Question: Do sociopathic people still have a psychological need to interact with other human beings to not go insane?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do sociopathic people still have a psychological need to interact with other human beings to not go insane?

Every patient have different profiles of their behaviours. Isolation cells in general have very little to no positive effects on sociopathic people (though please bear in mind that sociopath is an informal term to use) because humans are social animals and restricting one's ability to communicate likely only manifests someone's condition. Anti-social behaviours don't make people go insane unless environmental factors which cause them to develop other disorders like psychosis which further alter their mental state.


Question: Why has it been hard to find a cure for the common cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why has it been hard to find a cure for the common cold?

Each strain of the common cold is different, the nature of a virus is to survive and spread and usually makes itself stronger to withstand vaccines and turns itself into a new strain of the virus


Question: how is your ancestry dna inherited?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is your ancestry dna inherited?

Let's start with how DNA is inherited. Humans have 46 chromosomes, meaning 23 pairs. So for each chromosome, you have one copy from your mother and one from your father. Each chromosome contains a large amount of genes encoded in the sequence of the DNA. Let's focus on one chromosome to deliver the concept, let's call it Q. So you are made when your father's sperm fertilizes your mother's egg, and they combine to form your first cell, a totipotent cell (capable of becoming any type of cell in the entire body). Since you have 23 pairs of chromosomes, the sperm contains 23 total chromosomes and the egg too, when they combine, you get the 46. The sperm would then contain Qf and the egg Qm. But your parents have also Qgf and Qgm (gf for grandfather, gm for grandmother, relative to you). How did they choose which one to put in the sperm or egg? Well they didn't. They actually take these two Qgm and Qgf and recombine them randomly while keeping genes intact. So if Q contains genes A, B, and C, then they would recombine the two Q chromosomes to generate, for example, a chromosome containing Agf, Bgm, Cgf or maybe Agf, Bgm, Cgm. So the genes get shuffled. Then they deliver this recombined chromosome (along with the rest of them) in a germ cell, the sperm or egg. That's how you inherit DNA. Now, regarding the results of your DNA kit, well if your mother is 50/50 Germanic/English, and you also have your father in the equation (don't know his origins), the probability then will converge on your DNA being 25/25 Germanic/English. It could be less, it could be more, it's only approximate due to the random recombination described above. You're EXACTLY 50% your mother and 50% your father, but you're only approximately 25% of each grandparent. How could the kit not detect any English DNA? Well that's because those kits aren't nearly as accurate as you think. Sure, the actual DNA extraction and sequencing of the loci (locations on your genome, they don't sequence the whole thing lol), is accurate, but what is off is the analysis. Someone asked about this ages ago on here, and I posted a comment. Here is the link so you can read my explanation there: [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 )


Question: how are lasers used to measure distance so accurately, and why can it also track movement i.e. with a PC mouse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are lasers used to measure distance so accurately, and why can it also track movement i.e. with a PC mouse?

By firing a laser bean at something and measuring how long it takes to reflect and fly back. (Distance = (c*time) /2) ---- Laser mice works the same as other optical mice, they just use laser instead of a regular LED. They take pictures (thousands per second) of the illuminated (by laser) surface under the mouse and determine how are each pictures different and how the mouse moved. Laser can go deeper in the materials and thus sense smaller changes in surface. Thought even optical mice are pretty good nowadays and that's why you don't see the laser mice craze much anymore.


Question: How does GPU/CPU bottleneck work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does GPU/CPU bottleneck work?

A "bottleneck" in a system occurs when a single part of the system limits the performance of the whole system. Every system has a bottleneck or critical step, the goal is to make sure its as well balanced as possible so you don't lose too much performance In terms of CPU/GPU bottlenecks, it is when one of the two is more heavily loaded than the other. Certain games load up the GPU heavily, and others load up the CPU heavily If you're playing a Shooter game with graphics cranked up to max then your CPU might be finishing the math it needs to do for each frame in just 2 ms, there isn't much work it needs to do. Then it hands it off to the GPU that needs to start drawing, but you have AA cranked up super high so the GPU has to do a lot more work and it takes 15 ms to get the frame ready. When its done the CPU already gave it the info it needed for the next frame so you get the next one 15 ms after. This gives you just 66 FPS despite the CPU being able to do 500 FPS. In this case, the GPU is the bottleneck If you're playing a strategy game, which is traditionally more CPU heavy, then the CPU may take 20 ms to complete its calculations for the next frame before handing them off to the GPU. The graphics are reasonable so the GPU does its math and spits the frame out 2 ms later. This restricts you to just 50 FPS despite the GPU having plenty of spare processing time. In this case, the CPU is the bottleneck which leaves you with an underutilized GPU. There's always a bottleneck, the goal is to identify it, make sure its where you want it, and minimize it.


Question: What is the difference between grammatical mood and modality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between grammatical mood and modality?

