also don't have a word for "pink," and it's instead called "white-red." It's not that the color (or a specific band of wavelength) doesn't exist in the cultures, they just don't have a separate name for it.


Question: How do broken bones fuse together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do broken bones fuse together?

Someone can more fully explain the actual mechanism that bones use to fuse but teeth and bones are not really the same thing. Even though bones seem hard they're actually made of almost all living tissue, collagen mostly. The outer layer is harder, but still a living tissue. When it breaks the bone can grow new cells and the pieces quickly fuse together. Basically a bone is like a really really dense sponge, but fluid still flows through it. Teeth are different. Most if it is not living tissue, there's no blood running through them. When it breaks it's there's no way to send new cells to repair the outer tooth enamel. The inside is mostly just nerves. whereas breaking a bone is like breaking a sponge, breaking a tooth is like cracking a rock. It can't grow because it isn't alive. EDIT: we're obviously talking about the exterior of the tooth. I love pedantry but jesus fucking christ.


Question: What kind of molecules are in everyday objects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What kind of molecules are in everyday objects?

molecules aren't in everyday object. they ARE everyday objects. the air you breathe is made up of nitrogen molecules, oxygen molecules, co2 molecules. the water you drink, the food you eat, the chair you sit on, the clothes you wear.


Question: How do national banks pump/inject lump sums into the economy? Where does it come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do national banks pump/inject lump sums into the economy? Where does it come from?

Nowhere. They literally thow on the printing machine. (Digitally these days) Making money. And then give it out in very cheap loans.


Question: Why when you evaporate coffee and store the steam until it becomes liquid again, the liquid no longer has the color of coffee?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when you evaporate coffee and store the steam until it becomes liquid again, the liquid no longer has the color of coffee?

Evaporating water, collecting the steam, and condensing it back into water is known as distillation. By doing this with coffee, you are essentially just separating the coffee from the water - the coffee stays in the cup and the water turns into steam (that you collect and condense back into water). Because the water no longer has the coffee in it, it goes back to being clear.


Question: How would have Pangea been formed when modern day maps show the tectonic plate borders expanding over the land?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How would have Pangea been formed when modern day maps show the tectonic plate borders expanding over the land?

URL_1 When two plates move towards each other, one Plate slides under the other and melts into the Mantle URL_0 When two plates move away from each other, Magma rises and creates new crust. The Earth's crust is constantly recycling itself.


Question: In the United States, politicians are required to declare party affiliation, but why is it also required of the voters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the United States, politicians are required to declare party affiliation, but why is it also required of the voters?

It isn't required of the voters. In some states, you need to register as a member of a party to vote in that party's primaries, but otherwise you can mark yourself as independant (or nothing; probably varies by state) and regardless of your party you can vote for whoever you want in general elections.


Question: Why does you mouth taste like trash after a night of drinking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does you mouth taste like trash after a night of drinking?

It's not the alcohol that was in your mouth that makes your breath bad in the morning, so brushing first isn't going to help that much. It's the dehydration. Alcohol stops you kidneys from capturing water, so you basically pee out all your water and electrolytes despite the fact you drank a lot. As a result of dehydration, your saliva production really halts. Normally you might have bad morning breath because you don't clean your whole mouth with saliva at night, but when dehydrated from alcohol it gets much worse. What will help somewhat is drinking as much water as possible, with some electrolytes as well. That goes for almost all symptoms of a hangover too, water beforehand and during with alleviate them to some degree. Alcohol also causes heart burn or even nausea, and if anything from your stomach is getting anywhere near your mouth or throat it's also going to smell even worse. Tums or something beforehand would help too.


Question: Why hasn't Tesla's technology for free worldwide wireless electricity been recreated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why hasn't Tesla's technology for free worldwide wireless electricity been recreated?

