Question: why do some lights take a long time to turn on?

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<thinking>
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 why do some lights take a long time to turn on?

Most of the time it is because part need to get heated up to emit light and it can take time. Florescent tube need hot filament on each end and they do not heat up that fast. LED lamps do not need to get hot and incandescent have a small filament that heat up fast but other types can have larger part that you need to warm up. & #x200B; The rate can be limited so they can hear up more evenly and slowly to reduce the amount of stress induced in the material. Thing that get hot expand and to have long life and many cycles of use it is better to heat them ut slower and more evenly. We care most of the time about efficiency and life of a lamp not the speed it light up at. If it is important you choose a light that turn on fast. & #x200B; & #x200B;


Question: How does body dysmorphia work?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
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 How does body dysmorphia work?

You look in the mirror and see things that are not there to the point where your reflection can provoke terror. Usually co-morbid with major depressive issues. As someone who has struggled with dysmorphia I’d say it’s as simple as that


Question: How do "sensation" candies work? Like a candy that makes your tongue feel cold, for example.

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 How do "sensation" candies work? Like a candy that makes your tongue feel cold, for example.

They have chemicals that trigger various receptor cells that aren't your tongue's taste buds. That's why you "feel" the sensations more than "taste" them. Cooling candies/gum/mouthwash is usually from menthol, which activates temp receptors that usually indicate cold. Spicy food has capsaicin, which activates hot-temp receptors and pain receptors. That's why spice feels "hot" - to your brain it's literally the same thing. The doorbell is being pressed by a different chemical, but inside the house it sounds the same. That's also why hot temp "stacks" with spice. It's why spicy food "burns" on skin outside your mouth too. Szechuan peppercorns have Hydroxy alpha sanshool, a chemical that activates *touch* receptors, causing a peculiar "buzzing" feeling that goes along with other hot spices in traditional Chinese cuisine.


Question: Do editors at big movie studios use commercially available software (Premiere, etc) to edit big budget movies or do those studios have proprietary software they use?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Do editors at big movie studios use commercially available software (Premiere, etc) to edit big budget movies or do those studios have proprietary software they use?

Avid is the most popular choice or sometimes Final Cut Pro(I think that one has become less popular). Those are both commercially available, although they're a little pricey.


Question: Why do so many people automatically assume that you believe you're superior to them when you merely have a large vocabulary?

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<answer>
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 Why do so many people automatically assume that you believe you're superior to them when you merely have a large vocabulary?

The point of language is communication. It doesn't do any good to you to display your vocabulary in front of an audience that can't understand half of it. You might sound pretentious. Especially if the audience doesn't care about learning new words.


Question: Why are some stainless steels non-magnetic when they are mostly iron?

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 Why are some stainless steels non-magnetic when they are mostly iron?

It's to do with the shape of the crystal the alloy forms. If it forms a face-centred cubic crystal then it will be magnetic. If it's a body-centred cube, then it won't be. Nickel will usually cause it to be the latter, but there are other combinations that can also achieve this.


Question: What are some signs that someone has a personality disorder (sociopathic and such)?

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<answer>
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 What are some signs that someone has a personality disorder (sociopathic and such)?

Personality disorders are really serious and shouldn’t be taken lightly. Symptoms would need to be continuous and persistent. some of them include a fear of being unstable, funny enough. You might be constantly worried there’s something wrong with you. you could also get paranoid to an incredibly stressful point and find it difficult to tolerate being alone. EDIT: Added this to a reply below but i’m adding here to make it more visible. If you’re worried about your mental health there’s nothing wrong with checking in with a professional same way you’d see your doctor if you thought you had strep throat sure, it could just be a sore throat, but it could be something more problematic. in the same vein, sure you could just be having difficult feelings right now, but you could also have some other potentially more concerning issue


Question: Why can't we see the refresh rate of a screen unless we see it through our peripheral vision?

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 Why can't we see the refresh rate of a screen unless we see it through our peripheral vision?

The edges of our eyes are good at super-fast responses, so they have a higher refresh rate\*. This comes at the cost of less actual detail and color information, but like most things, our brains are good at filling in the missing detail. *Our eyes don't have a set refresh rate, it depends on a lot of factors.


Question: Why do some people get really bad acne/pimples, and other people get next to none?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do some people get really bad acne/pimples, and other people get next to none?

Hormone levels have a bigger role to play that is usually discussed. Too much testosterone (no, it's not always a good thing even in males) can result in zits, no matter what you do. In women, too little estrogen and/or progesterone allows the testosterone (even women have some) to take the top position. Stress sets off hormones as well. And the thyroid is supposed to balance hormones, so it might be off. So go get a good workup to see what's really going on everywhere & don't let them just blame your hygiene or say "sucks to be you".


Question: In a few billion years when the sun expands and grows into a red giant, how fast will it expand and "swallow" the inner planets?

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 In a few billion years when the sun expands and grows into a red giant, how fast will it expand and "swallow" the inner planets?