Grammatical mood makes known it's modality by the particular inflections that would be obviously seen as attitude or emphasis. Modality is merely the state of being in a particular mode, which can refer to anything. Think of the types of firing of a gun (semi-auti, burst, full auto) as modes or modalities. They are both general terms, but grammatical mood, when expressed (for example anger with a raised voice) becomes a modality. Simply put, grammatical mood specifies the topic of modalities being considered. Every grammatical mood is a modality. Hope this helps.


Question: Almost everyday I see a new commercials saying “No more plastic, we switched to paper [straws/bags/whatever]!” I understand that it’s good to not use plastic, but won’t this contribute to cutting down more trees and hurt our environment as well?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Almost everyday I see a new commercials saying “No more plastic, we switched to paper [straws/bags/whatever]!” I understand that it’s good to not use plastic, but won’t this contribute to cutting down more trees and hurt our environment as well?

I work for a paper company and we only harvest trees in sustainable methods regardless of whether or not the final product requires the chain of custody certification. Our facilities are in the UP of Michigan. We only cut into a forest once every 15 years. We cut rows about 20 feet wide (the width of the harvester) and trim the logs on site to feed the forest floor. We allow nature to fill back the space to provide a mixed forest habitat. Roads, farms, etc have stopped fires in those areas so thinning these forests occasionally is crucial to their health. We are also clearing out the monoculture forests that we're planted as cash crops in the last century. Typically our timber rights contracts are for 100 years.


Question: Why is San Clemente Island only visible in the winter months?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is San Clemente Island only visible in the winter months?

Whenever I have a question like yours, that I want a real answer to (not just people’s guesses) I email a professor in that science at a local college. I’ve done this probably 10+ times and always get an answer. Not just an answer, every time they have explained it in way that makes sense and are super nice about it. One guy even drew a little picture for me!


Question: Why did Sears fall behind companies like Amazon when they pretty much wrote the book on mail order shopping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did Sears fall behind companies like Amazon when they pretty much wrote the book on mail order shopping?

Elderly management gettin behind times then inevitably falling behind too far to catch back up. I hear sears and think of retired elderly people.


Question: How would we know if we’re seeing a color for the first time? How are new colors created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How would we know if we’re seeing a color for the first time? How are new colors created?

We actually have [colour databases]( URL_0 ), which colour scientists check to see if a colour they made already exists. If it doesn’t, boom, new colour. To most people, these don’t look like new colours, because they are all variations of colours we are all familiar with like red and blue. > How are colours made? New colours are made by mixing synthetic and naturally-occurring pigments together. There’s obviously more science to it, because colour is created when light bounces off atoms, but overall it’s just mixing stuff together. Hope this helped!


Question: Why do icebergs look so bright blue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do icebergs look so bright blue?

Water is blue. That's why oceans, lakes, and rivers are blue so long as they aren't too dirty. Even a large swimming pool is enough to see that water is blue. Water in your sink or bath tub is simply not enough to see that water is blue. It's faintly blue, so takes a large amount of it for it to show up. Ice is blue too. That's why icebergs are blue. Water and ice can be white, but that's only with a large amount of scattering. Breaking waves are white, as the water is so turbulent that any possibility of a clear image (or blue tinted technically) through it gets scattered. Result is white. If there's a red object within the water, it's light gets scattered everywhere and lost. It's no longer transparent. Ice does the same thing when it's got a lot of irregularities. Snow appears white rather than clear (like a small crystal) or blue (like an ice berg). Anything transparent or shinny will do this too. See frosted glass, appears white. See brushed aluminum, looks a lot more white than your bathroom mirror. White is really the same "colour" as transparent (if going through) and mirror/silver like (if reflecting). It's really just whether you can see a clear image or not, white is when you can't see an image through it or reflected off it because most of the light is reflected or transmitted randomly.


Question: How do people like firefighters/exterminators determine the “origin” of a fire/infestation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people like firefighters/exterminators determine the “origin” of a fire/infestation?

Firefighter since 2008 here. Most places don't burn to the ground with nothing but ashes left. Finding the origin consists of viewing how far along things burn and understanding a fires normal path. Fire burns up and out, with a goal of getting more air to feed itself. In this way there is often a V where the about lowest point in the fire damage has some of the most thorough burning done to it is the likely spot where a fire had started. Then you look at what was in that area that may have been able to start a fire, like a candle, or a hair straightener, or electrical wiring, space heater, etc. That's the simplified version of how it's done. Many get more complicated than this, but that and some experience in looking at fires is the normal method of finding the origin most of the time.


Question: How do we know there aren't more planets in the solar system with orbits that keep them on the opposite side of the sun from us at all times?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know there aren't more planets in the solar system with orbits that keep them on the opposite side of the sun from us at all times?

If something was there it would pull on other things and change how they move. Since we don't see anything like that, probably nothing there.


Question: When cooking bacon, how come the ends always swell up in a large piece of fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When cooking bacon, how come the ends always swell up in a large piece of fat?

The center of your pan is hotter than the edges. So the center cooks faster and it looks like there's more fat on the ends. If you cook your bacon in a pan that distributes the heat more evenly or in the oven, this won't be an issue.


