Question: why does glass break so easily and explosively?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does glass break so easily and explosively?

Explosively is usually reserved for tempered glass, and that is because the tempering process produces areas of compression and others of tension in the glass, so the forces hold each other in check but one little push out of balance (even by a scratch) makes the whole thing just wanna go kaboom. For things like fluorescent bulbs, that's because they're pressurized differently from the atmosphere around it. Same with Ragu, drop a jar and it'll implode because the pressure inside is less than the atmospheric pressure around it, even without being tempered glass. As for why it breaks so easily, just a side effect of its hardness, it is more brittle. Shatters rather than bends, but on the other hand is or was used to prove diamonds as genuine because diamond is one of the few things harder than it.


Question: How do we know that the universe is infinitely large?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that the universe is infinitely large?

We dont. We are unsure if the universe loops back onto itself, if it is a bubble if it is infinitely large or even if it is expanding evenly. We may never really know.


Question: What exactly makes smartphones screen responsive to touches, swipes, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly makes smartphones screen responsive to touches, swipes, etc?

There are multiple types, but for a common type the simple answer is that your skin conducts a bit of electricity and closes a circuit hidden in the screen. Based on which circuits turn on, it knows where your finger is.


Question: How do we decide where one ocean begins and another ends?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we decide where one ocean begins and another ends?

It's arbitrary. All of the oceans are a single contiguous body of water. Different organizations have different definitions of where the boundaries are, but the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is the main one, along with the National Geographic Society, various national authorities, and others. But none are any more objectively correct than any other.


Question: Why some manufacturers can offer devices with insane GPS precision? I thought this was reserved for military.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why some manufacturers can offer devices with insane GPS precision? I thought this was reserved for military.

"Military grade GPS precision" was (the absence/reversal of) an encryption algorithm being applied to the GPS signal to make it very slightly incorrect in a reversible manner. During one of the Bush administrations, don't quite remember which, the troops invading Iraq didn't have enough military GPS units to go around so their families started sending civilian ones in care packages. Since not knowing exactly where those troops were was a problem, the encryption algorithm was turned off. Since this proved to have significant economic benefits, it wasn't turned back on except around strategically important NATO locations such as powerplants and military bases. Precision has only improved since then, though I was under the impression centimetre precision wasn't available just yet so it may be those line marker robots combine GPS with some other positioning system. Visual recognition can give millimetre precision in real time in arbitrary surroundings while being powered by something that fits on a quadcopter, and is used by some vacuuming robots. Laser rangefinders and retroreflectors can give similar precision for measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon. Source: hearsay.


Question: If alot of modern money is digital, whats preventing a country from just adding money to pay off debt? (Example why cant the US government just make $17Trill and pay off its debt?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If alot of modern money is digital, whats preventing a country from just adding money to pay off debt? (Example why cant the US government just make $17Trill and pay off its debt?)

Runaway inflation. The more money a country makes, the less each unit of money tends to be worth. Look up 1990s-2000s Zimbabwe, present day Venezuela or 1920s Germany for examples.


Question: Why does the light from the moon sometimes appear blue and sometimes yellow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the light from the moon sometimes appear blue and sometimes yellow?

The light from the moon is in fact the reflected light from the sun. Sunlight contains all wavelengths of the color spectrum, every color that we can see. In order for it to reach your eye on earth it must pass through our atmosphere. Depending on the angle of entry more or less of different wavelengths (colors) get diffracted (scattered). It is the same reason the sun goes from bright yellow to orange to red as it sets, the sharper the angle the more of the blue gets bounced away. The more energetic wavelengths (colors) are able to penetrate the atmosphere and reach our eyes. Also, depending on where you live there may be pollutants in the sky, such as smog, CO2, dust, pollen, etc. All of these things have an impact on what you see when you look at the moon, sun and stars.


Question: Why is science being associated with blue colour and war with red?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is science being associated with blue colour and war with red?

Graphic designer here. I can say it's all about color meanings according to the subconscious. Red is synonym of strong emotions (mainly love and hate) and in other contexts adversity (reminding us to blood). For science, I've always seen it more like a green or white thing, but seeing it blue has it's reasons. Blue, as you surely noticed, is frequently used on logos of things like banks, associations, museums and things like that. The color blue can mean different things, but the most frequent are surely the concept of stability and link to the past (blue express serenity and stability, and subconsciously reminds us to the water and the sky, 2 fundamental elements of our life).


Question: Why do camera lenses have to focus if they're capturing in 2D?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do camera lenses have to focus if they're capturing in 2D?