The sun is expected to last another 5.4 billion years before the hydrogen in the core runs out. When that happens, the core will start to collapse in on itself due to its own gravity, and will increase in temperature. This allows for hydrogen fusion outside the core to happen (the strong temperature gradient doesn’t allow the layers outside the core to mix with the core and supply more hydrogen to maintain it; the core needs to grow in size for the next step) This is when the sun enters the subgiant phase. In the subgiant phase, the core is having a battle with itself. On one hand, it’s so dense and heavy that it wants to collapse in on itself. But at the same time, it’s way too hot to make that possible (heat makes atoms move faster, so it’s harder to get them to collect at a single point). At this point, the core gets so hot, that even outside the core it gets hot enough for hydrogen to fuse. Hydrogen that fuses turns into heavier helium which then grows the core a little again (the boundary of the core isn’t very exact). The energy that’s produced in this process pushes the outer shells of the sun farther out. The sun grows to roughly three times it size, becomes a little dimmer as the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger outer surface to radiate off. This is called the subgiant state and this state lasts for about 2 billion years for our sun. After the sun has been a subgiant for a good long while, suddenly an event happens: the core does no longer contract. This is called core degeneracy. At this point, the repulsive force of the electrons around the helium nuclei give enough backpressure that gravity can no longer collapse the core any further. So now all the energy being fused around the edge of the core can’t go anywhere, what now? The sun starts to grow in size tremendously, growing to 100x it’s current size. Lots of hydrogen is fused into helium at the edge of the core and a lot of energy is convected to the outer layers of the sun. The sun becomes a lot more luminous, too. This is the first red giant phase, and lasts about 100 million years. As the core continues to gain more mass, slowly but surely it eventually reaches a point where the core reaches 100 million Kelvin, at which the core finally can start back up again, fusing helium into carbon. This happens in an impressive explosive called the helium flash. In a matter of minutes, most helium in the core is converted into carbon, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. Because of this energy, gravity is overcome and the core expands again. The star decreases in size to around 10 times the size it is today in a very short period and it stays this way for about 50 million more years, while it fuses helium into carbon in the core. When the helium is all used up and the entire core is made of carbon, the core once again goes into hibernation and something like the earlier red giant phase happens again. The core starts to collapse again and becomes hotter. Now there are two layers around the core, the inner layer is so hot that helium is fused into carbon, and the outer layer is fusing hydrogen into helium again. As this happens, a lot of energy is produced that’s not going in the core, but is used to expand the sun again. The sun now finally enters the real red giant phase, in which it grows to about 250x it’s size today. This is the point where the Earth may very well be taken up by our sun. This phase lasts about 20 million more years, in which the instability of the sun will make the sun pulsate, throwing off enormous amounts of its outer shell material until finally, the hot carbon core becomes visible, at which point we consider the sun to no longer be a red giant, but a white dwarf. The white dwarf is still tremendously hot and it radiates a lot of high energy UV light. This UV light pushes and illuminates the old outer shell that’s veered off into space, and that creates a planetary nebula. So, when and how fast will the planets be consumed? Mercury should be seriously concerned in the first growth. That’s in about 7.4 billion years. We have another 150 million years roughly until we’re finally taken into the outer edges of our sun. Which is really no time at all in astronomic terms. Better enjoy the sun the way it is today while it lasts.


Question: Why can we make calorie free drinks, but not calorie free food?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we make calorie free drinks, but not calorie free food?

calorie free drinks are not always calorie free, they are legally allowed to round down if the values are low enough. however, this is also in part due to the fact that drinks are made of water, which has no calories, and flavoring which has few enough calories to "not count" food on the other hand is made of various cell structures which inherently have caloric value. Edit: removed incorrect info


Question: I've noticed plastic from the 80s always has that yellow tint. Did they make it that way, or is it from aging or because everyone smoked indoors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've noticed plastic from the 80s always has that yellow tint. Did they make it that way, or is it from aging or because everyone smoked indoors?

If you're seeing this plastic outdoors, it's most likely because it has been 'bleached' by the sun, basically getting a tan. The reason this is more prevalent from older plastics is that they've a) been around and outdoors for longer b) were primarily white which turns yellow more notably


Question: Why are earnings obtained actively through labor (wages) taxed at a significantly higher rate than earnings obtained passively through investments (capital gains)?

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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why are earnings obtained actively through labor (wages) taxed at a significantly higher rate than earnings obtained passively through investments (capital gains)?

Its to incentivise people to invest money in the economy and leave it there for a while letting it help the economy instead of jsut sitting in big scrooge McDuck bins. If income and capital gains were taxed at the same rate rich folk would want to invest in compaines that basically gave all thier earnings out as dividends instead of putting that money back into the company growing it. In our modern day this has lead to some problems as now companies overvalue growth over a sustainable profit but capitalism ain't perfect.


Question: how can bread be both "whole wheat" and "gluten-free"?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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 how can bread be both "whole wheat" and "gluten-free"?

researchers showed that it’s possible to render wheat technically gluten-free when it undergoes a slow lacto-fermentation with speciﬁc lacto-bacilli and fungi. The wheat started out life with a normal 75,000 ppm (parts per million) of gluten, but after the sourdough fermentation process, gluten levels were only 12 ppm. under the gluten-free labeling laws, anything under 20 ppm is considered gluten free. URL_0 basically they ferment the gluten out of yhe grain without destroying any of it making it a gluten free whole grain.