Question: If Luhn's algorithm is so easy to calculate and we know the number structure for all major credit cards, why is it so hard to generate a working yet fake credit card number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Luhn's algorithm is so easy to calculate and we know the number structure for all major credit cards, why is it so hard to generate a working yet fake credit card number?

Luhn's algorithm isn't about security, at least not anymore. It is about having a quick and easy way to catch transcription mistakes. It will catch all single digit errors, and most transposition errors. This was an important feature before credit cards could be quickly verified online. Having a credit card number alone doesn't get you much. Unless it is tied to a real account, you won't be able to use it, and there are way more possible numbers than accounts. Even if you got lucky and found one that matched an account, you wouldn't have any of the secondary verification information.


Question: What caused hyperinflation in Venezuela? What motivates its leader to create new currency?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What caused hyperinflation in Venezuela? What motivates its leader to create new currency?

To begin with, the overwhelming majority of Venezuela's population has historically been employed either directly by the government, or by PDVSA - which is the government owned oil company. In 2007 the country began to experience shortages for the first time. To "offset" these shortages, the government began a series of massive wage hikes for its workers, as well as all minimum wage workers in the country. To pay for the wage increases for government and PDVSA employees the government simply printed more money. Money printing causes an increase in inflation, and the massive amount of money that the government needed to print to fund its wage increase led to a massive amount of inflation. This inflation defeated the purpose of the wage hikes - which was to make people feel "richer" in the face of shortages. As the shortages worsened, the government increased the size of its wage hikes - all funded by money printing - which led to even higher inflation. Eventually inflation became so severe that people no longer waited for a wage hike to increase prices. They simply assumed that the government would be printing another huge batch of money in the near future, and began raising prices in anticipation of that. Once people begin preemptively increasing prices like that you enter into what is called hyperinflation. Once a country enters into hyperinflation, inflation stops following money printing. Rather, inflation happens *regardless of whether the government continues to print money.* If the government stops printing money then prices will continue to rise, leading to a situation in which no one can afford food - despite the fact that there is enough food to go around - and mass starvation would set in. This is the situation that Venezuela now finds itself in. The government has to print an ever increasing amount of money to prevent the country's economy from shutting down. ________________________ The new currency thing is a completely different topic. The reason that Venezuela is currently experiencing shortages is because the only thing that it produces domestically is oil, and it doesn't produce enough to buy enough consumer goods for everyone in the country. It might be hard to imagine but oil is quite literally the only thing that Venezuela produces. It doesn't produce any food, minerals, or anything else that it can export. The only thing the country produces is oil and *everything else that the country needs has to be imported using the money the country gets from selling its oil - which it simply does not produce very much of relative to what it needs to sustain itself.* Venezuela's new currency, the "Petro" isn't really a currency. Although Venezuela is trying to bill the Petro as being a currency, it functions in the exact same manner as a foreign loan. All Petros started out owned by the Venezuelan government. The government tried to sell these to foreigners in exchange for foreign currency, such as dollars. Those foreigners could then sell it back to the Venezuelan government for foreign currency in the future. The price that the government would pay to buy back Petro is theoretically matched to the price of oil. So if the price of oil goes up, then investors would be able to sell Petro back to the Venezeulan government for a profit. Or this is the idea behind the Petro anyways. What's really going on with the Petro is that the Venezuelan government needs foreign currency to be able to afford food and consumer goods imports to help alleviate shortages in the country. But a combination of US sanctions and the Venezuelan government's poor financial situation mean that it can't obtain the currency that it needs from foreign loans anymore. So the Petro was their solution to that - the government appears to have hoped that some rich foreigner would be dumb enough to actually buy Petros, but as of right now no one has.


Question: How do scientists know that the Sun is made of 90% Hydrogen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists know that the Sun is made of 90% Hydrogen?

There might be another way as well, but one of the ways is definitely through spectral lines. URL_0 Basically, light generated by different materials don't look the same when spread by a prism. White light is a mix of the "Primary colors" of light Blue, red, and green and each material has a distinctive spread and mix of the colors when spread by a prism. So if you get a prism to spread light from the sun, you'd get a spread very similar to the spread created by light from Hydrogen, though of course, there would be other lines mixed in that represent the rest of the composition


Question: Why does lowering the volume of an auditory stimuli help focus on a visual one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does lowering the volume of an auditory stimuli help focus on a visual one?

