Question: what's the difference between Iron supplements such as Ferrous gluconate, ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate etc, and how does a doctor decide which one to prescribe to a patient?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the difference between Iron supplements such as Ferrous gluconate, ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate etc, and how does a doctor decide which one to prescribe to a patient?

The ferrous is the iron part. The second part (gluconate, sulfate, etc) is something that is bound to iron for one of several reasons, including to make the iron soluble (able to mixed in water) or to lessen stomach discomfort. Which one is used/recommended depends on several things, but in the specific case of a doctor to a patient probably has to do with how deficient a patient is - so if they are extremely iron deficient, they want to prescribe a form that makes iron highly available. Another form may be gentler on the stomach and so that would be preferred for a patient who has complained of that in the past.


Question: How would an employer or school be able to see what I do on my webcam?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How would an employer or school be able to see what I do on my webcam?

At some point you installed or they installed stuff into your computer. Often this is “to manage” or “to secure” or something. This software can also turn on your web cam and send the video and audio back to them. On many computers they can do this without any visible way for you to tell it’s going on. This happens because they setup the software with lots of “privileges” like it was the boss. So all the other software in your computer lets it do whatever it wants. They’re all like “secret security service software, let us through” and suddenly they can access everything. A post it note or sticker over the webcam can make it so they can’t see you. Best to assume that they can always hear you.


Question: If some of the elements on the periodic table can only be produced in a lab, why are they considered elements?

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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If some of the elements on the periodic table can only be produced in a lab, why are they considered elements?

Because they still exist? The periodic table isn't a list of things you'll find in your yard - it is a list of the nuclear elements which we have observed. As for why studying things that don't naturally exist is *useful*, the elements which only exist for brief periods often play a crucial role in nuclear chemistry. Nuclear reactors, for instance, would not be practically possible without 'delayed neutrons' from these elements.


Question: If the speakers on my computer can replicate the sound of my voice, would I be able to create the sound of my voice or anybody else's from scratch without ever recording it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the speakers on my computer can replicate the sound of my voice, would I be able to create the sound of my voice or anybody else's from scratch without ever recording it?

its possible, but difficult to make voice from scratch. mostly generated speech just stitches together lots of different voice clips, smooths it over so it sounds ok. There are completely artificial voices but they're more difficult and intensive


Question: Why do we feel relief after we hit or break something when we are mad?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 Why do we feel relief after we hit or break something when we are mad?

Aggressive reaction syndrome (ASR). It is commonly found in primates and is a response of the enlarged amygdala. When we get angry it's essentially the amygdala taking over and telling the brain it's time to get physical and assert ourself. Since we're social animals with complex hierarchies it's important to show others that we're strong and capable.


Question: when viewing a sheet of transparent glass or a mirror from it's side profile, why does it appear green in colour?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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</answer>
 when viewing a sheet of transparent glass or a mirror from it's side profile, why does it appear green in colour?

The iron oxide that gives glass the green tint isn't there on accident, it's added to make the glass easier to melt in large batches. Glass melting furnaces produce almost all of their heat in the form of infrared light. This is a problem when you want to heat up something transparent, because the infrared light will go right through it! It just heats up whatever is behind the glass. That makes it take a very long time to melt the glass. Iron oxide is added because it is a cheap way to make glass absorb a lot more infrared light. It has the side effect of making the glass slightly green, but this is fine most of the time. You can buy iron free glass if you need your windows to be perfectly colorless, but that glass is more expensive because it is harder to work with.


Question: why can we go East/West forever but when we go North we eventually end up going South?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can we go East/West forever but when we go North we eventually end up going South?

> Feel like there's actually interesting maths/geometry behind this for some reason There is, but I think it's *way* beyond ELI5. You're asking why a sphere has poles, and the answer is because we usually measure a sphere using Euler angles (rotations about 3 orthoginal axies). We use Euler angles because they're intuitive and historically the way it was done, but the problem is that they aren't valid at certain points ie the poles. Until recently (literally the last 100 years) while everybody knew there was a problem, it was purely academic and no-one cared that it didn't work at some points. The formal and not-at-all ELI5 answer is that there is no trivial covering map projecting from the T^3 torus to a real sphere R^3. That might be more intuitive to say that there is no way to map every point on a sphere to a plane. To imagine it in 1 dimension, imagine a semi-circle sitting on a number line, like a sideways D. You want to map from any point on the semicircle to exactly one point on the line and vice versa. The obvious way to do this is to draw a line from the top of the semicircle, crossing down through the semicircle and cutting its edge somewhere, and continuing on until it cuts the number line. Where that line cuts the semicircle and the number line maps any point on the semicircle to exactly one point on the line, and every point on the number line to exactly one point on the semicircle, EXCEPT the top of the circle which would map to infinity, but also to -infinity, hence it's ambiguous. This is the crinkle in mapping from the surface of a sphere to a plane in 2D that prevents everything working nicely, and means you have to have spots where it all goes to shit and forms a pole. This has real world applications beyond just "going north from north". In mechanics, especially in [Gimbal Lock]( URL_1 ) of gyros, which damn-near destroyed both Apollo 11 and Apollo 13 before NASA learned their lesson and upgraded the gyros to 4-axis ones, but also in things like robotics and controlling CNC tools The solution is to use a non-trivial mapping like [quaternions]( URL_0 ) (also beyond ELI5, but you know the magic word to google). The Wikipedia page is unintuitive - like all mathematics wikipedia pages - but it's the first thing that came up when I searched Someone who is better at being a mathematics communicator might have a better analogy for the topology mapping