Question: How are some infinities bigger than others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How are some infinities bigger than others?

There's a rule that set theorists use when talking about sets with infinitely many objects in them. They say that such sets are the same size if there exists some way to pair up members of one set with members of the other set so that neither set has any members left out. For every item in set A you could ever name, you should be able to name one, and only one, counterpart in set B, and vice versa. So one weird result of this rule, is that the set of positive even numbers, has the same size as the set of positive whole numbers (aka the natural numbers, or N.) You might initially guess that one is twice as big as the other. But you can easily come up with a rule between these sets which matches their members up so none is left out. For every member of the whole numbers, multiply it by 2 to find its partner in the even numbers. For every member of the even numbers, divide by 2 to find its partner in the whole numbers. When you can devise a rule like this which perfectly assigns partners to partners between two sets, we call this a "one to one ~~mapping~~correspondence", or a "bijection". Now there's a tricky question to ask: Between any 2 infinite sets, is there always a bijection? A mathematician named Georg Cantor proved that sometimes there isn't, using his now-famous "diagonal argument." Specifically, he proved that there's no bijection between the natural numbers N and the real numbers R. No matter what scheme you might propose to assign every whole whole number a partner in the real numbers, you can always come up with more real numbers which are unpartnered. This means that the size of R is strictly greater than the size of N.


Question: I see big jewellery stores often empty or just a few people browsing and leaving without any purchases. Even large luxury brands for handwatches and diamonds. How do these big companies make profit from its stores?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 I see big jewellery stores often empty or just a few people browsing and leaving without any purchases. Even large luxury brands for handwatches and diamonds. How do these big companies make profit from its stores?

The profit margin on jewelry is ridiculous. They don't need to make a lot of sales to stay open.


Question: How do sea creatures eat without their stomachs being filled with copius amounts of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do sea creatures eat without their stomachs being filled with copius amounts of water?

The water to them is like air to us... when they close their mouths the water is squeezed out again or passed through their gills and food is kept in by the structure of the mouth, teeth, or baleen in the case of whales.


Question: Where does the money come from when you cash in your shares ?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Where does the money come from when you cash in your shares ?

When you sell your shares, someone else buys them from you. On the brokers page are listings, like an auktion. You say "I'll sell my shares in X for $Y", the someone else puts up "I'll buy n shares in X för $Y". And if both your "$Y" are equal, or someone is willing to buy yours for more than you sell for, the deal closes.


Question: How is the US able to get away with such a huge debt for so long?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the US able to get away with such a huge debt for so long?

Because so far, the United States has always paid its debts, and investors do not believe that there is a significant risk that the US will stiff its creditors in the future. Plus, the United States may have debt, but it's not insolvent. The assets of the United States well exceed the debts, but there is no reason to use those assets to pay off debts when the lenders are happy. It's also important to remember that a country is not a person. A person will die one day, and no longer be able to generate income to pay off any obligations. A country is immortal, and so the time frames differ.


Question: Why do streaming services want us to actually watch? Shouldn’t it be more like the gym, where they hope we sign up then never use their bandwidth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do streaming services want us to actually watch? Shouldn’t it be more like the gym, where they hope we sign up then never use their bandwidth?

Usually because they’ve paid for their content and they want the metrics. Eg if Netflix buys ‘Making a Murderer’ and 7/10 people with Netflix accounts watch it, they will further invest in true crime docs to ensure they keep their customers. If they purchase anything by Amy Schumer and then no one watched it, they stop buying her content, thank Christ


Question: Why do credit cards only start with 3, 4, 5 or 6?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do credit cards only start with 3, 4, 5 or 6?

This is just a guess but I think the first few numbers denote what credit card company it is (visa, MasterCard, Amex, etc).


Question: What are bank holidays and why do they exist? (I'm from England)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are bank holidays and why do they exist? (I'm from England)

One reason they told me during orientation at Wells Fargo is because in the old days when everything was done by paper it allowed the banks to catch up reconciling transactions.


Question: Why are there hundreds of different color of oil paint, couldn't all those color be created from a palette of just red, yellow, blue and white?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there hundreds of different color of oil paint, couldn't all those color be created from a palette of just red, yellow, blue and white?

First, remember how we 'see' color. Light of all colors hits a surface, and some of the light is absorbed, and some is reflected. We only see the *reflected* light. So something 'red' is taking away the green and blue light, but not the red light. Therefore, the pigments in oil paints do not 'add color', they actually only 'subtract' colors. So when you have a color, you can't *increase* it's intensity by adding colors, you can only decrease the intensity. For example, take a [vermillion]( URL_0 ) pigment, which has a red-orange color. The amount of intensity of that color cannot be duplicated by combining "Cadmium lemon" and "Cadmium Red". The resulting mixture may be the same *hue* as Vermillion, but won't be a bright, as *saturated*. And adding White to that mixture will result in a color that is more 'pastel'. TL:DR; If you have Coke and Sprite, you can make a drink that is 50% Coke, and 50% Sprite, but you can't make a drink that is 75% Coke and 75% Sprite.