Because both the auditory and visual stimulation are competing for one thing... attention. When you are listening to something, it is another way of saying that you are paying attention to it. When you are observing something, it is again another way of saying that you are paying attention to it. Thus, attention is the resource that is being employed/depleted when you apply your mind to a sound or a scene. You are 'attending' to a sound or a scene, if you will. This attention, like other useful things in life, is in a limited and short supply. When you are attending to sound, you engage your attentional resources to that sound. Now, if another stimulus comes into your perception, you will have to wrest some of the attentional resources away from the sound to the new stimulus. The more demanding the new stimulus is, which you would have astutely noted that it is a demand of attention after all, the less you can spare for attending the sound. So, it is like, you have so much of money. You can invest all of it in experiencing the sound stimulus. If you wish to diversify the portfolio, you will have to pull some money out from the investment in the sound and invest it in the other stimulus. Sometimes, it is difficult to do this switching of resources. You can't take the attention away from the sound and pay it to the other stimulus. Then you get... well you guessed it... distracted. Because? Because you weren't paying attention where it was needed. To avoid this scenario, you can do two things: 1. forcefully shut out the distracting auditory stimulus, for example by covering your ears, or moving away from the location with the sound. 2. shut down the distracting auditory stimulus, by turning down the source of sound, eg by turning the volume on the radio down. So this is all a game of attention. What is interesting is, sometimes the table are turned and it is the auditory stimulus that you WANT TO pay all your attention to, while the visual stimulus keeps diverting your attention. In such cases, you close your eyes so you could attend entirely to the audio. That's what people are doing when they close their eyes while listening to soulful music.


Question: why does the Big Bang mark the beginning of time and space? How can nothing exist before that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the Big Bang mark the beginning of time and space? How can nothing exist before that?

The big bang is where physics, as we understand it, breaks down. Before that, the laws of physics we know cannot be used to describe anything, don't work and don't even make sense. So we literally have no way of knowing what, if anything, was before the Big Bang. All we know is that there was a 'hot, dense state'. It's called that because that is about as descriptive as we can get, seeing as how the current laws of physics don't work for describing anything back then. We don't know how big it was, how long it was there etc. because for all intents and purposes, time and space did not exist - there was no cause and effect, no way of telling distance or size because everything looked the same. Imagine yourself in a huge space with no light at all. You can't feel anything, you can't see anything. Can you tell how big it is? No because you can't see any edges. Could you tell if you were moving through it? No because it all looks the same and there's nothing to gauge travel by. Could you tell if you suddenly jumped 500 years into the future there? Or 500 years into the past? No because there is absolutely nothing to distinguish your positon or time in that space from any other. So by any definition that counts - time and space don't exist there.


Question: Why do some animals have red blood and others don’t?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some animals have red blood and others don’t?

The colour of your blood is based on the metals in the blood. Humans (and many other animals) have iron in their blood and this makes it red. Some spiders use copper instead, making it blue.


Question: What do modern Chinese people think of Mao Zedong and why are there still statues of him throughout China?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do modern Chinese people think of Mao Zedong and why are there still statues of him throughout China?

Deng Xiaoping, Mao's successor, described him as "70% good, 30% bad." While some might view him as completely good or bad, most people on mainland China view it as some mix. His early actions are widely seen as heroic. The view is that without him, modern China wouldn't exist. However, most also recognize that his later actions were horrible. Few people try to deny that collectivization, the great leap forward, and the cultural revolution were complete disasters.


Question: What are different poisons made of to make them more or less poisonous? Mostly on a molecular level and happens to the body on a cellular level when poisoned?(i.e. Ricin)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are different poisons made of to make them more or less poisonous? Mostly on a molecular level and happens to the body on a cellular level when poisoned?(i.e. Ricin)

Things that are poisonous are usually those that inhibit some important bodily function in some way. Take, say, a neurotoxin, is something that will prevent your nerves from functioning properly, which is a very big problem indeed. Some poisons block bodily processes by getting in the way, acting as enzyme blockers (enzymes are active molecules inside your body that help get specific things done by binding to certain molecules and doing something to them. If some toxin binds to an enzyme which is can't process, the enzyme can't do its job anymore and you have a problem), or by destroying important cells. It all depends on the poison in itself, and what bodily function specifically it creates a problem for. That's why neurotoxins are a very potent type - your nervous system is generally very important. Ricin specifically messes up the ribosomal RNA within your cells, which blocks protein synthesis, and various proteins are very important to our bodily function.


Question: Why does the Nintendo Switch experience controller connectivity problems (aka 'Joycon drift') when both the Wii and WiiU largely did not have this problem?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the Nintendo Switch experience controller connectivity problems (aka 'Joycon drift') when both the Wii and WiiU largely did not have this problem?

It basically boils down to a hardware design issue. Some sensor that's supposed to stay centered when theres no stick push registers when there is no actual stick push or the mechanical reentering mechanism has worn out and no longer properly recenters. The previous consoles used different designs.


Question: Why does coffee enhance chocolate flavor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does coffee enhance chocolate flavor?

I feel like this is a question for Alton Brown. I loved his cooking show because he would tell the viewers the reason behind all the cooking techniques and flavor profiles. I don't know the answer, but I have also heard of it. Most say you can't even taste the coffee, which is the confusing part to me.


Question: Why is a sound made when hitting an open ended pvc pipe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a sound made when hitting an open ended pvc pipe?

The pipe is hollow and the plastic itself is thin enough to reverberate when struck. These reverberations are the sound that you hear.


Question: Why isnt it possible to view the American flag on the moons surface with a powerful telescope?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isnt it possible to view the American flag on the moons surface with a powerful telescope?