Our eyes need to focus separately for the same reason a camera does, and not because we see in 3d. Here's a simple experiment: close one eye and hold a finger right in front of the other eye. See how you focus on the finger and the background becomes blurry? Alternatively, focus on the background and the finger becomes blurry. When we look at a certain point in space, the light coming from this point enters our eyes at various angles. This is because the pupil isn't a single point, it has a certain diameter - some rays of light go through the bottom of the pupil, others go through the top, others go through the middle, etc. Without a lens, all these rays of light will hit different points on our retina. In order to see clearly, we need all the rays of light coming from a certain point in space to reach the same point on our retina. That's what the lens does - it focuses the light to that point. The problem is that it can only do this for a specific distance - it can't focus on something close and something far at the same time. That's the reason we need to focus. Camera lenses do the same thing - focus the light coming from a certain distance. [Here's a diagram, I hope it helps.]( URL_0 )


Question: Gravity is often demonstrated in 2 dimensions like a heavy object on a bed sheet. How does this actually translate into our 3 dimensional reality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Gravity is often demonstrated in 2 dimensions like a heavy object on a bed sheet. How does this actually translate into our 3 dimensional reality?

Imagine that you're in a McDonald's ball pit. Except instead of the balls being able to move around freely they're all glued to one another. You go to one side of the pit, grab a ball, and begin pulling it towards you as hard as you can. This causes *all* of the balls to get stretched towards you, but the balls closer to you get stretched the most. In fact, you're pulling on the ball you grabbed so hard that it doesn't even really look like a ball anymore, as much as its just a weird oblong object now. In this example the balls are space and gravity is you. Space is an actual, tangible thing and gravity stretches it out. Now imagine that before you started pulling on the balls someone went through the ball pit and painted a grid of straight black lines on top of each ball. You also have something like a roomba - a robot that has been programmed to only follow the black lines on that grid. If you're not pulling on the balls then its easy for the roomba to just follow the black lines and make it across the ball pit. But once you start pulling on the balls those lines get distorted. In particular, you're pulling on the balls so hard that the grid noticeably curves towards you. But even though the black grid lines have been really distorted, the roomba is dumb and just continues to follow them anyways - even though now following a line results in it curving, rather than going straight. That's how matter works with space. Matter is dumb. It treats space as though it was a simple grid, and matter that is moving "straight" attempts to follow those grid lines wherever they go - even if gravity has stretched the grid lines so much that they now curve inwards. Which is why gravity causes objects to fall towards one another - gravity is able to distort space so much that "straight" is no longer actually straight. You might think "oh but what if I'm standing perfectly still, will I still fall in to a gravitational object?" And the answer is that the way the universe has been designed you can't actually stand still. Objects are *always* moving relative to space. And this is where it gets really weird - the reason that objects are always moving relative to one another is that the universe treats every particle as being the stationary center of the universe, and *the entire rest of the universe* moves around it. It sounds stupid and counter intuitive but that's literally how the universe works. This extends all the way down to the constituent parts of every atom in existence, and its just not practical for two subatomic particles to be stationary relative to one another, much less for the trillions and trillions of subatomic particles that make up any visible object. So because you can't actually stand still, and gravity is distorting the grid lines that the matter in your body wants to follow, gravity will always cause you to curve towards a gravitational object. We perceive this phenomenon as gravity "pulling" us towards big objects.


Question: Why is it easier to get a fast food job than a retail job, even though fast food jobs aren't easier?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to get a fast food job than a retail job, even though fast food jobs aren't easier?

Usually less people want to work in fast food because: A) It stinks B) Customers are the most miserable if you don't get their food to them in 5 seconds C) It's a much more fast paced environment D) Managers (At least in my experience) basically don't give a shit about you E) Very demanding hours: Most places are open 9AM-10PM in malls and closing takes 10-15 minutes in most places, in food chains it can takes hours because you have to clean *everything* no one wants that at the end of a crappy shift It's mainly because it's a very undesirable role unless you wanted to work up in management, if that's not the case then its hardly a beneficial role


Question: Why do we have two small nostrils and not one larger nostril?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we have two small nostrils and not one larger nostril?

It's usually not noticeable unless you sniff harshly, but one nostril is usually more open and free-flowing than the other. The nostril that's closed usually swaps back and forth after several hours throughout the day. When a nostril is more closed, it's swollen, because the blood vessels inside the nose are swollen. During that time, your immune system attacks all the nasty stuff that came into your nose. It's harder to breathe when that happens. But your other nostril is wide open and maximum air comes in. This combination of having one closed nostril and one open nostril is a super efficient way for your body to both clean the nasties and breathe full air at the same time. If it was all just 1 nostril, then every few hours you would have difficulty breathing. Air breathed through the nostrils are combined in the back and flow into both longs. One nostril does not lead into one lung.


Question: Why does hunger go away after a while even if I haven't eaten anything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hunger go away after a while even if I haven't eaten anything?

So essentially it's your body's reaction to not having food, the early signs of "starvation". When you're hungry your body signals to your brain saying "Hey, feed me you buffoon!" But when you don't respond quick enough your body takes matters into it's own hands and begins to break down fat into sugars so your body can continue it's processes. This is the same idea of going to bed hungry and waking up not hungry. It's not that you aren't necessarily hungry anymore, but the actual needs for your body are temporarily being met and that's good enough for it to stop sending hunger signals to you.