Question: How do franchise owners like 7-11 or McDonalds deal with corporate promotions like free slurpy day, or free french fries. Do they just expect the franchise owner to absorb the cost of some idea an executive came up with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do franchise owners like 7-11 or McDonalds deal with corporate promotions like free slurpy day, or free french fries. Do they just expect the franchise owner to absorb the cost of some idea an executive came up with?

There really isn't a set way this is done. Sometimes the franchisee is expected to absorb the cost, sometimes they are given free product for the day, sometimes they are allowed to deduct the costs from their franchise fees, sometimes they can straight up opt out, etc. There is no universal standard. That said, even if they are expected to absorb the costs, the executives come up with those promotions in order to get more people in the door and sell more food - they are not done for the good of the consumer. A free Slurpy probably costs the store a couple of cents worth of product (drinks and fries are **very** high margin items) so if it gets someone to come in and order something else, the restaurant ends up turning a profit despite the free item. If I have to give away $100 worth of free product, but it boosted my sales by $1,000 that day at a 50% profit margin, then I have no issue giving away $100 worth of free product...


Question: How are fingerprints formed and why are they always unique ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are fingerprints formed and why are they always unique ?

Ooo one I can actually answer because I had to work with fingerprint scanners. Fingerprints are unique which is why even identical twins have different prints, they are formed by the movements of amniotic fluid within the womb during pregnancy. And because the movements are always random they are always unique Now with regards to the wrong guy being arrested for having “the same prints as the terrorist” it’s most likely they had a partial and they matched enough “points” to assume it was the same print and moved in because well...terrorism, better to arrest the wrong guy and apologise then wait to make sure and have another attack right?


Question: How are different facial cleansers/moisturizers formulated for certain skin types?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are different facial cleansers/moisturizers formulated for certain skin types?

A lot of it is marketing (creating more products for more shelf space), but on some level, they just have small changes usually. Say a shampoo is offered in oily, normal, and dry hair. The oily hair one might have the least amount of moisturizers added, and the dry one the opposite, and the normal one in the middle. Usually it's these extra ingredients that make up the various formulations.


Question: If the cells in our body are renewed every 5 to 7 years, how do we die of old age then?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the cells in our body are renewed every 5 to 7 years, how do we die of old age then?

Not all cells are replaced. Brain cells for example last your lifetime. It’s why you hear that joke “Oh he must have killed a bunch of brain cells.”


Question: How does cash work for the ultra wealthy? I remember reading about some billionaires taking very small salaries. All of their wealth is in the ownership of their companies. I understand there are loans involved, but how does that all work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does cash work for the ultra wealthy? I remember reading about some billionaires taking very small salaries. All of their wealth is in the ownership of their companies. I understand there are loans involved, but how does that all work?

Lets use Jeff Bezos as an example. Bezos owns a huge chunk of Amazon. 54 million shares as of August. Each of those shares is currently valued at $3326.13, leaving Bezos valued at over $179 billion just on his stock value, not counting anything else he may own. This is, obviously, not money and can't be used as such. When he needs cash beyond what he has on hand (and how much he keeps on hand is his business, not something we're privy to), he can sell stock, as he did last year, selling over $7 billion for cash to fund his spaceflight company, Blue Origin.


Question: What does the 'end task' command do differently than normally exiting out of a program?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the 'end task' command do differently than normally exiting out of a program?

There are three main ways to stop a program. You can quit from inside the program. The program does whatever it's programmed to do when you click quit, saving data and closing files and such normally. You can use End Task (on windows), this is the operating system sending a signal to the program that tells the program "Time to quit, finish what you're doing and then exit.". The program (hopefully) responds to the signal, finishes up what it's doing, saves data and such, then quits. You can use End Process (also Windows). Windows just ends the program, and frees up any memory associated with it. There's no communication with the program. In terms of the other guy's restaurant metaphor: Quitting is finishing your meal then paying up and leaving, end task is being told to pack your shit and leave, and end process is being thrown out.


Question: Why diamonds are rip offs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why diamonds are rip offs?

A handful of reasons: De Beers owns the majority of diamonds in the world. If you're the only one providing something, you can charge whatever you want because customers have no other options. De Beers created an ad campaign that the idea that love meant buying your soon-to-be spouse a diamond that was equal to three months of your salary. People bought it (pun not intended). Tell enough people enough times that diamonds are rare and pricy and eventually they'll believe it. TL;DR An extremely successful marketing campaign


Question: Why does the quality of GIFs, pics deteriorate with each repost?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the quality of GIFs, pics deteriorate with each repost?

If you simply copied the link to the original gif it would be fine. If you downloaded the original file and uploaded it to a service that doesn't apply any postprocessing it will be fine. But what typically happens is, when you upload the image to a hosting service, that service decides to process the image to make it smaller or faster or a different file type. Then someone downloads that processed image, reuploads it again to a new host that also applies processing to the image, reducing the quality of the file **again**. Image hosts don't want huge lossless super high res gifs because it costs bandwidth and that costs money. So they mostly try to cut corners by resizing or shrinking the file.


Question: why aren't more portable devices waterproof by now? It seemed like the direction things were going a few years ago.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why aren't more portable devices waterproof by now? It seemed like the direction things were going a few years ago.