Angular resolution. Light undergoes a fourier transform when it passes through an aperture. The resulting image is basically a "smear" of the light that came through the aperture. The larger the aperture, the smaller the smear. The tl;dr of this is that a telescope has an angular resolution, and anything smaller than that resolution will be mixed together with what's around it, and not be visible. Your eyes are apertures as well, and this is why objects that are a certain distance away get fuzzy, and then farther away become indistinguishable from the background. Now if this wasn't bad enough, ground-based telescopes also have to contend with the atmosphere. Light diffracts as it passes through regions with different density, heat, and water content. If the atmosphere was static, this would just cause some image distortions, but since it's not and theae atmospheric pockets move around, it changes where that light diffracts to. This in turn causes more "smearing". So ground based telescopes have a theoretical angular resolution based on the size of the telescope, but never reach that resolution thanks to the atmospheric effects. Edit (I did the math): The angular resolution is 1.22 x wavelength / diameter of the telescope. Picking 600nm for the light (greenish yellow) and a 30cm diameter (a fairly powerful consumer telescope) gives you 2.44x10^-6 radians. So the minimum size then is 2.44x10^-6 x distance to the object. The moon is 384 400 km away, so the minimum size of an object that will be distinguishable would be about 938 meters in size. This is *much* bigger than the american flag.


Question: If water from our taps is see through, why can we see it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If water from our taps is see through, why can we see it?

The light goes wibbly wobbly on the top of the water and our eyes are like hey thats not regular air right there!


Question: Why does food become more edible and tastier when it is heated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does food become more edible and tastier when it is heated?

Short answer, protein denaturing. When exposed to things like heat or salt, proteins, which are normally tightly coiled together, uncoil, this allows the amino group of the proteins to bind with carbohydrates making them taste better


Question: let’s assume sci-fi levels levels of space travel is real, if we were to mine immense amounts of other planets resources and bring them back to earth. How would that effect the weight of our planet and it’s orbit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 let’s assume sci-fi levels levels of space travel is real, if we were to mine immense amounts of other planets resources and bring them back to earth. How would that effect the weight of our planet and it’s orbit?

It would make our planet heavier by whatever the weight of what we brought back was. This wouldn't affect its orbit, at least not in the short term, because to land something on Earth you'd have to have it moving the same way Earth is anyway.


Question: Why are fruits considered healthy but fruit juice is not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are fruits considered healthy but fruit juice is not?

Juice has all of the sugar but none of the fiber of whole fruits. Fiber slows the metabolism of sugar. Without it the sugar goes right into the blood quickly causing problems for diabetics especially. Also, a glass of juice can contain more sugar than the whole fruit since it can be concentrated. And this is for those 100% fruit juices. Juice cocktails are basically non-carbonated sodas and is like liquid candy. It’s an abomination to even call these juices. You’re better off doing 100% fruit smoothies since they’re blended whole fruits and veggies still containing the fiber.


Question: How do we know countries are reporting their emissions accurately in the Paris Agreement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know countries are reporting their emissions accurately in the Paris Agreement?

There is no process for verifying the emissions reporting of signatory nations. This is one of the critiques of the treaty. In fact, a strong case could be made that the treaty itself is largely symbolic as many of the signatory nations would be reducing their emissions whether or not they'd signed the treaty. It is also worth mentioning that there is no enforcement mechanism for signatory nations who violate their pledges. The entire arrangement is basically an honor system based around policies that most of the important signers were in the process of implementing anyway. Edit: spelling


Question: - How does a Boomerang work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How does a Boomerang work?

URL_0 I’m going to try my best to interpret here: basically a boomerang is built to have an aerofoil (wing) always at the top edge of the object. An aerofoil causes air to move faster around it, which creates lift. What this accomplishes is that the boomerang is pushed to the left (most boomerangs I’ve seen are left-rotating) from whatever direction it is parallel to. If you get enough spin that that aerofoil turns through enough air to push it just at the right rate and right amount, you can get it to come right back to you. Otherwise it whizzes past you and you duck anyways. This is my basic understanding. I may be wrong, at parts, but I know for a fact that the boomerang is shaped like a plane’s wing, and instead of getting lift upwards it gets most of the lift normal to the boomerang as torque.


Question: Why do people bruise around their eyes after getting a nose job?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people bruise around their eyes after getting a nose job?

When you get surgery, they are cutting into your flesh, which results in bleeding. Once they sew you up, some blood continues to leak out of the cut areas. Some of this blood will come out external to the body and be soaked up by the bandages. But some of the bleeding will be internal. This internal bleeding results in bruising. So when you get nasal surgery, there will be internal bleeding and bruising in the regions around the nose, such as the eyes and cheeks.


Question: Exactly why do we have the concept of imaginary numbers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Exactly why do we have the concept of imaginary numbers?