Question: How come units of area are squared?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come units of area are squared?

We create units by combing the units of the values used to calculate the value (e.g. speed is distance over time, so measured as metres per - divided by - seconds or miles per hour). Area is calculated by multiplying length and width (or any 2 dimensions). Length and width are measured in the same way, as distance, for example in meters. So to get the unit for area we multiply the unit of distance we want (metres, feet etc) by itself, so represent it as a square (m*m =m^2)


Question: What is anti-matter? Can it be created? Or is it impossible?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is anti-matter? Can it be created? Or is it impossible?

This is more of a physics question than chemistry. We really don't know much for a fact about the chemistry of antimatter but in theory it is exactly the same as regular chemistry. > What is anti-matter? Antimatter is basically the opposite of normal matter. Electrons instead of having a negative charge have a positive charge (called positrons), protons instead of a positive charge have a negative charge (called "anti-protons", disappointing I know"). If you imagine normal matter as the crest of waves in the ocean, antimatter is the troughs. > Can it be created? With great difficulty. It can be made in very small quantities through high energy interactions in particle accelerators, and then the challenge is to isolate it from interacting with any other matter where it would annihilate itself. One big question in physics and cosmology is why the universe appears to be mostly normal matter and not antimatter because there isn't any known reason why normal matter would be more common.


Question: What is the "moving sofa Problem" and how is it not solved yet ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the "moving sofa Problem" and how is it not solved yet ?

It's basically "What shape of sofa is the biggest while still fitting around a corner?". The answer is ["kind of like a telephone handset"]( URL_0 ). Several different methods have converged on that solution, so that's most likely the biggest shape that will fit around a corner; but they haven't found a way to *prove* that no bigger shape exists. So it's solved, but not proven.


Question: How does a single microphone pick up sounds to send to a surround sound speaker system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a single microphone pick up sounds to send to a surround sound speaker system?

That isn't how it usually works. There are usually a bunch of microphones that are recorded onto many tracks then mixed down for your surround sound system.


Question: What are the most basic axioms in maths through which everything else can be derived?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the most basic axioms in maths through which everything else can be derived?

The [Zermelo-Frenkel axioms]( URL_0 ) are the basis for axiomatic set theory. They define what can be a set and how a set can be derived from other sets.


Question: how does the global economy lose money? How does the earth lose money? Where does it go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the global economy lose money? How does the earth lose money? Where does it go?

Money is a measure of value. The value of things changes based on how many people want them, and how much those people will pay for them. Value is not a "thing" that has to go somewhere. People can want a widget one day, and not want it the next.


Question: Why was/is e=mc2 such a revolutionary equation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was/is e=mc2 such a revolutionary equation?

The equation itself isn't especially revolutionary, but the fact it describes is: Energy and matter are freely convertible. Matter is just a different configuration of energy.


Question: Why do many bands (for example Iron Maiden, System of a Down, etc.) have bonus tracks on Japanese versions of some of their albums? Why Japan and why not release that/those song/songs worldwide?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do many bands (for example Iron Maiden, System of a Down, etc.) have bonus tracks on Japanese versions of some of their albums? Why Japan and why not release that/those song/songs worldwide?

It's done at the insistence of the Japanese record labels and shops. They put exclusive tracks on to try and encourage the Japanese fans to buy the more expensive Japan release instead of a cheaper import.


Question: Why can you have a meat stuck in your teeth for a day and when you swallow it you're fine, but if you leave the same meat on the counter for a day and try and eat it, you get sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you have a meat stuck in your teeth for a day and when you swallow it you're fine, but if you leave the same meat on the counter for a day and try and eat it, you get sick?

A good question. Why can you infect milk with bacteria and get yogurt instead of spoiled milk? Why does Italian dry salami keep without refrigeration even though it's inoculated with lactic bacteria for tartness? The answer is "competition". Food on the countertop is up for grabs by any bacteria, insects, fungus, or animals that can get to it. It can become a battleground as single celled organisms battle it out for who gets the food. Because the war starts with everybody on equal footing. Nobody has an initial advantage. When you have food stuck between your teeth though, the bacteria in your mouth have a home field advantage, and can quickly coat the piece of food, similar to inoculating a petri dish with bacteria. Thus by the time other bacteria or fungus can finally make it into your mouth to find the food, there is already an entrenched army of mouth microbes dug in and ready to battle it out. You also have fungus growing in your mouth as well, but it's kept in check by the bacteria, which is kept in check by the fungus. Sometimes when someone takes antibiotics, it kills the bacteria, giving the fungus an advantage, and it reproduces so well you end up with a layer of thrush on your tongue. It's all about balance and playing one side off the other. The same happens when you ferment beer or leaven bread. You introduce a preferred organism like yeast, and give it a good place to reproduce rapidly, and it in turn will defend the food from other microbes. Don't forget that penicillin is a drug derived from a strain of fungus that had developed it in order to fight off bacteria that competed for the same food and habitat. Microorganisms fight each other all of the time for food and shelter.