Extra cost combined with not much need. Its a handy feature to have when you need it, but for the most part people aren't trying to use their devices in the rain/water. Waterproofing all of the seams and openings takes extra time and effort which makes manufacturing more expensive and complicated.


Question: - how we tend to forget things during high pressure/intense situations like when Adrenaline hits?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - how we tend to forget things during high pressure/intense situations like when Adrenaline hits?

The FFF response (Fight, Flight, Freeze) is a complete autonomic system takeover, and in **some people** (more usually in those that tend to Freeze) that includes preventing the brain from encoding memories correctly. It's the same sort of idea behind being blackout drunk; your body has a lot more pressing issues to take care of and shutting off memory is a way to save power, so to speak.


Question: Why do most things blacken when burnt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do most things blacken when burnt?

Intense heat triggers a series of chemical reactions. In the end, all of the chemicals are removed by the heat like boiling away water and all that is left is carbon if the thing came from an animal or tree. Carbon is black which is why burnt things eventually go black. When you burn the black carbon like charcoal, the white ash that remains is usually minerals and metals that were stuck in the carbon which are usually grey in color so appear grey/white. The first stage of many foods burning is called the [maillard reaction]( URL_2 ) which is the chemical reaction of amino acids and sugars breaking down due to the heat. This changes flavors and usually browns your food like when baking or cooking a steak. The next step is called [pyrolysis]( URL_0 ) where some of the stuff is broken apart and left as carbon. It's only kind of black at this stage. When the thing turns black, that's [carbonization]( URL_1 ) and only carbon is left.


Question: How does immense sadness feel so bad, almost comparable to physical pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does immense sadness feel so bad, almost comparable to physical pain?

Deep and immense sadness, melancholy, and depression first off can cause physically pain, memory loss, and other things. Because there’s that imbalance in your brain, you can start to have headaches or body aches. Which then cause even more despair. Serotonin and oxytocin help in pain relief actually, and when you have these feelings, that’s what you’re lacking. That’s why when I’m having a rough day with my issues i hug my spouse because it literally makes me feel better. But really, sometimes depression and intense sadness can be worse than physical pain. Since your conscience is already in your head, stuck there, where it fills with other stuff like bad memories or just the feeling of hopelessness, those feelings can feel like other beings inside your head alongside your own conscience, and those things eating at you day to day - it’s terrible for your own mind. I like to describe it to children like you have a bully inside your own head, they keep beating you down, and it makes you sad because the bully is sometimes yourself or the things that other people tell you and you believe. Because that’s what real life bullies do, right? It’s as if my depression and me are two separate people almost. And I’m not talking like split personality/Dissociative Identity Disorder... it just feels like there’s another person or version of me who beats me down in my own head along with my own mind.


Question: If companies keep lowering wages for workers and pump their product prices, aren't they shooting them selves in the foot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If companies keep lowering wages for workers and pump their product prices, aren't they shooting them selves in the foot?

1. are they? lots of companies that are famous for this like amazon, walmart etc are actually making things cheaper by reducing labour costs - look at the relative cost of food now to 50 years ago for example 2. Assuming you're right, it depends on what they sell. doesn't really matter if my chandelier engineers can't afford my chandeliers since they never could anyway. 3. Businesses are incentivised to what makes them money in the next 5 years, what happens after that is anyone's guess anyway so they aren't that bothered about the company existing then.


Question: How does public private encryption work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does public private encryption work?

Let's say Susan and Bob want to send secret messages to each other. They want be sure, that nobody else can read their messages, and they want to be sure that each message they receive has indeed been written by the other (and not by some impersonator). In order to achieve this, they want to encrypt their mails. Encryption sort of "locks" the message, making it impossible to read. The encrypted (locked) email has then to be decrypted (unlocked) to make it readable again. For this purpose, they both create a key-pair: one private key, one public key for Bob - and one private key and one public key for Susan. The special thing about those key-pairs is, that a message locked by one key, can only be unlocked by the other key. That means, a message locked with Susan's private key, can only be unlocked with Susan's public key. But it also works the other way: A message locked with Susan's public key, can only be unlocked with Susan's private key. The same is true for Bob's two keys. The private keys are super secret. They are never shared, never given away, never sent over the internet. Susan never tells Bob her private key, and Bob never tells Susan his private key. The public keys on the other hand, can be freely shared with anyone. Bob can put his public key right on Reddit, for all the world to see. No problem. Everyone may have it. This allows Susan to double-check on public sites that the public key is truly Bob's. Bob receives Susan's public key in some similar fashion. Bob then writes a message. First he encrypts his message with his private key. This message now can be decrypted by his public key only. Since his public key is on Reddit, just about anyone can decrypt and read the message. But since the message can be decrypted with Bob's public key, his private key must have been used to encrypt it! And since only Bob knows his private key, this is proof that the message has been written by Bob - and nobody else. Then Bob encrypts the Message a second time. This time he uses Susan's public key. Everyone can use Susan's public key to encrypt a message - but only Susan herself can decrypt those. This means that by using Susan's public key, Bob can make sure, that only Susan can read the message - and no one else can. Bob then sends the doubly encrypted message to Susan. Susan uses her private key to unlock the first encryption - and then she uses Bob's public key to unlock the second encryption. That way she can be sure, that nobody else but her could have read the message, and that nobody else but Bob could have written the message. This works without Bob knowing Susan's private key, and without Susan knowing Bob's private key. They don't have to share their secret key with anyone ever - which makes this a very secure form of exchanging secret messages.