Question: Why is it that after eating a large meal and feeling full, we have room for dessert?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that after eating a large meal and feeling full, we have room for dessert?

Maybe because sugar fat and salt are three things we are programmed to eat as much of as we can. So we know dessert is sweet and our brains could be telling us to eat it. Since in the wild those three things are rare.


Question: - Why when you fill a glass underwater, turn it upside down and pull up does the water stay in the glass until the glass is completely removed from the main body of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why when you fill a glass underwater, turn it upside down and pull up does the water stay in the glass until the glass is completely removed from the main body of water?

The only way that the water can come out is if something takes its place. Above water, turning a glass over causes water to to down while air goes up into the glass. Under water, when you flip the glass over and pull up, there's still no way for air to get in. If, however, you took a bendy straw and put the short end in the glass, and let the long end stuck out of the water, then the glass would fill with air, because the air has a way to get in.


Question: Why is it easier to balance on a bike that is moving, compared to a bike that isn't in motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to balance on a bike that is moving, compared to a bike that isn't in motion?

A significant part of the balance you rely on on your bike is centripetal force - the same thing you lean against when you make a turn. While you're moving, you can turn the steering wheel to create a tiny tiny turn in a specific direction. Because you have forward momentum, this will cause your balance on your bike to tip ever so slightly in one direction, and by continually making these tiny adjustments, you help keep balance - then later counteracting the tiny turns with some of your own weight balance to keep you going forward, as far as I understand it. If you have trouble imaging this, think of a small kid learning to ride a bike. Typically, they'll go through a stage when there's a fairly wide swaying sideways of the forward wheel. These wild and brisk movements eventually smooth out to the controlled tiny adjustments we all make while we bike forward. You can see it exacerbated again if you drive really slow on your bike - you'll start swaying the wheel more wildly because you need to make much more of an adjustment to get that balancing force. And when you stop entirely, that force is just gone entirely, meaning you have only your own weight balance to rely on. And every time you want to move your own balance, inertia means that you'll kind of push the bike's balance the other way, which makes staying upright really hard. Gyroscopic force generated by the rotation of your bike wheels might also play into it, but I'm afraid I have no idea as to the strength of this effect.


Question: Why are some lakes crystal clear and some are very dirty? What makes still water crystal clear?

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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some lakes crystal clear and some are very dirty? What makes still water crystal clear?

Dirt, flow, and aquatic life. All three of these can drastically affect what color a stream/lake/reservoir is. Flowing water with more solid dirt under it tends to let less algae grow which results in a much clearer water, while still water is prime for dirt and life to show up in it. This is why when you're out in the wilderness, you shouldn't drink still water. Always drink running water.


Question: Why is it when an object rotates really quickly it seems like it starts rotating in the opposite direction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when an object rotates really quickly it seems like it starts rotating in the opposite direction?

If on a camera this is because in each frame a wheel/blades move almost a full rotation, or almost a number of full rotations. If in each frame a wheel undergoes 2.8 rotations, it is interpreted as going backwards .2 rotations because that seems more fluid. This can also happen with hummingbird hovering, making it look as if their wings move very slowly (if at all) but they fly anyways.


Question: How do companies make money by selling shares?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do companies make money by selling shares?

When a company does an IPO (Initial Public Offering) they sell the shares on whatever exchange they listed on (NASDAQ, NYSE, etc). The company gets this money. What's happening is the owners of the private company are selling some or all of their ownership of the company to the public. After that, they don't get money when the shares are sold. The only way they can make more money by selling shares is by releasing more shares. However, there are consequences to this because it can dilute the value of existing shares, making them worth less. The reason they do this is it can raise a crap ton of money to invest back into the business.


Question: What is hydro dipping and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is hydro dipping and how does it work?