Question: Why aren’t the solstices the hottest/coldest days of the year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren’t the solstices the hottest/coldest days of the year?

Is something cold the minute you put it in the freezer, or does it take a few hours? Now imagine you have an entire planet. Seasons lag the solar cycle by about a month because there’s a lot of “thermal momentum” in the system.


Question: What is glue, and why do different kinds of it adhere to different substances?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is glue, and why do different kinds of it adhere to different substances?

Glue is any non-metallic substance that makes two or more things stick together and resists them separating. Glue is a common name for adhesive, and different materials require different adhesion to make them stick together. The differences in adhesives is achieved through the use of various polymers (a substance with a large number of similar particles bonded together) and solvents. Take silicone for example, it can be mixed with other polymers like acrylic, and some solvents in various ratios. One ratio might give you something like plumbing caulk while a different ratio is used to make a bandaid stick to your skin. To determine what ratio to use the maker has to take into account whether or not it needs to be flexible or rigid, or soft with an ability to flow, or dry with no flow. Caulk is flexible but has little flow, while bandaid adhesive is also flexible but has a high amount of flow.


Question: Why are lots of movies released on the same day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are lots of movies released on the same day?

Box office worker here. The answer to this is pretty simple. Ticket sales on weekdays are second to none compared to anything from Friday to Sunday. It's way more profitable to have a movie be released on Thursdays or Fridays so that they can make the most money with the initial hype. It's just ideal, and opening weekends are the biggest way a movie's success is gauged. As for why there seems to be a lot on specific days and the releases aren't more spread out, is because specific times of the year are big hotspots for ticket sales. For example, the movie IT was the highest selling movie in any September ever. This is majorly due to the fact that not many big producers would have their movie be released in September. The most popular times of the year are most of summer and anytime near Christmas.


Question: How is it that exactly 1 litre of pure water weighs exactly 1 kilogram? Were the measures set up with reference to water or is it a coincidence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that exactly 1 litre of pure water weighs exactly 1 kilogram? Were the measures set up with reference to water or is it a coincidence?

It was originally defined as 1 kg = 1 lt water, but then they made a platinum block to be the standard. Now it's defined by the Planck constant, which relates the energy of light particles to their frequency (more energy = higher frequency = shorter wavelength). And it still equals the weight of 1 litre water.


Question: How does a cooking thermometer or temperature probe get the temperature at the tip correct when the entire length is metal and rests in differing temperature layers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a cooking thermometer or temperature probe get the temperature at the tip correct when the entire length is metal and rests in differing temperature layers?

For most of the electric ones, they're what are called thermocouples. URL_0 basically, two metals connected together will create a tiny voltage when heated up. The non-electronic ones will usually operate on the principle of thermal expansion, where things expand when they heat up. To make it "correct" even though the whole thermometer is heated up, they amplify one mechanical part's expansion to the point where the rest of the thermometer's expansion is insignificant. Ex: in your typical air thermometer, the fluid expands into a tiny tiny tube, so a 0.1% expansion is visible in the fluid, but not visible for the rest of the thermometer


Question: What's the difference between a creepypasta and an urban legend?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between a creepypasta and an urban legend?

There's not a huge difference, but creepypastas are generally posted on message boards and urban legends are generally spread by ear. Creepypastas also tend to be longer stories or other media (Slenderman was originally two photoshopped images) while urban legends are shorter pieces of speculation ("There are alligators in the NYC sewers" is an urban legend.)


Question: When your chest feels tight, for example during a panic attack, what causes this? Is your chest actually tightening up or is it purely in your head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When your chest feels tight, for example during a panic attack, what causes this? Is your chest actually tightening up or is it purely in your head?

Your chest is not actually shrinking (thank god). But it's not just 'in your head'. The feeling comes from a bunch of muscles contracting rapidly (most notably your heart) as well as your breathing ascelerating rapidly (aka your lungs going into overdrive). It's essentially your body going into (often contextually unnecicary) 'fight or flight' action mode but without the apropriate routine what to actually do. That's why slowing/focusing on your breathing often helps. You force your body out of that 'action mode' and actively tell your lungs to stop overreacting 😉


Question: The Universe is expanding constantly but what is it expanding into?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Universe is expanding constantly but what is it expanding into?

The universe isn't expanding due to redshifts, we observe redshifts because the universe is expanding and galaxies are moving away from us. But the answer to your question is we don't know. There are many hypotheses, but we don't know what the universe is expanding into if anything.


Question: When microwaving a bag of popcorn, why doesn’t the first kernel that is popped burn by the time the last kernel is popped?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When microwaving a bag of popcorn, why doesn’t the first kernel that is popped burn by the time the last kernel is popped?