Question: How does being scalped kill you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does being scalped kill you?

Scalping, when done correctly, does not involve a whole lot of blood loss. When done incorrectly, it can cause severe hemorrhaging. The Mohawk tribe used to scalp people before killing them, as a form of torture for being weak enemies.


Question: What is "petty cash" in bookkeeping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "petty cash" in bookkeeping?

It's an account that you put money into for odds and ends, and you don't track the payments from it individually: you just periodically expense the money used to keep it funded.


Question: A person passes over half of their genetic information to their child. The child then passes a quarter of that to their child. The proportion of the original person's DNA gets smaller with each subsequent generation, but does it ever reach a point where there's nothing left?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 A person passes over half of their genetic information to their child. The child then passes a quarter of that to their child. The proportion of the original person's DNA gets smaller with each subsequent generation, but does it ever reach a point where there's nothing left?

It's complicated. So, the good news is, a small number of female genes will always be passed on down the female line. This is something called mitochondrial DNA. Sexual reproduction only applied to nuclear DNA - DNA contained in the nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is not in the nucleus, it's in a separate part of the cell called the mitochondria, and you get all your mitochondria from your mother - they come with the pre-fertilised egg cell. So as long as each woman in a lineage has at least one daughter, that mitochondrial DNA will always be passed on down the generations. Sons won't pass on the mitochondrial DNA though cos sperm get rid of all their mitochondria just before launch. And because mitochondrial DNA is always passed on completely, every single human on earth can trace their lineage back to a single prehistoric human we called "mitochondrial Eve". The mitochondria of every human alive today are the same mitochondria as mitochondrial Eve, give or take the occasional random mutation. Similarly, men will always pass on their Y chromosome unchanged to male offspring. Y chromosomes are necessary to produce a male child, and they can only be gained from male DNA. The Y chromosome is integral to male-ness, on the genetic level. If you have one you're male and if you don't you're female, give or take the occasional developmental disorder. That Y chromosome is passed on to 50% of children on average, and any male child will have it. So as long as a male lineage keeps having sons, that Y chromosome will keep being passed on. And just like mitochondrial eve, that means that all human men alive today can trace their Y chromosome back to a single prehistoric male human called Y-chromosome Adam. Although for the record, despite their names, Mitochondrial Eve and Y-Chromosome Adam were separated by several thousand years, and were the result of two separate genetic bottleneck events on the human species (events where the available gene pool is drastically restricted). So no, it will never reach a point where they're *nothing* left, except in the case of fathers and daughters, as daughters don't pick up that Y chromosome and therefore will eventually end up having their X chromosomes diluted by endless generations of sexual reproduction. However, it's also a bit more complicated than that. Genes aren't inherited as just a direct proportion of the whole. Genes are packaged into things called chromosomes. We have 46 of them (arranged into pairs, like 1a 1b, 2a 2b and so on), and we pass 23, chosen by pair, on to each child. Any given chromosome has a 50% chance of being passed onto a child. That's not the same thing as 50% of one origin of DNA being passed on. It's theoretically possible for every single one of those 23 chromosomes you give to your child to end up in one of your grandchildren. It's also theoretically possible that none of those chromosomes end up in a grandchild. The chance is extraordinarily low (0.5^23) but it is still there. So, *on average* your grandchild will have 25% of your DNA, but any given grandchild could have as little as 0% of it or as much as 50% of it. Plus because chromosomes are packages, the minimum un-dilutable quantity is 1 chromosome. Once you get to that one chromosome point, it's just a straight 50/50 chance. That's not going to get halved again, it's just a 50% chance of having 2.17% of your DNA and a 50% chance of having 0% of your DNA. Of course, on average those children will have 1.09% of your DNA, but that's because half will have none and half will have 2.17%. There's also another thing called Crossing Over by which chromosomes exchange genes with their paired chromosome, but that makes this so complicated that it becomes hard to explain and the effect still ends up roughly the same anyway.


Question: Why do professionals sometimes put their marital status and if they have any children in their profile pages? What is the psychology behind that? Does it have any impact on their success/appeal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do professionals sometimes put their marital status and if they have any children in their profile pages? What is the psychology behind that? Does it have any impact on their success/appeal?

There's a couple things at work here: * Employers tend to like candidates with children because families make it much harder to leave your place of work. It's harder to pick up and move if you have kids in school, and financial stability becomes much more important. * Employers don't like recently-married women with 0-1 kids because they're likely to get pregnant and go on maternity leave, meaning they have to find a temporary replacement for up to three months. Note that it's illegal for employers to ask your marital status in an interview because making hiring decisions based on it is considered discrimination. If you volunteer the information yourself, however, that's perfectly legal. EDIT: If they're a freelancer/contractor trying to get your business, it's likely they're simply trying to humanize themselves and appear responsible.


Question: Why can we "feel" someone's gaze on us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can we "feel" someone's gaze on us?