It's a method of applying paint to complex surfaces in an even way. First, you print the pattern you want on a sheet of polyvinyl alcohol. You float that on top of a tank of water, and spray it with an activator solution, so it dissolves. That leaves your pattern floating on the surface of the water. You carefully dip the object through the pattern, and the surface tension of the water will press it onto your object evenly. Then you shake it to break up the remnants of the pattern that weren't applied, and remove your object. Then you spray on a protective layer.


Question: How did Neil Armstrong almost go to space by accident in one of his flight tests?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
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<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 How did Neil Armstrong almost go to space by accident in one of his flight tests?

The aircraft he was flying was a rocket powered X-15, which was actually capable of (suborbital) spaceflight. On this particular flight he "only" reached an altitude of 207,500 feet which is not really in space but is above like 99% of the earth's atmosphere. He had the nose of the aircraft pitched up as it got back down to an altitude where the air was thick enough to produce significant amounts of lift and it "bounced" back to an altitude where the regular flight controls wouldn't any effect. He realized that he had overshot the runway at this point but he couldn't really do anything about it until the aircraft descended back into the thick part of the atmosphere again.


Question: What is Uber's Greyball program?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
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 What is Uber's Greyball program?

Greyball is a software tool designed to keep undesirables from successfully flagging down or tracking an Uber driver. An undesired user is shown a fake Uber app, which appears to present legitimate information on driver availability, but is in fact showing them nothing but ghosts, and does not actually connect them to a driver. Uber uses this tool, in combination with information culled from the internet and social media, to flag law enforcement, politicians, regulators, and other persons of interest in regions that don't permit Uber's operations. This keeps them from using Uber's own app to lure violating drivers into traps, or to track their numbers and movements. Arguably, Uber is using this program to aid and abet their drivers in breaking local laws, hence the investigation.


Question: Why is System 32 called that way on computers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is System 32 called that way on computers?

So for the other responses are contrasting 32-bit applications with 64-bit applications. While related, that's a bit of a red herring. System32 actually dates back to when Windows was making the transition *towards* 32-bit systems, from the old 16-bit systems. See, "regular" applications used the System folder, and new fancy shiny 32-bit applications used the System32 folder when they needed features of Windows that wouldn't work in 16-bit mode. Since then, 32 bits became normal, then 64-bit applications were the new shiny, and now 64 bits are just normal and 32-bit applications are more likely than not to be outdated versions that can't be upgraded because of compatibility concerns. The transition process was handled differently in the 64-bit era, and 64-bit system files are in System32. I don't know why. Computers are hard, and sometimes that's just the easiest way to make things work.


Question: how to do and fold laundry so stuff doesn’t wrinkle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how to do and fold laundry so stuff doesn’t wrinkle?

When clothing is warmed it relaxes. Just like you in a hot tub. If you don't fold or hang out when it's still warm, it tenses back up in the "wrong" position. Just like if you sleep in a bad position and you wake up with neck pain. Fold or hand your clothes when still warm and you won't have wrinkles.


Question: Where does the mustard from "mustard gas" come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the mustard from "mustard gas" come from?

Sulfur mustard (mustard gas) agents are generally yellow-brown in color and have a smell similar to mustard, garlic, or horseradish. Although if you can smell it you're in real trouble.


Question: I've heard about banks making online sellers magically deliver items they were refusing to send before. How do they make that happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've heard about banks making online sellers magically deliver items they were refusing to send before. How do they make that happen?

Maybe you're taking about chargeback? It's a process where the credit card company can, with sufficient evidence, cancel a fraudulent transaction. The seller is charged about $15 per incident. If they get a high enough number of chargebacks, they get blacklisted and the credit card company won't approve any transactions at all. That gives a very strong incentive to the sellers to make sure the credit card company and its customers are happy.


Question: How does wine produce a wide variety of flavor descriptions like berries, apples, grass, wet stone, etc..?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does wine produce a wide variety of flavor descriptions like berries, apples, grass, wet stone, etc..?

The variety of the grape produces the most substantial difference in taste. For example, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinor Noir taste completely different. Second, the soil the vine is in plus the fertilizers can influence the taste. Finally, the growing conditions factor in - grapes grown under "stress" (like windy, a little cold, minimal water, etc) are more highly prized for their flavor. As to the descriptions you mentioned - this is how people who are "into" wine try to describe the taste of the end product. It's usually done in terms of other tastes that people are familiar with. Your post is marked Chemistry. I know that people have run wines and liquors through liquid chromatography and other analytical tools. I don't know whether or not you can compare a wine to blueberries or wet flint. I suspect that would be a major math issue. In short, this is really around people trying to relate tastes in terms of other things people might know.


Question: How do USA cannabis dispensaries do their banking? Are there creative work-arounds to the USA Federal restrictions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do USA cannabis dispensaries do their banking? Are there creative work-arounds to the USA Federal restrictions?