The process of popping a kernel absorbs more energy than it releases. When there are still lots of un-popped kernels, so much heat energy is absorbed by all these kernels that it prevents the temperature of the oils and steam in the bag from rising to the point where an already popped kernel would burn. Once most of the kernels have popped, the heat energy has nowhere else to go and the temperature goes up, eventually burning the popped ones. This is why it's almost impossible to get all the kernels to pop without burning some of them.


Question: When we think about falling, why does our body feel like we’re falling sometimes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 When we think about falling, why does our body feel like we’re falling sometimes?

For the same reason that thinking about a salty cracker can make one salivate. The body takes cues from mental processes about matters real and imagined.


Question: Why does Bismuth grow in square shapes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Bismuth grow in square shapes?

The answer to this is the same answer to why anything grows in any shape. The atoms connecting to their nebourgh atoms will start to form a continus pattern in 3 dimensions. As more atoms join the soild (say its cooling from a liquid) they will bond with whichever atom they touch, but because there is only one (of mabye a few but lets say 1) way it can connect into place it will connect in that way. As more and more atoms keep joining in the same way it keeps that shape even at a large scale. Slightly more advanced way to consider it is that there would be a few ways specfic atoms could bond with eachother in this "crystal lattice", but the one that forms this shape is the "lowest energy position", so on average more atoms will join this way. any impurities will cause defects in the lattice, which can drastically alter the overall shape. Imagine connecting all lego bricks of the same size, filling in all the gaps. Now imagine for ever 20 bricks you have 1 megablock, no matter how you build it its going to have irregularities as that one wrongly sized brick changes how you have to build the shape to have the fewest gaps within the structure.


Question: What are the references being used to describe higher dimensions in Maths and Physics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the references being used to describe higher dimensions in Maths and Physics?

Thinking of time as 4th dimension is kinda wrong. If and when you get to depths of theory of relativity, you kinda have to think of time as a dimension, so it's not a wrong way to think if you're a theoretical physicist... But for the rest of us, you probably are thinking about it in a way that's either wrong or not helpful. So assuming you're not physicist that's extremely familiar with theory of relativity, let's just talk of the world as 3-dimensional, and ditch time. Dimensions basically determine how much junk you can store. And this depends on the type of junk you are storing. So let's start simple. From 1d world. Something quite a bit like a string. Imagine you were 1d being confined to this string. So all directions you know of are either forwards or backwards. That's also limiting how much junk you can store. If you have a thing that you want to store, and it takes, say, one meter of space, then on 10 meter long spread you can only store 10 of these items. Seems simple right? For 2d being, they could live on a, say, a surface of some very large sheet. They would only know forward and backward, left and right. So if they have their junk they want to store, how many squares, 1meter by 1meter, could they store on a safekeeping house which is 10m by 10m? And surprisingly, you can store 100 of these 2d items. For 3d beings, like humans, we have 3 directions available to us. up/down, left/right, forward/backward. So we can stack items and 10m x 10m x 10m space would hold 1,000 boxes with dimensions of 1m x 1m x 1m. 4d being would likewise have space for 10,000 boxes on their 10m hypercube. This would be because they had a new direction they could stack these boxes at. 5d would go up to 100,000, and 6d up to 1,000,000. So one way of thinking about dimensions is that, in higher dimensions, there's more space near any given object. So things like, checking what's right next to you are easier when you're in lower dimensions. Like our 1d string being could just check what's immediately behind them, and what's immediately in front of them to know all that is close to them. 2d being would have to be checking a lot more ground. And us, well, there's already 3 dimensions in which stuff can be near us. This also affects things like radiation. If you're radiating something evenly to all of your surroundings, in 1d this radiation would never get any fainter. In 2d, the further it got from you, the more ground it would have to cover, so if it got 10x further from you, it would only be 1/10 as bright. In our 3d space, things like the sun becomes much fainter as distance grows, because there's more space into which the radiation has to spread. So the sun at 10x closer is actually 100x brighter. The article you linked doesn't actually refer to any physical dimensions either. They simply argue that there is benefit in thinking of the brain as 7d mathematical thing, because intuitions such as the ones I provided here can help one better understand the brain, but that's helpful to people who are not me. Basically, their target audience is mathematicians that have spent years studying dimensions and other branches of maths, to them this is a helpful way to think about the brain. Not to me :p


Question: How is antimatter created? If we were to make its production easier, what are its possible uses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is antimatter created? If we were to make its production easier, what are its possible uses?

Antimatter would make nice fuel for interstellar travel if we could contain it reliably. It is the most energy dense energy storage mechanism that is allowed by physics. Fuel energy density is really important on a rocket, especially if it wants to reach fractions of light speed.


Question: Why does bread get tough when left outside a bag/box for some time, but crackers get soft in the same situation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does bread get tough when left outside a bag/box for some time, but crackers get soft in the same situation?

Bread has a lot of moisture (google says 40%). So, leaving it out leads to the liquid evaporating out and drying out the bread. Crackers have very little moisture, that's why they can last much longer than bread. So, when you leave them out, they absorb the moisture from the surrounding environment.