For a roughly analogous reason to why we have negative numbers. Addition has this nice property where if you add any two positive numbers, the number you get back is guaranteed to be positive too. We say that the positive numbers are 'closed under addition'. There's no way, via addition, to get from inside the positives to outside of them. But we do not have closure under subtraction. If you only know about positive numbers, then some subtractions simply cannot be done. So, we invent negative numbers, and negative numbers are "the closure under subtraction" of the positives. A similar thing happened with division and fractions. Integers have the property of closure under multiplication - if you multiply any two integers, you're guaranteed to get another integer. But division does not give the same guarantee! If p is not divisible by q, then the fraction p/q is not an integer. So we invented rational numbers. Rational numbers are "the closure under division" of the integers. In the same way, complex numbers are the "closure" of real numbers under fractional exponentiations such as square-roots. Whenever we encounter one of those operations that seemingly can't be done, we ask, "well, what if it *could*? Let's just assume that the result of this forbidden operation is x" and see if that assumption leads us into any contradictions, or if it turns out that x behaves consistently, and can be treated as a normal algebraic term without everything blowing up. If it all still makes sense, then we've invented new math. Sometimes, though, it doesn't make sense. Division by zero is also a 'forbidden operation', but when we try doing it anyway and just assume there's some number x which is equal to 1/0, this quickly leads us into contradictions, where we can "prove" falsehoods like 1=2.


Question: How did the first weight get weight to know how much it weights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the first weight get weight to know how much it weights?

It more-or-less went, "We need to define a weight, so we take this object and say that it defines the unit and calibrate our scales to match." In the case of the kilogram, it was defined as "the mass of one liter of water," and so no matter how massive one kilogram of water actually was, that mass set the definition.


Question: What is the difference between renting and "sharing"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between renting and "sharing"?

There's no legal/functional difference. It's almost all PR. The cultural difference is that "sharing" is from (presumably) normal people renting out their rooms/cars/etc. as opposed to an actual entity buying rooms/cars/etc for the express purpose of renting it out. Building a hotel = renting; renting out a room in your house that was already built = sharing. Since lots of people are now explicitly building rooms for rent in AirBnB, this distinction doesn't mean much.


Question: Why did google restructure to become Alphabet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did google restructure to become Alphabet?

IIRC It turned them into a “holding company” that owns Google but can also pursue other ventures unrelated to the core search/advertising business. Beforehand, after side projects reached a certain size, Google had to jump over more obstacles to justify to why that pursuit was a good use of company (shareholder) money


Question: In recipes, why don’t we bake cakes and other baked goods to certain temperature, like we do with meat? For example, if I’m cooking brownies isn’t there a standard temperature at which they are done? And wouldn’t that make it easier to not over or undercook them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 In recipes, why don’t we bake cakes and other baked goods to certain temperature, like we do with meat? For example, if I’m cooking brownies isn’t there a standard temperature at which they are done? And wouldn’t that make it easier to not over or undercook them?

Cooking meat to temp is primarily to kill off bacteria. While it does affect the result in terms of texture and taste, it doesn't change the overall structure of what you're eating. A steak is still a steak at 135° or 160° or even raw at room temp. Baking is more of a chemical process. Just getting the center of a dough ball to some temp doesn't make it bread. Some time has to elapse for gasses to expand, gluten to bond, and stuff like that.


Question: what's the catalyst when you can't hold a pee in any longer? Like what happens to tell you body nope we're done, just release it

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the catalyst when you can't hold a pee in any longer? Like what happens to tell you body nope we're done, just release it

It's caused by hormone and neurotransmitter signals, that are tied to the contraction/expansion of the bladder. Check this out for the scientific details: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why does the horn of a train, bus, car, etc. sound like a complete different note when the vehicle is coming toward you vs when it is going away from you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the horn of a train, bus, car, etc. sound like a complete different note when the vehicle is coming toward you vs when it is going away from you?

It's called the Doppler Effect. The sound waves in front of the vehicle are being compressed as the vehicle approaches, making the horn sound higher pitched. When the vehicle passes, the sound waves are elongated, making the horn sound lower.


Question: How can a file be compressed into something smaller but still contain all the information it needs to work properly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a file be compressed into something smaller but still contain all the information it needs to work properly?

Imagine you make a model car out of Lego. The car looks awesome and you want to send it to your friend who lives quite far away from you so your going to have to use the mail. Now sure you can parcel the whole thing up and send it to him but hey, that's going to be a big and heavy parcel and will cost you a lot to mail it. Also it might get damaged. But then you hit on an idea. Your friend has his own lego, why not just mail him the instructions on how to build his own car. So you mail him one of every piece of lego that he needs with a note saying "You need 2 of these" and "7 of these" along with instructions on how to put them all together. Suddenly your parcel is a heck of a lot lighter and smaller. But then you remember that your friends Lego collection is not as extensive as yours and he might not have all the pieces. So you also mail him more of the parts that you know he does not have in his own collection. Your parcel gets a bit bigger and heavier, but nowhere near as heavy as sending the whole car. Your friend receives your package, puts together the car using his own Lego from your instructions and subsidises it with the pieces you sent him. This is essentially what lossless compression is. It drops the data that is redundant and tells the compression software to replicate it using a set of instructions that is smaller than actually including the data. Anything that can't be replicated using an instruction set gets included which is why a file can only be compressed so far using lossless compression. It get's way more complex than that of course but this is the most simple way to describe it at ELI5 level.