[This might help you]( URL_0 ). **Explanation** We're not entirely sure, but it seems to be that humans assume people are staring at them even when only presented with partial evidence. This was tested in an experiment by the University of Sydney, which noted that when not given sufficient cues, the subject would still almost always assume they were being watched. **TL;DR** There's no accepted theory, chance?


Question: how come that the sound of the firework comes before the light sometimes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how come that the sound of the firework comes before the light sometimes?

A couple of possibilities: 1. you are hearing the sound (or echo) from a previous firework that finally reach your ears. 2. the firework is of a type that explodes but doesn't produce light until it expands a certain amount.


Question: why are there so many blondes in Sweden?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are there so many blondes in Sweden?

Having less melanin allows your body to take in more sunlight which can be used to create vitamin D which the human body needs. In warm places like Africa sunlight is abundant and you are far more likely to get skin cancer from exposure to sunlight unless your skin has some protection like melanin. In the far north like Sweden cancer from exposure to the sun is far less likely to be an issue while there is a need to allow more sunlight into the skin. Blonde hair is the lack of pigment in the hair just like blue eyes come from a lack of pigment in the eyes. A long time ago someone was born with blond hair and pale skin and this proved over time to be beneficial in environments in the far north so their descendants kept these mutations. The Swedes are some of their decendants.


Question: What advantages does the QWERTY key setup have over an alphabetical order setup that makes QWERTY the superior choice for North American keyboards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What advantages does the QWERTY key setup have over an alphabetical order setup that makes QWERTY the superior choice for North American keyboards?

When the typewriter was invented, it used a metal bar to hold the character alphabets and the other end of the bar was attached to a linkage carrying a carriage with the coated ink. When a key was struck, it would emboss its character on the paper placed beneath the carriage. However, when an operator learned to type at a great speed, a certain flaw was noticed. When two letters were struck in quick succession, the bars of the typewriter would entangle and get jammed. Christopher Sholes found a way out. He proposed that the letters of frequently used letter pairs should be in different rows. For example, ‘C-H’, ‘S-T’, ’T-H’, ‘W-H’ and more. He also formulated that to speed up the typing process, there has to be a regular alternation between two hands. So observing thousands of words, he placed the letters in way that most words would make use of both hands. He also observed that almost every word in the dictionary carries a vowel. According to him, the most frequently used vowel was ‘A’ and the most frequently used letter (non-vowel) was ‘S’. So he placed ‘A’ and ‘S’ together and chose to keep less common letters like ‘Q’, ‘W’, ‘Z’, ‘X’, ‘C’ around these. This was complemented by placing fairly common letters like ‘M’, ‘N’, ‘L’, ‘K’, ‘O’, ‘P’ at right extremes to create a perfect alternation between both the hands. All these factors tested with thousands of trials gave us the format that we still use and perhaps would be using till eternity. Source: URL_0 And to your second question: There are lots of keyboard layouts for different languages, since qome languages have special characters (like ß from the german language) but most of them have the basic layout of either azerty or qwerty. There's also a dvorak layout which is arguably even better placement than azerty or qwerty. I prefer qwerty even though in my country (belgium) azerty is dominantly used.


Question: How is travel sickness affected by the position in which someone sits in a vehicle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is travel sickness affected by the position in which someone sits in a vehicle?

Motion sickness is when your inner-ear fluid and your eyes are telling your brain conflicting information. If the fluid tells your brain that you're moving, turning, etc, and your eyes are not seeing this (like you're reading, phone doinking, etc), you can get motion sickness. The position in the car matters if it's a position where you cannot see where you are going. You'll notice the driver of a car doesn't get motion sickness.


Question: How do album remasters work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do album remasters work?

Mastering is just transferring the final mixed tape onto a new media for sales (vinyl, CD, cassette). & #x200B; The original recording tapes for the album are very high fidelity and sound quality. Assuming it's not going to be re-mixed, they will transfer the original tape sound onto a new master. If the process of mastering has improved (or was originally not done well the first time), you can probably get a better sound out of it. & #x200B; This is similar to films. If you've ever wondered how films from the 1950's can be 4K, it's because film is incredibly high quality. It's already 4K quality when it was recorded, but, for example, VHS video tape is nowhere near 4K. It was the equivalent of 480 at best (VHS wasn't digital so it doesn't directly translate to digital resolutions). So a film from the 50's gets mastered onto VHS and it's x quality. Then DVD's come out (720p), and that movie gets re-mastered to DVD at higher quality (but it's still lower quality than the original recording), then Blu Ray comes out (1080p) and it gets remastered to that format. & #x200B; If there's an audio format improvement, the originals can be remastered to it to give you a better quality sound than previous releases on old formats or mastering techniques.


Question: What properties do cooking oils contain that make them beneficial for cooking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What properties do cooking oils contain that make them beneficial for cooking?

They should be cheap to produce in large quantities. They need to withstand high temperatures without burning (despite what some other user said). They must be non-toxic, not including any carcinogenic compounds they form when they're used.


Question: What is the "core-satellite" investing approach?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the "core-satellite" investing approach?