Question: why do clouds move slowly in one direction, and not sporadically in different directions like, let’s say, a plastic bag would fly around in the wind?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do clouds move slowly in one direction, and not sporadically in different directions like, let’s say, a plastic bag would fly around in the wind?

The air near the ground is much more turbulent than air at higher altitudes. Near the ground the wind is mixed up by all of the stuff, like trees and mountains and humidity and whatever. There isn't anything higher up so what turbulence does arise is quickly averaged and smoothed so that the wind moves as a very steady bulk. (If you've seen fountains with laminar flow, it's the same kind of difference.) Layers form with winds moving in different directions. Some turbulence does form at the interfaces, but in general the cloud and the air it's in are moving at the same speed and in the same direction, so the cloud doesn't "feel" any wind. Same as you don't feel any wind inside your car (assuming windows are up lol).


Question: Why is a 16:8 sleeping pattern important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a 16:8 sleeping pattern important?

Firstly, staying awake too long is like being drunk. Your reaction times are down and your memory doesn't process very well, you make poorer choices. This happens after about 12-15 hours and become much more pronounced at 20-24 hours at which point it is similar to being legally drunk, especially in regards to driving and such. Additionally, sleep is important because it allows your brain to process the information it has taken in through the day. Even before that 12+ hout mark, the information you take in becomes less useful to your brain in terms of forming long term memories and such. After 12 hours, the information is even more degraded and less useful; worse, its more likely to become mixed up with other information. For example, if you pull an all-nighter studying and stay up for say 15 hours, the new information formed after a certain time around the 9 to 10 hour mark is less likely to stick in your memory and worse, may be mixed up with other facts, such as mixing up historical dates or such.


Question: How does an automatic cash counting machine works? How does it identify the different denominations for different currencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an automatic cash counting machine works? How does it identify the different denominations for different currencies?

Machines that verify that bills are real often make use of a light that shines through the bill so that all the layers and watermarks blur together into one image. And then they "snap an image" and compare that image to a set of known bills. The comparison process works something like this: the bill is divided into ten strips that are compared individually. If all the strips are similar enough to one or several reference images, it counts as a pass. If all the strips pass, the bill is approved. Some safety details are more important, and those sections are more important to get right. How do you create the reference image memory? Reasonably easy. You call your central bank and order a set of "reference money". Basically a wad of cash that shows varied, acceptable wear. Because if there is one thing people are not, it's careful with their money. The machine wants to accept worn money, and refuse counterfeit money. It needs to be taught what newly printed money looks like and what old, worn money looks like. It's taught by looking at approved, worn, money. One at a time. If it should be able to handle different denominations of different currencies, it's basically a matter of having a larger reference image library so that the machine can handle all kinds of shit at the same time.


Question: — Why are thunder claps short sometimes, and other times they roll on for many seconds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <thinking> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <thinking> tag or after the closing </answer> tag.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 — Why are thunder claps short sometimes, and other times they roll on for many seconds?

> it doesn’t have to do with the terrain. It has everything to do with the terrain. Terrain is what causes thunder to roll. The rolling is the thunderclap echoing off of the terrain around you so that instead of the mighty snap you get a long rumble. When the lightning is close to you, you hear the thunderclap immediately, unfiltered by the terrain so it's loud, sharp, and short. When the lightning is farther away, you hear the echoes. Keep in mind that lightning has three dimensions to move through. It can be directly over your head and still be far away from you just by being very high up, and the sound gets muffled by clouds before echoing off of the terrain.


Question: Why are electric cars more eco-friendly if electricity is still fossil-fuel powered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are electric cars more eco-friendly if electricity is still fossil-fuel powered?

> But doesn't the power that charges electric cars still come from power plants that also are bad for the environment? Some of it, sure, but not all. But, even if all power was produced from fossil fuels, it's still much better to have those fuels burnt at a large, central power plant than in a tiny engine in a car. A power plant can be much more efficient in converting fuel to energy than a gas-burning car is. Also, it's much easier to trap pollution at the power plant than coming out of your car's tailpipe.


Question: why web frameworks change or die overtime ?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 why web frameworks change or die overtime ?

Web frameworks are like cleaning devices. In the past, everyone used a broom to clean. When the vacuum cleaner was invented, it sped up cleaning and made it easier. Newer web frameworks have more modern standards and are easier to code in (usually). Old frameworks die because who wants to use a broom when you could use a vacuum cleaner?


Question: Is all light the same?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 Is all light the same?

They're all the same insofar as they are electromagnetic radiation. They are also the same as x-rays, radio transmissions, microwaves, gamma rays, wi-fi, etc etc. The difference is the spectrum; the frequency (or multiple frequencies) of that radiation. And the intensity as you pointed out.


Question: Why do men only go bald on their heads and nowhere else? Their beards, for example.

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do men only go bald on their heads and nowhere else? Their beards, for example.