While most larger banks won’t take their business, plenty of smaller local banks and credit unions are happy to work with marijuana business owners for their needs. It was dicey for a while in the early days as most banks were not going to play ball, but these smaller local institutions came in and provided services to the businesses. Some states are also working on implementing laws that expressly allow this as well (at the state level) but the effects of this we don’t yet know. Despite this all being illegal at the federal level, the small banks doing this in states where it marijuana is legal have been left alone and are not concerned. Wells Fargo won’t take their business, but their local credit union probably will.


Question: Why do a few gases start boiling at sub zero temperatures and then freeze at a much lower temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do a few gases start boiling at sub zero temperatures and then freeze at a much lower temperature?

> but boiling means exciting the particles Boiling does not mean “exciting the particles”. Boiling is the point where the particles are too excited to stick together as a liquid and will fly around on their own as a gas. For every substance there is a range of temperatures and pressures which in combination determine what phase they are within. Increasing pressure tends to raise the temperature required to boil (pushing in from outside makes it harder for particles to fly away), and lowering pressure decreases the boiling temperature. This can be charted in something called a “phase diagram”. Sometimes for a given pressure there is no temperature where a substance is liquid. For example in normal air pressure carbon dioxide won’t be liquid, it is either solid if cold enough or a gas. This is why it is called “dry ice”, it is ice that never gets wet as it warms directly into gas (called “sublimation”). In your example hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a gas at room temperature and standard pressure. It needs to be about -85C to become a liquid, and -114C to freeze into a solid.


Question: How can tea infuse into hot water ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can tea infuse into hot water ?

Water is a solvent. Hot water, even more effective. When you put tea leaves into water, some of the chemicals exposed on the leaves dissolve into this solvent.


Question: How does the carbon in carbonated water/soda get and stay inside the liquid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the carbon in carbonated water/soda get and stay inside the liquid?

It’s carbon dioxide (CO2) that’s in the liquid, which is a very common gas in our atmosphere. It’s what we breath out and plants breathe in. It can dissolve in liquid just like sugar can (weird, I know!), and you can coax it in the liquid using a combination of high pressure and low temperatures. You basically force it into the container that’s holding the liquid, and the CO2 will dissolve. A bottle hisses when you open it because CO2 is or has escaped the liquid because the bottle has warmed up and pressure in the bottle has gone down (because you opened it!).


Question: how do you make a sharp whistling sound with your mouth and finger(s)? My friend can do it so loud i swear she can break a wine glass. All i do is feel like an idiot for mostly just spitting on my fingers. Tips?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do you make a sharp whistling sound with your mouth and finger(s)? My friend can do it so loud i swear she can break a wine glass. All i do is feel like an idiot for mostly just spitting on my fingers. Tips?

I can't do it. I've tried for years. [This]( URL_0 ) helped my son learn. Although it's not really an ELi5 but pretty good.


Question: How did researchers discover that certain elements of certain plant and fungi were capable of being used to treat disease?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did researchers discover that certain elements of certain plant and fungi were capable of being used to treat disease?

Pretty much every plant out there has been tested to see what it does, what properties it has, etc. Then there are researchers out there working on diseases that find types of things that would be promising ways to fight it. Then often there's a 3rd group who try to match those up. Plant A does B. Disease C is combatted by things that do B. Hey, maybe plant A would be good at fighting disease C. So they test it. Nowadays plants, fungi etc aren't really the main things anymore. Now that we can synthesize chemicals directly, we don't need to find plants that can generate them, we can make them ourselves. So a lot of the study is in creating our own new chemicals. (I'm using chemicals in a general and not entirely explanatory sense here...but its eli5, and I think that gets you to a close enough understanding to be useful)


Question: How do people get penny size, or bigger, black heads in their skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people get penny size, or bigger, black heads in their skin?

I guess people will either assume it’ll go away or it’s in a place they don’t see too often. Perhaps people are scared of medical professionals or scared of what it may be and would rather not know


Question: What do mathematicians do when trying to solve an unsolved math problem? Why is there an unsolved math problem to begin with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do mathematicians do when trying to solve an unsolved math problem? Why is there an unsolved math problem to begin with?