Question: How can poll results be relied upon, when only the type of people that answer polls respond?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can poll results be relied upon, when only the type of people that answer polls respond?

You try to segment your audience to weigh different factors differently. If you happen to know that, say, 80 percent of your total *possible* audience simply won't pick up the phone, you have to weigh your *remaining* audience differently. For example, in your remaining audience that did answer, there will be a spectrum between "*always* pick up the phone" and "*rarely* pick up the phone" (and you can even poll that question directly, too). The answers from the "rarely" group are probably more similar to the "never" group than the "always," so you give the "rarely" group more weight to approach similarity to the entire possible audience. And this changes your margin of error, since you're making only educated guesses about how the "never" group will act.


Question: How film photography and film development works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How film photography and film development works?

Photographic film consists of microscopic crystals of silver halide salts. Usually a mixture of silver chloride and silver bromide. These are coated into a plastic backing that forms the "film". Exposed to light in a camera, individual points on the crystals are "sensitized" by a photon of light damaging the crystal. In the darkroom, the film is put into a bath of a chemical reducing agent that turns the silver halide salts to metallic silver. The sensitized crystals are reduced more quickly than others so the development is carried out under controlled conditions of time and temperature so the most sensitized crystals type almost black while the unsubsidized ones are hardly affected. In that way you get a negative image with a full range of tones. The remaining, undeveloped, silver halide is dissolved away with a "fixing" chemical so further changes can't happen. The same process is repeated when the film negative is enlarged onto photographic paper to give a positive print. Colour photography processes are a bit more complicated. The basic film and paper consist of different layers sensitive to different colours of light. When they are processed, dyes are linked to the developed silver grains and the latter are then dissolved away leaving the image consisting of just the dyes matching the colours of the scane.


Question: What makes villain songs sound sinister and evil? Why does certain music evoke specific emotions in our mind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes villain songs sound sinister and evil? Why does certain music evoke specific emotions in our mind?

To put it simply, western music typically falls into two categories, Major scale (happy) and Minor scale (sad or dark etc). The scale depends on what notes are used and vice versa. So "villian" music is typically written in minor. This combined with social norms and possibly some neurological or evolutionary reactions makes us think "evil". This "evil" sense is really driven home when a piece incorporates the flattened 5th (The 5th note in the scale is a semi tone lower). This is predominately done in metal music to evoke that feeling of "evil". If you listen to Black sabbath, by Black Sabbath, from the album Black sabbath, you will hear this flattened 5th used to great effect.


Question: how do antihistamines and other allergy blockers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do antihistamines and other allergy blockers work?

Histimines are part of your immune response to irritants. These medicines block histimines from signaling between cells and causing inflammation of your mucuous membranes so that you can breathe better or aren’t overwhelmed by secretions trying to catch the irritants. It’s also why your dryer nose has the side effect of a dryer tongue — less inflammation response, less blood, less mucous, etc.


Question: Why does it hurt, when during a heart attack the heart stops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it hurt, when during a heart attack the heart stops?

the HEART DOES NOT STOP, if it stoped you basically near death. that is cardiac arrest Whats ACTUALLY happening is the heart is no longer recieving the oxygen it needs. The heart is basically a giant muscle, it not just pumps blood, but need blood to stay alive. when you are depriving a area of oxygen, even though the heart is pumping, it's not getting blood, thus you start feeling pressure or squeezing in your chest. The chest pain is known as angina.


Question: Why do soldiers have their thumb over the barrel/bore of their rifle when engaging a target?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do soldiers have their thumb over the barrel/bore of their rifle when engaging a target?

For accurate shooting it is very important to have the correct grip and techniques. Soldiers are also being trained in this. However in a war there is a lot of things to worry about. Most shots are not even aimed. So soldiers might opt to have a better grip on their rife so they do not lose their grip. So they may extend their fingers around the barrel and also move the hand closer to the receiver. This reduce accuracy but makes it easier to maintain the grip on your gun. It also puts the hand further out of harms way and makes it easier to reach for the controls on the gun. If you have the time to make accurate shots you can change your grip and do all the right techniques required for accurate shots but this makes you generally more vulnerable.


Question: What exactly do AIDS antiretroviral treatments do? Do they work the same as other antiviral medications or do they just help alleviate symptoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly do AIDS antiretroviral treatments do? Do they work the same as other antiviral medications or do they just help alleviate symptoms?

HIV treatment is several medications that have different functions, all to make your immune system too difficult for HIV to attach and spread. Some prevent the viral RNA from becoming DNA to produce more virus. Another prevents the viral RNA from infecting your cell's DNA. Another type will prevent any new viruses from being viable. Basically, they make it so that your body cannot be used to produce new HIV virus. Most people who are HIV+ can become functionally HIV- with these medications. They're usually called "undetectable" because there isn't a measurable amount of virus in their blood (but HIV is good at hiding in tissues, so if you stop taking your meds, it will come back). People who are undetectable cannot pass HIV to others.