Testosterone gets converted to a chemical called DHT (Dihydrotestosterone). DHT is what causes hair loss, specifically in people who suffer from male pattern baldness. DHT is an Androgen (masculine hormone), so it's responsible for facial hair amongst other things. While it's present in women, it doesn't have a role to play. It has higher levels in men, and is responsible for a lot of the puberty stuff for us guys.


Question: ()The body’s reaction to an injury like a break or sprain is swelling, why is the first step of treatment to reduce swelling ?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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[Your final answer goes here]
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 ()The body’s reaction to an injury like a break or sprain is swelling, why is the first step of treatment to reduce swelling ?

Swelling results from capillary leakage, which itself results from the release of inflammatory compounds at the site of injury. The fluid can become what's called organized, in which proteins in the fluid, like fibrin, accumulate, and this can make the swelling permanent to some degree. Does the swelling serve any purpose? The capillary leakage also lets white blood cells into the damaged area, and these control infection and gobble up debris (by Pac Man-type cells called macrophages) from the injury, so I think the answer is yes. But getting rid of the swelling within a week is a good idea, as the infection control and gobbling up of debris is done by that time as well.


Question: how does the mechanical watches work?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 how does the mechanical watches work?

There are manual wind watches, but those aren’t super common anymore. A lot of them today have a little weighted piece of metal on a rotor that’s usually on the bottom of the watch (and a lot of times visible if the bottom is glass/crystal). That weighted piece of metal spins around when you move your arm which spins the rotor. That spinning of the rotor is what compresses the spring. So you basically just charge it by wearing it. It’s also why some fancy watch cases rotate, that way they’re spinning that weight and rotor even when it’s away, which is usually considered better for the watch and means it won’t run out of juice and have an incorrect time if you don’t wear it for a little while.


Question: Why are games rendered with a GPU while Blender, Cinebench and other programs use the CPU to render high quality 3d imagery? Why do some start rendering in the center and go outwards (e.g. Cinebench, Blender) and others first make a crappy image and then refine it (vRay Benchmark)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are games rendered with a GPU while Blender, Cinebench and other programs use the CPU to render high quality 3d imagery? Why do some start rendering in the center and go outwards (e.g. Cinebench, Blender) and others first make a crappy image and then refine it (vRay Benchmark)?

Games and offline renderers generate images in very different ways. This is mainly for performances reasons (offline renderers can take hours to render a single frame, while games have to spew them out in a fraction of a second). Games use rasterization, while offline renderers use ray-tracing. Ray tracing is a lot slower, but can give more accurate results than rasterization^[1]. Ray tracing can be very hard to do well on the GPU because of the more restricted architecture, so most offline renderer default to the CPU. GPUs usually have a better computing power/$ ratio than CPUs, so it can be advantageous to do computational expensive stuff on the GPU. Most modern renderers can be GPU accelerated for this reason. > Why do some start rendering in the center and go outwards (e.g. Cinebench, Blender) and others first make a crappy image and then refine it (vRay Benchmark)? Cutting the image into square blocks and rendering them one after the other make it easier to schedule when each pixels should be rendered, while progressively refining an image allows the user to see what the final render will look like quickly. It's a tradeoff, some (most?) renderer offer the two options. ************ [1] This is a massive oversimplification, but if you are trying to render photorealistic images it's mostly true.


Question: How/why do electronics work? Like in the simplest terms, a bunch of metals are mashed together. How the heck does that create a computer/smartphone with insane capabilities?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How/why do electronics work? Like in the simplest terms, a bunch of metals are mashed together. How the heck does that create a computer/smartphone with insane capabilities?

Think of it like water through pipes forced by gravity and water pressure... As it travels through pipes, it can do work. Additionally, it can flip “switches” to change the flow. Using this principal, you can design logic gates and with those you can design adders and perform calculations using only water and pipes. Electrons traveling through circuitry can work the same way. URL_0


Question: Birds, insects, and other small animals can maneuver to avoid obstacles incredibly fast. How?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Birds, insects, and other small animals can maneuver to avoid obstacles incredibly fast. How?

We don't know for sure what is different about the brains, but it's *something*. [This article]( URL_0 ) summarizes a relevant experiment well. Essentially, they used animals reactions to flashing lights to draw conclusions about their perception of time. In general, smaller animals with higher metabolic rates perceive time more slowly. This is just a correlation and isn't always true, but the difference in perception may have something to do with the metabolism and not just the brain itself. Another commenter argued that since the animals are smaller, they can react faster because it takes less time for the information to travel between brain and body. While technically true, this cannot be fully responsible for the phenomenon. nerve impulses travel at around 400 feet per second, fast enough that a few feet of distance doesn't make as significant of a difference in reaction time as we see between larger and smaller animals.


Question: Why does water not get rid of oil from substances but soap does?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water not get rid of oil from substances but soap does?