An example is probably the easiest to show this with. The Collatz conjecture is a really simple to understand unproven problem, it goes like this. Take any number. If it is even, divide it by 2. If it is odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1. If you keep repeating this process starting out with any number, do you eventually reach 1? Lets try with the number 7. 7 - > 22 - > 11 - > 34 - > 17 - > 52 - > 26 - > 13 - > 40 - > 20 - > 10 - > 5 - > 16 - > 8 - > 4 - > 2 - > 1 So, 7 does get to 1. It is currently unproven that all numbers behave this way, that is if you repeat this, we don't know if it always goes to 1, it could just blow up to a huge number. For all the numbers we have tried it goes to 1. Mathematicians try to prove problems like these, use logic to see if they can somehow make a statement that is true for all numbers. Or alternatively, disprove it. Disproving this just involves finding a number that doesn't go to 1, and goes somewhere else. This problem was posed in 1937. The best minds have worked on it since, no one has been able to figure it out. This problem is just a bit of a fun trick brain teaser but there are many that are very useful if proven. For instance the Riemann hypothesis is a bit of a complicated unsolved problem but if solved, the implications are huge for the field of math. Some have very useful real world applications, like the recently solved sphere packing problem. A common misconception is that math has to do with numbers. Math goes well beyond numbers in many cases, math is just the study of proving statements to be true or false with a set of rules. Games like chess for instance has an entire branch of math devoted to it.


Question: How were the older cartridge games programmed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were the older cartridge games programmed?

The oldest cartridge games (like for the Atari 2600) were programmed exclusively in assembly language. For the 2600 specifically, programmers often kept track of how many cycles their commands took in order to avoid overly long functions that would cause the video output to break. The book *Racing the Beam* goes into exquisitely detailed explanations about this if you wish to study further.


Question: Why aren't microwaves hot inside after use, like an oven?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't microwaves hot inside after use, like an oven?

An oven works by heating the air around the food with the element or burner inside the oven. A microwave works by vibrating the water molecules inside the food, not by heating up the air.


Question: How fast can anyone physically gain body fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How fast can anyone physically gain body fat?

Less than 30 seconds. If you drink sugar after fasting for 12 hours, that sugar will appear as fat in your liver 30 seconds later. It probably happens faster than that, but that's how long an MRI scan takes. Essentially if you drink a big glass of sugar water on an empty stomach, some of that sugar will be fat before you finish drinking.


Question: Why can a baby be upside down in a womb without dying, but when someone is held upside down as an adult they die?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can a baby be upside down in a womb without dying, but when someone is held upside down as an adult they die?


Question: How come no matter what laundry you put in the dryer the lint always comes out greyish blue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come no matter what laundry you put in the dryer the lint always comes out greyish blue?

Try comparing the lint colour from different washes, the colour does vary. At laundromats, other people's lint looks different from mine.


Question: Why do many African countries make it very difficult for Western countries to visit? Wouldn't it benefit them to give travel visas more easily to encourage the tourism industry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do many African countries make it very difficult for Western countries to visit? Wouldn't it benefit them to give travel visas more easily to encourage the tourism industry?

The answers here so far are just plain wrong or are sensational bullshit. The first issue is that the tourism industry is not big in all African countries and that affects how easy it is for you to visit them. Some countries like Kenya, Tanzania, Bostwana, South Africa, Namibia, Egypt, and Morocco, have very large tourism industries and therefore have favourable visa policies for countries that provide them with a lot of tourists. Egypt provides [visas on arrival]( URL_0 ) for almost all European and North American countries, both of which provide it with a lot of tourists. Kenya has the [same policy]( URL_2 ) for a lot of the same countries. And again, South Africa has the [same policy]( URL_1 ) for countries that provide it with a lot of tourists. On the other hand, tourism is not as large for Liberia and Nigeria as it is for these other countries and that is one of the reasons why the visa policies are so restrictive. Even if they had lax visa policies, they wouldn't benefit that much so they prefer to restrict movement into their countries. Another big reason is that most countries in Europe, North America, and Asia have very prohibitive visa policies for Africans, so some African nations have responded in kind. Visa policies are for the most part negotiated between countries. When these negotiations happen, both countries try to ensure that their citizens are treated fairly by other countries and that they gain easy access to the countries they want to travel to. You can look at the reciprocal policies between the US and EU for a good example. Because some of these African countries feel unfairly treated by the visa policies instituted by different countries they have introduced similarly strict policies.


Question: Why do flip flops make that sound when you walk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do flip flops make that sound when you walk?

Because of the heel of the sandal “flipping” up and hitting the heel of your foot, making a “flop” sound. Is this a serious question?


Question: What was the point of nazis' stukas' sirens ? Wouldn't it disclose the planes' incoming ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What was the point of nazis' stukas' sirens ? Wouldn't it disclose the planes' incoming ?

It was really unsettling. It was a fear tactic that worked. Same as the shelling during WW1. The noise was sometimes more unsettling than what was causing it.


Question: People who have depression caused by a chemical-imbalance, why do antidepressants not work for all of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 People who have depression caused by a chemical-imbalance, why do antidepressants not work for all of them?