Question: why the law being in favour of tenants is a good thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why the law being in favour of tenants is a good thing?

Generally its because of the cost of the law failing to do its job is higher if the favor lies with the landlord. Favoring the tenant leaves the very real option of the landlord losing money on a difficult to navigate system. Favoring the tenant leaves the very real option of someone facing homelessness and actual restrictions on a basic human requirement of shelter (not to mention the compounding disadvantages of not having a home address). So very simply in a utilitarian fashion it is better for society for someone to illegally/unethically have a home, than to legally not have a home. So thats why its set up that way. Two bad options you choose the one that has less capacity to result in human suffering/distress. And yes homelessness via landlord favored legal codes is worse than a loss in revenue or even property damage in extreme cases.


Question: What's the difference between a 4/4 time signature and a 8/8 or 16/16 time signature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between a 4/4 time signature and a 8/8 or 16/16 time signature?

Time signatures are just a composer’s method of telling musicians how to best count the beat. In 4/4, most, but not always all, of the important stuff (drum beats, accented notes, chords) falls on the quarter note beat. 8/8 time says that there’s important stuff on the 4/4 off beats that makes it easier to count the eighth notes instead. For example 4/4 is nice for playing a 1 **2** 3 **4** sorta thing, but 8/8 is better for a **1** 2 3 **4** 5 6 7 **8** kinda pattern where it’s a lot easier to figure out how to play a song when you don’t have to remember which e & a’s to pay attention too.


Question: how do tattoos last a lifetime if every cell in your body is replaced every seven years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do tattoos last a lifetime if every cell in your body is replaced every seven years?

First the claim that every cell in the body is replaced every seven years is simply a schoolyard myth. It isn't accurate so discard that misconception now. But tattoos last through the replacement of cells because the pigments which make up the tattoo do not reside within the cells themselves but rather interspersed between them. The reproduction of cells around the pigments doesn't remove the dye, it just moves a little bit and can become fuzzy.


Question: why sometimes when we are falling asleep do we feel like we're falling and wake up suddenly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why sometimes when we are falling asleep do we feel like we're falling and wake up suddenly?

Neuroscience professor explained it to me in. very ELI5 way. Brain about to fall asleep But something happen to brain Brain don’t know if about to fall asleep or faint and die Brain shoot adrenaline so no die Brain happy Crisis averted


Question: Ethiopia has blocked mobile internet within the country. How are they able to block mobile internet specifically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Ethiopia has blocked mobile internet within the country. How are they able to block mobile internet specifically?

By forcing all cellular providers to block their internet. Cellphones don't connect to their network through a satellite, they connect to a nearby cell tower which is connected to their service provider's network. The service provider's simply needs to block data communications, just like they can do if someone chose to disable their data plan.


Question: Why can’t we use the most powerful computers to solve the hardest math problems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t we use the most powerful computers to solve the hardest math problems?

You're thinking of "Math problem" in similar terms as the problems you'd find in a high-school textbook: neat equations with a definite answer that can be found if you just rearrange and calculate them. Academic mathematics seldom actually works that way. Mathmatics ask abstract questions that often involve little to no actual calculation to do in the first place. Questions where brute force simply doesn't work. If I ask you "Is there a largest prime number, and if so what is it?" then you can't just go try and calculate the largest prime via brute force because for all you know the answer could be "no" and you'd never stop finding prime numbers. However if you go calculate as many as you can be bothered to find and then go "Ok, I've found a lot, there are an infinite number of them" you could just as easily have stopped three primes short of the final one. We have examples of patterns that go on for millions of members before just abruptly stopping. Computers are good at one thing: following instructions really quickly. That's great if you know what instructions to have it follow, but for things like the Collatz Conjecture we don't even know that. We can't write a program for a computer to find the answer because we don't know what that program would look like or if it even exists.


Question: Why is it colder on higher elevations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it colder on higher elevations?

Well, the reason, is if you think about it, the distance between the Earth and Sun is a very long way. It's a hundred million miles or so. And therefore, the distance between the Earth's surface and the top of Everest at 29,000 feet is a tiny fraction of the total distance to the Sun: in the grand scheme of things, it's a trivial change in the actual distance. So that isn't why the temperature changes and therefore also why it isn't hotter. The reason it's actually colder is because, as you go up in the atmosphere, the Earth's atmosphere feels less pressure the higher up you go. So as the gas in the atmosphere rises it feels less pressure, which makes it expand. When the gas expands it does some work. And and if it's doing work, it must be losing some energy; and if it loses energy, its temperature must drop because we define temperature as the average energy of the particles. Therefore, if the energy of the particles is lower, the temperature must be lower. That's why, at altitude, the temperature appears to fall. In space, outside the earth's atmosphere, if you're facing the Sun, you can actually fry. That's why space suits are specially designed in order to keep people from getting too hot in the sunny bits but also prevent them from becoming too cold in the non-sunny bits.