Basically, you split your investment portfolio into two groups - core and satellite. The core part is the largest and usually consists of safe, passive, dividend-earning investments. It probably won't beat the market, but it will grow nicely over time. The satellite portion of the investment is smaller and is where you invest in higher-risk investments, such as hedge funds, BDC's, REIT's, or companies you expect to grow rapidly but which won't produce much, if any, capital for you. The approach is seen as a way to manage risk, and it has some tax advantages as well.


Question: Why does ice melt faster under water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does ice melt faster under water?

Water is a more effective heat-transferring medium than air. To expand: ELI5 is full of variations along the lines of: Why does 70 F degree air feel comfortable but 70 degree water feels cold. It's the same principle. Air, particularly still air, is an insulator. Objects in contact be they human bodies or ice cubes, tend to retain their temperature within that insulating layer while in water the heat tends more to transfer.


Question: I‘m trying to understand Friedman’s first model of the universe. I gather that it suggests space bends round on itself like a globe, suggesting spacetime is finite. But If that’s true, wouldn’t many more observable galaxies be moving towards us, contrary to Edwin Hubble’s observations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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 I‘m trying to understand Friedman’s first model of the universe. I gather that it suggests space bends round on itself like a globe, suggesting spacetime is finite. But If that’s true, wouldn’t many more observable galaxies be moving towards us, contrary to Edwin Hubble’s observations?

If space bends around like a globe, and that globe is also expanding, then everything is still going to be moving apart.


Question: What does it mean for a song to be well mastered/mixed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean for a song to be well mastered/mixed?

So, there are 3 major steps in creating the sound of a record. 1) Recording. When you actually put a mic in front of a guitar (piano, singer, etc.) and capture some audio. And/or when you synthesize some sounds directly. 2) Mixing. When you take all the recorded tracks (guitar, bass, drums, and vocals, for instance, will all be separate.) and put them together. The goal is to get each individual part to sound good, and more importantly, for the entire thing to sound good all together. "Good" is partly subjective, but a good mix will: * Let you hear each part as clearly as the artist intended * Nothing sounds out of place or "off" compared to other instruments * No parts get "lost" or become hard to hear in the mix * Overall volume is loud enough * Overall sound is clean, i.e no unwanted distortion * etc. A bad mix will have some instruments hard to hear, seem obviously too loud, or will have unpleasant tonal properties, i.e. they sound "sharp", or "woofy" or "muffled', etc. Basically, any time you notice separate instruments as popping out of the song in a distracting, unintentional way, that's a bad mix. Or if the vocals just sound oddly cheap and weird. Etc. Mixing is also where you add EQ, Compression, reverb, and sometimes other artistic effects that change the sound. However, the line between mixing and production is a bit blurry, as is the line between mixing and mastering. Mixing is about 50% of what makes a record sound good, 40% is a good recording, and 10% is mastering. (my opinion.) 3) Mastering used to be, after they made the final mix, where someone would edit the audio so that it would play well on tape, CD, or vinyl record - it was a process specific to the medium and wasn't really artistic in nature. For example: Vinyl requires a special mastering process because the disc physically can't handle too much bass. They take some bass out at the mastering stage, and then the phono preamp puts it back when you play the record. So the mastering engineer's job was basically just to apply that process, not to do anything fancy to the sound of the record. Edit: forgot this part: Mastering can also encompass making the entire record sound good as a whole. So one song will have a similar character to the next. If the various mixes all sound a little different then the mastering step (whoever does it) will involve bringing them all into line. So if one song basically has more treble or bass than the next, they'll tweak it so they all sound like they came from the same record during mastering. These days mastering is also sometimes treated as a "final touch" on the mix where someone just tweaks things a bit and makes it sound extra-nice. But it's really almost more like a final step in the mixing process, than a technical process now. Since most music is distributed digitally, which has no technical requirements that would require audible changes to the mix, mastering engineers are more like "final polish".


Question: How come when you listen to a certain type of sound/ melody, it makes you remember a certain aspect of your life, or something you have not lived?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you listen to a certain type of sound/ melody, it makes you remember a certain aspect of your life, or something you have not lived?

When we’re growing, our brain can’t really differentiate real memories from imagination it’s a bit more mature, so sometimes we think we remember something but it’s actually something we made up when we were younger


Question: what exactly did act 10 take away from unions in WI?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly did act 10 take away from unions in WI?

It severely weakened unions for state and municipal (government) employees. 1) It made it so that municipal unions do not have the right to bargain for hours, conditions of employment, and restricted their ability to bargain for compensation beyond base pay. 2) It restricts them further in the amount they can bargain for base pay, tied to annual inflation. 3) It requires annual recertification elections. 4) It prohibits paycheck deductions for dues collection. 5) It also cuts benefits to public-sector workers across the board. 6) Finally, it sets a minimum employee contribution to health insurance purchased through state plans.


Question: how do body hairs know at what length to stop growing but head hairs don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do body hairs know at what length to stop growing but head hairs don't?

The best anology I can think of is that hair folicles grow tired and go to sleep. When they sleep, the drop the hair they were making and it falls out. Body hairs have a much shorter "awake" time than head hair does. But even head hair does have a limit and it varies from person to person. So if you, like some people have, stop cutting your hair it will eventually reach it's maximum length and stop growing, because the follicles are "falling asleep" too often to have time to grow any farther.