The "chemical imbalance theory" was thrown out long ago, but the medications are still used. The real reason those medications only work for some is because we've never genuinely understood the roots of depression. It isn't as simple as a chemical imbalance. If there's no imbalance, a pill that's meant to bring a balance back isn't going to do much of anything.


Question: -5000 x -5000 equals 25,000,000. How can two numbers so deeply negative be manipulated to give such a high positive value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 -5000 x -5000 equals 25,000,000. How can two numbers so deeply negative be manipulated to give such a high positive value?

The easiest way to explain this is to look at negative numbers as being the opposite of the positive number. So what you're doing here is the oppposite of adding -5,000 5,000 times.


Question: How can my headphone jack tell the difference between my car's aux cord and my headphones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can my headphone jack tell the difference between my car's aux cord and my headphones?

Yes, through difference in “impedance”. The aux port on your stereo probably has an input impedance of about 1000 ohms. Your earbuds are about 20-25 ohms. The stereo has a high input impedance because it doesn’t need to load down the source because it has its own amplifiers, Your earbuds need all the juice they can get, though


Question: What does it mean when a company makes an "all cash deal" to buy another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when a company makes an "all cash deal" to buy another?

Yes, that's all it means. As opposed to (for example) a deal where they pay in shares of stock, or a loan.


Question: What is entropy and how does it helps to understand time in a scientific way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and
<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thinking> reasoning process here </thinking><answer> answer here </answer>.
Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary between the closing </thinking> tag and the opening <answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<thinking>
[Your detailed chain-of-thought goes here]
</thinking>
<answer>
[Your final answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is entropy and how does it helps to understand time in a scientific way?

So one thing you should know about the universe is that it NATURALLY wants to minimize energy. I.e. the universe is lazy and wants to use as little energy as possible to do something. We don't know WHY it does this (this WHY question is beyond the scope of physics and enters the domain of philosophy) but we can see from observation that it does. For example, in the context of classical mechanics, a ball NATURALLY falls down. Why does a ball fall down? Because it wants to minimize its gravitational potential energy. When you raise a ball above your head, its potential energy goes like PE = m*g*h, where m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity and h = height above the zero point (in this case the ground). So, the higher the h, the more PE the ball will have. When you let go of the ball, it will fall down, hence reducing h, hence reducing its PE. Another example is in the context of electrodynamics. It is well known that two like charges repel. Why? Because they want to minimize their electrical potential energy. The PE of an electric charge is: PE = k*Q1*Q2/r, where k is a constant, Q1 is one of the charges, Q2 is the other charge and r is the distance between them. If both Q1 and Q2 are the same kinds of charge (i.e. BOTH positive or BOTH negative), and you force them to stay together, you are making the r term very small (since you're decreasing the distance between the two charges). Now, if you let them go, they will NATURALLY repel each other, hence increasing r, hence causing PE to go down. Now, in the context of thermodynamics, the universe wants to minimize energy as well. But in the context of thermodynamics, the universe wants to minimize THERMAL energy (aka heat). This is why heat NATURALLY wants to go from where there's more of it (i.e. hot objects) to places where there's less of it (i.e. cold objects). Now how does entropy fit in? Entropy simply measures HOW WELL the system has minimized its heat energy. I.e. entropy measures how well the heat energy at any given point is minimized. If you have a lot of energy at one single point, then entropy is very low because that one point has a lot of energy, and other areas has very little energy. If you have small amounts of energy at a lot of different places, then entropy is very high because there's few energy at each location. E.g. say that you have a room. Say that you have allotted 5 units of energy to this room. Now, if all 5 units of energy is located at one single point (e.g. in one corner) of the room, then the entropy is very low because there's a localization of energy to only one single point. Hence, energy has not been minimized (i.e. distributed evenly). If instead, you have 1 unit of energy in each of the four corners of the room and 1 unit of energy in the center of the room, then entropy is high because now, that 5 units of energy has been minimized so that each point in the room has fewer energy. This is why entropy is sometimes said to measure how much energy can be extracted out of a system. Let's go back to our room example. It would be a lot easier for us to extract all 5 units of energy from one single location in the room using one single machine, than having to make five separate machines and going to those five separate locations to extract energy. In other words, a low entropy system (the room in which all 5 units of energy are in one spot) has more energy available for extraction PER POSITION/LOCATION -- I mean, in that one location in the room, there's 5 units of energy available for extraction! It's easier to extract more energy out of a low entropy system. On the other hand, a high entropy system (the room in which there's 1 unit of energy in five separate locations) has less energy available for extraction per position -- I mean, in any of those five locations, there's only 1 unit of energy available for extraction! It's harder to extract more energy out of a high entropy system. Now of course, if we input our own energy, then we can make five separate machines and go to those five separate locations so that we could still extract 5 units of energy. But in order to extract 5 units of energy from a high entropy system, we had to put in more effort from our side. Compare that to trying to extract energy from a low entropy system, in which we only use one machine and go to one location to extract 5 units of energy. As a side note, you might have noticed for each of the examples I gave (classical mechanics, electrodynamics and thermodynamics), I emphasize the word "NATURALLY". This is because the universe will not try to reduce its energy if YOU are putting in energy into the system. E.g. when you hold the ball over your head, you are expending energy in doing so. When you're holding the two charges together, you're expending energy in doing so. It's only when you are NOT inputting any energy into the system that the universe will minimize its energy. This is why the 2nd law of thermodynamics is only valid for an ISOLATED system -- a system in which no mass or energy can interact with the system. You holding a ball above your head means that you're inputting energy into the system; you forcing the two like charges together means you are inputting energy into the system and as a result of you inputting energy into the system, it won't minimize its energy (hence won't maximize its entropy).