How well something washes another material away depends on how well they mix. How well substances mix depends a lot on their molecular structure. Water is polar. This means that it has an end that is much more positively charged and an end that is much more negatively charged. Specifically, water is shaped kind of like a boomerang with the oxygen atom in the middle and the two hydrogen atoms pointing toward one side. This side is more positive. When you have lots of water molecules they tend to line up in ways such that the positive end of one is pointing toward the negative end of others like [this]( URL_0 ). In order for something to mix well with water, it has to find its way into this structure. However, if you stick something non-polar (like oils) into water, it disrupts this stable arrangement of water molecules. In order to maintain this arrangement of positive ends of water molecules pointing toward negative ends, the non-polar substance will basically get pushed out of the water.Conversely, something that is polar will mix right into the structure and act just like it is another water molecule and water will wash it away. Soaps tend to be made of fat molecules, which have a polar end and a non-polar end. they can form cages around non-polar molecules where a bunch of soap molecules surround the non-polar molecule with their non-polar ends sticking in and the polar ends sticking out. This arrangement allows the soap to interact well with both the water and the non-polar molecule in the cage and water can wash it away.


Question: Why does oil spread almost even when a pan is cool, but when you heat it up it forms a circle on the outer edge?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does oil spread almost even when a pan is cool, but when you heat it up it forms a circle on the outer edge?

This is a result of two phenomena: - Oil gets less viscous (more flowy, less thick or "sticky"; for example honey is very viscous, water is not very viscous) as it heats up so it finds a level more easily. - The metal in your pan expands when it heats up. Because the bit in contact with the heating element heats up faster than the rim of the pan, this normally results in it bowing up in the centre. That's because the rim of the pan stays cool (so does not get bigger) but the base gets hotter and therefore bigger. Since the base is attached to the rim, and the rim isn't getting any bigger, the base has to bend a bit to get bigger. So the middle of the pan bows upwards and makes a "hill" in the centre, and the oil starts to flow more easily. This results in most of the oil flowing to the edge of the pan and making a ring-shaped-pool round the outside. You'll notice this happens less with either better quality, thicker based pans, or with pans that have been pre-heated for a long time (so the rim has time to get to the same temperature as the base)


Question: Why is it wrong to call someone 'black' or 'white' when it is perfectly fine to call someone 'tall' or 'short'(they're both physical attributes)?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it wrong to call someone 'black' or 'white' when it is perfectly fine to call someone 'tall' or 'short'(they're both physical attributes)?

it's not wrong to recognize someone's race. People get uncomfortable when it's brought up when it doesn't need to be, because a lot of people bring up race to play into stereotypes


Question: Why do the bubbles in fizzy drinks seem to come from specific points at the bottom of the glass?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the bubbles in fizzy drinks seem to come from specific points at the bottom of the glass?

The dissolved gases need the right conditions in order to coalesce. Usually this means they need a micro cavitation to begin forming bubbles. At a microscopic level, the bottom of a glass has enough little pits to begin forming bubbles. The dissolved gases want to get free of the drink, but usually can't due to the pressure of the liquid keeping it dissolved. Once it finds an outlet to create bubbles, it tends to keep forming in that same location.


Question: Why are we all being contacted about our extended car warranty?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we all being contacted about our extended car warranty?

Scam phone calls, they are hoping you'll return the call and give them more information than they could possibly already have in order to "extend your warranty" (i.e., steal your identity).


Question: How does carbon dating differentiate between the age of a material and the time that the material was shaped?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does carbon dating differentiate between the age of a material and the time that the material was shaped?

Stone itself can't be carbon dated. There are other types of radiodecay dating that may work, but as you're saying they tend to show a geologic age. Rather than dating the stone axe head, archaeologists will date the surrounding material. The axe was thrown in a garbage pile or buried with someone, and that provides the carbon-based materials for dating.


Question: Why is it that SSRI meds can cause pure panic with no apparent triggers and feelings of doom even a couple hours after just one (therapeutic) dose?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that SSRI meds can cause pure panic with no apparent triggers and feelings of doom even a couple hours after just one (therapeutic) dose?

Because serotonin balance is very sensitive and still not fully understood. So in some people changes in uptake have unforeseen effects.


Question: What makes early techno like The Prodigy so technically difficult or impressive?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What makes early techno like The Prodigy so technically difficult or impressive?

It’s the creativity and ingenuity needed to make these songs in the 90’s that makes them technically impressive. Most (if not all) electronic music back then was made on hardware that were both expensive and had very limited possibilities (when compared to what you get with today’s hardware or software). IMO this what makes it so impressive.


Question: during the Salem Witch Trials, were there people who actually practiced Witchcraft? Or were the people just being paranoid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 during the Salem Witch Trials, were there people who actually practiced Witchcraft? Or were the people just being paranoid?

The Salem Witch Trials were less about actual witchcraft and more about a group of people in power, or close to people with power, generating a short lived panic to murder their political and social rivals. Virtually all the victims were people who their accusers/murderers had pre-existing business, family or social feuds with.