It wasn't free. It would have required huge power stations dumping vast amounts of energy into the planet and then retrieving a tiny bit of it elsewhere, with the rest being wasted as heat. Still would have charged customers for that energy. Sounds like an awful system, especially considering the environment. However, ultimately, it relied on the Earth being able to transmit radio waves within - something it cannot do. Ergo, not only was it a bad idea, but it was downright impossible.


Question: For building muscle, should you eat protein before, after, or the morning after working out, and why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 For building muscle, should you eat protein before, after, or the morning after working out, and why?

It's a daily requirement. You don't need to carry protein powder in your gym bag and run to the locker when your done working out or whatever. Just get about 1.5 grams per kg of body weight daily. Try to space it out in all your meals. Personally I like a protein based breakfast (eggs, bacon, milk, etc) and have a protein shake once a day. Combined with a protein source for lunch and dinner I get all I need. As long as you're training, keep the protein and calories consumed levels consistent, and in line with your goals, and you'll grow muscle.


Question: How do sculptors create marble veils with details underneath?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sculptors create marble veils with details underneath?

It’s the illusion of a veil, not an actual veil. They make this illusion by understanding and mastering their use of shadow in their sculpture to imply depth and texture.


Question: How do “Pilot Frixion”erasable pens work, and why can’t the eraser on the end of them be used to erase pencil? -how do erasers work-

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do “Pilot Frixion”erasable pens work, and why can’t the eraser on the end of them be used to erase pencil? -how do erasers work-

As far as I know they work because of friction. The ink in these pens gets deleted once it becomes hotter, so when you rub the eraser on the ink, it will disappear.


Question: Why does blood taste like metal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does blood taste like metal?

Your blood contains a molecule called hemoglobin, which contains the element iron. Iron mixed into many ionic compounds make it turn red (blood) and obviously the iron pertains to a metallic taste.


Question: How does someone become a professional MMA fighter, seems you can’t be amateur for long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does someone become a professional MMA fighter, seems you can’t be amateur for long?

They *usually* have a background in a more specific/traditional discipline with more institutional amateur/youth competition. Kickboxing, Wrestling, Boxing, Jiu Jitsu, Muay Thai, etc etc. They succeed in that as an amateur, but most aren't financially viable as a career. Guys inevitably train different disciplines now, even if just casually since most gyms are multi-discipline these days. I do BJJ, but could do boxing, kick boxing, or MMA out of the same gym. Edit: realized i didn't fully answer your question. You're right, "amateur" MMA is a bit of a misnomer compared to other sports. It usually just means lower tier competition. There are a ton of local/regional promotions, that while technically pro, act as an amateur/feeder system for the bigger promotions like UFC/Bellator. That said, it's a legit sport, but ultimately entertainment. A big name in another sport or a super charismatic person can quickly get a contract with a top tier promotion based on their accomplishments in other disciplines or their personality.


Question: How can nuclear fusion produce more energy than nuclear fission?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can nuclear fusion produce more energy than nuclear fission?

It depends which side of iron you're on Elements heavier than iron give off energy when they split, the heavier atoms like plutonium tend to give off more energy per splitting than lighter ones like Radon. Elements lighter than iron give off energy when they fuse but need energy to split them apart. Heavier forms of hydrogen give off the most energy. Iron is super stable and every step towards it lets the atom get rid of some binding energy.


Question: Why do bank transactions take as long as 3-5 days to complete?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do bank transactions take as long as 3-5 days to complete?

Most online transactions like money transfer, ATM, swipe or waving to pay, etc. Takes less than five minutes to complete. Old instruments like check or money transfer to other countries takes a few days. If I gave you a cheque and you deposit it in your bank (your account), then following happens : Your bank separate the cheque (to send to my account holding branch) from all others at the end of the day and mail (physical copies) it to my account holding branch. My bank on receiving the cheque, verify my cheque and signature, then check if the specific account has enough money to transfer. Sometimes if the banks are not head branches of the city and are small branches, the cheques has to move from smaller branch to the regional head branch. Then my bank sends money to your bank. Your bank then identifies your account and deposit the money. Modern technologies are revolutionising banking and block chain is also comming.