Question: Do nutrients in food change when heated/frozen, and if so, how?

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 Do nutrients in food change when heated/frozen, and if so, how?

Yes and no. Freezing won't change anything about the nutritional value of food, but cooking will. There are many molecules that the human body cannot easily digest, and therefor cannot extract nutrients from. Cooking food can help to break those down into digestible molecules, and allows people to get a greater nutritional benefit from the food. There are also some chemicals our bodies need that can be broken down by high heat, so in those cases cooking can make things less nutritious.


Question: Is there any way to solve a cubic equation in the same way you can solve a quadratic equation using the quadratic formula? Basically, is there any 1 formula that can solve a cubic equation.

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 Is there any way to solve a cubic equation in the same way you can solve a quadratic equation using the quadratic formula? Basically, is there any 1 formula that can solve a cubic equation.

There is a [general cubic formula]( URL_0 ), it's just difficult to memorize.


Question: why does chocolate melt quickly in our hands?

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 why does chocolate melt quickly in our hands?

Large amounts of fats are used to make chocolate and bind all the ingredients together. It just so happens that for the majority of chocolates the temperature to melt those fats is below body temperature.


Question: how does the wage gap work? Sorry if this is a dumb question but I’ve mostly only heard that it exists but not about how it works

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 how does the wage gap work? Sorry if this is a dumb question but I’ve mostly only heard that it exists but not about how it works

It's a complicated issue in part because there is so much information of so many types that one can pretty easily pick and choose to suit any narrative they want. So broadly speaking: One big disparity is women tending towards lower paying fields. There are more male engineers and lawyers and doctors, and more female teachers and nurses. Debate whether women choose lower paying fields, or whether those fields are lower paying because they are predominantly staffed by women. Maybe both. Another is women being paid less for the same work. Debate whether that is because they don't push for raises, are paid less in expectation of leaving for maternity/to be stay at home mothers, or other reasons. Maybe all of the above.


Question: Why do game studios have to use publishers, And then why can these publishers take in millions leaving devs behind in the money being made?

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 Why do game studios have to use publishers, And then why can these publishers take in millions leaving devs behind in the money being made?

As lovely as the thought is, the idea of a lone developer sitting in his garage making games does not really apply anymore. In a world where video games are a multi billion dollar industry you need a lot more than just programming skill to make a successful game. Developers have to make the game, but publishers will: * Fund the game while it is in development. People still have to get paid and the lights do not keep on by themselves. Developers generally do not get money until the product starts selling, publishers handle the costs until then. * advertise and market the game * utilize resources and connections to get the game a visibility edge * Take majority financial risk if the game flops * often handle the legal aspects that have to be cleared. * get the game on store shelves. * Often handle public relations and media connections. These are all things developers often do not have the time bor resources to handle. In return for having a different company handle the risk and messy non-developer jobs the publishers get a sizable return on the investment.


Question: If a tree replicates all of its cells, can grow roots, obtain nutrients and water essential to its existence, and collect sunlight and CO2, how would it ever die?

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 If a tree replicates all of its cells, can grow roots, obtain nutrients and water essential to its existence, and collect sunlight and CO2, how would it ever die?

Well , they don’t have much of an immune system, so they pretty regularly die of infections by viruses, bacteria, fungus, and animals. Also, they get eaten.


Question: Why does your heart beat faster after realizing your heart rate?

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 Why does your heart beat faster after realizing your heart rate?

Psychosomatic effect, where strong psychological impressions actually affects about ones physical health. You basically become nervous because you’re self aware of you heartbeats, and therefore they go faster for a while


Question: Why do some nuts, like cashews, contain so many calories?

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 Why do some nuts, like cashews, contain so many calories?

Nuts, like most seeds, exist to provide fuel for a new plant to grow. They're completely packed full of energy. While seeds like wheat are made up of carbohydrates, nuts are packed full of fats. Fats are much more energy dense than carbs so nuts are a high calorie source of food - that's why you routinely see them in things like trail mixes.


Question: How so law enforcement officials and agencies trace the identities of those who circulate child pornography/ rape/ universally objectionable content especially on WhatsApp, given its end to end encryption?

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 How so law enforcement officials and agencies trace the identities of those who circulate child pornography/ rape/ universally objectionable content especially on WhatsApp, given its end to end encryption?

As far as I know in these cases, it's usually not a matter of breaking the encryption, it's a matter of compromising one of the endpoint devices. If you can install some spy code on the computer/phone *running* whatsapp, then the encryption doesn't matter. Sometimes law enforcement has the means, through a phone manufacturer or network provider, to get software pushed to a phone so that it can be monitored. And sometimes it can be installed by exploiting insecure software or hardware in the phone.


Question: How and why does salt change the flavor of food so much?

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 How and why does salt change the flavor of food so much?

**Salt is** used **as** a universal **flavour** improver because at low concentrations it will reduce bitterness, but **increase** sweet, sour and umami, which **is** desirable for sweet recipes. But at higher concentrations it suppresses sweetness and enhances umami, which **is** good for savoury things. Source: Google, search term used was the title of this post.


Question: Why do white blood cells increase with exposure to radiation?

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 Why do white blood cells increase with exposure to radiation?

Generally speaking they don't. But people who are undergoing radiation therapy are very often taking steroids which can increase white blood cell count. Another reason it might increase is infection though, which a doctor will be looking out for.


Question: If Earth or any other celestial body with a center of gravity were to explode or disappear, what happens to the gravity itself?

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 If Earth or any other celestial body with a center of gravity were to explode or disappear, what happens to the gravity itself?

Every object that has mass, has a gravitational pull. So if the Earth were to explode into pieces, all the pieces would still exert their own gravitational pulls towards their own individual centres of gravity.


Question: why do liquigel tablets (eg: advil) work faster than regular ones?

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 why do liquigel tablets (eg: advil) work faster than regular ones?

You're on the right track! Whenever you take an oral medicine, your body has to somehow turn that into a liquid (i.e. digestion) that can easily slip into the bloodstream (i.e. absorption) and get to where it needs to go. Since liquigels are more liquid (it still counts as a "solid" due to the casing around the liquigel) than solid tablets already, it can get to the blood more easily and go to the part that hurts. Thank you for asking this question! It was fun trying to explain this snapshot of the field of biopharmaceutics with you 😅


Question: Why, a few minutes after takeoff, is there a moment where you feel weightless, as though the plane has "stopped", before it continues and carries on?

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 Why, a few minutes after takeoff, is there a moment where you feel weightless, as though the plane has "stopped", before it continues and carries on?

It's because the airplane has stopped going up and is leveling itself off. So your body is still moving up without support for that small moment


Question: Why does cheese taste better when melted?

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 Why does cheese taste better when melted?

Food made largely of fats that are more or less solid at room temperature taste better when heated. The molecules move around more easily, acquire more surface area and cover more of your tastebuds.


Question: How do headless guitars and basses work and why would you want one over a regular model?

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 How do headless guitars and basses work and why would you want one over a regular model?

On a normal guitar, string tension (i.e. string pitch) is controlled via tuning pegs located on the head of the guitar. A headless guitar removes the head entirely, and the strings are attached at a fixed point where the neck ends. String tension is instead controlled by adjustable bits located on the body. The advantages of a headless guitar are apparently a matter of preference, but some people prefer the lighter construction and different center of gravity. The lack of a head also simplifies the structural design of the neck and body and allows lighter materials to be used, which creates a distinctive sound.


Question: Why do actors look bigger on screen -- the camera adds 10 pounds?

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 Why do actors look bigger on screen -- the camera adds 10 pounds?

There's a lot of ways to manipulate aspects of filming something to make it appear one way or another. Lenses can be used to make someone appear fatter, skinnier, older, more attractive, etc. Hell, Tom Cruise is 5' 7" but the way they film him hides that fact. The 10 pounds part usually comes from someone appearing on broadcast TV with a regular host they know how to film well from them being on constantly. Likewise with makeup and wardrobe. Meanwhile their guest is just a one off and the crew can't make everyone look good on a whim


Question: How come the North Pole is considered the "Top of the World" and the South Pole, the bottom?

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 How come the North Pole is considered the "Top of the World" and the South Pole, the bottom?

The first map makers and globe artists lived in the northern hemisphere. They opted to depict their land on top.